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diff --git a/78669-0.txt b/78669-0.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..06ea4d7 --- /dev/null +++ b/78669-0.txt @@ -0,0 +1,15774 @@ +*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 78669 *** + + + + +MEMORIES OF MY LIFE + + + + +[Illustration: _Francis Galton_] + + + + + MEMORIES OF + MY LIFE + + BY + FRANCIS GALTON, F.R.S. + D.C.L., OXF.; HON. SC.D., CAMB. + HON. FELLOW TRINITY COLL., CAMBRIDGE + + + WITH SEVEN ILLUSTRATIONS + + METHUEN & CO. + 36 ESSEX STREET W.C. + LONDON + + _First Published in 1908_ + + + + +PREFACE + + +These “Memories” are arranged under the subjects to which they refer, and +only partially in chronological order. A copious list of my memoirs will +be found in the Appendix with dates attached to them. These show what +inquiries were going on at or about any specified year. The titles of +books are printed in heavy letters. They summarise, as a rule, the best +parts of the corresponding memoirs up to the dates of their publication. +Nevertheless, a considerable quantity of matter remains in the memoirs as +yet unused in that way. + +It has been a difficulty throughout to determine how much to insert and +how much to omit. I have done my best, but fear I have failed through +over-omission. + +The method of that most useful volume, the _Index and Epitome of the +Dictionary of the National Biography_, has been adopted, of adding to +each name the dates of birth and death. They serve for identification +and for giving a correct idea of the age of each man as compared with +those with whom he was associated. The dates are mostly taken from the +_Dictionary_, so the reader will nearly always find in that work a +biography of the person in question. + + + + +CONTENTS + + + CHAP. PAGE + + I. PARENTAGE 1 + + II. CHILDHOOD AND BOYHOOD 13 + + III. MEDICAL STUDIES 22 + + IV. SHORT TOUR TO THE EAST 48 + + V. CAMBRIDGE 58 + + VI. EGYPT AND THE SOUDAN—(_map_) 83 + + VII. SYRIA 101 + + VIII. HUNTING AND SHOOTING 110 + + IX. SOUTH-WEST AFRICA—(_map_) 121 + + X. LANDS OF THE DAMARAS, OVAMPO, AND NAMAQUAS 138 + + XI. AFTER RETURN HOME—MARRIAGE 152 + + XII. “ART OF TRAVEL” 161 + + XIII. SOCIAL LIFE—(_medallions_) 169 + + XIV. GEOGRAPHY AND EAST AFRICA 198 + + XV. BRITISH ASSOCIATION 213 + + XVI. KEW OBSERVATORY AND METEOROLOGY—(_meteorological + tracings_) 224 + + XVII. ANTHROPOMETRIC LABORATORIES 244 + + XVIII. COMPOSITE PORTRAITS AND STEREOSCOPIC MAPS 259 + + XIX. HUMAN FACULTY 266 + + XX. HEREDITY 287 + + XXI. RACE IMPROVEMENT—(_Galtonia Candicans_) 310 + + APPENDIX.—BOOKS AND MEMOIRS BY THE AUTHOR 325 + + PRINCIPAL AWARDS AND DEGREES 331 + + INDEX 332 + + + + +LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS + + + PORTRAIT _Frontispiece_ + From the Painting by C. W. FURSE, A.R.A. + + PORTRAIT _Facing p._ 244 + From a Photograph. + + IN THE TEXT PAGE + + EGYPT AND SYRIA 88 + + DAMARALAND 129 + + YEARLY MEDALLIONS 196 + + METEOROLOGICAL TRACINGS 237 + + GALTONIA CANDICANS 323 + + + + +MEMORIES OF MY LIFE + + + + +CHAPTER I + +PARENTAGE + + Birthplace—Grandparents—Dr. Erasmus Darwin—Lunar + Society—Captain Barclay Allardice—Mrs. Schimmelpenninck + + +Just before the arrival of the letter in which my publisher asked me to +write the memories of my life, I happened to be reading Shakespeare’s +_Henry IV._ and laughing over Falstaff’s soliloquy after the gross +exaggerations by Justice Shallow of his own youthful performances. It +contained the sentence, “Lord, Lord, how subject we old men are to this +vice of lying!” Feeling the truth of his ejaculation, I headed the +first page of my memorandum-book with those words as a warning, knowing +how difficult it is to be veracious about long-past events, threads of +imagination insinuating themselves among those supplied by memory and +becoming indistinguishable from them. + +Many old notebooks and letters are, however, in my possession which have +helped me; but my two latest surviving sisters, whose minds were sure +storehouses of family events, and to whom I always referred whenever I +wanted a date or particulars of a long-past fact, are now both dead, +the one at the age of ninety-three and the other at ninety-seven, each +with a clear and vigorous mind to nearly the very end of her life. I +have hardly any contemporary friends left who could aid in recalling the +circumstances of my childhood and boyhood. With rare exceptions, “All, +all are gone, the old familiar faces.” + +I was born on February 16, 1822, at the Larches, near Sparkbrook, +Birmingham, with which town my father Samuel Tertius, my grandfather +Samuel John, and my great-grandfather Samuel Galton, were all closely +connected. Different members of the family had resided or were resident +at various points beyond the circumference of the town, in houses then +amidst green fields, but now overspread beyond recognition by its hideous +outskirts. + +My grandfather’s place was at Duddeston, then commonly written “Dudson.” +Its gardens had been charmingly laid out by my great-grandfather and +improved by my grandfather. The house, which was once a centre of refined +entertainment, gradually lost its charm of isolation; later on, it wholly +ceased to be attractive as a residence. It was then leased by my father +to the proprietor of a lunatic asylum, because, as he remarked, no one +in his senses would live in it. It is now turned into St. Anne’s School, +with its porticoes and other outer adornments shorn off, and with its +once beautiful gardens changed into the sites of railway sidings and +gasworks. I remember it distinctly in its beauty in the year 1830, which +was two years before my grandfather’s death. + +The Larches, where I was born, had some three acres of garden and field +attached to it, with other fields beyond; it was a paradise for my +childhood. Its site is now covered with small houses. The two fine +larches that flanked it gave me a love for that tree, which persists and +is still recognisably associated with its origin. + +My six nearest progenitors, namely the two parents and four grandparents, +were markedly different in temperament and tastes, and they have +bequeathed very different combinations of them to their descendants. I +can only partly touch on these. + +My grandfather, Samuel John Galton (1753-1832), was a scientific and +statistical man of business. He was a Fellow of the provincially famous +Lunar Society, whose members met at one another’s houses on the day and +night of the full moon, and which, though small in numbers, was so select +as to include Priestley, Dr. Erasmus Darwin, Keir the chemist, Withering +the botanist, Watt, and Boulton. Full particulars of the Lunar Society +are to be found in Smiles’ Life of Boulton, and elsewhere. + +I may mention that the late Sir Rowland Hill, of penny-postage fame, +told me that the event which first gave him a taste for science was the +present of a small electrical machine made to him when a boy, by my +grandfather. + +Samuel John Galton was very fond of animals. He kept many bloodhounds; he +loved birds, and wrote an unpretentious little book about them in three +small volumes, with illustrations. He had a decidedly statistical bent, +loving to arrange all kinds of data in parallel lines of corresponding +lengths, and frequently using colour for distinction. My father, and +others of Samuel John Galton’s children, inherited this taste in a +greater or less degree; it rose to an unreasoning instinct in one of his +daughters. She must have been an acceptable customer to her bookbinder on +that account, as the number of expensively bound volumes that she ordered +from time to time, each neatly ruled in red, and stamped and assigned +to some particular subject or year, is hardly credible. I begged for a +bagful of them after her death, to keep as a psychological curiosity, and +have it still; the rest were destroyed. She must have collected these +costly books to satisfy a pure instinct, for she turned them to no useful +account, and rarely filled more than a single page, often not so much of +each of them. She habitually used a treble inkstand, with black, red, +and blue inks, employing the distinctive colours with little reason, +but rather with regard to their pictorial effect. She was perhaps not +over-wise, yet she was by no means imbecile, and had many qualities that +endeared her to her nephews and nieces. + +Samuel John Galton was a successful man of business. He was a +manufacturer, and became a contractor on a large scale for the supply of +muskets to the army during the great war. Birmingham offered at that time +a good field for the business of a contractor, because its manufactories +were many and of moderate size, and central organisations were wanting. +The Soho works of Boulton and Watt for steam-engines were almost the +only large works at that time. My grandfather prospered in his business +as a “Captain of Industry,” to use the phrase applied to him in a book +treating of Birmingham. He founded a Bank to help it, which was gradually +brought to a close some few years after the war had ceased. He died in +1832, leaving a fortune of some £12,000 a year, of which about a quarter +went to each of his three sons, of whom my father was the eldest, and the +rest between his three daughters. + +The Galton family had been Quakers for many generations. They came to +Birmingham from Somersetshire, in the time of my great-grandfather, +Samuel Galton (1720-1799). Some of its earlier members are buried at +Yatton. There is a hamlet in Dorsetshire called Galton, adjacent to Owre +Moigne, with which one at least of our name, and apparently a far back +relative, was connected many generations ago. + +My grandmother Galton (1757-1817) was also of Quaker stock, being +daughter of Robert Barclay of Ury, a descendant of Robert Barclay +(1648-1690) “the Apologist,” as he used to be named from his work, +Barclay’s _Apology_, which, to quote the _Dictionary of National +Biography_, is the standard exposition of the tenets of his sect, of +which the essential principle is that “all true knowledge comes from +divine revelation to the heart of the individual.” + +My grandmother’s half-brother, Robert Barclay Allardice (1779-1854), +commonly known as “Captain Barclay,” was a noted athlete and pedestrian, +and in later years an active agriculturist. When upwards of seventy +years old he was dining at my father’s house in Leamington, and on being +asked, while sitting at dessert, whether he still performed any feats of +strength, he asked my eldest brother, then a fully adult man of more than +12 stone in weight, to step on his hand, which he laid palm upwards on +the floor by slightly bending his body. My brother was desired to steady +himself by laying one finger on Captain Barclay’s shoulder, who thereupon +lifted and landed him on the table. I was not present at the feat, but +heard it often described by word and gesture. However, the Captain rather +strained his shoulder by performing it, as he confessed to my father +afterwards. Captain Barclay’s endurance of long continued fatigue was +exceptional to a very high degree. The memoirs of his life are well worth +reading. + +My grandmother’s half-sister was wife of Hudson Gurney (1775-1864), +“antiquary and verse writer, friend of Lord Aberdeen,” to again quote the +Index to the _Dict. Nat. Biog._ He was a man of large fortune, and my two +sisters, Bessy and Emma, paid long visits to his house in St. James’s +Square, where his wife was very kind to them, and where they saw much +good London society. + +My grandfather and grandmother Galton were practically Quakers all their +lives, and so was one of their daughters, but the rest of their children +fell off and joined the Established Church. Still, we saw not a little +of our Quaker relations. A story was current in our family about myself, +as a shy and naughty child, being quite subdued by the charm of Mrs. Fry +(1780-1845). She did not even look at me, but merely held out her open +hand with comfits in it, and went on speaking to others in her singularly +sweet voice. I gradually worked my way nearer to her; then she quietly +took me on her knees, where I sat for long in perfect content. + +My grandparents on the other side were Darwins, my grandfather being +Dr. Erasmus Darwin (1731-1802), physician, poet, and philosopher, and +the very reverse of an ascetic or of a Quaker. He was grandfather to +me by his second wife; and to Charles R. Darwin (1809-1882), the great +naturalist, by his first wife. His hereditary influence seems to have +been very strong. His son Charles, who died at the early age of twenty +from a dissection wound, was a medical student of extraordinary promise; +and the medical sagacity of another son, Dr. Robert Darwin of Shrewsbury, +the father of Charles R. Darwin, is amply attested. I stayed for a night +or two at the house of the latter while I was a boy and too young to form +any opinion of him worth recording; besides, I was rather awe-stricken. + +My grandmother Darwin (1747-1832), the second wife of Dr. Erasmus Darwin, +was the widow of Colonel E. Sacheverel Chandos-Pole, and, judging from +her portrait when young, a lady of remarkable grace and beauty. I saw +her in her kindly old age when she lived at the Priory near Derby, but I +know little with certainty of her early life and character. She died at +the age of eighty-five, her mother at ninety-six. It is perhaps partly +through her that the exceptional longevity of my mother and her sons +and daughters has been derived. My mother died just short of ninety, +my eldest brother at eighty-nine, two sisters, as already mentioned, +at ninety-three and ninety-seven respectively; my surviving brother is +ninety-three and in good health. My own age is now only eighty-six, but +may possibly be prolonged another year or more. I find old age thus far +to be a very happy time, on the condition of submitting frankly to its +many limitations. + +A half-sister of my mother married Captain, afterwards Lord Byron, +cousin and successor to the poet in the title. They were very kind to my +sisters in their schooldays and after. + +Now, as to my two parents and their brothers and sisters. My father, +Samuel Tertius Galton (1783-1844), the third in descent of the name of +Samuel, was one of the most honourable and kindly of men, and eminently +statistical by disposition. He wrote a small book on currency, with +tables, which testifies to his taste. He had a scientific bent, having +about his house the simple gear appropriate to those days, of solar +microscope, orrery, telescopes, mountain barometers without which he +never travelled, and so forth. A sliding rule adapted to various uses +was his constant companion. He was devoted to Shakespeare, and revelled +in _Hudibras_; he read _Tom Jones_ through every year, and was gifted +with an abundance of humour. Nevertheless, he became a careful man of +business, on whose shoulders the work of the Bank chiefly rested in +troublous times. Its duties had cramped much of the joy and aspirations +of his early youth and manhood, and narrowed the opportunity he always +eagerly desired, of abundant leisure for systematic study. As one result +of this drawback to his own development, he was earnestly desirous of +giving me every opportunity of being educated that seemed feasible and +right. He was the eldest son. + +The second son, Hubert, married a sister of Robert Barclay, the banker. +They had three daughters, who all died unmarried—two while young, the +other in advanced age. + +The youngest son, John Howard, married Isabella Strutt, a lady of +considerable fortune, and built Hadzor, near Droitwich, a large house, +with much artistic taste. He enjoyed varied society, and made Hadzor an +important social centre. + +My uncle Howard was father to Sir Douglas Galton, K.C.B. (1822-1899), an +eminent authority on engineering, sanitation, and much else. Sir Douglas +held a record position in the examination at Woolwich for entry into the +Royal Engineers, being first in every subject (see _Dict. Nat. Biog._). +Curiously enough, though we cousins were both addicted to science, and +belonged alike to many scientific societies, and were both Secretaries of +the British Association, our paths rarely crossed, except socially, for +we were interested in quite different branches of science. + +My father’s eldest sister, Mary Anne (1778-1856), was a lady of some note +as Mrs. Schimmelpenninck, more briefly known to us by repute as “Aunt +Skim.” A most unhappy feud separated her from all the rest of the family. +It is not my duty, and it would certainly give me no pleasure, to enter +into what the older members of the family conceived to have been frequent +and mischievous misrepresentations. I would rather dwell on the facts +that she was highly accomplished and handsome, and that she acquired +many fast friends, as shown in the Life of the Gurneys of Earlham and in +her own Memoirs. Also that she lived in the reputation of much sterling +piety at Bristol, and that three of my own friends, of totally different +temperaments, who knew her well, and of whom I inquired particularly, +all spoke in pleasant memory of her and her eccentric ways. They were +Prof. W. B. Carpenter (1813-1885) the physiologist, J. Gwyn Jeffreys +(1809-1885), conchologist, etc., and Sir Lewis Pelly, K.C.B. (1825-1892), +Indian soldier and diplomatist. She wrote a book on Port Royal, and left +a valuable library of Port Royalist literature to Sion College, which +Mrs. Romanes told me was of great service to her in writing her recent +history of that establishment. For more, see _Dict. Nat. Biog._ + +I wish I could have learnt more details than I possess of another brother +of my father, Theodore Galton (1784-1810), who left England for the +grand tour, picked up many curios in Spain and Greece, and, returning in +health from the East, was placed in quarantine at Malta. The quarantine +establishment was attacked by the plague; he caught it and it killed him. +He had the highest reputation in the family for his natural gifts, mental +and bodily. There is a touching notice of him in the _Annual Register_. + +My mother was A. Violetta Darwin (1783-1874). I have heard from older +friends, long since passed away, many charming stories of her as a young +bride. She, as I understand, had nothing of the Quaker temperament, but +was a joyous and unconventional girl. In her later life she formed the +centre of our family during thirty years of widowhood, after my father’s +comparatively early death at the age of sixty. She was very methodical +in her papers and accounts, and a most affectionate mother to myself. +One curious faculty of hers deserves record. It was the ease with which +she took in mentally, and afterwards reproduced in rough architectural +drawing, the arrangement of any house she knew. Her method was to fold a +strip of paper by doubling, quartering, and so on, into sixteen portions +of equal lengths, and to use this strip of paper as a sixteen-foot scale +wherewith to draw her rude but graphic plans. One of her children, my +dear sister Lucy Harriot Moilliet (1809-1848), had an exceptional faculty +for perspective drawing; she drew elaborate interiors with very little +previous instruction. + +As to my other brothers and sisters, they were most diverse in character, +yet with a certain common resemblance which struck strangers. I shall +have occasion to speak more of them later on in the course of my +narrative. + +The general result of the foregoing is that I acknowledge the debt to +my progenitors of a considerable taste for science, for poetry, and for +statistics; also that I seem to have received, partly through the Barclay +blood, a rather unusual power of enduring physical fatigue without +harmful results, of which there is much evidence when I was young. My +father had this power in his early manhood, and it was well marked in my +eldest brother and in others of the family. I suffer now from bronchitis +with occasional asthma, which has been traced to my great-grandfather, +Samuel Galton, and has descended in a greater or less degree through +all his children who left issue. My father had a strong constitution +otherwise, but he suffered terribly from hay asthma, which first attacked +him as a youth. I escaped fairly well from any form of it until I was +nearly eighty years old; and it is not hay that especially brings it on +now, but warm carpeted rooms. There are few apartments more pleasant to +most persons to read in than the drawing-room of the Athenæum Club; I +know of none that are now more apt to prove distressing to my throat and +lungs. + + + + +CHAPTER II + +CHILDHOOD AND BOYHOOD + + Sisters and brothers—Sisterly teachings—Schools at Boulogne, + Kenilworth, and Birmingham + + +I was born into a family of four sisters and two brothers, who were older +than myself by ages ranging from seven to fourteen years, the brothers +being all younger than the sisters. My third sister, Adele, was twelve +years my senior. She had spinal curvature, and was obliged to lie all +day on her back upon a board, and was thus cut off from the romps and +companionship of her sisters, though all were greatly attached to her. +She hailed my arrival into the world as a fairy gift, and begged hard +to be allowed to consider me as her sole ward, and in her simple way +educated herself as best she could, in order to be able to teach me. +Her idea of education at that time was to teach the Bible as a verbally +inspired book, to cultivate memory, to make me learn the merest rudiments +of Latin, and above all a great deal of English verse. This she did +effectually, and the result was that she believed, and succeeded in +making others believe, that I was a sort of infant prodigy. + +There exist numerous records of my early performances, and it is certain +that I really knew at a very early age a great deal of Scott, of Milton, +and of Pope’s translation of the _Iliad_ and _Odyssey_, and that I +delighted in what the family nicknamed “spouting” verse. In middle life +I feared that I had been an intolerable prig, and cross-questioned many +old family friends about it, but was invariably assured that I was not +at all a prig, but seemed to “spout” for pure enjoyment and without any +affectation; that I often quoted very aptly on the spur of the moment, +and that I was a nice little child. My memories become more or less +continuous from about the age of five or six, when I was trotted off to +live at a dame’s school a mile away. During these and many subsequent +years, my sister Adele had the greater share of my heart, and whenever I +was at home I stayed by her sofa-side most of the day. My other sisters +teased and petted me alternately; they were relatively too old to be +really companions. + +It is curious how unchangeable characters are: my eldest sister was just, +my youngest was merciful. When my bread was buttered for me as a child, +the former picked out the butter that filled the big holes, the latter +did not. Consequently I respected the former, and loved the latter. A +memory of this trifling occurrence remained inseparably connected in my +mind with these dear sisters all my life, and I often amused them by +referring to it. + +My second sister, Lucy, married before I was ten years old. She was +bright, lovable, and very original. Her house was like a second home to +me during the four years of boyhood that I spent at Birmingham. I have +indeed been fortunate in receiving the sisterly affection that has fallen +to my lot. + +But I must not stop at this period of my reminiscences to speak of other +sisters than Adele, with whom my heart was then so intimately associated. +I am enormously indebted to the influence of her pious, serene, and +resolute disposition. Though she was compelled to pass the greater part +of her life lying on her back, she was so energetic in other ways, and so +capable of endurance, that she overcame difficulties that would have been +insurmountable to most women who were equally handicapped. She was active +in setting up schools and teaching the poor. She had a considerable +correspondence, and exerted a wide influence among all classes during +many years. Her natural capacity was of an unusually high order, and +many who knew her well, and whose opinions deserve respect, thought that +a slight betterment of opportunity and circumstances might have caused +her name to be as widely loved and known as those of any of our English +saints or heroines. She passed her life under an abiding sense of the +presence of God and of duty to man, without which few persons have ever +done great things. She was most unconventional in her ways, and her +remarkable courage was recognised by all the family. + +She married a clergyman, the Rev. Shirley Bunbury, shortly after my +father’s death in 1844, but was left a widow soon afterwards, with one +little girl, on whom she lavished the same educational care that she had +bestowed upon myself, but with fuller knowledge. That little girl is now +in her turn a widow, with a large and grown-up family. She was married +in 1866 to John C. Baron Lethbridge of Tregeare, in Cornwall, about six +miles west of Launceston. + +I think I can revive my principal feelings at that early age with fair +correctness, their change during growth seeming to have been chiefly due +to the increased range of mental prospect. The horizon of a child is very +narrow and his sky very near. His father is the supreme of beings. He has +to learn by slow degrees that there are more and more appreciable stages +between the highest and the lowest, and the number of such stages that +he can discriminate affords a good measure of his mental calibre at the +time. It was about the date of which I have been speaking that my second +brother, Erasmus, then a boy of twelve or thirteen, entered the navy, and +showed himself to us in his uniform, with the dagger or “dirk” that was +part of it. I, a child of five or so, fingered it with awe, and with my +little head full of Greeks and Trojans looked upon him as a hero, like +Achilles, and can perfectly recall my sense of increased security from +knowing that England could henceforth avail herself of his puissant arm +and terrible weapon. + +I lived and throve in what was practically the country until the age +of eight, when I was sent to a school at Boulogne, whither my father +escorted me. It was erroneously supposed that I should learn French +there and acquire a good accent. What I did learn was the detestable +and limited patois that my eighty schoolfellows were compelled to speak +under penalty of a fine, and in this cruel way. There were transferable +metal labels which were called “marks,” and the boys in whose possession +these marks remained after each playtime received a bad record whose +accumulation up to a certain point entailed punishment. I rebelled with +my whole heart against the treachery encouraged by this system. A boy +with a “mark” in his pocket would sidle up and encourage you as he best +could to say a word of English, then forthwith he clapped his “mark” into +your hand, and went away rejoicing at the riddance. + +The school was an old convent near to and within the Calais gate of +the upper town; the playground was the paved square of the convent, in +which we used the flat gravestones for playing marbles. It is now partly +overbuilt by the large church whose dome is conspicuous from afar. + +We were daily marched off in a long row of pairs, usually for a walk +round the ramparts, sometimes to Napoleon’s Column, then in process of +building, and in the summer, not infrequently, to bathe by rocks near +the old fort. We prepared ourselves for the latter grateful occasions +by saving bread from breakfast; then, after having gathered mussels, we +spread their delicious contents on it to eat. An opportunity was then +afforded of inspecting with awe the marks of recent birchings, which were +reckoned as glorious scars. The birchings were frequent and performed +in a long room parallel to, and separated from, the schoolroom by large +ill-fitting doors, through which each squeal of the victim was heard +with hushed breaths. In that room was a wardrobe full of school-books +ready for issue. It is some measure of the then naïveté of my mind that +I wondered for long how the books could have been kept so fresh and +clean for nearly two thousand years, thinking that the copies of Cæsar’s +Commentaries were contemporary with Cæsar himself. + +An occasional walk was to a wet plantation on the side of the little +river Liane, that feeds the harbour, at which one of our schoolfellows, a +gaunt, dyspeptic-looking boy, performed the following feat to our terror +and admiration, as we crowded round him to see it. He took a frog by its +hind feet, opened his wide mouth and dropped the frog’s fore-feet on his +tongue. The frog struggled to get free, and at the critical moment the +hind legs were let go, and down went the frog, head foremost, into his +gullet. He was our hero for the time; none other dared to attempt the +same feat. He said that he felt the frog all the way as it went down to +his stomach, and in it. + +The school was hateful to me in many ways, and lovable in none, so I was +heartily glad to be taken away from it in 1832. I thence returned to my +family party, who were newly settled in Leamington. It then consisted +of my father, mother, and three sisters; my brothers were away, and my +other sister, Lucy, who had married, was living near Birmingham. My +grandfather Galton had recently died, and the consequent large accession +to my father’s income justified his change of residence, which gave him +and my sisters a wider social intercourse than they had at the Larches. +Leamington was at that time a little place, attractive to many eminent +invalids, who drank the waters and consulted Dr. Jephson, then becoming +celebrated. + +I was next sent to a small private school at Kenilworth, consisting of +some half-dozen pupils, where I received much kindness, and breathed +the air of unconstraint during three happy years. It was kept by Mr. +Attwood, the clergyman of the parish (a near relative of the inventor of +“Attwood’s machine,” by which the rate of falling bodies is measured), +who, without any pretence of learning, showed so much sympathy with +boyish tastes and aspirations that I began to develop freely. Two of my +fellow-pupils, Matthew P. Watt and Hugh William Boulton, were brothers. +They were grandsons of my grandfather’s friend of the original “Boulton +and Watt” firm, and sons of my father’s friend, who carried on the +manufactory. Hugh William became an exceptionally handsome and socially +favoured Life-Guardsman; he died young. Matthew was then, subsequently at +Cambridge, and again for some years afterwards, an object of reverence +to me. I have known few or any who seemed to me his natural superiors in +breadth and penetration of intellect, but he was cursed with a fortune +far in excess of his simple though cultured needs, which exacted duties +from him that he hated. His large fortune also removed the stimulus which +necessity gives for getting through work and having done with it, instead +of lingering indefinitely. He consequently grew amateurish, wasting +thought on ingenious paradoxes and literary trifles, and failed to +check a natural tendency towards recluseness and some other oddities of +disposition. He gained the University prizes for Greek and Latin Epigrams +at Cambridge in 1841, but did not care to compete for other honours. His +artistic sense was of a high and classical order. His ideal, like that +of Goethe, was a uniform culture of all the higher faculties. There was +nothing ignoble in his nature. Whenever I talked with him about my own +occasional annoyances, they seemed to become petty through his broad +way of looking at things, I may almost say under the mere influence of +his presence. His photograph, which is near me as I write, testifies to +a personality that accords with the grandeur of his character. I owe +much to his influence, and still remain conscious of the void in my +friendships caused by his death very many years ago. + +When I was fourteen years old it became time for me to go to a bigger +school. My father had a Quaker’s repugnance to public schools of the +usual type, and it was finally decided that I should be sent to King +Edward’s School in Birmingham, then commonly known as the “Free School,” +to which a headmaster of high attainments had been recently appointed. +This was Dr. Jeune (1806-1868), afterwards Master of Pembroke College, +Oxford, and Bishop of Peterborough. I lived as a pupil, together with +a few others, at his house by the Five Ways, to which a considerable +garden was attached, and whence we walked daily, through a mile or so +of street, to and from the school. I retained Dr. Jeune’s friendship +until his death, and it was impossible not to recognise his exceptional +ability and educational zeal, but the character of the education was +altogether uncongenial to my temperament. I learnt nothing, and chafed at +my limitations. I had craved for what was denied, namely, an abundance of +good English reading, well-taught mathematics, and solid science. Grammar +and the dry rudiments of Latin and Greek were abhorrent to me, for there +seemed so little sense in them. I was a fool to have been recalcitrant, +and not to have profited by what I could have had, because many of my +schoolfellows prospered on the teaching. Three of them, F. Rendal, H. +Holden, and C. Evans, were the very first in classics of their respective +years at Cambridge. The two first were bracketed as equally deserving the +position of Senior Classic, and the third gained that honour unpaired. +Still, the literary provender provided at Dr. Jeune’s school disagreed +wholly with my mental digestion. The time spent there was a period of +stagnation to myself, which for many years I bitterly deplored, for I was +very willing and eager to learn, and could have learnt much if a suitable +teacher had been at hand to direct and encourage me. + + + + +CHAPTER III + +MEDICAL STUDIES + + First experience—Tour with Mr. Bowman—Birmingham + Hospital—Accidents—Sense of pain—King’s College—Professor R. + Partridge and others—Escape from drowning + + +It was strongly desired by both my parents, but especially by my mother, +that my future profession should be medicine, like that of her famous +father, Dr. Erasmus Darwin, F.R.S., and of her half-brother, Dr. Robert +Darwin, F.R.S. As I had aptitudes for that kind of study, my father fell +in with her views, and took great pains to give me the best educational +advantages. He acted largely on the advice of Mr. Hodgson, who brought me +as an infant into the world, and was a true and helpful friend to me all +through his life. + +Mr. Hodgson (1788-1869) had settled in Birmingham a few years before my +birth, bringing with him a high medical reputation, especially for his +treatise on arteries and veins, and he soon obtained an eminent status +as a Warwickshire surgeon. He became President of the Medico-Chirurgical +Society in 1851, and, subsequently retiring from general practice, left +Birmingham and settled in London, where he held the office of President +of the College of Surgeons in 1864. He and his wife died on the same day +in 1869. + +While I was still a young boy, my father contrived that I should see +something of a laboratory attached to the shop of the principal chemist +in Birmingham; again, during one of our summer visits to the seaside, +he discovered a needy foreign chemist who agreed to take me in hand, +at a rather high charge. All I clearly recollect of him now was, that +he seemed obsessed with the idea of making some wonderful compound out +of succinic acid, which is derived from amber, and that he spent all +his spare shillings in buying bits of amber and burning them. I learnt +nothing from his tuition; on the other hand, certain recollections of the +chemist’s laboratory still form part of my stock of mental imagery. + +The step most momentous to myself was taken by my father in 1838, of +removing me at the age of sixteen, and in no ways against my will, from +Dr. Jeune’s school. + +A little after, while I was at Leamington, my father asked our medical +attendant there, Mr. P., to show me an example of the medical work I +should be engaged in before I was plunged wholly into it. That first +experience is very memorable to me. It occurred on a night chilly out +of doors, while indoors our family party were assembled in cosy comfort +at dessert, after a good dinner, with a brightly burning fire, shining +mahogany table, wine, fruits, and all the rest, when a servant brought +a note from Mr. P. awaiting an answer. It was to the effect that a +housemaid had suddenly died at Lord ——’s house, and that he, Mr. P., was +about to make a post-mortem examination; would I like to come? Oh, the +mixture of revulsion, wonder, interest, and excitement! I changed clothes +and went, entering the house by a back door as directed, and treading +softly up the back staircase to the cold garret where the poor girl +lay. She was the first dead person I had seen, handsome in feature, but +greatly swollen. She had been apparently in perfect health a few hours +before, then she was suddenly seized with intense pain in the stomach, +followed rapidly by peritonitis and death. I can easily reproduce in +imagination all the ghastly horror of the scene and could describe it in +detail, but it would be unfitted for these pages. The perforated portion +of the stomach was such a small hole. Death “with a little pin, bores +through the castle wall, and—farewell, King!” (_King Richard II._). Mr. +P. pricked his finger while sewing up the abdomen. A dissection wound +when death has followed peritonitis is proverbially dangerous. It was so +in this case, for Mr. P. nearly died of it. I returned home chilled, awed +and sobered, and seemed for the time to have left boyhood behind me. + +My father, ever thoughtful of securing for me the best education he +could, had arranged through Mr. Hodgson that one of his most promising +former pupils, who was going for a tour of a few weeks abroad, partly for +vacation, partly to see certain medical institutions, should take me with +him. He was William Bowman, in later years the great oculist, Sir William +(1816-1892), who combined a most refined and artistic temperament with +exceptional scientific ability. He obtained a European reputation for +medical research long before he was thirty years of age. Thenceforward +for many years he devoted himself almost entirely to professional work, +and though keeping abreast of the information of the day, contributed +little or nothing more of his own, in the way of research, to the great +regret of many. He was in later years a much valued member of many +scientific societies and an habitual frequenter of the Royal Institution, +near which he lived. The cause of his death, as I heard of it, was +pathetic. He had built and resided at a charming house in Surrey, near +Holmbury St. Mary, but retained his house in Clifford Street for some +years, where he occasionally made appointments with old patients. At last +the time came for wholly abandoning it. He lingered about the cold house, +visiting every part of it for the last time, for he had an affectionate +nature, caught a severe chill in doing so, and died of pneumonia. + +To go back to the year 1838. I greatly enjoyed the tour and the +companionship of Bowman, from whom I doubtless imbibed and assimilated +more than I can now distinguish. The only event of a medical character +that I saw with him was a small operation, the first I ever witnessed. A +comic experience next occurred. I accompanied Bowman to a lunatic asylum +in Vienna. In those days I was particularly shy and sensitive, and a +consciousness of even the least unconventionality made me blush to an +absurd degree. In one of the female wards, a young, buxom, and uncommonly +good-looking female lunatic dashed forward with a joyful scream, she +clasped me tightly to her bosom with both her arms, calling me her +long-lost Fritz! _Tableau_—Amusement of the others, myself pink to the +ears. + +I may as well here continue to talk about Bowman. He was a most accurate +and gifted draughtsman of pathological subjects. One of his earliest +discoveries related to the liver, and I was familiar with a drawing in +colours that he had made in illustration, which was preserved with great +respect at the Birmingham Hospital. In later years he told me that having +no further use for his collection of drawings, he gave them to Dr. B. In +time Dr. B. died, and Bowman then became desirous to get back his old +drawings as mementoes of early work, but could hear nothing of them. By +an extraordinary chance he was looking one day at prints in a second-hand +and second-rate book-shop, when his eye caught sight of a corner of these +very drawings. They were all there, and he bought them all back. He could +not learn their intermediate history. + +It was in the autumn of 1838 that I took up my abode, as indoor pupil, +in the Birmingham General Hospital, then situated near Snow Hill. My +immediate chief was the house surgeon, Mr. Baker, who ultimately gained +considerable repute as a surgeon in Birmingham, but is now dead. My one +fellow indoor pupil had a similarly successful career to that of Mr. +Baker. There were also in the common dining-room two officials, the +matron and the treasurer. Matters were very different then; I, a mere boy +of sixteen, but with unquestionably an eager mind, was thrust without any +previous experience into a post that I found in a few months’ time to be +one of much responsibility. At first I was set to work every morning to +help in the dispensary. It was a room with a dresser and a service door +at the side. I there learnt the difference between infusions, decoctions, +tinctures, and extracts, and how to make them. Possibly the reader may +not know the meanings of these words, so I venture to give them. Tea is +an “infusion,” made by pouring boiling water on the tea and allowing it +to stand. Coffee is, or would be a “decoction” if made by boiling the +mixture. Infusions and decoctions are cheap forms of medicine, suitable +for hospitals where they are made daily, but they soon spoil when kept. +“Tinctures” are made by pouring spirits of wine instead of water on the +drugs; they keep indefinitely, but are more costly, and therefore rarely +used in hospitals. “Extracts” are made by boiling down decoctions. + +All this is easily done when the proper simple apparatus and means +of heating are at hand. I once made an extract as an experiment that +I recommend to the notice of students who may wish to taste the _ne +plus ultra_ of bitterness. It was from quassia, that curious tree of +South America, of which the very chips are bitter. The once well-known +“bitter cup” is made of quassia wood. When water is poured into the +cup, it quickly becomes bitter. Quassia is a valuable tonic medicine, +with perhaps the one fault of _cheapness_. An apothecary can hardly be +expected to feel easy in conscience when he charges apothecary’s prices +for what every little chip of a timber tree affords when put into hot +water. Anyhow, I made a large jugful of decoction of quassia and boiled +it down until a sticky residue was left, which is, or might be, called +“quassine.” I put a piece of it about the size of a pin’s head upon my +tongue, and then—oh then! Try it, if you doubt its absolute bitterness. + +It was amusing at first to make pills. The pill mass had to be brayed +together in a mortar, occasionally adding water or I forget what other +liquid, to render it of the proper consistency. Next a certain weight +of the pill mass was rolled out by the help of a simple but ingeniously +arranged slab, into a long worm of equal diameter and of standard length. +Then the worm was cut simultaneously into equal segments, by the pressure +of the grooved back of the same slab, by means of which the segments were +also rolled into pills. + +The other day I visited the great store and manufactory of chemical +and other apparatus of Messrs. Griffiths, in or near Aldwych Street, +and saw there a machine, occupying little more room than a moderately +sized washing-stand, that claimed to turn out pills at the rate of +_one million_ in each twenty-four hours,—so if forty-five of these +machines were kept continually at work day and night, it would enable a +grandmotherly Socialist Government to supply to every man, woman, and +child of the forty-five millions of inhabitants of the British Isles one +free pill daily. + +The out-patients clustered in the hall outside the service window of the +dispensary, and were supplied in turn. Then the prescriptions of the +in-patients were handed in and attended to. It was a busy time. I learnt +to do most of my part pretty well in a very few weeks, after which I was +promoted to higher things. + +Having always the run of the dispensary, and being a boy, I found certain +drugs, such as liquorice, much to my taste, but especially poppy seed. +A large number of poppy capsules were kept in stock for making soothing +lotions. They are full of seeds, which contain no opium at all. These are +not used for the lotions, but are particularly pleasant to munch, and I +ate them in abundance when the humour seized me. In later years I found +poppy seeds in common use somewhere in Germany, for making a particular +pudding; I think it was in Bonn. + +The duties gradually imposed on me were to go with the surgeons on their +morning rounds, always to attend in the accident room, where persons +suffering from accidents were received whether in the night or day, +and to help in dressing them, also to be present at all operations, +and to take part at every post-mortem examination, of which there were +perhaps two or three weekly. The times of which I am speaking were long +before those of chloroform, and many long years before that of Pasteur +and Sir Joseph Lister. The stethoscope was considered generally to +be new-fangled; the older and naturally somewhat deaf practitioners +pooh-poohed and never used it. + +I cannot understand to this day why youths selected for their powers +of sharp hearing should not be so far instructed as to be used by +physicians, much as pointers and setters are used by sportsmen. +They could be taught what to listen for, probably by means of some +sound-emitting instruments more or less muffled, and how to describe what +they heard. A patient during the incipient stage of his disease might be +submitted to examination by one or more of these quick-hearing youths, +who would report to the doctor, who thereupon would form and express +his opinion. Similarly as regards touch, of which great delicacy is of +the highest importance. Conceive what help might be given by them in +discovering deeply seated tumours, abscesses, and much else. The touch +of a person far less sensitive than that of the wandering Princess of +the well-known fairy tale might prove of vital importance. It will be +recollected that her Princess-ship was acknowledged by all, through her +discovering a pea surreptitiously inserted as a test, below the bottom of +the pile of feather-beds on which she slept. + +To return to my duties. Accidents occurred, of course, at all hours of +the day and night. It was unpleasant to be summoned out of a warm bed to +attend upon these once on a cold night, but it was not a hardship; to be +summoned twice was trying; but thrice, as sometimes happened, was more +than I could have endured had it frequently occurred. Burns were the +commonest of the accidents at night-time. The sufferers were piteous to +see. As a rule they did not complain much of pain, but they shivered from +a sense of cold and were enfeebled almost to prostration by the shock. +There was nothing to be done to them beyond cutting away all adherent +clothing and the like, packing them in cotton wool and sending them to +a ward. One particular ward was allotted to that purpose. The contrast +was great between the neatly dressed patient of the first night and the +wretched creature two days after, when suppuration had begun and the foul +dressings had to be carefully picked off and replaced by clean ones. + +Broken heads from brawls were common accidents at night; then it was +my part to shave the head, using the blood as lather, which makes a +far better preparation for shaving than soap. The wounds were stitched +together with a three-cornered “glove needle,” which cuts its way through +the skin. Some riots connected with the “Charter” occurred at this +time, and many people were hurt. It was curious to observe the apparent +cleanness of the cuts that were made through the scalp by the blow of a +policeman’s round truncheon. + +It sometimes happened that a severe case was brought at night-time, +which required higher surgical skill than could properly be expected in +the house surgeon, who, though professionally qualified, was young, and +therefore relatively unpractised. If the treatment of any such accident +admitted of no delay, a messenger was dispatched to the house of the +surgeon himself, to wake and bring him. One of these events made a great +impression on me. It was that of a man, a small piece of whose skull +had been depressed by something falling on his head and stunning him. +He was brought in utterly unconscious, with the “stertorous” or snoring +respiration characteristic of such cases. The man had to be trepanned, +so the surgeon was sent for. In the meantime everything was prepared for +his arrival. The trepan is a hollow steel cylinder with teeth cut out of +its lower rim, used to saw a circular wad out of the sound bone nearest +to the fracture. A miniature steel crowbar is used to raise the depressed +fragment, and a rod to lay across the sound bone as a fulcrum for the +crowbar. I seem to see it all before me as I write. The brightly lighted +room, the apparatus in order, the surgeon at work, the eager faces of the +bystanders, and the utterly unconscious patient. The wad was cut out, the +crowbar adjusted, and still the monotonous snore continued unchanged. +Then pressure was put on the free end of the crowbar, the broken bit of +skull was raised, and instantly life rushed back. The man continued a +sentence that he must have begun before the accident; then he stared +wildly, and said, “Where am I?” The clock of life had stopped through a +temporary obstruction, the obstruction was removed and the clock ticked +on as before. He was soothed, a silver plate was inserted over the hole, +the scalp was replaced and stitched together, and he was sent into the +ward. In due time he wholly recovered, the scalp having grown over the +plate. + +I had the option of accompanying any of the surgeons or physicians on +his morning round. Each had his clinical clerk, who made notes of the +case and wrote the treatment prescribed from time to time, upon a paper +affixed to a board at the bed-head. I appreciated from the very first the +high importance of careful study and record of every case. My feeling +is now fully developed which was then in embryo, that it is our duty +to avail ourselves of the opportunities that arise from the apparently +unmoral course of Nature, of rendering similar events less dangerous and +painful in the future. Blind Nature seems to vivisect ruthlessly, let us +as reasonable creatures elicit all the good we can from her vivisections, +for which we ourselves are in no way responsible. I became a clinical +clerk in time, but felt acutely my incompetence to act up to my own high +ideals. + +It was a surprise to me to notice so few signs of pain and distress in +the wards, even among the mortally stricken. I met with no instances of +terror at approaching death, while the ordinary interests of life seemed +powerful up to the close of consciousness. But it must be terrible to a +sensitive and stricken fellow-patient with all his senses still on the +alert, when the death-hour of some one else in the ward arrives, and the +curtains are drawn around the dying man’s bed to hide the scene, and +again when his remains are removed to the post-mortem room. All these +things are, however, more hideous to the imagination than in reality. +One piteous death-bed scene much impressed me. A girl was fast dying +of typhus, and I had been instructed to apply a mustard plaister. When +I came to her, she was fully sensible, and said in a faint but nicely +mannered way, “Please leave me in peace. I know I am dying, and am not +suffering.” I had not the heart to distress her further. + +The opinions held by the students about the several physicians and +surgeons were curiously guided by a mixture of loyalty and irreverence. +There was no doubt of the fact that M., one of the doctors, who never +professed or had a claim to scientific acquirements, got his patients +out of hospital more quickly than any of his colleagues. His treatment +was as simple as that of Dr. Sangrado, though of quite another kind. It +consisted of a strong purgative followed by low diet, and a subsequent +feeding up as soon as all fever had gone. The composition of his +drench never varied; a big bottle of it was made every morning in the +dispensary, in readiness to be served out. It was so cheap that the +overplus could be thrown away and a fresh infusion made the next day. + +It is to be wished that some “index of curative skill” could be awarded +to doctors, based on their respective hospital successes. I have often +amused myself with imaginary schemes to this effect. If it could be +compiled truthfully, it would be an excellent guide to those who wanted a +doctor but were doubtful whom to consult. A high index of curative skill +would serve as a measure of merit, and the fee to the doctor might be +regulated by its height. + +I threw myself into my duties with zeal, and loved neat bandaging and +neat plaistering. Each clinical clerk had a dressing board, supported +against his body by a strong band passed over his neck: its ends were +fixed to the board. Lint, plaister, scissors, forceps, probe, and a +few other simple surgical instruments completed the outfit. There was +much bleeding from the arm, especially of out-patients; there were also +cuppings and insertion of issues and of setons. All these I could soon +do creditably; I was fairly good even at tooth-drawing. I set broken +limbs, at first under strict supervision, but was latterly allowed much +freedom. I had also occasionally to reduce dislocations of the arm, and +once at least of the thigh. The mechanism of the body began to appear +very simple in its elementary features. At one time no less than sixteen +fractures, dislocations, or other injuries to the arms, or parts of them, +were practically under my sole care all at the same time. Of course my +proceedings were carefully watched. + +The following incident in those pre-chloroform days set me thinking. +A powerful drayman was brought in dead drunk, with both of his thighs +crushed and mangled by a heavy waggon. They had to be amputated at once. +He remained totally unconscious all the time, and it was not until he +awoke sober in the morning that he discovered that his legs were gone. +He recovered completely. The question that then presented itself to me +was, “Why could not people be made dead drunk before operations? Could +it not be effected without upsetting their digestion and doing harm in +other ways?” The subsequent discovery of _inhaling_, instead of drinking +the intoxicating spirit, whether it be chloroform or ether, solved that +question most happily. + +The cries of the poor fellows who were operated on were characteristic; +in fact, each class of operation seemed to evoke some peculiar form of +them. All this was terrible, but only at first. It seemed after a while +as though the cries were somehow disconnected with the operation, upon +which the whole attention became fixed. + +It was obvious that different persons felt pain with very different +degrees of acuteness. I may here go quite out of chronological sequence, +and refer to an experience in 1851, when I was on the point of starting +from a mission station on my exploration of Damara Land, then wholly +unknown but now a German possession. It will be again alluded to in +a later chapter. A branch missionary outpost, twenty miles off, had +lately been raided, and most of the people, other than the missionaries +themselves, murdered. Of those who escaped, two women, each with both +of their feet hacked off, made their way to the station, at which I saw +them. The Damara women wear heavy copper rings on their ankles, put on +when they are growing girls that the rings may not slip over their feet +when they are adult. These coveted treasures can therefore be obtained +only by the summary process of cutting off the feet. In this horribly +mutilated state the two women crawled the whole of the twenty miles. The +stumps had healed when I saw them. I asked how they staunched the blood. +They explained by gesture that it was by stumping the bleeding ends into +the sand, and they grinned with satisfaction while they explained. + +I may yet travel onwards many more years to another illustrative +anecdote. I happened to be President of the Anthropological Institute, +when a very interesting memoir was read on the subject now in question. +Numerous instances were given of a very startling character, but the one +that seemed the most so was a story told there by the late Sir James +Paget, as communicated to him by a trustworthy friend; he added that he +felt compelled to believe it. It referred to a native New Zealander. +It appeared that at the time in question it was the height of fashion +for the Maoris to wear boots on great occasions, and not to appear +barefooted. A youth had saved money and went to a store a long way off, +where he purchased a pair of these precious articles. On returning home +he tried to put them on, but one of his feet had a long projecting toe +which prevented it from being thrust home. He went quite as a matter of +course to fetch a bill-hook which was at hand, and, putting his foot on a +log of wood, chopped off the end of his long toe and drew on the boot. + +There was another occurrence in those pre-Pasteur days on which my mind +dwelt often. It was a story corroborated by many analogous but much less +striking instances that came under my own observation, of a man who +had stumbled into a cauldron of scalding pitch. He was quickly pulled +out, but the pitch had so enclosed and adhered to one of his legs that +nothing could be done with safety to remove it. The other leg was cleaned +as well as might be and carefully dressed, and in that state, with one +leg cased in pitch, the other bandaged, he was sent to bed. After many +days, the leg that was enclosed in pitch ceased to hurt, and the covering +became so loose that it was desirable and easy to remove it, when lo and +behold! instead of a vast suppurating surface, the leg was found to be +entirely healed. The other leg, which had been less hurt and carefully +dressed, remained much longer unhealed. It seemed clear that the art of +dressing was far behind what was possible, and that an application of +the dressing before “the air got into the wound” was the thing to be +aimed at. The subsequent discovery by Pasteur of the germ theory, and the +practical application of it by Sir Joseph, now Lord Lister, has overcome +the difficulty. + +I was so keen at my medical work, that, being desirous of appreciating +the effects of different medicines, I began by taking small doses of all +that were included in the pharmacopœia, commencing with the letter A. It +was an interesting experience, but had obvious drawbacks. However, I got +nearly to the end of the letter C, when I was stopped by the effects of +Croton oil. I had foolishly believed that two drops of it could have no +notable effects as a purgative and emetic; but indeed they had, and I can +recall them now. + +There were histories of occasional outbursts of hysteria in the female +wards; one took place whilst I was there. It was a most curious and +afflicting spectacle of pure panic. One woman had begun to scream and +rave, then another followed suit, then another, and pandemonium seemed +at hand. It was stopped by rather rough measures, gentle ones making +matters worse. There was a current story of one of the surgeons having +effectually stopped a most threatening outbreak, which the nurses began +to join, in which an abundance of cold water was only part of the remedy +employed. + +Many protean forms of that strange disorder, hysteria, were frequently +pointed out to me. The demoralisation that accompanied it was shown by +the gross and palpable lies told by the patients in their desire at +any cost to attract attention. A paroxysm of it may resemble a severe +epileptic fit. I was informed in all seriousness by a friend, of a +valuable way of distinguishing them, important for nurses to bear in +mind, that in epilepsy the patient might and often did bite himself, his +tongue for example, but in hysteria the patients never bit themselves but +always other people. + +Delirium tremens was a strange malady. The struggles were sometimes +terrible, yet the pulse was feeble and the reserve of strength almost +nil. The visions of the patients seemed indistinguishable by them from +realities; in the few cases I saw, they were wholly of fish or of +creeping things. One of the men implored me to take away the creature +that was crawling over his counterpane, following its imagined movements +with his finger and staring as at a ghost. Poor humanity! I often feel +that the tableland of sanity upon which most of us dwell, is small in +area, with unfenced precipices on every side, over any one of which we +may fall. + +The hysterical scream which so strongly affects other women is a forcible +instance of the power of sound, whose limits are, as yet, imperfectly +explored. The tones of a great actor or orator may thrill the whole +being. An unemotional elderly gentleman told me years ago, that he +was haunted by the recollection of the resonance of Pitt’s voice when +speaking of some event (I forget what it was) that gave him a “pang.” +There are many kinds of shrieks of a blood-curdling nature, of which that +of a wounded horse on a battlefield is said to be one. + + * * * * * + +_Kings College._—After a brief vacation I was sent, again through Mr. +Hodgson’s ever active interest, for a year to King’s College and to live +as an inmate of the house of Professor Richard Partridge (1805-1873), +together with four or five other pupils. His house was in New Street, +Spring Gardens, now demolished through the extension of the Admiralty +Buildings and the newly constructed entrance from Charing Cross into +St. James’s Park. My social surroundings were of a far higher order +than those at Birmingham, and I rejoiced in them. Professor Partridge +was, at that time, a brilliant man of about thirty-four years of age, +yellow-haired, full of humour and of quips, as well as of shrewdness and +kindliness; his intimate friends were all growing into distinction. He +had known Charles Lamb well, and the genius of Elia seemed to haunt the +house, though Charles Lamb had died four or five years before. I listened +with admiration to the brilliant talk and repartees when Partridge had +his bachelor dinners with fellow-cronies as guests. They included G. +Dasent, later Sir George, the author and Civil Service Commissioner; +Professor Wheatstone, later Sir Charles, who conjointly with Cooke was +the introducer of the electric telegraph; A. Smee the electrician, +subsequently an authority on gardening, and others. + +Professor Richard Partridge, F.R.S., familiarly called “Dickey,” was +brother to John Partridge, R.A., and Professor of Anatomy. It was +commonly said that the brothers had each followed the occupation best +fitted to the other. Certainly Richard Partridge was an admirable +draughtsman, but was not, so far as I was then capable of judging, a man +who really loved and revelled in science. He delighted in minute points +of human anatomy and did not generalise, consequently the information +given in his lectures seemed to me as dry as the geography of Pinnock’s +Catechism. For all that, they were enlivened by his never-failing humour. +His instruction seemed to me deficient in the why and the wherefore. A +human hand was just a human hand to him; its analogies with paws, hoofs, +wings, claws, and fins were never alluded to. + +I spent a happy time under his roof. We pupils had the drawing-room to +read and write in, with a wardrobe and a hanging closet tenanted by a +jointed skeleton which we could study at will. The days were spent in the +Medical Department of King’s College, which was quite disconnected with +the classical side. All the pupils entered at the same door, but there +we separated. The medicals turned sharply to the right, and many of them +went downstairs to the dissection room, where much of my own time was +spent. + +The immediate chiefs of the dissection room were nominally my old +travelling companion and tutor, William Bowman and John Simon, but Bowman +had other College work to perform, and was rarely present. Mr. Simon, +afterwards Sir John Simon (_b._ 1816), of the Board of Health, was +practically the only Director. His quaint phrases, full of scientific +insight and poetical in essence, were most attractive. His collected +essays and reports are models of literary style applied to scientific +subjects. He died three or four years ago, quite blind, at a very +advanced age. + +All the Professors whose lectures I had to attend, were notable men. Dr. +Todd (1809-1860), the Professor of Physiology, gave a powerful impulse to +his branch of science. He was then engaged in collaboration with Bowman +in bringing out their Encyclopedia of Physiology, which was a remarkable +work for those days. The signs of advance were all about and in the air. +The microscope had rather suddenly attained a position of much enhanced +importance; it was now mounted solidly, with really good working stages +and with good glasses. Powell was the principal maker of it, and a +Powell’s microscope was an object almost of worship to advanced students. +The manufacture of microscopes has rapidly and steadily advanced since +those times, both in cheapness and in goodness: what was then a rarity is +now in the possession of every student. + +I enjoyed the lectures of Daniell (1790-1845) on Chemistry; he was so +simple and thorough. In those times the galvanic cell was becoming +perfected, and the three forms then invented, the Smee, the Daniell, +and the Grove (the latter being by my valued friend in later years, +Justice Sir William Grove), still retain their names. Electrotyping +was invented by Smee, and I recall well the humorously pathetic manner +in which Daniell explained to his class how the neglect of drawing an +obvious inference had prevented him from figuring as its discoverer. He +had noticed the marvellous fidelity with which the marks of a file had +appeared on a copper sheath electrically thrown down upon it, as the +result of some chance experiment, but he had failed to infer that medals +and the like might be copied by the same process. + +It is needless to go into particulars of my course at King’s College. +They had much the same result on me in opening the mind that a similar +experience must have on every keen medical student, but I do not remember +any special characteristic worthy of record. I did pretty well at my +studies. My chief competitor was George Johnson, afterwards Sir George +(1818-1896), whose thoroughness of work and character I admired. He beat +me in physiology, in which I came out second. I think the only prize I +ever got all to myself was in the minor subject of Forensic Medicine, +in which I delighted. It had a sort of Sherlock Holmes fascination for +me, while the instances given as cautions, showing where the value of +too confident medical assertions had been rudely upset by the shrewd +cross-questioning of lawyers, confirmed what I was beginning vaguely to +perceive, that doctors had the fault, equally with parsons, of being much +too positive. + +My friend Sir G. Johnson subsequently became the leader of one of the +two opposed methods of dealing with cholera. His was the “eliminative” +view, namely, that there was mischief in the system that Nature strove +to eliminate, so he prescribed castor oil to expedite matters; others +took the exactly opposite view, consequently there was open war between +the two methods. I read somewhere that one of Johnson’s most fiery +opponents considered the number of deaths occasioned by his method to +amount to eleven thousand. Leaving aside all question of the accuracy +of the estimate of this particular treatment, it is easy to see that +when a pestilence lies heavily on a nation, the numbers affected are so +large that a proper or improper treatment may be capable of saving or of +destroying many thousands of lives. By all means, then, let competitive +methods be tested at hospitals on a sufficiently large scale to settle +their relative merits. Of this I will speak further almost immediately. + +One part of my duties was to attend King’s College Hospital, but the +position of a student there was far less instructive than that of an +indoor pupil at the Birmingham Hospital, where responsibility was great +and there was no crowding. The teaching was, however, greatly superior +to the generality of that at Birmingham. The position of house pupil and +resident medical officer has long since become highly and justly prized, +and is now obtainable only after competition and by the best men. + +Medical knowledge has advanced so far that more scientific treatment +can be had in many small country towns than was formerly procurable +even in London. Still, the experience haunts my memory of Dr. M. at the +Birmingham Hospital, of his habitual drench of which I wrote, and of his +remarkable success in turning out his patients nominally cured. There +is still much lack of exact knowledge of what Nature can do without +assistance from medicine, if aided only by cheering influences, rest, +suggestion, and good nursing. + +I wish that hospitals could be turned into places for experiment more +than they are, in the following perfectly humane direction. Suppose +two different and competing treatments of a particular malady; I have +just mentioned a case in point. Let the patients suffering under it be +given the option of being placed under Dr. A. or Dr. B., the respective +representatives of the two methods, and the results be statistically +compared. A co-operation without partisanship between many large +hospitals ought to speedily settle doubts that now hang unnecessarily +long under dispute. + +Medical statistics are, however, the least suitable of any I know for +refined comparisons, because the conditions that cannot be, or at all +events are not taken into account, are local, very influential, and apt +to differ greatly. It is, however, humiliating to find how much has +failed to attract attention for want of even the rudest statistics. I +doubt whether the unaided apprehension of man suffices to distinguish +between the frequency of what occurs on an average four times in ten +events and one that occurs five times. Much grosser proportions have been +wholly overlooked by doctors. I referred once to many dictionaries and +works of medicine published before the time of Broca, some ninety years +ago, and did not find a single reference to the almost invariable loss of +speech associated with paralysis of the right side. Still more recently, +the idea of consumption being communicated by any form of infection was +stoutly denied by English medical men. As to rules of diet, the changes +are ludicrous. Robert Frere, one of my fellow-pupils when with Professor +Partridge, became through marriage in later years a managing partner in +a very old and eminent firm of wine merchants. They had supplied George +IV. with his brandy and the like. He told me that the books of the firm +showed that every class of wine had in its turn been favoured by the +doctors. + +There were many incidents that I could tell about this time of my life +that might be interesting in some sense, but which are foreign to the +main purpose of such an autobiography as mine, which is to indicate how +the growth of a mind has been affected by circumstances. I will, however, +make one exception, which refers to a very narrow escape from drowning. +I had been in a steamboat, crammed with people, to see the Oxford and +Cambridge boat-race, and was returning with stream and tide. The arches +of Old Battersea Bridge were narrow, and it required careful steering +on such occasions to get safely through them. The steamboat on which I +was yawed greatly. I was standing behind the right-hand paddle-box, when +it crashed against one of the piers and split open just in front of me, +giving a momentary view of the still revolving paddles. The shock sent +me down among them. I was conscious of two taps on the back of my head, +and then the water swirled over me. In a few seconds my wits had gathered +themselves together, and I found myself submerged under a mass of wood, +which afterwards proved to be the outer sheathing of the paddle-box. I +dived to get clear of it, but found myself held back by projecting nails +which had hooked into my clothes. My breath was becoming exhausted, so +I passed my hand quickly but steadily all over myself, disentangling +nails in two or three places, and then made my last dive for life. I +fortunately rose clear, and utilised my former enemy the mass of wood as +a raft. I was sufficiently unhurt to help another man who was also in the +water and in distress, by pushing a piece of wood to him. + +There was, of course, much commotion all about the scene. The steamboat +drifted helplessly; boats put off from the shore; the men in the first +boat that reached me tried to drive a hard bargain, asking a sovereign to +take me in, but being in safety I was able to resist extortion. I then +rowed to the ship, and my face was, I understood, a spectacle, being +painted with blood that had flowed freely from a few scratches and was +spread all over it by the wetting. There was much sympathy shown on the +steamboat, and an especial interest in me on the part of the captain, +who from the character of his questions obviously feared having to pay +damages. So I at last landed, and, feeling little the worse after a +short rest, cabbed home to Mr. Partridge’s house. The only object that +really suffered was my rather valuable watch. There is a short account +of this accident in the Life of Leonard Horner, F.R.S., by his daughter +K. M. Lyell, ii. 19. I did not hear that any notice of it got into the +newspapers. + +I will finish now what little I have to add about my medical experiences, +skipping over four or five years in a few lines. While at Cambridge, of +which I shall speak in a separate chapter, I attended a few lectures, +chiefly by Dr. Haviland, in order to obtain some more of the necessary +certificates to qualify me for undergoing an examination and obtaining a +doctor’s degree. After I left Cambridge, some more lectures had still to +be attended, so I was sent for a short time as a pupil at St. George’s +Hospital. My dear father’s death then occurred, as will be mentioned +farther on, and the direction of my life became changed. + + + + +CHAPTER IV + +SHORT TOUR TO THE EAST + + Giessen—Linz—Rowboat to Vienna—Steam down Danube and overland + to Black Sea—Constantinople—Smyrna—Quarantines at Syra and + Trieste—Adelsberg—Diligence from Milan to Boulogne—Home + + +In the spring of 1840 a passion for travel seized me as if I had been a +migratory bird. While attending the lectures at King’s College I could +see the sails of the lighters moving in sunshine on the Thames, and it +required all my efforts to disregard the associations of travel which +they aroused. On fine mornings I could not keep still in the house in +Spring Gardens where I lived, but wandered in St. James’s Park. On these +occasions I noticed that the weathercock on the Horse Guards seemed to +point nearly always to the south-west. The explanation proved to be that +the fit seized me with violence when a south-west wind was blowing. +It was arranged by my father that I should accompany Dr. Allen Miller +(1817-1870), subsequently a great chemist and for many years Treasurer of +the Royal Society, to Giessen, where the more promising young chemists of +those days gathered to avail themselves of the teaching of Liebig, then +the foremost of the chemical Professors in Germany. My father gave me +a liberal letter of credit, for, having been a banker himself, he was +unwilling that my balance should ever run low; besides, he was always +cautious in making ample provision for unexpected contingencies. So to +Giessen I went, but soon finding that my chemical knowledge, and indeed +my knowledge of German, was by no means sufficiently advanced for me to +profit from Liebig’s teaching, I determined to throw that plan over, to +make a dash and go as far as my money allowed, consistent with returning +to England early in October in time for my first term at Cambridge. I +had saturated myself since the age of nine with Byron’s poetry, which +gave me a longing to see the East; besides, a new route Eastwards had +been opened, between Czernavoda and Kustendji, the former lying on that +long reach of the Lower Danube where it most nearly approaches the Black +Sea, and Kustendji situated on the Black Sea itself. A calculation of the +cost showed that my finances would suffice for this and more, so away +I went. A steamer ran twice or thrice a week from Linz to Vienna, and +once (I think) in a fortnight from Vienna down the Danube, and the times +fitted nicely. But on arrival at Linz it proved that the steamer bound +for Vienna was disabled and would not run for some days. This serious +contretemps threatened to ruin my whole scheme, which required that I +should reach Vienna in time for a particular steamer. + +I had made friends with an elderly British officer at the hotel, who was +in much the same plight as myself, for it was as important to him as to +me, though for other reasons, to reach Vienna without delay. He told me +that he had found a boatman who would take us all the way, some seventy +miles down stream, for a moderate sum, and that he was willing to go +if I would join him. I accepted his proposal, he having assured me that +the boat would be adequately manned, and that the journey would be both +easy and interesting. His power of German conversation was even less than +mine, and either he had not understood aright or he had been cheated, +for when we had entered the boat in the dark by help of the faint and +flickering light of a lantern, and had been pushed off into the current +of the swiftly flowing Danube, I perceived that the boatmen consisted +only of one old man and a boy. It was impossible to return, so we made +the best of it. One of us two, and it was more frequently myself, for +my companion wanted both youth and muscle, had to work an oar almost +continuously in order to give steerage-way to the boat. + +We toiled through the night and the following morning, hardly resting +at all till we reached Mölk, where provisions and fruit were bought +and another boatman engaged, and we went onwards after brief delay. We +arrived as near to Vienna as the police regulations allowed, very late at +night; but by unexpected good fortune the officials allowed us to land +and to sleep hard by, so I was in good time for the steamer, and after a +short stay was off in her. I had some agreeable fellow-passengers, and it +was a momentous voyage to me. + +The first stoppage was at Pesth, where I was quite unprepared for the +grandeur of its quays and buildings. Thenceforward we entered comparative +barbarism. There was a considerable delay at the famous rapids of the +“Iron Gates,” long since removed by blasting the rocks that gave them +their name, and where the river ran strongly. I witnessed boats of no +large size being towed up stream by the longest teams of men and horses +that I have ever seen. If my memory does not play tricks, I counted no +less than ninety-six horses hauling a single boat. I drove as far as +time allowed among the Carpathians towards Mehadia, a then secluded +watering-place, in the company of two Hungarians, with one of whom—a +Kaunitz—I had struck up a travelling friendship, and who told me much +about Hungary. + +The position of Belgrade was imposing. It was then in Turkish occupation, +and the Turks still wore turbans. The town being in quarantine, we were +not allowed to land. The flat shores of Wallachia were most uninteresting +and looked fever-haunted. The only human life visible for miles together +was that of an occasional coast-guardsman perched in a crow’s nest on the +top of a pole, to prevent smugglers from crossing the Danube unseen. At +one place we cut through a shoal of water snakes crossing the river, with +their heads out of water and their bodies wriggling horizontally. It was +a sight upon which a horrible nightmare might have been founded. + +At length we arrived at our journey’s end, where light waggons awaited +us, which were drawn across the open country. I walked the greater part +of the distance, and so reached the Black Sea at Kustendji. The steamer +started in threatening weather, and particularly rough seas ensued. We +rolled so badly and so briskly that a square chest containing seamen’s +things, which stood on the deck, was toppled over. In the morning, the +historical Symplegades were in sight, and certainly the superstitious +Greeks might well have accredited them, as they did, with the power +of shutting like jaws and crushing vessels that attempted to pass +between them, for the apparent width of the intervening space changes +rapidly with changing perspective. Then we steamed through the glorious +Bosphorus, whose sides were far less built upon than now, past Therapia +to Constantinople, or Stamboul, as it was commonly called. + +I revelled in the glory of the place and in the picturesque and turbaned +groups. The hotel kept by Miseri was then a small establishment, more +like a pension. He had been courier to a connection of mine, and I was +taken in and made very comfortable. The numerous acquaintances I picked +up there and the stories I heard of the current rascalities gave an +insight into a phase of humanity which I did not esteem but was glad to +know about. + +Though I am now inclined to twaddle about what was then so new, so +strange and exhilarating to me, it would not interest readers who are +probably familiar with far more graphic accounts of this capital of the +East than I have skill to write. The sherbet, iced with snow from the +neighbouring Mount Olympus, shares, I suppose, with similar sherbet at +Granada, iced with snow from the Sierra Nevada, the honour of parentage +to our very modern ice-creams. In my youth the only good ice-cream maker +in London was Gunter in Berkeley Square, and the very existence of such +a luxury as ice-cream had then, as I know, been recently scoffed at by +the educated daughters of a clergyman in South Wales. After about six +days’ stay in Constantinople, I had to move onwards, taking a steamer to +Smyrna. Olympus stood grandly above the shores of the Sea of Marmora; +then came the Hellespont, then the Troad, then Smyrna. + +My allowance of time was drawing to a close, for I had to make ample +allowance for long detention in quarantines, which were in those times +an especial nuisance. They were put on or taken off with apparent +caprice, sometimes it was said for purely commercial reasons. So I was +able to allow only two or three days for seeing the environs of Smyrna, +and then started in a steamer to the island of Syra, where I was placed +for ten days in quarantine. My rooms were like those of a khan, wholly +unfurnished, the guardian supplying bedding and food at moderate cost. He +followed me as a prisoner under his charge, with a long stick wherewith +to ward me from touching or being touched by any body or thing that was +not in the same quarantine as myself. The quarantine buildings enclosed a +large square. My rooms opened at the back into a cheerful covered balcony +which looked on the sea. My neighbouring occupant was a lady, a near +relative to Arthur Cayley, the great mathematician, whom I even then had +learnt to revere, and whose pupil I became during one of my happy long +vacations at Cambridge. + +The laws of quarantine were curiously minute. Metal, such as a coin, was +not supposed to be so deeply infected but that a simple washing would +purify it; paper must be pricked and fumigated; but clothing had to +undergo as much quarantine as the wearer, and even more, as will be seen +later on. It was ruled that if any part of a cloth or fabric of fibres +was touched by a person in quarantine, the whole of it became equally +tainted. So I put to my guardian the case of touching one end of a very +long rope, but could get no reasonable answer, any more than a child +can when he puts searching questions. Violation of quarantine is a very +serious offence. A soldier would shoot a person without mercy, and with +the approbation of his superiors, if that appeared to be the only way of +preventing it. + +The nine or ten days’ rest in quarantine at Syra was by no means +ungrateful. I made myself occupation, and they passed pleasantly. The +process of giving “_pratique_” was amusing. We were drawn up in a row, +and the medical officer walked up and down sternly scrutinising us. +Then he gave the order of “Put out your tongues,” which we all did +simultaneously, and he passed along the line at two paces distance +from it, looking at our tongues. Then he added, “Do exactly as I do,” +whereupon he clapped himself sharply under the left armpit with his +right hand, and under the right armpit with the left hand. Similarly on +the left and right groins. This was to prove that none of the glandular +swellings that give the name of “bubonic” plague were there, otherwise +the pain of the performance would have been intolerable. Then, with +a sudden change from a stern aspect, he put on a most friendly and +courteous smile, and stepping forwards he shook each of us cordially by +the hand, and we were freed. A couple of days had to pass before the +next steamer started for Trieste, which I occupied in rambling about +the island, living for one day almost wholly on figs—which was unwise, +because too much of them affects the kidneys. + +I started with the steamer, had a few, but memorable, hours at +Athens, lay for two days in quarantine off Ancona, and was landed in +the quarantine at Trieste. What Turkey was to Greece in respect of +quarantine, that Greece was to Turkey. + +There was a curious custom at Trieste of “making _Spoglio_,” as they +phrased it. When three or four days of the normal length of quarantine +had still to run, it was permissible to strip and leave all clothes +behind, to bathe, to put on new clothes, and to be free. The process is +based on the assumption that the well-washed human body, if in apparent +health after say a week’s seclusion, may justly be considered free from +infection, whereas the clothes worn by it must remain still longer in +quarantine. What happened was this. We were inspected by the doctor, +and then directed to the edge of a covered quay, opposite to which was +another quay where old-clothes men displayed their wares; a strip of sea +water, perhaps 4 or 5 feet deep and 20 wide, separated the two quays. A +bargain had to be made with one of the old-clothes men by shouting across +the water. I was to leave everything I had on me, excepting coin or other +metal, and papers which were about to be fumigated, in exchange for the +offered clothes. When the bargain was concluded, I stripped, plunged in, +and emerged on the opposite quay stark naked, to be newly clothed and to +receive freedom. The clothes-man got my old things in due time—that was +his affair. The new clothes were thin, and the trousers were made of a +sort of calico and deficient in the fashionable cut of my old ones; but +as it was not then late in the year the thinness mattered little in those +latitudes, and I did not care about the rest. + +I occupied two of the days I had saved by making Spoglio, in visiting +the wonderful caves of Adelsberg. A view over the Adriatic when driving +up the mountain-side on the way to that place, remains still in my mind +as one of the three or four most glorious views that I have had the +privilege to see. The long walk underground at Adelsberg, the black and +vicious stream that ran through it, looking like a river of death, and +the fantastic stalactites and stalagmites were indeed astonishing. I +bought two of the curious creatures called Proteus, that live in these +underground waters. They have no real eyes, but sightless dots in the +place of them; their colour is that of the buried portion of stems of +celery (etiolated, as it is commonly called), and they have both gills +and lungs. They were the first living creatures of their kind brought to +England. I gave them to King’s College; one soon died, the other lived +and was yearly lectured on, as I heard, until fate in the form of a cat +ended him. + +I went from Trieste by steamer to Venice, and thence by diligence to +Milan, whence I travelled by diligence to Geneva, with the bottle +containing the two Proteus under my thin coat, for fear of the water +freezing while crossing the Alps. At Geneva I had a few evening hours +to spare, which I spent at the theatre, and thence on by diligence to +Boulogne. It took me either seven days and eight nights, or conversely, +to reach Boulogne from Milan, and it was of course tiring to sit up and +be shaken in a diligence during that long time. My legs began to swell +before I reached Boulogne, but the two or three hours of lying down in +the Channel steamer quite restored them. + +So I reached my home in Leamington safely and in good time, and my dear +kind father took my escapade humorously. He was pleased with it rather +than otherwise, for I had much to tell and had obviously gained a great +deal of experience. This little expedition proved to be an important +factor in moulding my after-life. It vastly widened my views of humanity +and civilisation, and it confirmed aspirations for travel which were +afterwards indulged. + + + + +CHAPTER V + +CAMBRIDGE + + Trinity College—First vacation at the Lakes—Second vacation + at Aberfeldy—College friends—Entire breakdown in health—Third + vacation in Germany—My father’s death + + +It was a notable day in my life when, in the year 1840, escorted by +my father on the top of a stage coach, I caught my first view of the +principal buildings of Cambridge. There was no railway to Cambridge +then. I had been entered at Trinity College, where rooms were assigned +to me on the first floor of B. New Court. My tutor was J. W. Blakesley +(1808-1885), an accomplished classical scholar, contemporary with +Tennyson and his set, and subsequently Dean of Lincoln. The then Master +of the College, who, however, resigned his post after the close of my +first term, was Christopher Wordsworth (1774-1846), brother of the poet +and father of three distinguished classical scholars,—John; Charles, +Bishop of St. Andrew’s; and Christopher, the headmaster of Harrow. The +biographies of them all appear in the _Dict. Nat. Biog._ I found but +few old friends among the undergraduates besides Matthew Boulton, but +gradually fell into my place. I soon became conscious of the power +and thoroughness of the work about me, as of a far superior order to +anything I had previously witnessed. At the same time I wondered at its +narrowness, for not a soul seemed to have the slightest knowledge of, +or interest in, what I had acquired in my medical education and what we +have since learnt to call Biology. The religious dogmas were of a more +archaic type than I had latterly learnt to hold. I thought that just +as the medicals wanted the thoroughness of the classicals and of the +mathematicians, so these wanted at least an elementary knowledge of what +was familiar to the medicals. Great and salutary changes have long since +been introduced, and the above criticism, which was perfectly just at the +time, is now, I believe and trust, almost wholly out of date. + +I stood far behind the majority of my fellow-freshmen in classics, but +less so in elementary mathematics, which were then much neglected in +schools; for I had an innate love of them, and had indulged in some +little private study. I pass lightly over my first year, which was +a period of general progress, without much of note, until the first +vacation arrived. + +I then formed one of a reading party who went to Keswick in Cumberland, +and had rooms in the same house with the two tutors, Matheson and Eddis. +It was called “Browtop,” and was then a detached villa with a wide +prospect, situated in the district that now bears that name. One other +pupil lived there also; the rest had lodgings in the town. Being in +those years careless of rain and little sensitive to the enervating air +of the Lake District, I found myself perfectly happy. The hills being +moderate in height and the distances small, an afternoon sufficed easily +for most of the excursions, so the whole morning was left free for +reading. Matheson, the mathematical tutor, was a well-known Fellow of +Trinity College, a considerable pianist and a good walker. He also knew +the country and many of its residents. Among these was the Rev. Frederic +Myers (1811-1851), Vicar of Keswick, who had married into the Marshall +family, and who showed me much kindness. He was father to the as yet +unborn poet and spiritualist, Frederic W. H. Myers (1843-1901), and his +house was a social centre. + +I saw a most amusing scene in its drawing-room, which those who recollect +the formidable presence of Dr. Whewell will appreciate. All male animals, +including men, when they are in love, are apt to behave in ways that +seem ludicrous to bystanders. Whewell was not exempt from the common +lot, though he had to sustain his new dignity of “Master of Trinity.” +He was then paying court to the lady who became his first wife, and his +behaviour reminded me irresistibly of a turkey-cock similarly engaged. I +fancied that I could almost hear the rustling of his stiffened feathers, +and did overhear these sonorous lines of Milton rolled out to the lady +_à propos_ of I know not what, “cycle and epicycle, orb and orb,” with +hollow o’s and prolonged trills on the r’s. + +The following skit indicates the feeling in regard to Whewell’s manner +that was current in Cambridge after he had assumed his office. I was +reminded of it not so very many months ago, by the late Lord Kelvin:— + + “You may roam where you will through the realms of infinity + And find nothing so great as the Master of Trinity.” + +Those who have read Whewell’s Life, which was written by a loving hand +and dwells mainly on his kindly, domestic character, will gather little +idea of the rough power of the man and his too frequent overbearing +attitude. In after-days he invited me to the Lodge, where I found him +most unexpectedly gracious. + +It may be worth mentioning that at the time of which I am writing, brakes +to carriages were unknown in England except in the Lake Country, where +the many hills made it difficult to travel without restraint, unless by +frequently stopping to put on or take off the drag. Their use gradually +spread, as the first sentimental opposition to them subsided. A near +relative of my own, who was a devoted whip and drove his own four-horse +drag for many years, was at first contemptuous towards brakes, but soon +changed his mind, and ever afterwards used one. + +One of the longer excursions was to Scawfell, where I found a small +encampment of ordnance surveyors with theodolite and heliostat. Their +immediate object was to obtain by direct observation the bearing of +Snowdon, ninety-six miles off (as I think they said), to form the side +of one of their principal triangles. A corresponding station was set +up on the top of Snowdon, whence after many days’ waiting in vain the +long-wished-for star of light reflected from the sun by the mirror on +Snowdon, became faintly but clearly visible through the telescope at +Scawfell. It had been seen on three days altogether, two of which were +successive. The obstruction to light by a few miles of mist, etc., in the +lower layers of the atmosphere, contrasts forcibly with the ease with +which every detail of the far more distant moon becomes visible when +risen but a few degrees above the horizon. + +Talking of such things reminds me of an elementary but very neat little +problem that was set about this time in one of the College examination +papers. It has often served me as a rough reminder of the constants +involved, so I give it:— + +“The tops of two masts, each ten feet above calm water, are just visible +to one another at a distance of eight miles; what is the diameter of the +earth? Aerial refraction is not to be taken into account.” I leave its +solution to the reader. + +One of the features of my stay at the Lakes was the wrestling and other +field sports, then much more homely in their accessories than they are +now. I took lessons from one of the family of Ivens, among whom were many +noted wrestlers. My teacher was the light-weight champion of the year. It +was interesting to observe the wary approach and half-catchings of the +opponents before one of them succeeded in grappling; then the tug-of-war +began. + +An event occurred at this time closely similar in many respects, but +not in its most painful details, to one previously related by De +Quincey in his reminiscences of S. T. Coleridge, as having occurred +in the Lake District in the early years of last century. I was quite +ignorant of it till very lately, when I happened to be reading his book. +My story is that of a Polish Count, O., who appeared at Keswick with +scant introductions, took a house, and made himself most agreeable. I +fell at once under his influence, for he seemed to me extraordinarily +accomplished. He had all sorts of books and instruments, and even a +tame monkey! So the Count throve and prospered for a while. But a lady +resident in the neighbourhood who had been connected in her youth with +one of the German Courts, and who studied the Almanach de Gotha and +the like, insisted that the Count’s claims to the title were totally +unfounded. So a small warfare raged. In the meantime the Count won the +affections of a simple girl, the orphan child of a somewhat wealthy +“statesman,” that is what we should call a yeoman farmer. He married +her, and afterwards ran away with as much of her money as he could get +hold of, leaving her with the questionable title of Countess as her only +consolation. This finale occurred after I had left. + +I grieve deeply that I knew little at that time of the Lake Poets, except +Byron’s lines on the correct poetical creed— + + “Thou shall believe in Milton, Dryden, Pope; + Thou shall not trust in Wordsworth, Coleridge, Southey....” + +In consequence, I made no effort to obtain the honour of seeing and +possibly receiving some slight introduction to any one of its then +living members. Neither did I ever see Dr. Arnold, though I walked with +Strickland, one of our reading party and a former pupil of his, as far as +his door, which he entered to spend half an hour with him, while I waited +and envied. + +Strickland was the son of a well-known Yorkshire baronet. He joined me +in many pleasant walks from London after my college days, of which I +especially recollect one in the then rural Isle of Wight, when there was +little more than a single house at Shanklin, and that was its pretty, +rustic hotel. The times of travel from London so fitted in, that the walk +from Ryde about Easter-time began well before twilight, and we reached +Shanklin not too late to be taken in and to thoroughly enjoy the moonlit +evening. Strickland was a strong swimmer, but he got into some difficulty +next morning owing to the surf and undercurrents at the place where he +entered the sea. He returned safely to shore, to my great relief, but +much tired from long battling with the water. + +His end was tragic. It occurred in North America, when winter had +just set in, near some well-known watering-place whose name I forget, +separated by a low range of hills from another watering place about +sixteen miles off. The road between the two was perfectly simple and +easy in summer, but not so in the snowdrifts and darkness of winter. +Strickland would attempt it, though much was said to dissuade him: he +never reached his destination. A relief party tracked his wanderings. He +seemed to have acted as one demented by the hardship, for he had stripped +off his clothes and thrown them away, one after the other, even his +boots, so that his dead body was almost wholly undressed. That was the +story I heard from two persons. + +On returning to Cambridge after the first long vacation, I was put +steadily to mathematical work, coming at length under that most +distinguished Cambridge tutor, William Hopkins (1793-1866), mathematician +and geologist. He kindly took a good deal of interest in me and gave me +much encouragement, but the hopes he fostered were shattered by serious +illness, which precluded severe study during my third year, as will be +mentioned farther on. At a later date I found myself his colleague as +Joint Secretary to the British Association, but his health had by then +declined and his fine intellect begun to fail. I never had a tutor whom I +reverenced and loved so entirely as Hopkins. + +It was early in my second year that I entered into a close friendship +with two Etonians. The one was Henry Fitzmaurice Hallam (1824-1850), +the younger son of the historian Henry Hallam (1777-1859) and brother +to Arthur Hallam (1811-1833), the subject of Tennyson’s _In Memoriam_. +The other friend was F. Campbell, the eldest son of Lord Campbell +(1779-1861), then Lord Chief-Justice, and afterwards Lord Chancellor. F. +Campbell became in later years, through succession, Lord Stratheden and +Campbell. I owe much to each of these fast friends, but in different ways. + +Harry Hallam had a singular sweetness and attractiveness of manner, with +a love of harmless banter and paradox, and was keenly sympathetic with +all his many friends. He won the Second Chancellor’s Medal. Through +him I became introduced to his father’s house, still shadowed by the +sudden death of his son Arthur and of a daughter. Mr. Hallam was very +kind to me, and the friendship of him and of his family was one of the +corner-stones of my life-history. I met many eminent persons at his +house. Harry Hallam, like his brother and sister, died suddenly and +young, to my poignant grief. His death occurred while I was away in +South Africa. I have visited the quiet church at Clevedon where all the +Hallams lie, each memorial stone bearing a briefly pathetic inscription, +and kneeling alone in a pew by their side, spent the greater part of a +solitary hour in unrestrained tears. + +F. Campbell had set for himself an ideal of public life that was too +high for his powers, and many would say that he greatly failed in it. It +may be so, but he had what I prized beyond anything else, a capacity for +steady friendship, and a disposition unalloyed by pettiness. I always +found help when consulting him about any of my own difficulties, because +he put things in fresh lights and always with noble intent. He died in +1893. Through being his friend, I was entertained with much kindness by +his father at Stratheden House, and received important help on more than +one occasion. + +It was mainly through these two men, Hallam and Campbell, that I first +became acquainted with most of the ablest undergraduates of that day. Of +these Maine (Sir Henry S. Maine, 1822-1888) ranked the highest. He had +a great charm of manner with much beauty of feature, and was one of the +few non-Trinity men who became thoroughly at home in Trinity itself. In +later years, when he had become an eminent jurist and had filled with +distinction the highest legal post in India, I used to enjoy long talks +with him at the Athenæum Club, mostly on topics connected with Primitive +Culture. + +The subject of prehistoric civilisation was novel even so late as the +early fifties, and was discussed independently from two different +sides. The line of approach that Maine followed was to investigate the +customs of the so-called Aryan races. The other line was by the study +of living savage races, and of such inferences regarding the past as +might be drawn from implements and bones preserved in prehistoric graves +and caverns. The horizon of the Antiquarians was so narrow at about the +date of my Cambridge days, that the whole history of the early world was +literally believed, by many of the best informed men, to be contained +in the Pentateuch. It was also practically supposed that nothing more +of importance could be learnt of the origins of civilisation during +classical times than was to be found definitely stated in classical +authors. + +Sir H. Maine considerably extended this narrow horizon through his close +analysis of classical writings in the light of his Indian experiences, +but he was always tempted to look on what was really a very advanced form +of civilisation as if it had been primitive, and thereby laid himself +open to violent attack. Among his opponents, J. F. MacLennan (1827-1881), +the author of _Marriage by Capture_, etc., was eminently impetuous, and +Maine, knowing that I was well acquainted with him, begged me to do +what I could to moderate his controversial tone; I tried in vain. This, +however, is travelling many years ahead. I had often occasion to consult +Sir H. Maine on subjects that I had then in hand, and always found him a +most helpful adviser. + +It is difficult to select illustrative episodes of my Cambridge days. +William Johnson Cory, then known as Johnson of King’s (1823-1892), “Poet, +and Master at Eton,” was a remarkable character. He was easily the first +classic of his year, as tested by the brilliancy of his performance +in gaining the Craven Scholarship soon after joining the University. +At that time he was eccentric, very short-sighted, and Johnsonian in +appearance, but these peculiarities wore off so much that, on his calling +on me some years afterwards, fashionably dressed and polished in manner, +I did not at first recognise him. He took an active part in a small +Epigram Club which flourished for a while and then ceased, but which gave +rise to some good verses. I recollect the roll of the first line of one +by Maine—“King Daniel of Derrinane ...”—that referred to a recent action +of Daniel O’Connell. + +Tom Taylor (1817-1880), “Dramatist and Editor of _Punch_,” was full of +vigour and versatility, but a few years older than those of whom I have +been speaking. He had recently been elected Fellow of the College. In +those days _Punch_ was newly started, and Tom Taylor thought he could do +better, so he founded a weekly comic paper called _Puck_, for which he +endeavoured to obtain contributors. It was fairly good, but did not live +long. Many years later he became editor of the very periodical he then +wished to crush. + +I saw much of Joseph and E. Kay, half-brothers of Sir James +Kay-Shuttleworth (1804-1877), who was the “Founder of English Popular +Education.” Joseph Kay (1821-1878), “Economist,” was appointed +“Travelling Bachelor,” a University post that at that time attracted +little competition, because the conditions attached to its tenure were +inconvenient to most rising men. Its possession, therefore, carried +little weight. But Joseph Kay utilised to the full his position of +“Travelling Bachelor of the University of Cambridge” in obtaining help +abroad, and he wrote and published a valuable Report with that title, +which attracted much attention. He took in it an opposite position to one +previously occupied by Whewell. I beg to be pardoned if my memory plays +tricks, but my impression is that Whewell’s efforts to subdue his own +indignation at being bearded in this way by a mere “Travelling Bachelor” +were all the more amusing because he was impotent to retort. Joseph Kay +was perfectly in order in asserting his rank; he was judged by competent +outsiders to have written very ably, and he was no longer a resident in +Trinity College within immediate reach of Whewell’s wrath. + +E. Kay (1822-1897), afterwards Lord Justice of Appeal, had rooms on the +same staircase as myself, and we wasted a great deal of time together, +both in term and in my second summer vacation. But however idle he may +have been at College, he richly made up for it afterwards by hard and +steady legal work, out of which he finally emerged as a Judge with a +large fortune made at the Bar. + +Charles Buxton (1823-1871), son of the philanthropist Sir T. Fowell +Buxton (1786-1845) and father of the present Postmaster-General, was +another intimate friend. He was a far-off relative of my own, and one of +the most favourable examples of a Rugby product under Dr. Arnold. Other +similar examples of highly favourable products occur at once to the +memory, such as Dean Stanley, Dean Lake, and Walrond, but unquestionably +the common opinion of Cambridge undergraduates then assigned the epithet +of “prig” to most Rugby boys. I can exactly recall the combination of +qualities that occasioned the offence; they were partly an unconscious +Phariseeism combined with want of “go,” and partly a Rugby voice and +manner. Eton boys were rated far higher than they. I do not recollect +whether any generalisation was formed at that time in respect to Harrow +boys, who were then few in number. To return to Charles Buxton, he gave +me the idea of perfection in respect to a highly honourable class of +mind. This did not include exceptional brilliance, such as characterised +some of the men mentioned above, but it did include most of the manly +virtues and as much common sense as was consistent with a charming dash +of originality. His elder brother Fowell, who has lately died, had rooms +on the same staircase as myself. + +W. G. Clark (1821-1878) was another contemporary of whom I saw much +then and in after years. His strong bent had been towards diplomacy, +but he wanted the fortune and connections necessary for success in such +a career, so his desire remained unfulfilled. He loved to bring back +impressions of travel, whether made in the Peloponnesus or in the rear +of Garibaldi. He was Public Orator of the University for many years, and +Vice-Master of Trinity College. Consequently, as a matter of course in +those days, he was an ordained clergyman. But he chafed under the fetters +of orthodoxy, and became a prominent member of the small group of men +who procured the Act that allowed clergymen to retire from their office +without retaining clerical disabilities. His career was clouded towards +its end by insidious mental disease. He lived long retired in almost +complete solitude in a Yorkshire inn, but sometimes sent bits of elegant +Greek poetry to old classical friends, as to Justice Denman. A small +volume of poems published under his initials contains some gems. He had +lost a favourite male cousin in youth whose death affected him deeply and +gave the chief motive to the book of poems in question.[1] + +My second long vacation was spent with a reading party in Aberfeldy, +in Perthshire, under the guidance of two tutors as usual, of whom one +was Arthur Cayley (1821-1895), whose mathematical work soon gained a +world-wide reputation. He and Sylvester (1814-1897) became the two +leading mathematicians of England. Cayley was reputed to be the more +solid, Sylvester the more daring and brilliant. I saw much of Sylvester +a dozen or more years after the date of which I now speak, and for a +brief time also at the English Lakes. He was a great friend of Cayley, +and corresponded with him very often about his own numerous new ideas, +becoming subsequently depressed or elated according to the tenor of the +answer. Over and over again I have heard him say, “I must send this +to Cayley,” or again, “Cayley has pointed out a difficulty.” He was +charmingly naïve, and both were men of prodigious mental power. When the +time came for adjudging the Copley Medal to one or other of them, the +highest honour of the Royal Society, which it annually bestows on the +foremost man in science of whatever branch, in all Europe, there was much +discussion as to which of the two should first have it. I was a member of +its Council at the time; the opinions of most of us, including myself, +were of course largely guided by those of the eminent mathematicians who +were also members of it, and by the result of private inquiries. The +opinions in favour of Sylvester prevailed; Cayley received the Medal a +few years subsequently. + +Never was a man whose outer physique so belied his powers as that of +Cayley. There was something eerie and uncanny in his ways, that inclined +strangers to pronounce him neither to be wholly sane nor gifted with +much intelligence, which was the very reverse of the truth. Again, he +appeared so frail as to be incapable of ordinary physical work; not a +bit of it. One morning he coached us as usual and dined early with us at +our usual hour. The next morning he did the same, all just as before, +but it afterwards transpired that he had not been to bed at all in the +meantime, but had tramped all night through over the moors to and about +Loch Rannoch. As to memory, I found by pure accident that he could repeat +poetry by the yard so to speak, and that of many kinds. His shy, retiring +ways did no justice whatever to his gigantic mental capacity. + +I was, in a very humble way, able to compare the work of various +mathematical teachers with that of Cayley. The latter moved his symbols +in battalions, along broad roads, careless of short cuts, and he managed +them with the easy command of a great general. The very look of his +papers, written in firm handwriting and well proportioned lengths of +line, bore thoroughness and accuracy on their face. This is not over +fanciful. William Spottiswoode (1825-1883), himself a mathematician +and President of the Royal Society, of whom I shall have to speak +later, laid much stress on the general aspect of mathematical papers as +indicating in many ways the value of their contents, and I could quote +other authorities to a similar effect. + +We had a pleasant and a social time at Aberfeldy, for the residents +in the neighbourhood were very kind to us. Sir Neil and Lady Menzies +of Menzies Castle, to whom I had an introduction, lived amid Highland +surroundings. One of these consisted of a full-dressed piper who strutted +up and down the long hall during dinner with the self-sufficiency of the +drum-major of a regimental band, squirling on his abominable instrument. +But there was also an abundance of Southern culture. + +The visit of the Queen to Lord Breadalbane at the neighbouring Castle +of Taymouth gave rise to the following permanent impression on me. On +returning to my rooms after a walk, I found all my books and things taken +away and replaced by the gear of a cavalry officer, who was sitting +uninvited at my own table as lord and master of it. I could hardly +contain my wrath, but he was courteous and amused, though firm. He was +billeted there, consequently I must give way and yield my occupancy to +him. He had been told there was another room available for me to which my +things had been taken, but go I must and at once. This little incident +made me realise the odiousness and too probable insolence of military +rule, and the lesson sank deep. I gained on the spot a Quaker-like +repugnance to the sight of the accoutrements of a soldier, that exists to +this day under certain conditions, and its source is still recognisable. + +On returning to Cambridge the old life recommenced, but on an enlarged +scale, and more friends were made, among whom were George Denman +(1819-1896), afterwards a Judge, and the son of Lord Chief-Justice +Denman (1779-1854). He combined classical capacity with power of muscle +and endurance, both in a very high degree, for he was Senior Classic of +his year and Stroke Oar of the University crew. He lived a double life, +warily looking after his own boat crew, the First Trinity, and joining +their rollickings in order to keep them within bounds, but doing hard +mental work at other hours. I think he was perhaps the most respected +of all the undergraduates. In after years he told me the following +extraordinary anecdote of Macaulay’s memory. He, Denman, had obtained the +prize for Greek verse and had to recite his composition. Macaulay was a +guest at Trinity Lodge and heard the recitation. Some years after, when +Denman had half forgotten the occurrence and imperfectly recollected what +he had then written, he was introduced to Macaulay, who exclaimed at +once, “Why, it was you who recited those verses,” which he straightway +repeated. + +Memories so crowd on me that I find it difficult to stop. Something ought +to have been said of a singularly attractive man with quaint turns of +thought, H. Vaughan Johnson, who lived on the same staircase as myself, +and who collaborated in legal work with E. Kay, of whom I have already +spoken. He married a sister of my friend, then F. Campbell, afterwards +Lord Stratheden and Campbell. + +Also I should mention W. F. Gibbs, who became tutor to the then Prince +of Wales, now King Edward VII. Gibbs obtained his Trinity Scholarship +at the same time as F. Gell, who was afterwards Bishop of Madras. Gibbs +was gifted with agility; Gell was very short-sighted, and the reverse of +agile, but he possessed a grand nose, the finest I have ever seen, and +a glory to the College. These two, as Gibbs told me, exuberant with joy +from gaining their scholarships, rushed down the avenue of limes at the +back of the College and through the gate at the end, where a row of low +bars confronted them; Gibbs, who led, jumped lightly over them, but Gell, +who followed, blundered, tripped, fell heavily on his face, and ruined +his grand nose for ever. The bars are still there; whenever I pass that +way I recall the tragedy. + +Two events may be mentioned to show how long the duelling spirit +lingered. One was a row at the Union which nearly dismembered it. I +partly forget how it originated, and it would hardly be worth while +to record it if I did. It culminated in the formation of two fiercely +opposed parties, P. and C., and by a leading member of the C. party +being bludgeoned in the dark by two members of the P. party. They had +awaited his exit from the dark staircase leading from his rooms into +Neville Court. The tumult that this caused among the already excited +undergraduates is barely conceivable. The C. party, to which I belonged, +formed itself into a Committee and sent to an Indian officer, then living +with his family in Cambridge, entreating him to come and advise us how to +act. The officer himself happened to be delayed for half an hour, but he +sent in advance, quite as a matter of course, a neat box containing a +pair of duelling pistols ready for use. + +I may add that a special meeting of the Union was forthwith called, for +which it was obviously necessary to provide an exceptionally strong +but neutral President. A man known as “First Trinity” Young (I forget +his Christian name), who died in early life or he might have highly +distinguished himself, was selected for the purpose, and he executed +admirably his most difficult task. It gave me a lesson in administration. +He began with a brief but emphatic request for cordial support from both +sides, adding that every question had more than one aspect. Humorous +but apt remarks were thrown out by him now and then. An equally patient +hearing was given to all parties, and a few occasional interruptions were +firmly repressed. The meeting parted with its members much more disposed +towards working relations than before; so the extremity of the crisis was +passed. + +Its consequence was, however, the constitution of an opposition society, +called the “Historical,” in which more attention should be paid to +decorum and to the amenities of debate than had latterly been customary +in the Union. About sixty members joined it, and, partly because I was +then living out of College in a house where there was a possible meeting +room, I was asked to preside, which I did. My old friend Dr. H. Holden +(1823-1896), with whom I was speaking some few years ago of this very +incident, assured me that among the active members of the “Historical” +was Stanley, afterwards the 15th Earl of Derby (1826-1893). He entered +the University not long before I quitted it, during, I suppose, my +absence of one term from Cambridge through illness. Anyhow, I do not in +the least recollect his presence. + +Speaking of the still lingering practice of duelling, C. Bristed, an +American who came to Cambridge for a couple of years or so, and whose +racy ways made him everywhere an acceptable guest, had a strange +experience. Some few years after we had left the University, F. Campbell +asked us both to dine with him at Stratheden House, where he was at the +moment the only member of his family in residence. Bristed gave us there +the full account of a duel in which he had unexpectedly become engaged. +It occurred near a German watering-place that lay within a short distance +of French territory. He had been criticising his future opponent pretty +freely in a local paper, with the result that on leaving church with +his young wife, where they had just joined in taking the Sacrament, a +note was handed to him containing a challenge, and suggesting a place in +French territory for the encounter. There seemed no other feasible course +than to accept that most untimely challenge, which he did. On arriving at +the ground, the combatants were placed 40 paces apart, with instructions +to walk towards one another, each to fire his one shot whenever he +thought proper. Bristed, who was rather short-sighted, said that his +opponent looked absurdly far away, and that he considered the safest plan +for himself was to “draw” his adversary’s shot before they came nearer +together, which he did. He fired harmlessly, and a harmless shot came in +reply. All the time he was recounting this very irregular proceeding, I +kept the corner of my eye fixed on a portrait of the Lord Chief-Justice, +that hung opposite, and thought how incongruous the conversation was with +its presence. + +I received a kindly welcome from time to time after leaving Cambridge, +in the homes of not a few of my fellow-undergraduates. One was that +of Robert, afterwards Sir Robert Dalyell. His father, Captain Sir +William Dalyell, was a naval veteran with a scar across his face left +by a severe gash, who had quarters in Greenwich Hospital as one of the +Captains in command, the constitution of Greenwich Hospital being then +totally different from what it is now. The family consisted of himself, +Lady Dalyell, and their two daughters. Numerous friends appeared every +Sunday. We visitors walked and had tea, spending healthful and delightful +summer afternoons, usually returning to London by river. The life of a +young bachelor in not over elegant lodgings is vastly cheered by such +occasional outings. They give great pleasure all round with very little +expenditure either of exertion or of cost. + +The family of Crompton Hutton, who lived at Putney Park, were most kind +in a similar way, to myself, to E. Kay, and many others. That family +was soon sadly broken up by deaths. One of the merriest of the sisters +in those days was the wife, and latterly the widow, of Lord Lingen, who +herself has died since I first wrote these lines. Lord Lingen was, I need +hardly add, for a long time one of the most valuable civil servants of +his country, first at the Education Office and afterwards at the Treasury. + +It was during my third year at Cambridge that I broke down entirely in +health and had to lose a term and go home. I suffered from intermittent +pulse and a variety of brain symptoms of an alarming kind. A mill seemed +to be working inside my head; I could not banish obsessing ideas; at +times I could hardly read a book, and found it painful even to look at a +printed page. Fortunately, I did not suffer from sleeplessness, and my +digestion failed but little. Even a brief interval of complete mental +rest did me good, and it seemed as if a long dose of it might wholly +restore me. It would have been madness to continue the kind of studious +life that I had been leading. I had been much too zealous, had worked +too irregularly and in too many directions, and had done myself serious +harm. It was as though I had tried to make a steam-engine perform more +work than it was constructed for, by tampering with its safety valve and +thereby straining its mechanism. Happily, the human body may sometimes +repair itself, which the steam-engine cannot. + +As it had become impossible for me to continue reading for mathematical +honours, I abandoned all further intention of trying for them, and +occupied part of my remaining time at Cambridge in attending medical +lectures to fill up the necessary quota of attendances that should +qualify for a medical degree. I spent my third long vacation in +travelling with my sister Emma in Germany. We stayed some weeks in +Dresden, where we joined the Hallams and accompanied them during a little +further travel, and then I took my sister round by Vienna and back home. +Those were days of travelling by voiturier and diligence. + +There was a good deal of talk at that time about animal magnetism. Its +practice in Saxony was forbidden by law, but an Austrian acquaintance +in Dresden invited me to his house across the frontier, where I saw +the elementary part of its practice, namely, its inducing catalepsy +and insensibility to pain. I afterwards practised it at home, and +magnetised some eighty persons in this way; but it is an unwholesome +procedure, and I have never attempted it since. One experience was, +however, of interest. I had been assured that success was the effect of +strength of will on the part of the magnetiser, so at first I exerted +all the will-power I possessed, which was fatiguing. I then, by way of +experiment, intermitted a little, looking all the time in the same way +as before, and found myself equally successful. So I intermitted more +and more, and at last succeeded in letting my mind ramble freely while I +maintained the same owl-like demeanour. This acted just as well. The safe +conclusion was that the effect is purely subjective on the part of the +patient, and that will-power on the part of the operator has nothing to +do with it. + +A main object of giving the foregoing brief notices of notable persons +with whom I had the privilege of being acquainted at Cambridge, is to +show the enormous advantages offered by a University to those who care to +profit by them. The body of undergraduates contains a very large majority +of men of mediocre gifts and tastes, but it has also a strong infusion +of the highest intellects of their age and country, picked out of all +the schools of England. Among any body of young educated Englishmen +collected at random, some few will probably be found who are destined +to rise to distinction, but among a group of those who are ranked as the +foremost in a University, more than one half of them will do so. + +For my own part, I had hoped to take respectable mathematical honours, +though perhaps it was never in my power to do so, notwithstanding the +assurances of my eminent tutor, Mr. Hopkins. But the utter breakdown of +my health in my third year, as already explained, made further study of +a severe kind impossible. I therefore followed my bent in reading what +I could, and my time was by no means wasted. I contented myself with +a Poll Degree. Judge therefore of my surprise a few years ago, while +passing a winter on the Riviera, when a telegram reached me saying I had +been elected to the rare honour of an Honorary Fellowship in Trinity +College. I thought at first it must be a mistake, but it was not. Nay +more, hearing that a copy of a portrait recently made of me by the late +Charles Furse (see frontispiece) would be acceptable, I had one made and +offered it to the authorities of the College. It now hangs in its Hall +among those of men with whom I feel it the highest possible honour to be +associated in any way. + +I must recur briefly to the close of my medical education. As already +mentioned, I attended some lectures during one term at Cambridge, but had +not even admittance to the then small Addenbrook Hospital. I have little +to tell about this period that would interest others than myself. It was +thought well that I should complete my course in London at St. George’s, +for the purpose of seeing new conditions of medical treatment. I attended +these necessarily in a desultory way, on account of an impending +domestic sorrow. My dear father’s originally fine constitution, long +tried by severe asthma and gout, had at length seriously given way. He +required continual medical and surgical treatment and trusted in me, so +to him I went. The end came in October 1844 at Hastings. His remains had +to be taken to Leamington. It was a wretched journey, for the railway was +not even then completed the whole way. + +The effect of his death was to remove the main bond that kept our family +together, and we soon became more or less separated. Two of my sisters +married within the year, and I found myself with a sufficient fortune to +make me independent of the medical profession. So my status of pupilhood +was closed, and I had henceforth to be my own director. Being much upset +and craving for a healthier life, I abandoned all thought of becoming a +physician, but felt most grateful for the enlarged insight into Nature +that I had acquired through medical experiences. + + + + +CHAPTER VI + +EGYPT AND THE SOUDAN + + Family matters—Malta and Alexandria—Nile—Korosko—Berber by + desert—Boat to Khartum and White Nile—Bayouda Desert to + Dongola—Wady Halfa and Cairo—Recent visit to Professor Petrie’s + camp at Abydos + + +The home side of my surroundings has been only slightly alluded to, +not that it was of small importance to myself, but because it belonged +to a different phase of my life from that with which I am here chiefly +concerned. When I had outgrown the tuition of my sister Adele, I led in +one sense a solitary life. For though I joined my other two unmarried +sisters in their social amusements, I was always treated by them and +their companions as a boy, and I felt during this time like an only child +with aunts. Their affection to me was deep, so was mine to them, but it +was not and could not be reciprocated on equal terms. But I received +in full measure the priceless treasure of a home, in which each member +knew the essential characteristics, good and bad, of all the others, and +who loved each other all the same, and would support him or her through +thick and thin. The younger of my brothers, Erasmus, was mostly away; +in the first instance in the navy, afterwards in farming his property +in Somersetshire, or again in service as an officer in the Militia. My +elder brother Darwin was a great favourite among his friends from his +early life onwards. He used me as his fag when I was a boy, and taught +me to be fairly smart. I imbibed many common-sense maxims from him, +but our ideals of life differed to an almost absurd degree: he had not +the slightest care for literature or science, and I had no taste for +country pursuits. Our differences of temperament became more marked the +older we grew. These few remarks, in connection with what has previously +been said, will give a supplementary idea of what my surroundings had +been during much of my boyhood. It was now the year 1845, when I was +twenty-three years old, and the acuteness of my late bereavement had +passed away. + +After the necessary legal business was finished, the members of the +family gradually adapted themselves to their new conditions. My sister +Emma lived thenceforth with my mother, whose house, whether at Claverdon +or Leamington, I always thought of as “home.” Emma soon became my +loving and beloved correspondent, continuing so during the remaining +seventy years of her long life, ever devoted to my interests and keenly +sympathetic. I was indeed fortunate in possessing such an unselfish and +affectionate sister. My sister Lucy was in suffering health, from the +results of acute rheumatic fever when a child, and lived only three +years longer. My sisters Bessy and Adele were then either married or +about to be married; my eldest brother Darwin was married and living +with his young wife and her mother, Mrs. Philips, at her country house, +called “Edstone,” between Stratford-on-Avon and Henley-on-Arden; and my +second brother Erasmus was, as already said, at his estate at Loxton in +Somersetshire. + +I was therefore free, and I eagerly desired a complete change; besides, +I had many “wild oats” yet to sow. So I started on travel, this time +to Egypt. At Malta I found my old friend Robert Frere, of whom I have +already spoken. He was acting medically towards his uncle, Hookham Frere, +much as I had been acting towards my own father. Hookham Frere was too +unwell to be seen, or I should greatly have valued the privilege of a few +words with so accomplished a man, whatever his diplomatic shortcomings +may have been. Not the less so because of the amusing parody written +jointly by himself and Canning of my grandfather Darwin’s _Loves of the +Plants_ under the title of _Loves of the Triangles_, which gave a _coup +de grâce_ to the turgid poetry that had become a temporary craze in my +grandfather’s time. + +At Malta I took steamer to Alexandria, and found two Cambridge friends on +board, who had been travelling in Greece. They were Montagu Boulton, the +third and youngest brother of Matthew Boulton, and Hedworth Barclay, a +very distant kinsman of my own and the son of David Barclay of Eastwick +Park. We ultimately agreed to join. Boulton had a first-rate courier +named Evard, who had also been groom of the chamber to one of the +most fashionable of English families. Barclay had a good Greek cook, +Christopher, and I was to contribute a dragoman, which I did. His name +was Ali. + +Mehemet Ali was at that time the ruler of Egypt. Barclay had an audience +of him, and received the usual firman entitling us to impress men to +pull up our boat at certain well-known places where the stream is +exceptionally strong. I myself saw the old greybeard driving, but that +was all. Shepherd’s Hotel then looked out upon rice-fields, and modern +Cairo did not exist, but Waghorn’s overland wagons to Suez had been +established. After some stay at Cairo, we hired a dahabeyah; Barclay +put on board a keg of his own porter, and so we started, intending to +live luxuriously and in grand style. We also engaged an Arab lad as +coffee-bearer and to make himself generally useful, who went by the name +of Bob. He turned out to be a lad of parts. + +The mornings were delightful. We rolled out of our beds half awake and +tumbled ourselves into the river, climbing back very wide awake indeed +into the boat by help of the big rudder, to the exquisite enjoyment of +the first cup of coffee and a pipe. We chattered with Bob, the captain, +sailors, and others, and soon smattered in Arabic. Boulton studied it +classically as well, working very hard. So the voyage proceeded in the +usual way. We were pulled safely up the First Cataract, and onward we +went. + +When near Korosko, men had to be impressed, but a person in a rather +shabby Egyptian dress, but of Egyptian rank as a Bey, claimed and +insisted on precedence. We were cross, and relieved our minds by the +use of uncomplimentary English words. But by the time we had walked +together to Korosko we had become fairly friendly, for he was a far more +interesting man than we had supposed, and had much to tell us in French. +He invited us to see his hut, where everything was perfectly clean and +well ordered. Small as it was, a scientific and literary air pervaded +it. There were maps, good books and scientific instruments of various +kinds, so my heart warmed towards him. Then he began to address us in +fairly good English, and made us understand that he was quite aware of +our phrases when we were cross, and that he forgave us, but did so in a +dignified way. There was one thing we could do well which he could not, +and that was to provide a really good dinner. Evard and the cook rose at +once to the occasion, and nothing could have been managed in better style +under the circumstances. + +The stranger proved to be Arnaud Bey, one of the distinguished St. +Simonians who, having been banished from France, helped greatly to +civilise Egypt in the days of Mehemet Ali. He had just returned from a +long exploratory journey after gold and other valuable products in the +districts about the Blue Nile. It will be hard now for a reader to put +himself in the attitude of geographical ignorance that was then almost +universal in respect to those places. Arnaud said at last, “Why do you +content yourself like other tourists to go no farther than Wady Halfa? +Why not travel overland by camel from this very place, Korosko, to +Khartum? The Sheikh of the intervening Bishari Desert is in the village +at this very moment. I know him well, and can easily arrange that he +shall take you to Berber at moderate cost. You will then find your way by +boat to Khartum.” We were amazed at the proposition, for the very names +of those places were unknown to us. He drew a map on a small piece of +paper for us to keep, on which he marked bits of useful information. At +length, after hours of eating and drinking and talking, we fell wholly +into his plan. The Sheikh was sent for, and I shall never forget his +entrance. The cabin reeked with the smells of a recent carouse, when the +door opened and there stood the tall Sheikh, marked with sand on his +forehead that indicated recent prostration in prayer. The pure moonlight +flooded the Bacchanalian cabin, and the clear cool desert air poured in. +I felt swinish in the presence of his Moslem purity and imposing mien. +For all that, we soon came to terms, and were to start the day after the +morrow. The boat was to be sent to Wady Halfa under Bob in chief command +to await our return there, and we three and our three servants were to +travel into the unknown on the backs of beasts strange to our experience. +So it all befell. + +[Illustration] + +A more complete change can hardly be imagined than that from a luxurious +cabin to nightly open-air bivouacs on the cold sand. Our first day was +the customary march of little more than an hour, to be assured that +nothing needful had been omitted. The next day the real journey began. +The track we followed was presumably the same that has been followed +since the most ancient days; it bore marks of its continued use during +recent times in the whitened bones with which it was strewed. Sometimes +we came across a camel whose skin had not yet disappeared, but formed +a hollow shell including marrowless and porous bones. These desiccated +remains were of most unexpected lightness. My arm is far from strong, but +I easily lifted with one hand and held aloft the quarter of a camel in +this dried-up state. + +The ribbed rocks looked like the bones of the earth from which all the +flesh, in the shape of soil and vegetation, had been blown away as +sand and dust. Travellers by the railway that now runs along that very +track can ill appreciate the effect the desert had on such as myself +at that time. Ali proved an excellent and devoted servant. I long bore +in mind his kindness to me on one bitterly cold night, for the nights +were sometimes extremely chill, in quietly taking off his own jacket and +wrapping it round my shivering body. + +Many strangers joined our slowly moving caravan. One group was such as +is frequently seen on similar occasions; it consisted of a husband on +foot, with his wife and child mounted on a donkey, like the often-painted +subject of the Flight of the Holy Family into Egypt. Another personage +was a middle-aged and rather mild-looking individual, who possessed +little more than a sword, and was on his way to Abyssinia, where some +fighting was expected with neighbouring savage tribes. He proposed to +take part in it, and to make his profit from the slaves he captured. He +was an old hand at this, and his businesslike account of the process was +explicit. It was a moot question with him on each occasion when a man had +been captured, whether to mutilate him at once or not. If so, the man +was apt to die, and would certainly require costly attention for a long +time; on the other hand, if he recovered, his market value was greatly +increased. I shall have a little to say later on of some results of the +particular slave-hunting expedition which this worthy person went to join. + +A caravan yields so many strange experiences and affords so many +occasions of mutual helpfulness and of friendships, that it is easy to +understand the importance of the Hadj pilgrimage in uniting Moslems. +I have often wished that something of the sort could be revived among +ourselves, such as the famous Canterbury Pilgrimage of Chaucer, but the +religious motive for real pilgrimages is generally wanting in Protestant +countries. The Congresses of large itinerant societies like the British +Association, in some few respects may be considered as taking the place +of pilgrimages, but they want the long hours and days of open-air life, +hard exercise, and leisure. + +After four days’ travel from morning to evening, we came to a half-way +place where a brack but drinkable water was to be had, which replaced +the redolent stuff that our water-skins afforded, and so on for four +more days, when we reached the Nile at Abu Hamed, having cut across its +huge bend. Oh! the delights to such tourists as we were, of a temporary +exemption from the discomforts of the desert, and of unlimited rations +of water. We travelled farther by the side of the Nile for another +three days or so, till Berber was reached, when we paid our dues and +said good-bye to the camels. The Governor of Berber was very civil; the +sherbet he gave us, though made from limes and not from lemons, tasted +heavenly. He gave me a monkey, and I bought another, and these two were +my constant companions on camel-back and everywhere else for many months, +until I reached England. + +A boat had here to be hired to take us up to Khartum. We got one in +which the part below decks was much too low to stand in, and it swarmed +with cockroaches, but it sufficed. The people at Berber were unruly, and +so obstructive that the boatmen feared to enter with us into their own +boat. However, we showed determination, and pushed off into the stream, +with the result that first one and then another of the men ran alongside +and plunged into the water and swam to the boat and turned its head up +stream. We then set sail to Khartum. + +In due time we passed Shendy, the scene of the recent massacre of Abbas +Pasha, a younger son of Mehemet Ali. He was sent to collect imposts and +to overawe the people. At Shendy he and his soldiers committed all sorts +of outrages, and finally he demanded the daughter of the Deftader (or +Tax-gatherer) in a form of marriage that was equivalent to temporary +concubinage, which was a grave insult to her father, the most important +man in the place. The Deftader was unable to resist; so he resigned +himself, but gave orders secretly. While Abbas Pasha with his suite were +at dinner and stupid with what they had drunk, the Pasha noticed that +great bundles of stalks of the native corn were being brought in and +stacked about the tent. He asked and was told that it was forage and +litter for his Highness’s horses. When enough of this straw had been +brought in, a signal was given to fire it, and every man who attempted +to break through was massacred, including of course Abbas himself. The +Deftader escaped to Abyssinia; something more of him will be said shortly. + +Finally we reached Khartum, then a group of huts with a wagon-roofed +hall for the audiences of the Pasha. We heard of an extraordinary Frank, +believed to be English, who had arrived some weeks previously. We went +to call on him, knocked at the door, were told to enter, which we did, +and came into the presence of a white man nearly naked, as agile as a +panther, with head shorn except for the Moslem tuft, reeking with butter, +and with a leopard skin thrown over his shoulder. He was recognised at +once by my companions as an undergraduate friend, Mansfield Parkyns. He +had got into a College scrape, and, leaving Cambridge prematurely, found +his way to Abyssinia, where during years of adventure he had made friends +with the just-mentioned Deftader of Shendy, and was then acting as an +intermediary and the bringer of a substantial present whereby to obtain, +if possible, his forgiveness and restoration. + +Of the many travellers whom I have known I should place Mansfield +Parkyns (1823-1894) as perhaps the most gifted with natural advantages +for that career. He easily held his own under difficulties, won hearts +by his sympathy, and could touch any amount of pitch without being +himself defiled. He was consequently an admirable guide in that then +sink of iniquity, Khartum. The saying was that when a man was such a +reprobate that he could not live in Europe, he went to Constantinople; +if too bad to be tolerated in Constantinople, he went to Cairo, and +thenceforward under similar compulsion to Khartum. Half a dozen or so of +these trebly refined villains resided there as slave-dealers; they were +pallid, haggard, fever-stricken, profane, and obscene. Mansfield Parkyns +complacently tolerated and mastered them all. The abominations of their +habitual conversation exceeded in a far-away degree any other I have ever +listened to, but it was clever. When one of them was out of the room, the +others freely related his adventures to us, in which some anecdote like +this was frequent. “So he said, ‘Let us be friends; come drink a cup of +coffee and smoke a pipe,’ then he put poison into the coffee.” There is +a gourd whose dried seeds are said to be poisonous and not very unlike +coffee in taste, which is particularly convenient in such cases. With all +their villainy there was something of interest in their talk, but I had +soon quite enough of it. Still, the experience was acceptable, for one +wants to know the very worst of everything as well as the very best. + +Some few years later, when trade had thriven and Khartum had become +less barbarous, it was deemed expedient to appoint an English Consul, +partly to watch and report on matters connected with the slave trade. +Mr. Petherick, who had been an ivory dealer in the Soudan, was the first +to hold that post. I often saw him after his return; he was extremely +cheery, and apparently frank in conversation, but very reticent on much +that I wanted to hear. I could not discover what had been the end of my +villainous acquaintances, nor how far the society of Khartum had become +purified by the time he arrived there. + +We had a few days still to spare, and Parkyns was glad to join us in a +short cruise up the White Nile. His birthday and mine proved to be the +same, and we had an appropriate jollification. Our house or hut looked +over the swift and broad Blue Nile on to the waste beyond, where pillars +of whirling sand were constantly forming at that time of year, February. +Many of them careered simultaneously, but soon dissipated. I have never +been caught in one; it would no doubt be disagreeable, but I never saw +one that behaved as if it were dangerous. + +It was a strange sight on turning the corner where the two Niles meet, +to change from the Blue Nile, which sparkled and rushed like a clear +Highland river, into the stagnant and foul, but deep White Nile. We +sailed through mournful scenery up a width of water visited by great +flocks of pelicans. The river had few marked banks, but lapped upon +grassy shores like a flooded mere. The water was so stagnant, that when +we anchored for the night the offal thrown overboard by the cook hung +about the boat, and a man had to be sent each morning with a pitcher to +get less undrinkable water from a distance. Heads of hippopotami bobbed +up at times all about us in the mid river, but were very shy of approach. +At that date, I should have said there were crocodiles on nearly every +sandbank on the Nile below the Cataracts, for considerably more than half +of the way thence to Cairo. + +Beyond the despondency caused by the air and the mournful character of +the scenery, I have little to say, except that our journey upwards was +concluded somewhat earlier than intended, through an adventure. One of +my two companions, attended by Parkyns, lay out at night to shoot a +hippopotamus, whose recent tracks were only too apparent. They returned +in the dark and very early morning in much excitement, and tried to make +us understand that we ought to wake up and return at once, for some +unintelligible reason. However, to please them, we yielded to their +insistence, roused up the crew and sailed homewards. It turned out, some +hours later, that the real reason was that my sportsman-companion had +shot, not a hippopotamus, but a cow that was coming down to the river +to drink. There really seemed no feasible way of making amends for the +mistake, and a certainty of clamour and excessive claims if we confessed +it. So we disappeared from that district, much as a pestilence would have +done. + +Our return journey past Khartum was by our boat to Matemma, opposite to +Shendy, where we discharged it, and hired camels to take us a six days’ +journey, I think, across the Bayouda Desert to Dongola. We had become by +that time used to camel-riding, we were well mounted, and travelled even +as much as eighteen hours out of the twenty-four, on more than one day. +The Polar Star and the pointers of the Great Bear served as the hand of a +huge sidereal clock to tell the weary time. + +At length we reached our destination. It is the habit of dragomans to +tell fibs about their masters, to enhance their own importance; anyhow, +we were treated to a review as distinguished strangers. I then had +little experience with horses; Boulton was not a much better horseman +than myself. Barclay was, but even he found himself in difficulty when +sitting in a Turkish saddle with short stirrups and holding a rein armed +with so powerful a curb that it required the lightest of hands to use it +properly. However, we all passed the ordeal, without ludicrous mishap. + +From Dongola we rode three days across the desert on the opposite side of +the Nile, to cut off a small bend, and thenceforward by the west side of +the Nile itself, so far as the very broken ground permitted. Semney was +a surprise; a compact little temple, high above a spot where the whole +Nile at that time of the year flowed through a channel so narrow that a +cricketer ought to be able to throw a stone across. I tried, but, being +bad at throwing, failed by a little. On the other hand, at the Sixth +Cataract, between Berber and Shendy, where the river is broad, I had +waded right across it to shoot ducks. + +We had felt no small anxiety about the fate of our dahabeyah, but there +she was at Wady Halfa in spick and span order; Bob, that bit of a boy, +having risen to the level of his responsibilities and maintained perfect +discipline. It appeared that the rais, or captain, was once refractory, +but Bob boldly gave the order to the sailors to flog him, and flogged he +was by his own crew, and ate the bread of humility. + +My excuses for speaking at such length about countries since so +familiarly known are that it will help to give some idea of how they +struck a tourist-traveller in the time of Mehemet Ali, upwards of sixty +years ago, and because this little excursion formed one of the principal +landmarks of my life. That chance meeting with Arnaud Bey had important +after-results to me by suggesting scientific objects to my future +wanderings. I often thought of writing to him in order to bring myself +to his remembrance, and to sincerely thank him, but no sufficiently +appropriate occasion arose, and it is now too late. + +In the winter 1900-1901 I visited Egypt again, and, calling at the +Geographical Society there, learnt how important and honoured a place +Arnaud Bey had occupied in its history. He had died not many months +previously, and I looked at his portrait with regret and kindly +remembrance. Being asked to communicate a brief memoir to the Society at +its approaching meeting, I selected for my subject a comparison between +Egypt then and fifty years previously. I took that opportunity to express +my heartfelt gratitude to Arnaud, which posthumous tribute was all I had +the power to pay. + +During this same visit to Egypt I spent one of the most interesting weeks +of my life at Professor Petrie’s camp. It was by pure chance that when +booking my place to Egypt, in the London office, I found Professor Petrie +on some similar errand. He then and there invited me and my niece to +join him and Mrs. Petrie at Abydos, where he and his very capable party +were about to excavate. Abydos lies on the western side of the Nile, +roughly one-third of the way between Thebes and Cairo. We were met at +the railway station by that most capable lady, then Miss, now Dr. Alice +Johnson, mounted on the one horse that the camp possessed, and who with +kurbash in hand and voluble Arabic extricated us quickly from a crowd of +troublesome natives, and rode with us a distance of eight miles or so to +the camp. This consisted of a row of mud huts with a space in front, the +whole enclosed with a low mud wall and a wicket gate. The pottery, etc., +that had recently been dug up was arranged in front of the huts. They had +only mats for doors. One of the huts was the dining-room, and the others +were for members of the party, the farthest from the entrance being that +of Mr. and Mrs. Petrie. I was prepared for cold nights, but found them +more severe than I expected. Being little short of eighty years old, I +had lost much of the resisting power of youth, and heaped every scrap of +clothing I could find over my body, with only partial success. I amused +myself on one occasion by counting the number of layers of these that +lay on my chest, and found it to be seventeen. A single skin rug capable +of excluding the nimble dry air would have been worth more than half of +these flimsy coverings. Our host and hostess were peculiarly independent +of ordinary comfort, but the consumption of marmalade at their table was +enormous. + +I had no idea before of the strenuous life led by a great excavator. +The mere digging can be delegated, but the rest seemed to occupy every +faculty of our hosts at full stretch from early morning to late evening +every day. There was drawing, copying, photographing, recording, +comparison of specimens, piecing of them together, discussing them and +planning new work, besides attending to the discipline of many men not +concentrated at one spot, but dispersed among different diggings. + +An amusing scene occurred at a stated hour every morning, when the +fellahs who had found any curios and wanted to sell them were seated in +a long row at a fixed distance from the camp. They brought in rotation +what they had to sell. Professor Petrie knew by long experience exactly +how much the various articles would fetch if taken to the dealers in the +large towns, and offered that amount for what he cared to buy. The Arabs +quite understood the system, namely, that by accepting what was offered +they would get just as much as if they took a long journey in hopes of +a better bargain, so the traffic was quick. The objects were bought out +of funds variously provided, but the Egyptian Government reserved some +rights of purchase in the end. + +The conversation at meal-time was usually most interesting. Much was +going on, and the originality and fertility of the ideas of Professor +Petrie and the ingenuity of his explanations were marvellous. The actual +digging was of course monotonous and laborious, but the faculties of +those of the party who superintended each locality were kept on the +alert. They had to record and to make maps as well as to keep the +labourers to their work, and to supervise them narrowly. At nightfall the +men, who had mostly worked for Professor Petrie during previous years, +returned to their own huts, a little way behind one corner of the camp, +and there they indulged about once a week in strange performances, not +unlike those of dancing and howling dervishes. Their nature seemed to +require occasional doses of these ebullitions. + +We were fortunate at being present at the impressive feast of the full +moon, which included solemn chants. It was dignified in every respect, +and appeared to have a deeper religious significance than might have been +expected possible with these men. + + + + +CHAPTER VII + +SYRIA + + Beyrout—Fever—Death of dragoman at Damascus—Jaffa—Descent of + Jordan—Home + + +Our company parted at Alexandria. Barclay returned home, I went to Syria, +and Boulton desired to go farther East, to study Arabic and Oriental +modes of thought and expression. Our paths crossed only once in Syria. +Owing to misadventures, and to my great regret, I never saw him after. He +made his way to the British forces, then engaged in the siege of Mooltan, +and was the guest of their commander, General Whish. He stationed +himself, against advice, in a loopholed tower to witness the progress +of the fight, a matchlock ball penetrated his eye and killed him on the +spot. I heard the story many years afterwards from General Whish himself. + +I sailed from Alexandria to Beyrout with my dragoman Ali and my two +pet monkeys. We were then put into quarantine, where Ali found a party +of negress girls who had been captured on the borders of Abyssinia +during the very fighting for which my acquaintance in the caravan was +bound. They had been taken to Beyrout _via_ the Red Sea. The girls were +delighted to talk to us of places known to them as well as to ourselves. +They seemed as merry as possible at the prospect of being sold and of +soon finding, each of them, a master and a home. + +A journey so far as Khartum was then thought something of a feat, even +in Syria, and Ali, as I am convinced, greatly fibbed about my social +importance. It must have been on that account that the Governor of the +Quarantine, or whatever his title may have been, relaxed his restrictions +on my behalf so greatly as to call down severe newspaper criticism on +his acts of favouritism. In fact, we made a champagne picnic together in +two boats, under the sole condition of the party in the one not touching +any one in the other. For a similar reason, as I suppose, I was invited +and entertained in a most stately way at the palace of a Druse chief, +situated among the hills. + +I bought travelling gear at Beyrout, and went inland to buy a pair +of horses for myself and Ali, because it was not easy to hire good +riding-horses, though baggage-horses could always be had. I set myself +up in style, with tent and extra walls, a canteen, and handsome coffee +and pipe apparatus. On arrival at the place where the horses were to be +bought, I camped on ground intersected with ditches of stagnant water—a +most insanitary-looking place. I caught there a sharp intermittent fever +which plagued me for years, and, though often kept in abeyance for a long +time together, has occasionally recurred most unexpectedly. It is only a +few weeks now since I had an attack of it. I returned with my horses to +Beyrout, but was too unwell to make much use of them. + +After some wanderings, I settled in Damascus, at first in the house of +a medical man who enabled me to witness some gorgeous Jewish domestic +ceremonies. I also took elementary lessons in Hebrew at his house, +for which the little I knew of Arabic made an excellent preparation. +A sad grief befell me there in the death of my faithful dragoman, +Ali, through violent dysentery. All the last duties to the Moslem +dead, the washings, the shrouding, and the wailings, took place in the +courtyard. My own presence, as a Christian, at the funeral would have +been seriously resented by the Moslems, though I was able to arrange +about his tombstone. The sculptors here adopt a very simple process for +their illiterate workmen. A flat face is given to the stone, on which +the inscription is painted in black. Then all that is not painted is +chipped away. The populace at Damascus was then in a fanatical humour +and Christians had to be careful. There had been a frightful persecution +of Jews a little previously, and there were others of Christians +subsequently. + +Ali had some trifling personal property, and wages were due to him. +I sent these to his wife in Cairo, who was the only relative I ever +heard him mention, together with a little present for herself, and +thought my duty fulfilled and that all was finished. On the contrary, +I had inadvertently roused a hornet’s nest of greedy claimants. An +official Arabic letter was sent to me demanding various payments to +numerous relatives, together with a threat of legal proceedings if not +attended to. My banker, to whom I referred it, advised me to get out of +the reach of the law as soon as I conveniently could, or I might find +myself fleeced, and perhaps entangled interminably. Fortunately, this +circumstance occurred about the time when I should have been returning to +England on my own account, so I “re-levanted,” if it may be so expressed. +Defaulters ordinarily “levant,” or run from Europe to the Levant; I ran +in the opposite direction. + +At Damascus in the hot time of the year there was more than one delicious +retreat in public coffee-places with gardens, through which one of the +innumerable runnels of clear river water was conducted. I also took an +interesting ride through the outskirts of the town, where a vast amount +of dried apricot is prepared. It looks like greasy brown paper, is +wrapped in rolls, and is largely consumed. Each orchard has a smoothed +place like a small threshing-floor, as well as a big cauldron over an +oven into which the apricots are put. The resulting slush is ladled out +and spread over the floor; when it is sufficiently hardened, it is rolled +off it as if it were a sheet of oilcloth. The cost of preparation is +so small and the results so good that this manufacture might be found +remunerative in other countries where apricots grow in abundance. + +I spent some happy days at Aden on the Lebanon, a little below the famous +cedars. The Sheikh was only too glad to entertain me, because one of the +miserable tribal fights was expected, and he was glad of the presence of +armed persons in his house, to protect it. Nothing, however, happened, +beyond a few harmless shots. I afterwards revelled in the glorious beauty +of the gorges leading down to the Mediterranean, and rank the view +down one of them as the very finest my eyes have ever rested on. Mr. +J. G. Frazer, in his _Adonis, Isis, and Osiris_, has collected similar +expressions from many other travellers. + +I returned to Beyrout, where, finding one of my horses killed by a fall +over a cliff, and being unfit to enjoy or even to endure more riding, I +sold the other, and found my way to Jaffa on board an empty collier. The +part of its deck that I wanted was cleaned, and the voyage was brief and +not unpleasant. + +The soil about Jaffa is perfectly dry and wonderfully fertile, but only +on the strict condition of its being amply supplied with water. Its +environs were traversed by dusty roads between dull mud walls, on whose +other side the richly watered gardens lay; so pedestrians, as might be +expected, were thirsty and covetous. I saw a sort of pump handle with a +spout on the side of the road, and an inscription above bearing some such +encouraging text as “Drink! Here is water.” Accordingly we pumped, and a +little water did certainly come; but however hard we pumped there issued +no more than a scanty streamlet out of the spout. We heard, all the same, +a sound of abundance of water that never reached us, the cause of which +was soon discovered to be an ingeniously arranged division, by means of +which the pumper got only a small fraction of the water he raised, and +the garden got all the rest. It was an excellent example of the higher +forms of commercial enterprise. They enrich all round, but the merchant +to whose initiative they are due gets by far the biggest share. + +I was too unwell for a long day’s ride on horseback, and hired a camel, +which was not a usual conveyance, to take me from Jaffa to Jerusalem. +The exaltation I felt at the first sight of the walls was far too high +to last long. It was broken in the night by the miaulings of cats, the +flat roofs of the houses forming an almost unlimited playground for those +unscriptural and half-diabolical creatures. + +In those days the course of the Jordan had been untravelled, as I was +assured, since the memory of man, and the Dead Sea had never been +navigated, with one solitary and most painful exception a year or two +previously. Captain Costigan, whose accomplished married sister, Mrs. +Bradshaw, I counted among my Leamington friends, had transported a boat +to the Dead Sea. His man, or men, played him false, emptying the water +keg in order that they might sooner get at the wine. He started with, I +think, only a single man, the wind was unfavourable to return, he had to +toil at the oar under the blazing sun, caught sunstroke and died. + +The peace among the tribes who occupied the valley of the Jordan, which +had been favourable to him, still continued, and I determined on an +expedition down it, having then temporarily thrown off the ague. It +seemed possible that the Jordan might be descended on a small raft +of inflated water skins, or “kelligs,” so I procured half a dozen of +them, with the necessary lashings and other gear, and started with a +few horsemen for Tiberias. I put the raft together just below the small +bridge through which the Jordan runs out of the lake, and my escort +travelled by the side of the river to render assistance when needed, and +to form camp from time to time. It was rather a hare-brained attempt, +though amusing to plan. The river was very small and shallow, but carried +the light raft well; however, it was soon whirled under overhanging +trees, and I was nearly combed off it. Then matters grew worse, and +decidedly dangerous. The horsemen rode by the side, and were highly +amused at my difficulties. At length I became convinced that it would be +madness to persevere, so I left the raft, dressed myself, mounted my led +horse, and we rode on down the valley. It is all so perfectly known and +mapped now that it would be absurd to recount the little that I could +tell, but I became more and more impressed with the weirdness of the +great fissure in the earth’s crust through which the Jordan flows. Even +the Lake of Tiberias is 300 feet below the level of the sea, and the +Dead Sea is about 1000 feet deeper still, and its climate very sultry in +consequence. + +My first camping-place was among the tents of the Emir Rourbah. It was +an important encampment of Bedouins, whose dress I had been instructed +to wear, and on no account to appear in the hated Turkish fez. When I +arrived, there were watchers on every point of vantage. I was kindly +received and shown much of their everyday life. The Emir had a quantity +of chain armour, such as was in common use among the chiefs in the +Soudan. I was surprised to find how effectual it was in spreading over a +large surface the sensation of what otherwise would have been a painfully +sharp blow. Matters progressed very pleasantly until the thoughtless +omission of a Moslem ceremony soured my welcome. It may sound trifling, +but it was effective all the same. I had shot a desert partridge, but +not killed it, so, taking it up, I knocked its head, English fashion, +against the stock of my gun. I ought to have cut its throat with my +knife, while repeating the Moslem formula. I caught sight of a look of +abhorrence on the face of my companions, and thereupon evidently ceased +to be considered as one of themselves, but as a hateful and hypocritical +Christian; so I was glad to be allowed soon to depart. + +After a brief stay about Jericho, where I tasted and foolishly bathed +in the nasty, sticky, dense water of the bituminous Dead Sea, which +stuck in my hair for the day, I returned to Jerusalem with the view of +transporting a boat. But finding that I was wanted at home on some legal +business, that it was desirable to be out of the way of the claimants to +the little property of poor Ali, my late dragoman, and feeling ill and +used-up, I set sail with my two monkeys homewards. + +I was put in quarantine in the Lazarette of Marseilles for, I think, ten +days. Its superior officer was a military martinet. One of my monkeys +got loose and ran all about the Lazarette, where, according to rule, +he ought to have put every article that he touched into at least the +same quarantine as himself, and there were bales of goods in store. The +officer was transported with rage, and actually ran after the nimble +monkey with drawn sword, to the intense amusement of the onlookers and +of the monkey. I quietly captured him at last. The officer vented his +feelings in appropriate language, but as he could do no more, the breach +of quarantine regulations was overlooked, and so the matter ended. + +When I reached London, on a chilly November day, I failed to find a +comfortable night’s lodging for my pets, but an old friend who was living +in apartments kindly undertook their charge. He handed them with many +instructions to his landlady, who thought and perhaps said, “Drat the +beasts!” and shut them up in the cold scullery, where they were found the +next morning dead in one another’s arms. + + + + +CHAPTER VIII + +HUNTING AND SHOOTING + + Leamington—Moors—Orkney and Shetland—Balloon—_Telotype_ + + +I returned to my mother and sister, who then occupied Claverdon, much +in need of a little rest. I was also conscious that with all my varied +experiences I was ignorant of the very A B C of the life of an English +country gentleman, such as most of the friends of my family had been +familiar with from childhood. I was totally unused to hunting, and I had +no proper experience of shooting. This deficiency was remedied during the +next three or four years. Under the advice of my eldest brother, I bought +a hunter and a hack, and began to hunt at the rate of about three days +per fortnight in Warwickshire, at neighbouring meets. + +The next year I established myself at Leamington, jobbed horses, +and hunted methodically. There was a small “Hunt Club,” supposed to +be somewhat select, to which I belonged, and where I dined when not +otherwise engaged. The hunting men most to the fore in Leamington in +those days included some who had considerable gifts, each in their +respective ways. Foremost among them was Jack Mytton, son of the more +famous Jack Mytton (1796-1834) who was notorious for his daring feats +and other extravagances, who wasted a large fortune and died unhappily. +His life has been published; a brief account of it may be read in the +_Dictionary of National Biography_. The son’s career seemed moulded on +that of his father, and he too wasted a fortune that had somehow accrued +to him, and died prematurely. There was no question as to his ability and +power over others. + +A more or less unfortunate fate befell most of my other companions at the +Hunt Club. Many of the small party who habitually dined there were social +favourites, and two at least of them were of more than average social +rank. Five of these men contrived to ruin themselves by betting and +gambling, and to end unhappily. For all that, they were bright companions +in the heyday of their fortunes. They lived in good style and as a rule +not very prodigally, though all had fits of recklessness. One of the most +valuable qualities in a man of moderately independent means who has to +live in a society of this kind is a carelessness to the attraction of +gambling. + +A Leamington friend, Fazakerley, asked me to the Highlands to shoot. His +moor was called Culrain; it was about fifteen miles long by three broad, +and the small house on it was three miles from Bonar Bridge. I bought a +beautiful Irish setter which a friend chose for me, and we shot in the +leisurely fashion of those days, when driving game was never practised. +I slept in a neighbouring bothy, for the house was small, and I quickly +obtained some knowledge of English sport on the moors. At the end of the +season, the weather being still fine, I made my way to John O’Groat’s +House, opposite the Orkneys, whence, after being wind-bound for a while, +I sailed in the post boat, which was then the only means of conveying +letters from island to island, and so reached the so-called “Mainland,” +and settled at Kirkwall. + +The next year I started before the grouse season began, and spent a most +interesting summer among the Shetlands, using rowboats as the usual means +of conveyance, and occupying myself with seal-shooting and bird-nesting. +I could write much about all this, and on the weird experiences of a +fisher society living in a treeless land, with whale-jaws for posts, +and with no knife in their pockets larger than a penknife, having only +tobacco and string to cut with it. Their social hierarchy was such, that +a man who had been to Hudson’s Bay had taken, to speak in the language +of a University, a “Poll Degree.” Those who had visited Baffin Bay were +considered to have gained “Honours.” + +A shoal of whales (the cawing whale, averaging perhaps 20 feet in length) +came ashore whilst I was in Shetland, and I hurriedly rode several miles +to be in time to see them. Nearly one hundred were lying dead on the +beach, but they looked small as they were scattered over the shore of the +bay. The excitement of driving in the shoals is said to be an event not +easily forgotten. It was all over by the time I arrived. + +I would not shoot a seal now, but youths are murderous by instinct, and +so was I. There was much of interest in the conditions under which they +were shot. The early rise in the long summer day, the row to the leeward +side of a likely holm, or small island; creeping up to a good vantage +point and waiting there until the head of a seal is seen to bob up; then +stalking the animal by running from cover to cover whenever he sinks out +of sight. Then, on reaching the beach, going cautiously between the big +boulders to a good shooting-place and poking the rifle over one of the +stones, shielding it and self from sight as carefully as possible. There +one has to wait, perhaps with the tide coming in over one’s legs, until +in the course of his antics the seal’s head rises within sure shooting +distance; then a careful aim, and a bang. The boatmen hearing the sound, +come rowing as hard as they can round the corner, lest the seal should +sink and be lost. He ought to be shot dead, or not touched at all. The +oozing blubber of the animal makes a circular calm round the spot where +he is shot, with the bloodstain in the middle. A boat-hook secures the +seal even if he should have sunk four or five feet. His market value is a +few shillings; the boatmen get him as their perquisite. + +I heard a story about the domesticity of the seal, as having recurred, +with variations in detail, at more than one place. A young seal was +caught and became quite at home with the fisherman, coming to his house +for company, for warmth in the winter-time, and for food. It was petted +until its size made it too big for a pet and troublesome to the children. +Then the fisherman, sad at heart, took it with him in his boat, far away +to the fishing-ground, and threw it overboard. Some days later, when the +family were at supper, rather dismal at the loss of their old friend, +they heard the familiar sound of scuffling and scratching, and on opening +the door, in flopped the seal. + +I used to watch the breeding-places of the sea birds, of which there were +multitudes, of perhaps twenty different kinds. The stormy petrels make +their nests deep in beaches of shingle. An intelligent man initiated me +into the way of taking them. We crept as silently as might be to where +the twitterings could be heard, and, having carefully located the spot, +tossed away the shingle as fast as we could, and usually found the bird +on its nest. Its oily smell is very strong and rank. The popular belief +is that if you cram a wick between the beak and down the gullet of a +dried-up petrel and light it, the bird will burn like a lamp. + +The hardships of what was called deep-sea fishing were great. It was +conducted in open whale-boats with six rowers, who were generally +thirty-six hours absent, and sometimes longer. In bad weather they had +to keep to their oars, and could get little or no sleep all the time. +I was told that on returning they went half stupid to bed, and, partly +awakening to feed from time to time, slept for full twenty-four hours on +end. + +I could tell many tales of what I heard and saw, such as that at one +lighthouse (I think in North Ronaldshay) the keeper, wishing to alleviate +the solitude of his life, cast about for a suitable pet. That which he +selected did credit to his genius. It was a toad in a bottle, requiring +no care, little if any food, easily placed on any shelf, and always +showing its bright eye. + +When I finally left Shetland, which was after the grouse season, I took +as a present to my brother for the large pool at Edstone, a crate full +of many different kinds of sea birds, which I was assured would live in +fresh water and pick up snails in the garden, as tamed gulls do. The +railway people put the crate in a very exposed truck on a chill autumn +night, which killed three-quarters of them at least. The remainder throve +at Edstone for a while, the latest survivor being an oyster-catcher, who +came to his end thus. It had been freezing hard in the night, followed by +soft snow, and then re-freezing. Next morning they found the tracks of a +fox on the snow-covered ice, going to a place where the yellow legs and +nothing else of the bird remained frozen in. The oyster-catcher’s legs +had been entrapped by the frost, and his body had been snapped up by the +fox. + +During the many weeks and months that I spent in London between 1846 and +1850, which is the time to which this chapter refers, I took walks with +friends, and sometimes rides with Harry Hallam, once on a most pleasant +riding tour with him in South Wales, and I went to meets of the Queen’s +Stag Hounds. + +Among many other things, I was eager to know the sensations of +ballooning; I venture to give my own impression of it. There were +occasional nightly ascents from the then existing Cremorne Gardens, and +foolishly thinking that I could sneak in under cover of darkness, I +engaged a seat. The evening arrived, and I found it was advertised as a +Gala Festival, and I was anything but secluded from observation. A number +of fireworks were attached to the car, and after an oration from the +aeronaut, up we went. It was very curious to observe the up-turned faces +of the crowd below, which seemed to recede, for I had no sensation of +being myself in movement. The fireworks went off, and doubtless made an +effective display, and then all seemed singularly still. I was surprised +at feeling no giddiness, but the car is so deep and the swelling of the +balloon so voluminous that there is always much to steady the eye. The +chief cause of giddiness when standing on a small isolated platform seems +to lie in the absence of anything for the eye to “hold on by,” meaning +by this, anything that shows a sensible change of perspective, however +slightly the body may move. Consciousness of altering one’s position is +due to two things, the change in perspective, and the sensations arising +in the well-known “semicircular canals” of the ear. When the latter +sensation is present unaccompanied by the former, mental distress results. + +The balloon was open below, and owing perhaps to some optical illusion, +it seemed to be filled with a singularly pure and beautiful medium. The +quietness and sense of repose were the chief feelings that I experienced; +next the clearness with which some noises, such as the barkings of +dogs, reached us when we were still at a considerable height. Besides +myself, there were only the aeronaut and his boy; the former alternately +boisterous and maudlin. He told me that his wife frequently dreamed that +he would come to an ill end, and so he did, breaking his thigh not long +after in a balloon descent and dying from it. The “bump-bag” and the +grapnel were new to me. The bump-bag is useful in permitting a quick +descent to be made in order to catch a particular field in the line of +drift. More gas is let out than is necessary for a normal descent, then +when the car is still some feet above the ground the bump-bag rests on +it, its weight is removed, and the lightened balloon descends slowly +through those remaining few feet. + +We drifted for an hour or more in the quiet dim night, learning our +course by watching what could be seen of the country below, for of course +there is nothing in the balloon itself to tell whether it is moving +backwards, forwards, or sideways. It drifts with the air, so relatively +to the air it is perfectly still. When it was time to descend, the valve +was opened and bits of torn-up paper thrown out, which dashed upwards, as +it were. In other words, we dashed downwards through them. At length we +approached what the aeronaut thought would be a suitable field to descend +upon, and let go the grapnel, which is a light but strong steel anchor +with four pointed arms. It failed to catch hold, and we went drifting +on towards a large decorous family mansion, with hothouses by the side +and a lawn in front; sheep were placidly lying in the field. The horrid +grapnel bobbed and scratched the ground among the sheep, fortunately +without hooking one, and caught in the fence round the lawn. Then the +valve was opened wide, letting out volumes of stinking gas; the rooks in +a neighbouring rookery which we had brushed on our way, were vociferous, +the dogs everywhere about barked furiously, and the natives in the +neighbouring village were awakened and ran to the scene. + +In the midst of the hubbub the hall door opened wide and let out a glare +of light, in which a portly butler with two man-servants in livery +appeared to be framed, looking horrified, as well they might be, by the +sudden disorderly invasion of visitants from the sky. After some delay, +we were invited to enter, and found the unhappy owner of the mansion +in his dining-room by his uncleared late dessert, with decanters of +wine, utterly perplexed as to the character of the welcome he ought to +offer. The aeronaut gulped the wine offered to him, declaring with much +rigmarole that it was a scientific (!) ascent. I cowered, and was utterly +ashamed. After a miserable hour’s delay, and thanks chiefly to the +exertions of the boy, a postchaise was procured, the balloon was packed +into its own car together with all its gear, and the car was hoisted on +the roof of the chaise. The boy insinuated himself somewhere, and the +aeronaut and I reached London in the small hours of the morning. I was so +afraid of meeting in society the ill-used master of the mansion that I +determinedly abstained from finding out who he was. The moral that I drew +from the trip is, that the ascent and travel in calm weather in a balloon +is most delightful; the return to earth most disagreeable, and dangerous +in even a slight wind. + +Among the many trifling events that occurred about that time, I may +mention a yachting fiasco. I had a fancy to see Iceland, and, having had +a little yachting experience on a brief third visit to Shetland, whither +I and a companion sailed in an old Revenue cutter, hired I forget at what +port, and being assured that with a similar vessel the trip might safely +be made, I went to Ryde to hire one. The owner of a cutter that seemed +suitable made no difficulty, so I hired it for a month. On arriving on +board, in order to test the capabilities of the vessel and its crew, I +told the captain to set sail to Hastings. He was suave, but pointed out +the impossibility with the then wind and tide of getting there. I did +not clearly understand his arguments, but answered, “Never mind; it will +suit me equally well to go in the opposite direction to Penzance.” The +captain was still suave, but even more obstructive than before; at length +it turned out that he had no idea of sailing beyond the Solent and its +neighbourhood. Being resourceful, I accordingly went to Lymington, and +used the yacht as an hotel, getting a couple of days’ hunting in the New +Forest, and compromising about the hire of the yacht. + +It will be thought from what appears in this chapter that I was leading a +very idle life, but it was not so. I read a good deal all the time, and +digested what I read by much thinking about it. It has always been my +unwholesome way of work to brood much at irregular times. + +The one definite scientific piece of work in these years that is worth +mentioning refers to the then newly introduced electric telegraph. I had +always a liking for electricity, and had some cells in a drawer of my +study table with wires leading from them through the woodwork, to which +apparatus could be attached. All this would be thought very elementary +now, but some new things have to be done by such means when a science +is in its infancy. I wished to print telegraphic messages and to govern +heavy machinery by an extremely feeble force. + +The method adopted may be explained thus. Suppose a telegraphic needle +of the most delicate construction conceivable, having the three possible +movements of right, neutral, left, to be momentarily lifted off its +support by an arm that squeezes it against a little cushion above. +However delicate the needle may be, its projecting ends will be stiff +enough to push another freely suspended (but non-magnetic) needle of a +much stronger and heavier build, in the same direction as itself. This +process may be repeated on a third needle of considerably larger size +and greater strength; and if desired, on a fourth. The force required to +keep all this going is independent of that which moves the first needle, +and is applied by a reciprocating beam worked by ordinary power. The +synchronising of the two stations is a simple matter, no great precision +being wanted in order that the electric impulses should be delivered to +the first needle at the right times. Without going further into this +long bygone matter, I may say that I printed what I had to tell in a +pamphlet entitled the _Telotype_ (No. 1 in the text of my Memoirs in +the Appendix). The pamphlet was post-dated, after the manner of some +publishers, as being in June 1850. It was really printed in 1849; I had +left England for my travels on April 5, 1850. The pamphlet had long since +gone into the limbo of the forgotten, so it was a surprise to me, not +many years ago, to meet one of the most prominent electricians of the +day, who told me that he had seen and procured it for the library of the +Electrical Society. Moreover, he spoke appreciatively of my youthful +attempt. _Requiescat in pace._ There was more in the pamphlet than is +described above. + + + + +CHAPTER IX + +SOUTH-WEST AFRICA + + Royal Geographical Society—Ch. J. Andersson—Cape Town—Walfish + Bay—Reach Damara Land—Hans—Negotiations with Namaqua + chiefs—Revs. Rath and Hahn—Wagons brought up + + +Travellers of the present generation need some effort of imagination +to put themselves into the mental positions of those who were living +in 1849. Blank spaces in the map of the world were then both large and +numerous, and the positions of many towns, rivers, and notable districts +were untrustworthy. The whole interior of South Africa and much of that +of North Africa were quite unknown to civilised man. Similarly as regards +that of the great continent of Australia. The unknown geography of the +North Polar regions preserved some of the earlier glamour attached to the +possibility of finding a navigable North-West passage from England to +China, which inspection of the globe shows to be far shorter than that +round the Cape. The South Polar regions had only been touched here and +there. The geography of Central Asia was in great confusion, the true +position of many places familiar in ancient history being most uncertain, +while vast areas remained wholly unexplored, in the common sense of that +word. It was a time when the ideas of persons interested in geography +were in a justifiable state of ferment. + +My own inclinations were to travel in South Africa, which had a potent +attraction for those who wished to combine the joy of exploration with +that of encountering big game. The book of Harris, describing the +enormous herds of diverse animals that he found on the grassy plains +of South Africa, had directed many sportsmen thither who abundantly +confirmed his account. Gordon Cumming had just returned to England. +Oswell, then in company with Livingstone, and with another companion, +Murray, had recently made a joint expedition, in which the desert country +which hitherto limited the range of travel to the northward had been +traversed, and Lake Ngami discovered. Consequently the well-watered +districts beyond this desert could now be reached by wagon from the +Cape. I felt keenly desirous of taking advantage of this new opening, +and inquired much of those who had recently returned from South Africa +concerning the conditions and requirements of travel there. But I wanted +to have some worthy object as a goal and to do more than amuse myself. + +It happened at this critical moment of my life that I was walking with +my cousin, Captain Douglas Galton, R.E., then one of the most rising +officers of the Engineers, and subsequently Sir Douglas Galton, K.C.B., +of whom I have already spoken. He suggested my putting myself in +communication with the Royal Geographical Society, where I could learn +precisely whereabouts exploration was especially desirable, and where I +should be sure to receive influential support. He offered introductions +to some of its leading members, which I gladly accepted, and this +determined my line of life for many years to come. + +The immediate helpfulness to a traveller of such a Society is very great. +It has the further advantage of pledging him to undertake work that is +authoritatively judged to be valuable. My vague plans were now carefully +discussed, made more definite, and approved, and I obtained introductions +to many persons useful to me in their respective ways. I was introduced +to the then Colonial Secretary, Lord Grey, who gave instructions in my +favour to the Governor of the Cape. + +My outfit was procured, and other preparations were far advanced, when +my kind friend, Sir Hyde Parker, whose acquaintance I first made when +shooting at Culrain, strongly urged me to engage a companion. He told me +that a young Swede whose history he knew intimately was then in England, +and that I could not do better than come to terms with him. This was +Charles J. Andersson, who became my travelling-friend and second in +command. He spoke English fluently, through having been brought up by +Charles Lloyd, a well-known Scandinavian sportsman and writer, but an +Englishman of Quaker extraction. I may mention here that I made Mr. +Lloyd’s acquaintance some years later, when his face had been frightfully +scarred with wounds made by a bear. He told me that an old wounded +she-bear had turned upon him, and actually got his head between her jaws +to crack it, but her rounded teeth failed to find at once a sufficiently +sharp hold and only tore the flesh. His companion shot the animal in time. + +Andersson was accustomed to the rough life of a sportsman, and had been +sent to England to push his way to fortune as he best could. His capital +wherewith to begin consisted of a crate of live capercailzie, two bear +cubs, and the skin of one of their parents. He was then so naïve that, +seeing an auctioneer’s placard about a forthcoming sale of farm stock, in +which was included “20,000 Swedes,” he, not knowing that in the language +of farmers “Swedes” meant “turnips,” confessed afterwards to a thrill of +terror lest they should be his compatriots, and lest he himself might be +pounced upon and sold as a slave together with them. + +I was most fortunate in securing Andersson, because a second in command +proved at times to be a necessity, and he always did his part admirably. +He was remarkably strong and agile. When on board our full-rigged +sailing-ship he began for amusement to climb the rigging. A sailor +followed him, as is the wont of sailors, with a piece of twine to lash +his feet as soon as he had gone as high as he dared, and to keep him +bound there until he had consented to “pay his footing.” Andersson +perceived the game, and completely vanquished the sailor by descending +from the maintop to the deck, hand over hand down the mainstay, which +was too daring a feat for the sailor to emulate. Consequently Andersson +became highly respected by all the crew. + +One of the effects of association with the leading members of the Royal +Geographical Society was to show me that the world of English interests +was very much wider and more earnest than that of the coteries among +which I had chiefly lived, and that many men were thoroughly able to +understand and criticise my proposed course justly, whose good opinion +if I succeeded would be of far more value to me than the approbation of +a multitude of less well-informed persons, however numerous or laudatory +they might be. + +I left England on April 5, 1850. My voyage deserves a few words of +description, because it was made under conditions that are now obsolete, +which had some advantages to counterbalance their many disadvantages. +The ship was called the _Dalhousie_, an old teak-built East Indiaman, +quite incapable of beating against a head wind, and occupying nearly +eighty days in reaching Cape Town. It was chiefly used on this journey +to carry emigrants at cheap rates with rough accommodation, but a few +cabin passengers were taken besides, who had the use of the high poop +to themselves. In a long voyage like that of ours, the elements count +for much, and the manipulation of the ship is of continual interest. +The charm of the Northern Trades, of the calms and sudden squalls of +the Equatorial Belt, and of the crisp, strong Southern Trades cannot +possibly be experienced in an equal degree by those on board a fast +steamer, that rushes through all of them at an equal speed and holds its +course almost regardless of wind and weather. I was glad, too, of the +abundant opportunities of familiarising myself with the sextant, by which +I mean a much closer acquaintance with its manipulation and adjustments +than nautical persons are usually contented with or require. I had left +England without any practical instruction either in obtaining latitudes +and longitudes, or in surveying, for I failed to find anybody who would +give it, consistently with the limited time then at my disposal. The +excellent facilities now afforded by the Royal Geographical Society for +the instruction of intending travellers did not then exist; indeed, I +had a large part in their introduction many years later. I was, however, +familiar with the requisite book-work, and relied on what I could pick +up on board ship and elsewhere to supplement it. Let me anticipate that +I took very kindly indeed to instrumental work, and learnt in time to +get more out of my sextants, etc., than most persons. Land work admits +of far greater exactitude with that instrument than sea work, where the +true position of the horizon is never known, owing to uncertainties +of refraction, and is not seen at all at night. The sun, which is the +principal object of observation at sea, is little used on land, where +the altitudes of stars are obtainable with great accuracy from their +reflections in a small trough of mercury. Also the hand can be so rested +that the images of the star and of its reflection shall be quite steady +when seen through the telescope. Moreover, the two images, whether of +the star and its reflection, or of the star and the moon, can be toned +to an exactly equal degree of brightness. The sextant is a very powerful +instrument for its size, in the hands of those who have patience and +skill to get the most out of it. + +I was received very kindly at the Cape by the Governor, Sir Harry Smith, +and by his lady, whose name is perpetuated in that of the well-known town +“Ladysmith,” called after her. But the news from the frontier recently +received at Cape Town scattered my plans like a bombshell. The Boers, +who had been very unruly, had affirmed their intention of keeping the +newly discovered lands about Lake Ngami to themselves and of refusing +passage through their territory to every Englishman. Sir Harry Smith said +it would be useless for me to attempt to go as I had proposed. After a +tedious journey of more than two months by ox wagon, I should meet with +Boers who would politely but firmly tell me that I must go no farther. +If I attempted to force a way, they would shoot me, and he would be +powerless to prevent them. + +I had made many friends in Cape Town, and numerous suggestions were +offered as to other ways of reaching the district of Lake Ngami. The +one I adopted had many arguments in its favour. A cattle-dealer then in +Cape Town had made occasional ventures to Walfish Bay. The coast around +it was desert, but the Namaqua Hottentots drove cattle there for sale, +which would otherwise have been sent overland to the Cape by what is +practically a four months’ journey. The country between Walfish Bay and +the Namaquas could be traversed by wagons. There were mission stations +in Namaqualand, whose headquarters were in Cape Town. Nay more, a new +missionary was waiting for an opportunity to go there, and if I took him +with the other things now waiting to be sent, I should be helpful to the +missionaries, and they would doubtless be all the more inclined to help +me. Again, to the north of the yellow Namaquas were the black Damaras, +the interior of whose land was as yet quite unknown, though two or three +mission stations had been established along its southern border. + +Here, then, was a land ready to be explored, by which a new way +through grassy country might be found leading through Walfish Bay to +the interior, and at the same time south of the territory claimed and +practically barred by the Portuguese. Sir Harry Smith desired to use +every opportunity of disavowing the complicity of the Cape Government +with the attacks of the Boers on the natives, and he requested me to use +such occasions as I might have, of doing so. He caused a document to be +drawn up to express this and to serve as my credentials. It was written +in English, Dutch, and Portuguese, with a huge seal appended to it, +protected by a tin case. + +The story of my journey has been so fully told[2] in print that I shall +go but little into the details of it here. Moreover, the country has of +late been so traded through and fought over, and in large part occupied +by the Germans, that it has, I presume, become mapped with considerable +exactness. + +It will be seen by my sketch map that the country I travelled over proved +to be inhabited by three principal and widely different races, occupying +three roughly parallel belts of country running from west to east. The +southernmost were the Namaquas. They were yellow Hottentots, with hair +growing in tufts on their heads, and speaking a language full of clicks. +They had a strain of Dutch blood, and most of them spoke a little of the +Dutch language. Their race reaches down through more and more civilised +tribes to the Cape Colony. Captain, afterwards Sir James Alexander +(1803-1885), had travelled right through their territory from the Cape +to Walfish Bay, and back. Mission stations were planted among them, of +which the two northernmost, numbered 1 and 5 on the map, were called +Schepmansdorf and Rehoboth respectively. The Kuisip river-bed, down which +water runs only once in every few years, and ends in Walfish Bay, makes a +northern limit to the Namaquas, which they were apt to transgress. + +[Illustration] + +The Swakop river-bed, in which water runs every year after the rains, +and which enters the sea some forty miles north of Walfish Bay, is the +southern limit of the Damaras. Two mission stations (2 and 3), called +Otchimbingue and Barmen respectively, were established on the Swakop. A +third, marked 4 on the map, had been established, but destroyed shortly +before my arrival by a murderous raid of Namaquas, under Jonker, whose +name will be found on the map, and the position of whose home is shown +by a dot. The land between the Swakop and the Kuisip is a high desert +plateau and uninhabited. The Damaras extend northward up to about the +line where “Damara Limit” is written on the map, and they extend far to +the east. The Kaoko plain, of which I learnt little that was definite, +lies to the west, between them and the sea. + +“Damara” is a corruption of the Hottentot word “Damup,” used +indiscriminately for numerous Bantu tribes that have no general name in +their language, but severally call themselves Ovaherero, Ovapantieru, +etc. In a similar way the Arabic word “Caffre” (Kaffir, or infidel) +comprehends many different Bantu tribes on the east side of South +Africa. The Damaras and the Caffres are clearly of the same race. To the +immediate north of Damara Land is a narrow belt of country ill fitted for +habitation. Northward of this belt and from the line where “Ovampo Limit” +is written on the map, is the country of the Ovampo. The Ovampo are pure +negroes, but of a high type. Their country extends northwards a little +beyond the limits of the map, up to the Cunene River, beyond which the +Portuguese claim possession. + +In addition to the Damaras, small tribes are scattered over their +territory of two totally distinct races of Hottentot and Negro. Both of +these tribes now speak the Hottentot language. The first of them are the +Bushmen, so called by the Namaquas, and who are pure Hottentots. They are +usually small men, but not so very small as the Bushmen proper of Cape +Colony are, or rather were, for those exist no longer. On the other hand, +the Ghou Damup are as purely negro as the Ovampo. The Bushmen and the +Ghou Damup are equally hunted and equally ill-treated by the Damaras, and +they live wherever they can find safety. The Ghou Damup are apparently +the inferior of the two. + +I suppose that the country was inhabited long ago by the progenitors of +the Ghou Damup, probably a branch of the Ovampo; that the Hottentots +invaded it, and lorded over the Ghou Damup for so many years that the +latter wholly forgot their native tongue, and spoke the Hottentot +language instead; lastly, that the Hottentots, and of course the Ghou +Damup also, were in their turn overrun by the progenitors of the Damaras, +and became dispersed among them as they are at the present time. + +The Bushmen are nomadic and good hunters. The Ghou Damup are sedentary, +living on roots and the like, but they have a stronghold in Erongo, to +the north-west of the Mission Station No. 2 on the map. They live there +in marvellously rocky and easily defensible quarters, totally unsuitable +to the pastoral Damaras, who have no object to gain by attacking and +ousting them if they could. I visited also a large encampment of Bushmen +in quite another part of the country, and stayed by them for four days, +at the place marked Tbs (= Tounobis), on the extreme right hand of the +map. + + * * * * * + +It was reckoned to be a six or seven days’ sail from Cape Town to Walfish +Bay, so I hired a small schooner, and with the help of many kind friends +got all my equipment on board. It consisted of a light cart, two Cape +wagons, nine mules from which a team could be selected to draw the cart, +when it was laden with articles of barter to buy oxen, and two if not +three skilled drivers and other necessary men; also two horses which were +not expected to live long, and did not, and a few dogs. The gear of the +missionary and the young missionary himself were also taken on board. We +started from Cape Town in the second week of August 1850. + +On arriving at Walfish Bay, we found ourselves faced by as desolate +and sandy a shore as even Africa can show, which is saying a great +deal. There was a small empty wooden hut on the beach, very useful as +a storehouse; a few natives appeared, and one consented to act as a +messenger to the mission station twenty miles off, in return for a stick +of tobacco and a biscuit. This is No. 1 on the map (Schepmansdorf). We +landed the things as best we could from the schooner, which was anchored +one-third of a mile from the shore. The animals had to swim, the rest of +the cargo was taken in many instalments by the dinghey. The missionary, +Mr. Bam, and his then guest and helper Mr. Stewardson, a former +cattle-trader, made their appearance the next night, riding on oxen, +which is a usual mode of travel in these parts. + +In the meantime we had visited the watering-place “Sand Fontein,” three +miles off, of which we had heard, and which is marked by a dot on the +map. It was at that time a puddle of nasty water, but gave a sufficient +quantity of it for the mules and horses. A cask of good drinking water +was brought ashore for ourselves and placed in the storehouse. + +It was agreed that all my possessions should be carried to Mr. Bam’s +station, No. 1 on the map, and it was finally arranged that Mr. +Stewardson should guide us up country to Mission Station No. 2. + +My disasters began soon. The journey across the arid plain that separated +the Kuisip from the Swakop taxed the strength of the mules, who were +wholly unused to such a strain. It was necessary to give them immediate +rest and food as soon as the pasturage of the Swakop was reached. Tracks +of wild animals were looked for on the sand of the river-bed, but none +were found, so Stewardson urged that our mules and horses should be left +free during the night to rest and feed themselves. The result was that a +troop of lions dashed down upon them in the dark, killing one mule and +one of my two horses. The remainder galloped off unscathed, and were +recovered in the afternoon. The tracks of the lions by the side of those +of the animals up to the two fatal springs told the story clearly. I had +no reserve of food, so it was necessary to utilise the horse flesh, which +I cut off and stored in an apparently safe hole in the side of a cliff. +When I returned towards nightfall to remove it, one of my enemies had +out-generalled me. He had clambered from behind and unseen to a ledge +five or six yards above the hiding-place, and could be seen there by the +party below, crouched like a cat above a mouse-hole. I got down safely, +meat and all, and saw the head and the pricked ears of the brute as he +kept his position. A shot struck the rock under his chin, and he decamped. + +I had little further trouble with lions during my journey, though they +were often heard roaring at night. I think I only lost one cow, and +apparently a few of my remaining mules after I had no further use for +them. All eight of the mules decamped later on, when I had provided +myself with oxen; three of them reached Schepmansdorf; those that +disappeared on the way had probably been killed by lions. The very +first animal I shot in Africa was a lion, just after my first arrival +at Schepmansdorf. It had crossed from the Swakop to the Kuisip and had +seized a small dog in the yard of the mission station, while I was asleep +in an almost doorless hut that opened on the same yard. So much for lions. + +I pass over all the other difficulties, troubles, and events that +intervened, which have been related in the books above mentioned. Suffice +it to say that by the end of September I was installed at Station No. 2 +under the kind care of Mr. Rath, the resident missionary. Here I had the +good fortune to meet Hans Larsen, a Dane, who spoke English perfectly. He +had been a sailor, but obtained permission to quit his ship at Walfish +Bay and to enter the service of a cattle-dealer. When that particular +venture was concluded, he joined a second cattle-dealer, and finally +found himself at large with a small herd of oxen, which he intended +to drive overland and to sell at Cape Town. I had been most strongly +urged to acquire his services if I could, and I did so to my very great +advantage, partly, I may add, through my medical experience. He was +willing from the first to go, were it not for a most painful whitlow +which disabled his arm, and gave him so much pain that he could hardly +sleep or eat; and he was totally unfit for the expected severe manual +work. He therefore had to make his acceptance dependent on getting well. +Now the sore was of a chronic kind, very familiar to me when at the +Birmingham Hospital. There was an outgrowth of what patients like to call +“proud flesh,” upon which a slight cautery often acts like a charm. It +stimulates the vitality of the part and causes it to act normally. It did +so in this case. I rubbed the sore lightly over with nitrate of silver, +which hurt at the time, but eventually gave him the first good night’s +rest he had enjoyed for months. Thenceforward his finger rapidly improved +and healed, and he felt and looked himself again. + +I bought all his live stock of fifty oxen and one hundred sheep and +goats at a single swoop, by a cheque on Cape Town for £71. Hans himself +became a most valuable and efficient servant and friend. In brief, he and +Andersson went down to the coast with the new oxen, to break them in and +to bring up the wagons, while I remained partly at the Mission Station +No. 2, and afterwards at No. 3, where Mr. Hugo Hahn, a very accomplished +man, who had married an English wife, was the resident missionary. + +Mr. Hahn possessed all the extant knowledge about the Damaras, and was +greatly interested in my proposed expedition. Information about the +wretched state of the country was gradually obtained. It came to this, +that the four tribes of Namaquas under Jonker, Cornelius, Amiral, and +Swartboy respectively, well provided with horses and guns, had made many +successive raids upon the Damaras, lifting cattle and selling them. They +usually sent the stolen animals overland to the Cape. Sometimes when +opportunity occurred they sold them to traders at Walfish Bay. The +Damaras were not only perpetually fighting among themselves, but also +provoking retaliation from the Namaquas, which the latter only too gladly +indulged in. Lastly, the Namaquas, who in the first instance welcomed +missionaries, were now opposed to them and to every outside influence or +criticism, and determined to do just what they liked both to one another +and to the Damaras. More especially they had recently determined that +no white man should pass through their country to the interior. They +were, in short, behaving in a similar, but still more marked spirit of +exclusion to that of the Boers. + +The attack under Jonker on the Mission Station No. 3 on the map was +their latest iniquity. They behaved like demons. Among other things they +cut off the feet of the women to get their ankle rings, as related in +Chapter III. Unless these misdoings could be stopped, my journey would +soon come to an end. The Damaras believed that I and my party were +merely Hottentots in disguise, and acting as spies. To make a long story +short, I took Hans and two intelligent men and rode on ox-back to Jonker +himself, and rated him soundly, in English first, to relieve my mind, and +then in Dutch through my interpreters, brandishing my paper with the big +seal, and thoroughly frightened him. Arrangements, which I cannot go into +now, were made for a meeting between myself and the other Namaqua chiefs, +and ultimately a _modus vivendi_ was secured, which lasted all the time I +was in the country and for a while afterwards. + +These negotiations occupied fully three months, during which every nerve +was strained to get the expedition into readiness to start. Andersson, +Hans, and nearly all the men had gone down with the cart and newly-bought +oxen to Station No. 1, whence they brought back the two wagons most +successfully, though having first to break in the oxen. Then, whilst +Andersson was encamped at Station No. 2, I rode with Hans to the mountain +stronghold of the Ghou Damup, Erongo. Finally, in March, I made my start +northwards from the place where Station No. 3 formerly stood, every step +being henceforth through new country. + + + + +CHAPTER X + +LANDS OF THE DAMARAS, OVAMPO, AND NAMAQUAS + + Size of caravan—Horrors of savagedom—Ovambondé—To the + Ovampo on ride-oxen—Back to Damara land—Journey in Namaqua + land—Bushmen—Large game—Back to Walfish Bay—Home—Medal of Royal + Geographical Society, and election to Athenæum Club under Rule + II. + + +My first objective was Ovambondé, a place which proved to be of +exaggerated interest. It is marked B on the map. It was the only definite +spot, generally known to the Damaras, that I could hear of in a northerly +direction. Without some definite goal it would have been necessary to +travel unguided through a country so choked with bushes bearing cruel +thorns that we might have found ourselves in impassable blind issues time +after time. + +The plateau on which we were to travel was some 6000 feet above the +level of the sea, as calculated by the usual method from the temperature +of boiling water. It had a crisp sandy surface good for travel, but +the thorn-bushes were a serious obstacle. Water was a daily cause for +anxiety, and was usually to be procured only at places where the natives +had recently dug for it with success. The country is deluged at the +time of the rainy season, and pools remain for a while at many places, +but they soon disappear, partly through evaporation, but principally +from percolation through the sandy soil. Here and there a thin layer +of less porous earth holds the water longer. The pool may then become +sanded over, but water can be reached without trouble by digging and +scraping. During a large part of the journey this looking out for signs +of water and digging wells, after the first four hours’ journey had been +accomplished, was the almost daily occupation. The giving of drink to the +oxen, three at a time, out of an improvised trench covered with canvas, +into which the water was ladled, was a common feature at each encampment. + +The digging for water was laborious. Sometimes the well was already dug +by natives, but dry, and had to be so much deepened as to require a +chain of three men to utilise it. One raised the water-vessel to another +who stood a stage higher, and he to a third who stood breast high above +the surface of the ground and poured its contents into the trough. On +one of these occasions we had fallen fast asleep, dogs and all, utterly +wearied, and found in the morning, to our astonishment, the tracks of +elephants all about us. They had drunk at the well, disturbed nobody, and +disappeared into the not distant bush, whither I followed them in vain. + +The caravan at starting consisted of ten Europeans and about eighteen +natives, or twenty-eight in all. The two wagons were both laden. The +large one had a solid deck over its cargo, and the space above deck was +curtained into two compartments, in which Andersson and I slept when the +ground was wet; as a rule we bivouacked in the open. The available space +above the deck of the wagon was too low to read or write in with comfort. +The small wagon held the clothes of the men in addition to its regular +freight, and nobody slept in it except during the heavy rains. At first +the natives of my party were constantly changing, and in addition to my +own party there were occasional hangers-on. + +As regards commissariat, my biscuit and every kind of vegetable food +had been eaten up. I had plenty of tea, coffee, and some sugar, and a +few trifles besides, but no wine or spirits except for medicine. Our +sustenance was henceforth to be the flesh of the oxen and sheep driven +with us, eked out by occasional game. The charge of the cattle was our +constant anxiety and care; if lost or stolen, we should be starved. The +estimate was that one sheep—they were very lean—afforded twenty meals, +and I found that men on full work required two meals daily. An ox was +reckoned equal to seven sheep, and would therefore feed twenty-four +people for three days. The gross total of oxen, cows, and calves in the +caravan was ninety-four; that of sheep was twenty-four. Seventy-five of +the oxen were broken in; nine of these as ride-oxen and a few others +as pack-oxen, the remainder only for draught. I considered myself to +be provided for ten weeks, exclusive of game, while still preserving a +sufficiency of trained oxen. + +I had many things for barter, but could not foresee whether, or how far, +they would be accepted in exchange for cattle. It afterwards appeared +that two sticks of cavendish tobacco was a usual equivalent for one +sheep, and a rod of iron or a gun for perhaps eight oxen. + +I soon saw some of the horrors of savagedom. My dogs found a wretched +native whose muscles along the back of his neck had been severed to the +bone, but whose throat was uninjured. He had crawled under thorn-bushes +to die, whence we extricated him. His head rolled horribly, but he could +speak a little. I did what I could in the way of splints and bandages, +but he soon died. Then, while staying with a most gentlemanly chief, +Kahichené, who was himself killed soon afterwards, and his followers +dispersed, two of my fore-oxen were stolen. They are by far the most +important animals in a team. The chief sent trackers after them. They and +the thief were brought back; I begged for the man’s life, for ox-stealing +is a capital offence. He was spared while I was there, but clubbed, as +I understood, after I had left. But enough of these gruesome stories. +I had to hold a little court of justice on most days, usually followed +by corporal punishment, deftly administered. At a signal from me the +culprit’s legs were seized from behind, he was thrown face forward on the +ground and held, while Hans applied the awarded number of whip strokes. +This rough-and-ready justice became popular. Women, as usual, were the +most common causes of quarrel. + +The Damaras were for the most part thieving and murderous, dirty, and +of a low type; but their chiefs were more or less highly bred. These +people seldom die natural deaths; many are killed when fighting, many are +murdered, and sick persons are as a rule smothered by their relatives. +It was fortunate for me that there was at that time no paramount chief +in Damara land, unless it were a man like Kahichené. The smaller ones +feared our weapons and the mystery attached to white men coming from +afar, who might be in friendly relations with their dreaded enemies, so I +was able to slip through their lawless country with comparative ease. + +Ovambondé proved to be of no importance. It was nothing more than a +long reach in a then dry river-bed, which would, however, assume a very +different aspect after heavy rains. By the time we had arrived there, the +tales concerning a different race called the Ovampo, who lived to the +northwards beyond the Damaras, had become more and more consistent and +exciting, and gave a fresh impetus to proceed. The Damara limit is marked +on the map; the axle of one of my wagons broke just before reaching it. +Consequently I made a camp near a friendly Damara chief, and left the +wagons, with Hans and the drivers, to be repaired in the way familiar +to Boers, and started for Ovampo land with Andersson and three men on +ride-oxen. I also took three laden pack-oxen and a few loose ones in +reserve, to furnish food if needed. + +A caravan travels every six months from Ovampo land to buy Damara cattle, +stopping at the very place where we had been. Another caravan similarly +travels along the Kaoko (see map) between Damara land and the sea. We met +one of the former of these caravans a little after we had started, so we +returned for a while to our old camp, and finally went back to Ovampo +land with it. These Ovampo were under strict discipline, secret and very +resolute. I could not do what I liked in their company, but had to depend +on their plans. The will of their king Nangoro was supreme. I could not +enter the country, trade in it, or leave it, except with his permission. + +The border-land between the Damaras and the Ovampo seemed to be a natural +frontier unsuitable for occupation. We passed bleak plains and then a +wide belt of thorn-bushes, which after a day’s journey ceased suddenly +and disclosed a broad stretch of fields of maize, a strange and welcome +sight. After a day’s march through these, we reached the place where +Nangoro lived. + +I did much to make myself agreeable, investing Nangoro with a big +theatrical crown that I had bought in Drury Lane for some such purpose. +But I have reason to believe that I deeply wounded his pride by the +non-acceptance of his niece as, I presume, a temporary wife. I found +her installed in my tent in negress finery, raddled with red ochre and +butter, and as capable of leaving a mark on anything she touched as a +well-inked printer’s roller. I was dressed in my one well-preserved suit +of white linen, so I had her ejected with scant ceremony. The Damaras are +very hospitable in this way, and consider the missionaries to be actuated +by pride in not reciprocating. + +We were treated with strict courtesy, but, except at the very first, +without friendliness; a sense of growing constraint was everywhere, and +there were ugly signs of an intention to allow our oxen to die of hunger, +and then to make an easy end of us afterwards. The Ovampo carry on a +trade with the Portuguese half-castes to the north, and knew and despised +the guns used by them; but ours were shown, by their bullet marks after +firing at a distant tree, to be of a much higher order and to be feared. +Probably that new view of their value helped us considerably. We were +quite at the mercy of Nangoro; our cattle grew thinner daily on the very +scant pasturage to which they were restricted, and Nangoro would not give +me permission to go farther. It was as much as our oxen could do to take +us back at all, and having at length received permission, or orders (I +know not which), to return, I did so with mixed feelings—regret at having +to turn back, relief at getting away safely. The Ovampo were suspicious +of us, but seemed particularly happy and social among themselves, and +to be a people well worthy of friendly study. But the spirit of what is +elsewhere known as “taboo” reigned everywhere, and simple inquiries were +too frequently met with the rejoinder of “You must not ask.” I had very +good interpreters between the Damara and Ovampo languages. + +My fears of ill-usage were shown not to be fanciful, by the fact that a +party who followed me some years later were attacked as they departed, +and had to fire in self-defence. According to one of many rumours, a +stray bullet killed Nangoro himself, at a considerable distance, while he +was sitting within his own stockade. The party got safely away, but were +in great danger. + +The return journey to the wagons was indeed difficult. One bitterly cold +encampment in a hollow on the bleak plain, where we were comparatively +safe from a night attack, seriously tried the constitution of some of my +best ride-oxen, who never afterwards became as serviceable as they were +before. The wagon was however mended, all had gone well with the men +left behind, and we started homewards. + +Ultimately the whole party was brought safely back to Station No. 3 on +August 3, 1851, where we were most heartily welcomed and congratulated +by Mr. Hahn after our long absence of five months, during which no news +whatever of us had reached him. In the meantime I had spent ninety days +in actual travel, independently of such excursions as were needed from +time to time to look out for practicable routes. Of these ninety days, +fifty were occupied in travel to Nangoro and forty in returning. The +return distance in time was 168 hours, equal to 462 miles. Our road had +passed through a dangerous and difficult country; it traversed the whole +breadth of Damara land, and had reached the capital of the country beyond +it to the north. + +Some little news had reached Mr. Hahn from Europe through the hands of +a cattle-trader. It included an English newspaper, but no letters for +myself; it was now one year and four months since I had heard a single +word from my home. Peace had been kept during my absence between the +Hottentots and Damaras. + +A ship was expected for the missionaries not earlier than December, so +I should have a clear four months for further travel and yet be able to +catch that ship. I determined on a quick journey to the eastwards of the +Namaqua country, and dispatched messengers at once with letters to the +Cape, in doing which the Namaqua chief Swartboy assisted me. I thereby +made arrangements to confirm those partly made by the missionaries about +the time of departure of their ship, that it might not arrive too soon. +I then divided my party and settled matters relating to the future of the +wagons and their contents, also in regard to my three remaining mules, +the rest of which had died or been killed by lions long since. Then I +started afresh on August 13, taking one wagon with me, Andersson, three +of my best servants, and five or six of my most active Damaras, and went +in the first instance to Jonker. + +He received me kindly, and I had the good fortune to find in this place +a fairly educated man, Erhardt, imported by the missionaries as a +schoolmaster, who spoke Dutch and English perfectly, and Hottentot fairly +well. I engaged his services, especially as he undertook to guide me as +far as Elephant Fountain (E.F. on the map), which had been the _ultima +Thule_ of the missionaries. I was also asked to settle some disputes +between the other Namaqua chiefs, who were all very friendly to me now. I +proposed to push farther forward from Elephant Fountain as far as time, +the exceptional drought of the year, and the weakened stamina of my oxen +permitted. + +We left Jonker August 30, and arrived at Elephant Fountain September +11, where I found myself at last in a country of big game. There was +a copious spring, and herds of all kinds of animals came to drink. It +received its name from the large number of tusks found in the water at +this place when the Namaquas first reached it, as though it had been +a spot to which elephants travelled to die, according to a well-known +legend. It was then overgrown with reeds, and formed a notable covert +for wild beasts. It lies in a corner of the district then claimed by the +chief Amiral. Farther to the south of it the country becomes desert. +Amiral joined me, by arrangement, at Elephant Fountain for a shooting +expedition. He and his people seemed much more civilised than the other +Namaquas, and nearer in character to the Dutch Boers. + +I left my wagon with two men, together with those of Amiral and some of +his own men whom he left behind to guard them, and starting on ride-oxen +with Andersson we reached Twas, the farthest point yet visited by Amiral, +on about the 28th. In front of us lay an arid plain, especially arid in +this very dry year, which had to be crossed in order to reach the next +watering place, well known to the Bushmen, but not to Amiral, and called +Tounobis. + +My oxen were tired and footsore, but we went. It proved to be a journey +of 20½ hours actual desert travel, and led us suddenly into an ideal +country of big game. The ground, adjacent to a broad river-bed, was +trodden with the tracks of all sorts of animals, elephants, rhinoceros, +lions, and a vast variety of smaller game. Crowds of Bushmen were +encamped near to the water, busy with their pitfalls and with securing +an elephant that had fallen into one of them during the previous night. +We became great friends with the Bushmen, and sat late into the night +hearing their stories about themselves and the recent doings of a body +of strange Namaquas coming from the south, who in the preceding year had +swept past them and onwards to Lake Ngami, leaving unmistakable signs +of their expedition, and marauding as usual as they went. This much, +therefore, was established, that a feasible road existed from Walfish +Bay to the interior, of which I had myself travelled as far as Tounobis, +and the remaining few days’ journey had been travelled during the +preceding year by marauding Namaquas. + +After staying a week at Tounobis, Amiral wished to return home, and I +was not in a position to travel farther afield, because the next stage +towards Lake Ngami was described by all as being more severe than the +last one, and with my tired oxen it was as much as we could do to get +back at all. So I returned, and, ultimately, found myself back on the +shores of Walfish Bay on December 5. The wished-for schooner arrived on +January 16, 1852. I finally parted with Andersson, Hans, and most of the +men, and retaining only three with me for the possibility of a short +travel in Portuguese territory, which came to nothing, I sailed to St. +Helena, whence I returned straight to England. + +This, in a few words, is an outline of my journey. The distances were +(as carefully calculated), Walfish Bay to Station No. 3 (Barmen) 207 +miles, Barmen to Nangoro 512 miles, Barmen to Tounobis 311 miles,—total +1030 miles, and nearly as many back; besides other side expeditions, +especially that to Erongo, and another of little interest that has not +been alluded to above. + +This bald outline of a very eventful journey has taken little notice +of the risks and adventures which characterised it and are recorded in +my book. They must be imagined by the reader, otherwise the following +paragraph will seem overcharged, which it is not. + +I had little conception of the severity of the anxiety under which I had +been living until I found myself on board the little vessel that took me +away, and I felt at last able to sleep in complete security. I had indeed +to be thankful that all ended so well. I did not lose one of my many +men either through violence or sickness during the long and harassing +journey. It was undertaken with servants who at starting were found to +be anything but qualified for their work, who grumbled, held back, and +even mutinied, and over whom I had none other than a moral control. The +very cattle that were to carry me had to be broken in, and I had to call +into service an indolent and cruel set of natives speaking an unknown +tongue. The country was suffering the atrocities of savage warfare when I +arrived—tribe against tribe and race against race—which had to be stopped +before I could proceed. I had no food to depend on except the cattle I +drove with me, which might any night decamp or be swept off by a raid. +That all this was gone through successfully I am indebted in the highest +degree both to Andersson and Hans, to whom I have had to make too scant +reference here for want of space. + +Andersson remained behind to investigate the natural history of the +countries we had opened out, and wrote histories of his journeys and +observations. He ultimately died in Damara land. Hans found his way to +the gold diggings of Australia, but with the exception of one letter that +he sent me before starting I lost all communication with him, to my very +great regret. He must have met with mischance. I reached England exactly +two years after leaving it, that is on April 5, 1852, more than fifty-six +years ago. + +I began this chapter by showing how largely the Geographical Society +aided me in preparing for the journey. I conclude it by showing how still +more deeply I became indebted to it for its approbation. The Society +awarded to me one of their two annual gold medals in 1854, “for having +at his [my] own cost and in furtherance of the expressed desire of the +Society, fitted out an expedition to explore the centre of South Africa, +and for having so successfully conducted it through the countries of the +Namaquas, the Damaras, and the Ovampo (a journey of about 1700 miles), +as to enable this Society to publish a valuable memoir and map in the +last volume of the Journal, relating to a country hitherto unknown; the +astronomical observations determining the latitude and longitude of +places having been most accurately made by himself.” + +The President, Sir Roderick Murchison, in presenting the medal to me +at the Anniversary Meeting (I quote from the _Times_), having read the +above paragraph in the Report, said that Mr. Galton had a distinct claim +on the Society before all other African travellers, because he had +fitted out the expedition at his own expense in furtherance of their +expressed wishes, and had zealously accomplished that which he had so +disinterestedly undertaken. Then, turning to Mr. Galton, he added: “It +is now my pleasing duty to place in your hands this testimony of the +approbation of the Royal Geographical Society. I am sure you will receive +it, as we intend it, as the highest honour which we can possibly confer. +You left a happy home to visit a country never before penetrated by a +civilised being. You have accomplished that which every geographer in +this room must feel is of eminent advantage to the science in which we +take so deep an interest. Accept, with these expressions, my belief that, +so long as England possesses travellers with the resolution you have +displayed, and so long as private gentlemen will devote themselves to +accomplish what you have achieved, we shall always be able to boast that +this country produces the best geographers of the day.” + +The Geographical Medal gave me an established position in the scientific +world. In connection with subsequent work, it caused me to be elected a +Fellow of the Royal Society in 1856, and to receive in the same year the +very high honour of election to the Athenæum Club under Rule II., which +provides that the Council may elect not more than nine persons in each +year on the ground of distinction in Science, Literature, Art, or Public +Service, being at the average rate of a little more than two elections +annually, under each of these four broad heads. The recipient is thereby +saved many, sometimes sixteen or more, years of waiting, before his turn +would arrive to be balloted for in the ordinary course of election. So +I have much to be grateful for to the Royal Geographical Society, and I +loyally did my best to promote its interests during the many years that I +served on its Council in various capacities. + + + + +CHAPTER XI + +AFTER RETURN HOME—MARRIAGE + + Yacht to Norway—Dover—Marriage—Relations of my own; those of my + wife + + +On returning to England, my gratification was great in finding all my +immediate relatives well and eager to welcome me. But I was rather used +up in health, and desired to get out of the way of being lionised, which +is exceedingly wearisome to the lion after the first excitement and +novelty of the process have worn away. So I gladly accepted an invitation +from Sir Hyde Parker to yacht and fish with him in Norway. He was a +famed fisherman, and had landed in Norway the largest salmon on record +with a fly, 66 lb. in weight, authoritatively confirmed. Several of his +yachting friends were to have sailed at the same time; but their plans +were affected by the electioneering then going on; consequently, after +the loss of some precious days, we were accompanied only by the yachts of +Mr. Bentinck and Mr. Milner Gibson. + +The former told us interesting anecdotes of Lord Brougham’s early rise +at the Bar, how eagerly his help was sought by the smart men of those +days when they got into scrapes, as being more likely to get them out +of their difficulties than any one else. The extraordinary versatility +and energy of Lord Brougham had made a great impression on me at that +time and long previously, and I listened eagerly to anecdotes of him. A +timid and rather elderly lady had told me that Lord Brougham was once a +guest at her brother’s house, where his appearance was awaited with awe. +The great man arrived, talked incessantly and wonderfully well during +dinner, but retired early on account of business letters. Later on, while +she was preparing for bed, an awful yell or scream, which she could only +describe in the negative terms of unearthly and totally unlike anything +she had ever heard before, rang through the corridor. She tremblingly +snatched up whatever dress was at hand, and issued in terror to learn +what had happened. She met Lord Brougham’s valet with a candle in his +hand, walking leisurely, and cried to him, “What is it? What is it?” He +answered unconcernedly, “It is only his Lordship calling for me; that is +his usual way.” + +There is a remarkably good wax effigy of Lord Brougham as a young man in +Madame Tussaud’s collection, perhaps the most real-looking of any there. +Later on I was taken to see him in his house at Cannes, a few years +before his death. Doubts had recently been expressed in the newspapers +about his version of the circumstances attending the dissolution of +Parliament by William iv., which made Lord Brougham exceedingly wroth. It +was fine but sad to witness the unmeasured indignation of the old hero, +punctuating his remarks as he sat, by heavy digs into the sand with the +point of his umbrella, held in both hands like a dagger. + +Notwithstanding the Norway cruise, my health remained out of sorts, and a +little later in the year, while some of my old fever was on me, I could +not resist a dangerous exposure in order to witness the funeral of the +Duke of Wellington. This made me seriously ill; I could hardly stand, but +somehow made my way to my mother’s house at Claverdon, where she and my +sister Emma nursed me tenderly, and then, as I got better, it was agreed +that we should all go together to Dover for a complete change. + +There I recovered completely, and became engaged to my future wife, the +daughter of the Very Rev. George Butler, Dean of Peterborough, who had +been Headmaster of Harrow during many years. My wife had three sisters +and four brothers, the latter all highly distinguished for scholastic and +administrative ability. + +I shrink, yet cannot wholly refrain from speaking of the affection I +freely received from them, their relatives and their friends, all owing +to that happy marriage, which lasted forty-four years, and ended at Royat +in 1897, followed by a grave in the cemetery at Clermont Ferrand. + +I shall say little about my purely domestic life, which, however full of +interest to myself, would be uninteresting to strangers, so I attempt +no more than to give brief accounts of the friendships and events +that followed my marriage in 1853 up to about 1866. This interval of +thirteen years occupies a fairly well defined part of my life owing to +two reasons, namely, that my scientific interests during its latter +half became concentrated on heredity, and because it was in 1866 that +my health suffered a more serious breakdown than had happened to it +before. During the whole of this interval I find from old diaries that +I frequently suffered from giddiness and other maladies prejudicial to +mental effort, but that I invariably became well again on completely +changing my habits, as by touring abroad and taking plenty of out-of-door +exercise. The warning I received in 1866 was more emphatic and alarming +than previously, and made a revision of my mode of life a matter of +primary importance. Those who have not suffered from mental breakdown can +hardly realise the incapacity it causes, or, when the worst is past, the +closeness of analogy between a sprained brain and a sprained joint. In +both cases, after recovery seems to others to be complete, there remains +for a long time an impossibility of performing certain minor actions +without pain and serious mischief, mental in the one and bodily in the +other. This was a frequent experience with me respecting small problems, +which successively obsessed me day and night, as I tried in vain to think +them out. These affected mere twigs, so to speak, rather than large +boughs of the mental processes, but for all that most painfully. + +My own family became dispersed in four groups. My mother and my sister +Emma lived together in Leamington, and their house became a second home +to my wife and myself. My mother always showed the greatest affection +to me throughout her long life, which closed in 1874. After her death, +the house and garden devolved upon my sister Emma. She cared for the +interests of the family as a whole, and for each of us severally. She was +invaluable to my wife and myself, and became my regular correspondent, +whose weekly letters were awaited and read by us both with eagerness. + +My eldest sister lived during the time with which I am now concerned, +with her husband and her two growing children, in the country, about +seven miles from Leamington. + +My sister Adele lost her husband not long after her marriage, and settled +successively in various places at home and abroad, devoting herself, as +already said, to the education of her little girl. She died in 1883. + +My second brother, Erasmus, lived for a while on his property at Loxton, +in Somersetshire, five miles from Weston-super-Mare, but joined the 2nd +Warwickshire Militia during many years, of which he became Major. He is +now the only survivor of my six brothers and sisters, and is ninety-three +years of age. + +I turn from my own family to that of my wife. Her father was Dean of +Peterborough, previously Headmaster of Harrow during many years, and +before his appointment the Senior Wrangler at Cambridge, in the year +in which Copley, the future Lord Lyndhurst, was second. There was no +Classical class list in existence in Cambridge in those days, but the +fact of Dr. Butler’s election to the Headmastership of Harrow at a very +early age testifies to his reputation as a classical scholar as well as a +mathematician. He had been noted for athletic powers, and he much prized +a medal awarded to him by the Humane Society for having saved the life of +a drowning woman when long past his middle age. He afterwards overtaxed +his heart by exertion to catch a train, which, among other effects, +brought on a considerable degree of blindness, and made him in many +respects invalided before the age of eighty. But his mind was apparently +in full vigour, and his interests were most keen. Few persons had a more +courtly demeanour. I was fated never to know him as a father-in-law. When +I reached the Deanery from London, in order to be formally accepted into +the family, I found the blinds drawn, and learnt that the Dean had died +suddenly at luncheon. There had been some discussion in the morning about +Cathedral matters in the Chapter House, and the excitement told fatally +upon him, as it was always feared that any exceptional emotion might do. +I was taken upstairs to look upon his dead face. + +The Dean was father of an exceptionally gifted family. All of his four +sons distinguished themselves highly at the Universities. The youngest +was the Senior Classic of his year, subsequently Headmaster of Harrow, as +his father had been before him, then for a brief time Dean of Gloucester, +now and for many past years Master of Trinity College, Cambridge. + +The same gifts of nature have descended in large measure to the +grandchildren. Out of the eighteen grandsons of Dr. George Butler, Dean +of Peterborough, a full half have already shown exceptional ability. +Five have won a University Scholarship or prize, two others have given +promise of high administrative power in India, one of whom now occupies +the important post of Foreign Secretary to the Indian Government. Out of +the five granddaughters, one has obtained a First Class in History at +Oxford. This by no means exhausts the achievements of the grandchildren. +The Butler family well deserve study as an instance of hereditary gifts, +but this is hardly the place for it. + +Neither can I enlarge as I could have done on the far greater importance +of being married into a family that is good in character, in health, and +in ability, than into one that is either very wealthy or very noble, +but lacks these primary qualifications. The enlargement afforded to the +previous family interests through marriage is so great that much must be +lost when first cousins marry one another. + +I protest against the opinions of those sentimental people who think +that marriage concerns only the two principals; it has in reality the +wider effect of an alliance between each of them and a new family. +Moreover, the interests of the unborn should be taken far more seriously +into account than they now are. Enough is already known of the laws of +heredity to make it certain that the marriage of one class of persons +will lead on the whole to good results, and that of another class to evil +ones, however doubtful the result may be in particular cases. Of this I +shall speak more fully in the final chapter. + +As regards the earlier domestic life of my wife and myself, we lived in +a flat in Victoria Street for three years; then I bought the long lease +of 42 Rutland Gate, which has been my home ever since. We followed the +usual routine of social life of persons of our class, making tours every +year, usually abroad. The doctors sometimes sent one or both of us to +undergo a cure at some watering-place. In this way we visited and, some +of them more than once, Spa, Vichy, Contréxéville, Wildbad, Baden, Royat, +and Mont Dore les Bains. We also often went to the Riviera and elsewhere. +My finances had at this time to be considered rather carefully, as an +income which was sure to arrive eventually was long delayed, and the +property that was to yield it entailed a cost that almost swallowed up +its profits. But there was no real stint; we had quite sufficient fortune +for an unpretending establishment, with abundant leisure besides. + +Certainly we led a life that many in our social rank might envy. Among +our friends were not a few notable persons, a full half of whom were +first known to me through the connections of my wife. Then I was blessed +with an abundance of animal spirits and hopefulness, though they were +dashed temporarily over and over again by the great readiness with which +my brain became overtaxed; however, I always recuperated quickly. Once I +had a bad reminder of my old Syrian ague, but, thanks to quinine (which +the ancients would have deified had they known of its virtues), the +malady passed away so far out of sight as to have since recurred only at +long intervals. + +One of the pleasantest description of events in those days were the +long walks I took, especially at Easter-time, with one or other of my +brothers-in-law, or with their or my own friends. Let me venture to +describe my own views as to provisions suitable for a day’s walk during a +homely tramp. They are such as can be procured at any town however small, +are tasty, easy to carry, exempt from butter, which is apt to leak out of +paper parcels, and are highly nutritious. They are two slices of bread +half an inch thick, a slice of cheese of nearly the same thickness, and +a handful of sultana raisins. The raisins supply what bread and cheese +lack; they play the same part that cranberries do in pemmican, that +nasty, and otherwise scarcely eatable food of Arctic travellers. The +luncheon rations that I advocate are compact, and require nothing besides +water to afford a satisfactory and sustaining midday meal. If sultanas +cannot be got, common raisins will do; lumps of sugar make a substitute, +but a very imperfect one. + +We frequently enjoyed the hospitality of the Headmaster of Harrow and his +wife. One delightful way of spending Sunday in those days was to walk +to Harrow along what was then a comparatively countrified road, to take +afternoon tea at the house of my wife’s mother, Mrs. Butler, who resided +on the outskirts of Harrow, to go to the evening service at the School +Chapel, to have a good square tea-supper at the Headmaster’s, presided +over by his attractive wife (née Elliot), where interesting people were +nearly always present; afterwards to walk or rail home in the evening, +usually with a companion. + + + + +CHAPTER XII + +“ART OF TRAVEL” + + Compilation of the _Art of Travel_—Lectures at + Aldershot—Heliostat—Rifle screen—_Reader_ newspaper + + +I was rather unsettled during a few years, wishing to undertake a fresh +bit of geographical exploration, or even to establish myself in some +colony; but I mistrusted my powers, for the health that had been much +tried had not wholly recovered. On the other hand, there was abundance +of useful work at home. Geographical exploration had become a topic of +general interest. Burton had penetrated to Mecca. Japan was opened, and +Laurence Oliphant had returned thence. Dr. Barth had come back at last +from his long exploration of North Africa, including districts which are +now under British and French rule and well mapped, but at that time were +either partially or quite unknown. It is very different now; a letter can +be sent for a penny to Kano, and Timbuctoo has become a French military +station. Arctic expeditions by land and sea were then much to the fore; +Dr. Rae (1813-1893) had performed his great journeys in Arctic North +America, with a wonderfully small and inexpensive equipment. Lesseps +was engaged in obtaining support for making the Suez Canal, and I must +say that the British engineers who pooh-poohed its possibility at the +meeting of the Royal Geographical Society, where it was the subject of +a paper by Lesseps, have proved untrustworthy guides and prophets. I +threw myself into the thick of the discussions and criticisms of whatever +had just been done, and into the preparations for what was about to be +undertaken, and was in short a very active member of the Council. + +It was not long after my marriage that the character of a piece of work +that lay before me was clearly perceived. It was ready to be taken +in hand and most suitable to my powers. It was to aid others in the +exploration of the then unknown parts of the world, especially of Africa, +of whose total length as much had been seen by me in my two journeys as +perhaps by any one else then living. Being placed on the Council of the +Royal Geographical Society, I thoroughly utilised that position to fulfil +my object. The ignorance of travellers in any one country of the arts of +travel employed in others was great, and I tried to make a compendium +of them all. Having easy access to every traveller of note in England, +I read many books of travel, or rather skimmed them for the purpose. +Amongst others, I turned over every page in Pinkerton’s well-known series +of large quarto volumes of the narratives of travellers. + +The result was that sufficient material was gathered for the composition +of a small book entitled the _Art of Travel_ (Murray). It soon reached a +second edition, and was afterwards rewritten and much enlarged to form +a third edition, which was stereotyped, and even now continues to be +sold. I also took considerable part in the first edition of the _Hints +to Travellers_ issued by the Geographical Society, which has long since +quite outgrown its original form, all its chapters having been rewritten, +each of them by experts. In its present shape it is a most trustworthy +guide to travellers for such instrumental and other scientific work as +they need to be acquainted with. The Anthropological “Notes and Queries” +are a similar and most useful compendium relating to that branch of +science. I had some share in this, but by no means a large one. + +I cannot resist quoting the following letter from my cousin Charles +Darwin, the great naturalist, whose opinion as the author of the _Voyage +of the Beagle_ was naturally valued by me most highly. I had asked him +for hints while engaged on the first edition of the _Art of Travel_, and +sent him a copy of it, to which he now refers. This was four years before +the publication of the _Origin of Species_:— + + “DOWN, _Jan. 10, ?1855_ + + “MY DEAR GALTON,—I received your kind present yesterday. I + always thought your idea of your Book a very good one, and + that you would do it capitally, and from what I have seen my + forethought is, I am sure, _quite_ justified. I hope that your + volume will have a large sale, but what I fully expect is that + it will have a long sale, and if you save from some disasters + half a dozen explorers, I feel sure that you will think + yourself well rewarded for all the trouble your volume must + have cost you.—Believe me, my dear Galton, yours very truly, + + “C. DARWIN” + +The outbreak of the Crimean War showed the helplessness of our soldiers +in the most elementary matters of camp-life. Believing that something +could be done by myself towards removing this extraordinary and culpable +ignorance, I offered to give lectures on the subject, gratuitously, at +the then newly founded camp at Aldershot. As may be imagined from what +is otherwise known of the confusion of the War Office at that time, +no answer at all was sent to my letters, until I ventured to apply +personally to the then Premier, Lord Palmerston, who at once caused me to +be installed. It is evident from my old notebooks that I worked very hard +to frame a suitable course of practical instruction and of lectures for +those who cared to profit by them. + +General Knowles (1797-1883) was then in command, and he gave me both +moral and material help. He assigned me two huts, and made arrangements +about hours. My second brother, Erasmus, was in camp as Captain in the +2nd Warwickshire Militia, and his presence was most grateful to me. +I myself took a small house about two miles from my hut, and walked +there and back each day. Several officers came, and not a few of them +showed interest. A lecture was also given by me at the United Service +Institution, and the newspapers warmly backed the attempt. The War +Office requested that ten (I think) reproductions should be made of +a cabinet with four drawers, containing models of what was exhibited +in my lectures. One of the cabinets was sent to the South Kensington +Museum, and may be there still. One was sent to Woolwich. The others were +distributed elsewhere. I do not think that my lectures had much other +result, because the rude teachings of the Crimean War soon superseded +mine, and the army generally became expert in much of what I had wished +should be known by them. + +A small contrivance of my own, over which I spent a great deal of time, +may be alluded to here; it is described at length in the _Art of Travel_, +and in other publications, as a “Hand Heliostat”[10]. I contrived and +practised with it long before the present system of sun-signalling had +been invented. The use of a heliostat for creating a point of light, +visible at great distances for purposes of Ordnance triangulation, +had long been fully recognised; a description of its employment from +Snowdon to Scawfell has already been given in Chapter V. The difficulty +in using a portable instrument is to direct the flash with sufficient +accuracy of aim. If the part of the landscape upon which the flash falls +could actually be seen by the operator, it would always appear to be +of exactly the same size as the disc of the sun itself, whatever the +distance may be; in other words, it subtends an angle of about 30 minutes +of a degree. My plan was to divert a small part of the flash so as to +create a mock-sun in the field of view of the instrument, which the +operator could throw, by judicious handling, upon any desired spot in +the landscape, with the assurance that persons on the ground covered by +the mock-sun could see the flash. The instrument is now used in nautical +surveys, as I was told by the late Hydrographer, Sir William Wharton, to +enable shore parties to make their exact whereabouts visible to those +on the ship. The heliostat that I usually carried with me went easily +into a large waistcoat pocket, and was very efficient at a distance of +ten miles. I should have been glad to possess one on many occasions when +travelling in Damara Land. However, without additional complications, it +could not be made into a really serviceable instrument for transmitting +verbal messages. It would then require nearly as much trouble to carry as +the present sun-signalling apparatus, while it would be less rapid and +sure.[3] + +It is interesting to flash with a small mirror against a light-coloured +surface that lies in shadow, as through an open window against the +opposite wall of the room behind. The size and shape of the mirror is +then seen to have very little influence on the size or shape of the +mock-sun, even at moderate distances. In long-range signalling their +influence is wholly inappreciable. + +I may describe here another contrivance, partly belonging to +Art-of-Travel matters, partly military, that I sent to the United Service +Institution[12]. It was appropriate to the days of “Brown Bess,” but +useless as a protection against modern musket bullets with their flat +trajectories. I showed it was easy to provide a screen under which A. +could hit B. at any distance beyond, say, 200 yards, while on the other +hand B. could not hit A., although he might see him clearly. The balls of +B. would be intercepted by the target. The principle on which the target +gave protection was that the flight of a bullet does not describe a +symmetrical curve. Its course is nearly straight at first, then gradually +curves downward until it may be said to plunge. If A. and B. are in full +sight of one another but at some little distance apart, and fire at one +another, the courses of the incoming and outgoing bullet are different. +That of the incoming bullet is higher by several inches or feet than the +outgoing. Consequently, if a shield be interposed, near to A., above his +line of shooting and at such a height that it will not interfere with his +outgoing shot, it will effectually prevent a shot of B. from touching +him, and conversely. The numerical conditions are worked out on the +paper. The idea took the fancy of some of the audience, as one that might +possibly be of much service. + +I was a humble sharer in an undertaking started by Herbert Spencer, of +establishing a weekly newspaper of literature and science, that was to +eclipse the existing ones. His contention was that, if a few selected +men were to combine each to write one article weekly, on a subject +within his own province, a periodical might be produced that would have +great weight and authority. The late Sir Frederick Pollock undertook its +general editorship, to be helped in all details by a paid sub-editor, +Mr. B., while he would keep the more purely literary portion in his own +hands. Tom Hughes (the author of _Tom Brown_) lent us his rooms and his +co-operation. Tyndall undertook Physical Science; Huxley took Physiology, +with reservation, as he could not afford to give much gratuitous work; +Spencer, of course, took Philosophy; my part was to look after Travels +and Geography, and there were a few others. We subscribed £100 each; +Spencer persuaded a City friend to do a little more in order to start the +concern, so a Limited Liability Company was formed, and the newspaper +was called _The Reader_. It was an amusing experience, owing to Mr. B.’s +insistence, from a commercial point of view, about the necessity of +obtaining advertisements by all sorts of ingenious means, but some of +which, in our opinions, were not quite above-board. Then it was brought +home to us that, as our venture was one of limited liability, whatever we +bought must be paid for at once, while what we were to receive would not +be paid for many months. We were like children in the hands of Mr. B., +who knew all the ins and outs of the commercial conditions of success, +concerning which we were almost childishly ignorant. The newspaper proved +dull, notwithstanding some really good articles. The management was +naturally too amateurish; promised articles were delayed, and the time +of the committee was too much wasted in frequent discussions about first +principles, upon which Spencer loved to dilate. So _The Reader_ did not +thrive. Its expenditure exceeded its incomings, our reserve fund melted +away, and the newspaper came to an end after about a year’s existence. We +each lost our hundred pounds, but no more, and had gained an unexpected +view of the seamy side of journalistic enterprise. + + + + +CHAPTER XIII + +SOCIAL LIFE + + Interesting visits—Explorers of those days—Other notabilities + and friends + + +Entries in old diaries recall many pleasant social meetings at home, +whether dinners, breakfasts, or simple gatherings of friends, where +there was generally some traveller or other lion of the day whom people +were glad to meet. I made occasional excursions to visit Charles +Darwin at Down, usually at luncheon-time, always with a sense of the +utmost veneration as well as of the warmest affection, which his +invariably hearty greeting greatly encouraged. I think his intellectual +characteristic that struck me most forcibly was the aptness of his +questionings; he got thereby very quickly to the bottom of what was in +the mind of the person he conversed with, and to the value of it. + +I enjoyed two interesting visits to Lord Ashburton at the Grange, under +the presidency of the first and second Lady Ashburton respectively. +Carlyle was a guest on both occasions. On my first meeting him he +surprised me by his unexpectedly courteous and even polished manner, but +he became more like his ordinary self later on. On the second occasion +he seemed to me the greatest bore that a house could tolerate. He had a +well-known story then to the fore, which W. H. Brookfield (1809-1874), +who was a very constant guest, told me he had indulged in five times +that day already, and undertook that he should repeat it for my benefit +a sixth time, which he did. Then Carlyle raved about the degeneracy of +the modern English without any facts in justification, and contributed +nothing that I could find to the information or pleasure of the society. +He, however, executed a performance with great seriousness which was +decidedly funny, by hopping gravely on one leg up and down within the +pillars of the portico, which he had discovered to be a prompt way of +warming himself in the then chilly weather. + +It is difficult to select events out of the very many that were then +interesting to me. One was a visit to Mr. Webb at Newstead Abbey, the +old home of the poet Lord Byron, which he had recently purchased. Mr. +Webb had been a first-class African sportsman, of whom mention will be +made in the next chapter in connection with the identification of Dr. +Livingstone’s remains. The mementoes of Lord Byron at Newstead Abbey +were well cared for, and most touching to me, for I had in my youth an +unlimited admiration of his works; so I drank greedily with my eyes all +that I saw connected with him. I will here anticipate very many years, +and mention a tragedy that occurred only two autumns ago to Lord Byron’s +grandson and representative, Lord Lovelace. My niece, who has managed +my home since the death of my wife, spent a few summer weeks with me +in the pretty village of Ockham. The night before leaving it to return +home to London we were invited to Ockham Park after tea-time, for a +quiet farewell call. Lord Lovelace was exceptionally agreeable, the +conversation was general, and the evening passed by most pleasantly. It +had been arranged that his carriage should take us back; he accompanied +us to it, and wished us good-bye in the most friendly and courteous +manner. No one outside his household, and very few of these, saw him +again alive. It appeared that he dressed himself for dinner, and after +coming downstairs fell dead on the floor. + +I saw much of Richard, afterwards Sir Richard, Burton and of Lawrence +Oliphant in those days. There were exceedingly pleasant social gatherings +held after each meeting of the Geographical Society of geographers and +others, who were invited by Admiral Murray to his rooms in the Albany. +He was an excellent host, and justly popular among a great variety +of men whom he had the tact to bring harmoniously together in his +chambers. Bishop Wilberforce, who prided himself on worldly _savoir +faire_, was occasionally a guest; Burton was habitually there, but his +usual conversation in those days was not exactly of a stamp suitable +to episcopal society. I was present at the first introduction of these +two men, whose behaviour was most comic, each trying to act the part +appropriate to the other, and, I must add, doing it most successfully, +and to all appearance quite naturally. Burton was a great reader, +generally to be seen at the Athenæum with a folio volume before him, +and he was a prodigious note-taker during his travels. He lent me his +notebook on Zanzibar, of which I shall shortly speak again, and I was +astonished at the variety and amount of information he had written in +it, in his small, clear handwriting. + +Lawrence Oliphant had a most winning manner and a marvellous facility of +expression. I have served on more Council meetings than could easily be +reckoned, and am only too familiar with the often recurring difficulty +of finding a phrase that shall cover just as much of the question under +discussion as is generally accepted, without touching any part on +which there is disagreement. Oliphant had the art of hitting upon the +appropriate phrase on these occasions more deftly and aptly than any one +else whom I can remember. We worked together most pleasantly as joint +secretaries under the presidency of John Crawfurd, the Ethnologist, who +nicknamed us his two sons. + +I had the great pleasure of again falling in with Mansfield Parkyns of +Abyssinian fame, at Admiral Murray’s hospitable gatherings. + +Among many other distinguished travellers who were in England during the +fifties, I should mention Dr. Barth, who was a learned and simple-minded +man. The five volumes of his travels in North Africa have the merits +and demerits of many German books, being full of information but +deterrent in form. I suspect that few Englishmen have read them through +as conscientiously as I did. He was a great believer in the importance +of the Hausa language to traders and settlers. It was then practically +unknown even to professed linguists, so he brought over with him a bright +Hausa boy to help him and others in learning it. I never knew exactly +what happened, but it seems there was evidence that the boy had expressed +a wish to go back to Africa, as he well may have done in moments of +temporary depression, whereupon the zealous secretary of a philanthropic +Society threatened poor Barth with an action for kidnapping if he did not +send the boy back at once. Barth was amazed, and sought advice, which was +that considering the sectarian bitterness with which the action would +probably be carried on, the ease with which thoughtless expressions might +be twisted into deliberate words, and the certain cost and tediousness +of legal proceedings, it would be wiser for him to submit and to send +back the boy. This he did with no little grief, and so all attempt to +lexiconise and grammarise the Hausa language was thrown back for many +years, during which a knowledge of it would have been of material use in +various British operations on the West Coast of Africa. + +A long subsequent attempt was, however, made with success by a small +committee, of whom I was one and Major Leonard Darwin another, under +the Presidency of Sir George Goldie, through whose efforts sufficient +funds were collected to enable Mr. Robinson to study the Hausa language +seriously and on the spot. Opportunities for learning it have now been +afforded, and are used at Cambridge by prospective military and civil +servants in West Africa. + +Mr. Crawfurd (1783-1868) was then a vigorous old man of considerable +moral weight and of great experience, with not a few amusing +peculiarities (Sir Roderick Murchison called him laughingly, in public, +the Objector General). He had been secretary to Sir Stamford Raffles, +and, according to what he told to me, and I presume also to others, he +was the sole originator of the idea of making Singapore a free port, +and had trouble in convincing Sir Stamford that it would be wise to do +this. He became its first Governor, and the descriptions he gave of his +multifarious occupations in that new post, with a very small staff, +were amusing. He established a newspaper and wrote much of it himself. +The settlement quickly grew in size and wealth, and had attained much +importance by the time he retired. He compiled the first Malay Dictionary +and Grammar. Having failed in England to secure a seat in Parliament, he +engaged heart and soul in Ethnology and Geography, spoke very frequently +at meetings, always with reason, and he wrote many ethnological papers, +all good, but perhaps few of first rank. He was a very kind and helpful +friend to me. He caught his death illness through handing ladies to their +carriage on the occasion of one of his Soirées, on a bitter night. He +died believing in his delirium that he was speaking at the Ethnological +Society (since merged into the Anthropological), to which he was devoted. + +Mr. George Bentham (1800-1884), the botanist, was a great friend of Mr. +Crawfurd, and he became a kind friend to myself and to my wife. He was +son of General Bentham, who obtained one of the highest positions as +constructor of ships in the Russian Navy, and he was nephew to Jeremy +Bentham. Mr. George Bentham was the companion in youth of John Stuart +Mill, of whom he had much to tell. In his early manhood he took to +logic, and wrote an important paper, in which he pointed out that the +distinctiveness of a certain logical operation in common use had been +overlooked and never received a name. I myself am ignorant of logical +subtleties, and repeat the following much as a parrot might. He called +the operation in question the “Quantification of the Predicate.” Years +passed by, during which he abandoned logic and gave all his time to +systematic botany, for which his logical training was helpful. He had +been President of the Linnæan Society for many years, and his name +had become familiar to every botanist and dabbler in botany. At this +time a letter in some newspaper (I think the _Athenæum_) was brought +to his notice, in which the writer dwelt on the importance of this +“Quantification of the Predicate.” He mentioned the name of its young +author, adding that he had taken much pains, in vain, to learn what had +become of him,—could any reader supply information? + +Mr. Bentham called one morning in 1880, together with Sir Joseph (then +Mr.) Hooker, to congratulate me on having just had a whole genus of +flowers of singular beauty called after me by the French botanist, J. +Decaisne (Prof. de Culture, Musée d’Histoire Naturelle, Paris)[60]. I +was amazed, for I know next to nothing of botany. The story was this. A +beautiful plant had been sent from Natal to Europe. It was described at +Kew as _Hyacinthus Candicans_, but M. Decaisne would not consent to such +a denomination. He pointed out particulars in the plant that hyacinths +have not, and the absence of other particulars that hyacinths have, and +he renamed it. Why he pitched upon my name for the purpose I do not +know, but suppose that he may have consulted a list of the South African +medallists of the French Geographical Society, and finding my name among +them, selected it. I have not the slightest claim to the honour, but +accepted its bestowal by him and its ratification by our then greatest +botanists, Hooker and Bentham, with amusement. Seedsmen still class it +among the hyacinths, saying that they are obliged to have as few separate +headings in their catalogues as possible. I append a little picture of +_Galtonia Candicans_ to this book as a vignette at the bottom of its last +page. + +Mr. Atkinson (1799-1861) had returned with huge oil paintings +from Siberia, which he carried in rolls on camel back, sometimes +tandem-fashion. His career was strange. He was originally little more +than a quick-witted stone-mason’s boy, who afterwards rose, and then +hearing that a design was to be competed for at St. Petersburg for +some memorial, he drew a design, sent it there, and it was selected. +He thereupon moved to Russia, and in some mysterious way obtained the +confidence of the Czar Nicholas so completely that Atkinson received what +was most unusual, if not unprecedented, a free ukase to travel and paint +where he would. Possibly the Czar wished for unbiased and independent +evidence as to certain matters in South Siberia, and Atkinson may have +acted as a secret agent. He was made much of by persons of the highest +rank in Russia, and he was married in the Chapel of the British Embassy +to an English lady who had resided in one of the great Russian families +as their companion. She accompanied him in his great journey. On their +arrival in England they were widely received and welcomed. They took a +picturesque but ramshackle small house and garden, called Hawk Cottage, +that stood on the old Brompton Road, nearly opposite to where Bina +Gardens now are, on a spot that had not then passed into the hands of the +builders of streets. They were much visited by members of the highest +Russian nobility and by many English friends. + +In 1861 Mr. Atkinson died, and his wife applying to the Treasury for some +money due to him, was met by the astounding assertion, backed by abundant +proof, that she was not legally his wife, inasmuch as he had been married +before he went to Russia to a lady who was still living in England. To +the natural inquiry why the claim should be now put forward for the first +time, considering the publicity under which Mr. Atkinson had lived, the +reply was that no news of him had reached the claimant, who occupied a +different grade of society, until intelligence had been sent to her by +a friend of her husband’s death. This tragic termination affected many +of us greatly. We recollected that Atkinson had avoided bringing his +wife (as we thought she was) to the forefront, and it had been remarked +at the time of the publication of his book of travels that he made the +scantiest references to her, and never used the word “wife.” It was a +wonder, and it is so still, how he dared to settle in London and risk a +serious criminal charge. Friends gathered round Mrs. Atkinson, as I must +still call her, and helped her in many substantial ways. She afterwards +returned to Russia. + +It was during this time that I made the acquaintance of the then Mr., +afterwards Sir John Lubbock, and now Lord Avebury, who was engaged on +his _Prehistoric Times_, and had attracted the friendship of most of +the men of the day who were destined to become famous in science. His +week-end invitations were always most instructive and grateful. It is +difficult justly to express the value of such opportunities of friendly +and unhurried converse. I received great kindness and much warm welcome +at his house, and was captivated by the ingenuity of his experiments on +ants and bees. + +Amongst many friends whose acquaintance I first made at Sir John +Lubbock’s was Herbert Spencer, then struggling with difficulties +connected with his serial publications. They were removed by the +unexpected visit of an American gentleman, with a gold watch, who made +a brief oration to the effect that Spencer’s admirers in America feared +the cessation of his publications in pamphlet form owing to financial +reasons. That they had consequently subscribed and invested a (handsome) +sum in his name in Consols, and had further deputed him—the speaker—to +present the gold watch as a token of their esteem. It was a touching and +cheering event to Spencer, who always wore the watch. It, moreover, went +well, which was not invariably the case with costly presentation watches +in those days. + +I met Herbert Spencer frequently at the Athenæum, and had many +conversations with him there. He was always ready to listen +sympathetically to new views and to express his opinion on them, but he +disliked to argue. I persuaded him once to go with me to see the Derby, +in company with a near relative of mine who was an Oxford clerical don. +These two were perhaps as incongruous a pair in some respects as could +easily be devised, but they enjoyed each other’s company. All went off +quite well, except that Spencer would not be roused to enthusiasm by the +races. He said that the crowd of men on the grass looked disagreeable, +like flies on a plate; also that the whole event was just like what he +had imagined the Derby to be. Still, he evidently liked the excursion, +and notwithstanding his asseverations at the time to the contrary, he +repeated his experience on at least one subsequent occasion. + +For my own part, I especially enjoy the start of the horses, for their +coats shine so brightly in the sunshine, the jockeys are so sharp and +ready, and the delays due to false starts give opportunities of seeing +them well. I don’t care much for its conclusion, but I used often after +seeing the start to run to the top of the rising ground between the +starting point and the stand, and sometimes got a good opera-glass view +of much of the finish. + +A curious sight caught my attention on one of these occasions. I was on +the side of the course that faced the distant stand, and amused myself +while waiting in studying the prevalent tint of the sea of faces upon it. +At length the horses were off, but it was hot, and I was contented to +remain in quiet where I was. When the horses approached the winning-post, +the prevalent tint of the faces in the great stand changed notably, and +became distinctly more pink under the flush of excitement. I wrote a +short notice of the experience in _Nature_, under my initials, but have +kept no copy and quite forget the year. + +I enjoyed the friendship during more than fifty years of the Hon. George +Brodrick, in his later years Warden of Merton, whose memoirs are probably +known to most of my readers. When I first knew him he was reputed one of +the foremost of those rising men at Oxford who were contemporaries with +my brother-in-law, Arthur Butler, and among whom was Goschen. Brodrick +became a distinguished journalist, for many years on the staff of the +_Times_. He had a strong taste for geography, partly through being +sent in his youth on a long voyage to India and back, for the sake of +his health. Becoming a member of the Council of the Royal Geographical +Society, he gave important help to the introduction of Geography into the +curriculum of his University. He was always a warm friend to me, and I +enjoyed not a few brief visits to Merton College when he was established +there as its Warden. His eccentricities were all amiable, and gave +harmless amusement to his friends; especially his reluctance in accepting +the proferred Wardenship of Merton, for which his friends thought he was +exactly suited. He, however, considered it to have a serious drawback +in depriving him of the possibility of a Parliamentary career, to which +most of them considered him unsuited. Moreover, he had twice been an +unsuccessful candidate for a seat in Parliament. I do not attempt more in +these few lines than to express my grateful remembrance of him, and my +appreciation of his many great qualities, including a large capacity for +steadfast friendships and a highly religious mind very tolerant of the +differing opinions of others. + +A grateful intimacy grew up between my wife and myself and Mr. Frederick +North of Rougham, in Norfolk, at that time residing as a widower in +his house at Hastings, for which town he was Member of Parliament +during many years. His two daughters were then with him, the eldest, +Miss Marianne North (1830-1890), widely known for her travels after his +death, in order to paint flowers in far distant lands with scientific +accuracy. The building in Kew Gardens was devised by her friend J. +Fergusson (1808-1886), the writer on architecture, and built to hold her +collection; she presented it to the Gardens. The younger daughter became +wife of John Addington Symonds (1840-1893), the well-known critic and +writer. My wife and I spent very many happy visits to Hastings Lodge, +where the heartiness of reception and the amplitude of real comfort +without any attempt at display were remarkable. That valued friendship +towards me still continues in the third generation of descent from Mr. +North. + +I owed to my wife a highly valued intimacy with Mr. and Mrs. Russell +Gurney. The clock of the latter, which she left me in her Will, is within +two yards of where I am writing this, and I look back to the lifelong +friendships of her and her husband with no ordinary affection. The +portrait of Mr. Russell Gurney (1804-1878) by Watts, which is in the +National Gallery, is extremely like; it strikes me, if I may venture on +any opinion connected with Art, as one of the very best in any of our +three great national collections. The portrait of Mrs. Russell Gurney, +also by Watts, which is now in the possession of her relatives, is rather +forced in pose. It is much to be regretted that no adequate biography has +been written of her. The one which is published dwells too exclusively +on the devotional side of her character, and fails sadly to bring out +her originality, charm, and humour. Like many other persons who are +profoundly religious, she too was perfectly tolerant of other beliefs +than her own if they were genuine and decorously expressed. + +Her endowment of a Chapel of Rest in the Bayswater Road has by no means +fulfilled her wishes. Her object was to establish a quiet artistic +shelter, where persons desiring a few minutes’ withdrawal from the +turmoil of life, might enter and commune in quiet with themselves. She +obtained a disused chapel, and arranged for its maintenance. Then she +took great pains over the designs that were to be painted on the walls in +fresco. When these were sufficiently advanced, she, long since a widow +and in rapidly declining health, invited many friends to its opening. +My wife and I were rather late, and I can see now the sweet welcoming +gesture with which she beckoned us up to her on the platform. We never +saw her again. She lingered on, unwilling, or unable, to see any even +of her oldest friends, and at length died. The Chapel of Rest remained +unfinished for some years. It is little used, and can, or could, be +entered only at specified hours. + +As to Mr. Russell Gurney, who served on many important commissions, he +twice refused a judgeship, preferring to retain his post of “Recorder” of +the City of London, which is of nearly equal dignity to a judgeship, and +did not at that time preclude its holder from sitting in Parliament. He +was member for Southampton. I have known no one who struck me as a more +just, searching, and yet kindly judge, or whom I would more willingly be +tried by if I fell into trouble. + +It was to my wife, also, that I owed the friendship of Mr. and Mrs. +Robert Hollond of Stanmore. She was exceptionally gifted by nature +with grace, sympathy, artistic taste, and many other high qualities. +Her portrait, by Scheffer, is in the Tate Gallery. Her face closely +corresponded to his imaginary ideal when painting St. Augustine and +Monica, so he enjoyed the opportunity of painting Mrs. Hollond’s own +portrait. She was even more at home in France than in England, and +intimate with many distinguished statesmen of the Orleanist party. Her +husband’s wealth gave her great facilities for cultivating her æsthetic +tastes to the full. He was chiefly known to the public at one time as +subsidiser of the “Nassau” balloon, which carried him, Green the famous +aeronaut, and, I think, Mr., afterwards Lord Justice, James (who was an +old friend of his), and two others. They sailed from London to a town in +Nassau; which was at that time by far and away a record distance for a +balloon to drift. Numerous memorial pictures of that adventure were in +his house. + +It was in the middle fifties that my friendship commenced with William +Spottiswoode (1825-1883), one of the most capable and true-hearted of +men, who became President of the Royal Society, and now lies buried +in Westminster Abbey, “at the request alike of the foremost of his +countrymen in Church and State, in Science, Art and Literature, and of +his own workmen, to whose best interests his life had been devoted.” This +is the singularly apt inscription on his tombstone. I asked Dean Bradley, +then Dean of Westminster, if he knew who was its author. He replied, +“Myself.” It is to be regretted that no good biography exists of W. +Spottiswoode. Many notices were published at his death, and it gratified +me to learn that one which I wrote for the Royal Geographical Society on +one aspect of his many-sided character greatly pleased his family and +some of his intimate friends. + +The main features of his life were that he was the son of the then +Queen’s Printer, of good Scottish family, and the presumed heir to a +considerable fortune. He went to Oxford, where he obtained the University +Scholarship in mathematics, and where also intelligence reached him of +the entire collapse of his father’s fortune through unwise speculation. +He braced himself to the occasion, and, after many years of hard work, +himself succeeding his father as Queen’s Printer, he created a model +business on the largest scale, and rehabilitated the lost fortune. In the +meantime he had sufficient spare energy to occupy himself day by day with +congenial pursuits in literature and science. Among other diversions he +loved to travel considerable distances during the few weeks he annually +allowed himself for vacation, and to acquire much knowledge of other +countries in that way. Enormously worked as he was, he always seemed to +have leisure, and he did with thoroughness whatever he undertook. + +At this time there was still much ignorance concerning the northern part +of the peninsula of Sinai, especially of the plain of El Tih, and he +suggested to me that by making judicious preparations its survey might +be accomplished within the short space of time that he could afford. +I agreed to join him. We worked hard to prepare ourselves, and made a +large sketch map, on which notes of every important traveller bearing +on the part in which we were interested were entered at the locality +they referred to. It was desirable for him to have some experience in +surveying, and as I was going to the Isle of Wight, we agreed to practise +there. The first and only attempt had an absurd ending. We found a +strongly railed field suitable for a commencement, into which we got by +climbing the fence, and prepared to unpack, not particularly noticing the +cattle in it; but one of them was a bull, who, after the manner of such +animals, advanced in so threatening and determined a manner that we had +to retreat from the brute as best we could. + +This proved to be the end of our joint experiments, for I was taken ill +with what seemed at first to be only a very bad sore throat, but which +developed into a singular form of quinsy of a dangerous character. My old +friends, Mr. Hodgson and Dr. Todd, were unremitting in their attentions, +and told me afterwards that they were on the point of having my windpipe +opened, as I was nearly suffocating. At last, an abscess which was +situated in a gland on the upper surface of the tongue, but far back +near its root, broke, and I breathed freely. I was soon able to swallow, +and gradually became convalescent, but Mr. Hodgson peremptorily forbade +further thoughts of Sinai. I shall have to refer again to W. Spottiswoode. + +It has happened to me more than once to be nearly suffocated, and to +have been surprised at the absence of that gasping desire for air that +one feels when the breath is suddenly checked. A very little seems +sufficient to divert attention from that desire, and to leave the sense +only of being ill and on the point of swooning. My chief experiences +may seem hardly credible; they were due to a fancy of mine to obtain +distinct vision when diving. The convex eyeball stamps a concave lens in +the water, whose effect has to be neutralised by a convex lens. This has +to be very “strong,” because the refractive power of a lens is greatly +diminished by immersion in water. My first experiment was in a bath, +using the two objectives of my opera-glass in combination, and with some +success. I then had spectacles made for me, which I described at the +British Association in 1865[19]. With these I could read the print of a +newspaper perfectly under water, when it was held at the exact distance +of clear vision, but the range of clear vision was small. I amused myself +very frequently with this new hobby, and being most interested in the act +of reading, constantly forgot that I was nearly suffocating myself, and +was recalled to the fact not by any gasping desire for breath, but purely +by a sense of illness, that alarmed me. It disappeared immediately after +raising the head out of water and inhaling two or three good whiffs of +air. + +Mr. Alexander Macmillan asked me in the later fifties to undertake the +editorship of a volume to be called _Vacation Tourists_[11], which would +be repeated annually if the venture succeeded. His view was that many +able young men travelled every summer, each of whom would have enough to +say to make a good article, and that a collection of their contributions +would suffice for an interesting annual volume. I consented, and found +the occupation very agreeable, for it put me into pleasant communication +with many whom it was a privilege to know, but excision was often an +unwelcome duty. Thus among the many contributions offered for one of +the volumes, I had thirteen separate descriptions of sea-sickness. The +venture paid its way, but no more, and was discontinued after the third +volume. + +A total eclipse visible in Spain occurred on July 18, 1860, and the +Government lent their magnificent transport the _Himalaya_ to those +who were selected to observe it, by and under the leadership of the +then Astronomer-Royal, Mr., afterwards Sir George, Airy (1801-1892). I +applied, and was granted permission to join. We went with great comfort +and speed, first to Bilbao, where small parties, of whom mine of four +persons was one, were landed. The rest went on to Santander. + +Careful preparations had been made in Spain for our comfort, as few of us +knew a word of the language, and serious obstructions due to intolerance +might otherwise have occurred for want of timely explanation. These +excellent arrangements were entirely due to the forethought of Mr. +Vignolles, a famous contractor for railways, who was then occupied with +those of Spain. One of his many subordinates was allotted as interpreter +to each small party; ours proved to be a most agreeable guide and +informant. The position allotted to our party was in the neighbourhood of +Logroño, whither we proceeded at once in order to study the neighbourhood +and to select a suitable spot. This was quickly found on a picturesque +hill called La Guardia, crowned with a convent and village, which lay +in the central line of totality, and commanded a grand view of the plain +over which the shadow of the coming eclipse would sweep. + +Thanks to the diplomacy of our interpreter, we obtained permission to +use the flat roof of one of the highest houses, where we established +ourselves on the morning of the eventful day. I had nursed with great +care an instrument to observe the delicate variations of temperature. It +was the invention of Sir John Herschel (1792-1871), who instructed me in +its use, but its construction was so fragile that hardly any traveller +had as yet been able to take one of them uninjured to its destination. +I was no more fortunate than my predecessors, for the long stem of the +heavy mercurial bulb broke. It was impossible to feel as unhappy as I +ought to have been, because it left me free to gaze at will at the coming +great sight. + +And a wonderful sight it was, when the pure luminous corona first +displayed itself at the moment of totality. It has been one of the +great sights of my life. I made rude sketches in the dim light, and +afterwards found that the closest representation of the eclipse was to +be obtained by blackening paper over a candle and scratching out the +lights, on the principle of mezzotints. I published a description of the +eclipse in _Vacation Tourists_, with a sketch that has been reproduced +more than once, but the curl given to one of the rays of the corona +was not credited by most of my fellow-observers. Thus Sir George Airy, +when lecturing on the eclipse at the Royal Institution and exhibiting +my sketch on the screen, expressed in the most courteous way some +reservation as to its acceptance as a true rendering. Photographs of +subsequent eclipses have, however, shown that curved rays are a reality. + +From Spain I went by diligence to Bordeaux, meeting my wife at the +station on her arrival from Paris, and we started for a tour in the +Pyrenees and for a stay of some weeks at Luchon. Here I became for the +first time bitten with the mania for mountain climbing. As during a +few years previously the primary purpose of fences had seemed to be to +afford objects for leaping over, so now that of mountains seemed to be +for clambering. Mr. Charles Packe, who was an authority on the mountains +and botany of the locality, often accompanied me, and the outings were +enjoyed excessively. Among other things, I was immensely taken by the +sleeping-bag that each French soldier carries who watches the mountain +passes through which Spanish smugglers try to steal. It is worn on the +back like a heavy knapsack. These bags are made of sheep-skin with the +wool inside. On cold days the soldiers sit inside them, pulling the bag +up to their waists. They are thus able to keep their posts in trying +weather, which smugglers would otherwise have been ready to utilise for +their own purposes. I tried the efficiency of one on an interesting +night. A heavy storm was gathering, but before the evening closed and +before the storm broke, I had time to find a good place on a hill some +1000 feet or more above Luchon, and there to await it inside my bag. +Nothing could have been more theatrically grand. The thunder-clouds and +the vivid lightning were just above me, accompanied by deluges of rain. +Then they descended to my level, and the lightning crackled and crashed +about, then all the turmoil sank below, leaving a starlit sky above. + +Sleeping-bags were customary in the Pyrenees. Mr. George Bentham told +me that when he botanised in the little Republic of Andorre some +years previously, there was not a bed in the place, and he was lent +a sleeping-bag. They were familiar to Arctic travellers, but had not +been thought of by Alpine climbers, so I published my experiences. In +consequence, at an amusing dinner of the Alpine Club, of which I was a +member for a few years, I was toasted by Mr. Wm. Longman as the greatest +“bagman” in Europe. It is very difficult to arrange any sleeping gear +that shall satisfy those who rough it rarely. Luxury is out of place. I +read in some well-known book that one of the Camerons of Lochiel, when +bivouacking with his son in the snow, noticed that the lad had rolled up +a snowball to make a pillow. He thereupon rose and kicked it away, saying +sternly, “No effeminacy, boy.” + +Bears were not infrequent. We reached, I think it was Cauteret, after +passing a small plantation near the town. During the table d’hôte there +was a rush to the windows to see the dead body of a big bear cub which +had just been killed at that very plantation. Its mother, who was with +it, escaped. I often saw their human-like tracks. They occasionally +kill oxen. Once, when near a cattle station, while watching the cattle +returning home in file, each in its turn executed a fantastic sort of +war-dance as it passed a particular spot, such as I had frequently, but +by no means invariably, witnessed in Africa, when a line of my cattle +passed over the place where I had shot an ox for food. In this instance +the performance was due to a cow having quite recently been killed by a +bear. The effect of the smell of blood on oxen and horses is apparently +capricious, being sometimes very marked indeed, at other times nil. +Horses are frequently terrified by the smell of large wild beasts, but +I have helped to skin a lion in full sight of my horse, and rolling the +skin up, tied it in a bundle to the back of my saddle, without the horse +showing the slightest objection. + +My late but passionate love for mountaineering was one cause that +subsequently brought me into frequent contact with Professor Tyndall +(1820-1893), who was then at his very best physically and mentally. He, +I, and Vaughan Hawkins (1833-1908), an eminent classic in his Harrow and +Cambridge days and of first rank in mountaineering, made a tour together +in Cornwall. We chose our way on Tyndall’s principle, that it is easy +to find difficult places to climb elsewhere than in the high mountains. +Certainly he was skilful at discovering them. One of his freaks sent +my heart into my mouth. It was at a gully, strewn deeply with loose +stones that led over a sea cliff. Down he dashed, the stones were all +set in motion like an avalanche, but somehow he extricated himself in +time and got clear to one side of them. At another place an isolated +needle or cone of rock was separated from the shore by a narrow strait +through which the sea swirled, but which could be leapt at low water. +We leapt it, and clambered up, he declaring that it was as difficult +a bit of rock-work as he had ever been on. We reached the top and got +back successfully, jump and all, to the mainland, where I was glad to +feel in safety. The Irish dash in Tyndall’s blood gave a charm to all he +did. He was then fast rising, but had not yet reached the fulness of his +subsequent height in popular reputation, which is perhaps the time in the +mental development of a man at which his character shows at its brightest. + +My wife and I found a frequent travelling-companion in Miss Brandram, +afterwards the wife and subsequently the widow of A. MacLennan, the +writer on various phases of prehistoric societies, _Marriage by Capture_, +_Totems_, etc. She was a great friend to both of us; a companion and kind +nurse to my wife when she was ill, an excellent walking companion to +myself, and always ready to be of service. She helped me much in revising +some of my earlier writings, especially the last edition of my _Art of +Travel_. + +During her widowhood Mrs. MacLennan travelled with us again, but at last +a disaster occurred at a time when we were living at Cimiez, above Nice. +There is a high-level railway from Nice to Grasse that passes the little +station of the Saut de Loup, a waterfall about an hour’s walk (I think) +from the station, which we wanted much to see. The foot-path runs along +a hillside and is perfectly good, but too narrow for two persons to walk +abreast. In more than one place a streamlet cascades over it. Near its +destination the path is crossed by a more considerable streamlet running +among stones, that make stepping-stones near enough to the surface to +prevent the feet being much wetted while crossing it, and which any +one accustomed to mountain walking would trip over without remark. +The pathway was broader at this point, and the stream after crossing +it fell into a precipice, at the bottom of which ran the river Loup. +Mrs. MacLennan was walking first, and, owing to some strange accident, +missed a stone or tripped, and fell heavily on her side, where she lay +motionless in the water as though shot dead. I helped her to rise, but +she was in great pain. It was difficult to set her on her feet, for the +position was not one to stagger safely in, the precipice being much too +near. + +With great pluck, she went a few steps onward to see the fall, and then +the long return walk had to be achieved. She was confined for a long +time to bed, and far from fit to travel when she left us. The injury was +followed by an internal complaint, of which, after much suffering at her +own home, she died. + +Few have been more thorough in their friendship to my wife and myself +than Sir Rutherford and Lady Alcock and her daughter by a previous +marriage, Miss Lowder, now Lady Pelly. I was well acquainted with much +of Sir Rutherford’s work in China and Japan before I had the pleasure +of knowing him personally, because the Foreign Office used to forward +those of his dispatches that were of geographical interest to the Royal +Geographical Society, where, for want of a better person, they were +generally referred to myself. Sir Rutherford’s life was eventful; first +as an army surgeon in Spain under Sir De Lacy Evans, then Consul in +China, then our first Minister in Japan, then Ambassador to China. Lady +Alcock seconded him in charge of the well-being of his large staff, +with a kindliness that was proverbial. On their return to England they +became social favourites from the highest in rank to the lowest, being +singularly acceptable through their own attractive qualities, and widely +known through reports of their largely unostentatious charitable acts. +Sir Rutherford was President of the Royal Geographical Society for the +usual term, and we saw much of him and his family at various times, +eating our Christmas dinner with them on three or four occasions. + +Of many pleasant meetings I will only mention one, when we, in company +with Sir Lewis and Lady Pelly, made an interesting tour in the South +of France from Royat, by that curious natural formation Montpelier le +Vieux, round to Avignon. The valley of the Tarn had recently been made +accessible to tourists, and I was particularly desirous of seeing its +wonders, so our party stopped at Millau to give me an opportunity of +going to the Tarn River for a long day by myself. First some distance had +to be travelled by railroad, then some miles by a two-wheeled vehicle +across the bare Causses, a high limestone upland, down to the beautifully +clear Tarn. Every shower that falls on the Causses percolates through +deep “swallows,” and finds its way for perhaps 2000 feet vertically +through them, issuing from the cliffs as feeders of pure water to the +little river. + +I was put into a flat-bottomed boat with stalwart boatmen fore and +aft, and so dropped down stream. The water was at first so shallow and +transparent as to be scarcely visible. The boat seemed to be buoyed +in the air above the clean, shingly bottom. So we glided down hour +after hour, with vast cliffs on either side clothed sparsely with +pre-Rafaelite-looking trees, and with an occasional eagle soaring in the +blue sky overhead. Then the river by slow degrees grew broader, deeper, +and swifter, and swirled formidably in places, requiring much caution in +the boatmen; the evening closed in while we had still some way to go. It +was not altogether pleasant, as the punt was not particularly “stiff,” +the navigation was difficult, and it was becoming very dark. At length +the welcome bridge which betokened our destination loomed high in front. +The party from Millau had been there awaiting me till dark, and then +left. I was fortunate in securing a trap, wherein to drive the few miles +that then separated me from them. + +We all went together the next day to Montpelier le Vieux, so called +because its rocks look from a distance like the turrets of a weird city +on a hilltop. Each rock stands by itself on a carpet of green verdure. +Crowds of legends have, of course, clustered round this strange locality. +Anyhow, it is an ideal place for a picnic in which to spend the long +hours of a sunny day. The whole of the south-west corner of France is +full of interest, and the part just mentioned seems quite unique. + +I wish I could more adequately and yet appropriately have expressed my +affectionate feelings towards the many friends to whom I have made too +scanty reference in this chapter. + +During the year that followed the death of my wife in 1897, I made a +tour with one of her nephews, a Frank Butler, son of Spencer P. Butler. +He became engaged to an English lady, a niece of Mrs. MacLennan, while +we were touring in Corsica with her party, and married shortly after. +Henceforward a niece, Miss Evelyne Biggs, or more strictly speaking a +grandniece of my own, granddaughter of my sister Lucy, has lived with +me as companion, and I have followed a somewhat similar routine of life, +except in being no longer advised by the doctor to try cures, the best +means of securing health now being to escape a winter in London. + +_Yearly Medallions._—My fancy had been taken long ago by a custom +of certain North American Indians, of naming years, each after some +characteristic event that had occurred in it.[4] It appears that an +annual consultation of Indian chiefs was held, at which the more striking +occurrences of the past year were reviewed and one selected as its +representative. Thereupon an Indian who was reputed for skill in drawing +made a picture or symbol of the event on his buffalo-skin robe. They are +as rude in conception and execution as an English child of five years +old might draw. Thus the “small-pox year” is symbolically expressed by +an elementary design of the head, body, and four limbs of a man dotted +over with spots. A robe exists (see page 88-89 of the memoir) in which +a sequence of seventy-one years is thus recorded in symbols spirally +arranged upon it; it was made by a certain Dacota Indian, called Lone Dog. + +[Illustration] + +I adopted this method to illustrate the events of my own life during part +of the time while my wife was still living, but they are too rude for +publication. I therefore give recent specimens of these medallions drawn +by my niece, which refer to two of the years after she had become my +companion. + +The picture of 1900 is a view on the Nile, and that of 1903 contains the +insignia of the late Pope, in memory of a function in Rome at which we +were present; also a picture of the breeding-place of sea birds at the +Farn Islands, Northumberland, which we visited. The legends round these +medallions hardly require explanation, except that An. Photo, stands for +Animal Photography. They are—1900, An. Photo., Venice, Greece, Boer War, +Egypt. 1903, Rome, Ischia, Farn Isles, Peppard. + +A main reason for giving so full a description of such trifling matters +is that the Dacota method may be serviceable in more than one way. It +suggests an excellent plan for competition in Art schools, where the +choice of two or three characteristics of some particular year might be +submitted to the students, and prizes given to those who designed the +most appropriate medallions. + + + + +CHAPTER XIV + +GEOGRAPHY AND EAST AFRICA + + Burton and Speke—Speke and Grant—Death of Speke—Livingstone and + Stanley—Geographical incidents + + +The travels of the successive explorers of Eastern Africa who started +from the Zanzibar Coast were watched by geographers with the keenest +interest. I was in one way or another somewhat closely connected with the +principal actors, and may therefore speak about them with propriety. The +information that first drew general attention to this part of Africa was +the startling announcement that a snow-topped mountain, Kilimandjaro, +had been seen from a distance by the missionaries Krapf and Rebmann on +their journeys from Mombas, where they were stationed. Their information +was fiercely criticised. It was disbelieved wholly by some, and only +partially credited by many others. In addition to this, the missionaries +had transmitted reports of a vast Central African lake, based on the +collated testimonies of many native travellers. Mr. Erhardt communicated +a memoir on this lake to the Royal Geographical Society, and I, who had +most to do with their then newly established _Proceedings_, had it with +its accompanying map inserted in one of its early numbers. The map was +an amazing production and very hypothetical, but the data from which it +was constructed made it clear that an exploration of those regions would +be a highly promising undertaking. I myself had been strongly urged to +investigate the neighbourhood of Kilimandjaro, but felt insufficiently +restored to health to undertake the task. An expedition was at length +set on foot in 1856 under the command of Captain Burton (1821-1890), +with J. H. Speke (1827-1864) as second, for which I myself drafted the +instructions. It accomplished great things, namely, the discovery of the +two lakes, Tanganyika and Victoria Nyanza, but at the painful cost of a +serious breach of friendship between its leaders. Burton was a man of +eccentric genius and tastes, orientalised in character and thoroughly +Bohemian. He was a born linguist, and ever busy in collecting minute +information as to manners and habits. Speke, on the other hand, was a +thorough Briton, conventional, solid, and resolute. Two such characters +were naturally unsympathetic. On reaching Tanganyika, Burton became +seriously ill and temporarily unfitted for travel; his eyes, too, were +badly inflamed and gave him great trouble. Principally owing to Burton’s +restless spirit of inquiry, the existence and position of the lake now +known as the Victoria Nyanza had been ascertained. Burton was unable to +go to it; therefore Speke went as his deputy, and so came upon what was +suspected by him, and has proved afterwards to be a headwater of the +Nile. Of course Speke got the credit, for without him the lake would +not have then been reached, but the disappointment to Burton at being +superseded in solving the problem of ages by discovering the source of +the Nile was very bitter and very natural. Burton brought back, as +purely his own work, a most elaborate account of all the tribes he had +met by the way, the close accuracy of which has been testified to by +succeeding travellers. Only one of his numerous notebooks came under my +own careful examination, as already mentioned, and I was astonished at +its minuteness. I may mention the occasion, which was this. + +The Society for the Propagation of the Gospel were considering the +propriety of establishing a mission station at Zanzibar, and desired +fuller information about the island than they possessed. In the end they +invited me to give a lecture, to which I consented, after talking with +Burton, who had been asked and refused, but who very kindly offered +me the full use of his original notebook written when in Zanzibar. An +elaborate account which he had based on it for publication had been +lost. I had no first-hand information about the place, but had known +Erhardt and others who knew it well, so was able to compile a respectable +description, which was published in the _Mission Field_, June 1, 1861. +The notes made by Burton were written in a fine clear hand and most +elaborate in detail. He told me that he often used a board with parallel +wires, such as are made for the use of the blind, to write notes, unseen, +in the night-time. + +The next expedition was under Captain Speke, with whom Captain Grant +(1827-1892) was associated. They were to take up the quest at the point +on the Victoria Nyanza where Speke had reached it, and to travel onwards. +This was done, and I may say that the attachment of Grant to Speke was +most remarkable for its loyalty and intensity. They were fine manly +fellows, and I can see them now in my mind’s eye, as they came to take +a final leave, when I knocked two nails into the side of a cupboard as +they stood side by side with their backs to it, to mark their respective +heights and as a memento of them when away. As is well known, they +followed the Nile, not however without a break, from the Lake into Egypt. +This break, and the hypothetical placement of the “Mountains of the +Moon,” whose position Speke saw reason to modify in a second map, gave an +opening to criticism of which bitter use was made. Coming down the Nile, +Speke and Grant met Captain, afterwards Sir Samuel, Baker (1821-1893) +and his large party going up it, and were able to give him timely and +valuable information. I do not speak more of Sir Samuel’s magnificent +work, because it did not fall closely within my own ken, but will +conclude what has to be said about Burton and Speke. + +In the year 1864 the British Association met at Bath, at which Burton +was to read a paper severely criticising Speke’s work. Speke was staying +in the neighbourhood with a shooting party, and was invited to take +part in the discussion. It is the custom that on each morning, a little +before the President and Committee of the several Sections of the British +Association take their seats, they meet in a separate room to discuss +matters that require immediate settlement, and to select the papers +that are to be read on the following day. On the present occasion this +business had been finished, and Sir James Alexander was urging that +the Council of the Association should be requested by the Committee to +bring Captain Speke’s services to the notice of Government and to ask for +their appropriate recognition, when a messenger brought a letter for the +President, Sir Roderick Murchison. He motioned to the Secretary, who was +seated at his left hand, to read it, while he, the President, continued +to attend to Sir James. The countenance of the Secretary clearly showed +that the letter contained serious news. Sir James Alexander went on +speaking, the letter was in the meantime circulated and read by each in +turn, including Captain Burton, who sat opposite to me, and I got it the +last, or almost the last of all before the President. It was to say that +Speke had accidentally shot himself dead, by drawing his gun after him +while getting over a hedge. + +Burton had many great and endearing qualities, with others of which +perhaps the most curious was his pleasure in dressing himself, so to +speak, in wolf’s clothing, in order to give an idea that he was worse +than he really was. I attended his funeral at the Roman Catholic Cemetery +near Sheen. It had been arranged by his widow, Lady Burton, a devoted +Catholic, and was crowded with her Catholic friends. I did not see more +than three geographers among them, of whom Lord Northbrook, a former +President of the Society, was one. From pure isolation, we two kept +together the whole time. There were none of Burton’s old associates. It +was a ceremony quite alien to anything that I could conceive him to care +for. + +Anyhow, I was glad to be instrumental in procuring a Government Pension +of £300 a year for Lady Burton, and in this way. At a meeting of the +Council of the Royal Geographical Society, Sir Mountstuart E. Grant +Duff, the then President, said that private information had reached him +(of which he mentioned some details) that Government would be disposed +to grant a pension to Lady Burton if a good case could be made out +relating to Burton’s services to science, and if the Council of the +Society were to back it. Would any one undertake to carry this through? +No one answered, so he addressed himself to me personally, asking if I +would. I expressed a cordial desire to help, but feeling at the moment +too ignorant of the views of competent authorities concerning Burton’s +linguistic knowledge (on which much emphasis had been laid), and of much +else that might with advantage be advanced in his favour, was unable to +answer off-hand, but willingly undertook to inquire and report. This I +did, asking the opinions of many, with the result that Burton’s knowledge +of vernacular Arabic and other languages was considered to be unequalled, +but not his classical knowledge of them, and that it was better to rest +his claims on his wide discursiveness rather than on any one specified +performance. I followed this advice, and my Report formed the basis of +the proposed application, which in due course gained its end. My own +acquaintance with Lady Burton was slight, and my memories of her husband +refer chiefly to his unmarried days. + +Several of us subscribed to have a public memorial of Speke, and obtained +a plot in Kensington Gardens to place it. It now stands in the form of +an obelisk, by the side of the broad gravel walk leading northwards +from the Albert Memorial. There was much difficulty in selecting an +inscription which should not arouse criticism, for there were still +those who maintained with Burton that Speke had not discovered the true +source of the Nile. Lord Houghton solved the difficulty by simplifying +the proposed legend to “Victoria Nyanza and the Nile,” which words the +obelisk now bears. + +Speke, Burton, Grant, Baker, Livingstone, and Stanley are all gone; I +wish it could be arranged to make a joint and interesting memorial of our +great African explorers in the plot where Speke’s obelisk now stands in +neglected solitariness. It would not require more than two or three extra +yards on either side, parallel to the Grand Walk, and the same in depth, +to give room for this, and to allow of the growth of a few hardy plants +suggestive of tropical vegetation, with pathways between them. England +has done so very much for African geography that she ought to bring the +fact home to the national conscience. When Burton died, and again when +Stanley died, I made the suggestion that a memorial should be erected by +the side of that of Speke, or that appropriate inscriptions should be +added, but I heard on good authority that it would be most distasteful +to the representatives of both Speke and Grant to do so. Many long years +have since passed, and it may be hoped that hard feelings will soften in +time and permit what many like myself would consider a laudable and pious +act. + +I have mentioned the names of Livingstone and Stanley, and here again I +have something to say. The popular opinion has been that Livingstone was +left to his fate without adequate care on the part of his countrymen to +succour him, and that he was rescued owing to the zeal of the proprietor +of an American newspaper and the hardihood of his employee, Mr., +afterwards Sir Henry, Stanley. + +I was on the Council of the Royal Geographical Society during all +the time in question, and can testify to our extreme desire to help +Livingstone, but in his later years he had become difficult to meddle +with. He had a brusque resentment against anything that might be +construed into patronage, feeling, as I understood, that he had been +over-much “exploited” by his admirers. There was great fear among those +in the Council who knew him better than I did, that he might be annoyed +at any attempt to relieve him, and would resent it yet more bitterly +than Emin Bey subsequently resented Stanley’s compulsory relief. Again, +there was no reason to suppose Livingstone to be in serious want. He was +thoroughly accustomed to natives of the widely dispersed Bantu race, +among whom he probably then was. He travelled without a large party or +other encumbrance, so that the favour of even a single chief, such as +he might reasonably expect to gain, would amply suffice for his wants. +Besides this, he had not cared to write, and there was no knowing where +a man like him might be, who had already walked right across Africa +and back again. So whenever the question was discussed formally, or +otherwise, it seemed better to defer action till some intelligence of his +wishes and whereabouts had been received. In the meantime, acting upon +his own data and reasonings, the proprietor of the _New York Herald_ +sent the expedition, whose progress is described in Stanley’s book, and +which ended so successfully for Livingstone. One wishes that the whole +thing could have been effected with less secrecy in the beginning, and +less ostentation and comparison of Americans and English to the prejudice +of the latter. + +When the box of native make that contained Livingstone’s remains was +brought to England by Cameron, it was deposited in the rooms of the Royal +Geographical Society, and a most pathetic sight it was. Many wished to +be present at its opening, but Sir Bartle Frere, then the President, +determined that no opportunity should be given for journalistic +description, and refusing to himself the painful gratification of +witnessing it, limited the spectators to very few. Sir William Fergusson, +the great operator, was deputed to dissect the arm-bone at the place +where the lion had broken it, as means of identification. I forget who +were the others. They included some members of Livingstone’s family, and +Mr. Webb of Newstead Abbey, a great sportsman and friend of Livingstone, +familiar with the locality of the injured bone. I think these were all. + +The pathos of Livingstone’s interment in Westminster Abbey was painfully +marred by the use of a conventional coffin and other funeral upholstery. +Had he been buried in the box rudely made by natives, that had conveyed +his remains from the far interior to the Coast and told its own tale, the +ceremony would have been incomparably more touching. + +I should have an ungrateful task if I had to speak at length of Stanley’s +travels down the Congo. His journey was first described at Brighton at +a large meeting of the Geographical Section of the British Association, +of which I was the President. The ex-Emperor and Empress of the French +were among the audience. So much mystery had been preserved beforehand +about it that none of us had a conception of what was coming, which +is quite contrary to usual procedure. Mr. Stanley had other interests +than geography. He was essentially a journalist aiming at producing +sensational articles, and it was feared from the newspaper letters +he had already written that he might utilise the opportunity in ways +inappropriate to the British Association. However, the meeting went off +without more misadventure than a single interference on my part, but +under some tension. I will not enter further into this. + +It is highly necessary to the credit of a Society that its Council +should, as a rule, and always when there is any misgiving, exact that +the papers about to be read should be referred to experts and favourably +reported on. The Society gives a pulpit, as it were, to the speaker, +and in its turn has a right to exact precautions that these advantages +should not be abused. I cannot understand to this day how that strange +individual, Rougemont, obtained permission to read his fantastic, perhaps +half-hallucinatory paper about the coral reefs and treasures in Australia +before the British Association. Putting every other improbability for the +moment to one side, the “Art-of-Travel” impossibilities in his story, as +in the construction of his raft, would have made me scrutinise with a +very wary eye all the rest that he said. + +I may mention a ludicrous but discreditable incident at a meeting of +the Geographical Section of the British Association, which the timely +reference of a paper before it was allowed to be read might perhaps +have prevented. It was in Cambridge in 1862. Sir Roderick Murchison had +been nominated as President of the Section, but fell ill just before +the meeting, and I was nominated and elected in his stead. Mr. W., a +Fellow of King’s College, had been entrusted with the MSS of a recently +deceased Oriental Professor, including a memoir on the inscription upon +a stone near Aberdeen. It was well known to antiquarians, and had long +puzzled them; the Professor declared it to be Phenician. The title of +the Geographical Section then included the already obsolete words “and +Philology,” so it was technically correct that the paper should be read +there. Mr. W. called on me, most desirous, as he said, for the honour of +the Association that a paper by so distinguished a University Professor +should be read before it. I demurred, saying that it was doubtful whether +a single member of the Committee knew a word of Phenician, or were able +to discuss its merits. In reply to the question whether that language +was really sufficiently well understood to justify a translation, he +assured me it was, and mentioned two great works in German, of which I +knew nothing, in proof. I still hesitated, but said that if the Committee +should agree to accept the communication, I would offer no objection, and +they did agree, under the spell of Mr. W.’s eloquence; so the paper was +accepted. + +When I took the chair the next day, the zeal of Mr. W. was conspicuous +in the diagrams he had hung round the walls like a frieze. Each diagram +contained a representation of one of the 35 or so characters. Below it +was its Hebrew equivalent, and below all was a free translation, in which +I noted there were more words than there were letters in the original, +and my misgivings grew. The paper proved to be long and tedious, as +papers on antiquarian subjects often are, and the audience melted away. +At length the reporters could stand it no longer, and most fortunately +left also. The audience was then reduced to a mere handful of persons, +and when the paper was finished Mr. C. rose, who was a recognised +authority on Greek manuscripts, and said that he had no pretensions +in respect to a knowledge of Phenician, but as a mere question of +resemblance it struck him that the characters (which he pointed out) +seemed to him less like the alleged Hebrew equivalents than to the +letters forming the Greek word ALEXANDROS. There was no doubt he was +right, and the small audience tittered. In the meantime the Secretary, a +well-known antiquarian, became more and more excited, and jumped up as +soon as Mr. C. had sat down, and exclaimed, “Phenician!” (Contemptuous +grunt.) “Greek!” (Another different and equally contemptuous grunt.) +“Can you not read ‘HIC JACET’?” and I must say his reading seemed to me +the least forced of the three. I think all of us felt utterly ashamed. +Had the reporters been present, the fun that could have been made by +the newspapers out of the incident would have been a disaster to the +credit of the Association. The Reports of that meeting in the Journal of +the Association have been so toned down that no one would suspect from +reading them what really took place. + +My connection with the Royal Geographical Society was a long one, and I +served for many years on its Council, but the time came when my deafness +was an insuperable bar to utility. On Sir Clement Markham becoming +President, he very kindly offered me the vacant post of Trusteeship, +which carries with it a permanent place on the Council, and is not +practically a burden; but I was compelled to decline, and have taken +no direct part in furthering its interests since that time, but have +confined my work to other pursuits. + +I had a hand in many actions of the Society. In its earlier years there +was good cause of complaint as to the method in which the Society +was being worked. Mr. Spottiswoode and myself were the Joint Hon. +Secretaries, and the necessary reform was only brought about by our +simultaneous resignation on the ground that our urgent remonstrances were +shelved by the then President. It was agreed between us that, to save +appearances, Spottiswoode should continue to act for a short time longer, +being earnestly requested to do so. + +In due course a new Assistant Secretary was appointed, and after some +failures to secure a man capable of worthily filling that important post, +we had the good fortune to find and appoint Mr. H. W. Bates (1825-1892). +He was remarkably well informed on geographical matters, had been a +considerable traveller in companionship with Alfred Russell Wallace in +South America, and was one of the first to show that the mimicry of +insects was developed as a means of protection. I look back with the +greatest pleasure to my long and close association with Mr. Bates in the +work of the Royal Geographical Society. His death was a great loss and +a great blow to many friends. He and another friend only just dead were +exceptionally slow in finding the exact word they wished to use. Yet +both of them, in despite of slowness of utterance, succeeded in giving +an exact notion of their views in a briefer time than any one else I can +think of. Their sentences were a standing lesson to avoid superfluity of +words when making explanations. + +One new and successful attempt that I set on foot was the intervention +of the Royal Geographical Society in geographical education. I began +with public schools, having talked the matter well over with W. F. +Farrar, then a master at Harrow. He thought the idea quite feasible. Then +I had much help from the Hon. G. Brodrick, and encouragement from my +brother-in-law, George Butler, then Headmaster of Liverpool College, who +shared the belief of Dr. Arnold in the value of geography, if properly +taught. That was by no means the general view, which was rather that +geography lent itself to cram more easily than any other subject, and +that it was hardly possible to set real problems in it, that should +compel thought. + +The upshot of all was, that the Royal Geographical Society offered an +annual gold medal to be competed for by boys belonging to a considerable +number of invited schools—in fact to all of the public schools properly +so called. The examiners for the medal were annually appointed by the +Society. The medal in the first year was won by the present Provost of +Glasgow University, Dr. Donald Macalister; that in the second by George +Grey Butler, son of my brother-in-law, and for many years Chief Examiner +of the Education Office. The medals were continued for some years, but +they were said to do incidental harm by tempting the masters of schools +of the second rank to divert their best scholars to geography in order to +gain _éclat_ for the school, thereby interfering with their career in the +more generally recognised and bread-winning studies of ordinary education. + +The medals were therefore discontinued, and the efforts of the Society +were directed to the Universities. I helped in this at first, but Mr. +Brodrick and Mr. Douglas Freshfield and others took the matter more +thoroughly in hand. After a little while, Mr. MacKinder, now Head of the +Department of Economics of the University of London, applied for and +gained the post of “Reader” in Geography in the University of Oxford, +and he rapidly improved the quality of geographical teaching. General, +afterwards Sir Richard Strachey, then President of the Royal Geographical +Society, inaugurated the introduction of geography into the University +of Cambridge by four lectures. I believe the subject has now gained a +firm footing in both Universities. To say the least of it, a thorough +knowledge of classical lands, such as can be conveyed by first-rate maps, +models, and diagrams, must be helpful to classical students. + + + + +CHAPTER XV + +BRITISH ASSOCIATION + + Its function and merits—My connection with and indebtedness to + it—Sir William Grove + + +I have been connected with the British Association more or less +intimately during many years, four times as President of a Section or +“Department,” once as deliverer of a Lecture, a member of its Council +almost from my return from South Africa, then from 1863 to 1867 as its +General Secretary, and afterwards as an official member of its Council. + +The Association affords what is often the most appropriate means of +ventilating new ideas. It can create a Committee with or without a +grant of money, giving to its proposer the title either of Chairman +or Secretary, which clothes him with an authority that an unknown +individual would lack, when making inquiries of public bodies at home or +abroad. It also provides him with colleagues to discuss and criticise +results before they are finally published. A good example of these +advantages may be found in the Report of the Anthropometric Committee, +which has afforded standard data up to the present time, for the chief +physical characteristics of the inhabitants of the British Isles. The +hard work carried on in its name was mainly performed by Mr. Roberts, +its Secretary, who wrote a book afterwards in which his results were +included. He was greatly helped by Sir Rawson Rawson, who was a member +of the Committee. The rest of the Committee did little more than discuss +subjects and methods, but even that little was helpful. I was its +Chairman, but claim no more than an insignificant share in its success. + +Again, many years later, in 1888-1889, I was desirous that a proposal +of mine should be seriously considered, of awarding marks for physical +efficiency in competitive literary examinations. I read my memoir, the +Association took it up, and the results of some experiments at Eton and +many valuable communications were received in reply, including a careful +minute from a high authority of the War Office. These convinced me that +although the proposal had strong _a priori_ claims to consideration, it +did not merit acceptance; so it was dropped. + +Many other examples of a similar kind could be quoted, some failing, +most succeeding. The British Association in its early days was of still +greater value than it is now. At that time locomotion was tedious, +and the numerous scientific societies of the present day that issue +frequent publications had not come into existence. Local men of science +who had been socially overlooked were brought forward to their rightful +position by its means. It has frequently happened that an improvement in +a town was furthered or even initiated through a visit of the British +Association. The papers read there and discussions upon them are not the +most important part of its work. The Reports of the Committees appointed +by it are as a rule far more valuable than ordinary memoirs, and so are +the Presidential Addresses, but perhaps the most useful function of the +British Association lies in causing persons who are occupied in different +branches of science, and who rarely meet elsewhere, to be jostled +together and to become well acquainted. Its organisation was a wonderful +feat, for it was created upon paper, and has required nothing ever since +beyond a little easing and extension here and there. + +The plan of one meeting is as like that of another as two Roman camps. +On entering the reception-room, time seems to have stood still, for the +same familiar faces are seen in the same places; the placards that refer +to letters, to programmes, to excursions and to the other multifarious +business of the Association, are similarly arranged, so after the +experience of a single year a member finds himself at home on every +future occasion. But the sustained racket of it is great, and I found it +too long continued for my own nerves. I had a complete breakdown when I +was General Secretary, which compelled me to resign what otherwise was a +very pleasant post: it would have been playing with death had I continued +to hold it. + +My period of office began at the time when the old order of supreme +management by a few magnates was giving way to a more democratic +government. Its earlier and distinguished members, such as Sabine and +Murchison, had naturally so much weight in Council that when they were +active and in close touch with their juniors their opinions were sure to +prevail. So the duty of a General Secretary in those days was to consult +a few of the more eminent persons at first, and again at the close, +with the almost complete assurance that whatever names were suggested +with their approval, whether as President, Presidents of Sections, or +Lecturers, would be accepted by the Council. These consultations with +many able men were very instructive. They showed the striking differences +between the points of view from which original minds may regard the same +topic. Unconventionality seems to be a marked characteristic of such +minds; I have noticed it elsewhere and very often. + +Among the features of the Association meetings was the “Red Lion” Club, +in which clever buffoonery was freely indulged. It was instituted by +Edward Forbes (who was rather before my time, and whom I never had the +pleasure of knowing). The governing idea was that its members were +really lions, acquainted with one another, who had met by chance, during +their prowls, in a town where strange proceedings were in progress. The +speakers described what they had witnessed, speaking as it were from a +superior and leonine pedestal. + +I have only attended two of these meetings; in one the buffoonery of +Monckton Milnes (afterwards Lord Houghton) was of a first-class order. So +also was the humorous sarcasm of Professor W. K. Clifford (1845-1879), +the mathematician, also the mimicry of Mr., afterwards Sir, W. Chandler +Roberts Austen, an accomplishment that it amazed me to find he possessed. +Subsequently, on talking about it, he made the shrewd remark that a +useful way of understanding a man’s character was to mimic his ways, +and that he frequently mimicked new acquaintances in his imagination for +that purpose. This seems to me very subtle and true. If we want to raise +in our minds a quick sympathy, say, for a friend’s tale of grief, we +instinctively screw our features into an expression of sorrow, and the +required emotion follows almost as a matter of course. It is needless to +dwell on the existence of accomplished hypocrites, who screw their faces +without the slightest desire to evoke the feeling they appear to express. + +My last attempt to utilise the British Association failed owing to my +increasing age and infirmities. I wanted to methodise the preservation +of records of pedigree stock to serve as data for future inquiries, +and wrote memoirs (147, 148) on the subject, in which I showed that +photographs of animals, taken under certain simple and feasible +conditions, afforded means of calculating their measurements with +considerable exactitude, as tested by myself on horses. I took great +pains, and was given facilities for photography at one of the great horse +shows at the Agricultural Hall. The attempt was perfectly successful +in essentials, though several alterations of detail were suggested by +that experience, but the effort was far too much for my health. Most of +these exhibitions are held during the winter months, and, being now very +liable to bronchitis, I found it quite impossible to endure the draughty +passages and other discomforts during that season. I could not delegate +it to my satisfaction, so was obliged, to my great regret, to abandon all +further attempts in that direction, otherwise some useful work might have +been done. + +The hospitality afforded during the visits of the British Association +is always great, but I fear often onerous and unwelcome to the hosts, +however carefully their courtesy may conceal such feelings. I have +to be grateful for many apparently cordial receptions of this kind. +One of the simplest and yet most effective was given at Birmingham by +Charles Evans, afterwards Canon of Worcester, but then Headmaster of +King Edward’s School, where we had been schoolfellows. The building had +abundant accommodation, and he got together a very distinguished party. +The food provided was plain, but well cooked and plenty of it. A large +luncheon table with cold meat was at the disposal of any of the guests +who wished to bring friends with him. There was no display, but abundance +everywhere, and perfect freedom. Few, except masters of large public +schools, could have arranged and carried out such a programme as well and +easily as he did. + +I have been asked twice to act as President of the Association. On +the first occasion my name was formally proposed by the officers of +the Association to the Council at which I was then sitting, but I was +conscious of my limitations in respect to health, and with many thanks +declined, even though some pressure was kindly put on me. On the second +occasion, and much more lately, I was actually nominated in my absence, +with the offer of most thoughtful arrangements to diminish fatigue, but I +had again to decline still more emphatically than before, as my powers of +work and endurance had in the meantime become smaller and my deafness had +increased. + +It is an office that affords an excellent stage from which to address +the public, because the Presidential Address is usually printed more or +less in full, and commented on in the leading newspapers, while long +extracts from it are given in all of them. It is also an office that +carries considerable responsibilities, and one where very useful work +may be done by its holder. It requires, however, a more genial speaker +at ceremonial meetings than myself, where I simply hate having to come +forward. My infirmities have prevented me from attending any of the +meetings of the British Association for many past years. + +The Addresses of the Presidents of the Association differ much, as +might be expected, in interest and importance. One that gained unusual +attention, owing to its simplicity and sterling value, was that of Sir +William Grove, of whom I will take this occasion to speak. + +The late Justice Sir William Grove (1811-1896) is one of those to whom I +owe most for sympathy in my inquiries, for helpful criticisms, and for +long-continued friendship. His early work as chemist and electrician, +his masterly book on the “Correlation of Physical Forces,” when the idea +was novel that heat, electricity, force, etc., were convertible into +one another, and his resolute and successful labours to raise the worth +of the Royal Society, promoted him easily into the very first rank of +scientific men. At a subsequent time, when he was seriously considering +whether or no he should abandon the legal profession, he was unexpectedly +promoted to a judgeship, the object of the appointment being to secure +a judge capable of dealing with the technicalities of Patent cases. The +result, as he told me, and as I have heard elsewhere, was that not a +single Patent case was brought into his Court. Presumably he was dreaded +by both sides on account of his searching questions. + +It was his practice to rent a large house and shooting during the autumn +vacation, and he most hospitably asked my wife and myself to make long +visits to him during three autumns. On the first of these an incident +occurred which might have ended, but which confirmed, his friendship; +namely, the sudden and most severe illness of my wife. The prompt and +continuous care shown to her by every member of the family at that time +in the house, called for my warmest gratitude. Sir William’s second son, +who was then a young man, but now a highly distinguished officer, rode +several miles to the nearest town, summoned the doctor, and brought back +a bag of ice on horseback. Sir William’s daughter, Mrs. Hills, nursed +her with every possible care for some weeks, until she was sufficiently +convalescent to bear removal. Recovery at length ensued, but serious +weakness remained, which continued up to her death, nearly forty years +later. + +One of Sir William Grove’s achievements was that of being the main agent, +in 1847, of changing the character of the governing body of the Royal +Society. It had become too aristocratic, dating from the long presidency +of Sir Joseph Banks, and its elections were guided by favour. The +struggle between two opposed principles became one between the supporters +of different candidates. It was a near contest, but the reform party +gained the day. They signalised the memory of their triumph by founding +the “Philosophical Club” for the use of the reformers, in distinction to +the older Royal Society Club. Both were merely dining clubs that met on +the evenings of Royal Society meetings, and they were held on alternate +weeks. I, like many others, was a member of both. The members of the +Philosophical Club were limited in number to forty-seven, as a reminder +of the date of its foundation. This controversy is now quite obsolete, +and the two clubs have become amalgamated. + +Another very important reform that Sir William Grove carried through +on this occasion, was to limit the number of elections to the Royal +Society to fifteen in each year, it having been found that fifteen annual +elections corresponded to the losses by death; so the average number of +Fellows would thereby remain unchanged. It was the firm opinion of Sir +William Grove, which I fully share, that the only feasible way of keeping +a standard of qualification from being lowered is to limit the number of +selected candidates, for it is scarcely possible to define a standard in +words. The question has lately been raised whether fifteen is not too +small a number now. On that point I have no up-to-date knowledge that +would justify an opinion, but when I served on the Council of the Royal +Society many years ago, and the number of candidates averaged little more +than fifty, it happened that about twelve out of the fifteen were elected +at the first ballot, but there was often considerable delay in fixing +upon the remainder. So it seemed that fifteen was a somewhat high number +then, but this year there were as many as a hundred candidates. Certainly +no one has been elected since 1847 to the Fellowship of the Royal +Society who has not done a large amount of sound work, and the credit of +the Society has been continuously maintained at a high level. + +Many persons imagine in their innocence that when any one appends letters +to his name testifying to his being a Fellow of one or more learned +societies that he is necessarily a scientific expert. This is true for +hardly any other society than the Royal. In all others the letters show +little more than that the person who uses them is sufficiently interested +in the sciences in question to make it worth his while to pay an annual +subscription. I have served on the Councils of many of these societies, +and can only recall two cases in which a proposed candidate was _not_ +elected. In the one, the man had been imprisoned for a grave offence; in +the other, he was a wastrel well known to avoid paying his debts. + +Many pleasant days have been spent by me under the hospitable roof of +Mr. and Mrs. Hills. She was, as already mentioned, a daughter of Sir +William Grove, and has been one of my closest friends ever since the +terrible illness of my wife mentioned above. Her husband, Judge Hills, +died very recently. He was a judge in Alexandria, where he resided during +the larger part of the year, but returned every autumn to exercise +hospitality in England. + +The conversational powers of Sir William Grove were remarkable when +he was sufficiently excited to show them to advantage. One evening, +before going to a distant meeting of the British Association, he, +Professor Huxley, and myself, dined together at the same table at the +Athenæum. Never, before or since, have I heard such rapid and continuous +conversational sword-play. The sudden thrusts, the quick parries and +counter-thrusts, were extraordinarily dexterous. I regret my inability +to recall more than this general impression, without any of the actual +sentences. + + + + +CHAPTER XVI + +KEW OBSERVATORY AND METEOROLOGY + + General Sir E. Sabine—Sextants and watches—Now merged into + National Physical Laboratory—Meteorological Committee, + subsequently Council of the Board of Trade—Self-recording + instruments, reduction of their tracings—Henry Smith + + +An early friendship that exercised great influence in shaping my future +scientific life was that of General, afterwards Sir Edward, Sabine, R.A., +and President of the Royal Society. At the time of which I am speaking +he was its Treasurer; he also held two offices, in both of which I was +his successor after some years. They were the Chairmanship of the Kew +Observatory and the Secretaryship of the British Association, as already +mentioned. General Sabine (1788-1883) devoted himself to the study +of magnetism, to its geographical distribution and its periodic and +irregular variations. He had joined an Arctic Expedition for the express +purpose of making exact magnetical observations in high latitudes, and +he had inspired zealous and capable men, at various stations about the +globe, to establish a system of continuous and comparable observations. +This involved careful examinations of the refined instruments about to be +employed, and of instruction in their use. Means for doing all this were +established by him at Kew. + +The history of the Kew Observatory is far too complicated to be fully +described here. It was first instituted owing to the desire of many of +the foremost men in physical science, in the early days of the British +Association, to have access to a place where physical experiments might +be made, and new instruments tested. The Observatory stands in the Old +Deer Park, Richmond, adjoining the Kew Gardens. It was originally built +for the amusement of George III., while he was more or less insane, and +it was begged for by the philosophers and allotted by Government to their +use. Its maintenance was defrayed by considerable grants annually voted +by the British Association, that mounted at one time to as much as £600. +This became far too onerous a charge for their means, so various changes +were made in its government and maintenance. At length it fell into the +hands of the Royal Society, and was managed by a committee appointed +by that body from among its members. It paid its way by charges made +for standardising instruments, supplemented by occasional grants. Later +on, the interest of a handsome endowment of £10,000 made by Mr. J. P. +Gassiott, of whom more presently, placed it in a fairly firm position. + +At the time when Sir Edward Sabine caused me to become a member of +the Managing Committee, the Kew Observatory had obtained, through +his exertions, a high and wide reputation for the exactness of the +observations made there, and it had become the place where the outfits +of all magnetic observatories, English and foreign, were standardised, +and where intending observers were instructed. It was, in fact, the +Central Magnetic Observatory of the world. It held an almost equally +strong position in respect to the delicate pendulum apparatus by which +the force of gravity is measured at different places on the globe, and +again with regard to standard thermometers and meteorological instruments +generally. Its Managers were eager to extend its operations to any kind +of self-paying scientific experiment. Any person desirous of having a +new invention tested could get it well done there at a cost that just +repaid the trouble, subject, of course, to the permission of the Managing +Committee and to the leisure of the staff. + +One of the first things that I busied myself about, when I joined it, +was to establish means for standardising sextants and other angular +instruments. The cheaper kinds of these were unnecessarily bad, and many +of the more costly were by no means so good as they should be for their +price. I thought at first of utilising heliostats to give sharp points +of reference by adjusting minute mirrors at distant points, flashing the +sun on to them from larger mirrors at the Observatory, and using the +return flashes as the points of reference. One of these small mirrors +was fixed to the south obelisk, within a cage which may still be there. +This arrangement was so far successful that beautiful stars of light were +produced in response to flashes from the Observatory, but the uncertainty +of sunshine in our climate showed the method to be of little practical +value. Then Messrs. Cooke of York, who were among the foremost makers of +large telescopes, devised an arrangement with collimators and artificial +light. They made one for Kew, which is contained within a small dark +room, and has acted perfectly, to a considerable improvement in the make +of the cheaper sextants. + +Another thing that I did was to contrive an apparatus by which +thermometers could be rapidly and yet very accurately verified, and +by which from ten to twenty thousand clinical thermometers are still +annually tested. Mr. De la Rue gave me help in devising this. The few +pence gained on each of these many thermometers amounted to a respectable +sum, and confirmed the solvency of the institution, whose margin of +profit over loss was always small and had been precarious. We were thus +in a better position to extend our work and to add to our instruments, +and we did so. + +Another operation which I was among the first, if not the first, to +suggest, was the rating of watches. This has been a real success. The +performances of watches, when we first took the matter in hand, was by no +means proportionate to their cost, more than one highly ornamented and +expensive time-keeper failing to obtain a class-place equal to that of +others of much inferior pretensions. Now a Kew certificated watch has a +special and recognised value, and the makers of valuable watches are far +more on their mettle than they used to be. + +The influence of the Kew verifications as time went on extended in +many other directions, as by testing the performance of telescopes and +opera-glasses supplied to the army and navy, in order to ascertain +whether their capabilities were up to the specified standard. Mariners’ +compasses of complicated and delicate construction were also dealt with. +A beautiful apparatus devised by Sir Wm. Abney and Major Leonard Darwin +was subsequently set up to test photographic lenses, and to enable +appropriate certificates to be given them. + +So the institution throve, and was a “going concern,” but it was wholly +unequal in its scale to the rapidly growing requirements of the day. +This feeling found expression in the Anniversary Address to the British +Association in 1895, by my cousin Sir Douglas Galton; powerful support +was given to his suggestions and efforts, and finally the Kew Committee +was merged into the much larger and more important National Physical +Observatory, under the directorship of Mr. Glazebrook, which swallowed at +a single gulp the whole of our thrifty savings. + +I look back with pleasure to my long connection with the Kew Observatory, +for its Committee always consisted of very capable men, who gave time +without stint to the discussion of the new questions which continually +arose, and which could be answered by experts only. + +Mr. Gassiott (1797-1877), of whom I have spoken, succeeded Sir Edward +Sabine as its Chairman. He was remarkable for solid sense and business +acumen, and played a considerable part in the work of the Royal Society. +His experiments on electric discharges in quasi-vacuo were very +beautiful, and thought highly of at the time. He was a striking instance +of the combination of scientific research with the direction of an +important business, for he was one of the principal wine merchants, and +said to be the largest importer of port wine in London. + +Another instance of the same combination was his successor in the same +office, Mr. Warren De la Rue (1815-1889), the famous stationer, whose +mechanical ingenuity, artistic taste, and business habits were most +valuable. I have served with him on various Councils, where his help and +influence were always felt. I shall have shortly again to speak of him. +The pretty Kew monogram was his design. + +I became Chairman of the Observatory in succession to Mr. De la Rue in +1889, and held that post until 1901, when it ceased to be an independent +body. The Observatory has been fortunate in its particularly able +Superintendents, Sir Francis Ronalds of electric fame, Dr. Balfour +Stewart, subsequently Professor at Owen’s College, Manchester, Mr. +Whipple, a man of considerable natural gifts, and Dr. Chree, now +President of the Physical Society. Many members of their staff were very +trustworthy and valuable officials. + +Much interest in the laws of the weather had been aroused long previously +to 1860, and it was then clearly understood by those who studied them +that future progress depended on securing numerous observations made +at the same moment, during many years, at stations scattered over +a wide area. The popular book of Maury in America and the writings +of Admiral FitzRoy drew attention to this need; and Le Verrier, the +French astronomer, issued daily charts of the Atlantic, based on such +observations as he could obtain from ships and coast stations. But these +were so few compared to the area over which they were scattered, and so +unequally distributed, that too much guess-work was needed to combine +their information into coherent and reasonable systems. + +The only fairly well understood feature in those times, of movements +of the air, was that of the cyclone, or the huge tropical whirlwind +carrying destruction with it. It had been observed that when these +whirlwinds occurred in the northern hemisphere they circled in the +opposite direction to that of the hands of a clock, round a centre of low +barometric pressure, and therefore round an area of uprush of heated and +moist air, accompanied, as it would be, with heavy rains. This circling +was justly attributed to the spherical shape of the earth in combination +with its easterly rotation. An indraught, coming from the direction of +the equator, was impressed with an excess of easterly movement, and one +from the nearest pole with a deficiency; in other words, the latter +had a westerly movement relatively to the place of observation. The +observed twist was the necessary result of their coming together. An +opposite direction of twist occurred, as would have been expected, in +the two hemispheres; in the southern one, the whirlwind circled round +the area of uprush in the same direction as the hands of a clock. It was +also surmised, that the direction of the wind in ordinary weather was +everywhere governed by the same twisting conditions as in the terrible +cyclones of the tropics, where it had first been noticed. + +I felt greatly disposed to examine more closely into these movements of +the air, and it occurred to me that enough help for the purpose might be +obtained in Europe from existing observatories, light-houses, and ships +in the neighbouring seas. They would enable an experimental map to be +made thrice daily for a month, in which the observations should be at +stations much closer together than those in the maps of Le Verrier, and +yet would embrace a sufficiently large area to exhibit the details of a +complete weather system. I took a great deal of pains about this, and +finally succeeded in 1862 in obtaining what was wanted. + +It was with no small eagerness that I set to work to map out the data. +The month began under cyclonic conditions; then, to my intense delight, +as that system passed by, it was followed by a condition of affairs the +exact opposite to the cyclone, and supplementary to it. The cyclone, as +already said, is an uprush of air, associated with a low barometer and +clouds, due to the hot and moist air becoming chilled as it rose, and it +was fed, as just described, by an indraught with an anti-clock-ways twist +in the northern hemisphere. That which I now found, during the latter +part of the month in question, was a downrush of air associated with a +high barometer and a clear sky, and with an outflow having a clock-ways +twist. The one system was clearly supplementary to the other. So in the +memoir I contributed on the subject to the Royal Society[16], I called +the newly discovered system an “Anti-cyclone.” Speaking broadly, the +whole of the movements of the lower strata of the air are now looked upon +as a combination of cyclones and anti-cyclones, which feed one another. +The name established itself at once, and is now familiar. + +The present daily weather charts of the _Times_, from data supplied by +the Meteorological Office, began to appear at a subsequent date, and +I took considerable part in their early construction. I had also made +many previous attempts to represent the distribution of the weather in +a form suitable for printing with movable types. With the aid of Mr. +W. Spottiswoode I had types cut for me of appropriate forms, and casts +from them were used in the set of my published charts based on the +above-mentioned data (_Meteorographica_ (Macmillan), 1863)[17], but these +were not a success. Later I tried the plan of cutting curves and arrows +in soft material by a drill pantagraph, whence casts might be taken for +printing. A drill pantagraph is made like an ordinary one, except that +the pencil is replaced by a drill, which is rotated by a string that +passes over the joints and does not hinder the movements of its arms. +I do not know whether this plan of making the weather maps is still +adopted. It was submitted to the _Times_ by the Meteorological Council, +through their Secretary, and I still have the first trial stereotype that +was cast on this principle. I heard that there was trouble at first in +finding a suitable soft material better than plaster of Paris and the +like, but that this difficulty of detail was soon overcome. + +I have already mentioned Admiral R. FitzRoy (1805-1865). He was captain +of the surveying ship _The Beagle_, whose name became familiar to +the public through Charles Darwin’s _Voyage of the “Beagle.”_ He had +always been most zealous in the advancement of weather forecasts and +storm warnings. The “cone” was his device. A Meteorological Office +was established under his superintendence in 1854, entirely owing to +his exertions, but it was on a very small scale. His publications +unfortunately failed in scientific solidity, and were occasionally +open to serious criticism. I myself ventured to attack them in some +particulars which it is needless now to recall. + +On his lamented death it was determined to reconstruct the office, and a +small Departmental Committee of the Board of Trade was named to consider +the question. It consisted of Mr., afterwards Lord, Farrer (1819-1899), +who was then the Secretary of the Board, the then Hydrographer, Captain, +afterwards Sir Frederick, Evans (1815-1885), and myself. We reported +in 1866, and I must here pay a tribute to the singular grasp and +thoroughness of Lord Farrer, whose occasional brief notes to me, in the +course of the inquiry, were models of clearness combined with cordiality. + +The result was the formation of a Meteorological Committee in 1868, +of which I was a member, for giving storm warnings to seaports, for +procuring data for marine charts of weather, and for maintaining +a few standard Observatories with self-recording instruments. An +annual grant was made to meet its expenses. This avowedly provisional +arrangement worked well for some years, when it was felt that the scope +of the Meteorological Committee ought to be somewhat enlarged and its +constitution reconsidered. So a second Government Committee was appointed +by the Board of Trade and the Treasury jointly, of which I was again a +member, and in consequence of their Report the “Meteorological Committee” +was changed into the “Meteorological Council,” with an enlarged grant. +It continued in this form until 1905, a little after I had retired from +it owing to increasing deafness. It has subsequently been modified anew, +and is now under the Directorship of Dr. W. N. Shaw, with a large +governing body, whose meetings are much less frequent than those of the +Council had been, and interfere less in details. + +My long connection with the able men with whom I co-operated for nearly +forty years on the Meteorological Committee and Council has given very +great pleasure to me, and I had the satisfaction in its earlier days, +when new instruments and methods were frequently called for, of being +able to do my full share of the work. I will mention only one or two +things about which I was much occupied, as examples. Part of our action +was to maintain a few well-equipped self-recording Observatories—that +is to say, where the instruments wrote down their own movements, +photographically or otherwise. For instance, a sheet of photographic +paper was moved slowly by clock-work in front of a barometer. The +barometer stood in front of a slit in a screen, with a lamp on the other +side. The light of the lamp passed freely through the empty portion +of the glass tube on to the sensitive paper, but was shut off by the +mercury. Hour lines were automatically marked upon the paper. The result +was technically called a photographic “tracing,” which showed at each +moment of time how the barometer then stood. An analogous contrivance was +adapted to every one of the other instruments. + +All the instrumental data were recorded by these tracings, but they were +much too cumbrous in form and size for easy comparison. The question +then arose whether it would not be possible to reduce these voluminous +documents and print them in a compendious yearly volume. If so, the +tracings would require very much more reduction in breadth than in +height, for the photographic mark made by the recorder was so broad that +the scale of the tracing had to be proportionately wide open; otherwise +the neighbouring irregularities would blur together. A sharp line drawn +along the middle of the tracings might, however, be much compressed +laterally and yet show all the irregularities distinctly. I designed a +compound drill pantagraph for the purpose, which reduced the tracings in +height independently of the reduction in length. One part of the machine +worked the drill forward and backwards, the other part moved the plate +from side to side upon which it worked. The result was to express the +tracings by fine grooves cut into a piece of soft metal. These were again +reduced by an ordinary pantagraph. The whole process required thinking +out in numerous details, but it proved quite a success. It is described +in the annual Report of the Meteorological Office for 1869. + +Squares of zinc, one for each day, were grooved by the drill pantagraph +so as to show every one of the data without confusion. They referred +to Wind Velocity and Direction, Barometric Height, Rainfall, Dry and +Wet Thermometer, together with a line to show the amount of Humidity +in the air, which was mechanically calculated from the combined traces +of the two thermometers. These squares were placed beneath a large and +beautifully designed German pantagraph, whose pointer was directed along +the grooves in the zinc, while the diamond point of the scribe scratched +the varnish on a copper plate, which was then etched by acid. The result +was to produce quarto copper plates, each containing the whole of the +instrumental data for each of the seven stations for five consecutive +days. The original tracings are reduced to the ratio of 6:1 in horizontal +and 2:1 in vertical measure. This work was steadily pursued for twelve +years, which is long enough to include a complete cycle of solar +sun-spots. The illustration is a facsimile of the upper two lines of one +page, from which the fourth and fifth days have been removed, for want of +space. + +It surprises me that meteorologists have not made much more use than +they have of these comprehensive volumes. But there is no foretelling +what aspect of meteorology will be taken up by the very few earnest and +capable men who work at it. Each of them wants voluminous data arranged +in the form most convenient for his own particular inquiry. + +[Illustration] + +I take this opportunity of mentioning another attempt of mine which was +not brought into practice but may hereafter be useful; at all events, +it is of interest. The object was to gain some knowledge of the upper +currents of the air, such as are now being obtained by small balloons +or kites, which carry self-recording instruments. It seemed to me that +the cloud made by a bursting shell fired high in the air over the sea, +at a little frequented part of the coast, as that of West Ireland, when +no vessel was within the possibility of damage from falling fragments, +ought to give what was needed. The first questions to be answered were +as to the height to which a shell of appropriate size could be sent, the +visibility of the result, and the cost of each experiment. Sir Andrew +Noble kindly undertook to make experiments for the Office, using a +10-pounder gun that happened to be at the Armstrong Works at Elswick. It +had been designed especially for shooting at balloons, and was furnished +with the necessary spring for preventing harm from recoil. The results +were very good and consistent. The shells burst at a constant height +of about 9000 feet, and gave a conspicuous and durable cloud of smoke, +whose drift could be easily seen and its rate calculated. I designed a +camera-obscura arrangement to do this conveniently. The recorded interval +of time between the explosion as seen and as heard, was an adequate +measure of the distance of the shell-burst. It could be ascertained with +more care when desired, and in more than one way. The cost of each shot +was about ten shillings. This method of observation was not followed +up, as none of the existing stations were thought suitable, and it was +difficult to find one that would be so, considering that easy telegraphic +connection with the Meteorological Office was a necessity. Again, the +method would be useless in cloudy weather. It may possibly be of future +service for inquiries into the varying thickness of the Trade winds in +particular localities. + +Yet another attempt of mine may be mentioned. Chiefly through the +initiative of Admiral FitzRoy, “Wind roses,” as they are called, +were calculated for the various Ocean districts, bounded by lines of +latitude and longitude 10 degrees apart. They formed adjacent rectangles +or “squares” in the maps used by seamen, which are always drawn on +“Mercator’s projection.” The “rose” consists of divergent spikes +directed towards each of the sixteen primary points of the compass, whose +several lengths are proportional to the frequency of winds in their +direction. A shade or other sign shows the proportion of the winds above +a specified strength. Consequently the roses afford means for judging +which of two competing courses receives, on the average, the greater +share of favourable winds. But it is no easy matter to calculate by +mother-wit the relative efficiency of the winds as expressed by roses, +upon the run of a ship along any particular course. Almost every wind +can be utilised to some degree; we want to know the aggregate effect in +the required direction of the average of the winds from all the sixteen +primary points. I showed how this could be found mechanically for any +ship whose sailing qualities were known, and suggested that “passage +roses” should be calculated for a typical vessel wherever wind roses +existed. I think this would have been taken in hand, had not steam begun +to largely supersede sails, and was doing so at a rapidly increasing rate. + +I was rather scandalised by finding how little was known to nautical men +of the sailing qualities of their own ships, along each of the sixteen +points of the compass, assuming a moderate sea, and a moderate wind +blowing steadily from one direction. I think, if I had a yacht, that this +would be the first point I should wish to ascertain in respect to her +performances. + +When the Meteorological Council was established, its first President +was that most accomplished classical scholar, as well as mathematician, +Professor Henry Smith (1826-1883) of Oxford, to whose memory the highest +tributes have been paid, notably by Sir Mountstuart E. Grant Duff. It was +delightful to watch his facility in dealing with difficulties, whether of +administration or expression. The Chairman usually has to remain in the +Office after the meetings are closed to write letters connected with what +has just been transacted. The Secretary, Mr. Robert Scott, was of course +present at those times, and he told me of a peculiarity of Henry Smith +that I should never have guessed, namely, that when an important letter +had to be written, it was his habit to begin by filling a half-sheet and +then tearing it up to begin afresh. I myself am very familiar with the +way in which the mind settles itself while writing the address and date +and the “Dear Sir,” but should have thought from the exceptional rapidity +of the ordinary working of Henry Smith’s mind that he would have been the +last person to need a long pause to give his ideas time to crystallise. + +Notwithstanding his multifarious duties and interests, he worked hard at +the inquiries of the moment. In one of these I was closely associated +with him, namely, in an attempt to analyse the extremely complex +system of ocean currents round the Cape and up the West Coast of South +Africa. They admit of being identified and distinguished partly by +their direction and partly by their temperature. Volumes of cold water +coming from the direction of the South Pole sometimes plunge far below +the surface and reappear in the midst of an otherwise unbroken surface +current. + +It was a great shock and grief to us all when, without previous +forewarning, intelligence reached us of Henry Smith’s death, after a +brief but singularly painful illness in 1883. + +We all looked to General, afterwards Sir Richard, Strachey (1817-1908) to +succeed him, which he did. He too has died only two days before I write +these lines. A prominent place ought to be given to him in my “Memories,” +for we have been connected in our pursuits very frequently and in +very different ways. He was one of the hardest and most unobtrusive +of workers, who exercised a powerful influence in many great matters, +especially in India, but shrank from publicity and ostentation. Like +most master minds, he had a characteristic way of looking at things that +is hard to describe. It often led to his taking an unpopular side in +discussions, though by treating the question very clearly from his own +point of view he caused his opinion to be at last accepted. He has been a +steadfast friend to me throughout my life. I cannot refrain from quoting +the official letter he wrote as Chairman of the Meteorological Council, +when I resigned my seat, it is so gracefully and kindly expressed. + + “METEOROLOGICAL OFFICE + _May 9, 1901_ + + “DEAR MR. GALTON,—The new body of Directors of the Office held + their first meeting on Wednesday, 24th April. In the letter + from the Royal Society notifying their appointment, there was a + paragraph intimating that the resignation of your seat on the + Council had been accepted. + + “It was only natural that the first act of the new body should + be to recall the long period during which you have occupied + a seat either on the original Meteorological Committee or + the Council, and to endorse, with the emphasis arising from + their full knowledge of your work, the appreciation which the + President and Council of the Royal Society recorded in their + letter. + + “It therefore becomes a duty, by which I am no little + honoured, to convey to you the feeling of the Council upon the + termination of your official services as a Member of the body + on which we have so long worked together. This task I undertake + with a full sense of the difficulty of adequately expressing + the extent to which the work of the Meteorological Office is + indebted for its success and utility to your services, which + have extended over thirty-four years. + + “It is no exaggeration to say that almost every room in the + Office and all its records give unmistakable evidence of the + active share you have always taken in the direction of the + operations of the Office. The Council feel that the same high + order of intelligence and inventive faculty has characterised + your scientific work in Meteorology that has been so + conspicuous in many other directions, and has long become known + and appreciated in all centres of intellectual activity. + + “With the Office entering upon a new phase of its service + to the public, it is impossible for the Council not to feel + that the work of the past thirty-four years has only opened + the way, as all good work does, for further development. I am + confident that you will still be interested in the success of + the undertaking in which you have had so great a share, and + the Council will value in the future, as they have done in the + past, any suggestion you may make about the work of the Office. + + “Believe me, very faithfully yours, + + “(Sgd.) RICHARD STRACHEY, _Chairman_” + +It is needless to say more than that I was greatly touched by this +letter. I was also so much impressed with its literary skill, that on +calling shortly after on Sir Richard I begged him, as a matter about +which I felt curious on purely literary grounds, to tell me its origin. +He said that it was really his own writing, though based on a draft +prepared at the Office, and added, “And it is all strictly true.” Persons +are to be envied who can express their feelings so gracefully as in that +letter. + + + + +CHAPTER XVII + +ANTHROPOMETRIC LABORATORIES + + Laboratory at the International Health Exhibition—That in the + Science Gallery, South Kensington—New instruments—Finger-prints + adopted by the Home Office—Letter from M. Alphonse Bertillon + + +My inquiries into hereditary genius, of which I shall speak in a later +chapter, were sufficiently advanced before the year 1865 to show the +pressing necessity of obtaining a multitude of exact measurements +relating to every measurable faculty of body or mind, for two generations +at least, on which to theorise. I therefore set myself to work in many +directions towards achieving this object, in some cases for immediate +use, in others to bear fruit hereafter. + +The first attempt was to stimulate schools to weigh and measure, which +was successful at Marlborough College, through the aid of the then +Headmaster, Dr. Farrar, afterwards Archdeacon of Westminster, and later +still Dean of Canterbury, who was enthusiastic about all improvements. +Subsequently, I wrote an article in the _Fortnightly Review_, March 1882, +beginning with, “When shall we have Anthropometric Laboratories, where a +man may from time to time get himself and his children weighed, measured, +and rightly photographed, and have each of their bodily faculties +tested, by the best methods known to modern science?” I went on to +describe what could be done in this way by existing methods, and what +more it was desirable to have. + +[Illustration: Sincerely yours + +Francis Galton] + +When the International Exhibition of 1884 was under consideration, +I offered to equip and maintain a Laboratory there, if a suitable +place were given, the woodwork set up, and the security of it taken +off my hands. This was done, and I arranged a long narrow enclosure +with trellis-work, in front and at its ends. A table ran alongside +the trellis-work on which the instruments were placed and where the +applicants were tested, and a passage was left between the table and +the wall. This gave a quasi-privacy, while it enabled outsiders to see +a little of what was going on inside. A doorkeeper stationed at one end +admitted a single applicant at a time, who had to pay threepence. The +superintendent took him through the tests in turn, and dismissed him at +the other end with his schedule filled up. Sometimes I helped him; then +two persons could be tested together, the one a little in advance of the +other. The arrangement worked smoothly, and the Laboratory was seldom +unemployed. + +The measurements dealt with Keenness of Sight and of Hearing; Colour +Sense, Judgment of Eye; Breathing Power; Reaction Time; Strength of Pull +and of Squeeze; Force of Blow; Span of Arms; Height, both standing and +sitting; and Weight. The ease of working the instruments that were used +was so great that an applicant could be measured in all these respects, +a card containing the results furnished him, and a duplicate made and +kept for statistical purposes, at the total cost of the threepenny fee, +already described, for admission. That just defrayed the working expenses. + +It is by no means easy to select suitable instruments for such a purpose. +They must be strong, easily legible, and very simple, the stupidity and +wrong-headedness of many men and women being so great as to be scarcely +credible. I used at first the instrument commonly employed for testing +the force of a blow. It was a stout deal rod running freely in a tube, +with a buffer at one end to be hit with the fist and pressing against a +spring at the other. An index was pushed by the rod as far as it entered +the tube in opposition to the spring. I found no difficulty whatever in +testing myself with it, but before long a man had punched it so much on +one side, instead of hitting straight out, that he broke the stout deal +rod. It was replaced by an oaken one, but this too was broken, and some +wrists were sprained. + +I afterwards contrived, and used in a subsequent Laboratory, a pretty +arrangement that gave the swiftness, though not the force of the blow, +with absolute safety, and which could be used for other limbs than the +arm. The hand held a thread, the other end of which was tied to an +elastic band, capable of pulling it back faster than any human hand could +follow; so the hand always _retarded_ its movement. Its speed was shown +by the height to which a bead, actuated by the string (it is needless to +explain details), was tossed up in front of a scale. This never failed, +and was perfectly easy to manipulate. + +The observations made in this Laboratory were of great use to me later +on. Four hundred complete sets are published in the _Anthropometric +Inst. Journal_ 1884[81], and afford good material for future use in many +ways. + +Among other instruments that I contrived then or subsequently, were small +whistles with a screw plug, for determining the highest audible note, the +limit of which varies much in different persons and at different ages. +A parcel of schoolboys might interchange very shrill and loud whistles +quite inaudibly to an elderly master. I found them to produce marked +effects on cats, and made many experiments at a house where I often +stayed, in which my bedroom window overlooked a garden much frequented by +them. My plan was to watch near the open window, and when a cat appeared +and had become quite unsuspicious and absorbed, to sound one of these +notes inaudible to most elderly persons. The cat was round in a minute. I +noticed the quickness and precision with which these animals direct their +eyes to the source of sound. It is not so with dogs. + +I contrived a hollow cane made like a walking stick, having a removable +whistle at its lower end, with an exposed indiarubber tube under its +curved handle. Whenever I squeezed the tube against the handle, air was +pushed through the whistle. I tried it at nearly all the cages in the +Zoological Gardens, but with little result of interest, except that it +certainly annoyed some of the lions. I have often met with persons who +perceived no purely audible sound when very high notes were sounded, +but who experienced a peculiar feeling of discomfort which I have +occasionally felt myself. This, I think, was the case with some of the +lions, who turned away and angrily rubbed their ears with their paws, +just as the persons of whom I have spoken often did with their hands. + +It was difficult to find a simple machine that would register the +length of Reaction Time—that is, the interval between a Stimulus and +the Response to it, say between a sharp sound and the pressure of +a responding finger on a key. I first used one of Exner’s earlier +instruments, but it took too much time, so I subsequently made one with a +pendulum. The tap that released the pendulum from a raised position made +the required sound,—otherwise it made a quiet sight-signal, whichever was +wished,—and the responding finger caused an elastic thread parallel to +the pendulum and swinging with it to be clutched and held fast, in front +of a scale, graduated to ⅟₁₀₀ths of a second. This acted well; there +was no jar from seizing the elastic thread, and the adjustments gave no +trouble. + +For testing the Muscular Sense, I used cartridges packed evenly with +cotton wool and with shot, so as to be exactly alike on the outsides but +of different weights. The weights ran in a regular geometric series, and +were broken up into sets of three. Each set lay in a grooved square of +wood, in any order; the test was to arrange them by the sense of their +heaviness, in their proper order, as shown by the inscriptions at one end +of each. This method acted quickly, because it was easy to judge by the +sometimes hesitating, sometimes decided manner in which a particular set +was handled, whether or no the differences were clearly perceived, and to +substitute others in turn more appropriate to the acuteness of sense of +the person tested. + +One hears so much about the extraordinary sensitivity of the blind, that +I was glad of an opportunity of testing a large number of children in an +asylum. The nature of the test was fully explained to them, and that the +most successful ones were to receive a sweetmeat. It was evident that all +did their best, but their performances fell distinctly short of those +of ordinary persons. I found afterwards a marked correlation between at +least this form of sensitiveness and general ability. + +After the Health Exhibition was closed in 1885, it seemed a pity that +the Laboratory should also come to an end, so I asked for and was +given a room in the Science Galleries of the South Kensington Museum. +I maintained a Laboratory there during about six years, and found an +excellent man, Sergeant Randal, for its Superintendent. Useful data were +obtained from this Laboratory, but I found that it ought to be either in +the hands of a trained scientific superintendent, who would be competent +to undertake much more refined measurements than mine were intended for, +or else that a great many more persons than I could tempt to attend +should be roughly measured. + +Some few notabilities came, among whom I would especially mention Mr. +Gladstone, whose measurements proved very acceptable to Mr. Brock the +sculptor, in making a posthumous statue of him for Liverpool. Mr. +Gladstone was amusingly insistent about the size of his head, saying that +hatters often told him that he had an Aberdeenshire head—“a fact which +you may be sure I do not forget to tell my Scotch constituents.” It was +a beautifully shaped head, though low, but after all it was not so very +large in circumference. Of those persons whom I have mentioned in the +foregoing chapters, the heads of William Spottiswoode and Mr. Gassiott +were larger round; Professor Sharpey’s was the largest of all. A slight +want of symmetry on which Mr. Gladstone laid stress was no peculiarity at +all, for the heads of normal persons are rarely quite symmetrical. + +The “Measurement of Resemblance” between portraits is a subject on which +I have been engaged off and on during late years, and which I hope to +take up again. The best of my ideas at present is to prepare a strip of +card one inch broad and printed with numerals of various standard sizes +from 1 to 9. Then to mount the portraits on slides actuated by strings, +and to station them at such distances that the interval between the +pupils of the eyes and the mouth in each portrait shall be apparently the +same as the breadth of the strip. Then to interpose a wedge of tinted +glass in front of an eye-hole, and to slide it until the portraits +become indistinguishable. In that position to read off the smallest of +the standard numbers that is simultaneously legible. I have made many +experiments, differing in particulars, and described one of them in +_Nature_, October 4, 1906[176], which seems to me not so good as the one +briefly outlined above. + +The chief value to me of the Laboratory during the latter part of the +time of its existence, and the reason why I continued it so long, lay +in the convenience it afforded for obtaining and testing the value of +finger-prints. My interest in them arose through a request to give a +Friday evening lecture at the Royal Institution (which was delivered +May 25, 1888) on what is briefly called “Bertillonage”; that is, on the +system devised by M. Alphonse Bertillon for identifying persons by the +measurements of their bodily dimensions. The subject was attracting much +interest at the time, and had received a great deal of off-hand newspaper +praise. There was, however, a want of fulness in the published accounts +of it, while the principle upon which extraordinarily large statistical +claims to its quasi-certainty had been founded was manifestly incorrect, +so further information was desirable. The incorrectness lay in treating +the measures of different dimensions of the same person as if they were +_independent_ variables, which they are not. For example, a tall man is +much more likely to have a long arm, foot, or finger than a short one. +The chances against mistake had been overrated enormously owing to this +error; still, the system was most ingenious and very interesting. + +I made the acquaintance of M. Bertillon during a short visit to Paris, +and had the opportunity of seeing his system at work. Nothing could +exceed the deftness of his assistants in measuring the criminals; their +methods were prompt and accurate, and all the accompanying arrangements +excellently organised. But I had not means of testing its efficiency +with closeness, which would have required more time and interference +with current work than was permissible. I was nevertheless prepared to +give an account at the Royal Institution of what I had seen, but, being +desirous of introducing original work of my own, I gave to my lecture the +more general title of “Personal Identification and Description”[107], on +which larger subject there was much new to be said. + +When thinking over the matter, the fact occurred to my recollection +that thumb-marks had not infrequently been spoken and written about, +so I inquired into their alleged use, especially by the Chinese. I +also wrote a letter to _Nature_ asking for information, which had the +important effect of drawing a response from Sir William Herschel, who, +as a Commissioner in India, had actually used them in his district, for +many years, as a means of preventing personation. But the system fell +into disuse after his departure. Sir William gave me every assistance, +by forwarding to me both old and modern finger-prints of himself and of +others of his family, and in showing his way of making the impressions. + +I took up the study very seriously, thinking that finger-prints might +prove to be of high anthropological significance, but I may say at once +that they are not. I have examined large numbers of persons of different +races to our own, as Jews, Basques, Red Indians, East Indians of various +origins, Negroes, and a fair number of Chinese. Also persons of very +different characters and temperaments, as students of science, students +of art, Quakers, notabilities of various kinds, and a considerable +number of idiots at Earlswood Asylum, without finding any pattern +that was characteristic of any of them. But as I continued working at +finger-prints, their importance as a means of identification became more +and more obvious, and since my theoretical work on Heredity, Correlation, +etc., of which I shall speak further, had not yet “taken on,” there was +spare time for inquiry into finger-prints. + +I described the results in the above-mentioned lecture so far as they +had then been obtained, and subsequently in a more advanced shape in a +memoir read before the Royal Society in 1891[117]. It was argued in it +that these patterns had a theoretical significance, which has not, I +think, even yet been adequately appreciated, which bears on discontinuity +in evolution. I showed that the different classes of patterns in +finger-prints might be justly compared to different genera. As, however, +they had been formed without any aid from natural selection, I concluded +that natural selection had no monopoly in moulding genera, but that +internal conditions must be quite as important. + +I have always believed that the number of positions of stability in +every genus must be limited, from which moderate deviations, but not +great ones, are possible without causing destruction. There are limits +which, if they can be overpassed without disaster, would require a +new position of stability in the organisation. Comparatively few +intermediate finger-patterns are found between a “loop” and a “whorl,” +these representing two different and well-marked genera or positions of +stability. + +The modern division of views concerning the immediate causes of +evolution, whether it be due to the slow accumulation of small factors or +else by the sudden mutations of de Vries, are paralleled by those held +by the physicists of the fifties on the method by which a glacier adapts +itself to its bed, just as if it were a viscous body, which it certainly +is not in the ordinary sense of the word. Professor Tyndall ascribed its +adaptation of form to a succession of internal crunches and re-freezings; +in other words, to successive conditions of stability. + +It became gradually clear that three facts had to be established before +it would be possible to advocate the use of finger-prints for criminal +or other investigations. First, it must be proved, not assumed, that +the pattern of a finger-print is constant throughout life. Secondly, +that the variety of patterns is really very great. Thirdly, that they +admit of being so classified, or “lexiconised,” that when a set of them +is submitted to an expert, it would be possible for him to tell, by +reference to a suitable dictionary, or its equivalent, whether a similar +set had been already registered. These things I did, but they required +much labour. + +A Committee was appointed by the Home Office to inquire into the +different systems of identification that had been adopted or proposed +for use with criminals. They visited my Laboratory, and thoroughly +inspected what I had to show. It was a great pleasure to work with and +for such sympathetic and keen inquirers, but I regretted all the time +that my methods were hardly ripe for inspection; still, they were fairly +adequate. The result was a Report strongly in favour of their adoption, +of which the part that bears on finger-prints is reprinted in my _Finger +Print Directory_[131]. + +I had communicated with M. Alphonse Bertillon, suggesting that he should +consider the introduction of finger-prints into his own system, but +the idea did not commend itself to him. Afterwards I sent him further +information on what had been more recently done, to which he answered, +on June 15, 1891, that he was much disposed to add my method to his own, +especially for persons under age, but he feared practical difficulties, +such as in cleaning the fingers after printing from them. Also it was a +question whether his assistants, who were but little educated, would be +zealous enough to learn a new method. He ended by asking me, on the next +occasion when I happened to pass through Paris, to give a morning to his +Dépot to experimentalise on the criminals there. It has been stated more +than once that the finger-print system was initiated by M. Bertillon, +so I have mentioned these historical details, and give his untranslated +letter in a footnote.[5] The omitted portion refers to quite another +matter, in which he was then assisting me. + +I have said that my method was not so fully elaborated as I should have +wished when the Committee examined it, so I worked hard at it afterwards, +and published the results in 1895 in the book already mentioned, bearing +the title of _Finger Print Directory_, using the term “Directory” in the +same sense as in the familiar phrase of “Post Office Directory.” It was +an unlucky choice of a word, for its equivalent in French means a Board +of Directors, so its title may have misled. This book contained a method +of classification far in advance of what I had published before, and is +in most essential points the same as that in present use in Scotland Yard. + +Sir Edward, then Mr. Henry, when in office in India, came to my +Laboratory to learn the finger-print process, and he introduced it first +into Bengal, and afterwards throughout India. The Bertillon system did +not work at all well there, because measurements had to be taken at many +different local centres where accuracy could not be guaranteed. Then Mr. +Henry was dispatched to the Cape, where great difficulty had arisen about +identification, and he introduced finger-prints there also. After this he +was called to England, and soon selected to hold his present important +post. From what I have seen during the few visits I have paid to Scotland +Yard, the finger-print system answers excellently, and can deal easily +with many thousands of sets—certainly with twenty thousand. + +I hardly know over how large a part of the world this system is now in +use to the exclusion of other methods. It is so in England, India, and +Argentina. It is used in connection with measurements in Brazil, Egypt, +and many other countries. + +It is necessary for its successful employment that the clerks at the +central Bureau should be thoroughly acquainted with their work. There is +much for them to learn as to the uniform classification of many small +groups of often recurring patterns, and in realising what is and what is +not essential to identification. Certain changes in the print may wholly +depend on the greater or less pressure of the finger. The impression +is usually made by what may be described as the crests of the mountain +ridges of the pattern; a strong pressure will show the connecting _cols_ +as well, so the latter are unimportant. Decipherment is a peculiar art. +Gross differences are conspicuous enough to an untrained eye, but even in +these a novice may sometimes contrive to make mistakes when an imperfect +impression is submitted to him. On the other hand, the art of taking +good prints is very easy, and may be learnt in a single lesson by any +intelligent and handy man. + +Much has been written, but the last word has not been said, on the +rationale of these curious papillary ridges; why in one man and in +one finger they form whorls and in another loops. I may mention a +characteristic anecdote of Herbert Spencer in connection with this. He +asked me to show him my Laboratory and to take his prints, which I did. +Then I spoke of the failure to discover the origin of these patterns, and +how the fingers of unborn children had been dissected to ascertain their +earliest stages, and so forth. Spencer remarked that this was beginning +in the wrong way; that I ought to consider the purpose the ridges had to +fulfil, and to work backwards. Here, he said, it was obvious that the +delicate mouths of the sudorific glands required the protection given to +them by the ridges on either side of them, and therefrom he elaborated a +consistent and ingenious hypothesis at great length. + +I replied that his arguments were beautiful and deserved to be true, +but it happened that the mouths of the ducts did not run in the valleys +between the crests, but along the crests of the ridges themselves. He +burst into a good-humoured and uproarious laugh, and told me the famous +story which I have heard from each of the other two who were present +on the occurrence. Huxley was one of them. Spencer, during a pause in +conversation at dinner at the Athenæum, said, “You would little think +it, but I once wrote a tragedy.” Huxley answered promptly, “I know the +catastrophe.” Spencer declared it was impossible, for he had never spoken +about it before then. Huxley insisted. Spencer asked what it was. Huxley +replied, “A beautiful theory, killed by a nasty, ugly little fact.” + + + + +CHAPTER XVIII + +COMPOSITE PORTRAITS AND STEREOSCOPIC MAPS + + Sir Edmund Du Cane and criminal characteristics—Principle of + composites—Analytical photography—Stereoscopic photographs of + models of mountainous districts + + +My first idea of composite portraiture arose through a request by Sir +Edmund Du Cane, R.E., then H.M. Inspector of Prisons, to examine the +photographs of criminals, in order to discover and to define the types of +features, if there be any, that are associated with different kinds of +criminality. The popular ideas were known to be very inaccurate, and he +thought the subject worthy of scientific study. I gladly offered to do +what I could, and he gave me full opportunities of seeing prisons and of +studying a large number of photographs of criminals, which were of course +to be used confidentially. + +At first, for obtaining pictorial averages I combined pairs of portraits +with a stereoscope, with more or less success. Then I recollected an +often observed effect with magic lanthorns, when two lanthorns converge +on the same screen, and while the one is throwing its image, the operator +slowly withdraws the light from it and throws it on to the next one. The +first image yields slowly to the second, with little sense of discordance +in the parts that at all resemble one another. It was obviously possible +to photograph superposed images on a screen by the simultaneous use +of two or more lanthorns. What was common to all of the images would +then appear vigorous, while individual differences would be too faint +for notice. There would, however, be great difficulty in accurately +superposing them without the aid of expensive apparatus. Then the idea +occurred to me that no lanthorns were needed for the purpose, but that +the pictures themselves might be severally adjusted in the same place, +and be photographed successively on the same plate, allowing a fractional +part of the total time of exposure to each portrait. + +My earlier experiments were with the full-face photographs of criminals. +I selected three which were not greatly unlike, and were of the same +size, as judged by measuring the vertical distance between the pupils +of the eyes and the parting of the lips. Out of a thin card I cut a +window of the size of the portrait, and fastened two threads over it, one +vertical, the other crossways. Lastly I made a pin-hole in the card on +either side of the window. Thus provided, I laid each portrait in turn +on the table, and adjusted the card until the cross line passed over the +pupils of the eyes, and the vertical line bisected the interval. Then I +pricked through the two pin-holes the paper on which the portrait was. I +could thus hang all three portraits one behind the other on two pins that +projected from a board, with the assurance that the principal features of +each face would occupy an identical position in front of a fixed camera. +I photographed them in turns. The camera was uncapped during one-third of +the normal time of exposure while the first portrait was in front of it. +Capping it again, I took away the front portrait and exposed the second, +then uncapping the camera I took the second portrait; and similarly +the third. The result was particularly promising; it was difficult to +believe that the composite was not a simple portrait. I tested the truth +of the result by placing the photographs in different order, and by many +other ways. Then I extended its application. The method of composite +portraiture was first published in _Nature_, 1878, and more fully in +the _Journ. Anthrop. Inst._, 1879[51], also in the Journal of the +Photographic Society, at which I exhibited it, and elsewhere. The method +is republished in _Human Faculty_[76]. + +I gladly acknowledge my indebtedness to Sir Edmund Du Cane not only +for helping me with material for these experiments, but for having, as +he told me, suggested the inclusion of my finger-print system in the +instructions to the Committee of Identification, described in the last +chapter. He was an extremely accomplished man, with high and humane +views, and sympathised with not a few of the subjects on which I have +been engaged. + +I have successfully made many composites both of races and of families. +The composites are always more refined and ideal-looking than any one of +their components, but I found that persons did not like being mixed up +with their brothers and sisters in a common portrait. It seems a curious +and rather silly feeling, but there can be no doubt of its existence. I +see no other reason why composite portraiture should not be much employed +for obtaining family types. Composites might be made of brothers and +sisters, parents and grandparents, together with a composite of the +race, each in their due proportions, according to the Ancestral Law (see +chapter on Heredity). The result would be very instructive, but the +difficulty of obtaining the material is now overwhelming. Male and female +portraits blend well together, with an epicene result. + +With the help of Dr. Mahomed and the permission of the authorities of +Guy’s Hospital, I took many photographs of consumptive patients and made +composites of them, which are published in the Guy’s Hospital Reports, +vol. xxv. They show two contrasted types, the one fine and attenuated, +the other coarse and blunted. Dr. Mahomed was a very promising physician, +on the eve of becoming well known, when he caught a fever of the same +description, I am told, as that on which he had become an authority, and +died of it in his newly purchased house. + +I could not make good composites of lunatics; their features are apt to +be so irregular in different ways that it was impossible to blend them. +I took a photographer with me to Hanwell, where it was arranged that the +patients should sit two at a time on a bench. One of them was to be led +forward and posted in front of the camera, while his place on the bench +was filled by the second patient moving up into it, whose previous place +was to be occupied by a third patient. It happened that the second of the +pair who were the first to occupy the bench considered himself to be a +very mighty man, I forget whom, but let us say Alexander the Great. He +boiled with internal fury at not being given precedence, and when the +photographer had his head well under the velvet cloth, with his body +bent, in the familiar attitude of photographers while focusing, Alexander +the Great slid swiftly to his rear and administered a really good bite +to the unprotected hinder end of the poor photographer, whose scared +face emerging from under the velvet cloth rises vividly in my memory as +I write this. The photographer guarded his rear afterwards by posting +himself in a corner of the room. + +Many years later, I tried to perform the exact opposite to composite +photography, namely, to annul all that was typical in a portrait and +to preserve its peculiarities. I called it “Analytical Photography,” +and explained it in _Nature_, 1900, and in the _Photo. Soc. Jour._, +1900-1901. It depends on the fact that a positive and a negative glass +plate, _both in half or still fainter tones_, when held face to face +neutralise the peculiarities of one another, so the effect of their +combination is to produce a uniform grey. My plan was to fix a _negative_ +composite in front of a _positive_ portrait of one of its elements, all +in half tones, with the result that the composite abstracted all the +typical portion of the portrait while its peculiarities were isolated +and remained. “Alice in Wonderland” would have described it as the “grin +without the Cheshire Cat.” I succeeded, but the result did not give an +intelligible idea of the peculiarities, the non-essentials being as +strongly marked as the essentials, and the whole making a jumble; so I +went no farther with this process. + +In 1882 I published an illustrated memoir in _Nature_ on the conventional +way in which artists had hitherto represented a galloping horse. Mr. +Muybridge had, by means of beautiful photographs of twenty momentary +successive attitudes, recently shown, beyond possibility of cavil, that +the conventional representation was totally untrue to fact. I asked +myself the question why observant artists had agreed for so long a time +in drawing galloping horses with their four legs extended simultaneously, +and why their representation had never been objected to. It occurred to +me that composites of successive attitudes that were too momentary to +be distinguished might answer the question, which it did. When all of +the twenty attitudes are combined in a single picture, the result is +certainly suggestive of the conventional representation, though in a very +confused way. Then, finding by my own observation that it was difficult +to watch all four legs at the same time, also seeing that according to +the photographs of Mr. Muybridge, the two fore legs were extended during +one quarter of a complete motion, and that during another quarter the +two hind legs were similarly extended, I made composites of these groups +separately. Then, cutting them in half and uniting the front half of +the former to the hind half of the latter, a very fair equivalent was +obtained to the conventional attitude. I inferred that the brain ignored +one-half of all it saw in the gallop, as too confused to be noticed; that +it divided the other half in two parts, each alike in one particular, and +combined the two halves into a monstrous whole. + +This is a convenient place to speak of the method of stereoscopic maps, +which I devised so long ago as 1863. It was published together with +specimens made for me by my cousin, long since dead, R. Cameron Galton, +in the _Proceedings_ of the Royal Geographical Society[18] of that year. +I cannot fully understand why stereoscopes do not hold a higher position +in popular estimation than they do; it may be partly due to two causes—to +the fact that the two eyes are unequally operative in a larger proportion +of persons than might be supposed, and to the cost and unwieldiness of +the usual stereoscope. Compound lenses give better and wider images than +plain ones, but for common purposes I find that plain ones, mounted as +in an eyeglass, serve quite well enough. Those I generally use are cheap +things, mounted in a strip of wood. + +I wished to obtain a map that should have the effect of a model, so +suitable models were procured and photographed stereoscopically. The +result was a perfect success. An unexpected result occurred when a pure +white plaster cast was treated in this way, for it wholly failed to give +the required appearance of a solid, but if grains of dust were sprinkled +over it, much more if names were written on it, the stereoscopic effect +appeared in its full strength. Good models, and therefore stereoscopic +maps made from them, give a far better idea of a mountainous country than +any ordinary map can do, however cleverly it may be shaded. Map-makers +might well pay some attention to stereoscopic maps and to providing cheap +eyeglasses with which to view them. + + + + +CHAPTER XIX + +HUMAN FACULTY + + Measurement of mental powers—Gentiles—Number forms—Visions + of sane persons—Experiments on self—Classification + by judgment—Sandow—Weight of cattle—First and second + prizes—Arithmetic by smell—Influences of gesture, voice, etc. + + +After I had become satisfied of the inheritance of all the mental +qualities into which I had inquired, and that heredity was a far more +powerful agent in human development than nurture, I wished to explore +the range of human faculty in various directions in order to ascertain +the degree to which breeding might, at least theoretically, modify the +human race. I took the moderate and reasonable standpoint that whatever +quality had appeared in man and in whatever intensity, it admitted of +being bred for and reproduced on a large scale. Consequently a new race +might be created possessing on the _average_ an equal degree of quality +and intensity as in the exceptional case. Relative infertility might of +course stand in the way, but otherwise everything seemed to show that +races of highly gifted artists, saints, mathematicians, administrators, +mechanicians, contented labourers, musicians, militants, and so forth, +might be theoretically called into existence, the average excellence of +each race in its particular line being equal to that of its most highly +gifted representative at the present moment. + +I desired to plan a laboratory in which Human Faculty might be measured +so far as possible, and, after much inquiry and trouble, drew up and +sent a printed circular to experts, showing in outline what seemed to me +feasible, and drawing attention to desiderata. Useful replies reached me +from many quarters. + +There was no one to whose intelligent co-operation I then owed more +than Professor Croom Robertson (1842-1892) of University College. His +genius and temperament were of the most attractive Scottish type—exact, +sane, and very genial. He was well known by his work on Hobbes, and as +the founder and Editor of the periodical _Mind_, in which his critical +notices of current philosophical literature were soon recognised as of +especial weight. He was a thorough friend, whose death left a void in my +own life that has never been wholly filled. + +The leading ideas of such a laboratory as I had in view, were that +its measurements should effectually “sample” a man with reasonable +completeness. It should measure _absolutely_ where it was possible, +otherwise _relatively_ among his class fellows, the quality of each +selected faculty. The next step would be to estimate the combined effect +of these separately measured faculties in any given proportion, and +ultimately to ascertain the degree with which the measurement of sample +faculties in youth justifies a prophecy of future success in life, using +the word “success” in its most liberal meaning. + +The method of centiles (or of per-centiles as I originally called it) +was devised to give greater precision to the meaning of “class-place.” +The familiar phrases of top of his class, near the top, half-way down +it, and the like, express a great deal, but they express much more if +used in connection with the size of the class. A useful way of reducing +classes of all sizes to a common one is as follows. The names of the +individuals are entered in the order of their class-places in a long +column, beginning with the highest. The names are separated by lines +which resemble the rungs of a ladder, and will here be called rungs for +distinction. The interval between the lowest and highest rungs is divided +along the sides of the ladder into equal parts to form a scale, usually +one of 100 parts. In this the lowest rung stands at 0° and the highest +at 100°. Such divisions are called centiles. If the divisions are not in +hundredths, but otherwise as tenths, eighths, or quarters, they are still +called by words ending in “-ile,” as decile, octile, and quartile. The +marks corresponding to the class-places at each centile, decile, octile, +or quartile, are independent of the size of the class, except in that +small degree to which all statistical deductions are liable when derived +from different samples of the same store of material. + +The diagram opposite explains the process. For reasons of space it is +adapted here to a class of only twelve individuals, but it is applicable +equally well to classes however large, and the larger the better. + +The method of centiles affords a convenient and compact way of comparing +the amounts of specified faculties in different individuals. All this is +an old tale now, but I had to take a great deal of trouble before it was +clearly thought out and well tested. + + +------------+-----------+----------+------------------------------+ + | | | | | + | | | | Divisions of Scale. | + | | Marks | Class- +------------------------------+ + | Names. | or | Place. | | | + | | Measures. | | | | + | | | | Quarters. | Hundredths | + | | | | | (Centiles).| + +------------+-----------+----------+-----------------+--- 0° ---+ + | | | 1st | | | + +------------+-----------+----------+ | | + | | | 2nd | | | + +------------+-----------+----------+ | | + | | | 3rd | | | + +------------+-----------+----------+--Lower quartile-+-- 25° --+ + | | | 4th | | | + +------------+-----------+----------+ | | + | | | 5th | | | + +------------+-----------+----------+ | | + | | | 6th | | | + +------------+-----------+----------+-Middle quartile-+-- 50° --+ + | | | 7th | (Median) | | + +------------+-----------+----------+ | | + | | | 8th | | | + +------------+-----------+----------+ | | + | | | 9th | | | + +------------+-----------+----------+--Upper quartile-+-- 75° --+ + | | | 10th | | | + +------------+-----------+----------+ | | + | | | 11th | | | + +------------+-----------+----------+ | | + | | | 12th | | | + +------------+-----------+----------+-----------------+-- 100° --+ + +As it may interest persons to know how they would stand among the +visitants to a large London Exhibition, I give a brief extract on next +page from my published table (_Nature_, January 8, 1885),[86], concerning +those measured at the International Health Exhibition. + +Suppose the reader to be a male adult, and the strength of his pull as +with a bow to be 78 lbs., he will learn that his class-place in that +particular is at the seventieth centile. In other words, that of those +measured at the above Exhibition about[6] 70 per cent. were weaker and 30 +per cent. stronger. + +This little table contains excellent material for comparing the powers of +the two sexes. + +_From Measurements made at the Anthropometric Laboratory in the +International Health Exhibition of 1884._ + + +-------------------+-------------+----+-----------------------------+ + | | | | Centiles. | + | Subject of | Unit of | +-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+ + | Measurement. | Measure. |Sex.| | | | | | + | | | | 10° | 30° | 50° | 70° | 90° | + +-------------------+-------------+----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+ + |Height standing, } |Inches {| M. | 64·5| 66·5| 67·9| 69·2| 71·3| + | without shoes } | {| F. | 59·9| 62·1| 63·3| 64·6| 66·4| + | | | | | | | | | + |Span of arms |Inches {| M. | 66·1| 68·2| 69·9| 71·4| 73·6| + | | {| F. | 59·5| 61·7| 63·0| 64·5| 66·7| + | | | | | | | | | + |Weight in indoor } |Pounds {| M. | 125| 135| 143| 150| 165| + | clothing } | {| F. | 105| 114| 122| 132| 142| + | | | | | | | | | + |Breathing capacity |Cubic inches{| M. | 177| 199| 219| 236| 277| + | | {| F. | 102| 124| 138| 151| 177| + | | | | | | | | | + |Strength of pull } |Pounds {| M. | 60| 68| 74| 78| 89| + | with a bow } | {| F. | 32| 36| 40| 44| 51| + +-------------------+-------------+----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+ + +One of my many inquiries related to what I called “Number Forms”; it +originated in this way. Mr. George Bidder, Q.C., son of the engineer +who in his youth was the famous “calculating boy” (1806-1878), and who +inherited and transmitted much of his father’s remarkable powers, wrote +in a postscript of a letter to me in response to other inquiries, that he +himself habitually saw numbers in his mind’s eye, arranged in a peculiar +form, of which he sent a drawing. It began with the face of a clock, +numbered I. to XII., and then tailed off, much like the tail of a kite, +into an undulating curve, having 20, 30, 40, etc., at each bend. This +prompted me to ask others whom I met whether he or she saw anything of +the kind, and I received affirmative replies from a few girls. + +I then went to my Club and successively asked the same question of every +friend whom I saw, but invariably met with a more or less contemptuous +negative. Nothing daunted, I inquired further, and soon found a goodly +number of distinguished persons who perceived these curious forms, no two +of them alike. After prolonged questioning in many directions I gathered +enough material for a memoir, and being determined to publish it in a way +that could not be pooh-poohed, I selected six well-known friends out of +those who said that they saw them, and having assured myself that they +would speak to the veracity of their several diagrams, I invited them all +to a good dinner, and took them to the meeting of the Anthropological +Institute on March 9, 1880, where the diagrams were hung up. These were +G. Bidder, Col. Yule, Rev. G. Henslow, Prof. Schuster, J. Roget, and Mr. +Wood Smith. They acted faithfully up to their assurances, and so the fact +of the existence of Number-Forms was solidly established. Their remarks +are published in the _Journal of the Anthropological Institute_[63]. I +possessed a collection of most curious forms, not a few of them appearing +in three dimensions and drawn in perspective; many of them were coloured. + +Before quitting this subject I may be allowed to tell a tale thereon. +I had to deliver a lecture at the British Association, in which these +Number-Forms were to be spoken of, and did a rash thing. It was that +after describing their character and frequency, I said, “Now, will every +person in this large meeting who is conscious of seeing a Number-Form, +hold up his hand?” There was a dead silence; those who should have +responded were too shy to move, and not a hand was raised. I suddenly +bethought myself of a tale that had not long since appeared in the +_Times_, as told by a German soldier to his comrades over a bivouac fire, +to account for a want of solidarity in the French resistance. It was +this, and I told it with some variations to the meeting:— + +“The Chief Rabbi of Dantzig was a wealthy and hospitable man. (I repeat +what I read, and beg pardon if the tale was applied to the wrong person.) +One day his house caught fire and even the contents of his good cellar +suffered. The Jews took counsel what to do for their beloved Rabbi. First +a handsome subscription was proposed, but overruled; then another idea +was mooted, then another, each less costly than the preceding; and at +the last it was agreed that every Jew should visit the house on a day +to be fixed, and bring with him a bottle of Eau de Vie de Dantzig (the +original said ‘wine’). That after an appropriate speech of greeting to +the Rabbi, he should descend into the cellar and empty his bottle into +a vat prepared for the purpose. The day came, the Chief Rabbi prepared +a sumptuous collation, and listened with delight to the flattering +addresses of his guests; then, when the ceremony was concluded, he +went down to the cellar with his family, all of them brimful of kindly +feelings, to taste the result. He turned the tap, a beautifully clear +fluid ran into his glass; he lifted it with gratitude to his lips, when +suddenly his countenance fell; he sipped a second time and exploded in +wrath, for the fluid was pure water. The fact was that each Jew had said +to himself, ‘What matters it whether I put in a spirit which costs money, +or water which costs nothing? My own contribution will make no sensible +difference to the total result.’ As every Jew acted on this principle, +the result was pure water. + +“Now each of you who perceive Number-Forms has acted in a similar way, +so there has been no response to my request; but I cannot let the matter +drop, therefore I call on Professor S——, whom I see on the platform, and +who, I know, perceives these Forms, to hold up his hand, and I trust then +that you who have hitherto abstained through shyness will do so likewise.” + +The appeal succeeded; up went Professor S——’s hand, and up went a +multitude of scattered hands all about the body of the hall. + + * * * * * + +In 1881 I gave one of the Friday Evening Lectures at the Royal +Institution on the Visions of Sane Persons[65], in which I dwelt on the +far greater frequency than was supposed, of hallucinations and illusions +among individuals in normal health, as ascertained through numerous +inquiries verbally or by letter. It very often happened that the verbal +reply to my question took a form like this, “No, no; I’ve never had any +hallucination”; then, after a pause, “Well, there certainly was one +curious thing,” etc. etc. + +One afternoon at tea-time, before a meeting of the Royal Society, Sir +Risdon Bennett (1809-1891), a well-known physician, President of the +College of Physicians in 1876, and a Fellow of the Royal Society, drew me +apart and told me of a strange experience he had had very recently. He +was writing in his study separated by a thin wall from the passage, when +he heard the well-known postman’s knock, followed by the entrance into +his study of a man dressed in a fantastic medieval costume, perfectly +distinct in every particular, buttons and all, who, after a brief time, +faded and disappeared. Sir Risdon said that he felt in perfect health; +his pulse and breathing were normal, and so forth, but he was naturally +alarmed at the prospect of some impending brain disorder. Nothing, +however, of the sort had followed. The same appearance recurred; he +thought the postman’s knock somehow originated the hallucination. + +I begged him to publish the curious case fully with his name attached, +as it would then become a classical example, but he hesitated; however, +he did ultimately publish it at some length in a medical paper, but +signed only with his initials. I wholly forget its date. If any reader +interested in these things should come across the paper, these imperfect +but vivid recollections of mine may corroborate such impressions as he +would have of its veracity, for I heard the story at length, very shortly +after the event, told me with painstaking and scientific exactness, and +in tones that clearly indicated the narrator’s earnest desire to be +minutely correct. I purposely omit many details, doubting the accuracy +of my own memory in those respects. There can be no impropriety now in +publishing the name hitherto withheld. + +I gave in the lecture many examples of guiding “stars” and the like, +and referred to the fact that the visionary temperament has manifested +itself largely at certain historical times, and under certain conditions +of national life, and endeavoured to account for this by the following +considerations:— + +That the visionary tendency is much more common among sane people than is +generally suspected. + +In early life it seems to be a hard lesson for an imaginative child +to distinguish between the real and the visionary world. If the +fantasies are habitually laughed at and otherwise discouraged, the +child soon acquires the power of distinguishing them; any incongruity +or nonconformity is quickly noted, the fact of its being a vision is +found out; it is discredited, and no further attended to. In this way +the natural tendency to see visions is blunted by repression. Therefore, +when popular opinion is of a matter-of-fact kind, the seers of visions +keep quiet; they do not like to be thought fanciful or mad, and they +hide their experiences, which only come to light through inquiries such +as those I have been making. But let the tide of opinion change and grow +favourable to supernaturalism, then the seers of visions come to the +front. It is not that a faculty previously non-existent has been suddenly +evoked, but that a faculty long smothered in secret has been suddenly +allowed freedom to express itself, and it may be to run into extravagance +owing to the removal of reasonable safeguards. + +The following experiments on Human Faculty are worth recording; they +have not been published before. In the days of my youth I felt at one +time a passionate desire to subjugate the body by the spirit, and among +other disciplines determined that my will should replace automatism by +hastening or retarding automatic acts. Every breath was submitted to +this process, with the result that the normal power of breathing was +dangerously interfered with. It seemed as though I should suffocate if +I ceased to will. I had a terrible half-hour; at length by slow and +irregular steps the lost power returned. My dread was hardly fanciful, +for heart-failure is the suspension of the automatic faculty of the heart +to beat. + +A later experiment was to gain some idea of the commoner feelings in +Insanity. The method tried was to invest everything I met, whether human, +animal, or inanimate, with the imaginary attributes of a spy. Having +arranged plans, I started on my morning’s walk from Rutland Gate, and +found the experiment only too successful. By the time I had walked one +and a half miles, and reached the cab-stand in Piccadilly at the east end +of the Green Park, every horse on the stand seemed watching me, either +with pricked ears or disguising its espionage. Hours passed before this +uncanny sensation wore off, and I feel that I could only too easily +re-establish it. + +The third and last experiment of which I will speak was to gain an +insight into the abject feelings of barbarians and others concerning the +power of images which they know to be of human handiwork. I had visited +a large collection of idols gathered by missionaries from many lands, +and wondered how each of those absurd and ill-made monstrosities could +have obtained the hold it had over the imaginations of its worshippers. +I wished, if possible, to enter into those feelings. It was difficult to +find a suitable object for trial, because it ought to be in itself quite +unfitted to arouse devout feelings. I fixed on a comic picture, it was +that of Punch, and made believe in its possession of divine attributes. +I addressed it with much quasi-reverence as possessing a mighty power +to reward or punish the behaviour of men towards it, and found little +difficulty in ignoring the impossibilities of what I professed. The +experiment gradually succeeded; I began to feel and long retained for the +picture a large share of the feelings that a barbarian entertains towards +his idol, and learnt to appreciate the enormous potency they might have +over him. + +I will mention here a rather weird effect that compiling these “Memories” +has produced on me. By much dwelling upon them they became refurbished +and so vivid as to appear as sharp and definite as things of to-day. +The consequence has been an occasional obliteration of the sense of +Time, and to replace it by the idea of a permanent panorama, painted +throughout with equal vividness, in which the point to which attention +is temporarily directed becomes for that time the Present. The panorama +seems to extend unseen behind a veil which hides the Future, but is +slowly rolling aside and disclosing it. That part of the panorama which +is veiled is supposed to exist as vividly coloured as the rest, though +latent. In short, this experience has given me an occasional feeling that +there are no realities corresponding to Past, Present, and Future, but +that the entire Cosmos is one perpetual Now. Philosophers have often held +this creed intellectually, but I suspect that few have felt the possible +truth of it so vividly as it has occasionally appeared to my imagination +through dwelling on these “Memories.” + +Many mental processes admit of being roughly measured. For instance, +the degree to which people are bored, by counting the number of their +Fidgets. I not infrequently tried this method at the meetings of the +Royal Geographical Society, for even there dull memoirs are occasionally +read. A gallery in the meeting room is supported by iron columns. The +portion of the audience as seen from the platform who are bounded by +two of these columns, and who sit on two or three of the benches, are a +convenient sample to deal with. They can be watched simultaneously, and +the number of movements in the group per minute can be easily counted +and the average number per man calculated. I have often amused myself +with noticing the increase in that number as the audience becomes +tired. The use of a watch attracts attention, so I reckon time by the +number of my breathings, of which there are fifteen in a minute. They +are not counted mentally, but are punctuated by pressing with fifteen +fingers successively. The counting is reserved for the fidgets. These +observations should be confined to persons of middle age. Children are +rarely still, while elderly philosophers will sometimes remain rigid for +minutes together. + +I will now revert to the problem with which I started, of measuring by +Classification, and will give a few instances of its employment. Some +years ago I attended a meeting in the Albert Hall, at which prizes of +much value were to be awarded to the best made men in Sandow’s gymnastic +classes, as estimated by three examiners, of whom Sir A. Conan Doyle was +one, while Sandow himself acted as referee. + +I regret to have destroyed or mislaid the notes I made, so the following +description of the very instructive ceremony may be inaccurate in small +details. + +The prizes were three, of an aggregate value of not far from £1000, +and given by Mr. Sandow. He had made a tour to his many centres of +gymnastic teaching in England, and picked out from each of them the man +or men who were most likely to stand well in the competition. The day +arrived; I got a good seat, and was prepared with an opera glass. The +competitors marched into the arena; they were about eighty in number, +and they were in ranks of ten abreast. They were stripped to the waist, +but calico cloths coloured something like a leopard skin were thrown +over their shoulders. So they marched round the arena, then the front +row discarded their leopard skins, and jumped each man on to one of a +row of pedestals arranged in front of the organ. The electric light was +thrown on them. The three examiners walked in front and behind, taking +notes and interchanging views. The man who was selected as the best +of this batch went to one side; the others rejoined their companions. +The same proceeding was gone through with the second row, and so on +successively to the end. Then the selected ones came forward and stood +on the pedestals as before, and were examined still more minutely, if +possible. Finally, the first, second, and third man in order of their +estimated merit were marched to the middle of the hall to the tune of +the “Conquering Hero,” and received their costly prizes in the form of +athletic groups in gold, silver, or bronze. + +The point that especially interested me was that I had done my best to +form just decisions of my own, and that I had already selected those who +came second and third as among the best three. But I had wrongly classed +the first prizeman. However, after the judges had made their award I +recognised the superior justness of their estimate to my own. The power +of classifying men correctly, by mere inspection, seemed to me much +greater after this experience than before. + +A little more than a year ago, I happened to be at Plymouth, and was +interested in a Cattle exhibition, where a visitor could purchase a +stamped and numbered ticket for sixpence, which qualified him to become +a candidate in a weight-judging competition. An ox was selected, and +each of about eight hundred candidates wrote his name and address on his +ticket, together with his estimate of what the beast would weigh when +killed and “dressed” by the butcher. The most successful of them gained +prizes. The result of these estimates was analogous, under reservation, +to the votes given by a democracy, and it seemed likely to be instructive +to learn how votes were distributed on this occasion, and the value of +the result. So I procured a loan of the cards after the ceremony was +past, and worked them out in a memoir published in _Nature_[177-8]. It +appeared that in this instance the _vox populi_ was correct to within 1 +per cent. of the real value; it was 1207 pounds instead of 1198 pounds, +and the individual estimates were distributed in such a way that it was +an equal chance whether one of them selected at random fell within or +without the limits of -3.7 per cent., or +2.4 per cent. of the middlemost +value of the whole. + +The result seems more creditable to the trustworthiness of a democratic +judgment than might have been expected. But the proportion of the voters +who were practised in judging weights undoubtedly surpassed that of the +voters in ordinary elections who are versed in politics. + +I endeavoured in the memoirs just mentioned, to show the appropriateness +of utilising the _Median_ vote in Councils and in Juries, whenever they +have to consider money questions. Each juryman has his own view of what +the sum should be. I will suppose each of them to be written down. The +best interpretation of their collective view is to my mind _certainly +not_ the average, because the wider the deviation of an individual +member from the average of the rest, the more largely would it effect +the result. In short, unwisdom is given greater weight than wisdom. In +all cases in which one vote is supposed to have one value, the median +value _must_ be the truest representative of the whole, because any other +value would be negatived if put to the vote. If it were more than the +median, more than half of the voters would think it too much; if less, +too little. My idea is that the median ought to be ascertained, which +could be very quickly done by the foreman, aided by one or two others of +the Jury, and be put forward as a substantial proposal, after reading the +various figures from which it was derived. + +This is a convenient place for speaking of an analogous problem that +interested me a few years previously[159]. I have had more than once to +assist in determining how a given sum allotted for prizes ought to be +divided between the first and second men when only two prizes are given. +The same problem has to be solved by the judges of cattle shows, and it +is, if a little generalised, of very wide application. I attacked it both +theoretically and practically, and got the same results both ways. When +the number of candidates is known, and the distribution of merit follows +the well-known Gaussian law, the calculation is easy enough, but when the +number of candidates is not known it is a different matter; moreover, +the Gaussian law may not apply to the case, though it will probably do +so pretty closely. So I calculated what the ratios would be in classes +of different numbers and according to the Gaussian law. The ratio in +question is that between the excess of the first performance over the +third, and the excess of the second performance over the third. The third +being the highest that gets no prize at all, forms the starting-point of +the calculation. When the numbers of candidates were either 3, 5, 10, +20, 50, 100, 1,000, 10,000, or 100,000, I found, to my surprise, that +the ratio was much the same. The appropriate portion of the total of one +hundred pounds which should be allotted to the first prize proved to +be seventy-five pounds, leaving twenty-five or one-third of its amount +for the second prize. Even when the number of candidates were at the +minimum of 3, the first prize would be £67; if 5, it would be £71; if 10, +it would be £73; and if 100,000, it would be £75 (to the nearest whole +figures). + +Then, through the courtesy of Mr. Muir, the Chief Examiner at the +Education Office, I was allowed to examine a large number of results from +the Civil Service Examinations, and found that the average value of the +first prize should be £74. Taking groups of 50 cases, each group gave +that value pretty closely, no one differing as much as £4 from it. + +The subject has since been generalised and discussed in _Biometrika_ +with far more mathematical skill than I possess, by both Professor +Karl Pearson and Mr. W. F. Sheppard (a former Senior Wrangler), with +practically the same result, so that if only two prizes are to be given, +whatever be the character of the competition, and whatever the number of +candidates, the first prize should in round numbers be three times the +value of the second. + + * * * * * + +Professor Max Müller had, in a work dated 1886 or 1887, laid an +exaggerated stress, as I considered, on language as a means of thought, +upon which I wrote some remarks in _Nature_[98], entitled “Thought +without Words,” which led to a short newspaper controversy, June 2, +between us two. My point was that I myself thought hardest when making +no mental use of words. Professor Max Müller’s definitions of what he +considered “words” seemed to me to vary, and therefore to be elusive, so +I did not and will not pursue the matter farther. + +It led, however, to the idea of an experiment that seemed worth making, +which I described[128] as “Arithmetic by Smell.” When we propose to add, +and _hear_ the spoken words “two” and “three,” we instantly through +long habit _say_ “five.” Or if we _see_ those figures, we have a mental +image, and _write_ 5. Surely, Sound and Sight-symbols are not the only +Sense-symbols by which arithmetic could be performed. + +Leaving aside Colour, Touch, and Taste, I determined to try Smells. The +scents chiefly used were peppermint, camphor, carbolic acid, ammonia, and +aniseed. Each scent was poured profusely on cotton wool loosely packed in +a brass tube, with a nozzle at one end. The other end was pushed tightly +into a caoutchouc tube, whose free end was stopped with a cork. A squeeze +of the tube caused a whiff of scented air to pass through the nozzle. +When the squeeze was relaxed, fresh air was sucked in and became scented +by the way. I taught myself to associate two whiffs of peppermint with +one of camphor, three of peppermint with one of carbolic acid, and so +on. Next, I practised small sums in addition with the scents themselves, +afterwards with the mere imagination of them. I banished without +difficulty all visual and auditory associations, and finally succeeded +perfectly. Thus I fully convinced myself of the possibility of doing +sums in simple addition with considerable speed and accuracy, solely by +imagined scents. I did not care to give further time to this, as I only +wanted to prove a possibility, but did make a few experiments with Taste, +that promised equally well, using salt, sugar, quinine, and citric acid. + + * * * * * + +I have once in my life experienced the influence of Personal Ascendancy +in that high degree which some great personalities have exercised, and +the occasion of which I speak was the more striking owing to the absence +of concurrent pomp. It was on Garibaldi’s arrival in London, where he was +hailed as a hero. I was standing in Trafalgar Square when he reached it, +driving up Parliament Street. His vehicle was a shabby open carriage, +stuffed with Italians, regardless of style in dress; Garibaldi alone +was standing. I had not been in a greatly excited or exalted mood, but +the simplicity, goodness, and nobility impressed on every lineament of +Garibaldi’s face and person quite overcame me. I realised then what +I never did before or after, something of the impression that Jesus +seems to have exercised on multitudes on more than one occasion. I am +grateful to that experience for revealing to me the hero-worshipping +potentialities of my nature. + +When the late Mr. Spurgeon first made his reputation, I went, as many +others did, to hear him. I was in the gallery of his “Tabernacle,” +which was said to hold 11,000 persons, and in which certainly 9000 were +then present, as roughly counted by myself. The men had their hats on, +and conversation was unchecked. Suddenly there was a slight stir that +travelled through the crowd, and the almost childlike features of the +young preacher came into view as he rose from below and mounted the +platform. He simply raised his hand; there was a simultaneous removal +of hats and a great hush, and then the words began. It was a marvellous +instance of the commanding power of a simple gesture. + +One more instance, and I have done. It occurred towards the close of +my undergraduate days at Cambridge at a festival which I will not +particularise further than to say it was partly solemn at first, and +broadened into good fellowship without any excess. Songs were sung, and +J. Mitchell Kemble, the subject of Tennyson’s early “Ode to J. M. K.,”[7] +gave time to the chorus of one of the songs by raising his arm and +moving his glass. By those most simple gestures, he drove us all into an +enthusiasm, comparable with that to which negroes are occasionally driven +by an accurately timed tom-tom. In one of Bulwer’s novels, the performer +in a barn exercises equal power over his audience by the movements of a +stick. + +The human senses, when rythmically stimulated in certain exact cadences, +are capable of eliciting overwhelming emotions not yet sufficiently +investigated. + + + + +CHAPTER XX + +HEREDITY + + Early inquiries—_Hereditary Genius_—_English Men of + Science_—Family records—Nature and Nurture—Experiments on Free + Will—Pangenesis and transfusion of blood—Heredity concerned + with deviations—Experiments on peas—Regression—Ancestral law + + +The publication in 1859 of the _Origin of Species_ by Charles Darwin made +a marked epoch in my own mental development, as it did in that of human +thought generally. Its effect was to demolish a multitude of dogmatic +barriers by a single stroke, and to arouse a spirit of rebellion against +all ancient authorities whose positive and unauthenticated statements +were contradicted by modern science. + +I doubt, however, whether any instance has occurred in which the +perversity of the educated classes in misunderstanding what they +attempted to discuss was more painfully conspicuous. The meaning of the +simple phrase “Natural Selection” was distorted in curiously ingenious +ways, and Darwinism was attacked, both in the press and pulpit, by +persons who were manifestly ignorant of what they talked about. This is +a striking instance of the obstructions through which new ideas have +to force their way. Plain facts are apprehended in a moment, but the +introduction of a new Idea is quite another matter, for it requires an +alteration in the attitude and balance of the mind which may be a very +repugnant and even painful process. On my part, however, I felt little +difficulty in connection with the _Origin of Species_, but devoured its +contents and assimilated them as fast as they were devoured, a fact which +perhaps may be ascribed to an hereditary bent of mind that both its +illustrious author and myself have inherited from our common grandfather, +Dr. Erasmus Darwin. + +I was encouraged by the new views to pursue many inquiries which had +long interested me, and which clustered round the central topics of +Heredity and the possible improvement of the Human Race. The current +views on Heredity were at that time so vague and contradictory that +it is difficult to summarise them briefly. Speaking generally, most +authors agreed that all bodily and some mental qualities were inherited +by brutes, but they refused to believe the same of man. Moreover, +theologians made a sharp distinction between the body and mind of man, +on purely dogmatic grounds. A few passages may undoubtedly be found +in the works of eminent authors that are exceptions to this broad +generalisation, for the subject of human heredity had never been squarely +faced, and opinions were lax and contradictory. It seems hardly credible +now that even the word heredity was then considered fanciful and unusual. +I was chaffed by a cultured friend for adopting it from the French. + +I had been immensely impressed by many obvious cases of heredity among +the Cambridge men who were at the University about my own time. The +Classical Class List was first established in 1824, consequently the +number of “Senior Classics” up to 1864 inclusive was 41, that is to say, +the names of the 41 very first men in Classics at Cambridge in each of +these 41 years were known and published. It will be sufficient as an +example to give the names of 7 of these Senior Classics, all of whom +had a father, brother, or son whose success was as notable as their own +(I count a Senior Wrangler as equal to a Senior Classic). They are: 3 +Kennedys, 2 Lushingtons, 1 Wordsworth, and 1 Butler. This fact alone +would justify a serious attempt to inquire into Hereditary Ability, and I +soon found the power of heredity to be as fully displayed in every other +direction towards which I turned. The Myttons mentioned in Chapter VIII. +were an unquestionable instance of a very peculiar hereditary temperament. + +After many months of hard work, I wrote, in 1865, two preliminary +papers in _Macmillan’s Magazine_, entitled “Hereditary Talent and +Character”[20]. These contain the germs of many of my subsequent +memoirs, the contents of which went to the making of the following +books: _Hereditary Genius_, 1869; _English Men of Science_, 1874; _Human +Faculty_, 1883; _Natural Inheritance_, 1889; and to my quite recent +writings on Eugenics. On re-reading these articles, I must say that, +considering the novel conditions under which they were composed, and +notwithstanding some crudeness here and there, I am surprised at their +justness and comprehensiveness. It has fortunately been my usual habit +(sometimes omitted) of keeping copies of my various memoirs, which are +now bound in volumes. There are considerably more than a hundred and +seventy publications in all, as will be gathered from the not wholly +complete list in the Appendix, and I am pleased to find myself still in +accord with nearly every one of those recently re-read or referred to. + +_Hereditary Genius_[22] made its mark at the time, though subjected to +much criticism, no small part of which was captious or shallow, and +therefore unimportant. The verdict which I most eagerly waited for was +that of Charles Darwin, whom I ranked far above all other authorities on +such a matter. His letter, given below, made me most happy. + + “DOWN, BECKENHAM, KENT, S.E. + _3rd December_ + + “MY DEAR GALTON,—I have only read about 50 pages of your book + (to Judges), but I must exhale myself, else something will + go wrong in my inside. I do not think I ever in all my life + read anything more interesting and original—and how well and + clearly you put every point! George,[8] who has finished the + book, and who expressed himself in just the same terms, tells + me that the earlier chapters are nothing in interest to the + later ones! It will take me some time to get to these latter + chapters, as it is read aloud to me by my wife, who is also + much interested. You have made a convert of an opponent in one + sense, for I have always maintained that, excepting fools, men + did not differ much in intellect, only in zeal and hard work; + and I still think this is an _eminently_ important difference. + I congratulate you on producing what I am convinced will prove + a memorable work. I look forward with intense interest to each + reading, but it sets me thinking so much that I find it very + hard work; but that is wholly the fault of my brain and not of + your beautifully clear style.—Yours most sincerely, + + “(Signed) CH. DARWIN” + +The rejoinder that might be made to his remark about hard work, is that +character, _including the aptitude for work_, is heritable like every +other faculty. + +I had been overworked, and unable to give as close attention as desirable +while correcting the proofs, so mistakes were to be feared. Happily there +were not many, but one was absurd, and I was justly punished. It was due +to some extraordinary commingling of notes on the families of Jane Austen +and of Austin the jurist. In my normal state of health the mistake could +not have been overlooked, but there it was. I was at that time a member +of the Committee of the Athenæum Club, among whose members there happened +to be a representative of each of the above families, who “gave it me +hot,” though most decorously. + +I had much pleasant correspondence at a later date with Alphonse de +Candolle, son of the still greater botanist of that name. He had written +a very interesting book, _Histoire des Sciences et des Savants depuis +deux Siècles_, in which he analysed the conditions that caused nations, +and especially the Swiss, to be more prolific in works of science at one +time than another, and I thought that a somewhat similar investigation +might be made with advantage into the history of English men of science. + +It was a daring undertaking, to ask as I did, in 1874, every Fellow +of the Royal Society who had filled some important post, to answer a +multitude of Questions needful for my purpose, a few of which touched +on religion and other delicate matters. Of course they were sent on the +distinct understanding that the answers would be used for statistical +purposes only. I took advice on the subject, notably of Herbert Spencer, +and I think (though I cannot say for certain) from Dr. W. Farr also. Dr. +W. Farr (1807-83) was the head of the Registration Department in Somerset +House. I frequently consulted him, and always to my advantage, for he +was highly gifted and cultured. He was most sympathetic, and keenly +appreciated what might be called the poetical side of statistics, as +shown by his Annual Reports and other publications. + +The size of my circular was alarming. Though naturally very shy, I +do occasional acts, like other shy persons, of an unusually bold +description, and this was one. After an uneasy night, I prepared myself +on the following afternoon, and not for the first time before interviews +that were likely to be unpleasant, by what is said to have been the +usual practice of Buffon before writing anything exceptional, namely, by +dressing myself in my best clothes. + +I can confidently recommend this plan to shy men as giving a sensible +addition to their own self-respect, and as somewhat increasing the +respect of others. In this attire I went to a meeting of the Royal +Society, prepared to be howled at; but no! my victims, taken as a whole, +tolerated the action, and some even approved of it. + +Much experience of sending circular questions has convinced me of the +impossibility of foretelling whether a particular person will receive +them kindly or not. Some are unexpectedly touchy. In this very case, a +man of high scientific distinction, with whom I was well acquainted, +who was of good social position, of whose family many details were +already known to me, all of which were honourable, and whose biography +has since disclosed no skeleton in the cupboard, was almost furious at +being questioned. On the other hand, a Cabinet Minister, whom I knew but +slightly, gave me full and very interesting information without demur. + +The results of the inquiry showed how largely the aptitude for +science was an inborn and not an acquired gift, and therefore apt to +be hereditary. But, in not a few instances, the person who replied +was a “sport,” being the only one of his family who had any care for +science, and who had persevered in spite of opposition. The paternal +influence generally superseded the maternal in early life, though the +mother was usually spoken of with much love, and very often described +as particularly able. This seemed to afford evidence that the virile, +independent cast of mind is more suitable to scientific research than +the feminine, which is apt to be biased by the emotions and to obey +authority. But I have said my say long since in the book _English Men of +Science_[36], and must not reiterate. + +The dearth of information about the Transmission of Qualities among +all the members of a family during two, three, or more generations, +induced me in 1884-85 to offer a sum of £500 in prizes to those who +most successfully filled up an elaborate list of questions concerning +their own families. The questions were contained in a thin quarto volume +of several pages, printed and procurable at Macmillan’s, cost price, +which referred to the Grandparents, Parents, Brothers, Sisters, and +Children, with spaces for more distant relatives. A promise was given, +and scrupulously kept, that they should be used for statistical purposes +only. My offer had a goodly response, and the names of the prize-winners +were duly published in the newspapers. I was much indebted, when devising +the programme and other prefatory details, both to Professor Allman +(1812-1898), the biologist, and to my old friend at King’s College, +Mr. (afterwards Sir) John Simon. The material afforded by the answers +proved of considerable importance, and formed the basis of much of my +future work. I had it extracted in a statistical form, in considerable +detail, which was of much value to Professor Karl Pearson at the outset +of his inquiries, before he had been able to collect better and much more +numerous data of his own. It will be convenient to defer speaking of the +results of all this until the last chapter. + +I had long tried to gain some insight into the relative powers of Nature +and Nurture, in order that due allowance might be made for Environment, +neither too much nor too little, but without finding an adequate method +of obtaining it. At length it occurred to me that the after-history of +those twins who had been closely alike as children, and were afterwards +parted, or who had been originally unlike and afterwards reared together, +would supply much of what was wanted. So I inquired in all directions +for appropriate cases, and at length obtained a fair supply, on which an +article in _Frazer’s Magazine_, Nov. 1875,[9] was written. The evidence +was overwhelming that the power of Nature was far stronger than that of +Nurture, when the Nurtures of the persons compared were not exceedingly +different. It appeared that when twins who had been closely alike had +afterwards grown dissimilar, the date of divergence was usually referred +to a time when one of them had a serious illness, sufficient to modify +his constitution. + +Many years later I was so harassed with the old question of Determinism, +which would leave every human action under the control of Heredity and +Environment, that I made a series of observations on the actions of +my own mind in relation to Free Will. I employ the word not merely as +meaning “unhindered” but in the _special_ sense of an _uncaused_ and +_creative_ action. It was carried on almost continuously for six weeks, +and off and on for many subsequent months[55]. The procedure was this. +Whenever I caught myself in an act of what seemed to be “Free Will” +in the above sense, I checked myself and tried hard to recollect what +had happened before, made rapid notes, and then wrote a full account +of the case. To my surprise, I found, after some days’ work, that the +occasions were rare on which there seemed room for the exercise of Free +Will as defined above. I subsequently reckoned that they did not occur +oftener than once a day. Motives for all the other events could be traced +backwards in succession, by orderly and continuous steps, until they led +into a tangle of familiar paths. It was curious to watch the increase of +power given by practice, of recalling mental actions which being usually +overlooked give the false idea that much has been performed through a +creative act, or by inspiration, which is really due to straightforward +causation. The subject is too complex to be more fully gone into here; +I must refer to the Memoir itself. The general result of the inquiry +was to support the views of those who hold that man is little more than +a conscious machine, the slave of heredity and environment, the larger +part, perhaps all, of whose actions are therefore predictable. As regards +such residuum as may not be automatic but creative, and which a Being, +however wise and well-informed, could not possibly foresee, I have +nothing to say, but I found that the more carefully I inquired, whether +it was into hereditary similarities of conduct, into the life-histories +of twins, or introspectively into the actions of my own mind, the smaller +seemed the room left for this possible residuum. + + * * * * * + +Many possibilities suggested themselves after reading Darwin’s +“Provisional theory of Pangenesis.” One was that the breed of a race +might be sensibly affected by the transfusion of blood from another +variety. According to Darwin’s theory, every element of the body throws +off gemmules, each of which can reproduce itself, and a combination of +these gemmules forms a sexual element. If so, I argued, the blood which +conveys these gemmules to the places where they are developed, whether +to repair an injured part or to the sexual organs, must be full of +them. They would presumably live in the blood for a considerable time. +Therefore, if the blood of an animal of one species were largely replaced +by that of another, some effect ought to be produced on its subsequent +offspring. For example, the dash of bull-dog tenacity that is now given +to a breed of greyhounds by a single cross with a bull-dog, the first +generation corresponding to a mulatto, the second to a quadroon, the +third to an octoroon, and so on, might be given at once by transfusion. +Bleeding is the simplest of operations, and I knew that transfusion had +been performed on a large scale; therefore I set about making minute +inquiries. + +These took a long time, and required much consideration. At length +I determined upon trying the experiment on the well-known breed of +rabbits called silver greys, of which pure breeds were obtainable, +and to exchange much of their blood for that of the common lop-eared +rabbit; afterwards to breed from pairs of silver greys in each of +which alien blood had been largely transfused. This was done in 1871 +on a considerable scale. I soon succeeded in establishing a vigorous +cross-circulation that lasted several minutes between rabbits of +different breeds, as described in the _Proceedings of the Royal Society_, +1871[25]. The experiments were thorough, and misfortunes very rare. It +was astonishing to see how quickly the rabbits recovered after the effect +of the anæsthetic had passed away. It often happened that their spirits +and sexual aptitudes were in no way dashed by an operation which only a +few minutes before had changed nearly one half of the blood that was in +their bodies. Out of a stock of three silver grey bucks and four silver +grey does, whose blood had been thus largely adulterated, and of three +common bucks and four common does whose blood had been similarly altered, +I bred eighty-eight rabbits in thirteen litters without any evidence of +alteration of breed. All this is described in detail in the Memoir. + +I was indebted to expert friends for making these delicate operations, +my own part was confined to inserting cannulæ and the like. At first Dr. +Murie did all the dexterous and difficult work. He had been a traveller +in company with Consul Petherick, far up the White Nile, and was then +Prosector at the Zoological Gardens. I called on him to discuss the +matter. A dead cobra was lying on his table, and on my remarking that I +had never properly seen a poison fang, he coolly opened the creature’s +mouth, pressed firmly at exactly the right spot, and out started that +most delicate and wicked-looking thing, with a drop of venom exuding from +it, just in front of his nail. I thought that a man who was so confident +of his anatomical knowledge and of his nerve as to dare such an act, +must be an especially suitable person to conduct my experiments, and was +fortunate enough to secure his co-operation. + +I continued the experiments for another generation of rabbits beyond +those described in the _Proc. Royal Society_, with equally negative +results. Mr. Romanes subsequently repeated the experiments with my +instruments, and they corroborated my own. So this point seems settled. + + * * * * * + +The laws of Heredity are concerned only with deviations from the Median, +which have to be translated from whatever they were measured by, whether +in feet, pounds weight, intervals of time, or any other absolute +standard, into what might be called “Statistical Units.” Their office is +to make the variabilities of totally different classes, such as horses, +men, mice, plants, proficiency in classics, etc. etc., comparable on +equal terms. The statistical unit of each series is derived from the +series itself. There is more than one kind of them, but they are all +mutually convertible, just as measures recorded in feet are convertible +into inches. The most convenient unit for purpose of explanation, though +not for calculation, is the half difference between the marks or measures +corresponding to the lower or to the upper quantities respectively.[10] + +Deviations expressed in statistical units are usually found to conform +with much closeness to the results of a certain theoretical law, +discovered by Gauss, the great mathematician, and properly called by his +name, though more familiarly known as the Normal Law. It supposes all +variability to be due to different and equally probable combinations +of a multitude of small independent causes. The relative frequency +of different amounts of these, reckoned in statistical units, can +thence be computed. It is done by refined methods based on the same +general principles as those by which sequences of different lengths, in +successive throws of dice, are determined. + +Results of the computation are shown in the bottom line of the following +small table:— + + _Centiles and Corresponding Deviation from the Median._ + + +----------+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+ + |Centiles | 10th| 20th| 30th| 40th| 50th| 60th| 70th| 80th| 90th| + +----------+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+ + |Deviations|-1·90|-1·25|-0·78|-0·38| -0 |+0·38|+0·78|+1·25|+1·90| + +----------+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+ + +The deviation at the 25th is -1, that at the 75th is +1; so the +difference between them is 2, and the half difference is 1. + +As these lines are being written, the circumstances under which I first +clearly grasped the important generalisation that the laws of Heredity +were solely concerned with deviations expressed in statistical units, are +vividly recalled to my memory. It was in the grounds of Naworth Castle, +where an invitation had been given to ramble freely. A temporary shower +drove me to seek refuge in a reddish recess in the rock by the side of +the pathway. There the idea flashed across me, and I forgot everything +else for a moment in my great delight. + +The following question had been much in my mind. How is it possible for +a population to remain alike in its features, as a whole, during many +successive generations, if the _average_ produce of each couple resemble +their parents? Their children are not alike, but vary: therefore some +would be taller, some shorter than their average height; so among the +issue of a gigantic couple there would be usually some children more +gigantic still. Conversely as to very small couples. But from what I +could thus far find, parents had issue less exceptional than themselves. +I was very desirous of ascertaining the facts of the case. After much +consideration and many inquiries, I determined, in 1885, on experimenting +with sweet peas, which were suggested to me both by Sir Joseph Hooker +and by Mr. Darwin. Their merits are threefold. They have so little +tendency to become cross-fertilised that seedsmen do not hesitate to +grow differently coloured plants in neighbouring beds; all the seeds +in their pods are of the same size, that is to say, there is no little +pea at the end as in the pod of the common pea, and they are very hardy +and prolific. I procured a large number of seeds from the same bin, and +selected seven weights, calling them K (the largest), L, M, N, O, P, and +Q (the smallest), forming an arithmetic series. Curiously, their lengths, +found by measuring ten of a kind in a row, also formed an arithmetic +series, owing, I suppose, to the larger and plumper seeds being more +spherical and therefore taking less room for their weight than the +others. Ten peas of each of these seven descriptions, seventy in all, +formed what I called a “set.” + +I persuaded friends living in various parts of the country, each to plant +a set for me. The uniform method to be followed was to prepare seven +parallel beds, each 1½ feet wide and 5 feet long, to dibble ten holes in +each at equal distances apart, and 1 inch in depth, and to put one seed +in each hole. The beds were then to be bushed over to keep off the birds. +As the seeds became ripe they were to be gathered and put into bags which +I sent, lettered respectively from K to Q; the same letters having been +stuck at both ends of the beds. Finally, when the crop was coming to an +end, the whole foliage of each row was to be torn up, tied together, and +sent to me. All this was done, and further minute instructions, which I +need not describe here, were attended to carefully. The result clearly +proved _Regression_; the mean Filial deviation was only one-third that +of the parental one, and the experiments all concurred. The formula +that expresses the descent from one generation of a people to the +next, showed, that the generations would be identical if this kind of +_Regression_ was allowed for.[11] + +In 1886 I contributed two papers [91], [92] to the Royal Society on +Family Likeness, having by that time got my methods for measuring +heredity into satisfactory shape. I had given much time and thought to +Tables of Correlations, to display the frequency of cases in which the +various deviations say in stature, of an adult person, measured along +the top, were associated with the various deviations of stature in his +mid-parent, measured along the side. (I had long used the convenient +word “mid-parent” to express the average of the two parents, after the +stature or other character of the mother had been changed into its male +equivalent.) But I could not see my way to express the results of the +complete table in a single formula. At length, one morning, while waiting +at a roadside station near Ramsgate for a train, and poring over the +diagram in my notebook, it struck me that the lines of equal frequency +ran in concentric ellipses. The cases were too few for certainty, but my +eye, being accustomed to such things, satisfied me that I was approaching +the solution. More careful drawing strongly corroborated the first +impression. + +All the formulæ of Conic Sections having long since gone out of my head, +I went on my return to London to the Royal Institution to read them up. +Professor, now Sir James, Dewar, came in, and probably noticing signs of +despair in my face, asked me what I was about; then said, “Why do you +bother over this? My brother-in-law, J. Hamilton Dickson of Peterhouse, +loves problems and wants new ones. Send it to him.” I did so, under +the form of a problem in mechanics, and he most cordially helped me by +working it out, as proposed, on the basis of the usually accepted and +generally justifiable Gaussian Law of Error. So I begged him to allow his +solution to be given as an appendix to my paper[91], where it will be +found. + +It had appeared from observation, and it was fully confirmed by this +theory, that such a thing existed as an “Index of Correlation”; that is +to say, a fraction, now commonly written _r_, that connects with close +approximation every value of deviation on the part of the subject, with +the _average_ of all the associated deviations of the Relative as already +described. Therefore the closeness of any specified kinship admits of +being found and expressed by a single term. If a particular individual +deviates so much, the _average_ of the deviations of all his brothers +will be a definite fraction of that amount; similarly as to sons, +parents, first cousins, etc. Where there is no relationship at all, _r_ +becomes equal to 0; when it is so close that Subject and Relative are +identical in value, then _r_ = 1. Therefore the value of _r_ lies in +every case somewhere between the extreme limits of 0 and 1. Much more +could be added, but not without using technical language, which would be +inappropriate here. + +The problem as described above is by no means difficult to a fair +mathematician. Mr. J. H. Dickson set it to a class of his higher +students, most of whom answered it. It has since been remarked that this +same mechanical problem had been solved still more comprehensively by a +French mathematician. Professor Karl Pearson subsequently extended its +application to variables not governed by the Gaussian Law, and the exact +determination of the Index of Correlation by his refined method has now +become the object of most biometric work. + +I have received much help at various times from Mathematical friends. On +one occasion, being impressed with the probability (owing to Weber’s and +Fechner’s Laws) that the true mean value of many of the qualities with +which I dealt would be the Geometric and not the Arithmetic Mean, I asked +Mr. Donald Macalister, of whom I have already spoken, to work out the +results. He, as a schoolboy, was the first to gain the prize medal of the +Royal Geographical Society, then became the Senior Wrangler of his year +at Cambridge, subsequently Chairman of the Medical Council, and is now +Provost of Glasgow University. His memoir is supplementary to mine on the +“Geometric Mean,” _Proceedings of the Royal Society_, 1879[53]. + +My first serious interest in the Gaussian Law of Error was due to the +inspiration of William Spottiswoode, who had used it long ago in a +Geographical memoir for discussing the probability of the elevations of +certain mountain chains being due to a common cause. He explained to me +the far-reaching application of that extraordinarily beautiful law, which +I fully apprehended. I had also the pleasure of making the acquaintance +of Quetelet, who was the first to apply it to human measurements, in its +elementary binomial form, which I used in my _Hereditary Genius_. + +The mathematician who most frequently helped me later on was the Rev. H. +W. Watson, who moreover worked out for me the curious question of the +“Probability of the Extinction of Families”[40]. It appeared in 1875 in +the _Proceedings of the Royal Society_ as a joint paper, at his desire; +but all the hard work was his: I only gave the first idea and the data. +He helped me greatly in my first struggles with certain applications of +the Gaussian Law, which, for some reasons that I could never clearly +perceive, seemed for a long time to be comprehended with difficulty by +mathematicians, including himself. They were unnecessarily alarmed lest +the well-known rules of Inverse Probability should be unconsciously +violated, which they never were. I could give a striking case of +this, but abstain because it would seem depreciatory of a man whose +mathematical powers and ability were far in excess of my own. Still, he +was quite wrong. The primary objects of the Gaussian Law of Error were +exactly opposed, in one sense, to those to which I applied them. They +were to get rid of, or to provide a just allowance for errors. But these +errors or deviations were the very things I wanted to preserve and to +know about. This was the reason that one eminent living mathematician +gave me. + +The patience of some of my mathematical friends was tried in endeavouring +to explain what I myself saw very clearly as a geometrical problem, but +could not express in the analytical forms to which they were accustomed, +and which they persisted in misapplying. It was a gain to me when I had +at last won over Mr. Watson, who put my views into a more suitable shape. +H. W. Watson was Second Wrangler of his year, and had the reputation +among his college fellows of extraordinary subtlety and insight as a +mathematician. He was perhaps a little too nice and critical about his +own work, losing time in over-polishing, so that the amount of what he +produced was lessened. He wrote on the _Kinetic Theory of Gases_. + +I may mention two anecdotes about him. He had been a good Alpine climber +and met with various incidents. One was that he and a friend, F. Vaughan +Hawkins, set off at a good pace to vanquish some new but not difficult +peak, and passed on their way a somewhat plodding party of German +philosophers bound on the same errand. One of Watson’s shoes had shown +previous signs of damage, but he thought he could manage to get on for +a day or two longer if he now and then covered it with an indiarubber +galosh that he then took with him for such emergencies. It was a cumbrous +addition, but succeeded fairly, and he and his friend reached the top +long before the Germans, whom they thought no more about. However, +shortly after, a Swiss-German newspaper gave a somewhat grandiose account +of the ascent of the mountain in question by Professors This and That, in +which it was remarked that the Professors would have been the very first +to reach its summit had not two jealous Englishmen provided themselves +with “Gummi Schuhe” and so were able to outstrip them. + +The other anecdote refers to the circumstances under which Watson became +Rector of a valuable living, that of Berkswell, near Coventry. I repeat +the tale to the best of my remembrance as he told it me, but doubtless +with mistakes in a few details. He was a Master at Harrow when some +scrape had occurred, and a boy in whom he was interested was judged +guilty and sent up to be flogged. The boy protested his innocence so +vehemently, that although appearances were sadly against him, Watson was +ready to believe what he said, and took unusual pains to investigate the +matter. The result was that the boy was completely exculpated. A few +years after, the boy’s father bought the property at Berkswell in which +the gift of the living was included. It happened to be then vacant, and +the new proprietor found he must either nominate some one at once, or +the nomination would lapse, and fall (I think) to the Bishop. He knew of +no suitable clergyman. Then the boy called out, “Give it to Mr. Watson,” +which the father, knowing the story, did. + + * * * * * + +I thought that some data which were needed might be obtained by breeding +insects, without too great expenditure of time and money, and it ended +in my selecting for the purpose, under the advice of Mr. Merrifield, a +particular kind of Moth, the “Selenia illustraria,” which breeds twice +a year and is hardy. Mr. Merrifield most kindly undertook to conduct +the experiments for me, and his methods were beautifully simple and +suitable. They are described in the _Transactions of the Entomological +Society, 1887_[100]. Another friend also undertook a set. I will not +describe any of the results at length, because they failed owing to +rapidly diminishing fertility in successive generations, and through the +large disturbing effects of small differences in environment. All the +moths in the first generation were photographed neatly on octavo pages +by a friend, Miss Reynolds, and a very great deal of trouble was taken +about them, but all in vain. The only consolation that I have is that +the experiences gained by Mr. Merrifield enabled him to pursue other +experiments on moths with great success, which have led to his increased +reputation as an entomologist. + +Later still it seemed most desirable to obtain data that would throw +light on the _Average_ contribution of each Ancestor to the total +heritage of the offspring in a mixed population. This is a purely +statistical question, the same answer to which would be given on more +than one theoretical hypothesis of heredity, whether it be Pangenetic, +Mendelian, or other. + +I must stop for a moment to pay a tribute to the memory of Mendel, with +whom I sentimentally feel myself connected, owing to our having been +born in the same year 1822. His careful and long-continued experiments +show how much can be performed by those who, like him and Charles +Darwin, never or hardly ever leave their homes, and again how much +might be done in a fixed laboratory after a uniform tradition of work +had been established. Mendel clearly showed that there were such things +as alternative atomic characters of equal potency in descent. How far +characters generally may be due to simple, or to molecular characters +more or less correlated together, has yet to be discovered. + +I had thought of experimenting with mice, as cheap to rear and very +prolific, and had taken some steps to that end, when I became aware of +the large collections of Basset Hounds belonging to the late Sir Everard +Millais. He offered me every facility. The Basset Hound records referring +to his own and other breeds had been carefully kept, and the Stud Book he +lent me contained accounts of nearly 1000 animals, of which I was able +to utilise 817. All were descended from parents of known colours; in 567 +of them the colours of all four grandparents were also known. Wherever +the printed Stud Book was deficient, Sir Everard Millais supplied the +want in MS from the original records. My inquiry was into the heredity of +two alternative colours, one containing no black, the other containing +it; their technical names were lemon-white and tri-colour (black, lemon, +white) respectively. I was assured that no difficulty was felt in +determining the category to which each individual belonged. These data +were fully discussed in a memoir, published (1897) in the _Proceedings +of the Royal Society_[139], on what is now termed the “Ancestral Law,” +namely, that the _average_ contribution of each parent is ¼, of each +grandparent ⅟₁₆, and so on. Or, in other words, that of the two parents +taken together is ½, of the four grandparents together ¼, and so on. +My data were not as numerous as is desirable, still the results were +closely congruous, and seem to be a near approximation to the truth. The +conclusions have been much discussed and criticised, and they have been +modified by Professor Karl Pearson; but they have not been seriously +shaken, so far as I know. + + + + +CHAPTER XXI + +RACE IMPROVEMENT + + Eugenics—Passages from my early writings—Original sin—Breeding + dogs for intelligence—Great extension of my work by Professor + Karl Pearson—Eugenics laboratory—Duty towards race improvement + + +The subject of Race Improvement, or Eugenics, with which I have much +occupied myself during the last few years, is a pursuit of no recent +interest. I published my views as long ago as 1865, in two articles +written in _Macmillan’s Magazine_[20], while preparing materials for +my book, _Hereditary Genius_. But I did not then realise, as now, the +powerful influence of Small Causes upon statistical results. I was too +much disposed to think of marriage under some regulation, and not enough +of the effects of self-interest and of social and religious sentiment. +Popular feeling was not then ripe to accept even the elementary +truths of hereditary talent and character, upon which the possibility +of Race Improvement depends. Still less was it prepared to consider +dispassionately any proposals for practical action. So I laid the subject +wholly to one side for many years. Now I see my way better, and an +appreciative audience is at last to be had, though it be small. + +As in most other cases of novel views, the wrong-headedness of objectors +to Eugenics has been curious. The most common misrepresentations now are +that its methods must be altogether those of compulsory unions, as in +breeding animals. It is not so. I think that stern compulsion ought to +be exerted to prevent the free propagation of the stock of those who are +seriously afflicted by lunacy, feeble-mindedness, habitual criminality, +and pauperism, but that is quite different from compulsory marriage. How +to restrain ill-omened marriages is a question by itself, whether it +should be effected by seclusion, or in other ways yet to be devised that +are consistent with a humane and well-informed public opinion. I cannot +doubt that our democracy will ultimately refuse consent to that liberty +of propagating children which is now allowed to the undesirable classes, +but the populace has yet to be taught the true state of these things. A +democracy cannot endure unless it be composed of able citizens; therefore +it must in self-defence withstand the free introduction of degenerate +stock. + +What I desire is that the importance of eugenic marriages should be +reckoned at its just value, neither too high nor too low, and that +Eugenics should form one of the many considerations by which marriages +are promoted or hindered, as they are by social position, adequate +fortune, and similarity of creed. I can believe hereafter that it will +be felt as derogatory to a person of exceptionally good stock to marry +into an inferior one as it is for a person of high Austrian rank to marry +one who has not sixteen heraldic quarterings. I also hope that social +recognition of an appropriate kind will be given to healthy, capable, and +large families, and that social influence will be exerted towards the +encouragement of eugenic marriages. + +Confusion is often made between statistical and individual results. It +sometimes seems to be held seriously that if the effect of a particular +union cannot be accurately foretold, the application of the rules of +Eugenics is vain. This is not the case. Statistics give us assurance +concerning the fate of such or such a _percentage_ of a large number of +people which, when translated into other terms, is the probability of +each of them being affected by it. From the statesman’s point of view, +where lives are pawns in the game and personal favour is excluded, this +information is sufficient. It tells how large a number of undesirables or +of desirables can be introduced or not into a population by such and such +measures. Whether their names be A, B, or C, or else X, Y, or Z, is of no +importance to the “Statistician,”—a term that is more or less equivalent +to that of “Statesman.” + +In accordance with one principal purpose of these pages, which is to show +the fundamental coherence of most of my many inquiries, I will quote +several passages from the above-mentioned articles written in 1865. They +expressed then, as clearly as I can do now, the leading principles of +Eugenics. They will each be followed by a remark as to how I should wish +to modify them. + + “The power of man over animal life, in producing whatever + varieties of form he pleases, is enormously great. It would + seem as though the physical structure of future generations was + almost as plastic as clay, under the control of the breeder’s + will. It is my desire to show, more pointedly than, so far as I + am aware, has been attempted before, that mental qualities are + equally under control.” + +Then follows a discussion of inherited abilities, of the same character +as that which was afterwards developed more fully in _Hereditary Genius_. +If I were to re-write the above passage, it would be modified by limiting +the power of the breeder to perpetuating and intensifying qualities +which have _already appeared_ in the race. The possibility would at +the same time be recognised of the unforeseen appearance of “sports” +or “mutations” of a kind not hitherto observed, but which for all that +may become hereditary. Such in past times may have been the electric +organs of certain eels and rays, the illuminating capacity of glow-worms, +fire-flies, and inhabitants of deep waters, the venom in certain snakes, +and the power of speech in man. + + * * * * * + +After some pages of remarks, the latter of them on the physical +attributes of very able men, the article continues:— + + “Most notabilities have been great eaters and excellent + digesters, on literally the same principle that the furnace + which can raise more steam than is usual for one of its size + must burn more freely and well than is common. Most great men + are vigorous animals with exuberant powers and an extreme + devotion to a cause. There is no reason to suppose that in + breeding for the highest order of intellect we should produce a + sterile or a feeble race.” + +I should now alter the last sentence to “There is no reason to doubt +that a very high order of intellect might be bred with little, if any, +sacrifice of fertility or vigour.” + + “Many forms of civilisation have been peculiarly unfavourable + to the hereditary transmission of rare talent. None of them + were more prejudicial to it than that of the Middle Ages, when + almost every youth of genius was attracted into the Church and + enrolled in the rank of a celibate clergy.” + +This argument was largely developed in _Hereditary Genius_. + + “Another great hindrance to it is a costly tone of society, + like that of our own, where it becomes a folly for a rising + man to encumber himself with domestic expenses, which custom + exacts, and which are larger than his resources are able to + meet. Here also genius is celibate, at least during the best + period of manhood. + + “A spirit of clique is not bad. I understand that in Germany + it is very much the custom for professors to marry the + [sisters] or daughters of other professors, and I have some + reason to believe, but am anxious for fuller information + before I can feel sure of it, that the enormous intellectual + digestion of German literary men, which far exceeds that of + the corresponding class of our own countrymen, may, in some + considerable degree, be due to this practice.” + +I have not even yet obtained the information desired in the last +paragraph, the correspondents who partly promised to give it not having +done so. As many members of our House of Lords marry the daughters of +millionaires, it is quite conceivable that our Senate may in time become +characterised by a more than common share of shrewd business capacity, +possibly also by a lower standard of commercial probity than at present. + + “So far as beauty is concerned ... it is not so very long ago + in England that it was thought quite natural that the strongest + lance at the tournament should win the fairest or the noblest + lady. The lady was the prize to be tilted for. She rarely + objected to the arrangement, because her vanity was gratified + by the _éclat_ of the proceeding. Now history is justly charged + with a tendency to repeat itself. We may therefore reasonably + look forward to the possibility, I do not say the probability, + of some such practice of competition. What an extraordinary + effect might be produced on our race if its object was to unite + in marriage those who possessed the finest and most suitable + natures, mental, moral, and physical!” + +The last paragraph must of course be interpreted in the semi-jocular +sense in which it was written. + +I may here speak of some attempts by myself, made hitherto in too +desultory a way, to obtain materials for a “Beauty-Map” of the British +Isles. Whenever I have occasion to classify the persons I meet into +three classes, “good, medium, bad,” I use a needle mounted as a pricker, +wherewith to prick holes, unseen, in a piece of paper, torn rudely into a +cross with a long leg. I use its upper end for “good,” the cross-arm for +“medium,” the lower end for “bad.” The prick-holes keep distinct, and are +easily read off at leisure. The object, place, and date are written on +the paper. I used this plan for my beauty data, classifying the girls I +passed in streets or elsewhere as attractive, indifferent, or repellent. +Of course this was a purely individual estimate, but it was consistent, +judging from the conformity of different attempts in the same population. +I found London to rank highest for beauty; Aberdeen lowest. + +In another article, after some further discussion, I say:— + + “I hence conclude that the improvement of the breed of + mankind is no insuperable difficulty. If everybody were to + agree on the improvement of the race of man being a matter + of the very utmost importance, and if the theory of the + hereditary transmission of qualities in men was as thoroughly + understood as it is in the case of our domestic animals, I + see no absurdity in supposing that, in some way or other, the + improvement would be carried into effect. + + “Most persons seem to have an idea that a new element, + specially fashioned in heaven, and not transmitted by simple + descent, is introduced into the body of every new-born infant. + It is impossible this should be true, unless there exists + some property or quality in man that is not transmissible by + descent. But the terms _talent_ and _character_ are exhaustive; + they include the whole of man’s spiritual nature, so far as we + are able to understand it. No other class of qualities is known + to exist, that we might suppose to have been interpolated from + on high.” + +The article concludes as follows:— + + “It is a common theme of moralists of many creeds, that man is + born with an imperfect nature. He has lofty aspirations, but + there is a weakness in his disposition that incapacitates him + from carrying his nobler purposes into effect. He sees that + some particular course of action is his duty, and should be his + delight; but his inclinations are fickle and base, and do not + conform to his better judgment. The whole moral nature of man + is tainted with sin, which prevents him from doing the things + he knows to be right. + + “I venture to offer an explanation of this apparent anomaly + which seems perfectly satisfactory from a scientific point of + view. It is neither more nor less than that the development of + our nature, under Darwin’s law of Natural Selection, has not + yet overtaken the development of our religious civilisation. + Man was barbarous but yesterday, and therefore it is not to be + expected that the natural aptitudes of his race should already + have become moulded into accordance with his very recent + advance. We men of the present centuries are like animals + suddenly transplanted among new conditions of climate and of + food; our instincts fail us under the altered circumstances. + + “My theory is confirmed by the fact that the members of old + civilisations are far less sensible than those newly converted + from barbarism, of their nature being inadequate to their moral + needs. The conscience of a negro is aghast at his own wild + impulsive nature, and is easily stirred by a preacher; but + it is scarcely possible to ruffle the self-complacency of a + steady-going Chinaman. + + “The sense of Original Sin would show, according to my theory, + not that man was fallen from a high estate, but that he was + rapidly rising from a low one. It would therefore confirm the + conclusion that has been arrived at by every independent line + of ethnological research, that our forefathers were utter + savages ... and that after myriads of years of barbarism our + race has but very recently grown to be civilised and religious.” + +The above paragraphs appeared also in _Hereditary Genius_. + +These views published by me forty-five years ago are still up to date, +owing to the slow advance of the popular mind in its appreciation of +the force of heredity. My fault in other parts of these articles was a +tendency to overrate the speed with which a great improvement of the race +of mankind might, theoretically, be effected. I had not then made out the +law of Regression. With this qualification the above extracts express my +present views. + +Before concluding with these magazine articles, I will make yet another +extract in reference to a subject which a friend urged upon me quite +recently as a worthy subject of experiment, namely, the breeding of +animals for intelligence. The following extract shows that I considered +it long ago. I have frequently since thought of making an attempt to +carry it out, but it would have occupied more time and money than I could +have spared. As it is just possible that the idea may now catch the fancy +of some one, and induce him to make a trial, I reprint the passage here:— + + “So far as I am aware, no animals have ever been bred for + general intelligence. Special aptitudes are thoroughly + controlled by the breeder. He breeds Dogs that point, that + retrieve, that fondle or that bite; but no one has ever yet + attempted to breed for high general intellect, irrespective + of all other qualifications. It would be a most interesting + subject for an attempt. We hear constantly of prodigies of + dogs, whose very intelligence makes them of little value as + slaves. When they are wanted, they are apt to be absent on + their own errands. They are too critical of their master’s + conduct. For instance, an intelligent dog shows marked contempt + for an unsuccessful sportsman. He will follow nobody along a + road that leads to a well-known tedious errand. He does not + readily forgive a man who wounds his self-esteem. He is often + a dexterous thief and a sad hypocrite. For these reasons an + over-intelligent dog is not an object of particular desire, + and therefore I suppose no one has ever thought of encouraging + a breed of wise dogs. But it would be a most interesting + occupation for a country philosopher to pick up the cleverest + dogs he could hear of, and mate them together, generation + after generation—breeding purely for intellectual power, and + disregarding shape, size, and every other quality.” + +The phrase “regardless of every other quality” is too strong, some regard +should be paid to the physique and to the character of the dogs. + +Perhaps twenty females, ten males, and a fluctuating population of +puppies would be enough for an experiment. The cost of this would not be +very great, and would be sensibly diminished in time by money derived +from the sale of pups. + + * * * * * + +The idea of the improvement of the human race was again mooted in 1884, +and the term Eugenics was then first applied to it in my _Human Faculty_. +Afterwards it was strongly emphasised in my “Huxley Lecture” before the +Anthropological Institute in 1901[161], on the “Possible Improvement of +the Human Breed under the existing conditions of Law and Sentiment.” + +Great steps towards estimating the values of the influences concerned in +effecting it had been made in the meantime by Professor Karl Pearson. +He took up my work on Correlation[104], vastly extending its theory, +and adding largely to the data. I had gone no further than to obtain +simple results based on the Gaussian law of distribution; he worked out +those results with great mathematical skill and elaboration. He also +generalised them so as to deal with other laws of distribution than the +Gaussian. + +Moreover, Professor Karl Pearson established a Biometric Laboratory in +University College, where accurate computations are made, and whence a +quarterly publication, _Biometrika_, is issued. It was established by +him and Professor Weldon, whose untimely death has been a deep sorrow to +many friends and a serious loss to the science of heredity. I also was +nominally connected with _Biometrika_ as “Consulting Editor.” + +The ground had thus become more or less prepared for further advance; +so, after talking over the matter with the authorities of the University +of London, and obtaining their ready concurrence, I supplied sufficient +funds to allow of a small establishment for the furtherance of Eugenics. +The University provided rooms, and gave the sanction of their name and +various facilities, and I provided the salaries for a Research Fellow +and for a Research Scholar. The Eugenics Laboratory of the University +of London is now situated in University College, in connection with +Professor Karl Pearson’s biometric laboratory, and I am glad to say +he has consented to take it, for the present at least, under his very +able superintendence; as I am too old and infirm now to be able to look +properly after it. Valuable memoirs are being published by the Laboratory +from time to time, and the young institution promises to be a permanent +success. + +The authorities of the newly established Sociological Society were +disposed to take up the subject of Race Improvement, so I gave lectures +at two of their meetings in 1904 and 1905, which are published in Vols +I. and II. of the _Sociological Papers_[169]. The subjects were on, +“Eugenics, its Scope and Aims,” “Restrictions in Marriage,” “Studies in +National Eugenics,” and “Eugenics as a Factor in Religion.” Eugenics is +officially defined in the Minutes of the University of London as “the +study of agencies under social control that may improve or impair the +racial qualities of future generations, either physically or mentally.” + +Skilful and cautious statistical treatment is needed in most of the +many inquiries upon whose results the methods of Eugenics will rest. A +full account of the inquiries is necessarily technical and dry, but the +results are not, and a “Eugenics Education Society” has been recently +established to popularise those results. At the request of its Committee +I have lately joined it as Hon. President, and hope to aid its work so +far as the small powers that an advanced age still leaves intact may +permit. + + * * * * * + +A true philanthropist concerns himself not only with society as a whole, +but also with as many of the individuals who compose it as the range of +his affections can include. If a man devotes himself solely to the good +of a nation as a whole, his tastes must be impersonal and his conclusions +so far heartless, deserving the ill title of “dismal” with which Carlyle +labelled statistics. If, on the other hand, he attends only to certain +individuals in whom he happens to take an interest, he becomes guided by +favouritism and is oblivious of the rights of others and of the futurity +of the race. Charity refers to the individual; Statesmanship to the +nation; Eugenics cares for both. + +It is known that a considerable part of the huge stream of British +charity furthers by indirect and unsuspected ways the production of the +Unfit; it is most desirable that money and other attention bestowed +on harmful forms of charity should be diverted to the production and +well-being of the Fit. For clearness of explanation we may divide newly +married couples into three classes, with respect to the probable civic +worth of their offspring. There would be a small class of “desirables,” a +large class of “passables,” of whom nothing more will be said here, and +a small class of “undesirables.” It would clearly be advantageous to the +country if social and moral support as well as timely material help were +extended to the desirables, and not monopolised as it is now apt to be by +the undesirables. + +I take Eugenics very seriously, feeling that its principles ought to +become one of the dominant motives in a civilised nation, much as if they +were one of its religious tenets. I have often expressed myself in this +sense, and will conclude this book by briefly reiterating my views. + +Individuals appear to me as partial detachments from the infinite ocean +of Being, and this world as a stage on which Evolution takes place, +principally hitherto by means of Natural Selection, which achieves the +good of the whole with scant regard to that of the individual. + +Man is gifted with pity and other kindly feelings; he has also the power +of preventing many kinds of suffering. I conceive it to fall well within +his province to replace Natural Selection by other processes that are +more merciful and not less effective. + +This is precisely the aim of Eugenics. Its first object is to check the +birth-rate of the Unfit, instead of allowing them to come into being, +though doomed in large numbers to perish prematurely. The second object +is the improvement of the race by furthering the productivity of the +Fit by early marriages and healthful rearing of their children. Natural +Selection rests upon excessive production and wholesale destruction; +Eugenics on bringing no more individuals into the world than can be +properly cared for, and those only of the best stock. + +[Illustration: GALTONIA CANDICANS] + + + + +FOOTNOTES + + +[1] One of the verses still haunts my memory and deserves reproduction:— + + “The brook sings not so cheerily as of yore, + The young spring leaf is withered and upcurled, + The rose is scentless, and the sunbeam cold, + Truly there’s something wanting in the world.” + +[2] _Narrative of an Explorer in Tropical South-West Africa._ By F. +Galton (Murray), 2nd edition, Ward, Locke, & Co., Minerva Press, 1889. +_Lake N’gamî; Explorations in South-West Africa._ By Ch. Andersson +(Longman), 1856. Also papers by both in the Journal of the Royal +Geographical Society. + +[3] Anyhow, the optical principle on which it worked was pretty. A part +of the flash struck one end of a strip cut out of the middle of a glass +lens, and was brought by it to a focus (a burning spot) on an otherwise +shaded porcelain screen. The eye looking through the other end of the +strip saw the burning spot as a mock-sun. Now, by a well-known optical +law, the apparent position of the burning spot is the same whatever be +the part of the lens that makes it, or through which it is viewed. So +the mock-sun seen by the eye covers the same part of the landscape that +is simultaneously covered by the flash. The eye sees, it is true, only +one portion of the mock-sun, whence the position of the rest has to be +inferred. + +[4] _Photographs of the North American Indians._ By Garrick Mallery, +from the Fourth Annual Report of the Museum of Ethnology, Washington, +Government Printing Office, 1886. + +[5] _Extract from letter of M. Alphonse Bertillon, 15 Juin 1891_: “Je +vous remercie de votre nouvel envoi relativement aux _impressions +digitales_. Je suis fort disposé à ajouter votre procédé au signalement +anthropométrique surtout pour les enfants. Mais je redoute quelques +difficultés pratiques pour le nettoyage des doigts après l’impression +faite, etc. Puis mes agents si peu instruits mettront-ils le zèle +nécessaire pour apprendre votre méthode? Je crois que vous traversez +souvent Paris, pourriez vous à votre prochain voyage, me consacrer une +matinée au Dépot, pour un essayage sur la vile multitude?” + +[6] The word “about” is a slight reservation due to each class man, being +one-half place short of his nominal class-place. In a class of 100, the +topmost occupies the post of ½, and the lowest that of 99½. There are 101 +divisions or “rungs” from 0° to 100° inclusive, but only 100 persons. The +existence of this half place may be neglected by the ordinary reader, +though an expert would lay stress upon it. + +[7] Nephew of the two great actors, John Philip Kemble and of Mrs. +Siddons; brother of Adelaide and of Fanny Kemble, and having at least +four other near relations who were noted actors. + +[8] Now Professor Sir George H. Darwin, K.C.B., F.R.S., etc. + +[9] It was revised and added to in the _Journal of the Anthropological +Institute_, 1875[43], and then incorporated into _Human Faculty_, 1883 +(which is now republished in an exceedingly cheap form in “Everyman’s +Library”). + +[10] This unit is known by the uncouth and not easily justified name of +“Probable Error,” which I suppose is intended to express the fact that +the number of deviations or “Errors” in the two outer fourths of the +series is the same as those in the two middle fourths; and therefore the +probability is equal that an unknown error will fall into either of these +two great halves, the outer or the inner. + +[11] See Pres. Address, Section H, Brit. Assoc. Aberdeen, 1885[87]. + + + + +APPENDIX + + + [1]. Telotype, a Printing Electric Telegraph (J. + Weale;—Macmillan) 1850 + + [2]. Recent Expedition into the Interior of South-Western Africa + (_Geogr. Soc. Journ._) 1852 + + [3]. =Tropical South Africa= (Murray, 1853) (second edition, + Ward, Lock & Co., _Minerva Press_, 1889) 1853 + + [4]. Modern Geography—Cambridge Essays (J. W. Parker) 1855 + + [5]. =Art of Travel=, 1855, and subsequent editions (Murray) 1855 + + [6]. Arts of Campaigning, Inaugural Lecture at Aldershot + (Murray) 1855 + + [7]. Course of Public Lectures in the Camp at Aldershot + (Privately Printed) 1856 + + [8]. Catalogue of Models illustrative of Camp Life (Privately + Printed) 1858 + + [9]. Exploration of Arid Countries (_Geogr. Soc. Proc._) 1858 + + [10]. Hand Heliostat, for the purpose of Flashing Sun Signals, + from on board Ship or on Land, in Sunny Climates (_Brit. + Assoc. Rep._, 1858; _Geogr. Soc. Proc._, 1860) 1858 + + [11]. =Vacation Tourists=, Edited and containing two Memoirs + by F. Galton (Macmillan) 1860-63 + + [12]. On a New Principle for the Protection of Riflemen (based + on the trajectory of the spherical bullets then in use) + (_United Service Journ._) 1861 + + [13]. Zanzibar, a Lecture at the S.P.G. (_Mission Field_) 1861 + + [14]. Circular asking for Synchronance Observations during one + month three times daily, with map (Privately Printed) 1861 + + [15]. Meteorological Charts (_Phil. Mag._) 1861 + + [16]. A Development of the Theory of Cyclones (Anticyclones) + (_Roy. Soc. Proc._) 1862 + + [17]. =Meteorographica= (Macmillan) 1863 + + [18]. Stereoscopic Maps, taken from models of mountainous + countries (_Geogr. Soc. Journ._) 1865 + + [19]. Spectacles for Divers, and the Vision of Amphibious + Animals (_Brit. Assoc. Rep._) 1865 + + [20]. Hereditary Talent and Character (_Macmillan’s Magazine_) 1865 + + [21]. Conversion of Wind-Charts into Passage-Charts (_Brit. + Assoc. Rep.; Phil. Mag._) 1866 + + [22]. =Hereditary Genius=, 1869; second edition, 1892 (Macmillan) 1869 + + [23]. Drill Pantagraph, reducing horizontally and vertically + to different scales. Also a Mechanical Computer of + Vapour Tension. Report of Meteorological Council. + _See_ also 119 1869 + + [24]. Barometric Predictions of Weather (_Brit. Assoc. Rep._) 1870 + + [25]. Experiments in Pangenesis, by breeding from rabbits of a + pure variety, into whose circulation blood taken from + other varieties had previously been largely transfused + (_Roy. Soc. Proc._) 1871 + + [26]. Gregariousness in Cattle and in Men (_Macmillan’s Mag._; + vol. 23) 1872 + + [27]. On Blood Relationship: a Discussion on the Meaning of + Kinship (_Roy. Soc. Proc._) 1872 + + [28]. Address to the Geographical Section of the British + Association at Brighton (_Brit. Assoc. Rep._) 1872 + + [29]. Statistical Inquiries into the Efficacy of Prayer + (_Fortnightly Review_) 1872 + + [30]. Relative Supplies from Town and Country Families to + Future Generations (_Journ. Statist. Soc._) 1873 + + [31]. Africa for the Chinese (_Times_) 1873 + + [32]. Employment of Meteorological Statistics in determining + the best course for a ship whose sailing qualities + are known (_Roy. Soc. Proc._) 1873 + + [33]. Hereditary Improvement (_Frazer’s Magazine_, January) 1873 + + [34]. Proposed Statistical Scale (_Nature_, 5th March) 1870 + + [35]. Proposal to apply for Anthropological Statistics from + Schools (_Anthropol. Inst. Journ._) 1874 + + [36]. English Men of Science, their Nature and their Nurture + (_Royal Institution_) 1874 + + [37]. =English Men of Science=, their Nature and Nurture + (Macmillan) 1874 + + [38]. Excess of Females in the West Indies (_Anthropol. Inst. + Journ._) 1874 + + [39]. Notes on the Marlborough School Statistics (_Anthropol. + Inst. Journ._) 1875 + + [40]. On the Probability of the Extinction of Families [in + association with Rev. H. W. Watson] (_Anthropol. + Inst. Journ._) 1875 + + [41]. Statistics by Intercomparison, with Remarks on the Law + of Frequency of Error (_Phil. Mag._) 1875 + + [42]. Height and Weight of Boys, aged 14, in Town and Country + Public Schools (_Anthropol. Inst. Journ._) 1876 + + [43]. The History of Twins, as a Criterion of the Relative + Powers of Nature and Nurture (_Anthropol. Inst. Journ._) 1876 + + [44]. Short Notes on Heredity, etc., in Twins (_Anthropol. + Inst. Journ._) 1876 + + [45]. A Theory of Heredity (_Anthropol. Inst. Journ._; _Revue + Scientif._) 1876 + + [46]. Whistles for Determining the Upper Limits of Audible Sound + in Different Persons (_South Kensington Conferences_; + volume on “Chemistry, Biology,” etc. p. 61). _See_ + Hydrogen Whistles, 74 1866 + + [47]. Apparatus for the Rapid Verification of Thermometers; now + in use at the Kew Observatory (_Roy. Soc. Proc._, 1878; + _Phil. Mag._ 1877) 1877 + + [48]. Typical Laws of Heredity (1877) (_Royal Inst. Proc._, 1879; + _Nature_, 1877; _Revue Scientif._, 1877) 1877 + + [49]. Address to the Department of Anthropology of the Brit. + Assoc., Plymouth [On the Study of Types (or Groups) + of Men] (_Brit. Assoc. Rep._; _Nature_; _Revue + Scientif._, 1877) 1877 + + [51]. Composite Portraits, made by combining those of many + different persons into a single resultant figure + (_Anthropol. Inst. Journ._, 1879; _Nature_, 1878; + _Revue Scientif._, 1879) 1878 + + [52]. Letters of H. M. Stanley from Equatorial Africa to _Daily + Telegraph_ (_Edin. Review_) 1878 + + [53]. The Geometric Mean in Vital and Social Statistics (_Roy. + Soc. Proc._) 1879 + + [54]. Generic Images (_Nineteenth Century_) 1879 + + [55]. Psychometric Experiments, Free Will (_Brain_, vol. ii.) 1879 + + [56]. Opportunities of Science Masters at Schools (_Nature_) 1880 + + [57]. Determining the Heights and Distances of Clouds by their + Reflections in a low Pool of Water, and in a Mercurial + Horizon (_Brit. Assoc. Rep._) 1880 + + [58]. Visualised Numerals (Preliminary Memoir) (_Nature_) 1880 + + [59]. Statistics of Mental Imagery (_Mind_, No. XIX.) 1880 + + [60]. _Galtonia Candicans_ (_Flores des serres_, etc., par J. + Decaisne, 1880), (_Gardeners’ Chronicle_, 1881) 1880 + + [61]. The Equipment of Exploring Expeditions now and fifty years + ago, (_Brit. Assoc. Rep._) 1881 + + [62]. Construction of Isochronic Passage-Charts (_Brit. Assoc. + Rep._; _Geogr. Soc. Proc._) 1881 + + [63]. Visualised Numerals (_Anthropol. Inst. Journ._) 1881 + + [64]. Inquiry into the Physiognomy of Phthisis by the Method of + Composite Portraiture (in connection with Dr. Mahomed) + (_Guy’s Hospital Reports_, vol. XXV.) 1881 + + [65]. Visions of Sane Persons (_Roy. Inst. Proc._) 1882 + + [66]. Generic Images (_Roy. Inst. Proc._) 1882 + + [67]. Photographic Portraits from Childhood to Age + (_Fortnightly Review_) 1882 + + [68]. A Rapid-View Instrument for Momentary Attitudes (_Nature_) 1882 + + [69]. Anthropometric Laboratory (_Fortnightly Review_) 1882 + + [70]. Conventional Representation of the Horse in Motion + (_Nature_) 1882 + + [71]. Apparatus for testing the Delicacy of the Muscular and + other Senses (_Anthropol. Inst. Journ._) 1883 + + [72]. The American Trotting-Horse (_Nature_) 1883 + + [73]. Outfit for an Anthropometric Laboratory (Privately Printed) 1883 + + [74]. Hydrogen Whistles (_Nature_). _See_ 46 1883 + + [75]. =Human Faculty= (Macmillan) 1883 + + [76]. Medical Family Registers (proposed prizes) (_Fortnightly + Review_) 1883 + + [77]. Arithmetic Notation of Kinship (_Nature_) 1883 + + [78]. Anthrop. Laboratory, Internat. Health Exhib. (Issued by + Authority) 1884 + + [79]. =Life History Album=, 1884 (second edition, 1903, + Macmillan) 1884 + + [80]. Table of Observations [of 400 persons] (_Anthropol. Inst. + Journ._) 1884 + + [81]. Free Will, Observations and Inferences (_Mind_, No. XXXV.) 1884 + + [82]. Measurement of Character (_Fortnightly Review_) 1884 + + [83]. =Record of Family Faculties= (published in connection with + an offer of prizes) (Macmillan) 1884 + + [84]. Anthropometric Laboratory at the International Health + Exhibition (_Anthropol. Inst. Journ._) 1885 + + [85]. Anthropometric Per-Centiles (_Nature_) 1885 + + [86]. Address to the Anthropological Section of the British + Association, Aberdeen, 1885 [On Inheritance and + Regression] (_Brit. Assoc. Rep._, 1885; _Anthropol. + Inst. Journ._, 1886) 1885 + + [87]. Regression towards Mediocrity in Hereditary Stature + (_Anthropol. Inst. Journ._) 1885 + + [88]. Good and Bad Temper in English Families (_Nineteenth + Century_) 1885 + + [89]. Composite Portraits (four sets reproduced) (_Photo News_) 1885 + + [90]. Family Likeness in Stature, with an Appendix by J. D. + Hamilton Dickson (_Roy. Soc. Proc._) 1886 + + [91]. Family Likeness in Eye-Colour (_Roy. Soc. Proc._) 1886 + + [92]. Presidential Address, Anthropol. Inst. (_Anthropol. Inst. + Journ._) 1886 + + [93]. The Origin of Varieties (Curve of Attractiveness) + (_Nature_) 1886 + + [94]. Anniversary Meeting of Royal Society—Presentation of a + Royal Medal to F. Galton. Also his speech after the + dinner (_Times_) 1886 + + [95]. Recent Designs for Anthropometric Instruments (_Anthropol. + Inst. Journ._) 1887 + + [96]. Notes on Permanent Colour Types in Mosaics (_Anthropol. + Inst. Journ._) 1887 + + [97]. Thoughts without Words (_Nature_) 1887 + + [98]. Presidential Address, Anthropol. Inst. (_Anthropol. Inst. + Journ._) 1887 + + [99]. Pedigree Moth-Breeding as a means of Verifying certain + Important Constants in the General Theory of Heredity + (_Trans. Entomol. Soc., London_) 1887 + + [100]. Notes on Australian Marriage Systems (_Anthropol. Inst. + Journ._) 1889 + + [101]. Remarks on Replies by Teachers to Questions respecting + Mental Fatigue (_Anthropol. Inst. Journ._) 1889 + + [102]. Presidential Address, Anthropol. Inst. (_Anthrop. Inst. + Journ._) 1888 + + [103]. Correlations and their Measurement, chiefly from + Anthropometric Data (_Roy. Soc. Proc._) 1889 + + [104]. Instruments—(1) Differences of Tint; (2) for Reading Time + (_Anthropol. Inst. Journ._) 1889 + + [105]. Presidential Address, Anthropol. Inst. (_Anthropol. + Inst. Journ._) 1889 + + [106]. Personal Identification and Description (_Roy. Inst. + Proc._, 1889; _Nature_, 1888) 1889 + + [107]. Head Growth in Students at the University of Cambridge + (_Anthropol. Inst. Journ._, 1889; _Nature_, 1888-89) 1889 + + [108]. Advisability of Assigning Marks for Bodily Efficiency + in the Examination of Candidates for the Public + Services (_Brit. Assoc. Rep._) 1889 + + [109]. =Natural Inheritance= (Macmillan, 1889) 1889 + + [110]. Anthropometric Laboratory, Notes and Memoirs (Privately + Printed) 1890 + + [111]. A New Instrument for Measuring the Rate of Movement of + the Various Limbs (_Anthropol. Inst. Journ._) 1891 + + [112]. Dice for Statistical Experiments (_Nature_) 1890 + + [113]. Physical Tests in Competitive Examinations (_Soc. of + Arts Journ._) 1890 + + [114]. Tests and Certificates of the Kew Observatory (Printed for + the Observatory) 1890 + + [115]. Retrospect of Work done at my Anthropometric Laboratory + at South Kensington (_Anthropol. Inst. Journ._) 1892 + + [116]. Patterns in Thumb and Finger Marks; their arrangement + into naturally distinct classes, the permanence of the + Papillary Ridges that make them, and the resemblance + of their classes to ordinary genera (_Phil. Trans._, + abstract; _Roy. Soc. Proc._) 1891 + + [117]. Methods of Indexing Finger Marks (_Roy. Soc. Proc._) 1891 + + [118]. Galton’s Pantagraph and Vapour Tension Computer + (Illustrated) (_Deutsche Mathem.: Vereinigung_). + _See_ also 23 1892 + + [119]. The Just Perceptible Difference [Descriptive Portraiture] + (_Roy. Inst. Proc._) 1893 + + [120]. Identification (_Nature_) 1893 + + [121]. =Finger Prints= (Macmillan) 1893 + + [122]. =Blurred Finger Prints= (Macmillan) 1893 + + [123]. Enlarged Finger Prints (_Photographic Work_) 1893 + + [124]. Results derived from the Natality Table of Korosi, by + employing the Method of Contours, or Isogens (_Roy. + Soc. Proc._) 1894 + + [125]. Physical Index to 100 Persons, their Measures and Finger + Prints (Privately Printed) 1894 + + [126]. Relative Sensitivity of Men and Women (_Nature_) 1894 + + [127]. Arithmetic by Smell (_Psychological Review_) 1894 + + [128]. A Plausible Paradox in Chances (_Nature_) 1894 + + [129]. Discontinuity in Evolution (_Mind_) 1894 + + [130]. =Finger Print Directory= (Macmillan) 1895 + + [131]. Terms of Imprisonment (Distribution of Sentences) + (_Nature_) 1895 + + [132]. A New Step in Statistical Science (_Nature_) 1895 + + [133]. Intelligible Signals between Neighbouring Stars (or other + inaccessible stations whose inhabitants had no common + language) (_Fortnightly Review_) 1896 + + [134]. A Curious Idiosyncrasy [Faintness at Sight of an Injured + Finger Nail] (_Nature_) 1896 + + [135]. Three Generations of Lunatic Cats (_Spectator_) 1896 + + [136]. Prints of Scars (_Nature_) 1896 + + [137]. Private Circular of Committee for Measurement of Plants + and Animals (private, by Royal Society) Dec. 5, Nov. 30 1896 + + [138]. The Average Contribution of each several Ancestor to the + Total Heritage of the Offspring (_Roy. Soc. Proc._) 1897 + + [139]. A New Law of Heredity (_Nature_) 1897 + + [140]. Hereditary Colour in Horses (_Nature_) 1897 + + [141]. Rate of Racial Change that accompanies Different Degrees + of Severity in Selection (_Nature_) 1897 + + [142]. Relation between Individual and Racial Variability + (_Nature_) 1897 + + [143]. Retrograde Selection (_Gardeners’ Chronicle_) 1897 + + [144]. A Diagram of Heredity illustrating the “Ancestral Law” + (_Nature_) 1898 + + [145]. An Examination into the Registered Speeds of American + Trotting Horses, with Remarks on their Value as + Hereditary Data (_Roy. Soc. Proc._; Nature) 1898 + + [146]. Photographic Measurement of Horses and other Animals + (_Nature_) 1898 + + [147]. Photographic Record of Pedigree Stock (_Brit. Assoc. + Rep._, pp. 597-603, wrongly indexed as p. 567) 1898 + + [148]. Distribution of Prepotency (in horses) (_Nature_) 1898 + + [149]. Temporary Flooring in Westminster Abbey for Ceremonial + Processions (_Times_, May 25) 1898 + + [150]. Pedigree Stock Records (_Brit. Assoc. Rep._, pp. 424-430) 1899 + + [151]. The Median Estimate (_Brit. Assoc. Rep._, pp. 638-640) 1899 + + [152]. Strawberry Cure for Gout (Linnaeus;—_Nature_) 1899 + + [153]. Souvenirs d’Egypte (_Bulletin de la Soc. Khédiviale de + Geographie_; _Isap. Nat., Cairo_) 1900 + + [154]. A Geometric Determination of the Median Value of a System + of Normal Variants, from Two of its Centiles (_Nature_) 1900 + + [155]. Analytical Photography (_Nature_; _Photogr. Soc. Journ., + New Series_) 1900 + + [156]. =Biometrika=, Consulting Editor of 1901 + + [157]. Biometry (_Biometrika_) 1901 + + [158]. First and Second Prizes (_Biometrika_) 1901-2 + + [159]. Probability of a Son of a very gifted Father being no + less gifted (_Nature_) 1901 + + [160]. The Possible Improvement of the Human Breed under the + Existing Conditions of Law and Sentiment (Huxley + Lecture of the Anthropological Institute, _Nature_; + Smithsonian Institution Report) 1901 + + [161]. Finger Print Evidence (_Nature_) 1902 + + [162]. Pedigrees (based on Fraternal Units) (_Nature_) 1903 + + [163]. Are we degenerating? (_Daily Chronicle_) 1903 + + [164]. On Remarks by Sir Edward Fry on Natural Selection + (_Nature_) 1903 + + [165]. Nomenclature and Tables of Kinship (father, mother, + brother, etc.), (_Nature_, Jan. 28) 1904 + + [166]. Average Number of Kinsfolk in each Degree (_Nature_) 1904-5 + + [167]. University of London. Notice of Research Fellowship in + Eugenics (_Printed for University_) 1904 + + [168]. Restrictions in Marriage; Studies in National Eugenics; + Eugenics as a Factor in Religion, with abstract of an + earlier paper (vol. ii. _Sociological Papers_) 1905 + + [169]. Distribution of Successes and Natural Ability among + Kinsfolk of Fellows of Royal Soc. (_Nature_) 1905 + + [170]. Anthropometry at Schools (_Royal Inst. of Public Health, + London Congress_) 1905 + + [171]. On Dr. Fauld’s ‘Guide to Finger-Print Identification’ + (_Nature_, Supplement) 1905 + + [172]. Number of Strokes of the Brush in a Picture (_Nature_) 1905 + + [173]. Cutting a round Cake on Scientific Principles 1906 + + [174]. =Noteworthy Families=, jointly with E. Schuster (Murray) 1906 + + [175]. Measurement of Resemblance (_Nature_) 1906 + + [176]. One Vote one Value (_Nature_) 1907 + + [177]. Vox Populi (_Nature_) 1907 + + [178]. Further sum of £1000 to University of London (_Times_) 1907 + + [179]. Probability the Foundation of Eugenics, “H. Spencer” + Lecture Oxford (_Clarendon Press Oxf._) 1907 + + [180]. Grades and Deviates (calculations by W. F. Sheppard; + Vol. v. _Biometrika_) 1907 + + [181]. Suggestions for improving the Literary Style of Scientific + Memoir (_R. Soc. Literature_) 1908 + + [182]. Eugenics, Address on (_Westminster Gazette_, June 26) 1908 + + + + +PRINCIPAL AWARDS AND DEGREES + + + Gold Medal, Royal Geographical Society 1853 + Silver Medal, French Geographical Society 1854 + Elected to Athenæum Club under Rule II. 1855 + Fellow of the Royal Society 1856 + Gold Medal of the Royal Society 1886 + Officer de I’Instruction Publique, France 1891 + D.C.L. Oxford 1894 + Sc.D. (Honorary), Cambridge 1895 + Huxley Medal Anthropological Institute 1901 + Elected Hon. Fellow Trinity College, Cambridge 1902 + Darwin Medal, Royal Society 1902 + Linnæan Society Medal at Darwin-Wallace Celebration 1908 + + + + +INDEX + + + Abbas Pasha, 91 + + Aberdeen, 316 + + Aberfeldy, 71 + + Abney, Sir W., 227 + + Abydos (Egypt), 98 + + Adelsberg, caves of, 56 + + Aden (in Lebanon), 104 + + AFTER RETURN HOME—MARRIAGE, 152 + + Agricultural Hall, 217 + + Ague, 102, 106, 159 + + Airy, Sir George, 187 + + Alcock, Sir Rutherford, 193 + + Aldershot, lectures at, 164 + + Alexander, Sir James, 128, 201 + + Ali (dragoman), 85, 89, 102, 103 + + Allman, Prof., 294 + + Alpine Club, 190 + + Amiral, 135, 147 + + Ancestral law, 308 + + Anderson, Ch. J., 123, 148, 149 + + Andorre, Republic of, 190 + + Anthropological Notes and Queries, 163 + + Anthropometric Laboratories, International Exhibition, 244; + South Kensington, 249 + + Anticyclones, 231 + + Arithmetic by Smell, 283 + + Arnaud Bey, 87, 97 + + Arnold, Dr., 63, 69 + + ART OF TRAVEL, 161, 162 + + Ashburton, Lord, 169 + + Athenæum Club, 12, 150 + + Atkinson, T. W., 176 + + Attwood, Rev. G., 18 + + Austen, Sir Ch. Roberts, 216 + + Austen and Austin, 291 + + Automatic acts interfered with, 276 + + Avebury, Lord, 177 + + + Bachelor, the “Travelling,” 68 + + Bag for sleeping, 189 + + Balloon, 115; + the Nassau, 183 + + Bam, Rev. —, 132 + + Barclay of Ury (Apologist), 5 + + —— Capt. B. Allardice, 5 + + —— Hedworth, 85 + + Barmen Mission Station, 129 + + Barth, Dr., 172 + + Basset Hounds, 308 + + Bates, H. W., 210 + + Bayouda Desert, 95 + + Bears, 123, 190 + + Beauty-maps, 315 + + Bennett, Sir J. Risdon, 274 + + Bentham, George, 174, 190 + + Bentinck, Mr., 152 + + Berkswell Rectory, 306 + + Bertillon, Alphonse, measurements, 251; + letter on finger-prints, 255; + system inappropriate to India, 256 + + Beyrout, quarantine, 102, 105 + + Bidder, G., Q.C., 270 + + Biggs, Miss E., 195 + + Birmingham Hospital, 20, 43 + + —— School, 20 + + Bishari Desert, 87 + + Black Sea, 51 + + Blakesley, J. W., 58 + + Blind, low muscular sense of, 249 + + Blood, smell of, 191 + + Blue Nile, 94 + + Bob (Arab boy), 86, 88, 96 + + Boers, 126, 136 + + Bosphorus, 52 + + Boulogne, school at, 16 + + Boulton, Matthew P. W., 19, 58 + + —— Montagu, 85 + + —— & Watt’s works, 4, 19 + + Bowman, Sir W., 24, 41 + + Bradley, Dean, 183 + + Bradshaw, Mrs., 106 + + Brakes to carriages, 61 + + Brandram, Miss (_see_ MacLennan), 192 + + Breathing, experiments on, 276 + + Bristed, C., 77 + + BRITISH ASSOCIATION, 65, 208, 213 + + Broca, 44 + + Brock, Mr., 249 + + Brodrick, Hon. G., 180, 211 + + Brookfield, W. H., 170 + + Brougham, Lord, 153 + + Buffon, 292 + + Bump bag, 116 + + Bunbury, Mrs. (Adele Galton), 13 + + Burns (accidents), 30 + + Burton, Sir R., 161, 171, 199, 202-3 + + Bushmen, 130, 147 + + Butler, A. Frank, 195 + + —— George, D.D., 154, 156 + + —— George G., 211 + + —— G. G., Medallist R.S. Soc., 212 + + —— Montagu, D.D., Master of Trinity, 160 + + Buxton, Charles, 69 + + Byron, Lord (the poet), 49, 63, 170 + + —— —— Admiral, 8 + + + Cairo, 86 + + CAMBRIDGE, 58 + + Camel, desiccated, 89 + + Cameron of Lochiel, 190 + + Campbell, Hon. F., afterwards Lord Stratheden and Campbell, 65, 77 + + Candolle, de, Alphonse, 291 + + Canning, 85 + + Caravan, 89 + + Carlyle, 169, 322 + + Carpenter, Prof. W. B., 10 + + Cattle Show at Plymouth, 280 + + Cayley, Prof. Arthur, 53, 71 + + Celibacy (of clergy), 314 + + Gentiles, table of, 267, 299 + + Chain armour, 107 + + Chandos-Pole, Col. Sacheverel, 7 + + CHILDHOOD AND BOYHOOD, 13 + + Chinaman, 317 + + Chree, Dr., 229 + + Clark, W. G., 70 + + Classics, Senior, heredity in, 289 + + Claverdon, 110 + + Clermont-Ferrand, 154 + + Clifford, W. K., 216 + + Clouds, smoke, from bursting shell, 236 + + Cobra, poison fang, 298 + + COMPOSITE PORTRAITS AND STEREOSCOPIC MAPS, 259 + + Constantinople, 52 + + Cooke, Messrs., 226 + + Copley Medal, 71 + + Correlations, 302 + + Corona at eclipse, 188 + + Cory, W. Johnson, 67 + + Costigan, Capt., 106 + + Count O., 62 + + Crawfurd, John, 172 + + Crimean War, 163 + + Crocodiles, 95 + + Culrain moor, 111 + + Cumming, Gordon, 122 + + Cunene R., 130 + + Curative index, 33 + + Cyclones, 230 + + + Dacota Indians, 197 + + Dalyell, Sir Robert, 78 + + Damaras, 127, 130, 141 + + —— endurance of pain, 35 + + Damascus, 102 + + Daniell, Prof., 41 + + Danube, 50 + + Darwin, D. Erasmus, 6, 22, 85, 288 + + —— Charles his son, 7 + + —— Dr. Robert, 7, 22 + + —— Charles R., the Naturalist, letter on “Art of Travel,” 163; + visits to, at Down, 169; + misunderstood, 287; + letter to me on Hereditary Genius, 290 + + —— Major Leonard, 173, 228 + + —— Prof. Sir George, 290 + + Dasent, Sir G., 39 + + Dead Sea, 106 + + Decaisne, Prof. J., 175 + + Deftader of Shendy, 91, 92 + + De la Rue, 227 + + Delirium tremens, 38 + + Denman, Justice Hon. G., 70, 74 + + Derby races, 178, 179 + + Deviations from Median, 299 + + Dewar, Sir J., 302 + + Dickson, J. Hamilton, 302 + + Directory, Finger Prints, 255 + + Dogs, breeding for intelligence, 318 + + Dongola, 95 + + Drowning, escape from, 45 + + Drunken man operated on, 35 + + Druse chief, 102 + + Du Cane, Sir Edmund, 259 + + Duddeston, 2 + + Duelling, 75 + + + Eclipse, 188 + + Edstone, 114 + + EGYPT AND THE SOUDAN, 83 + + Electric telegraph, 119 + + Elephant Fontein, 146 + + Emin Bey, 205 + + Emir Rourbah, 107 + + English Men of Science, 219 + + Epigram Club, 68 + + Erhardt, 146, 198 + + Erongo, 131, 137 + + Eugenics, 310, 319 + + Evans, Rev. Charles (Brit. Assoc.), 218 + + —— Capt. Sir Frederick, 233 + + Extinction of families, 305 + + + Falstaff’s soliloquy, 1 + + Family likeness, 302 + + —— records, 293 + + Farr, Dr., 292 + + Farrar, F. (Dean of Canterbury), 211, 244 + + Farrer, Lord, 233 + + Fazakerley, 111 + + Fellow (of a Scientific Society), 222 + + Fever, 102, 106 + + Fidgets, counting number of, 278 + + Finger-prints, 252, 254 + + —— letter from Bertillon on, 255 + + FitzRoy, Admiral, 229, 232 + + Forbes, Edward, 216 + + Forensic medicine, 42 + + Frazer, J. G., 105 + + Free will, 295 + + Frere, Sir Bartle, 206 + + —— Hookham, 85 + + —— Robert, 45, 85 + + Freshfield, Douglas, 212 + + Fry, Mrs., 6 + + + Galton, hamlet of, 5 + + Galton, Samuel, 2, 5, 11; + Samuel John, 2, 3, 4, 18; + Samuel Tertius (my father), 2, 8, 47, 82; + Hubert, 8; + Howard, 8; + Theodore, 9; + Sir Douglas, 10, 122, 228; + A. Violetta (my mother), 10, 155; + Bessy (Mrs. Wheler), my sister, 14, 84; + Lucy (Mrs. Moilliet), 11, 84; + Adele (Mrs. Bunbury), 13, 83, 156; + Emma, 84, 155; + Darwin (my brother), 84; + Erasmus (my brother), 16, 79, 83, 156, 164; + Mrs. Francis G. (my wife), 154, 220 + + _Galtonia Candicans_, 175; + vignette, 323 + + Garibaldi, 285 + + Gassiott, J. P., 228, 250 + + Gauss’s law, 299, 304 + + Gell, Bishop of Madras, 75 + + Genera and patterns in finger prints, 253 + + Geographical R. Society, 122, 126, 150, 162, 210 + + Geographical Society, Cairo, 97 + + GEOGRAPHY AND EAST AFRICA, 198 + + George IV., 45 + + Germans in S.W. Africa, 128 + + Ghou Damup, 130 + + Gibbs, W. F., 74 + + Giddiness (_see_ Illnesses), 16, 155 + + Giessen, 48 + + Gladstone, Mr. W. E., 249 + + Goldie, Sir George, 173 + + Granada, 52 + + Grange, the, 169 + + Grant, Col., 200 + + Grove, Hon. Justice Sir Wm., 42, 219 + + Gummi schuhe, 306 + + Gurney, Hudson, 6 + + Gurney, Mr. and Mrs. Russell, 181, 182 + + Gurneys of Earlham, 9 + + Guy’s Hospital, 262 + + + Hahn, Rev. Hugo, 135, 145 + + Hallam, Harry F., 65, 115 + + Hallam, Henry, 65, 79 + + Hand Heliostat, 165 + + Hans Larsen, 134, 141, 149 + + Hanwell, photographs of lunatics, 262 + + Harris, Capt., 122 + + Harrow, 160 + + Hausa language, 172 + + Haviland, Dr., 47 + + Hawkins, F. Vaughan, 191, 306 + + Heliostat, 61, 226; + hand, 165 + + Henry, Sir Edward, 256 + + HEREDITY, 287 + + Herschel, Sir John, 188 + + —— Sir William, 252 + + Hill, Sir Rowland, 3 + + Hills, Judge and Mrs., 222 + + Hints to Travellers, 163 + + Hippopatami, 95 + + Historical Society, 76 + + Hodgson, Joseph, 22, 39, 85 + + Holden, H., 21, 76 + + Hollond, Mr. and Mrs. Robert, 183 + + Hooker, Sir Joseph, 175 + + Hopkins, William, 64, 81 + + Horner, Leonard, 46 + + Horse in gallop (conventional), 264 + + Hospitals, Birmingham, 26, 43, 135; + Guy’s, 262; + King’s College, 43; + St. George’s, 47, 82; + uses for experiment, 44 + + Houghton, Lord, 204, 216 + + Hughes, Mr. Tom, 167 + + HUMAN FACULTY, 266 + + HUNTING AND SHOOTING, 110 + + Hunt Club, Leamington, 110 + + Hunting, Queen’s Stag Hounds, 115; + New Forest, 119 + + Hutton, Crompton, 78 + + Huxley, 172, 222, 258 + + Huxley Lecture, Anthrop. Inst., 319 + + _Hyacinthus Candicans_ (_see_ Galtonia) + + Hypnotism, 80 + + Hysteria, 38 + + + Ideas, new, 287 + + Idols, 277 + + Illnesses, at Cambridge, 79; + during many years, 116; + in 1866, 155, 215 + + Index of Correlation, 302; + curative, 33 + + Insanity, experiments, 276 + + International Exhibition of 1884, 245 + + Iron Gates (Danube), 50 + + + Jaffa, 105 + + Jeffreys, J. Gwyn, 10 + + Jerusalem, 106 + + Jeune, Dr. (Bishop of Peterborough), 20 + + Johnson, Dr. Alice, 98 + + Johnson, Sir George, 42 + + Johnson, H. Vaughan, 74 + + Jonker, 129, 135, 136, 146 + + Jordan, 106 + + + Kahichené, 141 + + Kaoko, 142 + + Kay, Sir Edward, Lord Justice, 69 + + Kay, Joseph, 68 + + Kellig (water-skin), 106 + + Kelvin, Lord, 60 + + Kemble, J. Mitchell, 286 + + Kenilworth, school at, 18 + + Keswick, 59 + + KEW OBSERVATORY AND METEOROLOGY, 224 + + Kew Observatory, history of, 225 + + Khartum, 92, 93 + + Kilimandjaro, 198 + + King’s College, 39, 56; + Hospital, 43 + + Knapsack sleeping-bag, 189 + + Knowles, General, 164 + + Korosko, 86 + + Kuisip R., 129 + + Kustendji, 49, 51 + + + Laboratory, Anthropometric, Health Exhibition, 245, 270; + S. Kensington, 249; + for Faculty generally, 267 + + Ladysmith, 126 + + Lamb, Charles, 39 + + LANDS OF THE DAMARAS, OVAMPO, AND NAMAQUAS, 138 + + Lazarette (_see_ Quarantine) + + Leamington, 18, 110, 155 + + Lebanon, 104 + + Lesseps, 161 + + Levanting and re-levanting, 104 + + Le Verrier, 229 + + Liebig, Prof., 48 + + Lighthouse, 114 + + Lingen, Lord, 78 + + Linz, 49, 247 + + Lions, 133, 247 + + Lister, Lord, 37 + + Livingstone, 122, 205, 206 + + Lloyd, Charles, 123 + + Lochiel, Cameron of, 190 + + Lords, House of, 314 + + Loup, Saut de, 192 + + Lovelace, Earl of, 170 + + Lubbock, Sir J. (Lord Avebury), 177 + + Luchon, 189 + + Lyell, Mrs. (Life of Leonard Horner), 46 + + Lymington, 119 + + + Macalister, Dr. Donald, 212, 304 + + Macaulay, 74 + + MacKinder, 212 + + MacLennan, J. F., 67 + + MacLennan, Mrs., 192, 195 + + Macmillan, Vacation Tourists, 186 + + Mahomed, Dr., 262 + + Maine, Sir Henry, 66 + + Maori, endurance of pain, 36 + + Markham, Sir Clement, 210 + + Marks for physical efficiency, 214 + + Matheson, Rev. —, 59, 60 + + Maury, 229 + + Medallions, 196 + + Medals (_see_ List, p. 331); + R.G. Soc., 150 + + Median estimates in Juries, 281 + + MEDICAL STUDIES, 22 + + Mehemet Ali, 86 + + Memorial of African Travellers, 204 + + Mendel, 308 + + Menzies, Sir Niel, 73 + + Merrifield, Mr., 307 + + Mesmerism, 80 + + Meteorographica, 232 + + Meteorological Committee and Council, 233 + + Microscopes, 41 + + Millais, Sir Everard, 309 + + Millau, 194 + + Miller, Dr. Allen, 48 + + Miseri’s Hotel, 52 + + Models (Art of Travel), 164 + + Mombas, 198 + + Monkeys, 91, 109 + + Montpelier le Vieux, 194 + + Müller, Prof. Max., 283 + + Murchison, Sir R., 150, 208 + + Murie, Dr., 298 + + Murray, Admiral Hon., 171 + + Mutations, 313 + + Muybridge, Mr., 264 + + Myers, Rev. F., 60 + + Mytton, 110, 289 + + + Namaquas, 127, 136 + + Nangoro, 142; + his death, 144 + + Nassau balloon, 183 + + Nature and Nurture (twins), 294 + + Naworth Castle, 300 + + Newstead Abbey, 170 + + New York Herald, 206 + + N’gamî Lake, 122, 127, 147 + + Niles, White and Blue, 94; + sources of White, 199 + + Noble, Sir Andrew, 238 + + North, Frederick, M.P., 180 + + —— Marianne, 181 + + Northbrook, Lord, 202 + + Number-forms, 270 + + + Observations, self-recording, 234 + + Oliphant, Lawrence, 161, 162, 172 + + Olympus, Mt., 52 + + Original sin, 317 + + Orkneys, 111 + + Oswell, W. C., 122 + + Otchimbingue, 129 + + Ovambondé, 138, 142 + + Ovampo limit, 130, 142 + + Oxen, 146 + + Oyster-catcher (bird), 114 + + + P., Mr., 23 + + Packe, Charles, 189 + + Paget, Sir James, 36 + + Pain, sense of, 35 + + Pangenesis, 297 + + Pantagraph, drill, 232, 235 + + PARENTAGE, 1 + + Parker, Sir Hyde, 123, 152 + + Parkyns, Mansfield, 92, 172 + + Partridge, John, R.A., 40 + + —— Prof. Richard, 39 + + Passage roses, 239 + + Pasteur, 37 + + Pearson, Prof. Karl, 283, 294; + correlations, 304; + ancestral law, 309, 320 + + Peas, sweet, experiments, 300 + + Pedigree stock, photographs of, 217 + + Pelly, Sir Lewis, 10, 193 + + Per-Centiles, 267 + + Petherick, Mr., 94, 298 + + Petrels, 114 + + Petrie, Prof., 97 + + Phenician inscription (alleged), 208 + + Photographs, analytical, 263; + composite, 261 + + Photographic lenses, 228 + + Pilgrimages, 90 + + Pills, 29 + + Pitch, scalded legs, 36 + + Pitt, his voice, 39 + + Pollock, Sir Frederick, 167 + + Portuguese, 128, 143 + + Prizes, first and second, 282 + + Problem (earth’s diameter), 62 + + Proteus, the, 56 + + Provisions, walking tour, 159 + + _Puck_ (comic newspaper), 68 + + Pump near Jaffa, 105 + + _Punch_, 68, 277 + + Pyrenees, 189 + + + Quantification of the Predicate, 174 + + Quarantine, at Syra, 53; + Ancona, 54; + Trieste (with Spoglio), 55; + Beyrout, 102; + Marseilles, 108 + + Quassia, 27 + + Quetelet, Prof., 304 + + Quincey, De, 62 + + + Rabbi, Chief, of Dantzig, 272 + + Rabbits, experiments on, 297 + + RACE IMPROVEMENT, 310 + + Rae, Dr., 161 + + Raffles, Sir Stamford, 173 + + Ramsgate, 302 + + Rath, Rev. —, 134 + + Rawson, Sir Rawson, 214 + + Reaction time, 248 + + Reader, the, 168 + + Red Lion Club, 216 + + Regression, 301, 318 + + Resemblances, measurement of, 250 + + Reynolds, Miss, 308 + + Roberts, Mr., 214 + + Robertson, Prof. Croom, 267 + + Robertson, Rev. —, 173 + + Romanes, J., 278 + + Ronalds, Sir F., 229 + + Ronaldshay, N., 114 + + Rougemont, Mr., 207 + + Royal Society, 219, 221 + + Royat, 154 + + Rugby boys, 69 + + + Sabine, General Sir Edward, 224 + + St. Helena, 148 + + St. Simonians, 87 + + Sand Fontein, 132 + + Sandow, adjudging prizes, 279 + + Sanity, tableland of, 38 + + Saut de Loup, 192 + + Scawfell, 61 + + Schepmansdorf, 132 + + Schimmelpenninck, Mrs., 9 + + Scott, Robert, 240 + + Seals, 112 + + Semney, temple at, 96 + + Sextant, 125, 226 + + Shaw, W. N., 234 + + Shells, smoke of, 236 + + Shendy (massacre), 91, 95 + + Sheppard, W. F., 283 + + Shetlands, 112, 118 + + SHORT TOUR TO THE EAST, 48 + + Sierra Nevada, 52 + + Simon, Sir John, 41, 294 + + Sin, original, 316 + + Sinai, peninsula of, 184 + + Singapore, 174 + + Slave hunting, 90 + + Sleeping-bag, 189 + + Smee, Dr., 40, 41, 42 + + Smell, sense of, used in arithmetic, 283 + + Smith, Gen. Sir Harry, 126 + + Smith, Prof. Henry, 240 + + Snowdon, 61 + + SOCIAL LIFE (_medallions_), 169 + + Sociological papers (eugenics), 321 + + SOUTH-WEST AFRICA, 121 + + Spectacles under water, 186 + + Speke, Captain, 199; + death, 202; + memorial, 203 + + Spencer, Herbert, 167, 178, 257, 292 + + Spoglio (in quarantine), 55 + + Sports or mutations, 313 + + Spottiswoode, Wm., 72, 183, 210, 232, 250, 304 + + Spurgeon, Rev. —, 285 + + Stanley, Dean, 69 + + —— 15th Earl Derby, 76 + + —— Sir Henry M., 205, 207 + + Statistical instinct, 4 + + —— units, 298 + + Statistician and statesman, 312 + + Statistics, medical, 44 + + Stereoscopic maps, 264 + + Stewardson, 132 + + Stewart and Balfour, 229 + + Strachey, General Sir Richard, 212, 241 + + Stratheden, Lord (_see_ Campbell) + + Strickland, 63 + + Suffocation, 185 + + Swakop R., 129 + + Swartboy, 135, 145 + + Swedes, 124 + + Sylvester, Prof., 71 + + Symonds, J. Addington, 181 + + Symplegades, 51 + + Syra, Island, 53 + + SYRIA, 101 + + + Tanganyika, 199 + + Target for riflemen, 166 + + Tarn R., 194 + + Taylor, Tom, 68 + + Telotype, 120 + + Thermometer, 227 + + Tiberias, Lake of, 106 + + Time, sense of, 277 + + Toad, pet, 114 + + Tounobis, 41, 131, 185 + + Tracings of self-recording instruments, 234, 236 + + Transfusion of blood, 297 + + Trepanning, 31 + + Trinity College, 58, 81 + + Twins, 294 + + Tyndall, Prof., 172, 191, 254 + + + Union Society, 75 + + University of London and Eugenics, 320 + + + Vacation Tourists, 186 + + Victoria Nyanza, 199 + + Vienna, 25, 50 + + Vignolles, Mr., 187 + + Visions of sane persons, 273 + + Vivisecting, natural, 32 + + _Vox populi_, 280 + + Vries, de, 253 + + + Wagons, 139, 142 + + Walfish Bay, 127, 132 + + Walrond, F., 69 + + Water, digging for, 138 + + Water snakes (Danube), 51 + + Watson, Rev. H. W., 305 + + Weather charts, 231 + + Webb, Mr., 170, 206 + + Weldon, Prof., 320 + + Whales (Shetland), 112 + + Wharton, Admiral Sir Wm., 165 + + Wheatstone, Sir C., 40 + + Whewell, Dr., 60, 69 + + Whipple, Mr., 229 + + Whistles for high notes, 247 + + White Nile, 94 + + Wilberforce, Bishop, 171 + + Wind roses, 238 + + Wordsworth, Christopher, and his three sons, 58 + + + Young (1st Trinity), 76 + + + Zanzibar, 171, 198, 200 + + Zealander, New, 36 + + _Printed by + MORRISON & GIBB LIMITED, + Edinburgh_ + + + + +A CATALOGUE OF BOOKS PUBLISHED BY METHUEN AND COMPANY: LONDON 36 ESSEX +STREET W.C. + + +CONTENTS + + PAGE + + General Literature, 2-22 + + Ancient Cities, 22 + + Antiquary’s Books, 22 + + Arden Shakespeare, 23 + + Beginner’s Books, 23 + + Business Books, 23 + + Byzantine Texts, 24 + + Churchman’s Bible, 24 + + Churchman’s Library, 24 + + Classical Translations, 24 + + Classics of Art, 24 + + Commercial Series, 25 + + Connoisseur’s Library, 25 + + Illustrated Pocket Library of + Plain and Coloured Books, 25 + + Junior Examination Series, 26 + + Junior School-Books, 27 + + Leaders of Religion, 27 + + Library of Devotion, 27 + + Little Books on Art, 28 + + Little Galleries, 28 + + Little Guides, 28 + + Little Library, 29 + + Little Quarto Shakespeare, 30 + + Miniature Library, 30 + + Oxford Biographies, 30 + + School Examination Series, 31 + + School Histories, 31 + + Simplified French Texts, 31 + + Standard Library, 31 + + Textbooks of Science, 32 + + Textbooks of Technology, 32 + + Handbooks of Theology, 32 + + Westminster Commentaries, 32 + + Fiction, 33-39 + + Books for Boys and Girls, 39 + + Novels of Alexandre Dumas, 39 + + Methuen’s Sixpenny Books, 39 + +SEPTEMBER 1908 + + +A CATALOGUE OF MESSRS. METHUEN’S PUBLICATIONS + +In this Catalogue the order is according to authors. An asterisk denotes +that the book is in the press. + +Colonial Editions are published of all Messrs. METHUEN’S Novels issued +at a price above 2_s._ 6_d._, and similar editions are published of some +works of General Literature. These are marked in the Catalogue. Colonial +editions are only for circulation in the British Colonies and India. + +All books marked net are not subject to discount, and cannot be bought at +less than the published price. Books not marked net are subject to the +discount which the bookseller allows. + +Messrs. METHUEN’S books are kept in stock by all good booksellers. If +there is any difficulty in seeing copies, Messrs. Methuen will be very +glad to have early information, and specimen copies of any books will be +sent on receipt of the published price _plus_ postage for net books, and +of the published price for ordinary books. + +I.P.L. represents Illustrated Pocket Library. + + +PART I.—GENERAL LITERATURE + +=Abbott (J. H. M.).= AN OUTLANDER IN ENGLAND: _Second Edition. Cr. 8vo. +6s._ + + A Colonial Edition is also published. + +=Abraham (George D.).= THE COMPLETE MOUNTAINEER. With 75 Illustrations. +_Second Edition. Demy 8vo. 15s. net._ + + A Colonial Edition is also published. + +=Acatos (M. J.).= See Junior School Books. + +=Adams (Frank).= JACK SPRAT. With 24 Coloured Pictures. _Super Royal +16mo. 2s._ + +=Adeney (W. F.)=, M.A. See Bennett (W. H.). + +=Ady (Cecilia M.).= A HISTORY OF MILAN UNDER THE SFORZA. With 20 +Illustrations and a Map. _Demy 8vo. 10s. 6d. net._ + +=Æschylus.= See Classical Translations. + +=Æsop.= See I.P.L. + +=Ainsworth (W. Harrison).= See I.P.L. + +=Aldis (Janet).= THE QUEEN OF LETTER WRITERS, MARQUISE DE SÉVIGNÉ, DAME +DE BOURBILLY, 1626-96. With 18 Illustrations. _Second Edition. Demy 8vo. +12s. 6d. net._ + + A Colonial Edition is also published. + +=Alexander (William)=, D.D., Archbishop of Armagh. THOUGHTS AND COUNSELS +OF MANY YEARS. _Demy 16mo. 2s. 6d._ + +=Alken (Henry).= See I.P.L. + +=Allen (Charles C.).= See Textbooks of Technology. + +=Allen (L. Jessie).= See Little Books on Art. + +=Allen (J. Romilly)=, F.S.A. See Antiquary’s Books. + +=Almack (E.)=, F.S.A. See Little Books on Art. + +=Amherst (Lady).= A SKETCH OF EGYPTIAN HISTORY FROM THE EARLIEST TIMES +TO THE PRESENT DAY. With many Illustrations and Maps. _A New and Cheaper +Issue. Demy 8vo. 7s. 6d. net._ + +=Anderson (F. M.).= THE STORY OF THE BRITISH EMPIRE FOR CHILDREN. With 42 +Illustrations. _Cr. 8vo. 2s._ + +=Anderson (J. G.)=, B.A., NOUVELLE GRAMMAIRE FRANÇAISE, A L’USAGE DES +ÉCOLES ANGLAISES. _Crown 8vo. 2s._ + +EXERCICES DE GRAMMAIRE FRANÇAISE. _Cr. 8vo. 1s. 6d._ + +=Andrewes (Bishop).= PRECES PRIVATÆ. Translated and edited, with Notes, +by F. E. BRIGHTMAN, M.A., of Pusey House, Oxford. _Cr. 8vo. 6s._ + + See also Library of Devotion. + +‘=Anglo-Australian.=’ AFTER-GLOW MEMORIES. _Cr. 8vo. 6s._ + +=Anon.= HEALTH, WEALTH, AND WISDOM. _Crown 8vo. 1s. net._ + +=Aristotle.= THE ETHICS OF. Edited, with an Introduction and Notes by +JOHN BURNET, M.A. _Cheaper issue. Demy 8vo. 10s. 6d. net._ + +=Asman (H. N.)=, M.A., B.D. See Junior School Books. + +=Atkins (H. G.).= See Oxford Biographies. + +=Atkinson (C. M.).= JEREMY BENTHAM. _Demy 8vo. 5s. net._ + +*=Atkinson (C. T.)=, M.A., Fellow of Exeter College, Oxford, sometime +Demy of Magdalen College. A HISTORY OF GERMANY, from 1713 to 1815. With +many Maps. _Demy 8vo. 15s. net._ + +=Atkinson (T. D.).= ENGLISH ARCHITECTURE. With 196 Illustrations. _Second +Edition. Fcap. 8vo. 3s. 6d. net._ + +A GLOSSARY OF TERMS USED IN ENGLISH ARCHITECTURE. With 265 Illustrations. +_Second Edition. Fcap. 8vo. 3s. 6d. net._ + +=Auden (T.)=, M.A., F.S.A. See Ancient Cities. + +=Aurelius (Marcus).= WORDS OF THE ANCIENT WISE. Thoughts from Epictetus +and Marcus Aurelius. Edited by W. H. D. ROUSE, M.A., Litt. D. _Fcap. 8vo. +3s. 6d. net._ + + See also Standard Library. + +=Austen (Jane).= See Standard Library, Little Library and Mitton (G. E.). + +=Aves (Ernest).= CO-OPERATIVE INDUSTRY. _Crown 8vo. 5s. net._ + +=Bacon (Francis).= See Standard Library and Little Library. + +=Baden-Powell (R. S. S.).= THE MATABELE CAMPAIGN, 1896. With nearly 100 +Illustrations. _Fourth Edition. Large Cr. 8vo. 6s._ + +=Bagot (Richard).= THE LAKES OF NORTHERN ITALY. With 37 Illustrations and +a Map. _Fcap. 8vo. 5s. net._ + +=Bailey (J. C.)=, M.A. See Cowper (W.). + +=Baker (W. G.)=, M.A. See Junior Examination Series. + +=Baker (Julian L.)=, F.I.C., F.C.S. See Books on Business. + +=Balfour (Graham).= THE LIFE OF ROBERT LOUIS STEVENSON. With a Portrait. +_Fourth Edition in one Volume. Cr. 8vo. Buckram, 6s._ + + A Colonial Edition is also published. + +=Ballard (A.)=, B.A., LL.D. See Antiquary’s Books. + +=Bally (S. B.).= See Commercial Series. + +=Banks (Elizabeth L.).= THE AUTOBIOGRAPHY OF A ‘NEWSPAPER GIRL.’ _Second +Edition. Cr. 8vo. 6s._ + +=Barham (R. H.).= See Little Library. + +=Baring (The Hon. Maurice).= WITH THE RUSSIANS IN MANCHURIA. _Third +Edition. Demy 8vo. 7s. 6d. net._ + + A Colonial Edition is also published. + +A YEAR IN RUSSIA. _Second Edition. Demy 8vo. 10s. 6d. net._ + + A Colonial Edition is also published. + +=Baring-Gould (S.).= THE LIFE OF NAPOLEON BONAPARTE. With nearly 200 +Illustrations, including a Photogravure Frontispiece. _Second Edition. +Wide Royal 8vo. 10s. 6d. net._ + + A Colonial Edition is also published. + +THE TRAGEDY OF THE CÆSARS: A STUDY OF THE CHARACTERS OF THE CÆSARS OF THE +JULIAN AND CLAUDIAN HOUSES. With numerous Illustrations from Busts, Gems, +Cameos, etc. _Sixth Edition. Royal 8vo. 10s. 6d. net._ + +A BOOK OF FAIRY TALES. With numerous Illustrations by A. J. GASKIN. +_Third Edition. Cr. 8vo. Buckram. 6s._, also _Demy 8vo. 6d._ + +OLD ENGLISH FAIRY TALES. With numerous Illustrations by F. D. BEDFORD. +_Third Edition. Cr. 8vo. Buckram. 6s._ + +THE VICAR OF MORWENSTOW. Revised Edition. With a Portrait. _Third +Edition. Cr. 8vo. 3s. 6d._ + +OLD COUNTRY LIFE. With 69 Illustrations. _Fifth Edition. Large Crown 8vo. +6s._ + +A GARLAND OF COUNTRY SONG: English Folk Songs with their Traditional +Melodies. Collected and arranged by S. BARING-GOULD and H. F. SHEPPARD. +_Demy 4to. 6s._ + +SONGS OF THE WEST: Folk Songs of Devon and Cornwall. Collected from +the Mouths of the People. By S. BARING-GOULD, M.A., and H. FLEETWOOD +SHEPPARD, M.A. New and Revised Edition, under the musical editorship of +CECIL J. SHARP. _Large Imperial 8vo. 5s. net._ + +A BOOK OF NURSERY SONGS AND RHYMES. Edited by S. BARING-GOULD. +Illustrated. _Second and Cheaper Edition. Large Cr. 8vo. 2s. 6d. net._ + +STRANGE SURVIVALS: SOME CHAPTERS IN THE HISTORY OF MAN. Illustrated. +_Third Edition. Cr. 8vo. 2s. 6d. net._ + +YORKSHIRE ODDITIES: INCIDENTS AND STRANGE EVENTS. _Fifth Edition. Cr. +8vo. 2s. 6d. net._ + +THE BARING-GOULD SELECTION READER. Arranged by G. H. ROSE. Illustrated. +_Crown 8vo. 1s. 6d._ + +THE BARING-GOULD CONTINUOUS READER. Arranged by G. H. ROSE. Illustrated. +_Crown 8vo. 1s. 6d._ + +A BOOK OF CORNWALL. With 33 Illustrations. _Second Edition. Cr. 8vo. 6s._ + +A BOOK OF DARTMOOR. With 60 Illustrations. _Second Edition. Cr. 8vo. 6s._ + +A BOOK OF DEVON. With 35 Illustrations. _Second Edition. Cr. 8vo. 6s._ + +A BOOK OF NORTH WALES. With 49 Illustrations. _Cr. 8vo. 6s._ + +A BOOK OF SOUTH WALES. With 57 Illustrations. _Cr. 8vo. 6s._ + +A BOOK OF BRITTANY. With 69 Illustrations. _Cr. 8vo. 6s._ + +A BOOK OF THE RHINE: From Cleve to Mainz. With 8 Illustrations in Colour +by TREVOR HADDEN, and 48 other Illustrations. _Second Edition. Cr. 8vo. +6s._ + + A Colonial Edition is also published. + +A BOOK OF THE RIVIERA. With 40 Illustrations. _Cr. 8vo. 6s._ + + A Colonial Edition is also published. + +A BOOK OF THE PYRENEES. With 25 Illustrations. _Cr. 8vo. 6s._ + + A Colonial Edition is also published. + + See also Little Guides. + +=Barker (Aldred F.).= See Textbooks of Technology. + +=Barker (E.)=, M.A. (Late) Fellow of Merton College, Oxford. THE +POLITICAL THOUGHT OF PLATO AND ARISTOTLE. _Demy 8vo. 10s. 6d. net._ + +=Barnes (W. E.)=, D.D. See Churchman’s Bible. + +=Barnett (Mrs. P. A.).= See Little Library. + +=Baron (R. R. N.)=, M.A. FRENCH PROSE COMPOSITION. _Third Edition. Cr. +8vo. 2s. 6d. KEY, 3s. net._ + + See also Junior School Books. + +=Barron (H. M.)=, M.A., Wadham College, Oxford. TEXTS FOR SERMONS. With +a Preface by Canon SCOTT HOLLAND. _Cr. 8vo. 3s. 6d._ + +=Bartholomew (J. G.)=, F.R.S.E. See C. G. Robertson. + +=Bastable (C. F.)=, LL.D. THE COMMERCE OF NATIONS. _Fourth Ed. Cr. 8vo. +2s. 6d._ + +=Bastian (H. Charlton)=, M.A., M.D., F.R.S. THE EVOLUTION OF LIFE. With +Diagrams and many Photomicrographs. _Demy 8vo. 7s. 6d. net._ + +=Batson (Mrs. Stephen).= A CONCISE HANDBOOK OF GARDEN FLOWERS. _Fcap. +8vo. 3s. 6d._ + +THE SUMMER GARDEN OF PLEASURE. With 36 Illustrations in Colour by OSMUND +PITTMAN. _Wide Demy 8vo. 15s. net._ + +=Batten (Loring W.)=, Ph.D., S.T.D. THE HEBREW PROPHET. _Cr. 8vo. 3s. 6d. +net._ + +=Bayley (R. Child).= THE COMPLETE PHOTOGRAPHER. With over 100 +Illustrations. _Third Edition. With Note on Direct Colour Process. Demy +8vo. 10s. 6d. net._ + + A Colonial Edition is also published. + +=Beard (W. S.)=. EASY EXERCISES IN ALGEBRA FOR BEGINNERS. _Cr. 8vo. 1s. +6d._ With Answers. _1s. 9d._ + + See also Junior Examination Series and Beginner’s Books. + +=Beckford (Peter).= THOUGHTS ON HUNTING. Edited by J. OTHO PAGET, and +Illustrated by G. H. JALLAND. _Second Edition. Demy 8vo. 6s._ + +=Beckford (William).= See Little Library. + +=Beeching (H. C.)=, M.A., Canon of Westminster. See Library of Devotion. + +=Beerbohm (Max).= A BOOK OF CARICATURES. _Imperial 4to. 21s. net._ + +=Begbie (Harold).= MASTER WORKERS. Illustrated. _Demy 8vo. 7s. 6d. net._ + +=Behmen (Jacob).= DIALOGUES ON THE SUPERSENSUAL LIFE. Edited by BERNARD +HOLLAND. _Fcap. 8vo. 3s. 6d._ + +=Bell (Mrs. Arthur G.).= THE SKIRTS OF THE GREAT CITY. With 16 +Illustrations in Colour by ARTHUR G. BELL, 17 other Illustrations, and a +Map. _Second Edition. Cr. 8vo. 6s._ + +=Belloc (Hilaire)=, M.P. PARIS. With 7 Maps and a Frontispiece in +Photogravure. _Second Edition, Revised. Cr. 8vo. 6s._ + +HILLS AND THE SEA. _Second Edition. Crown 8vo. 6s._ + +ON NOTHING AND KINDRED SUBJECTS. _Fcap. 8vo. 5s._ + + A Colonial Edition is also published. + +=Bellot (H. H. L.)=, M.A. See Jones (L. A. A.). + +=Bennett (W. H.)=, M.A. A PRIMER OF THE BIBLE. With a concise +Bibliography. _Fourth Edition. Cr. 8vo. 2s. 6d._ + +=Bennett (W. H.)= and =Adeney (W. F.)=. A BIBLICAL INTRODUCTION. _Fourth +Edition. Cr. 8vo. 7s. 6d._ + +=Benson (Archbishop).= GOD’S BOARD. Communion Addresses. _Second Edition. +Fcap. 8vo. 3s. 6d. net._ + +=Benson (A. C.)=, M.A. See Oxford Biographies. + +=Benson (R. M.).= THE WAY OF HOLINESS: a Devotional Commentary on the +119th Psalm. _Cr. 8vo. 5s._ + +=Bernard (E. R.)=, M.A., Canon of Salisbury. THE ENGLISH SUNDAY: ITS +ORIGINS AND ITS CLAIMS. _Fcap. 8vo. 1s. 6d._ + +=Bertouch (Baroness de).= THE LIFE OF FATHER IGNATIUS. Illustrated. _Demy +8vo. 10s. 6d. net._ + +=Beruete (A. de).= See Classics of Art. + +=Betham-Edwards (Miss).= HOME LIFE IN FRANCE. With 20 Illustrations. +_Fifth Edition. Crown 8vo. 6s._ + + A Colonial Edition is also published. + +=Bethune-Baker (J. F.)=, M.A. See Handbooks of Theology. + +=Bidez (J.).= See Byzantine Texts. + +=Biggs (C. R. D.)=, D.D. See Churchman’s Bible. + +=Bindley (T. Herbert)=, B.D. THE OECUMENICAL DOCUMENTS OF THE FAITH. With +Introductions and Notes. _Second Edition. Cr. 8vo. 6s. net._ + +=Binns (H. B.).= THE LIFE OF WALT WHITMAN. Illustrated. _Demy 8vo. 10s. +6d. net._ + + A Colonial Edition is also published. + +=Binyon (Mrs. Laurence).= NINETEENTH CENTURY PROSE. Selected and arranged +by. _Crown 8vo. 6s._ + +=Binyon (Laurence).= THE DEATH OF ADAM AND OTHER POEMS. _Cr. 8vo. 3s. 6d. +net._ + + See also Blake (William). + +=Birch (Walter de Gray)=, LL.D., F.S.A. + + See Connoisseur’s Library. + +=Birnstingl (Ethel).= See Little Books on Art. + +=Blackmantle (Bernard)=. See I.P.L. + +=Blair (Robert).= See I.P.L. + +=Blake (William).= THE LETTERS OF WILLIAM BLAKE, TOGETHER WITH A +LIFE BY FREDERICK TATHAM. Edited from the Original Manuscripts, +with an Introduction and Notes, by ARCHIBALD G. B. RUSSELL. With 12 +Illustrations. _Demy 8vo. 7s. 6d. net._ + +ILLUSTRATIONS OF THE BOOK OF JOB. With General Introduction by LAURENCE +BINYON. _Quarto. 21s. net._ + + See also Blair (Robert), I.P.L., and Little Library. + +=Bloom (J. Harvey)=, M.A. SHAKESPEARE’S GARDEN. Illustrated. _Fcap. 8vo. +3s. 6d.; leather, 4s. 6d. net._ + + See also Antiquary’s Books. + +=Blouet (Henri).= See Beginner’s Books. + +=Boardman (T. H.)=, M.A. See French (W.) + +=Bodley (J. E. C.)=, Author of ‘France.’ THE CORONATION OF EDWARD VII. +_Demy 8vo. 21s. net._ By Command of the King. + +=Body (George)=, D.D. THE SOUL’S PILGRIMAGE: Devotional Readings from +the Published and Unpublished writings of George Body, D.D. Selected and +arranged by J. H. BURN, B.D., F.R.S.E. _Demy 16mo. 2s. 6d._ + +=Bona (Cardinal).= See Library of Devotion. + +=Boon (F. C.).=, B.A. See Commercial Series. + +=Borrow (George).= See Little Library. + +=Bos (J. Ritzema).= AGRICULTURAL ZOOLOGY. Translated by J. R. AINSWORTH +DAVIS, M.A. With 155 Illustrations. _Third Edition. Cr. 8vo. 3s. 6d._ + +=Botting (C. G.)=, B.A. EASY GREEK EXERCISES. _Cr. 8vo. 2s._ + + See also Junior Examination Series. + +=Boulting (W.).= TASSO AND HIS TIMES. With 24 Illustrations. _Demy 8vo. +10s. 6d. net._ + +=Boulton (E. S.)=, M.A. GEOMETRY ON MODERN LINES. _Cr. 8vo. 2s._ + +=Boulton (William B.).= THOMAS GAINSBOROUGH. His Life and Work, Friends +and Sitters. With 40 Illustrations. _Second Ed. Demy 8vo. 7s. 6d. net._ + +SIR JOSHUA REYNOLDS, P.R.A. With 49 Illustrations. _Demy 8vo. 7s. 6d. +net._ + +=Bowden (E. M.).= THE IMITATION OF BUDDHA: Being Quotations from Buddhist +Literature for each Day in the Year. _Fifth edition. Cr. 16mo. 2s. 6d._ + +=Boyle (W.).= CHRISTMAS AT THE ZOO. With Verses by W. BOYLE and 24 +Coloured Pictures by H. B. NEILSON. _Super Royal 16mo. 2s._ + +=Brabant (F. G.)=, M.A. See Little Guides. + +=Bradley (A. G.).= ROUND ABOUT WILTSHIRE. With 14 Illustrations, in +Colour by T. C. GOTCH, 16 other Illustrations, and a Map. _Second +Edition. Cr. 8vo. 6s._ + + A Colonial Edition is also published. + +THE ROMANCE OF NORTHUMBERLAND. With 16 Illustrations in Colour by FRANK +SOUTHGATE, R.B.A., and 12 from Photographs. _Demy 8vo. 7s. 6d. net._ + + A Colonial Edition is also published. + +=Bradley (John W.).= See Little Books on Art. + +=Braid (James)=, Open Champion, 1901, 1905 and 1906. ADVANCED GOLF. With +88 Photographs and Diagrams. _Third Edition. Demy 8vo. 10s. 6d. net._ + + A Colonial Edition is also published. + +=Braid (James) and Others.= GREAT GOLFERS IN THE MAKING. Edited by HENRY +LEACH. With 24 Illustrations. _Second Edition. Demy 8vo. 7s. 6d. net._ + + A Colonial Edition is also published. + +=Brailsford (H. N.).= MACEDONIA: ITS RACES AND THEIR FUTURE. With +Photographs and Maps. _Demy 8vo. 12s. 6d. net._ + +=Brodrick (Mary)= and =Morton (A. Anderson)=. A CONCISE DICTIONARY OF +EGYPTIAN ARCHÆOLOGY. A Hand-Book for Students and Travellers. With 80 +Illustrations and many Cartouches. _Cr. 8vo. 3s. 6d._ + +=Brooks (E. E.)=, B.Sc. (Lond.), Leicester Municipal Technical School, +and =James (W. H. N.)=, A.R.C.S., A.M.I.E.E., Municipal School of +Technology, Manchester. See Textbooks of Technology. + +=Brooks (E. W.).= See Hamilton (F. J.). + +=Brown (P. H.)=, LL.D. SCOTLAND IN THE TIME OF QUEEN MARY. _Demy 8vo. 7s. +6d. net._ + +=Brown (S. E.)=, M.A., B.Sc., Senior Science Master at Uppingham. 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Wallis).= THE GODS OF THE EGYPTIANS. With over 100 Coloured +Plates and many Illustrations. _Two Volumes. Royal 8vo. £3, 3s. net._ + +=Bull (Paul)=, Army Chaplain. GOD AND OUR SOLDIERS. _Second Edition. Cr. +8vo. 6s._ + + A Colonial Edition is also published. + +=Bulley (Miss).= See Dilke (Lady). + +=Bunyan (John).= See Standard Library and Library of Devotion. + +=Burch (G. J.)=, M.A., F.R.S. A MANUAL OF ELECTRICAL SCIENCE. +Illustrated. _Cr. 8vo. 3s._ + +=Burgess (Gelett).= GOOPS AND HOW TO BE THEM. Illustrated. _Small 4to. +6s._ + +=Burke (Edmund).= See Standard Library. + +=Burn (A. E.)=, D.D., Rector of Handsworth and Prebendary of Lichfield. +See Handbooks of Theology. + +=Burn (J. H.)=, B.D., F.R.S.E. THE CHURCHMAN’S TREASURY OF SONG: Gathered +from the Christian poetry of all ages. Edited by. _Fcap. 8vo. 3s. 6d. +net._ See also Library of Devotion. + +=Burnand (Sir F. C.).= RECORDS AND REMINISCENCES. With a Portrait by H. +V. HERKOMER. _Cr. 8vo. Fourth and Cheaper Edition. 6s._ + + A Colonial Edition is also published. + +=Burns (Robert)=, THE POEMS. Edited by ANDREW LANG and W. A. CRAIGIE. +With Portrait. _Third Edition. Demy 8vo, gilt top. 6s._ + + See also Standard Library. + +=Burnside (W. F.)=, M.A. OLD TESTAMENT HISTORY FOR USE IN SCHOOLS. _Third +Edition. Cr. 8vo. 3s. 6d._ + +=Burton (Alfred).= See I.P.L. + +=Bussell (F. W.)=, D.D. CHRISTIAN THEOLOGY AND SOCIAL PROGRESS (The +Bampton Lectures of 1905). _Demy 8vo. 10s. 6d. net._ + +=Butler (Joseph)=, D.D. See Standard Library. + +=Caldecott (Alfred)=, D.D. See Handbooks of Theology. + +=Calderwood (D. S.)=, Headmaster of the Normal School, Edinburgh. TEST +CARDS IN EUCLID AND ALGEBRA. In three packets of 40, with Answers. 1_s._ +each. Or in three Books, price 2_d._, 2_d._, and 3_d._ + +=Canning (George).= See Little Library. + +=Capey (E. F. H.).= See Oxford Biographies. + +=Careless (John).= See I.P.L. + +=Carlyle (Thomas).= THE FRENCH REVOLUTION. Edited by C. R. L. 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J.).= See Books on Business. + +=Chatterton (Thomas).= See Standard Library. + +=Chesterfield (Lord)=, THE LETTERS OF, TO HIS SON. Edited, with an +Introduction by C. STRACHEY, with Notes by A. CALTHROP. _Two Volumes. Cr. +8vo. 12s._ + +=Chesterton (G. K.).= CHARLES DICKENS. With two Portraits in +Photogravure. _Fifth Edition. Cr. 8vo. 6s._ + +=Childe (Charles P.)=, B.A., F.R.C.S. THE CONTROL OF A SCOURGE: OR, HOW +CANCER IS CURABLE. _Demy 8vo. 7s. 6d. net._ + +=Christian (F. W.).= THE CAROLINE ISLANDS. With many Illustrations and +Maps. _Demy 8vo. 12s. 6d. net._ + +=Cicero.= See Classical Translations. + +=Clapham (J. H.)=, Professor of Economics in the University of Leeds. THE +WOOLLEN AND WORSTED INDUSTRIES. With 21 Illustrations and Diagrams. _Cr. +8vo. 6s._ + +=Clarke (F. A.)=, M.A. See Leaders of Religion. + +=Clausen (George)=, A.R.A., R.W.S. SIX LECTURES ON PAINTING. With 19 +Illustrations. _Third Edition. Large Post 8vo. 3s. 6d. net._ + +AIMS AND IDEALS IN ART. Eight Lectures delivered to the Students of the +Royal Academy of Arts. With 32 Illustrations. _Second Edition. Large Post +8vo. 5s. net._ + +=Cleather (A. L.).= See Wagner (R). + +=Clinch (G.)=, F.G.S. See Antiquary’s Books and Little Guides. + +=Clough (W. T.)= and =Dunstan (A. E.)=. See Junior School Books and +Textbooks of Science. + +=Clouston (T. S.)=, M.D., C.C.D., F.R.S.E. THE HYGIENE OF MIND. With 10 +Illustrations. _Fourth Edition. Demy 8vo. 7s. 6d. net._ + +=Coast (W. G.)=, B.A. EXAMINATION PAPERS IN VERGIL. _Cr. 8vo. 2s._ + +=Cobb (W. F.)=, M.A. THE BOOK OF PSALMS: with a Commentary. _Demy 8vo. +10s. 6d. net._ + +=Coleridge (S. T.).= POEMS. Selected and Arranged by ARTHUR SYMONS. With +a Photogravure Frontispiece. _Fcap. 8vo. 2s. 6d. net._ + +=Collingwood (W. G.)=, M.A. THE LIFE OF JOHN RUSKIN. With Portrait. +_Sixth Edition. Cr. 8vo. 2s. 6d. net._ + +=Collins (W. E.)=, M.A. See Churchman’s Library. + +=Combe (William).= See I.P.L. + +=Conrad (Joseph).= THE MIRROR OF THE SEA: Memories and Impressions. +_Third Edition. Cr. 8vo. 6s._ + +=Cook (A. M.)=, M.A., and =Marchant (E. C.)=, M.A. PASSAGES FOR UNSEEN +TRANSLATION. Selected from Latin and Greek Literature. _Fourth Ed. Cr. +8vo. 3s. 6d._ + +LATIN PASSAGES FOR UNSEEN TRANSLATION. _Third Ed. Cr. 8vo. 1s. 6d._ + +=Cooke-Taylor (R. W.).= THE FACTORY SYSTEM. _Cr. 8vo. 2s. 6d._ + +=Coolidge (W. A. B.)=, M.A. THE ALPS. With many Illustrations. _Demy 8vo. +7s. 6d net._ + + A Colonial Edition is also published. + +=Corelli (Marie).= THE PASSING OF THE GREAT QUEEN. _Second Edition. Fcap. +4to. 1s._ + +A CHRISTMAS GREETING. _Cr. 4to. 1s._ + +=Corkran (Alice).= See Little Books on Art. + +=Cotes (Everard).= SIGNS AND PORTENTS IN THE FAR EAST. With 35 +Illustrations. _Second Edition. Demy 8vo. 7s. 6d. net._ + + A Colonial Edition is also published. + +=Cotes (Rosemary).= DANTE’S GARDEN. With a Frontispiece. _Second Edition. +Fcap. 8vo. 2s. 6d.; leather, 3s. 6d. net._ + +BIBLE FLOWERS. With a Frontispiece and Plan. _Fcap. 8vo. 2s. 6d. net._ + +=Cowley (Abraham).= See Little Library. + +=Cowper (William).= THE POEMS. Edited with an Introduction and Notes by +J. C. BAILEY, M.A. Illustrated, including two unpublished designs by +WILLIAM BLAKE. _Demy 8vo. 10s. 6d. net._ + +=Cox (J. Charles).= See Ancient Cities, Antiquary’s Books, and Little +Guides. + +=Cox (Harold)=, B.A., M.P. LAND NATIONALIZATION AND LAND TAXATION. +_Second Edition revised. Cr. 8vo. 3s. 6d. net._ + +=Crabbe (George).= See Little Library. + +=Craik (Mrs.).= See Little Library. + +=Crane (C. P.)=, D.S.O. See Little Guides. + +=Crane (Walter)=, R.W.S. AN ARTIST’S REMINISCENCES. With 123 +Illustrations by the Author and others from Photographs. _Second Edition. +Demy 8vo. 18s. net._ + + A Colonial Edition is also published. + +INDIA IMPRESSIONS. With 84 Illustrations from Sketches by the Author. +_Second Edition. Demy 8vo. 7s. 6d. net._ + + A Colonial Edition is also published. + +=Crashaw (Richard).= See Little Library. + +=Crawford (F. G.).= See Danson (Mary C.). + +=Crofts (T. R. N.)=, M.A., Modern Language Master at Merchant Taylors’ +School. See Simplified French Texts. + +=Cross (J. A.)=, M.A. THE FAITH OF THE BIBLE. _Fcap. 8vo. 2s. 6d. net._ + +=Cruikshank (G.).= THE LOVING BALLAD OF LORD BATEMAN. With 11 Plates. +_Cr. 16mo. 1s. 6d. net._ + +=Crump (B.).= See Wagner (R.). + +=Cunliffe (Sir F. H. E.)=, Fellow of All Souls’ College, Oxford. THE +HISTORY OF THE BOER WAR. With many Illustrations, Plans, and Portraits. +_In 2 vols. Quarto. 15s. each._ + +=Cunynghame (H. H.)=, C.B. See Connoisseur’s Library. + +=Cutts (E. L.)=, D.D. See Leaders of Religion. + +=Daniell (G. W.)=, M.A. See Leaders of Religion. + +=Dante (Alighieri).= LA COMMEDIA DI DANTE. The Italian Text edited by +PAGET TOYNBEE, M.A., D.Litt. _Cr. 8vo. 6s._ + +THE DIVINE COMEDY. Translated by H. F. CARY. Edited with a Life of Dante +and Introductory Notes by PAGET TOYNBEE, M.A., D.Litt. _Demy 8vo. 6d._ + +THE PURGATORIO OF DANTE. Translated into Spenserian Prose by C. GORDON +WRIGHT. With the Italian text. _Fcap. 8vo. 2s. 6d. net._ + + See also Little Library, Toynbee (Paget), and Vernon (Hon. W. + Warren). + +=Darley (George).= See Little Library. + +=D’Arcy (R. F.)=, M.A. A NEW TRIGONOMETRY FOR BEGINNERS. With numerous +diagrams. _Cr. 8vo. 2s. 6d._ + +=Davenport (Cyril).= See Connoisseur’s Library and Little Books on Art. + +=Davenport (James).= THE WASHBOURNE FAMILY. With 15 Illustrations and a +Map. _Royal 8vo. 21s. net._ + +=Davey (Richard).= THE PAGEANT OF LONDON. With 40 Illustrations in Colour +by JOHN FULLEYLOVE, R.I. _In Two Volumes. Demy 8vo. 15s. net._ + +=Davis (H. W. C.)=, M.A., Fellow and Tutor of Balliol College. 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THE GREEK +VIEW OF LIFE. _Sixth Edition. Cr. 8vo. 2s. 6d._ + +=Dilke (Lady)=, =Bulley (Miss)=, and =Whitley (Miss)=. WOMEN’S WORK. _Cr. +8vo. 2s. 6d._ + +=Dillon (Edward)=, M.A. See Connoisseur’s Library and Little Books on Art. + +=Ditchfield (P. H.)=, M.A., F.S.A. THE STORY OF OUR ENGLISH TOWNS. With +an Introduction by AUGUSTUS JESSOPP, D.D. _Second Edition. Cr. 8vo. 6s._ + +OLD ENGLISH CUSTOMS: Extant at the Present Time. _Cr. 8vo. 6s._ + +ENGLISH VILLAGES. With 100 Illustrations. _Second Edition. Cr. 8vo. 2s. +6d. net._ + +THE PARISH CLERK. With 31 Illustrations. _Third Edition. Demy 8vo. 7s. +6d. net._ + +=Dixon (W. M.)=, M.A. A PRIMER OF TENNYSON. _Second Edition. Cr. 8vo. 2s. +6d._ + +ENGLISH POETRY FROM BLAKE TO BROWNING. _Second Edition. Cr. 8vo. 2s. 6d._ + +=Dobbs (W. J.)=, M.A. See Textbooks of Science. + +=Doney (May).= SONGS OF THE REAL. _Cr. 8vo. 3s. 6d. net._ + +=Douglas (Hugh A.).= VENICE ON FOOT. With the Itinerary of the Grand +Canal. 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With an Introductory Note. +_Demy 8vo. 4s. 6d. net._ + +=Dutt (W. A.).= THE NORFOLK BROADS. With coloured Illustrations by FRANK +SOUTHGATE, R.B.A. _Second Edition. Cr. 8vo. 6s._ + +WILD LIFE IN EAST ANGLIA. With 16 Illustrations in colour by FRANK +SOUTHGATE, R.B.A. _Second Edition. Demy 8vo. 7s. 6d. net._ + +SOME LITERARY ASSOCIATIONS OF EAST ANGLIA. With 16 Illustrations in +Colour by W. DEXTER, R.B.A., and 16 other Illustrations. _Demy 8vo. 10s. +6d. net._ + + See also Little Guides. + +=Earle (John)=, Bishop of Salisbury. MICROCOSMOGRAPHIE, OR A PIECE OF THE +WORLD DISCOVERED. _Post 16mo. 2s. net._ + +=Edmonds (Major J. E.)=, R.E.; D.A.Q.-M.G. See Wood (W. Birkbeck). + +=Edwards (Clement)=, M.P. RAILWAY NATIONALIZATION. _Second Edition, +Revised. Crown 8vo. 2s. 6d. net._ + +=Edwards (W. Douglas).= See Commercial Series. + +=Edwardes (Tickner).= THE LORE OF THE HONEY BEE. With many Illustrations. +_Cr. 8vo. 6s._ + +=Egan (Pierce).= See I.P.L. + +=Egerton (H. E.)=, M.A. A HISTORY OF BRITISH COLONIAL POLICY. A Cheaper +Issue, with a supplementary chapter. _Demy 8vo. 7s. 6d. net._ + + A Colonial Edition is also published. + +=Ellaby (C. G.).= See Little Guides. + +=Ellerton (F. G.).= See Stone (S. J.). + +=Epictetus.= See Aurelius (Marcus). + +=Erasmus.= A Book called in Latin ENCHIRIDION MILITIS CHRISTIANI, and in +English the Manual of the Christian Knight. _Fcap. 8vo. 3s. 6d. net._ + +=Ewald (Carl).= TWO LEGS, AND OTHER STORIES. Translated from the Danish +by ALEXANDER TEIXEIRA DE MATTOS. Illustrated by AUGUSTA GUEST. _Large Cr. +8vo. 6s._ + +=Fairbrother (W. H.)=, M.A. THE PHILOSOPHY OF T. H. GREEN. _Second +Edition. Cr. 8vo. 3s. 6d._ + +=Fea (Allan).= SOME BEAUTIES OF THE SEVENTEENTH CENTURY. With 82 +Illustrations. _Second Edition. Demy 8vo. 12s. 6d. net._ + +THE FLIGHT OF THE KING. With over 70 Sketches and Photographs by the +Author. _New and revised Edition. Demy 8vo. 7s. 6d. net._ + + A Colonial Edition is also published. + +SECRET CHAMBERS AND HIDING-PLACES. With 80 Illustrations. _New and +revised Edition. Demy 8vo. 7s. 6d. net._ + + A Colonial Edition is also published. + +=Ferrier (Susan).= See Little Library. + +=Fidler (T. Claxton)=, M.Inst. C.E. See Books on Business. + +=Fielding (Henry).= See Standard Library. + +=Finn (S. W.)=, M.A. See Junior Examination Series. + +=Firth (J. B.).= See Little Guides. + +=Firth (C. H.)=, M.A., Regius Professor of Modern History at Oxford. +CROMWELL’S ARMY: A History of the English Soldier during the Civil Wars, +the Commonwealth, and the Protectorate. _Cr. 8vo. 6s._ + +=Firth (Edith E.).= See Beginner’s Books. + +=FitzGerald (Edward).= THE RUBÁIYÁT OF OMAR KHAYYÁM. Printed from the +Fifth and last Edition. With a Commentary by Mrs. STEPHEN BATSON, and +a Biography of Omar by E. D. ROSS. _Cr. 8vo. 6s._ See also Miniature +Library. + +=FitzGerald (H. P.).= A CONCISE HANDBOOK OF CLIMBERS, TWINERS, AND WALL +SHRUBS. Illustrated. _Fcap. 8vo. 3s. 6d. net._ + +=Fitzpatrick (S. A. O.).= See Ancient Cities. + +=Flecker (W. H.)=, M.A., D.C.L., Headmaster of the Dean Close School, +Cheltenham. THE STUDENT’S PRAYER BOOK. THE TEXT OF MORNING AND EVENING +PRAYER AND LITANY. With an Introduction and Notes. _Cr. 8vo. 2s. 6d._ + +=Fletcher (J. S.).= A BOOK OF YORKSHIRE. With 16 Illustrations in Colour +by WAL PAGET and FRANK SOUTHGATE, R.B.A., and 12 from Photographs. _Demy +8vo. 7s. 6d. net._ + + A Colonial Edition is also published. + +=Flux (A. W.)=, M.A., William Dow Professor of Political Economy in +M’Gill University, Montreal. ECONOMIC PRINCIPLES. _Demy 8vo. 7s. 6d. net._ + +=Foat (F. W. G.)=, D.Litt., M.A., Assistant Master at the City of +London School. LONDON: A READER FOR YOUNG CITIZENS. With Plans and +Illustrations. _Cr. 8vo. 1s. 6d._ + +=Ford (H. G.)=, M.A., Assistant Master at Bristol Grammar School. See +Junior School Books. + +=Forel (A.).= THE SENSES OF INSECTS. Translated by MACLEOD YEARSLEY. With +2 Illustrations. _Demy 8vo. 10s. 6d. net._ + +=Fortescue (Mrs. G.).= See Little Books on Art. + +=Fraser (J. F.).= ROUND THE WORLD ON A WHEEL. With 100 Illustrations. +_Fifth Edition. Cr. 8vo. 6s._ + + A Colonial Edition is also published. + +=French (W.)=, M.A. See Textbooks of Science. + +=Freudenrelch (Ed. von).= DAIRY BACTERIOLOGY. A Short Manual for +Students. Translated by J. R. AINSWORTH DAVIS, M.A. _Second Edition. +Revised. Cr. 8vo. 2s. 6d._ + +=Fulford (H. W.)=, M.A. See Churchman’s Bible. + +=Fuller (W. P.)=, M.A. See Simplified French Texts. + +*=Fyvie (John).= TRAGEDY QUEENS OF THE GEORGIAN ERA. With 16 +Illustrations. _Demy 8vo. 12s. 6d. net._ + +=Gallaher (D.) and Stead (W. J.).= THE COMPLETE RUGBY FOOTBALLER, ON THE +NEW ZEALAND SYSTEM. With 35 Illustrations. _Second Ed. Demy 8vo. 10s. 6d. +net._ + + A Colonial Edition is also published. + +=Gallichan (W. M.).= See Little Guides. + +=Gambado (Geoffrey, Esq.).= See I.P.L. + +=Gaskell (Mrs.).= See Little Library, Standard Library and Sixpenny +Novels. + +=Gasquet=, the Right Rev. Abbot, O.S.B. See Antiquary’s Books. + +=George (H. B.)=, M.A., Fellow of New College, Oxford. BATTLES OF ENGLISH +HISTORY. With numerous Plans. _Fourth Edition. Cr. 8vo. 3s. 6d._ + +A HISTORICAL GEOGRAPHY OF THE BRITISH EMPIRE. _Third Edition. Cr. 8vo. +3s. 6d._ + +=Gibbins (H. de B.)=, Litt.D., M.A. INDUSTRY IN ENGLAND: HISTORICAL +OUTLINES. With 5 Maps. _Fifth Edition. Demy 8vo. 10s. 6d._ + +THE INDUSTRIAL HISTORY OF ENGLAND. With Maps and Plans. _Fourteenth +Edition, Revised. Cr. 8vo. 3s._ + +ENGLISH SOCIAL REFORMERS. _Second Edition. Cr. 8vo. 2s. 6d._ + + See also Hadfield (R. A.)., and Commercial Series. + +=Gibbon (Edward).= MEMOIRS OF MY LIFE AND WRITINGS. Edited by G. BIRKBECK +HILL, LL.D. _Cr. 8vo. 6s._ + +THE DECLINE AND FALL OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE. Edited, with Notes, Appendices, +and Maps, by J. B. BURY, M.A., Litt.D., Regius Professor of Greek at +Cambridge. _In Seven Volumes. Demy 8vo. Gilt top. 8s. 6d. each. Also, +Crown 8vo. 6s. each._ + + See also Standard Library. + +=Gibbs (Philip).= THE ROMANCE OF GEORGE VILLIERS: FIRST DUKE OF +BUCKINGHAM, AND SOME MEN AND WOMEN OF THE STUART COURT. With 20 +Illustrations. _Second Edition. Demy 8vo. 15s. net._ + + A Colonial Edition is also published. + +=Gibson (E. C. S.)=, D.D., Lord Bishop of Gloucester. See Westminster +Commentaries, Handbooks of Theology, and Oxford Biographies. + +=Gilbert (A. R.).= See Little Books on Art. + +=Gloag (M. R.)= and =Wyatt (Kate M.)=. A BOOK OF ENGLISH GARDENS. With 24 +Illustrations in Colour. _Demy 8vo. 10s. 6d. net._ + +=Godfrey (Elizabeth).= A BOOK OF REMEMBRANCE. Being Lyrical Selections +for every day in the Year. Arranged by. _Fcap. 8vo. 2s. 6d. net._ + +ENGLISH CHILDREN IN THE OLDEN TIME. With 32 Illustrations. _Second +Edition. Demy 8vo. 7s. 6d. net._ + +=Godley (A. D.)=, M.A., Fellow of Magdalen College, Oxford. LYRA FRIVOLA. +_Fourth Edition. Fcap. 8vo. 2s. 6d._ + +VERSES TO ORDER. _Second Edition. Fcap. 8vo. 2s. 6d._ + +SECOND STRINGS. _Fcap. 8vo. 2s. 6d._ + +=Goldsmith (Oliver).= THE VICAR OF WAKEFIELD. With 10 Plates in +Photogravure by Tony Johannot. _Leather, Fcap. 32mo. 2s. 6d. net._ + + See also I.P.L. and Standard Library. + +=Gomme (G. L.).= See Antiquary’s Books. + +=Goodrich-Freer (A.).= IN A SYRIAN SADDLE. _Demy 8vo. 7s. 6d. net._ + + A Colonial Edition is also published. + +=Gorst (Rt. Hon. Sir John).= THE CHILDREN OF THE NATION. _Second Edition. +Demy 8vo. 7s. 6d. net._ + +=Goudge (H. L.)=, M.A., Principal of Wells Theological College. See +Westminster Commentaries. + +=Graham (P. Anderson).= THE RURAL EXODUS. The Problem of the Village and +the Town. _Cr. 8vo. 2s. 6d._ + +=Granger (F. S.)=, M.A., Litt.D. PSYCHOLOGY. _Third Edition. Cr. 8vo. 2s. +6d._ + +THE SOUL OF A CHRISTIAN. _Cr. 8vo. 6s._ + +=Gray (E. M’Queen).= GERMAN PASSAGES FOR UNSEEN TRANSLATION. _Cr. 8vo. +2s. 6d._ + +=Gray (P. L.)=, B.Sc. THE PRINCIPLES OF MAGNETISM AND ELECTRICITY. With +181 Diagrams. _Cr. 8vo. 3s. 6d._ + +=Green (G. Buckland)=, M.A., late Fellow of St. John’s College, Oxon. +NOTES ON GREEK AND LATIN SYNTAX. _Second Ed. revised. Crown 8vo. 3s. 6d._ + +=Greenidge (A. H. J.)=, M.A., D.Litt. A HISTORY OF ROME: From the +Tribunate of Tiberius Gracchus to the end of the Jugurthine War, B.C. +133-104. _Demy 8vo. 10s. 6d. net._ + +=Greenwell (Dora).= See Miniature Library. + +=Gregory (R. A.).= THE VAULT OF HEAVEN. A Popular Introduction to +Astronomy. Illustrated. _Cr. 8vo. 2s. 6d._ + +=Gregory (Miss E. C.).= See Library of Devotion. + +=Grubb (H. C.).= See Textbooks of Technology. + +=Hadfield (R. A.)= and =Gibbins (H. de B)=. A SHORTER WORKING DAY. _Cr. +8vo. 2s. 6d._ + +=Hall (Mary).= A WOMAN’S TREK FROM THE CAPE TO CAIRO. With 64 +Illustrations and 2 Maps. _Second Edition. Demy 8vo. 16s. net._ + +=Hall (R. N.) and Neal (W. G.).= THE ANCIENT RUINS OF RHODESIA. +Illustrated. _Second Edition, revised. Demy 8vo. 10s. 6d. net._ + + A Colonial Edition is also published. + +=Hall (R. N.).= GREAT ZIMBABWE. With numerous Plans and Illustrations. +_Second Edition. Demy 8vo. 10s. 6d. net._ + +=Hamel (Frank).= FAMOUS FRENCH SALONS. With 20 Illustrations. _Demy 8vo. +12s. 6d. net._ + + A Colonial Edition is also published. + +=Hamilton (F. J.)=, D.D. See Byzantine Texts. + +=Hannay (D.).= A SHORT HISTORY OF THE ROYAL NAVY, 1200-1688. Illustrated. +_Demy 8vo. 7s. 6d._ + +=Hannay (James O.)=, M.A. THE SPIRIT AND ORIGIN OF CHRISTIAN MONASTICISM. +_Cr. 8vo. 6s._ + +THE WISDOM OF THE DESERT. _Fcap. 8vo. 3s. 6d. net._ + +=Hardie (Martin).= See Connoisseur’s Library. + +=Hare (A. T.)=, M.A. THE CONSTRUCTION OF LARGE INDUCTION COILS. With +numerous Diagrams. _Demy 8vo. 6s._ + +=Harvey (Alfred)=, M.B. See Ancient Cities and Antiquary’s Books. + +=Hawthorne (Nathaniel).= See Little Library. + +=Heath (Frank R.).= See Little Guides. + +=Heath (Dudley).= See Connoisseur’s Library. + +=Hello (Ernest).= STUDIES IN SAINTSHIP. _Fcap. 8vo. 3s. 6d._ + +=Henderson (B. W.)=, Fellow of Exeter College, Oxford. THE LIFE AND +PRINCIPATE OF THE EMPEROR NERO. Illustrated. _New and cheaper issue. Demy +8vo. 7s. 6d. net._ + +AT INTERVALS. _Fcap. 8vo. 2s. 6d. net._ + +=Henderson (M. Sturge).= GEORGE MEREDITH: NOVELIST, POET, REFORMER. With +a Portrait in Photogravure. _Second Edition. Crown 8vo. 6s._ + +=Henderson (T. F.).= See Little Library and Oxford Biographies. + +=Henderson (T. F.), and Watt (Francis).= SCOTLAND OF TO-DAY. With 20 +Illustrations in colour and 24 other Illustrations. _Second Edition. Cr. +8vo. 6s._ + + A Colonial Edition is also published. + +=Henley (W. E.).= ENGLISH LYRICS. CHAUCER TO POE, 1340-1849. _Second +Edition. Cr. 8vo. 2s. 6d. net._ + +=Henley (W. E.)= and =Whibley (C.)=. A BOOK OF ENGLISH PROSE, CHARACTER, +AND INCIDENT, 1387-1649. _Cr. 8vo. 2s. 6d. net._ + +=Henson (H. H.)=, B.D., Canon of Westminster. LIGHT AND LEAVEN: +HISTORICAL AND SOCIAL SERMONS. _Cr. 8vo. 6s_. + +=Herbert (George).= See Library of Devotion. + +=Herbert of Cherbury (Lord).= See Miniature Library. + +=Hewins (W. A. S.)=, B.A. ENGLISH TRADE AND FINANCE IN THE SEVENTEENTH +CENTURY. _Cr. 8vo. 2s. 6d._ + +=Hewitt (Ethel M.).= A GOLDEN DIAL. A Day Book of Prose and Verse. _Fcap. +8vo. 2s. 6d. net._ + +=Hey (H.)=, Inspector, Surrey Education Committee, and =Rose (G. H.)=, +City and Guilds Woodwork Teacher. THE MANUAL TRAINING CLASSROOM: +WOODWORK. Book I. _4to. 1s._ + +=Heywood (W.).= PALIO AND PONTE. A Book of Tuscan Games. Illustrated. +_Royal 8vo. 21s. net._ + + See also St. Francis of Assisi. + +=Hill (Clare).= See Textbooks of Technology. + +=Hill (Henry)=, B.A., Headmaster of the Boy’s High School, Worcester, +Cape Colony. A SOUTH AFRICAN ARITHMETIC. _Cr. 8vo. 3s. 6d._ + +=Hind (C. Lewis).= DAYS IN CORNWALL. With 16 Illustrations in Colour by +WILLIAM PASCOE, and 20 other Illustrations and a Map. _Second Edition. +Cr. 8vo. 6s._ + +=Hirst (F. W.).= See Books on Business. + +=Hoare (J. Douglas).= A HISTORY OF ARCTIC EXPLORATION. With 20 +Illustrations & Maps. _Demy 8vo. 7s. 6d. net._ + +=Hobhouse (L. T.)=, late Fellow of C.C.C., Oxford. THE THEORY OF +KNOWLEDGE. _Demy 8vo. 10s. 6d. net._ + +=Hobson (J. A.).= M.A. INTERNATIONAL TRADE: A Study of Economic +Principles. _Cr. 8vo. 2s. 6d. net._ + +PROBLEMS OF POVERTY. An Inquiry into the Industrial Condition of the +Poor. _Sixth Edition. Cr. 8vo. 2s. 6d._ + +THE PROBLEM OF THE UNEMPLOYED. _Third Edition. Cr. 8vo. 2s. 6d._ + +=Hodgetts (E. A. Brayley).= THE COURT OF RUSSIA IN THE NINETEENTH +CENTURY. With 20 Illustrations. _Two Volumes. Demy 8vo. 24s. net._ + + A Colonial Edition is also published. + +=Hodgkin (T.)=, D.C.L. See Leaders of Religion. + +=Hodgson (Mrs. W.).= HOW TO IDENTIFY OLD CHINESE PORCELAIN. With 40 +Illustrations. _Second Edition. Post 8vo. 6s._ + +=Hogg (Thomas Jefferson).= SHELLEY AT OXFORD. With an Introduction by R. +A. STREATFEILD. _Fcap. 8vo. 2s. net._ + +=Holden-Stone (G. de).= See Books on Business. + +=Holdich (Sir T. H.)=, K.C.I.E. THE INDIAN BORDERLAND: being a Personal +Record of Twenty Years. Illustrated. _Demy 8vo. 10s. 6d. net._ + + A Colonial Edition is also published. + +=Holdsworth (W. S.)=, M.A. A HISTORY OF ENGLISH LAW. _In Two Volumes. +Vol. I. Demy 8vo. 10s. 6d. net._ + +=Holland (H. Scott)=, Canon of St. Paul’s. See Newman (J. H.). + +=Hollway-Calthrop (H. C.)=, late of Balliol College, Oxford; Bursar of +Eton College. PETRARCH: HIS LIFE, WORK, AND TIMES. With 24 Illustrations. +_Demy 8vo. 12s. 6d. net._ + + A Colonial Edition is also published. + +=Holt (Emily).= THE SECRET OF POPULARITY: How to Achieve Social Success. +_Cr. 8vo. 3s. 6d. net._ + + A Colonial Edition is also published. + +=Holyoake (G. J.).= THE CO-OPERATIVE MOVEMENT OF TO-DAY. _Fourth Ed. Cr. +8vo. 2s. 6d._ + +=Hone (Nathaniel J.).= See Antiquary’s Books. + +=Hook (A.).= HUMANITY AND ITS PROBLEMS. _Cr. 8vo. 5s. net._ + +=Hoppner.= See Little Galleries. + +=Horace.= See Classical Translations. + +=Horsburgh (E. L. S.)=, M.A. WATERLOO: With Plans. _Second Edition. Cr. +8vo. 5s._ + + See also Oxford Biographies. + +=Horth (A. C.).= See Textbooks of Technology. + +=Horton (R. F.)=, D.D. See Leaders of Religion. + +=Hosie (Alexander).= MANCHURIA. With Illustrations and a Map. _Second +Edition. Demy 8vo. 7s. 6d. net._ + + A Colonial Edition is also published. + +=How (F. D.).= SIX GREAT SCHOOLMASTERS. With Portraits and Illustrations. +_Second Edition. Demy 8vo. 7s. 6d._ + +=Howell (A. G. Ferrers).= FRANCISCAN DAYS. Being Selections for every day +in the year from ancient Franciscan writings. _Cr. 8vo. 3s. 6d. net._ + +=Howell (G.).= TRADE UNIONISM—NEW AND OLD. _Fourth Edition. Cr. 8vo. 2s. +6d._ + +=Huggins (Sir William)=, K.C.B., O.M., D.C.L., F.R.S. THE ROYAL SOCIETY. +With 25 Illustrations. _Wide Royal 8vo. 4s. 6d. net._ + +=Hughes (C. E.).= THE PRAISE OF SHAKESPEARE. An English Anthology. With a +Preface by SIDNEY LEE. _Demy 8vo. 3s. 6d. net._ + +=Hughes (Thomas).= TOM BROWN’S SCHOOLDAYS. With an Introduction and Notes +by VERNON RENDALL. _Leather. Royal 32mo. 2s. 6d. net._ + +=Hutchinson (Horace G.).= THE NEW FOREST. Illustrated in colour with 50 +Pictures by WALTER TYNDALE and 4 by LUCY KEMP-WELCH. _Third Edition. Cr. +8vo. 6s._ + +=Hutton (A. W.)=, M.A. See Leaders of Religion and Library of Devotion. + +=Hutton (Edward).= THE CITIES OF UMBRIA. With 20 Illustrations in Colour +by A. PISA, and 12 other Illustrations. _Third Edition. Cr. 8vo. 6s._ + + A Colonial Edition is also published. + +THE CITIES OF SPAIN. With 24 Illustrations in Colour, by A. W. RIMINGTON, +20 other Illustrations and a Map. _Second Edition. Cr. 8vo. 6s._ + + A Colonial Edition is also published. + +FLORENCE AND THE CITIES OF NORTHERN TUSCANY, WITH GENOA. With 16 +Illustrations in Colour by WILLIAM PARKINSON, and 16 other Illustrations. +_Second Edition. Cr. 8vo. 6s._ + + A Colonial Edition is also published. + +ENGLISH LOVE POEMS. Edited with an Introduction. _Fcap. 8vo. 3s. 6d. net._ + +=Hutton (R. H.).= See Leaders of Religion. + +=Hutton (W. H.)=, M.A. THE LIFE OF SIR THOMAS MORE. With Portraits after +Drawings by HOLBEIN. _Second Ed. Cr. 8vo. 5s._ + + See also Leaders of Religion. + +=Hyde (A. G.).= GEORGE HERBERT AND HIS TIMES. With 32 Illustrations. +_Demy 8vo. 10s. 6d. net._ + +=Hyett (F. A.).= FLORENCE: HER HISTORY AND ART TO THE FALL OF THE +REPUBLIC. _Demy 8vo. 7s. 6d. net._ + +=Ibsen (Henrik).= BRAND. A Drama. Translated by WILLIAM WILSON. _Third +Edition. Cr. 8vo. 3s. 6d._ + +=Inge (W. R.)=, M.A., Fellow and Tutor of Hertford College, Oxford. +CHRISTIAN MYSTICISM. (The Bampton Lectures of 1899.) _Demy 8vo. 12s. 6d. +net._ + + See also Library of Devotion. + +=Ingham (B. P.).= See Simplified French Texts. + +=Innes (A. D.)=, M.A. A HISTORY OF THE BRITISH IN INDIA. With Maps and +Plans. _Cr. 8vo. 6s._ + +ENGLAND UNDER THE TUDORS. With Maps. _Second Edition. Demy 8vo. 10s. 6d. +net._ + +=Jackson (C.E.)=, B.A., Senior Physics Master, Bradford Grammar School. +See Textbooks of Science. + +=Jackson (S.)=, M.A. See Commercial Series. + +=Jackson (F. Hamilton).= See Little Guides. + +=Jacob (F.)=, M.A. See Junior Examination Series. + +=James (W. H. N.).= See Brooks (E. E.). + +=Jeans (J. Stephen).= TRUSTS, POOLS, AND CORNERS AS AFFECTING COMMERCE +AND INDUSTRY. _Cr. 8vo. 2s. 6d._ + + See also Books on Business. + +=Jebb (Camilla).= A STAR OF THE SALONS: JULIE DE LESPINASSE. With 20 +Illustrations. _Demy 8vo. 10s. 6d. net._ + + A Colonial Edition is also published. + +=Jeffery (Reginald W.)=, M.A. THE THIRTEEN COLONIES OF NORTH AMERICA. +With 8 Illustrations and a Map. _Demy 8vo. 7s. 6d. net._ + + A Colonial Edition is also published. + +=Jeffreys (D. Gwyn).= DOLLY’S THEATRICALS. _Super Royal 16mo. 2s. 6d._ + +=Jenks (E.)=, M.A., B.C.L. AN OUTLINE OF ENGLISH LOCAL GOVERNMENT. +_Second Ed._ Revised by R. C. K. ENSOR, M.A. _Cr. 8vo. 2s. 6d._ + +=Jenner (Mrs. H.).= See Little Books on Art. + +=Jennings (Oscar)=, M.D. EARLY WOODCUT INITIALS. _Demy 4to. 21s. net._ + +=Jessopp (Augustus)=, D.D. See Leaders of Religion. + +=Jevons (F. B.)=, M.A., Litt.D., Principal of Hatfield Hall. Durham. +RELIGION IN EVOLUTION. _Cr. 8vo. 3s. 6d. net._ + + See also Churchman’s Library and Handbooks of Theology. + +=Johnson (Mrs. Barham).= WILLIAM BODHAM DONNE AND HIS FRIENDS. +Illustrated. _Demy 8vo. 10s. 6d. net._ + +=Johnston (Sir H. H.)=, K.C.B. BRITISH CENTRAL AFRICA. With nearly 200 +Illustrations and Six Maps. _Third Edition. Cr. 4to. 18s. net._ + + A Colonial Edition is also published. + +=Jones (H.).= See Commercial Series. + +=Jones (H. F.).= See Textbooks of Science. + +=Jones (L. A. Atherley)=, K.C., M.P., and =Bellot (Hugh H. L.)=, M.A., +D.C.L. THE MINER’S GUIDE TO THE COAL MINES REGULATION ACTS AND THE LAW OF +EMPLOYERS AND WORKMEN. _Cr. 8vo. 2s. 6d. net._ + +COMMERCE IN WAR. _Royal 8vo. 21s. net._ + +=Jones (R. Compton)=, M.A. POEMS OF THE INNER LIFE. Selected by. +_Thirteenth Edition. Fcap. 8vo. 2s. 6d. net._ + +=Jonson (Ben).= See Standard Library. + +=Juliana (Lady) of Norwich.= REVELATIONS OF DIVINE LOVE. Ed. by GRACE +WARRACK, _Second Ed. Cr. 8vo. 3s. 6d._ + +=Juvenal.= See Classical Translations. + +‘=Kappa.=’ LET YOUTH BUT KNOW: A Plea for Reason in Education. _Cr. 8vo. +3s. 6d. net._ + +=Kaufmann (M.)=, M.A. SOCIALISM AND MODERN THOUGHT. _Second Edition +Revised and Enlarged. Cr. 8vo. 2s. 6d. net._ + +=Keating (J. F.)=, D.D. THE AGAPÉ AND THE EUCHARIST. _Cr. 8vo. 3s. 6d._ + +=Keats (John).= THE POEMS. Edited with Introduction and Notes by E. DE +SÉLINCOURT, M.A. With a Frontispiece in Photogravure. _Second Edition +Revised. Demy 8vo. 7s. 6d. net._ + +REALMS OF GOLD. Selections from the Works of. _Fcap. 8vo. 3s. 6d. net._ + + See also Little Library and Standard Library. + +=Keble (John).= THE CHRISTIAN YEAR. With an Introduction and Notes by +W. LOCK, D.D., Warden of Keble College. Illustrated by R. ANNING BELL. +_Third Edition. Fcap. 8vo. 3s. 6d.; padded morocco, 5s._ + + See also Library of Devotion. + +=Kelynack (T. N.)=, M.D., M.R.C.P. THE DRINK PROBLEM IN ITS +MEDICO-SOCIOLOGICAL ASPECT. By fourteen Medical Authorities. Edited by. +With 2 Diagrams. _Demy 8vo. 7s. 6d. net._ + +=Kempis (Thomas à).= THE IMITATION OF CHRIST. With an Introduction by +DEAN FARRAR. Illustrated by C. M. GERE. _Third Edition. Fcap. 8vo. 3s. +6d.; padded morocco. 5s._ + + Also Translated by C. BIGG, D.D. _Cr. 8vo. 3s. 6d._ + + See also Montmorency (J. E. G. de), Library of Devotion, and + Standard Library. + +=Kennedy (Bart.).= THE GREEN SPHINX. _Cr. 8vo. 3s. 6d. net._ + +=Kennedy (James Houghton)=, D.D., Assistant Lecturer in Divinity in +the University of Dublin. ST. PAUL’S SECOND AND THIRD EPISTLES TO THE +CORINTHIANS. With Introduction, Dissertations and Notes. _Cr. 8vo. 6s._ + +=Kimmins (C. W.)=, M.A. THE CHEMISTRY OF LIFE AND HEALTH. Illustrated. +_Cr. 8vo. 2s. 6d._ + +=Kinglake (A. W.).= See Little Library. + +=Kipling (Rudyard).= BARRACK-ROOM BALLADS. _83rd Thousand. Twenty-fourth +Edition. Cr. 8vo. 6s. Also Leather. Fcap. 8vo. 5s._ + + A Colonial Edition is also published. + +THE SEVEN SEAS. _67th Thousand. Twelfth Edition. Cr. 8vo. 6s. Also +Leather. Fcap. 8vo. 5s._ + + A Colonial Edition is also published. + +THE FIVE NATIONS. _62nd Thousand. Third Edition. Cr. 8vo. 6s. Also +Leather. Fcap. 8vo. 5s._ + + A Colonial Edition is also published. + +DEPARTMENTAL DITTIES. _Sixteenth Edition. Cr. 8vo. 6s. Also Leather. +Fcap. 8vo. 5s._ + + A Colonial Edition is also published. + +=Knight (Albert E.).= THE COMPLETE CRICKETER. With 50 Illustrations. +_Demy 8vo. 7s. 6d. net._ + + A Colonial Edition is also published. + +=Knight (H. J. C.)=, B.D. See Churchman’s Bible. + +=Knowling (R. J.)=, M.A., Professor of New Testament Exegesis at King’s +College, London. See Westminster Commentaries. + +=Lamb (Charles and Mary)=, THE WORKS. Edited by E. V. LUCAS. Illustrated. +_In Seven Volumes. Demy 8vo. 7s. 6d. each._ + + See also Little Library and Lucas (E. V.). + +=Lambert (F. A. H.).= See Little Guides. + +=Lambros (Professor S. P.).= See Byzantine Texts. + +=Lane-Poole (Stanley).= A HISTORY OF EGYPT IN THE MIDDLE AGES. Fully +Illustrated. _Cr. 8vo. 6s._ + +=Langbridge (F.)=, M.A. BALLADS OF THE BRAVE: Poems of Chivalry, +Enterprise, Courage, and Constancy. _Third Edition. Cr. 8vo. 2s. 6d._ + +=Law (William).= See Library of Devotion and Standard Library. + +=Leach (Henry).= THE DUKE OF DEVONSHIRE. A Biography. With 12 +Illustrations. _Demy 8vo. 12s. 6d. net._ + +THE SPIRIT OF THE LINKS. _Cr. 8vo. 6s._ + + A Colonial Edition is also published. + + See also Braid (James). + +=Le Braz (Anatole).= THE LAND OF PARDONS. Translated by FRANCES M. +GOSTLING. With 12 Illustrations in Colour by T. C. GOTCH, and 40 other +Illustrations. _Second Edition. Crown 8vo. 6s._ + +=Lee (Captain L. Melville).= A HISTORY OF POLICE IN ENGLAND. _Cr. 8vo. +3s. 6d. net._ + +=Lewes (V. B.)=, M.A. AIR AND WATER. Illustrated. _Cr. 8vo. 2s. 6d._ + +=Lewis (B. M. Gwyn).= A CONCISE HANDBOOK OF GARDEN SHRUBS. With 20 +Illustrations. _Fcap. 8vo. 3s. 6d. net._ + +=Lisle (Fortunée de).= See Little Books on Art. + +=Littlehales (H.).= See Antiquary’s Books. + +=Lock (Walter)=, D.D., Warden of Keble College. ST. PAUL, THE +MASTER-BUILDER. _Second Ed. Cr. 8vo. 3s. 6d._ + +THE BIBLE AND CHRISTIAN LIFE. _Cr. 8vo. 6s._ + + See also Keble (J.) and Leaders of Religion. + +=Locker (F.).= See Little Library. + +=Lodge (Sir Oliver)=, F.R.S. THE SUBSTANCE OF FAITH ALLIED WITH SCIENCE: +A Catechism for Parents and Teachers. _Eighth Ed. Cr. 8vo. 2s. net._ + +=Lofthouse (W. F.)=, M.A. ETHICS AND ATONEMENT. With a Frontispiece. +_Demy 8vo. 5s. net._ + +=Longfellow (H. W.).= See Little Library. + +=Lorimer (George Horace).= LETTERS FROM A SELF-MADE MERCHANT TO HIS SON. +_Sixteenth Edition. Cr. 8vo. 3s. 6d._ + + A Colonial Edition is also published. + +OLD GORGON GRAHAM. _Second Edition. Cr. 8vo. 6s._ + + A Colonial Edition is also published. + +=Lover (Samuel).= See I.P.L. + +=E. V. L.= and =C. L. G.= ENGLAND DAY BY DAY: Or, The Englishman’s +Handbook to Efficiency. Illustrated by GEORGE MORROW. _Fourth Edition. +Fcap. 4to. 1s. net._ + +=Lucas (E. V.).= THE LIFE OF CHARLES LAMB. With 28 Illustrations. _Fourth +and Revised Edition in One Volume. Demy 8vo. 7s. 6d. net._ + + A Colonial Edition is also published. + +A WANDERER IN HOLLAND. With 20 Illustrations in Colour by HERBERT +MARSHALL, 34 Illustrations after old Dutch Masters, and a Map. _Eighth +Edition. Cr. 8vo. 6s._ + + A Colonial Edition is also published. + +A WANDERER IN LONDON. With 16 Illustrations in Colour by NELSON DAWSON, +36 other Illustrations and a Map. _Sixth Edition. Cr. 8vo. 6s._ + + A Colonial Edition is also published. + +THE OPEN ROAD: a Little Book for Wayfarers. _Thirteenth Edition. Fcap. +8vo. 5s.; India Paper, 7s. 6d._ + +THE FRIENDLY TOWN: a Little Book for the Urbane. _Fourth Edition. 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Large Cr. 8vo. +6s._ + + See also Leaders of Religion. + +=McDermott (E. R.).= See Books on Business. + +=M’Dowall (A. S.).= See Oxford Biographies. + +=Mackay (A. M.)=, B.A. See Churchman’s Library. + +=Mackenzie (W. Leslie)=, M.A., M.D., D.P.H., etc. THE HEALTH OF THE +SCHOOL CHILD. _Cr. 8vo. 2s. 6d._ + +=Macklin (Herbert W.)=, M.A. See Antiquary’s Books. + +=M’Neile (A. H.)=, B.D. See Westminster Commentaries. + +=‘Mdlle Mori’ (Author of).= ST. CATHERINE OF SIENA AND HER TIMES. With 28 +Illustrations. _Demy 8vo. 7s. 6d. net._ + +=Magnus (Laurie)=, M.A. A PRIMER OF WORDSWORTH. _Cr. 8vo. 2s. 6d._ + +=Mahaffy (J. P.)=, Litt.D. A HISTORY OF THE EGYPT OF THE PTOLEMIES. Fully +Illustrated. _Cr. 8vo. 6s._ + +=Maitland (F. W.)=, M.A., LL.D. ROMAN CANON LAW IN THE CHURCH OF ENGLAND. +_Royal 8vo. 7s. 6d._ + +=Major (H.)=, B.A., B.Sc. A HEALTH AND TEMPERANCE READER. _Cr. 8vo. 1s. +6d._ + +=Malden (H. E.)=, M.A. ENGLISH RECORDS. 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Illustrated. _Cr. 8vo. 3s. +6d. net._ + + A Colonial Edition is also published. + +ON THE SPANISH MAIN: or, SOME ENGLISH FORAYS IN THE ISTHMUS OF DARIEN. +With 22 Illustrations and a Map. _Demy 8vo. 10s. 6d. net._ + + A Colonial Edition is also published. + +A SAILOR’S GARLAND. Selected and Edited by. _Second Ed. Cr. 8vo. 3s. 6d. +net._ + +AN ENGLISH PROSE MISCELLANY. Selected and Edited by. _Cr. 8vo. 6s._ + +=Maskell (A.).= See Connoisseur’s Library. + +=Mason (A. J.)=, D.D. See Leaders of Religion. + +=Masterman (C. F. G.).= M.A., M.P. TENNYSON AS A RELIGIOUS TEACHER. _Cr. +8vo. 6s._ + +=Matheson (E. F.).= COUNSELS OF LIFE. _Fcap. 8vo. 2s. 6d. net._ + +=May (Phil).= THE PHIL MAY ALBUM. _Second Edition. 4to. 1s. net._ + +=Meakin (Annette M. B.)=, Fellow of the Anthropological Institute. WOMAN +IN TRANSITION. _Cr. 8vo. 6s._ + +=Mellows (Emma S.).= A SHORT STORY OF ENGLISH LITERATURE. _Cr. 8vo. 3s. +6d._ + +=Methuen (A. M. S.)=, M.A. THE TRAGEDY OF SOUTH AFRICA. _Cr. 8vo. 2s. +net. 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C.)=, M.A. See Peel (R.). + +=Mitchell (P. Chalmers)=, M.A. OUTLINES OF BIOLOGY. Illustrated. _Second +Edition. Cr. 8vo. 6s._ + +=Mitton (G. E.).= JANE AUSTEN AND HER TIMES. With 21 Illustrations. +_Second and Cheaper Edition. Large Cr. 8vo. 6s._ + + A Colonial Edition is also published. + +=Moffat (Mary M.).= QUEEN LOUISA OF PRUSSIA. With 20 Illustrations. +_Fourth Edition. Crown 8vo. 6s._ + + A Colonial Edition is also published. + +‘=Moil (A.).=’ See Books on Business. + +=Moir (D. M.).= See Little Library. + +=Molinos (Dr. Michael de).= See Library of Devotion. + +=Money (L. G. Chiozza)=, M.P. RICHES AND POVERTY. _Eighth Edition. Demy +8vo. 5s. net._ Also _Cr. 8vo. 1s. net._ + +SOCIAL AND INDUSTRIAL PROBLEMS. _Demy 8vo. 5s. net._ + +=Montagu (Henry)=, Earl of Manchester. See Library of Devotion. + +=Montaigne.= A DAY BOOK OF. Edited by C. F. POND. _Fcap. 8vo. 2s. 6d. +net._ + +=Montgomery (H. B.).= THE EMPIRE OF THE EAST. With a Frontispiece in +Colour and 16 other Illustrations. _Second Edition. Demy 8vo. 7s. 6d. +net._ + + A Colonial Edition is also published. + +=Montmorency (J. E. G. de)=, B.A., LL.B. THOMAS À KEMPIS, HIS AGE AND +BOOK. With 22 Illustrations. _Second Edition. Demy 8vo. 7s. 6d. net._ + +=Moore (H. E.).= BACK TO THE LAND. _Cr. 8vo. 2s. 6d._ + +=Moorhouse (E. Hallam).= NELSON’S LADY HAMILTON. With 51 Portraits. +_Second Edition. Demy 8vo. 7s. 6d. net._ + + A Colonial Edition is also published. + +=Moran (Clarence G.).= See Books on Business. + +=More (Sir Thomas).= See Standard Library. + +=Morfill (W. R.)=, Oriel College, Oxford. A HISTORY OF RUSSIA FROM PETER +THE GREAT TO ALEXANDER II. With Maps and Plans. _Cr. 8vo. 3s. 6d._ + +=Morich (R. J.)=, late of Clifton College. See School Examination Series. + +=Morley (Margaret W.)=, Founded on. THE BEE PEOPLE. With 74 +Illustrations. _Sq. Crown 8vo. 2s. 6d._ + +LITTLE MITCHELL: THE STORY OF A MOUNTAIN SQUIRREL TOLD BY HIMSELF. 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THE PREVENTION OF TUBERCULOSIS. +_Demy 8vo. 10s. 6d. net._ + +=Nichols (Bowyer).= See Little Library. + +=Nicklin (T.)=, M.A. EXAMINATION PAPERS IN THUCYDIDES. _Cr. 8vo. 2s._ + +=Nimrod.= See I.P.L. + +=Norgate (G. Le Grys).= THE LIFE OF SIR WALTER SCOTT. With 53 +Illustrations by JENNY WYLIE. _Demy 8vo. 7s. 6d. net._ + +=Norregaard (B. W.).= THE GREAT SIEGE: The Investment and Fall of Port +Arthur. With Maps, Plans, and 25 Illustrations. _Demy 8vo. 10s. 6d. net._ + + A Colonial Edition is also published. + +=Norway (A. H.).= NAPLES. PAST AND PRESENT. With 25 Coloured +Illustrations by MAURICE GREIFFENHAGEN. _Second Edition. Cr. 8vo. 6s._ + + A Colonial Edition is also published. + +=Novalis.= THE DISCIPLES AT SAÏS AND OTHER FRAGMENTS. Edited by Miss UNA +BIRCH. _Fcap. 8vo. 3s. 6d. net._ + +=Officer (An).= See I.P.L. + +=Oldfield (W. J.)=, M.A., Prebendary of Lincoln. A PRIMER OF RELIGION. +BASED ON THE CATECHISM OF THE CHURCH OF ENGLAND. _Crown 8vo. 2s. 6d._ + +=Oldham (F. M.)=, B.A. See Textbooks of Science. + +=Oliphant (Mrs.).= See Leaders of Religion. + +=Oliver, Thomas=, M.D. DISEASES OF OCCUPATION. With Illustrations. +_Second Edition. Demy 8vo. 10s. 6d. net._ + +=Oman (C. W. C.)=, M.A., Fellow of All Souls’, Oxford. A HISTORY OF THE +ART OF WAR IN THE MIDDLE AGES. Illustrated. _Demy 8vo. 10s. 6d. net._ + +=Ottley (R. L.)=, D.D. See Handbooks of Theology and Leaders of Religion. + +=Overton (J. H.).= See Leaders of Religion. + +=Owen (Douglas).= See Books on Business. + +=Oxford (M. N.)=, of Guy’s Hospital. A HANDBOOK OF NURSING. _Fourth +Edition. Cr. 8vo. 3s. 6d._ + +=Pakes (W. C. C.).= THE SCIENCE OF HYGIENE. Illustrated. _Demy 8vo. 15s._ + +=Parker (Gilbert)=, M.P. A LOVER’S DIARY. _Fcap. 8vo. 5s._ + + A volume of poems. + +=Parkes (A. 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Illustrated in +Colour by F. SOUTHGATE, R.B.A. _Second Edition. Cr. 8vo. 6s._ + +NATURE IN EASTERN NORFOLK. With 12 Illustrations in Colour by FRANK +SOUTHGATE, R.B.A. _Second Edition. Cr. 8vo. 6s._ + +WILD LIFE ON A NORFOLK ESTUARY. With 40 Illustrations by the Author, and +a Prefatory Note by Her Grace the DUCHESS OF BEDFORD. _Demy 8vo. 10s. 6d. +net._ + +=Peacock (Netta).= See Little Books on Art. + +=Patterson (J. B.).= See Simplified French Texts. + +=Peake (C. M. A.)=, F.R.H.S. A CONCISE HANDBOOK OF GARDEN ANNUAL AND +BIENNIAL PLANTS. With 24 Illustrations. _Fcap. 8vo. 3s. 6d. net._ + +=Peel (Robert)=, and =Minchin (H. C.)=, M.A. OXFORD. With 100 +Illustrations in Colour. _Cr. 8vo. 6s._ + + A Colonial Edition is also published. + +=Peel (Sidney)=, late Fellow of Trinity College, Oxford, and Secretary to +the Royal Commission on the Licensing Laws. PRACTICAL LICENSING REFORM. +_Second Edition. Cr. 8vo. 1s. 6d._ + +=Petrie (W. M. Flinders)=, D.C.L., LL.D., Professor of Egyptology at +University College. A HISTORY OF EGYPT. Fully Illustrated. _In six +volumes. Cr. 8vo. 6s. each._ + +VOL. I. FROM THE EARLIEST KINGS TO XVITH DYNASTY. _Sixth Edition._ + +VOL. II. THE XVIITH AND XVIIITH DYNASTIES. _Fourth Edition._ + +VOL. III. XIXTH TO XXXTH DYNASTIES. + +VOL. IV. THE EGYPT OF THE PTOLEMIES. J. P. MAHAFFY, Litt.D. + +VOL. V. ROMAN EGYPT. J. G. MILNE, M.A. + +VOL. VI. EGYPT IN THE MIDDLE AGES. STANLEY LANE-POOLE, M.A. + +RELIGION AND CONSCIENCE IN ANCIENT EGYPT. Lectures delivered at +University College, London. Illustrated. _Cr. 8vo. 2s. 6d._ + +SYRIA AND EGYPT, FROM THE TELL ELAMARNA TABLETS. _Cr. 8vo. 2s. 6d._ + +EGYPTIAN TALES. Translated from the Papyri. First Series, IVth to XIIth +Dynasty. Edited by W. M. FLINDERS PETRIE. Illustrated by TRISTRAM ELLIS. +_Second Edition. Cr. 8vo. 3s. 6d._ + +EGYPTIAN TALES. Translated from the Papyri. Second Series, XVIIIth to +XIXth Dynasty. Illustrated by TRISTRAM ELLIS. _Crown 8vo. 3s. 6d._ + +EGYPTIAN DECORATIVE ART. A Course of Lectures delivered at the Royal +Institution. Illustrated. _Cr. 8vo. 3s. 6d._ + +=Phillips (W. A.).= See Oxford Biographies. + +=Phillpotts (Eden).= MY DEVON YEAR. With 38 Illustrations by J. LEY +PETHYBRIDGE. _Second and Cheaper Edition. Large Cr. 8vo. 6s._ + +UP ALONG AND DOWN ALONG. Illustrated by CLAUDE SHEPPERSON. _Cr. 4to. 5s. +net._ + +=Phythian (J. Ernest).= TREES IN NATURE, MYTH, AND ART. With 24 +Illustrations. _Crown 8vo. 6s._ + +=Plarr (Victor G.).= See School Histories. + +=Plato.= See Standard Library. + +=Plautus.= THE CAPTIVI. Edited, with an Introduction, Textual Notes, and +a Commentary, by W. M. LINDSAY, Fellow of Jesus College, Oxford. _Demy +8vo. 10s. 6d. net._ + +=Plowden-Wardlaw (J. T.)=, B.A., King’s College, Cambridge. See School +Examination Series. + +=Podmore (Frank).= MODERN SPIRITUALISM. _Two Volumes. 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T. Quiller Couch).= THE GOLDEN POMP. A PROCESSION OF ENGLISH +LYRICS FROM SURREY TO SHIRLEY. _Second and Cheaper Edition. Cr. 8vo. 2s. +6d. net._ + +=G. R.= and =E. S.= MR. WOODHOUSE’S CORRESPONDENCE. _Cr. 8vo. 6s._ + + A Colonial Edition is also published. + +=Rackham (R. B.)=, M.A. See Westminster Commentaries. + +=Ragg (Laura M.).= THE WOMEN ARTISTS OF BOLOGNA. With 20 Illustrations. +_Demy 8vo. 7s. 6d. net._ + +=Ragg (Lonsdale).= B.D., Oxon. DANTE AND HIS ITALY. With 32 +Illustrations. _Demy 8vo. 12s. 6d. net._ + +=Rahtz (F. J.)=, M.A., B.Sc., Lecturer in English at Merchant Venturers’ +Technical College, Bristol. HIGHER ENGLISH. _Third Edition. Cr. 8vo. 3s. +6d._ + +=Randolph (B. W.)=, D.D. See Library of Devotion. + +=Rannie (D. W.)=, M.A. A STUDENT’S HISTORY OF SCOTLAND. _Cr. 8vo. 3s. 6d._ + +WORDSWORTH AND HIS CIRCLE. With 20 Illustrations. _Demy 8vo. 12s. 6d. +net._ + +=Rashdall (Hastings)=, M.A., Fellow and Tutor of New College, Oxford. +DOCTRINE AND DEVELOPMENT. _Cr. 8vo. 6s._ + +=Raven (J. J.)=, D.D., F.S.A. See Antiquary’s Books. + +=Raven-Hill (L.).= See Llewellyn (Owen). + +=Rawstorne (Lawrence, Esq.).= See I.P.L. + +=Raymond (Walter).= See School Histories. + +*=Rea (Lilian).= MADAME DE LA FAYETTE. With many Illustrations. _Demy +8vo. 10s. 6d. net._ + +=Real Paddy (A).= See I.P.L. + +=Reason (W.)=, M.A. UNIVERSITY AND SOCIAL SETTLEMENTS. Edited by. _Cr. +8vo. 2s. 6d._ + +=Redpath (H. A.)=, M.A., D.Litt. See Westminster Commentaries. + +=Rees (J. D.)=, C.I.E., M.P. THE REAL INDIA. _Second Edition. Demy 8vo. +10s. 6d. net._ + + A Colonial Edition is also published. + +*=Reich (Emil)=, Doctor Juris. WOMAN THROUGH THE AGES. With 24 +Illustrations. _Two Volumes. Demy 8vo. 21s. net._ + + A Colonial Edition is also published. + +=Reynolds (Sir Joshua).= See Little Galleries. + +=Rhoades (J. F.).= See Simplified French Texts. + +=Rhodes (W. E.).= See School Histories. + +=Rieu (H.)=, M.A. See Simplified French Texts. + +=Roberts (M. E.).= See Channer (C. C). + +=Robertson (A.)=, D.D., Lord Bishop of Exeter. REGNUM DEI. (The Bampton +Lectures of 1901). _A New and Cheaper Edition. Demy 8vo. 7s. 6d. net._ + +=Robertson (C. Grant)=, M.A., Fellow of All Souls’ College, Oxford. +SELECT STATUTES, CASES, AND CONSTITUTIONAL DOCUMENTS, 1660-1832. _Demy +8vo. 10s. 6d. net._ + +=Robertson (C. Grant)= and =Bartholomew (J. G.)=, F.R.S.E., F.R.G.S. A +HISTORICAL AND MODERN ATLAS OF THE BRITISH EMPIRE. _Demy Quarto. 4s. 6d. +net._ + +=Robertson (Sir G. S.)=, K.C.S.I. CHITRAL: THE STORY OF A MINOR SIEGE. +_Third Edition._ Illustrated. _Cr. 8vo. 2s. 6d. net._ + +=Robinson (A. W.)=, M.A. See Churchman’s Bible. + +=Robinson (Cecilia).= THE MINISTRY OF DEACONESSES. With an Introduction +by the late Archbishop of Canterbury. _Cr. 8vo. 3s. 6d._ + +=Robinson (F. S.).= See Connoisseur’s Library. + +=Rochefoucauld (La).= See Little Library. + +=Rodwell (G.)=, B.A. NEW TESTAMENT GREEK. A Course for Beginners. With a +Preface by WALTER LOCK, D.D., Warden of Keble College. _Fcap. 8vo. 3s. +6d._ + +=Roe (Fred).= OLD OAK FURNITURE. With many Illustrations by the Author, +including a frontispiece in colour. _Second Edition. Demy 8vo. 10s. 6d. +net._ + +=Rogers (A. G. L.)=, M.A. See Books on Business. + +=Romney (George).= See Little Galleries. + +=Roscoe (E. S.).= See Little Guides. + +=Rose (Edward).= THE ROSE READER. Illustrated. _Cr. 8vo. 2s. 6d. Also in +4 Parts. Parts I. and II. 6d. each; Part III. 8d.; Part IV. 10d._ + +=Rose (G. H.).= See =Hey (H.)=, and =Baring-Gould (S)=. + +=Rowntree (Joshua).= THE IMPERIAL DRUG TRADE. A RE-STATEMENT OF THE OPIUM +QUESTION. _Third Edition Revised. Cr. 8vo. 2s. net._ + +=Royde-Smith (N. G.).= THE PILLOW BOOK: A GARNER OF MANY MOODS. Collected +by. _Second Edition. Cr. 8vo. 4s. 6d. net._ + +POETS OF OUR DAY. Selected, with an Introduction, by. _Fcap. 8vo. 5s._ + +=Rubie (A. E.)=, D.D. See Junior School Books. + +=Russell (Archibald G. B.).= See Blake (William). + +=Russell (W. Clark).= THE LIFE OF ADMIRAL LORD COLLINGWOOD. With +Illustrations by F. BRANGWYN. _Fourth Edition. Cr. 8vo. 6s._ + +=Ryley (M. Beresford).= QUEENS OF THE RENAISSANCE. With 24 Illustrations. +_Demy 8vo. 10s. 6d. net._ + +=Sainsbury (Harrington)=, M.D., F.R.C.P. PRINCIPIA THERAPEUTICA. _Demy +8vo. 7s. 6d. net._ + +=St. Anselm.= See Library of Devotion. + +=St. Augustine.= See Library of Devotion. + +=St. Bernard.= See Library of Devotion. + +=St. Cyres (Viscount).= See Oxford Biographies. + +=St. Francis of Assisi.= THE LITTLE FLOWERS OF THE GLORIOUS MESSER, AND +OF HIS FRIARS. Done into English, with Notes by WILLIAM HEYWOOD. With 40 +Illustrations from Italian Painters. _Demy 8vo. 5s. net._ + + See also Wheldon (F. W.), Library of Devotion and Standard + Library. + +=St. Francis de Sales.= See Library of Devotion. + +=‘Saki’ (H. Munro).= REGINALD. _Second Edition. Fcap. 8vo. 2s. 6d. net._ + +=Salmon (A. L.).= See Little Guides. + +=Sathas (C.).= See Byzantine Texts. + +=Schmitt (John).= See Byzantine Texts. + +=Schofield (A. T.)=, M.D., Hon. Phys. Freidenham Hospital. FUNCTIONAL +NERVE DISEASES. _Demy 8vo. 7s. 6d. net._ + +=Scott (A. M.).= WINSTON SPENCER CHURCHILL. With Portraits and +Illustrations. _Cr. 8vo. 3s. 6d._ + +=Scudamore (Cyril).= See Little Guides. + +=Sélincourt (E. de).= See Keats (John). + +=Sells (V. P.)=, M.A. THE MECHANICS OF DAILY LIFE. Illustrated. _Cr. 8vo. +2s. 6d._ + +=Selous (Edmund).= TOMMY SMITH’S ANIMALS. Illustrated by G. W. ORD. +_Tenth Edition. Fcap. 8vo. 2s. 6d._ + + _School Edition, 1s. 6d._ + +TOMMY SMITH’S OTHER ANIMALS. Illustrated by AUGUSTA GUEST. _Fourth +Edition. Fcap. 8vo. 2s. 6d._ + + _School Edition, 1s. 6d._ + +=Senter (George)=, B.Sc. (Lond.), Ph.D. See Textbooks of Science. + +=Shakespeare (William).= + +THE FOUR FOLIOS, 1623; 1632; 1664; 1685. Each £4, 4s. _net_, or a +complete set, £12, 12s. _net_. + + Folios 3 and 4 are ready. + + Folio 2 is nearly ready. + +THE POEMS OF WILLIAM SHAKESPEARE. With an Introduction and Notes by +GEORGE WYNDHAM. _Demy 8vo. Buckram, gilt top, 10s. 6d._ + + See also Arden Shakespeare, Standard Library and Little Quarto + Shakespeare. + +=Sharp (A.).= VICTORIAN POETS. _Cr. 8vo. 2s. 6d._ + +=Sharp (Cecil).= See Baring-Gould (S.). + +=Sharp (Elizabeth).= See Little Books on Art. + +=Shedlock (J. S.).= THE PIANOFORTE SONATA. _Cr. 8vo. 5s._ + +=Shelley (Percy B.).= See Standard Library. + +=Sheppard (H. F.)=, M.A. See Baring-Gould (S.). + +=Sherwell (Arthur)=, M.A. LIFE IN WEST LONDON. _Third Edition. Cr. 8vo. +2s. 6d._ + +=Shipley (Mary E.).= AN ENGLISH CHURCH HISTORY FOR CHILDREN. With a +Preface by the Bishop of Gibraltar. With Maps and Illustrations. Part I. +Cr. _8vo. 2s. 6d. net._ + +=Sichel (Walter).= See Oxford Biographies. + +=Sidgwick (Mrs. Alfred).= HOME LIFE IN GERMANY. With 16 Illustrations. +_Second Edition. Demy 8vo. 10s. 6d. net._ + + A Colonial Edition is also published. + +=Sime (John).= See Little Books on Art. + +=Simonson (G. A.).= FRANCESCO GUARDI. With 41 Plates. _Imperial 4to. £2, +2s. net._ + +=Sketchley (R. E. D.).= See Little Books on Art. + +=Skipton (H. P. K.).= See Little Books on Art. + +=Sladen (Douglas).= SICILY: The New Winter Resort. With over 200 +Illustrations. _Second Edition. Cr. 8vo. 5s. net._ + +=Small (Evan)=, M.A. THE EARTH. An Introduction to Physiography. +Illustrated. _Cr. 8vo. 2s. 6d._ + +=Smallwood (M. G.).= See Little Books on Art. + +=Smedley (F. E.).= See I.P.L. + +=Smith (Adam).= THE WEALTH OF NATIONS. Edited with an Introduction and +numerous Notes by EDWIN CANNAN, M.A. _Two volumes. Demy 8vo. 21s. net._ + +=Smith (H. Clifford).= See Connoisseur’s Library. + +=Smith (Horace and James).= See Little Library. + +=Smith (H. Bompas)=, M.A. A NEW JUNIOR ARITHMETIC. _Crown 8vo._ Without +Answers, _2s._ With Answers, _2s. 6d._ + +=Smith (R. Mudle).= THOUGHTS FOR THE DAY. Edited by. _Fcap. 8vo. 3s. 6d. +net._ + +=Smith (Nowell C.).= See Wordsworth (W). + +=Smith (John Thomas).= A BOOK FOR A RAINY DAY: Or, Recollections of the +Events of the Years 1766-1833. Edited by WILFRED WHITTEN. Illustrated. +_Wide Demy 8vo. 12s. 6d. net._ + +=Snell (F. J.).= A BOOK OF EXMOOR. Illustrated. _Cr. 8vo. 6s._ + +=Snowden (C. E.).= A HANDY DIGEST OF BRITISH HISTORY. _Demy 8vo. 4s. 6d._ + +=Sophocles.= See Classical Translations. + +=Sornet (L. A.)=, and =Acatos (M. J.)=. See Junior School Books. + +=South (E. Wilton)=, M.A. See Junior School Books. + +=Southey (R.).= ENGLISH SEAMEN. Edited by DAVID HANNAY. + + Vol. I. (Howard, Clifford, Hawkins, Drake, Cavendish). _Second + Edition. Cr. 8vo. 6s._ + + Vol. II. (Richard Hawkins. Grenville, Essex, and Raleigh). _Cr. + 8vo. 6s._ + + See also Standard Library. + +=Spence (C. H.)=, M.A. See School Examination Series. + +=Spicer (A. Dykes)=, M.A. THE PAPER TRADE. A Descriptive and Historical +Survey. With Diagrams and Plans. _Demy 8vo. 12s. 6d. net._ + +=Spooner (W. A.)=, M.A. See Leaders of Religion. + +=Spragge (W. Horton)=, M.A. See Junior School Books. + +=Staley (Edgcumbe).= THE GUILDS OF FLORENCE. Illustrated. _Second +Edition. Royal 8vo. 16s. net._ + +=Stanbridge (J. W.)=, B.D. See Library of Devotion. + +‘=Stancliffe.=’ GOLF DO’S AND DONT’S _Second Edition. Fcap. 8vo. 1s._ + +=Stead (D. W.).= See Gallaher (D.). + +=Stedman (A. M. M.)=, M.A. + +INITIA LATINA: Easy Lessons on Elementary Accidence. _Tenth Edition. +Fcap. 8vo. 1s._ + +FIRST LATIN LESSONS. _Eleventh Edition. Cr. 8vo. 2s._ + +FIRST LATIN READER. With Notes adapted to the Shorter Latin Primer and +Vocabulary. _Seventh Edition. 18mo. 1s. 6d._ + +EASY SELECTIONS FROM CÆSAR. The Helvetian War. _Third Edition. 18mo. 1s._ + +EASY SELECTIONS FROM LIVY. The Kings of Rome. _Second Edition. 18mo. 1s. +6d._ + +EASY LATIN PASSAGES FOR UNSEEN TRANSLATION. _Twelfth Ed. Fcap. 8vo. 1s. +6d._ + +EXEMPLA LATINA. First Exercises in Latin Accidence. With Vocabulary. +_Fourth Edition. Cr. 8vo. 1s._ + +EASY LATIN EXERCISES ON THE SYNTAX OF THE SHORTER AND REVISED LATIN +PRIMER. With Vocabulary. _Twelfth and Cheaper Edition. Cr. 8vo. 1s. 6d. +Original Edition. 2s. 6d._ KEY, _3s. net_. + +THE LATIN COMPOUND SENTENCE: Rules and Exercises. _Second Edition. Cr. +8vo. 1s. 6d._ With Vocabulary. _2s._ + +NOTANDA QUAEDAM: Miscellaneous Latin Exercises on Common Rules and +Idioms. _Fifth Edition. Fcap. 8vo. 1s. 6d._ With Vocabulary, _2s._ KEY, +_2s. net_. + +LATIN VOCABULARIES FOR REPETITION: Arranged according to Subjects. +_Fifteenth Edition. Fcap. 8vo. 1s. 6d._ + +A VOCABULARY OF LATIN IDIOMS. _18mo. 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With 147 +Illustrations. _Second Edition. Cr. 8vo. 2s. 6d._ + + See also School Examination Series. + +=Stephenson (C.)=, of the Technical College, Bradford, and =Suddards +(F.)= of the Yorkshire College, Leeds. A TEXTBOOK DEALING WITH ORNAMENTAL +DESIGN FOR WOVEN FABRICS. With 66 full-page Plates and numerous Diagrams +in the Text. _Third Edition. Demy 8vo. 7s. 6d._ + +=Stephenson (J.)=, M.A. THE CHIEF TRUTHS OF THE CHRISTIAN FAITH. _Cr. +8vo. 3s. 6d._ + +=Sterne (Laurence).= See Little Library. + +=Steuart (Katherine).= BY ALLAN WATER. _Second Edition. Cr. 8vo. 6s._ + +RICHARD KENNOWAY AND HIS FRIENDS. A Sequel to ‘By Allan Water.’ _Demy +8vo. 7s. 6d. net._ + +=Stevenson (R. L.).= THE LETTERS OF ROBERT LOUIS STEVENSON TO HIS FAMILY +AND FRIENDS. Selected and Edited by SIDNEY COLVIN. _Third Edition. 2 +vols. Cr. 8vo. 12s._ + +LIBRARY EDITION. _2 vols. Demy 8vo. 25s. net._ + + A Colonial Edition is also published. + +VAILIMA LETTERS. With an Etched Portrait by WILLIAM STRANG. _Sixth +Edition. Cr. 8vo. Buckram. 6s._ + + A Colonial Edition is also published. + +THE LIFE OF R. L. STEVENSON. See Balfour (G.). + +=Stevenson (M. I.).= FROM SARANAC TO THE MARQUESAS. Being Letters written +by Mrs. M. I. STEVENSON during 1887-8. _Cr. 8vo. 6s. net._ + + A Colonial Edition is also published. + +LETTERS FROM SAMOA, 1891-95. Edited and arranged by M. C. BALFOUR. With +many Illustrations. _Second Edition. Cr. 8vo. 6s. net._ + + A Colonial Edition is also published. + +=Stoddart (Anna M.).= See Oxford Biographies. + +=Stokes (F. G.)=, B.A. HOURS WITH RABELAIS. From the translation of SIR +T. URQUHART and P. A. MOTTEUX. With a Portrait in Photogravure. _Cr. 8vo. +3s. 6d._ + +=Stone (S. J.).= POEMS AND HYMNS. With a Memoir by F. G. ELLERTON, M.A. +With Portrait. _Cr. 8vo. 6s._ + +=Storr (Vernon F.)=, M.A., Canon of Winchester. DEVELOPMENT AND DIVINE +PURPOSE _Cr. 8vo. 5s. net._ + +=Story (Alfred T.).= AMERICAN SHRINES IN ENGLAND. With many +Illustrations, including two in Colour by A. R. QUINTON. _Crown 8vo. 6s._ + + See also Little Guides. + +=Straker (F.).= See Books on Business. + +=Streane (A. W.)=, D.D. See Churchman’s Bible. + +=Streatfeild (R. A.).= MODERN MUSIC AND MUSICIANS. With 24 Illustrations. +_Second Edition. Demy 8vo. 7s. 6d._ + +=Stroud (Henry)=, D.Sc., M.A. ELEMENTARY PRACTICAL PHYSICS. With 115 +Diagrams. _Second Edit., revised. 4s. 6d._ + +=Sturch (F.)=, Staff Instructor to the Surrey County Council. MANUAL +TRAINING DRAWING (WOODWORK). With Solutions to Examination Questions, +Orthographic, Isometric and Oblique Projection. With 50 Plates and 140 +Figures. _Foolscap. 5s. net._ + +=Suddards (F.).= See Stephenson (C.). + +=Surtees (R. S.).= See I.P.L. + +=Sutherland (William).= OLD AGE PENSIONS IN THEORY AND PRACTICE, WITH +SOME FOREIGN EXAMPLES. _Cr. 8vo. 3s. 6d. net._ + +=Symes (J. E.)=, M.A. THE FRENCH REVOLUTION. _Second Edition. Cr. 8vo. +2s. 6d._ + +=Sympson (E. Mansel)=, M.A., M.D. See Ancient Cities. + +=Tabor (Margaret E.).= THE SAINTS IN ART. With 20 Illustrations. _Fcap. +8vo. 3s. 6d. net._ + +=Tacitus.= AGRICOLA. Edited by R. F. DAVIS, M.A. _Fcap. 8vo. 2s._ + +GERMANIA. By the same Editor. _Fcap. 8vo. 2s._ + + See also Classical Translations. + +=Tallack (W.).= HOWARD LETTERS AND MEMORIES. _Demy 8vo. 10s. 6d. net._ + +=Tatham (Frederick).= See Blake (William). + +=Tauler (J.).= See Library of Devotion. + +=Taylor (A. E.).= THE ELEMENTS OF METAPHYSICS. _Demy 8vo. 10s. 6d. net._ + +=Taylor (F. G.)=, M.A. See Commercial Series. + +=Taylor (I. A.).= See Oxford Biographies. + +=Taylor (John W.).= THE COMING OF THE SAINTS. With 26 Illustrations. +_Demy 8vo. 7s. 6d. net._ + +=Taylor (T. M.)=, M.A., Fellow of Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge. +A CONSTITUTIONAL AND POLITICAL HISTORY OF ROME. To the Reign of Domitian. +_Cr. 8vo. 7s. 6d._ + +=Teasdale-Buckell (G. T.).= THE COMPLETE SHOT. With 53 Illustrations. +_Third Edition. Demy 8vo. 7s. 6d. net._ + + A Colonial Edition is also published. + +=Tennyson (Alfred, Lord).= EARLY POEMS. Edited, with Notes and an +Introduction, by J. CHURTON COLLINS, M.A. _Cr. 8vo. 6s._ + +IN MEMORIAM, MAUD, AND THE PRINCESS. Edited by J. CHURTON COLLINS, M.A. +_Cr. 8vo. 6s._ + + See also Little Library. + +=Terry (C. S.).= See Oxford Biographies. + +=Thackeray (W. M.).= See Little Library. + +=Theobald (F. V.)=, M.A. INSECT LIFE. Illustrated. _Second Edition +Revised. Cr. 8vo. 2s. 6d._ + +=Thibaudeau (A. C.).= BONAPARTE AND THE CONSULATE. Translated and Edited +by G. K. FORTESQUE, LL.D. With 12 Illustrations. _Demy 8vo. 10s. 6d. net._ + +=Thompson (A. H.).= See Little Guides. + +=Thompson (A. P.).= See Textbooks of Technology. + +=Tilleston (Mary W.).= DAILY STRENGTH FOR DAILY NEEDS. _Fourteenth +Edition. Medium 16mo. 2s. 6d. net._ Also an edition in superior binding, +_6s._ + +=Tompkins (H. W.)=, F.R.H.S. See Little Books on Art and Little Guides. + +=Townley (Lady Susan).= MY CHINESE NOTE-BOOK. With 16 Illustrations and 2 +Maps. _Third Ed. Demy 8vo. 10s. 6d. net._ + + A Colonial Edition is also published. + +=Toynbee (Paget)=, M.A., D.Litt. IN THE FOOTPRINTS OF DANTE. A Treasury +of Verse and Prose from the works of Dante. _Small Cr. 8vo. 4s. 6d. net._ + + See also Oxford Biographies and Dante. + +=Trench (Herbert).= DEIRDRE WEDDED AND OTHER POEMS. _Second and Revised +Edition. Large Post 8vo. 6s._ + +NEW POEMS. _Second Edition. Large Post 8vo. 6s._ + +=Trevelyan (G. M.)=, Fellow of Trinity College, Cambridge. ENGLAND UNDER +THE STUARTS. With Maps and Plans. _Third Edition. Demy 8vo. 10s. 6d. net._ + +=Troutbeck (G. E.).= See Little Guides. + +=Tyler (E. A.)=, B.A., F.C.S. See Junior School Books. + +=Tyrrell-Gill (Frances).= See Little Books on Art. + +=Vardon (Harry).= THE COMPLETE GOLFER. With 63 Illustrations. _Ninth +Edition. Demy 8vo. 10s. 6d. net._ + + A Colonial Edition is also published. + +=Vaughan (Henry).= See Little Library. + +=Vaughan (Herbert M.)=, B.A. (Oxon.). THE LAST OF THE ROYAL STUARTS, +HENRY STUART, CARDINAL, DUKE OF YORK. With 20 Illustrations. _Second +Edition. Demy 8vo. 10s. 6d. net._ + +THE NAPLES RIVIERA. With 25 Illustrations in Colour by MAURICE +GREIFFENHAGEN. _Cr. 8vo. 6s._ + +=Vernon (Hon. W. Warren)=, M.A. READINGS ON THE INFERNO OF DANTE. With an +Introduction by the Rev. Dr. MOORE. _In Two Volumes. Second Edition. Cr. +8vo. 15s. net._ + +READINGS ON THE PURGATORIO OF DANTE. With an Introduction by the late +DEAN CHURCH. _In Two Volumes. Third Edition. Cr. 8vo. 15s. net._ + +=Vincent (J. E.).= THROUGH EAST ANGLIA IN A MOTOR CAR. With 16 +Illustrations in Colour by FRANK SOUTHGATE, R.B.A., and a Map. _Cr. 8vo. +6s._ + +=Voegelin (A.)=, M.A. See Junior Examination Series. + +=Waddell (Col. L. A.)=, LL.D., C.B. LHASA AND ITS MYSTERIES. With a +Record of the Expedition of 1903-1904. With 155 Illustrations and Maps. +_Third and Cheaper Edition. Medium 8vo. 7s. 6d. net._ + +=Wade (G. W.)=, D.D. OLD TESTAMENT HISTORY. With Maps. _Fifth Edition. +Cr. 8vo. 6s._ + +=Wade (G. W.)=, D.D., and =Wade (J. H.)=, M.A. See Little Guides. + +=Wagner (Richard).= RICHARD WAGNER’S MUSIC DRAMAS: Interpretations, +embodying Wagner’s own explanations. By ALICE LEIGHTON CLEATHER and BASIL +CRUMP. _In Three Volumes. Fcap 8vo. 2s. 6d. each._ + + VOL I.—THE RING OF THE NIBELUNG. _Third Edition._ + + VOL. II.—PARSIFAL, LOHENGRIN, and THE HOLY GRAIL. + + VOL. III.—TRISTAN AND ISOLDE. + +=Walkley (A. B.).= DRAMA AND LIFE. _Cr. 8vo. 6s._ + +=Wall (J. C.).= See Antiquary’s Books. + +=Wallace-Hadrill (F.)=, Second Master at Herne Bay College. REVISION +NOTES ON ENGLISH HISTORY. _Cr. 8vo. 1s._ + +=Walters (H. B.).= See Little Books on Art and Classics of Art. + +=Walton (F. W.).= See School Histories. + +=Walton (Izaak)= and =Cotton (Charles)=. See I.P.L. + +=Walton (Izaak).= See Little Library. + +=Waterhouse (Elizabeth).= WITH THE SIMPLE-HEARTED: Little Homilies to +Women in Country Places. _Second Edition. Small Pott 8vo. 2s. net._ + + See also Little Library. + +=Watt (Francis).= See Henderson (T. F.). + +=Weatherhead (T. C.)=, M.A. EXAMINATION PAPERS IN HORACE. _Cr. 8vo. 2s._ + + See also Junior Examination Series. + +=Webber (F. C.).= See Textbooks of Technology. + +=Weir (Archibald)=, M.A. AN INTRODUCTION TO THE HISTORY OF MODERN EUROPE. +_Cr. 8vo. 6s._ + +=Wells (Sidney H.).= See Textbooks of Science. + +=Wells (J.)=, M.A., Fellow and Tutor of Wadham College. OXFORD AND OXFORD +LIFE. _Third Edition. Cr. 8vo. 3s. 6d._ + +A SHORT HISTORY OF ROME. _Eighth Edition._ With 3 Maps. _Cr. 8vo. 3s. 6d._ + + See also Little Guides. + +=Wesley (John).= See Library of Devotion. + +=Wheldon (F. W.).= A LITTLE BROTHER TO THE BIRDS. The life-story of St. +Francis retold for children. With 15 Illustrations, 7 of which are by A. +H. 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See Books on Business. + +=Wilberforce (Wilfrid).= See Little Books on Art. + +=Wilde (Oscar).= DE PROFUNDIS. _Eleventh Edition. Cr. 8vo. 5s. net._ + + A Colonial Edition is also published. + +THE WORKS. + + _A Uniform Edition. Demy 8vo. 12s. 6d. net each volume._ + +THE DUCHESS OF PADUA: A Play. + +POEMS. + +INTENTIONS and THE SOUL OF MAN. + +SALOMÉ. A FLORENTINE TRAGEDY, and VERA; or, THE NIHILISTS. + +LADY WINDERMERE’S FAN: A Play about a Good Woman. + +A WOMAN OF NO IMPORTANCE: A Play. + +AN IDEAL HUSBAND: A Play. + +THE IMPORTANCE OF BEING EARNEST: A Trivial Comedy for Serious People. + +A HOUSE OF POMEGRANATES, THE HAPPY PRINCE, and OTHER TALES. + +LORD ARTHUR SAVILE’S CRIME and OTHER PROSE PIECES. + +DE PROFUNDIS. + +=Wilkins (W. H.)=, B.A. THE ALIEN INVASION. _Cr. 8vo. 2s. 6d._ + +=Williams (A.).= PETROL PETER: or Pretty Stories and Funny Pictures. +Illustrated in Colour by A. W. MILLS. _Demy 4to. 3s. 6d. net._ + +=Williamson (M. 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Maria).= LOVE AND LOUISA. + +I KNOW A MAIDEN. + +=Austen (J.).= PRIDE AND PREJUDICE. + +=Bagot (Richard).= A ROMAN MYSTERY. + +CASTING OF NETS. + +=Balfour (Andrew).= BY STROKE OF SWORD. + +=Baring-Gould (S.).= FURZE BLOOM. + +CHEAP JACK ZITA. + +KITTY ALONE. + +URITH. + +THE BROOM SQUIRE. + +IN THE ROAR OF THE SEA. + +NOÉMI. + +A BOOK OF FAIRY TALES. Illustrated. + +LITTLE TU’PENNY. + +WINEFRED. + +THE FROBISHERS. + +THE QUEEN OF LOVE. + +=Barr (Robert).= JENNIE BAXTER. + +IN THE MIDST OF ALARMS. + +THE COUNTESS TEKLA. + +THE MUTABLE MANY. + +=Benson (E. F.).= DODO. + +THE VINTAGE. + +=Brontë (Charlotte).= SHIRLEY. + +=Brownell (C. L.).= THE HEART OF JAPAN. + +=Burton (J. Bloundelle).= ACROSS THE SALT SEAS. + +=Caffyn (Mrs.).= ANNE MAULEVERER. + +=Capes (Bernard).= THE LAKE OF WINE. + +=Clifford (Mrs. W. K.).= A FLASH OF SUMMER. + +MRS. KEITH’S CRIME. + +=Corbett (Julian).= A BUSINESS IN GREAT WATERS. + +=Croker (Mrs. B. M.).= ANGEL. + +A STATE SECRET. + +PEGGY OF THE BARTONS. + +JOHANNA. + +=Dante (Alighieri).= THE DIVINE COMEDY (Cary). + +=Doyle (A. Conan).= ROUND THE RED LAMP. + +=Duncan (Sara Jeannette).= A VOYAGE OF CONSOLATION. + +THOSE DELIGHTFUL AMERICANS. + +=Eliot (George).= THE MILL ON THE FLOSS. + +=Findlater (Jane H.).= THE GREEN GRAVES OF BALGOWRIE. + +=Gallon (Tom).= RICKERBY’S FOLLY. + +=Gaskell (Mrs.).= CRANFORD. + +MARY BARTON. + +NORTH AND SOUTH. + +=Gerard (Dorothea).= HOLY MATRIMONY. + +THE CONQUEST OF LONDON. + +MADE OF MONEY. + +=Gissing (G).= THE TOWN TRAVELLER. + +THE CROWN OF LIFE. + +=Glanville (Ernest).= THE INCA’S TREASURE. + +THE KLOOF BRIDE. + +=Gleig (Charles).= BUNTER’S CRUISE. + +=Grimm (The Brothers).= GRIMM’S FAIRY TALES. + +=Hope (Anthony).= A MAN OF MARK. + +A CHANGE OF AIR. + +THE CHRONICLES OF COUNT ANTONIO. + +PHROSO. + +THE DOLLY DIALOGUES. + +=Hornung (E. W.).= DEAD MEN TELL NO TALES. + +=Ingraham (J. H.).= THE THRONE OF DAVID. + +=Le Queux (W.).= THE HUNCHBACK OF WESTMINSTER. + +=Levett-Yeats (S. K.).= THE TRAITOR’S WAY. + +=Linton (E. Lynn).= THE TRUE HISTORY OF JOSHUA DAVIDSON. + +=Lyall (Edna).= DERRICK VAUGHAN. + +=Malet (Lucas).= THE CARISSIMA. + +A COUNSEL OF PERFECTION. + +=Mann (Mrs.).= MRS. PETER HOWARD. + +A LOST ESTATE. + +THE CEDAR STAR. + +ONE ANOTHER’S BURDENS. + +=Marchmont (A. W.).= MISER HOADLEY’S SECRET. + +A MOMENT’S ERROR. + +=Marryat (Captain).= PETER SIMPLE. + +JACOB FAITHFUL. + +=Marsh (Richard).= A METAMORPHOSIS. + +THE TWICKENHAM PEERAGE. + +THE GODDESS. + +THE JOSS. + +=Mason (A. E. W.).= CLEMENTINA. + +=Mathers (Helen).= HONEY. + +GRIFF OF GRIFFITHS COURT. + +SAM’S SWEETHEART. + +=Meade (Mrs. L. T.).= DRIFT. + +=Mitford (Bertram).= THE SIGN OF THE SPIDER. + +=Montresor (F. F.).= THE ALIEN. + +=Morrison (Arthur).= THE HOLE IN THE WALL. + +=Nesbit (E.).= THE RED HOUSE. + +=Norris (W. E.).= HIS GRACE. + +GILES INGILBY. + +THE CREDIT OF THE COUNTY. + +LORD LEONARD THE LUCKLESS. + +MATTHEW AUSTIN. + +CLARISSA FURIOSA. + +=Oliphant (Mrs.).= THE LADY’S WALK. + +SIR ROBERT’S FORTUNE. + +THE PRODIGALS. + +THE TWO MARYS. + +=Oppenheim (E. P.).= MASTER OF MEN. + +=Parker (Gilbert).= THE POMP OF THE LAVILETTES. + +WHEN VALMOND CAME TO PONTIAC. + +THE TRAIL OF THE SWORD. + +=Pemberton (Max).= THE FOOTSTEPS OF A THRONE. + +I CROWN THEE KING. + +=Phillpotts (Eden).= THE HUMAN BOY. + +CHILDREN OF THE MIST. + +THE POACHER’S WIFE. + +THE RIVER. + +=‘Q’ (A. T. Quiller Couch).= THE WHITE WOLF. + +=Ridge (W. Pett).= A SON OF THE STATE. + +LOST PROPERTY. + +GEORGE and THE GENERAL. + +=Russell (W. Clark).= ABANDONED. + +A MARRIAGE AT SEA. + +MY DANISH SWEETHEART. + +HIS ISLAND PRINCESS. + +=Sergeant (Adeline).= THE MASTER OF BEECHWOOD. + +BARBARA’S MONEY. + +THE YELLOW DIAMOND. + +THE LOVE THAT OVERCAME. + +=Surtees (R. S.).= HANDLEY CROSS. + +MR. SPONGE’S SPORTING TOUR. + +ASK MAMMA. + +=Walford (Mrs. L. B.).= MR. SMITH. + +COUSINS. + +THE BABY’S GRANDMOTHER. + +=Wallace (General Lew).= BEN-HUR. + +THE FAIR GOD. + +=Watson (H. B. Marriott).= THE ADVENTURERS. + +=Weekes (A. B.).= PRISONERS OF WAR. + +=Wells (H. G.).= THE SEA LADY. + +=White (Percy).= A PASSIONATE PILGRIM. + +*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 78669 *** |