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diff --git a/78668-h/78668-h.htm b/78668-h/78668-h.htm new file mode 100644 index 0000000..2032bfd --- /dev/null +++ b/78668-h/78668-h.htm @@ -0,0 +1,5098 @@ +<!DOCTYPE html> +<html lang="en"> +<head> + <meta charset="UTF-8"> + <title> + When Canada was New France | Project Gutenberg + </title> + <link rel="icon" href="images/cover.jpg" type="image/x-cover"> + <style> + +a { + text-decoration: none; +} + +body { + margin-left: 10%; + margin-right: 10%; +} + +h1,h2 { + text-align: center; + clear: both; +} + +h3,h4 { + clear: both; + font-weight: normal; + text-align: justify; + padding-left: 2em; + text-indent: -2em; +} + +h2.nobreak { + page-break-before: avoid; +} + +h3.center { + text-align: center; + padding-left: 0; + text-indent: 0; +} + +hr.chap { + margin-top: 2em; + margin-bottom: 2em; + clear: both; + width: 65%; + margin-left: 17.5%; + margin-right: 17.5%; +} + +img.w100 { + width: 100%; +} + +div.chapter { + page-break-before: always; +} + +p { + margin-top: 0.5em; + text-align: justify; + margin-bottom: 0.5em; + text-indent: 1em; +} + +table { + margin: 1em auto 1em auto; + max-width: 40em; + border-collapse: collapse; +} + +td { + padding-left: 2.25em; + padding-right: 0.25em; + vertical-align: top; + text-indent: -2em; + text-align: justify; +} + +.tdr { + text-align: right; +} + +.tdpg { + vertical-align: bottom; + text-align: right; +} + +blockquote { + margin: 1.5em 10%; +} + +.author { + padding-left: 1em; + text-indent: 0; +} + +.book { + padding-left: 4em; + text-indent: -2em; +} + +.center { + text-align: center; + text-indent: 0; +} + +figcaption p.p1 { + text-align: center; + text-indent: 0; +} + +figcaption p { + font-size: 90%; +} + +.figc { + margin: 3em auto auto auto; + text-align: center; +} + +.figcenter { + margin: auto; + text-align: center; + border: 1px dashed gray; + padding: 0.5em; +} + +.footnotes { + margin-top: 1em; + border: dashed 1px; +} + +.footnote { + margin-left: 10%; + margin-right: 10%; + font-size: 0.9em; +} + +.footnote .label { + position: absolute; + right: 84%; + text-align: right; +} + +.fnanchor { + vertical-align: super; + font-size: .8em; + text-decoration: none; +} + +.larger { + font-size: 150%; +} + +.noindent { + text-indent: 0; +} + +.pagenum { + position: absolute; + right: 4%; + font-size: smaller; + text-align: right; + font-style: normal; +} + +.poetry-container { + text-align: center; +} + +.poetry { + display: inline-block; + text-align: left; +} + +.poetry .stanza { + margin: 1em 0em 1em 0em; +} + +.poetry .verse { + padding-left: 3em; +} + +.poetry .indent0 {text-indent: -3.0em;} +.poetry .indent2 {text-indent: -2.0em;} +.poetry .indent4 {text-indent: -1.0em;} +.poetry .indent8 {text-indent: 1.0em;} + +.right { + text-align: right; +} + +.smaller { + font-size: 80%; +} + +.smcap { + font-variant: small-caps; + font-style: normal; +} + +.allsmcap { + font-variant: small-caps; + font-style: normal; + text-transform: lowercase; +} + +.titlepage { + text-align: center; + margin-top: 3em; + text-indent: 0; +} + +.x-ebookmaker img { + max-width: 100%; + width: auto; + height: auto; +} + +.x-ebookmaker .poetry { + display: block; + margin-left: 1.5em; +} + +.x-ebookmaker blockquote { + margin: 1.5em 5%; +} + +/* Illustration classes */ +.illowp100 {width: 100%;} + </style> + </head> + +<body> +<div style='text-align:center'>*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 78668 ***</div> + + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_1">[1]</span></p> + +<p class="titlepage larger">WHEN CANADA<br> +WAS NEW FRANCE</p> + +<p class="titlepage">BY<br> +GEORGE H. LOCKE<br> +<span class="smaller">CHIEF LIBRARIAN OF THE<br> +PUBLIC LIBRARY, TORONTO</span></p> + +<figure class="figc illowp100" style="max-width: 12.5em;"> + <img class="w100" src="images/cover-deco.jpg" alt=""> +</figure> + +<p class="titlepage smaller"><i>Love of country is born<br> +of a knowledge of its institutions,<br> +its traditions and history<br> +wherein are revealed<br> +the lives of its people<br> +and their heroic achievements.</i></p> + +<p class="titlepage smaller">WITH SEVEN<br> +ILLUSTRATIONS</p> + +<p class="titlepage smaller">PUBLISHED AT THE END OF THE<br> +GREAT WAR BY</p> + +<p class="center">TORONTO: J. M. DENT & SONS, LTD.<br> +PARIS: J. M. DENT ET FILS<br> +1919</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_2">[2]</span></p> + +<p class="titlepage smaller"><span class="smcap">Copyright, 1919, by</span><br> +J. M. DENT & SONS</p> + +<p class="center smaller">Published September, 1919</p> + +<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop"> + +<figure class="figcenter illowp100" id="illus1" style="max-width: 43.75em;"> + <img class="w100" src="images/illus1.jpg" alt=""> + <figcaption> + <p class="p1"><span class="smcap">The Landing of the Canadians in France, 1915.</span></p> + </figcaption> +</figure> + +<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop"> + +<div class="chapter"> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_3">[3]</span></p> + +<h2 class="nobreak" id="CONTENTS">CONTENTS.</h2> + +</div> + +<table> + <tr> + <td class="tdr smaller">CHAPTER</td> + <td></td> + <td class="tdpg smaller">PAGE</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdr"></td> + <td><span class="smcap">Introduction</span></td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#INTRODUCTION">7</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdr">I.</td> + <td><span class="smcap">Cartier and the St. Lawrence</span></td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#CHAPTER_I">13</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdr">II.</td> + <td><span class="smcap">Champlain and the Great Lakes</span></td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#CHAPTER_II">25</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdr">III.</td> + <td><span class="smcap">Joliet, Marquette and the River of a + Hundred Thousand Streams</span></td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#CHAPTER_III">40</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdr">IV.</td> + <td><span class="smcap">La Salle and the Greater New France</span></td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#CHAPTER_IV">48</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdr">V.</td> + <td><span class="smcap">Radisson and the Great North West</span></td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#CHAPTER_V">59</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdr">VI.</td> + <td><span class="smcap">Montcalm and the Fall of New France</span></td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#CHAPTER_VI">72</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdr">VII.</td> + <td><span class="smcap">Pontiac and the Last Hope of Indian + Supremacy</span></td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#CHAPTER_VII">82</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdr">VIII.</td> + <td><span class="smcap">The Gray Gowns and the Black</span></td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#CHAPTER_VIII">96</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdr">IX.</td> + <td><span class="smcap">The Iroquois and the Hurons</span></td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#CHAPTER_IX">111</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdr">X.</td> + <td><span class="smcap">The Coureur-des-bois and the Voyageur</span></td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#CHAPTER_X">126</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdr">XI.</td> + <td><span class="smcap">The Seignior and the Habitant</span></td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#CHAPTER_XI">134</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdr">XII.</td> + <td><span class="smcap">Stories Which Illustrate References in + this Book.</span></td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#CHAPTER_XII">143</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdr">XIII.</td> + <td><span class="smcap">Poems which Illustrate References in + this Book.</span></td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#CHAPTER_XIII">151</a></td> + </tr> +</table> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_4">[4]</span></p> + +<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop"> + +<div class="chapter"> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_5">[5]</span></p> + +<h2 class="nobreak" id="List_of_Illustrations"><span class="smcap">List of Illustrations</span></h2> + +</div> + +<table> + <tr> + <td><span class="smcap">The Landing of the Canadians in France, 1914</span></td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#illus1"><i>Frontispiece</i></a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td></td> + <td class="tdpg smaller">FACING PAGE</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><span class="smcap">Seneca Hunter Group</span></td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#illus2">16</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><span class="smcap">The Return of the Warriors</span></td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#illus3">34</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><span class="smcap">Council of the Turtle Clan</span></td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#illus4">68</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><span class="smcap">The Cayuga False Face Ceremony</span></td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#illus5">86</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><span class="smcap">The Corn Harvest</span></td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#illus6">104</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><span class="smcap">Typical Iroquois Industries</span></td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#illus7">122</a></td> + </tr> +</table> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_6">[6]</span></p> + +<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop"> + +<div class="chapter"> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_7">[7]</span></p> + +<h2 class="nobreak" id="INTRODUCTION">INTRODUCTION.</h2> + +</div> + +<p>The Great War has had a special meaning +for Canadians. Soldiers from our shores, citizen-soldiers, +have been landing on the northern +coast of France in tens of thousands, and passing +through the same seaport towns whence nearly +four hundred years ago men sailed forth to the +westward to discover a fabled land.</p> + +<p>This country, discovered by the French and +colonized by them and by the English, this land +which was now French and now English as the +fortune of war changed in Europe as well as in +America, has become a nation, and when the +time of trial came and danger threatened the +ancestral homes in the two Motherlands, Canada +hesitated not a moment but offered her services +in the cause of freedom.</p> + +<p>Canada has been fighting more truly perhaps +than any other nation in what we speak of as +“the common cause,” and it is to make clear +to ourselves as well as to others the great meaning +of this in the development of nationality in +our Dominion that this story of the two centuries +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_8">[8]</span>when Canada was New France has been +told and in this form.</p> + +<p>The early history of Canada is a history of +men, and if Canada is to become a great nation, +its future history will depend upon the development +of men who can and will inspire, guide +and lead us to the greater things.</p> + +<p>This is not intended for children only, but +for the youth of every age, those who are young +enough to enjoy a story and who know not, or +know but dimly, our wonderful history during +the two hundred years of our country when its +history was bound up with that of the two great +empires of France and England, France of the +times of Henry of Navarre and of Richelieu, +England of the days of the Tudors and of the +Pitts.</p> + +<p>The frontispiece of this little book illustrates +a dramatic incident in our history. The landing +of the Canadians at St. Nazaire in 1915 to help +Old France against the ruthless invader brings +to one’s mind the landing of a French exploring +expedition under Cartier nearly three hundred +years ago when the flag of France was raised +high upon the cliff of Gaspé and the newly discovered +land was called New France. Our +thanks are due to the Canadian War Memorials +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_9">[9]</span>Committee for permission to reproduce this picture.</p> + +<p>To the kindness of Dr. John M. Clarke, the +Director of the New York State Museum, himself +a contributor to the history of New France, +we are indebted for the great privilege of reproducing +the illustrations of the Iroquois Indian +Groups which form the Myron H. Clark Memorial +in the Museum at Albany. They portray +the aboriginal activities of the Confederacy of +the Six Nations.</p> + +<p class="right">GEORGE H. LOCKE.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_10">[10]</span></p> + +<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop"> + +<div class="chapter"> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_11">[11]</span></p> + +<h1>WHEN CANADA WAS NEW FRANCE</h1> + +</div> + +<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop"> + +<div class="chapter"> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_12">[12]</span></p> + +<h2 class="nobreak" id="OLD_FRANCE">OLD FRANCE.</h2> + +</div> + +<div class="poetry-container"> + <div class="poetry"> + <div class="stanza"> + <div class="verse indent0">Le Gaulois semble au saule verdissant:</div> + <div class="verse indent0">Plus on le coupe et plus il est naissant,</div> + <div class="verse indent0">Et rejetonne en branches davantage,</div> + <div class="verse indent0">Prenant vigueur de son propre dommage.</div> + </div> + <div class="stanza"> + <div class="verse right">—<span class="smcap">Ronsard.</span></div> + </div> + </div> +</div> + +<div class="poetry-container"> + <div class="poetry"> + <div class="stanza"> + <div class="verse indent0">The Gaul is like the verdant willow-bush:</div> + <div class="verse indent0">The more you prune, the more it’s lithe and lush,</div> + <div class="verse indent0">Shooting a crown of branchy twigs all round,</div> + <div class="verse indent0">And draws new life and vigour from a wound.</div> + </div> + </div> +</div> + +<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop"> + +<div class="chapter"> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_13">[13]</span></p> + +<h2 class="nobreak" id="CHAPTER_I">CHAPTER I.<br> +<span class="smaller">CARTIER AND THE ST. LAWRENCE</span></h2> + +<div class="poetry-container"> + <div class="poetry"> + <div class="stanza"> + <div class="verse indent0">“He told them of the river, whose mighty current gave</div> + <div class="verse indent0">Its freshness for a hundred leagues to ocean’s briny wave;</div> + <div class="verse indent0">He told them of the glorious scene presented to his sight</div> + <div class="verse indent0">What time he reared the cross and crown on Hochelaga’s height,</div> + <div class="verse indent0">And of the fortress cliff that keeps of Canada the key,</div> + <div class="verse indent0">And they welcomed back Jacques Cartier from his perils over sea.”</div> + </div> + <div class="stanza"> + <div class="verse right">—<span class="smcap">Hon. T. D’Arcy McGee.</span></div> + </div> + </div> +</div> + +</div> + +<p>Almost four hundred years ago, when bluff +King Hal ruled over Merry England and Francis +over Sunny France, there were strange stories +told in the ports of the west of England and +the north of France of lands away to the +Westward. The voyage of Columbus was +the talk of Europe, and while the Spaniards were +joyfully telling how he had come to the edge of +a great new world which would give them a new +route to the marvellous East with all its treasures, +John Cabot, of the port of Bristol, the +pioneer of English adventurers, sailed off to the +west and it is likely saw the continent itself as +soon as did Columbus. Both Columbus and +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_14">[14]</span>Cabot discovered islands first, Columbus on his +way to the west, Cabot after he had passed +along the coast.</p> + +<p>So, from the northern country of England, +as well as from the southern land of Spain, the +men of the seaports talked of nothing as much +as the great land over the sea. It was but +natural that the hardy mariners of the northern +French ports should join in the search, and for +nearly half a century vessels manned by the +more adventurous spirits visited the cod banks +of Newfoundland and brought back cargoes +of fish.</p> + +<p>One can picture the interest that would be +aroused in a port like Bristol in England or St. +Malo or Dieppe in France when a vessel came +back to harbour after an absence of many +months and the mariners spun their tales of +adventure to an eager audience. It was in this +kind of an atmosphere, hearing these stories +and wishing that he would grow old quickly so +that he too could go and see these lands, that +Jacques Cartier grew up. He was a clever and +ambitious boy and when he became a master +mariner had made such a reputation that the +King sent for him to discuss the possibility of +finding an opening in the coast of America in +the vicinity of Newfoundland, which was then +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_15">[15]</span>thought to be but a projection of the eastern +coast of Asia. There is no doubt that Cartier +had made trips to the fishing banks many times +in company with his fellow fishermen of Brittany, +whose enterprise is preserved to us in the name +of Cape Breton.</p> + +<p>King Francis was anxious that France should +have a share in the great discoveries that so far +had been made by England and by Spain. +Indeed, the whole land had been claimed by +the King of Spain and Francis is said to have +been so annoyed by this statement that he +exclaimed:</p> + +<p>“I should like to see the clause in our father +Adam’s will which bequeathed to him this fine +heritage.”</p> + +<p>It was on an April day in 1534 that Cartier +set sail in two ships of 60 tons each to find what +was beyond the shores known to the sailors, +and in the hope that he would be able to penetrate +to India and the treasures of the East by +a shorter route. On his way out, and in what +are known now as the Straits of Belle Isle, he +passed a great ship which had sailed from +Rochelle, thus proving that those straits and +the adjacent waters were known to the French +mariners.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_16">[16]</span></p> + +<figure class="figcenter illowp100" id="illus2" style="max-width: 43.75em;"> + <img class="w100" src="images/illus2.jpg" alt=""> + <figcaption> + <p class="p1">SENECA HUNTER GROUP</p> + <p>This group represents a Seneca family clustered about the door-yard + of their hunting lodge, each individual being engaged in his + allotted duties. The old father, who no longer goes to war (indicated + by his clothing and hair), is bringing in a fawn. The mother is + busy skiving a dry deer skin, while the daughter is cutting strips of + venison for “jerking.” The elder son is a hunter and warrior and + the younger son is burning down a tree which obstructs the yard. + The wad of clay about the tree trunk confines the flames. The + exterior of the hunting cabin is shown on the left.</p> + <p>The scene depicts Canandaigua lake with Ganundewa, the sacred + hill of the Senecas, in the distance.</p> + <p>The time is early morning and the season midspring.</p> + <p>The purpose of this group is to depict a Seneca family during the + hunting season. The activities represented show the utility of the + deer as a source of raw material. Deer meat was a favorite food, + the skin furnished leather for mats, bags, clothing and thongs. The + antlers and bones were used for tool material, the jaws for scrapers, + the hoofs for ornaments and the hair for stuffing cushions. The + group also faithfully represents the various costumes ornamented + with hair embroidery.</p> + </figcaption> +</figure> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_17"></a><a id="Page_18"></a><a id="Page_19"></a>[19]</span></p> + +<p>Cartier and his ships kept on westward, and +we can imagine his feelings when they passed +from the cold straits where doubtless he had +seen icebergs, into a part of what is now the +Gulf of St. Lawrence, where the heat of July +was so oppressive that he called it the Bay of +Chaleur (heat), a name preserved to this day. +On these shores they found gooseberries, strawberries, +raspberries and roses growing in abundance +and the rivers were full of salmon. They +reached what we call Gaspé on July 24th, and +at once raised a great cross with a shield on +which were the lilies of France and “Vive le +Roi de France.”</p> + +<p>The Indians (for Cartier thought and hoped +that he was on the road to India) were friendly, +and Cartier persuaded two sons of the chief to +go back to France with him. Being unprovided +for a longer stay and fearful of the stormy +weather, he set sail for home and entered the +harbour of St. Malo early in September.</p> + +<p>For a person of his imagination and daring +and with the two Indian princes to show to the +court of France, there were no difficulties in +getting ready an expedition for the next year, +and in July, 1535, he left St. Malo with three +small vessels. One can picture the excitement +in that seaport town when the vessels +weighed anchor and stood out to sea, vessels +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_20">[20]</span>commissioned by the King and commanded by +a son of St. Malo who had proved his worth +already, and who had on board the evidence of +his discoveries in the persons of the Indian +princes now on their way back home with him.</p> + +<p>In August he was in the great Gulf, and +aided by the knowledge of these princes, he +sailed boldly on until he saw the banks drawing +together and he realized that he was going out +of the gulf into a great river. They stopped at +the narrows where Quebec now stands and met +the Indian chief, Donnaconna, in his village of +Stadacona, which in the language of the Huron-Iroquois, +means “wing,” the formation of land +between the St. Lawrence and St. Charles rivers. +This chief they saluted as the Lord of Canada, +the chief of the village or collection of huts. +This is the first time we meet the word +“Canada,” a collection of huts, for Cartier had +taken possession of the country as New France.</p> + +<p>Nearly four hundred years afterwards, from +the same port went forth great vessels bearing +tens of thousands of troops from Canada to +help old France against the ruthless invader.⁠<a id="FNanchor_1" href="#Footnote_1" class="fnanchor">[1]</a>⁠</p> + +<p>Cartier was told of the great river which +stretched on for miles and that after many days’ +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_21">[21]</span>journey there was a large town. He gave the +river the name “St. Lawrence,” and up it he +made his way, astonished at the beauty and +grandeur of the ever-changing scene. And in +those days it must have been wonderful, for +he tells us that he was impressed with the great +trees on the banks, the oak, the walnut, birch +and willow and with the vines heavy with grapes. +It was September, and even to this day with +so many of those features gone, it would be +difficult anywhere to find a more impressive +and beautiful journey than from the ancient +Quebec to the almost as ancient Montreal, +when autumn tints the trees.</p> + +<p>It was in the last days of this autumn month +that he entered the expansion of the river, which +is now called Lac St. Pierre, so named nearly +a century afterwards by Champlain and known +to many to-day by Drummond’s famous poem.⁠<a id="FNanchor_2" href="#Footnote_2" class="fnanchor">[2]</a>⁠</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_22">[22]</span></p> + +<p>Landing on October 2nd he found the well-built +town of Hochelaga, and was welcomed by +the inhabitants, the first white man they had +ever seen. The reception must have been +impressive to both parties, and was made still +more so by the Indians taking Cartier up on +the great hill to which he gave the name of +Mount Royal, and from which he looked over +fields of maize and beans and peas and wild +fruits, with the silver river winding its way +among the beautiful foliage of the autumn, and +away in the distance the faint outline of what +now are known as the Adirondacks of New +York State and the Green Mountains of +Vermont. His men were full of wonder and it +is interesting to read that what attracted them +most was “a great pile of rats, which live in +the water and are as large as rabbits and are +wonderfully good to eat.”⁠<a id="FNanchor_3" href="#Footnote_3" class="fnanchor">[3]</a>⁠</p> + +<p>He returned to Quebec, where he built huts +in which to spend the winter. Unaccustomed +to so severe a climate and not well provisioned, +disease broke out and so many of his men died +that when spring came and he set sail for France +he had to abandon one of his vessels, “La +Petite Hermine.”</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_23">[23]</span></p> + +<p>Cartier had a story worth telling. Whereas +Columbus had touched the New World and +Cabot had sailed along its shores, Cartier had +penetrated a thousand miles into the continent—“Up +the greatest river without comparison +that is known to have ever been seen,” as +Cartier told the King, and when he stood on +Mount Royal on that October day he was the +only white man in all that country now known +as Canada and the United States of America. +It makes one think of another great adventurer +who, at almost the same time, upon the same +continent, is depicted as standing “silent upon +a peak in Darien.”⁠<a id="FNanchor_4" href="#Footnote_4" class="fnanchor">[4]</a>⁠</p> + +<p>This was Cortez of Spain and so we have the +French and the Spanish in the North American +continent.</p> + +<p>To confirm his story and to illustrate the +transfer of the land to France, Cartier took +back with him Donnaconna and two other +chiefs who were presented to the King. They +really were kidnapped, and sad to tell they did +not live to return to their own land.</p> + +<p>When Cartier reached France there were +serious political troubles which prevented the +authorities from acting at once, and so it was +not until 1538 that Francis took up the question +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_24">[24]</span>of New France overseas. He organized an +expedition of which Lord Roberval was to be +chief and Cartier captain-general, and with a +crew recruited mainly from the prisons Cartier +left St. Malo in 1541, sailed up the St. Lawrence, +explored the rapids (afterwards known as La +Chine), spent a miserable winter and returned +to St. Malo a disappointed man. The Indians +had lost faith in him, for when they welcomed +him and asked for their chiefs, whose loss they +had felt keenly, Cartier told them that the +chiefs had stayed in France, whereas they had +died. Superseded at home by political +favourites, and distrusted in New France by +the natives, Cartier retired from the sea, his +name passes from history and the first chapter +of the history of New France comes to an end.</p> + +<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop"> + +<div class="chapter"> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_25">[25]</span></p> + +<h2 class="nobreak" id="CHAPTER_II">CHAPTER II.<br> +<span class="smaller">CHAMPLAIN.</span></h2> + +<p>“There are few chapters in history so full of romantic +interest, so compelling in their demands for sympathy +and admiration, as the record of the century and a half +that began with the wooden fortress of Champlain +under the bluff at Quebec, and ended with the fall of +Montcalm on the Heights of Abraham.”</p> + +<p class="right">—<span class="smcap">Hon. Elihu Root.</span></p> + +</div> + +<h3 class="center"><span class="smcap">Champlain and the Great Lakes.</span></h3> + +<p>On the Bay of Biscay, on the west coast of +France, and not very far from Rochelle, there +is a small village now some miles from the sea, +but which in the days of Cartier and for some +years after was a flourishing seaport. This is +called Brouage, and is almost a deserted village +to-day, the sea having receded and the railway +passed it by. The great salt marshes are still +there to remind one of the time when cargoes +of salt were shipped from this harbour, and +where ships, then considered great, found safe +anchorage.</p> + +<p>In this seaport, with its face to the great +mysterious Western land, young Samuel de +Champlain, son of a sea captain, grew up during +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_26">[26]</span>the stirring times of civil war in France. When +a boy of nine⁠<a id="FNanchor_5" href="#Footnote_5" class="fnanchor">[5]</a> his city was captured by +Henry of Navarre, who, after years of struggle, +during which were many mighty deeds of valour, +finally overcame his enemies, entered Paris in +triumph, and was crowned King of France. +Indeed, the struggle was so long that Champlain +grew up sufficiently to be accounted a gallant +officer in Henry’s army.</p> + +<p>When peace was declared and the country had +settled down, Champlain in his love for adventure +entered the service of the King of Spain, +and made trips to the West Indies, going inland +in America even to the city of Mexico.</p> + +<p>On his return he made a report to the King +of France, concerning this Western land, in the +hope that his own country might once more +send expeditions of discovery. In this report +he says: “One might judge if the territory +four leagues in extent, lying between Panama +and the river were cut through, he could pass +from the South Sea to that on the other side, +and thus shorten the route by more than fifteen +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_27">[27]</span>hundred leagues. From Panama to Magellan +would make an island and from Panama to the +Newlands (Newfoundland) would make another, +so that the whole of America would be in two +islands.”</p> + +<p>Three hundred years afterwards this was +done, and by the people of a country then +undiscovered, and supplies from the Pacific +Coast of that great nation passed through that +canal to help the cause of the France which +Champlain loved and served so well.</p> + +<p>During the years of civil strife in France, +the exploration of the Western world was +being pushed forward by the merchant adventurers +of England, and especially of Spain. +Spies from the court of Spain watched every +port and sent home the news of prospective +sailings so that these rivals might be intercepted +and America be preserved for Spain.</p> + +<p>But now that peace was established enterprising +mariners of the northern seaports of +France remembered the expeditions of Cartier, +and so the governor of Dieppe induced Champlain +to undertake a voyage to New France. +They left that port in March, 1603, and after +coasting along the shores of Newfoundland, +Anticosti and Cape Breton, sailed up the St. +Lawrence and anchored at Tadoussac at the +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_28">[28]</span>mouth of the Saguenay. Thence Champlain +made a journey up the great river to Hochelaga, +which in Cartier’s time was a flourishing town. +Now all was deserted and nothing remained of +what had been a great Indian community. +Gathering up what furs they could, Champlain +and his party sailed for home, which they +reached in September.</p> + +<p>This was a journey of inspection, spying out +the land, and the King was so impressed by +Champlain’s account that he gave his patronage +to a larger expedition. This was under the +command of Sieur de Monts, a nobleman, with +Champlain as the King’s geographer, and was +sent out in the hope that a colony might be +established, and so actual possession of New +France might be maintained against European +nations who were claiming parts of the New +World.</p> + +<p>De Monts became the first Lieutenant-Governor +of New France, and with nobles, +soldiers, priests, and peasants, about 120 in all, +his little fleet discovered and entered the harbour +and river of St. John on the 24th of June, +1604, exactly to the day one hundred and seven +years after the discovery of Newfoundland by +Cabot; and there on the island of St. Croix +(Holy Cross) established a colony, the only +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_29">[29]</span>settlement of Europeans north of Florida. It +was an exceptionally severe winter and the +colonists suffered almost as much as Cartier’s +men so many years before at Quebec.</p> + +<p>In the spring Champlain set out to find +some place for the settlement which might have +a more congenial climate. Although he went +south and passed the islands at the mouth of +what is now the harbour of Portland, Maine, +and even entered the harbour of Boston, he +returned to Port Royal in Nova Scotia, the +situation of which had appealed to him, and +there the colony moved.</p> + +<p>It was a prosperous settlement, and it is of +interest in these days of grain growing, hydro-power +development and ship building in Canada +to know that these settlers raised the first wheat +grown in America; here was used the first +wheel to turn a millstone upon this continent; +and in this harbour in 1606 the first Canadian +vessel was built.</p> + +<p>The position on the sea, with fertile soil +and great forests near by, was very attractive, +and perhaps is best described by Longfellow +centuries afterwards:</p> + +<div class="poetry-container"> + <div class="poetry"> + <div class="stanza"> + <div class="verse indent0">“This is the forest primeval. The murmuring pines and the hemlocks,</div> + <div class="verse indent0">Bearded with moss, and in garments green, indistinct in the twilight,</div> +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_30">[30]</span> <div class="verse indent0">Stand like Druids of eld, with voices sad and prophetic,</div> + <div class="verse indent0">Stand like harpers hoar, with beards that rest on their bosoms.</div> + <div class="verse indent0">Loud from its rocky caverns, the deep voiced neighboring ocean</div> + <div class="verse indent0">Speaks, and in accents disconsolate answers the wail of the forest.”</div> + </div> + </div> +</div> + +<p class="noindent">To-day in its loneliness it reminds one of Brouage +and it is difficult to think that it has been the +most besieged city in America.</p> + +<p>But it was when Champlain came back from +France in 1608, after a year’s absence from the +colony, that our great interest begins, for then +he determined to press inland and re-assert the +sovereignty claimed for France by Cartier. +The bold headland where Cartier had spent the +winter had attracted his attention upon his +previous voyage, and so he founded there in +1608 a town, really the capital of New France, +and to it he gave the native Algonquin name, +“Quebec,” which means “the narrowing of the +stream.”</p> + +<p>In the following year he went up the St. +Lawrence, and finding a party of Huron and +Algonquin Indians about to set out on an +expedition against their great enemy, the Iroquois, +who were encroaching upon Algonquin +territory near what is now Lake Champlain, he +joined with them, thinking thereby to establish +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_31">[31]</span>friendly and profitable relations with such +powerful tribes. The result was that he made +the fighting Iroquois the everlasting and unrelenting +enemies, not only of himself but of +France.</p> + +<p>This was one of the great fights of history, +full of meaning in the after years of Canadian +life. When the Algonquins came within fighting +distance of their adversaries they opened +ranks, and Champlain, steel armour on breast +and thighs, a plumed helmet on his head, a +sword at his side, and a musket in his hands, +stepped out to the front, and for the first time +the Indians saw the death-dealing firearms of +the white man.⁠<a id="FNanchor_6" href="#Footnote_6" class="fnanchor">[6]</a>⁠</p> + +<p>In his own words:</p> + +<p>“I looked at them and they looked at me. +When I saw them getting ready to shoot their +arrows at us, I levelled my arquebus which I +had loaded with four balls and aimed straight +at one of the chiefs. The shot brought down +two and wounded another.”</p> + +<p>This day of fateful beginnings was two +months before Hudson discovered the river that +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_32">[32]</span>bears his name and eleven years before the +Pilgrim Fathers landed upon the stern and +rock-bound coast of America. One of our own +poets, Bliss Carman, pictures the setting out +of the expedition:</p> + +<div class="poetry-container"> + <div class="poetry"> + <div class="stanza"> + <div class="verse indent0">“On such a day three hundred years ago</div> + <div class="verse indent0">By toilsome trails, and slow,</div> + <div class="verse indent0">But with the adventurer’s spirit all aflame</div> + <div class="verse indent0">The great discoverer came</div> + <div class="verse indent0">Finding another Indies that he guessed</div> + <div class="verse indent0">To reward his darling quest</div> + <div class="verse indent0">And fill the wonder-volume of Romance,</div> + <div class="verse indent0">The sailor of Little Brouage, the founder of New France,</div> + <div class="verse indent0">Sturdy, sagacious, plain</div> + <div class="verse indent0">Samuel de Champlain.”</div> + </div> + </div> +</div> + +<p>During the next few years Champlain crossed +the sea almost annually and arranged for the +development of the fur trade, for which he +established a post on the site of the ancient +Hochelaga and where Montreal now stands. +Then he resumed his search for the great +“Western Sea” which lured on these early +adventurers, or some outlet through the great +continent to the fabled land beyond; and in +1613 he followed up the waterway of the St. +Lawrence by going up the Ottawa beyond where +now is the capital of the Dominion of Canada. +His journey really began when he left the end +of the island of Montreal at the confluence of +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_33">[33]</span>the St. Lawrence and the Ottawa, where St. +Anne de Bellevue now stands and where, many +years after, Tom Moore, the famous Irish poet, +lived for a short time and wrote the Canadian +Boat Song.⁠<a id="FNanchor_7" href="#Footnote_7" class="fnanchor">[7]</a>⁠</p> + +<p>He soon came back, his information having +proved unreliable, and he returned to France to +make his report on the fur trade and the state +of the country. He set sail again in 1615 for +New France, having with him four Franciscan +Fathers called Récollet friars from the convent +in Brouage, who were anxious to convert to +Christianity the savages of this great new +world of which Champlain had told them.</p> + +<p>He stayed but a short time at Quebec as he +wished to follow up a party of Huron and +Algonquin Indians who had gone up the Ottawa +to gather the tribes for a raid against the Iroquois. +With them went Father Le Caron, +one of the Récollets who had come out from +Brouage with Champlain.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_34">[34]</span></p> + +<figure class="figcenter illowp100" id="illus3" style="max-width: 43.75em;"> + <img class="w100" src="images/illus3.jpg" alt=""> + <figcaption> + <p class="p1">THE RETURN OF THE WARRIORS</p> + <p>The advance party of a Mohawk war expedition has returned to + Theonondiogo (Two Noses), the Mohawk capital (1634). They + have brought with them two Mahikan Indian captives from the + vicinity of Skanehtade (Albany).</p> + <p>One prisoner in defiance has thrown down his burden and his + captor is about to strike him when a chief woman of the village + coming up the steep hill interposes by holding up a string of white + ransom wampum saving the captive from death. Another warrior + examines the bag of booty dropped by the prisoner. To the right + near the stockade wall is seen a Mohawk war chief in full regalia + leading a captive Mahikan, who bends beneath his burden. In the + background is a figure calling the rest of the warriors to the hilltop + council.</p> + <p>The scene is laid on the hill overlooking the ancient Mohawk site + of Two Noses, just above the present village of Sprakers in the + Mohawk valley, and the observer is looking north toward the foothills + of the Adirondacks.</p> + <p>The purpose of this group is to illustrate (1) the treatment of + prisoners, (2) the authority of the Iroquois woman, (3) the difference + between the Mohawks and the Hudson river Mahikans, (4) an + Iroquois village with its stockade wall, (5) a typical Mohawk valley + landscape in Indian times.</p> + </figcaption> +</figure> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_35"></a><a id="Page_36"></a><a id="Page_37"></a>[37]</span></p> + +<p>Accompanied by Etienne Brulé, his interpreter, +a brave and skilful woodsman, Champlain’s +party went up the Ottawa, crossed over +the divide from the Upper Ottawa and launched +their canoes on Lake Nipissing. Thence they +paddled down the French River into Lake +Huron. One can imagine the joy of Champlain +when he saw this great body of water stretching +away beyond his vision and which he christened +Mer Douce (Fresh Water Sea). This was the +first of the Great Lakes to be discovered by a +white man, and Champlain, with Le Caron +and Brulé, were the first white men to sail on its +waters.</p> + +<p>Down the shore they went for more than a +hundred miles until the Indians came to the +outlet of a well-known trail leading into the +heart of the territory of the Hurons, to the +palisaded town of Otoucha. This part of the +country had many permanent Indian villages +whose inhabitants were more agricultural than +those in the east, and Champlain was greatly +impressed with the fields of maize and pumpkins +and sun flowers. Here he found Le Caron, +who had preceded him on the journey, and on +August 12th, 1615, the first mass, the first +religious service in what was afterwards known +as Upper Canada, was celebrated in what is +now the township of Tiny, near Penetanguishene, +in the county of Simcoe. This event was commemorated +three hundred years later by the +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_38">[38]</span>Archbishop of Toronto, who celebrated mass +as nearly as possible on the same spot, and to +mark which a monument has been erected.</p> + +<p>The Indians gathered up their warriors and +started southward. When the expedition reached +Lake Simcoe, Brulé left Champlain that he +might go directly south and persuade an Indian +tribe who lived in that part of the country west +and south of where Buffalo now stands, to join +them against the Iroquois. Brulé paddled up +the Holland river, crossed over the height of +land and thence down the Humber river until +he came to its mouth where the city of Toronto +now stands. He was the first white man who +saw Lake Ontario; and this was some five +years before the landing of the Pilgrim Fathers.</p> + +<p>Champlain in the meantime crossed Lake +Simcoe, portaged to Balsam Lake, thence +through the Otonabee River, Rice Lake, and +the Trent River, into Lake Ontario, which he +too saw for the first time, and with his Huron +companions crossed over to the country of the +Iroquois. The raid was a failure, and Champlain, +himself wounded, returned with the +retreating Hurons and spent the winter with +them in Huronia on the Georgian Bay.</p> + +<p>The remaining years of Champlain’s life +were spent in trying to build up this little +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_39">[39]</span>colony⁠<a id="FNanchor_8" href="#Footnote_8" class="fnanchor">[8]</a> in a vast country and reconciling the +conflicting elements in it. The most important +event was the capture of Quebec in 1629 by an +English fleet under Sir David Kirke, a descendant +of French Huguenots who had taken refuge in +England. Those were times when news travelled +slowly, and much to their mutual surprise it +was found that a peace had already been signed +between England and France, and so Quebec +was restored to France in 1632 and Champlain, +who had been taken to England as a prisoner, +was released and restored to his governorship.</p> + +<p>But his spirit was failing, and on Christmas +Day, 1635, one hundred years after Cartier +had first sailed up to the great rock at the +narrowing of the stream, this brave soldier, +resourceful general, and true gentleman, passed +away in the country which he loved and in the +city he had founded.</p> + +<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop"> + +<div class="chapter"> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_40">[40]</span></p> + +<h2 class="nobreak" id="CHAPTER_III">CHAPTER III.<br> +<span class="smaller">JOLIET, MARQUETTE AND THE RIVER OF A HUNDRED THOUSAND STREAMS.</span></h2> + +<p>“The first French followers of the river courses +were devotees of a religion for the salvation of others, +bearers of advancing banners for the glory of France, +and lovers of nature and adventure.”</p> + +<p class="right">—<span class="smcap">President J. H. Finley.</span></p> + +</div> + +<h3 class="center"><span class="smcap">Joliet and Marquette.</span></h3> + +<p>Frontenac landed at Quebec in 1672 as +governor of New France, full of plans for the +development of the country, the extension of +its boundaries, and the exploration of “the +fabled West that is charted dim but certain in +the volume of the breast,” as our own Bliss +Carman phrases it. He found among the +coureurs des bois (runners of the woods) a +native Canadian, Louis Joliet, the son of a +wagon-maker in Quebec, a man reputed to be +courageous, enterprising, of good nature and +endowed with common sense. Him he commissioned +to go up to Sault Ste. Marie and +thence explore for the great South Sea. This +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_41">[41]</span>was an exceedingly wise choice and due to +the advice of the Intendant, M. Talon, a very +able man, who knew of Joliet’s previous exploits.</p> + +<p>Some three years previously the governor +of the time, Courcelles, sent Joliet to learn the +truth about the reputed copper deposits on +Lake Superior. He went by the great highway +of the Ottawa river, Lake Nipissing and French +River to Georgian Bay, and thence to the Sault. +On his return he went down Lake Huron from +the Sault through what we now call St. Clair +and Detroit, and then along the north shore of +Lake Erie and up the Grand River. The reason +for leaving the lake at this point was the fear +of his Indian guide for the warlike tribes at the +end of the lake.</p> + +<p>Joliet was the first white man known to +have passed through Lake Erie and this lake +was the last of the Great Lakes to be discovered. +Leaving the Grand River he was making his +way eastward when in an Indian village in +what is now known as the Beverley Swamp, +near the present city of Galt, he met La Salle, +Galinée and his Sulpician companion, Father +Dollier. La Salle, greatly impressed by the +dashing Joliet, who was much more to his +taste than his priestly companions, turned +back with him.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_42">[42]</span></p> + +<p>It was to this seasoned explorer that the +commission was given and he left for the Sault, +near which he was told he would find Father +Marquette, who would be his companion. Marquette +was of a noble family of Laon, a city of +Northern France, associated with nearly all the +epoch-making incidents in the history of France, +and which has been one of the great centres of +fighting on the Western Front in the Great +War of to-day. His mother was Rose de la +Salle of Rheims. Marquette had been in the +country about five years, and after two years +of training in the mission at Three Rivers had +been sent to the remnants of the Huron nation +driven north-westward by the Iroquois, until +near the western end of Lake Superior they +established themselves in a village where they +hoped to be far enough away from their great +enemy to recover themselves. Hither in the +summer came wandering Indians of a tribe +called the Illinois, who told Marquette of the +great river which flowed through their country, +of the fertile lands, and how glad they all would +be if he would visit them. After the village +was broken up by the Sioux Indians, the Hurons +determined to go back to more familiar haunts +and settled at Michillimackinac, fifty miles to +the south-west of the Sault. Marquette +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_43">[43]</span>accompanied them and there he was found by +Joliet.</p> + +<p>They spent the winter making their plans for +the journey, and in May, 1673, they started +westwards with their party of Frenchmen and +Indians, through Lake Michigan to Green Bay. +Thence up the bay they went and up the Fox +River to its source. A short portage over a +narrow strip of prairie and they dropped their +canoes into water flowing southwards, now the +Wisconsin River, and after about 40 leagues +they glided out into the great river, the Mississippi, +first christened by a religious name, +then called by a statesman’s name and finally +back to its Indian name, with the significant +meaning of “great water.”⁠<a id="FNanchor_9" href="#Footnote_9" class="fnanchor">[9]</a>⁠</p> + +<p>Down they floated through the land of the +buffalo and the wild turkey, until seeing upon +the bank traces of men, they landed and came +to the villages of the Indian tribe who had +invited Marquette to visit them. The Black +Gown, the distinctive garb of the Jesuit brotherhood, +was at once recognized and here they +stayed for some days, exchanging gifts and +courtesies and making enquiries about the +further reaches of the river.</p> + +<p>Before leaving these friendly Indian villages +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_44">[44]</span>the Illinois Indians gave them a calumet, or +pipe of peace, as a safeguard for them in their +passage through hostile savages, probably just +to show to the savages by using their own sign +that they were coming in friendship. The +calumet used by these Indians was made of a +bowl of red stone with a long stick as a stem. +This stick was covered along its whole length +with heads of birds all coloured like flame, while +a bunch of red feathers shaped like a great fan +adorned the middle of the stick.</p> + +<p>Southwards again they went as far as the +Arkansas, where, fearing the Spaniards, who +were in that part of the country, they turned +northwards, and following the advice of the +Indians, they entered the Illinois River. Marquette +was greatly impressed with the fertility +of that wonderful valley, and well he might be, +for his experience hitherto in New France had +not been in very fertile regions. “I have seen,” +said he, “nothing like this river for the fertility +of the land, its prairies, woods, wild cattle, stag, +deer, wild cats, bustards, swans, ducks, parrots +and even beaver, its many little lakes and +rivers.”</p> + +<p>On that river, in the great Indian village of +Kaskaskia, seven miles below the present city +of Ottawa, Illinois, Marquette was so kindly +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_45">[45]</span>treated that he promised to return to them as +soon as he could. Following up one of the +branches of the river they portaged across only +about 1,000 paces and put their canoes into a +little stream that emptied into Lake Michigan. +That portage is where stands to-day the city +of Chicago, the great city of the State called +after the Indians for whom Marquette had made +the journey. Along the shore they went, across +the portage at Sturgeon Bay, and at the end of +September reached the mission at Green Bay, +where they spent the winter.</p> + +<p>Early in the spring they separated, Marquette +to return to his mission to recruit his +strength that he might redeem his promise to +his Indian friends at Kaskaskia, Joliet to report +to Frontenac the result of his voyage. Unfortunately, +Joliet’s canoe was upset in the Lachine +rapids and all his papers, including the map of +the discovered region, were lost. In his report +he said, with the insight of the prophet: “We +could easily go to Florida in a ship, and with +very easy navigation. It would only be necessary +to make a canal by cutting through but +half a league of prairie to pass from the foot of +the lake of the Illinois (Michigan) to the River +St. Louis (Des Plaines),”—and we have lived to +see that done in the great sanitary and ship +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_46">[46]</span>canal connecting the Chicago River with the +Des Plaines River at the present city of Joliet. +Joliet held minor positions until 1680, when he +was granted fishing rights in the lower St. +Lawrence and later the island of Anticosti was +included. But in 1690 the English invasion +under Phips destroyed his establishment and +ten years later he died in poverty.</p> + +<p>Marquette, weak in body but with a giant +spirit, was preparing himself to fulfil his promise +and in the fall of the next year, 1674, he started +for Kaskaskia. Bad weather and his physical +weakness made him halt so many times that it +was April before he reached the village. Here +he was welcomed as an angel from heaven, and +on the Easter Sunday, before an altar erected +on the prairie at the edge of the great wood, he +preached to thousands of the Indians as they +squatted in a semi-circle, chiefs, young men, +women and children, to hear the impressive +words of the black-robed missionary.</p> + +<p>Leaving them that he might get treatment +for his ailment and promising that he never +would forget them, he started for home, but he +succumbed on the banks of the Great Lake on +May 18th, 1675. In compliance with his request, +he was buried there, but a year later the +Ottawa Indians, finding the grave, opened it, +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_47">[47]</span>and took the remains to St. Ignace in a great +procession of canoes and buried under the +chapel the great priest with solemn ceremonies. +Early in the next century the chapel was destroyed +by fire. In 1877 the remains of a burned +building were discovered at the site of the old +mission and the remains wrapped in birch bark +were discovered.</p> + +<p>Small wonder it is that his name lives +throughout that great fertile valley, drained by +the river of a hundred thousand streams, the +man of courage, kindliness of heart and speech, +of unselfish devotion and high ideals, a fitting +hero for a land that becoming fabulously rich +in material wealth needs the inspiration of the +life of the simple, zealous priest who put the +good of others above his own pleasure and +comfort.</p> + +<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop"> + +<div class="chapter"> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_48">[48]</span></p> + +<h2 class="nobreak" id="CHAPTER_IV">CHAPTER IV.<br> +<span class="smaller">LA SALLE AND THE GREATER NEW FRANCE.</span></h2> + +<p>“The fertile plains of Texas, the vast basin of the +Mississippi from its frozen springs to the sultry borders +of the gulf; from the wooded ridges of the Alleghanies +to the bare peaks of the Rocky Mountains,—a region +of savannas and forests, sun-cracked deserts and grassy +prairies, watered by a thousand rivers, ranged by a +thousand warlike tribes.”</p> + +<p class="right">—<span class="smcap">Parkman.</span></p> + +</div> + +<h3 class="center"><span class="smcap">La Salle and the Greater New France.</span></h3> + +<p>With the exception of Champlain, the most +romantic figure in the history of New France is +that of La Salle, the young adventurer from +Rouen. He landed at Quebec in 1666, the same +year as Marquette, and went at once to Montreal +where he had relatives among the Sulpician +order of priests, to whom most of the island of +Montreal belonged. Here he purchased from +them an estate or seigniory, as it was called. +This was but a few miles west of Montreal, and +was called in derision by his friends “La Chine,” +having reference to La Salle’s dream of finding +a road to China by following westward.</p> + +<p>In preparation for his explorations he settled +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_49">[49]</span>down to acquaint himself with the Indian languages, +and hearing from some Seneca Indians +that there was a great river called the Ohio, +which he thought might lead him to the great +Western Sea, he joined the expedition of Galinée +and Father Dollier, the Sulpician, who were +setting out to establish a mission in the Far +West. With nine canoes and twenty-one men +they skirted the eastern and southern shores of +Lake Ontario, and about the middle of September +reached the mouth of a river which Galinée +describes: “We discovered a river one-eighth +of a league wide and extremely rapid.” The +Indians told them of a great cataract up this +river which was “higher than the highest pine +trees,” and indeed he tells us he could hear the +roar. But they had a set purpose and pressed +on their way, thus losing the opportunity to be +the first white men to visit the Falls of Niagara. +Indeed this is the first description of the river +by any one who is known to have reached it.</p> + +<p>They passed on to Burlington Bay and +leaving it about where Hamilton now stands, +they struck across the country, and on the 24th +of September, in an Indian village in what is +known as the Beverley Swamp, near the present +city of Galt, they met Joliet returning from his +search for the copper mines on Lake Superior. +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_50">[50]</span>La Salle was so attracted by Joliet, a kindred +adventurer in spirit, that he turned back and +left Dollier and Galinée to go on to the West, +guided as to their course by the advice of Joliet, +who told them of the Pottawatomies, a tribe of +Indians to whom no missionary had yet come.</p> + +<p>They went down the Grand River and as the +season was so far advanced they built a shelter +on the lake shore near where Port Dover now +stands, erected a cross and took formal possession +of the Lake Erie country in the name of +Louis the Magnificent.⁠<a id="FNanchor_10" href="#Footnote_10" class="fnanchor">[10]</a>⁠</p> + +<p>Here they spent the winter and are enthusiastic +in their praise of the mildness of the +climate and the luscious autumn fruit. This is +of great interest to many of us who to-day look +upon that county (Norfolk) as one of the +greatest fruit centres of the province of Ontario.</p> + +<p>La Salle returned east, and we know that +during the next few years he was with Frontenac, +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_51">[51]</span>and doubtless made many exploration trips. +But in 1675 he received from the French Government +a grant on Lake Ontario similar to the +seigniory at La Chine, and so at Cataraqui, where +Kingston now stands, he built a fort to control +the trade coming east and to prevent it from +going to the English colony in New York. +This he called “Fort Frontenac.” He was +raised to the nobility and was given a commission +in 1678 to discover the “Western part +of New France” and “to construct forts in the +places you may think necessary.” This meant +that he would seek out the mouth of the great +Mississippi and erect a chain of forts which +would connect and hold for France the country +from the mouth of the St. Lawrence to the +mouth of the Mississippi.</p> + +<p>Here was the great chance for which this +adventurous man had longed and for which he +had toiled, and so in November of that year he +began to gather men and material for the great +project. He threw himself into this work with +energy and was backed up by Frontenac, whose +policy had ever been the extension of the +boundaries of New France. Indeed, Frontenac +had advised the Home Government as early as +1673 that a fort at the mouth of the Niagara +River and a vessel on Lake Erie would enable +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_52">[52]</span>the French to command the Great Lakes. +Like many other Home Governments when +urged to progressive measures, Colbert, the +Colonial Minister, advised caution.⁠<a id="FNanchor_11" href="#Footnote_11" class="fnanchor">[11]</a>⁠</p> + +<p>When La Salle arrived from Rochelle with +these wonderfully indefinite powers these two +men saw great possibilities and went to work at +once. Ship carpenters, blacksmiths, and other +artisans were gathered at the Niagara River, +and while a fort was being built at the mouth +of the river to cut off the trade of the English, +a store house was erected below the Falls near +where Lewiston now stands, and a shipyard +was planned above the Falls, where a large +boat was to be built for the great western +expedition. This was the work of La Salle’s +lieutenant, Henry Tonty. With La Salle was +a Récollet priest, Father Hennepin, and to him +we owe our first written account of Niagara Falls.</p> + +<p>After many disappointments, the Griffon, +named after Frontenac’s armorial bearing, was +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_53">[53]</span>launched, equipped, and set sail. Tonty rejoined +La Salle on board the Griffon at Detroit. +He has an interest for us to-day in that his +name is preserved to us in the Tontine plan of +insurance, which was the invention of his father, +a Neapolitan nobleman. And in a greater +sense this Henry Tonty was a nobleman, for +through all his wandering and discouragements +La Salle found in him a sincere and trustworthy +friend. At Mackinac they were to meet with +advance guards of traders sent on by La Salle, +but most of them had deserted. Gathering up +a few whom he thought would be loyal, La Salle +made his way to the Illinois River, where a fort +was built and a boat begun by Tonty for exploration +of the great river. The Griffon was sent +home from Green Bay, loaded with furs, and +there our knowledge of her ends.</p> + +<p>In the meantime La Salle determined to +return to Fort Frontenac to get more material +and more men to undertake the great journey. +By canoe and on foot they crossed Southern +Michigan and passed over the Detroit on a raft, +thence on foot along the shores of Lake Erie (in +the month of March), and utterly worn out he, +his faithful hunter, and two white companions +reached the Falls, only to hear heart-breaking +news. He had travelled more than a thousand +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_54">[54]</span>miles in 65 days in the very worst season of the +year. There was no news of his ship—his fortune +and his hope.</p> + +<p>Deceived and even robbed by his men, in +addition to all his other disappointments, La +Salle, undaunted and undismayed, sent Dautray, +one of the white men who had accompanied +him, with four others, to reinforce Tonty, and +pushed on to Fort Frontenac. As if he had not +already enough bad news, just as he arrived at +the Fort, messengers from Tonty told him that +the men who were building the vessel in the +Illinois River had stolen what they could and +had deserted. These precious rascals, joined +by other deserters, must have been following +close behind the messengers, as we hear of them +breaking into La Salle’s storehouse on the +Niagara, looting everything they could and +setting out for the East. La Salle heard of it, +intercepted some of them, killed two, and took +the rest prisoners to Fort Frontenac.</p> + +<p>But Tonty must be rescued and the exploration +go on, so La Salle gathered men and supplies +and started for the West. With twelve men +he went up the Humber River, crossed to Lake +Simcoe, and thence down the Severn River to +the Georgian Bay; the others with the heavier +freight went by Niagara and Lake Erie. They +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_55">[55]</span>were to meet at Mackinac, but La Salle could +not wait, and hastened on with a foreboding +that something awful may have happened to +Tonty at his Fort Crevecoeur (broken heart) +in the Illinois country.</p> + +<p>And when they arrived it was to see where +once had been the chief town of the Illinois, +nothing but ashes, skulls, and mangled corpses. +The Iroquois had been there. Down the river +he went looking for Tonty, even into the Mississippi. +Discouraged, they turned back to the +St. Joseph River and there at Fort Miami, +where La Forest was in charge, they settled +down for the winter. In the meantime, Tonty, +after trying in vain to prevent the battle between +the Iroquois and the Illinois, had escaped and +after weeks of suffering had reached Green Bay.</p> + +<p>La Salle in the spring set out for Fort Frontenac +to refit and went by Michillimackinac. +We can imagine his joy when he found Tonty, +who accompanied him to the East. By October +they had arranged their affairs and arrived at +Fort Miami in November. Here they organized +their expedition of 18 Indians and 23 Frenchmen, +and in Christmas week, 1681, they set out. +Across Lake Michigan to the Chicago River, +thence portaging to the north branch of the Illinois, +they entered the Mississippi on February 6th, +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_56">[56]</span>but saw no human beings until March 13th, +near the mouth of the Arkansas River. Landing +there La Salle raised the banner of France, +planted a cross, and took possession of the +country in the name of the King.</p> + +<p>Thence down the river they went for three +hundred miles to the Taensas Indians, who +lived in large square houses built of mud and +straw with a high roof of cane and surrounding +a large open court. Soon they came to the +mouth or delta of the Mississippi, and going in +different parties down the channels they joined +together on an island at the mouth, erected a +column, and took possession of all Louisiana +from the mouth of the Ohio to the Gulf of +Mexico. And so from Lake Erie west and +north to the Rocky Mountains and the Canadian +North West, and south from Lake Erie to the +Gulf, and west to the Rio Grande was added to +the New France whose capital was at the narrowing +of the stream of the mighty St. Lawrence.</p> + +<p>La Salle had realized his dream, and against +obstacles which would have staggered any +ordinary man; and New France now extended +from the Gulf of St. Lawrence to the Gulf of +Mexico. They retraced their way up the Mississippi +and after a long illness he reached +Mackinac, whither he had sent Tonty to +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_57">[57]</span>announce their success. It was too late to go +to Quebec, and there was a rumour that the +Iroquois were on the warpath, so La Salle and +Tonty returned to the Illinois and spent the +winter of 1682-3 in fortifying Starved Rock, +which was to be one of the chain of forts to hold +the new country.</p> + +<p>But in the meantime Frontenac was recalled, +the forward policy entirely changed, and La +Salle’s own possessions at Fort Frontenac seized. +This seemed the cap stone of all his troubles, +and he passed eastward in the fall of 1683, +reached Quebec in November, and finding his +case hopeless, sailed for France to lay his case +personally before his King.</p> + +<p>He was a wonderful man. His vessels had +been wrecked, his goods lost, his possessions +confiscated. He had been deserted by his men, +been robbed, and yet he retained that faith in +himself and in his cause, and so impressed the +King that he was given command of an expedition +to sail for the mouths of the Mississippi to +drive the Spaniards out of North America. +They landed somewhere near where Galveston, +Texas, now stands, having missed the Mississippi. +Again through wrecks and desertion +La Salle found his numbers depleted. Added +to this, dreadful sickness broke out. La Salle +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_58">[58]</span>determined to seek a way out to the Mississippi +and thence up to New France. He made +repeated attempts, and at last, deserted by +nearly all his men who despaired of ever seeing +home again, he was shot by one of his own followers +on March 18th, 1687.</p> + +<p>Thus perished one of the most remarkable +men in our history, the first great Imperialist, +who had an empire in his brain, and who if he +had been given backing would have made a +New France greater than Old France could +ever hope to be. And the map of North +America would have been greatly changed!</p> + +<p>Tonty, the faithful friend and companion of +La Salle, stayed for some years in the country +of the Illinois, joined Iberville in Louisiana in +1702, and died near where Mobile now stands +about 1704. Faithful, not only to the erratic +La Salle, but also to the Home Government, he +received no recompense in any form, but has +left for us an undying picture of how true and +faithful a friend can be, and under the most +trying circumstances.</p> + +<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop"> + +<div class="chapter"> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_59">[59]</span></p> + +<h2 class="nobreak" id="CHAPTER_V">CHAPTER V.<br> +<span class="smaller">RADISSON AND THE GREAT NORTH WEST.</span></h2> + +<p>“If he had not had his faults, if he had not been as +impulsive, as daring, as reckless, as inconstant, as +improvident of the morrow as a savage or a child, he +would not have accomplished the exploration of half +a continent. Men who weigh consequences are not of +the stuff to win empires. He went ahead and when the +way did not open he went around, or crawled over, or +carved his way through.</p> + +<p>“Memorial tablets commemorate other discoverers. +Radisson needs none. The Great Northwest is his +monument for all time.”</p> + +<p class="right">—<span class="smcap">Agnes C. Laut.</span></p> + +</div> + +<h3 class="center"><span class="smcap">Radisson and the Great North West</span></h3> + +<p>Before Joliet, Marquette, or La Salle had +made their memorable expeditions in search of +the Western Sea, a man unattached to any +religious order, and under the protection of no +government, had traversed these unknown wilds +for the sheer joy of exploration and excitement. +The hair-breadth escapes of the hero of modern +fiction cannot compare in thrills to the marvellous +adventures of this man to whom the +country from Quebec to the prairies of the great +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_60">[60]</span>North West were alike his hunting and his +playground.</p> + +<p>This was Pierre Radisson, who left his +native St. Malo about a century after the great +Cartier, and settled at Three Rivers, which +then was a comparatively large place, having a +population of about 200 souls.</p> + +<p>With the enthusiasm and recklessness of +youth he disregarded the warnings of his friends +and went duck shooting with a couple of equally +reckless and youthful companions. They were +but boys and were at the age when Indians had +no terrors for them. Separated in the chase, +Radisson had splendid luck, and returning to +where they had agreed to meet, he found his +two companions dead among the rushes. When +he looked about, the heads of Indians appeared +everywhere. They set upon him, and after a +game struggle he was disarmed, stripped, tied +around the waist with a rope and brought to +the camp fire.</p> + +<p>The very recklessness of the youth compelled +the admiration of the Indians, who spared his +life, gave him his clothes, dressed his hair and +daubed his face as of an Indian brave. Though +but a boy he showed the coolness in the face of +danger which was to characterize him throughout +his adventurous life. We are told that he +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_61">[61]</span>slept that night between two warriors under a +common blanket and so soundly that he was +with difficulty awakened at the break of day.</p> + +<p>Taking no chances, they tied him to the +cross bar of a canoe when the party set off for +the Indian village many miles distant. On the +fourth day he was released from the cross bar, +and being given a paddle, entered with zest +into the work of helping onward the canoe. +He was a cheerful lad, and the Indians, instead +of allowing him to work himself out in his +awkward manner, taught him how to give the +light feather strokes of the true canoe man. +He, in turn, took his share of the burdens, and +was always eager to help. Their village was +near Lake George in what is now New York +State, and there they prepared to make merry +with their captives and their plunder. He had +to run the gauntlet of the braves, and was so +successful that he was sought for adoption by +a captive Huron squaw who had been adopted +by the tribe. She pleaded for his life before the +Great Council and was allowed to take him as +her son. He was now a Mohawk of the Iroquois +nation.</p> + +<p>Watching his opportunity, and with an +Algonquin captive, they made their escape, +after killing three of the Mohawks; and after +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_62">[62]</span>wandering many days, they were within sight +of Three Rivers when the Iroquois overtook +them, killed the Algonquin, and Radisson was +again a prisoner. He was recognized and subjected +to tortures, his thumb being thrust into +a pipe of live coals, and the soles of both feet +burned. Still worse was in store for him, but +his adopted father, a chief among them, and his +adopted mother, purchased his freedom by a +recital of their own deeds of valour and by gifts +of wampum.</p> + +<p>This seventeen year old lad seemingly had +won the hearts of all. He accompanied them +on their expeditions and visited the lodges of +the Oneidas, Onondagas, Senecas, and Cayugas +in their wanderings about what is now known +as the Niagara district. Indeed, he won the +confidence of his Mohawk friends to such an +extent that they took him with them when they +visited the white man’s village of Orange +(Albany), and he justified their confidence by +returning with them, even though the Dutch +offered to pay a great ransom to free him.</p> + +<p>He wanted to make himself free and was +ever on the alert for the suitable moment. It +came in 1653, and alone he made his way back +to Orange after many hair-breadth escapes. +Here he was befriended—indeed he seemed +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_63">[63]</span>always and everywhere to make friends—by a +Jesuit priest who gave him enough money to +enable him to sail down the Hudson to New +York, whence he took boat for Amsterdam, +which he reached in 1654, and thence he made +his way home to France.</p> + +<p>This adventure I have dwelt upon in some +detail, because it is an illustration in miniature +of his eventful life. One would think there had +been enough crowded into these months to +suffice for a life time, but the lure of the West +was upon him, and his relatives, like himself, +had gone overseas.</p> + +<p>Therefore he joined the fishing fleet that was +sailing for the Banks of Newfoundland, and +made his way back to Three Rivers in May of +1654, just two years after he had disappeared.</p> + +<p>His sister, Marguerite, had lost her husband +in a fight with the Mohawks, and had married +Chouart, a famous fur trader. This man was a +widower, his wife having been a daughter of +Abraham Martin, whose farm near Quebec City +was in another century to become famous as +the scene of the battle of the Plains of Abraham.</p> + +<p>These two men, Radisson and Chouart, +became not only fast friends, but inseparable +companions in a life of adventure. The traders +coming East to dispose of their furs told of a +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_64">[64]</span>great country beyond the Great Lakes, and +these two lovers of the wild set off up the Ottawa +across Lake Huron and Michigan, over what is +now Wisconsin, and came to a “mighty river, +great, rushing, profound, and comparable to the +St. Lawrence.” This undoubtedly was the +Upper Mississippi, and these two white men +were the first to see it and the “farflung, fenceless +prairie, where the quick cloud-shadows +trail,” which make up what we call the Great +North West.</p> + +<p>The Indians told them of a great river to +the south which divided itself in two, the +Forked River, the junction of Missouri and Mississippi, +but the adventurers decided to make +their way back again, and crossing through +what is now Nebraska, North Dakota, and +Minnesota, they came to Lake Superior and +the Sault. Here the Crees told Radisson of a +great sea to the north, Hudsons Bay, where +there were quantities of furs. So alluring was +the description that he set off on snow shoes, +but the season was too late and he returned +and made his way east. At the rapids of the +Long Sault his large party came upon the +Iroquois who had massacred Dollard and his +noble band of Frenchmen. These they put to +flight and as deliverers they made a triumphant +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_65">[65]</span>journey to Montreal, Three Rivers and +Quebec.</p> + +<p>Their one thought was when could they +resume their explorations in the North, and as +they could not come to terms with the Governor, +who wanted all the profits without assuming +any of the risks, they stole away and in October +reached Lake Superior. Pressing on they came +to where Duluth now stands, and there they +established a fur trading post, the first between +the Missouri River and the North Pole. This +marks the opening of the Great West as truly +as when the railway passing through unknown +portions of our Great West established a station +as a centre of influence and trade.</p> + +<p>In the spring they set off with their hosts +of the winter, the Crees, to find the Great Sea, +and it is possible that they were successful, but +after great hardships. However, we know that +they returned in 1663 with costly furs, and +instead of the welcome which might reasonably +be looked for, they were heavily fined by the +French governor for trading without a license, +and most of their furs were confiscated. They +tried to get redress in France, but utterly failed, +and so with no support in either Old France or +New France they sought out new friends and +joined the English in an expedition against +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_66">[66]</span>Port Royal. This was unsuccessful, and being +taken prisoners by the Dutch they were landed +in Spain, whence they made their way to +England. This was in 1666, when the great +plague was raging in London, and Charles II. +and his court were at Oxford.</p> + +<p>They met at the court a man who was greatly +impressed with their stories, and whose name +was to be intimately associated with the great +Northland. This was Prince Rupert, the dashing +cavalry leader of the Stuarts, who became +their patron, outfitted them for exploration, +and they set off for Hudsons Bay. Chouart +was successful, but Radisson, shipwrecked, returned +to England where, in 1670, on the return +of Chouart, a “company of adventurers trading +with Hudsons Bay” was formed through the +influence of Prince Rupert, who became the +first governor of the Hudsons Bay Company, +to whom was given an empire.</p> + +<p>In the following spring ships were sent out, +posts established, and so successful was their +venture that the French not only sent expeditions +and exploring parties northward, but the +great gathering of the Indian tribes at the +Sault Ste. Marie, which Perrot organized, was +to strengthen the French against the English +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_67">[67]</span>traders who were trying to divert trade from +the posts of the French.</p> + +<p>But negotiations in England fell through +and Radisson made more satisfactory terms +with his old allies, the French, and sailed under +that flag to Hudsons Bay, outwitted both the +officials of the Hudsons Bay Company and the +free traders from New England and France +became supreme in the Bay. But again the +government of New France threw away the +prize, for when Radisson and Chouart arrived +at Montreal they were prosecuted for trading +without a license. They were summoned to +France to explain the circumstances to the +Home Government, but when they arrived they +found that Colbert, the minister who summoned +them, was dead. Chouart, thoroughly +discouraged, retired to end his days in quietness, +for the outlook was anything but encouraging.</p> + +<p>However, Radisson, looking with eagerness +still for the life of adventure, and having a +family to support, played French against English +offers until at last he went across to England +and in 1684 he sailed for Hudsons Bay under +the flag of the Company. Here he found young +Chouart, the son, who had been holding the Bay +for France, who, when he heard of the treatment +given his father and Radisson, surrendered the +fort and the furs to Radisson, who thereupon +gathered the Indian tribes and made a treaty +with them and the Hudsons Bay Company, +which in essence lasts unto this day. Returning +to England they received a great welcome, and +for five years Radisson made annual visits to +the Bay and the Company flourished.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_68">[68]</span></p> + +<figure class="figcenter illowp100" id="illus4" style="max-width: 43.75em;"> + <img class="w100" src="images/illus4.jpg" alt=""> + <figcaption> + <p class="p1">COUNCIL OF THE TURTLE CLAN</p> + <p>The Turtle Clan chiefs of the Onondagas are discussing some + important tribal subject within the private bark lodge of their fire-keeper. + The presiding chief must give the decision. The chief + woman of the clan feels that the council’s action is adverse to her + interests and requests her secretary, a young man, to register her + protest.</p> + <p>The bark cabin is a typical Iroquois lodge of the individual type.</p> + <p>All the furnishings of the council lodge are of genuine Indian + make and typical of prehistoric times in an Onondaga village. The + figures are cast from living Onondaga models.</p> + <p>The purpose of this group is to illustrate (1) one of the political + units of the Iroquois Confederacy, which had a stable government + and a definite code of law, (2) the interior of a bark cabin (many of + which were more than 100 feet in length), (3) the four Turtle clan + sachems in council, (4) the method of recording by wampum the + transactions of a council, (5) the privilege of the Iroquois woman to + voice her opinions in the highest or lowest councils of the nation, + (6) typical Onondaga Indians and a scene in the Onondaga country.</p> + </figcaption> +</figure> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_69"></a><a id="Page_70"></a><a id="Page_71"></a>[71]</span></p> + +<p>The great Seven Years’ War between France +and England broke out in 1688 with the accession +of William and Mary, and the Bay was invaded +by the French, the fur trade badly disorganized, +and the profits of the Company greatly decreased.</p> + +<p>As is too often the case with corporations, +gratitude for what had been accomplished was +wiped out by the disappointment of the present, +and Radisson, who had done so much for the +company, was ignored; too old to be of aggressive +service to them, he drops out of sight, +and is forgotten except for the record of the +payment of a small pension up to the year 1710.</p> + +<p>His was a wonderful life. Impulsive, yet cool-headed +at critical times, daring, reckless and inconstant, +but generous and brave, he was the true +adventurer who, with no thought of himself, braved +danger for the very love of it, and whose memory +is preserved among the Indians as one who was untainted +by the vices of the white man, who never +was cruel and who was admired for his sheer bravery.</p> + +<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop"> + +<div class="chapter"> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_72">[72]</span></p> + +<h2 class="nobreak" id="CHAPTER_VI">CHAPTER VI.<br> +<span class="smaller">MONTCALM AND THE FALL OF NEW FRANCE.</span></h2> + +<p>“The history of French America is far more picturesque +than the history of British America in the +period of 1608-1754. But the English were doing work +more solid, valuable and permanent than their northern +neighbours. The French took to the lakes, rivers and +forests; they cultivated the Indians; their explorers +were intent on discovery, their traders on furs, their +missionaries on souls. The English did not either +take to the woods or cultivate the Indians, they loved +agriculture and trade, state and church, and so clung +to the fields, shops, politics and churches. As a result +while Canada languished, the English states grew up +on the Atlantic plain modelled on the Saxon pattern, +and became populous, rich and strong. At the beginning +of the war there were 80,000 white inhabitants in +New France, 1,160,000 in the British colonies.”</p> + +<p class="right">—<span class="smcap">Professor B. A. Hinsdale.</span></p> + +</div> + +<h3 class="center"><span class="smcap">Montcalm and the Fall of New France.</span></h3> + +<p>What the gold mines of Mexico and Peru +were to the Spaniards the fur trade of New +France was to the French, and until the furs +arrived in Montreal or Quebec, they could not +be considered safe, for in the Ohio country and +especially at the Niagara portage, and even on +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_73">[73]</span>the way to Frontenac, they were liable to attack +from the English and their Indian allies.</p> + +<p>To protect this trade the French built a +strong fort at the mouth of the Niagara River, +part of which may be seen to-day in what is +known as Fort Niagara on the American side of +the river. At the head of the portage, above +the Falls, there was a smaller fort called Fort +Little Niagara.</p> + +<p>This was the great trading centre, not only +for the district immediately tributary to it, such +as Toronto (at the mouth of what is now called +the Humber River, and which in summer was +very busy) but for all the north-west country +which with the development of Detroit had +increased in wealth and inhabitants. Toronto +was really an outpost of Niagara and was established +with the great French forward movement +in 1749. It had been officially named Fort +Rouillé after the Colonial Minister of the day, +who was also a man of letters, and the head of +the Royal Library. However, this name was +too artificial to survive and the old name for +the bay and river, Toronto, maintained its hold +upon the people.</p> + +<p>In 1749 the French determined upon a great +expedition to show their power and assert their +sovereignty over the Ohio country and to warn +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_74">[74]</span>off all strangers from trading on French territory. +So in June of that year with 23 canoes +and 250 men they left Lachine, passed through +Niagara in July, and made their triumphal +way through the Ohio country to Detroit, and +thence back to Montreal in November.</p> + +<p>The headquarters of the English on the +Lakes was at Oswego. This was the great +rival of Niagara as a trading centre. When the +war had raised the prices in France the French +traders at Niagara raised their prices correspondingly—and +even more. The Indians +grumbled and went on to Oswego, where they +could trade with the English to better advantage. +The French, feeling that their trade with +the Indians was being endangered urged an +expedition against Oswego, and in 1756 Montcalm +took the place by storm in the greatest +battle which up to that time had been fought +between the French and the English for control +of the Lakes.</p> + +<p>This disaster followed closely upon the +defeat of Braddock at Duquesne, made especially +famous because of the presence of George +Washington, the colonial, as junior officer, who, +accustomed to the Indian manner of fighting, +warned General Braddock, but whose advice +the haughty English general thought beneath +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_75">[75]</span>notice; and still more was heaped upon the +unfortunate English when Montcalm defeated +them at Ticonderoga. It certainly looked as if +there must needs be a vigorous policy on the +part of the English if they were to have any of +the trade on the great inland waters.</p> + +<p>Pitt, the Premier of England, saw this and +made plans for an aggressive campaign. In +1758 Colonel Bradstreet, with American provincials, +captured Fort Frontenac, burned and +sank seven vessels of war, captured sixty cannon +and destroyed the Fort and incidentally the +shipyard, which was the first upon the Great +Lakes. This success greatly heartened the +English and made them think how simple +might be the conquest of other places if they +had ships of war. It was the awakening of the +English to the importance of “sea power” on +the Lakes.</p> + +<p>Now Niagara was the centre of French +power and influence, situated on the great +portage which practically controlled the great +trade from the West. The fort had been greatly +strengthened during 1756-7, and the English +carefully gathered a strong force. It was a real +siege, in which the assailing force used trench +warfare to make steady and safe advances. +After nineteen days the garrison surrendered to +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_76">[76]</span>Sir William Johnson, who was ranking commander +on account of the deaths of the superior +officers during the siege. Sir William had +joined the investing force with 900 Indians, the +largest number ever led into battle by a white +man. When he entered the fort one of the most +interesting of his companions was Joseph Brant, +a Mohawk lad of 17, destined to become one of +the most renowned men of his day. And now +the English for the first time had access to the +great fur trade.</p> + +<p>While speaking of this fort it will be of +interest to note that in the common English +speech of that day the pronunciation of the +name of the fort was Niagàra. Our present +pronunciation would have been impossible to +the Iroquois tongue, which requires that each +syllable should end in a vowel.</p> + +<p>While these disasters were overtaking the +French on the Lakes, the English under Wolfe +had sailed up the St. Lawrence after clearing +the coasts below, and were preparing to attack +Quebec. Indeed the news of the capture of +Niagara, which came at a very opportune +moment, greatly heartened the English and +correspondingly depressed the French.</p> + +<p>The situation was perilous. Fort Frontenac +was destroyed, Fort Niagara in the hands +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_77">[77]</span>of the English, Amherst was advancing, as part +of Pitt’s plan, through New York State by way +of Oswego, against Montreal, and a strong +English force under Wolfe, selected specially +for this work by Pitt, was before the capital +city of Quebec.</p> + +<p>The internal affairs of the country were not +promising. Montcalm, the general of the French +forces, an able military man of good experience, +was not supreme, but had to take his orders +from Vaudreuil, the governor, a weak and +jealous man, fatal failings in a position of +authority. And with almost the powers of the +governor, was the Intendant, a man called +Bigot, to whose looseness in matters of morals +and money may be partially ascribed the loss +of New France. The defects of the rulers were +to be seen in the officials under them, and it was +a difficult task that confronted Montcalm.</p> + +<p>The advance against Quebec was made by +water, and up to the battle itself the movements +were those of a fleet. The commander of the +army was General Wolfe, selected by Pitt, the +Prime Minister of England, and to him was +given what was then the extraordinary privilege +of selecting most of his staff and thus providing +for unity of aim and community of interest. +Saunders was Admiral of the fleet.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_78">[78]</span></p> + +<p>At first they lay below the city and tried +sundry attacks by land, but without success. +Then they made a skilful movement up the +river and in a better position to make a direct +attack.</p> + +<p>Quebec is a natural stronghold, and had to +depend largely upon this for protection. Large +sums of money had been assigned for the greater +development and strengthening of the fortifications, +but in those days of corruption and +thoughtlessness the money had doubtless been +squandered. Its great cliffs might have presented +a hopeless appearance to the enemy if +properly guarded, but Wolfe knew through his +capable Intelligence Department, that there +was but little ammunition and little food in the +garrison. Above all, there was a lack of +intelligence and co-operation among the rulers +of the French, an evidence of which was the +fact that a great fleet could make its way up the +dangerous St. Lawrence with practically no +opposition.</p> + +<p>Wolfe studied out the situation and, emboldened +by the good news from the Lakes, +planned an assault by night. Carefully selecting +the place, he told no one but the admiral +and the captain who was to lead the great procession +of boats to the assault. Shortly after +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_79">[79]</span>midnight on September 12th, 1759, the boats +in line dropped down the river with Wolfe and +his staff in the leading boat. They passed successfully +a French sentry who thought they were +a French convoy, and about four o’clock on that +autumn morning Wolfe leaped ashore at a cove +about a mile and a half above the city, and led +his men up the steep path which he had already +carefully investigated. Again they successfully +answered the challenge of a sentry and by six +o’clock the whole landing force was on the +heights.</p> + +<p>It was a surprise to the French, but even +then the chance for recovery would have been +greater if Montcalm had not been hampered by +having to consult the governor on all details. +This was a national crisis. Half a continent +was at stake and yet the man whose training +had been for this purpose, whose business it was +to know what to do at such a crisis, had to lay +his plans before a political appointee, who in +turn used his power for the humiliation of the +expert military leader.</p> + +<p>But Montcalm was a patriot, and he made +the best of the situation. By nine o’clock the +French marched out in battle array against +Wolfe’s army, which by this time had reached +the level known as the Plains of Abraham. The +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_80">[80]</span>armies were almost equal in numbers, approximately +5,000 each, and as the French advanced +to the attack, which was their best policy, +Wolfe, advancing his men so that the action +would be close, gave the order that no shot was +to be fired until the enemy was within forty +paces. It was a difficult matter to remain +steady and resist the temptation to fire, but +they did, and when at forty paces a volley was +let loose, followed immediately by a second, +the French line wavered and Wolfe gave the +order to charge.</p> + +<p>The French could not withstand the shock +and the battle was won. Wolfe, already +wounded, received a death wound in the first +moment of the charge. While being carried to +the rear he heard some one say, “They run, +they run!” Wolfe roused himself and asked, +“Who run?” “The French, sir! Egad! they +give way everywhere!” “Then I die content.” +And so passed away the young intrepid general, +who had recognized fully the great issues +involved in this encounter and on the previous +evening had made a disposition of all his belongings.</p> + +<p>And Montcalm, while trying to rally the +fugitives, was stricken down, and when told +that he could not live, replied calmly, “So much +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_81">[81]</span>the better. I am happy not to live to see the +surrender of Quebec.”</p> + +<p>The battle lasted until mid-day, and the +result was a triumph for Wolfe’s tactics, for it +was a carefully planned attack, and nothing +was left to chance. Quebec surrendered, the +French troops marched out with the honours of +war, and the reign of France was virtually over +in the New World.</p> + +<p>Montcalm was buried in the Ursuline chapel +at Quebec, while Wolfe’s body was carried on +the Royal William to Portsmouth in charge of +Sergeant Donald MacLeod, of the Black Watch, +all his years a soldier and with twelve sons in +the army and navy.</p> + +<p>Years afterwards, to these two great generals, +noble and self-sacrificing men, each doing his +duty to his country even to the sacrifice of his +life, a monument was erected in the city for +whose possession they had fought. On one side +is the word Montcalm; on the other Wolfe; +and on the pedestal between these words:</p> + +<p class="center allsmcap">MORTEM VIRTUS COMMUNEM<br> +FAMAM HISTORIA<br> +MONUMENTUM POSTERITAS<br> +DEDIT.</p> + +<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop"> + +<div class="chapter"> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_82">[82]</span></p> + +<h2 class="nobreak" id="CHAPTER_VII">CHAPTER VII.<br> +<span class="smaller">PONTIAC AND THE LAST HOPE OF INDIAN SUPREMACY.</span></h2> + +<p>“For a mausoleum a city has arisen above the forest +hero; and the race whom he hated with such burning +rancour trample with unceasing footsteps over his +forgotten grave.”</p> + +<p class="right">—<span class="smcap">Parkman.</span></p> + +</div> + +<h3 class="center"><span class="smcap">Pontiac and the Last Hope of Indian Supremacy.</span></h3> + +<p>We sometimes speak of the victory of Wolfe +on the Plains of Abraham and the subsequent +surrender of Quebec as having involved the +transfer of Canada or New France from the +French to the English. It really was the first +and most important in the series of events which +led to this transfer.</p> + +<p>The situation at Quebec presented many +difficulties. England had but a small force, +and had barely defeated the French. It was +the Fall of the year with the cold winter approaching +which proved a terrible time for the +English, unaccustomed to so severe a climate, +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_83">[83]</span>and in a city much of which was in ruins. +Unity of purpose and decisive action on the +part of the French might have cut off the +English, but in the dread of being separated +from their base of supplies the French retreated +to Montreal.</p> + +<p>Early in the spring Chevalier de Levis, +second in command to Montcalm, gathered an +army in Montreal of 7,000 men and reached +Quebec in April. Murray, the English commander, +marched out to the attack, but was +badly defeated and retreated into the city.</p> + +<p>And now the fate of New France was in the +balance. Quebec was not in condition to stand +a siege. The English forces had met with a +decided reverse. The French were heartened +by the victory, but were not strong enough to +follow it up vigorously. Word was received +that ships were coming up the river. Were +they French or English? It was an anxious +moment, and when at last the English flag was +seen floating at the masthead the French fell +back upon Montreal and the fate of New France +was practically settled.</p> + +<p>Against Montreal Murray led the forces +from Quebec expecting there to make connections +with Amherst, who was on his way +from New York by way of Oswego and the St. +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_84">[84]</span>Lawrence. The junction of forces was so well +managed that Vaudreuil surrendered, and was +able to make excellent terms with his generous +conquerors.</p> + +<p>And so from Louisbourg to Quebec, to +Montreal, to Frontenac (taken by Bradstreet) +to Niagara (taken by Sir William Johnson) New +France was in the possession of the English.</p> + +<p>But New France extended far beyond +Niagara, and the forts at Pitt (where Pittsburg +now stands), Detroit, Michillimackinac, Sault +Ste. Marie, and the strongly fortified Fort +Chartres near the present city of St. Louis, had +heard nothing of the happenings in the Far +East; and in this connection it must be remembered +that all the Indians except the Iroquois +were allies of the French or friendly disposed +towards them, and none but an Englishman of +that day could have imagined, as Amherst did, +that the Indians were hardly worth considering +and that the fighting was now over.</p> + +<p>These outposts of the French were to be +formally taken over and Major Robert Rogers, +of Rogers’ Rangers, was despatched to Detroit. +He sent a messenger ahead to acquaint the +commander with what had taken place at +Montreal, so to give him time to consider the +question of surrendering the fort.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_85">[85]</span></p> + +<p>When nearing Detroit Major Rogers was +stopped by Pontiac, an Indian chief of the +Ottawa nation, who demanded of him by what +right he was entering upon the territory of the +Ottawas and allied tribes. He was given a +friendly answer; they smoked the pipe of peace +and seemingly parted good friends; but the +English made no further efforts to conciliate +him by presents or friendly overtures. In +other words, they were not diplomatic in their +dealings, and the Indians resented the lack of +tact and consideration shown them, the original +inhabitants of the country.</p> + +<p>There is nothing which so hurts a sensitive +man or a sensitive nation as contempt, and +Pontiac, gathering about him a great council of +the Indians of that region, spoke in an impassioned +and eloquent manner of this opportunity, +perhaps the last, to drive out the white +man.</p> + +<p>Pontiac was the Napoleon of the Indian +tribes of New France. He was not only courageous +in battle but he was a genius in the art of +war and was eloquent in council, with a power +of winning others to his cause. It is said that +he was in command of the Indians on the occasion +of Braddock’s famous defeat at Fort +Duquesne, made especially noteworthy because +of the presence of George Washington on +Braddock’s staff. At any rate it is known that +Pontiac had been the guest of Montcalm at +Quebec, certainly a tribute to his greatness, +and that he proudly wore a uniform presented +to him by that general.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_86">[86]</span></p> + +<figure class="figcenter illowp100" id="illus5" style="max-width: 43.75em;"> + <img class="w100" src="images/illus5.jpg" alt=""> + <figcaption> + <p class="p1">THE CAYUGA FALSE FACE CEREMONY</p> + <p>This is the midwinter purification rite, when evil spirits are + driven from all the houses of the Iroquois village. Grotesquely clad + and masked medicine men burst into the cabins throwing open the + doors and windows and commence to scatter the ashes of the hearth + and to kindle a new fire. Then they sprinkle white ashes on the + heads of the people, blowing through their hands. This is supposed + to cure any disease. The medicine man’s reward is a pipe bowl of + tobacco, which one dancer is begging from the frightened boy.</p> + <p>The Indian cabin is genuine and typical of the period (1687-1850) + when New York Indians had traders’ cloth and tools. The figures + are life casts of Cayuga Indians.</p> + <p>The purpose of this group is to show the changes wrought by the + acquisition of European metallic tools, cloth and other articles. + Material culture was greatly changed by the giving up of native + tools and materials. The methods of labor to a degree also changed, + but the religious, social and civil organization yet remained and was + more slowly disintegrated. The false face ceremony is one of the + more spectacular rites common among all the Iroquois.</p> + </figcaption> +</figure> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_87"></a><a id="Page_88"></a><a id="Page_89"></a>[89]</span></p> + +<p>This, then, was the man who in 1763 assembled +a council near Detroit, at which were +present Ottawas, Chippewas, Pottawatomies, +Miamis, Sacs, Foxes, Menominees, Wyandots, +Mississagas, Shawnees and Delawares, representing +nearly 2,000 warriors, and told them +that he had received a wampum belt from their +father, the King of France, who commanded +his red children to fight the English.</p> + +<p>When Major Rogers reached Detroit the +city at once surrendered and Rogers planned +to go to Mackinac, but it was too late in the +year and he had to return to New York.</p> + +<p>In the spring Pontiac laid out his great plan +of campaign by which Detroit was to be the +first fort to be assailed. Having obtained permission +to hold a peace dance at Detroit, his +braves had carefully spied out the fort, and +after consultation with him fifty warriors were +selected who were to saw off their gun barrels, +so that the weapons might be hidden under the +blankets, and in this fashion were to ask for a +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_90">[90]</span>parley with the English commander. Fortunately +for the garrison, the commander was +informed of these plans by a spy, and when +Pontiac and his fifty followers entered the fort +they were surprised to see the warlike preparations. +With a bland innocence which often +had served him well, Pontiac asked why so +many of the young men were in the streets with +guns. “Just for exercise and discipline,” said +the equally bland commander, and asked Pontiac +to state his case. Just as the Indian was +about to present the wampum belt in the +reverse way—which was to be the signal for +the massacre—the commander made a sign, the +war drums of the garrison crashed out a charge +and Pontiac saw that he was detected. He +then presented it in the usual way and the +English commander told him that as long as +they behaved they would be taken care of and +peace would be maintained. He then approached +Pontiac, pulled open his blanket and +disclosed the short rifle concealed beneath. +There was nothing for Pontiac to do but retire, +which he did with his fifty braves.</p> + +<p>This was really the beginning of the contest +and Detroit was in a state of siege. The fort +was in the midst of what was a military colony +extending from twelve to sixteen miles along +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_91">[91]</span>the west bank of the river. It had been founded +in 1701 by Cadillac, who was virtually a feudal +lord, owning the fort, the church, the gristmill, +the brewery, warehouses, barn and the very +fruit trees themselves, which had been brought +from France. Cadillac was a remarkable organizer, +and against great difficulties and severe +opposition from forts already established, he +had been able to persuade the French Government +to support him in the development of this +colony.</p> + +<p>Indeed, this is one of the earliest instances +in Canada of assisted immigration and subsidies +to settlers, such as we are accustomed to +think of as belonging to modern times. In 1748 +the French Government offered any settler +who would go to Detroit one spade, one axe, +one plough, one large and one small wagon, a +cow, and a pig. Seed would be given to be +returned after the third harvest. The women +and children were supported for one year after +coming to the colony. In this way Detroit +had come to be a place of about 2,500 people.</p> + +<p>The plan now was to starve out the garrison +by killing all the settlers outside the fort who +were in any way sympathetic with the English +cause. At the same time they waylaid all +relief expeditions sent from the East, and at +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_92">[92]</span>first were very fortunate, as the English officers +did not understand the Indian method of warfare +and were easily led into ambuscades. For +five months this little garrison had been surrounded +by a thousand or more savages, but +notwithstanding various successes the Indians +were becoming tired.</p> + +<p>Siege warfare long continued was not congenial +to them, and little by little they began to +desert until by October there were only the +Ottawas, his own tribe, left. When, therefore, +at the end of that month the French governor +at Fort Chartres sent a message to Pontiac that +the Great Father in France had given up all his +possessions over here to the English, the great +chief raised the siege in disgust and left for the +south. There he hoped to rally the Indians +for a final stand, but when he found it could not +be done he reluctantly made terms of peace +with the representative of Sir William Johnson +at Detroit in August of 1764. On that occasion +he spoke in the Peace Council as follows:</p> + +<blockquote> + +<p>“Father, we have all smoked out of this +pipe of peace. It is your children’s pipe; and +as the war is over and the Great Spirit and +Giver of Light who has made all the earth and +everything therein has brought us all together +this day for our mutual good, I declare to all +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_93">[93]</span>nations that I have settled my peace with you +before I came here, and now deliver my pipe to +be sent to Sir William Johnson that he may +know I have made peace and taken the King +of England for my father in the presence of all +the nations now assembled; and whenever +any of these nations go to visit him they may +smoke out of it with him in peace. Fathers, we +are obliged to you for lighting up our old council +fire for us and desiring us to return to it, but we +are now settled on the Miami river not far from +hence. Whenever you want us you will find +us there.”</p> + +</blockquote> + +<p>In 1766 Pontiac visited Sir William Johnson +at his castle on the Mohawk and smoked the +pipe of peace with that great warrior. Thence +he went south to Fort Chartres, the last place +in New France where floated the lilies of France, +that flag which for over two centuries had been +the symbol of sovereignty from the Gulf of St. +Lawrence to the Gulf of Mexico. There he +became embroiled in a quarrel and was killed +by one of the Illinois in a cowardly manner, an +act for which that tribe had to pay dearly in +the vengeance exacted by the friends of the +great old chief.</p> + +<p>But this story would hardly be complete if +we did not point out that Pontiac’s plot for the +surprise of Detroit was not a merely local +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_94">[94]</span>attack, but was part of a comprehensive plan +for the surprise of all the forts held by the +English against which, as far as possible, a +simultaneous attack was to be made so that it +would be difficult for the English to help the +garrisons and impossible for the forts to help +one another.</p> + +<p>The most striking of these attacks was that +on Fort Michillimackinac. On June 4th the +English garrison planned to celebrate the anniversary +of the birthday of George III. Games +were to be held on the plain outside the fort +and the Chippewas and Sacs asked that they +be allowed to take part and give the garrison +the pleasure of seeing the great Indian national +game of lacrosse played by experts. This was +granted and a great crowd gathered.</p> + +<p>The game was well played and so warmly +contested that the excitement was intense. +Player pursued player, tripping and slashing +in true Indian fashion. When the game was +at its height a player threw the ball at a point +near the gate of the fort. There was a wild +rush for the ball, and when they reached the +gate lacrosse sticks were thrown aside and the +closely blanketed squaws who were there in +large numbers opened their blankets and threw +out tomahawks and knives to the braves. +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_95">[95]</span>Madly they rushed in, took possession of the +fort, fell upon the garrison and the traders, +butchered some and carried off the others as +prisoners.</p> + +<p>Smaller trading posts were taken in like +fashion by cunning or by direct attack when +cunning failed, and for a short time it looked as +if the English would have a difficult task to +capture and hold the Mississippi Valley. But +the rebellion ceased with the fall of the genius +who had conceived it, the last great Indian +chief of New France.</p> + +<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop"> + +<div class="chapter"> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_96">[96]</span></p> + +<h2 class="nobreak" id="CHAPTER_VIII">CHAPTER VIII.<br> +<span class="smaller">THE GRAY GOWNS AND THE BLACK.</span></h2> + +<div class="poetry-container"> + <div class="poetry"> + <div class="stanza"> + <div class="verse indent0">“My boatmen sit apart,</div> + <div class="verse indent2">Wolf-eyed, wolf-sinewed, stiller than the trees.</div> + <div class="verse indent0">Help me, O Lord, for very slow of heart</div> + <div class="verse indent2">And hard of faith are these.</div> + <div class="verse indent0">Cruel are they, yet Thy children. Foul are they,</div> + <div class="verse indent2">Yet wert Thou born to save them utterly.</div> + <div class="verse indent2">Then make me as I pray,</div> + <div class="verse indent0">Just to their hates, kind to their sorrows, wise</div> + <div class="verse indent2">After their speech, and strong before their free</div> + <div class="verse indent0">Indomitable eyes.”</div> + </div> + <div class="stanza"> + <div class="verse right"><span class="smcap">Marjorie Pickthall.</span></div> + </div> + </div> +</div> + +</div> + +<h3 class="center"><span class="smcap">The Gray Gowns and the Black.</span></h3> + +<p>When Champlain on his return from New +France to his native village of Brouage told of +the vast country which lay beyond the seas, +with its thousands of inhabitants who knew +nothing of Christianity, the priests of the +monastery in that village were so impressed with +the magnitude of the work and the necessity +for having Christianity presented to these +heathen and savages, that four volunteered to +accompany him to New France. They reached +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_97">[97]</span>Quebec in May, 1615. They were Franciscans +of the Récollet Order, and were distinguished +in dress by the gray robe girt with the white +cord. Hence they are often referred to as the +priests of the Gray Gown.</p> + +<p>The most prominent of these was Le Caron, +who joined a band of Hurons returning after a +successful sale of their winter’s hunting. Their +route was up the Ottawa, Lake Nipissing and +French River to Lake Huron. This was a +memorable trip in many ways, but especially +because Le Caron was the first white man to +see what we now call Lake Huron—indeed the +first of the Great Lakes to be discovered by a +white man—or to sail upon its waters. Down +among the islands of what is now Georgian Bay +they went until they came near where Penetanguishene +now stands, and at a large Huron +village he awaited the coming of Champlain.</p> + +<p>On the 12th August Le Caron celebrated +mass and held the first religious service in all +this territory, which afterwards was known as +Upper Canada. Three hundred years afterwards +this event was remembered by mass +being celebrated as nearly as known on the +same spot, and a monument erected.</p> + +<p>Champlain and he spent most of the winter +with the Hurons and made visits to their +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_98">[98]</span>neighbours, the Petuns, or Tobacco Indians, +along the south shore of Nottawasaga Bay, and +at the foot of the Blue Hills near where the +town of Collingwood now stands.</p> + +<p>After returning to Quebec to consult with +the other members of the Order who had come +out to reinforce the small number of missionaries, +Le Caron in 1623 returned to his +Hurons with Father Viel and Brother Sagard. +To the industry of the latter we owe a dictionary +of the Huron language.</p> + +<p>They laboured on with zeal but without +making much lasting impression and they +realized that the field was too large and the +priests were too few. The Récollets had been +in New France for about ten years and had +founded missions in Acadia in the east, Huronia +in the west, Nipissing and Upper St. John. +They now realized that the Order was not +equipped with the machinery or organization +necessary to deal with so great a problem and +in their despair they sent a deputation to the +Jesuits in France to state the problem and ask +their aid.</p> + +<p>The invitation to come to their help was +accepted by the Jesuits and in 1625 three of +these priests of the “Black Gown” landed at +Quebec. They were met by the Récollets, who +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_99">[99]</span>became their hosts and took care of them until +the work of organizing the mission could be +undertaken. Two of these were Brebeuf and +Lalemant, the former of whom set off for Huronia +but turned back when he heard of the death of +the Gray Robe, Father Viel, who was on his +way from Huronia to Quebec. He was drowned +in what is known as the Riviere des Prairies +near Montreal, where the rapids are known to +this day as the Sault au Récollet—The Récollet +Rapids.</p> + +<p>Champlain granted to the Jesuits land for +their headquarters, where they might build +their mission, and establish their farm in connection +therewith, for they were practical men. +Indeed, so firmly did they believe in having a +definite investment in the country in which +they were labouring that by the end of the +French rule in this country the Jesuits were the +largest land owners in New France. In planning +their missionary labours Brebeuf was assigned +to Huronia, the field which for nearly twenty-three +years was to be his home.</p> + +<p>When Quebec was taken by Kirke four years +afterwards, the priests with the other official +inhabitants were taken away as prisoners, and +when the country was restored to France and +the conduct of affairs given over to the Company +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_100">[100]</span>of 100 Associates, the Récollets were not allowed +to return. The excuse was that one Order was +all that could be supported by the Company, +and the Jesuits were the better organized. +Thus passed away the Brethren of the Gray +Robes except in some isolated cases in later +days, when as in 1669, under the Intendant +Talon, some few returned.</p> + +<p>And now commences the romantic story of +the Jesuits, the priests of the Black Robe, to +whose mission journals called “Relations,” we +owe most of our information of the early history +of our country. From 1632 to 1673 there +appeared annually in Paris a volume called a +Relation, in which the work of the Jesuits in +New France for the twelve months was described +and reports from the missionaries incorporated +or quoted.</p> + +<p>These were very popular for they were +interesting, romantic, full of information that +was new and strange, and often were the means +of stimulating wealthy people to help the cause +of evangelisation; in some cases impelling +persons to offer themselves as helpers in the +great work, and still others to come out to this +great land for the sheer adventure.</p> + +<p>All the work of the Jesuits was characterized +by the spirit of self-sacrifice on the part +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_101">[101]</span>of the individual and by the efficiency of machinery. +This is noticeable in the Relation or +Annual Report published each year and which +in form and method furnishes even to-day a +model for the annual report of great institutions. +Another aspect of their efficiency is seen in the +way in which they prepared their missionaries +for the task before them. There was a training +period of two years during which the Jesuit +studied the languages of the tribes among whom +he was likely to live and became accustomed to +the methods of living and the customs of the +new country.</p> + +<p>A striking illustration of the worldly wisdom +of the superior officers of the Order is found in a +circular issued to the missionaries who were to +go up with the Indians to Huronia:</p> + +<blockquote> + +<p>“You should love the Indians like brothers +with whom you are to spend the rest of your +life. Never make them wait for you when +embarking. Take a flint and steel to light +their pipes and kindle their fires at night; for +these little services win their hearts. Try to +eat their sagamité, as they cook it,—bad and +dirty as it is. Fasten up the skirts of your +cassock that you may not carry water or sand +into the canoe. Wear no shoes or stockings in +the canoe, but you may put them on in crossing +the portages. Do not make yourself troublesome +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_102">[102]</span>even to a single Indian. Do not ask them +too many questions. Bear their faults in +silence and appear always cheerful. Buy fish +for them from the tribes you will pass; and +for this purpose take with you some awls, beads, +knives, and fish hooks. Be not ceremonious +with the Indians; take at once what they offer +you. Ceremony offends them. Be very careful +when in the canoe that the brim of your +hat does not annoy them. Perhaps it would be +better to wear your night cap. There is no +such thing as impropriety among Indians. +Remember it is Christ and His cross that you +are seeking; and if you aim at anything else +you will get nothing but affliction for body +and mind.”</p> + +</blockquote> + +<p>There were some, of course, who had not the +gift of learning languages. These returned to +France or were employed in the missions in the +white settlements. It was from such training +and with the motto of the Order animating +every thought and action they went forth: +“Ad majorem Dei gloriam,”—for the greater +glory of God.</p> + +<p>Naturally, the first great mission was to the +Hurons, who had been the firm friends of the +French, and who had been introduced to Christianity +already by the Récollets; and who, +moreover, lived in permanent settlements, and +cultivated their fields. So the Jesuits followed +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_103">[103]</span>the trail of Le Caron and for nearly a quarter +of a century Brebeuf and his companions +worked faithfully in Huronia, that part of what +is now known as the province of Ontario called +the county of Simcoe and bordering upon the +Georgian Bay. His brother priest in this great +missionary enterprise was Lalemant. Headquarters +with a school were now established in a +well-planned fort, which they built on the +eastern bank of the Wye and from which missionaries +were sent out to some twelve stations +in Huronia, and among the neighbouring tribes. +This was really a model settlement for the +Hurons, who could see fields of corn, beans, +pumpkins and wheat, with pigs and cattle outside, +and shops of useful trades inside where +were the men at the forge, the shoe shop, the +laundry and the carpenter shop.</p> + +<p>The Hurons, however, were ignorant and +superstitious and the medicine men took advantage +of epidemics of sickness, which arose from +the unsanitary living, to blame the missionaries, +who indeed must have been men of infinite +patience and unselfish devotion to their work.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_104">[104]</span></p> + +<figure class="figcenter illowp100" id="illus6" style="max-width: 43.75em;"> + <img class="w100" src="images/illus6.jpg" alt=""> + <figcaption> + <p class="p1">THE CORN HARVEST</p> + <p>Among the Iroquois the cultivation of maize, beans, squashes and + other garden produce was extensive and furnished a large portion of + their food supply. The women of each village were organized in + companies to plant and harvest the grain. The men cleared the + land and provided the meat supply, but they seldom worked in the + fields.</p> + <p>This group depicts a harvest scene in the Genesee valley on the + flats near Squakie hill at Mount Morris. The activities are gathering + and braiding corn, shelling beans, pounding corn for meal and + baking corn bread. The man has just come from his canoe and + reaches the field in time for lunch.</p> + <p>The figures are life casts of Seneca Indians.</p> + </figcaption> +</figure> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_105"></a><a id="Page_106"></a><a id="Page_107"></a>[107]</span></p> + +<p>And now just when it seemed as if they +might see some result of their long and unselfish +labour the Iroquois began to make raids upon +this northern country. There were constant +encounters on the trading journeys to Quebec, +but in 1642 a great Huron village near where +the town of Orillia now stands was wiped out +by a marauding party of Iroquois. And yet +the Hurons would not take seriously the warnings +of their missionaries and made no preparations +against their unrelenting enemies.</p> + +<p>Watching for the departure of the great +canoe fleet to Quebec in 1648, the Iroquois made +a sudden attack on Huronia and Father Daniel +and his village of St. Joseph were slaughtered. +Next spring they returned, put St. Ignace to +the sword, took the village of St. Louis and +stripped and bound to stakes the Fathers +Brebeuf and Lalemant. The tortures to which +these good men were put before they were killed +can hardly be imagined and cannot be described, +all of which they stood with amazing fortitude. +Indeed, even the Indians, stolid as they were, +could not help admiring the courage of these +martyrs for they drank the blood of Brebeuf +that they might be as brave as he.</p> + +<p>The spirit of these men can be understood +in the description given us by Marjorie Pickthall, +one of our own poets, of Father Lalemant, +on a missionary journey:</p> + +<div class="poetry-container"> + <div class="poetry"> + <div class="stanza"> + <div class="verse indent0">“My hour of rest is done;</div> + <div class="verse indent2">On the smooth ripple lifts the long canoe;</div> +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_108">[108]</span> <div class="verse indent0">The hemlocks murmur sadly as the sun</div> + <div class="verse indent2">Slants his dim arrows through.</div> + <div class="verse indent0">Whither I go I know not, nor the way,</div> + <div class="verse indent2">Dark with strange passions, vexed with heathen charms,</div> + <div class="verse indent0">Holding I know not what of life or death;</div> + <div class="verse indent2">Only be Thou beside me day by day,</div> + <div class="verse indent0">Thy rod my guide and comfort, underneath</div> + <div class="verse indent2">Thy everlasting arms.”</div> + </div> + </div> +</div> + +<p>And so the Iroquois went through Huronia +burning and scalping until there was only a +mass of ruins, and the remnant of the Hurons +fled to St. Joseph, on Christian Island, in +Georgian Bay. Here they built a fort, but soon +realized that in such an isolated position they +could be starved out. Part of the nation went +to Quebec, where they were protected and +given some land, and part went to Michillimackinac, +and thence to Lake Superior, where +Father Marquette found them. Driven out by +fear of the Sioux they returned to Mackinac, +and thence some of them settled near Detroit, +where under the name of Wyandots, they took +part in the rising against the English known as +Pontiac’s war, just after the capture of Quebec +by Wolfe.</p> + +<p>This story of Huronia has been told in some +detail because it illustrates the work of the men +of the Black Robe who shrank from no sacrifice, +who knew no fear, and for whom there could be +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_109">[109]</span>no earthly reward. Huronia was the greatest +of the missions of the Jesuits, for there were +twenty-five members of the Order working +among these people.</p> + +<p>But there were other missions. That among +the fickle and warlike Iroquois, with Jogues +and Le Moyne, that at Ville Marie (Montreal), +afterwards given over to Sulpicians, who to this +day are an extremely powerful Order in this +great city, and that at Sault Ste. Marie, where +Allouez, Dablon and Marquette had a mission +which exercised a powerful influence southwards +to Michillimackinac and the country of the +Illinois, and westwards to where Fort William, +Duluth, and even Winnipeg, now stand. It +was from this mission that Joliet, the Government +official, and Marquette, the Black Robe, +set out on their journey to discover the great +Southern Sea, and which resulted in the discovery +of the Mississippi.</p> + +<p>And so from Nova Scotia to the southern +Mississippi and northwards to Hudsons Bay, +wherever there were Indian settlements of importance +there were Black Robes ministering +to the wandering tribes, teaching methods of +greater production and less waste in the more +settled places, and everywhere endeavouring +to show the benefits of law, order, and settled +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_110">[110]</span>government. There were seven churches or +missions of the Jesuits in New France—Acadia +(Maine, Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, Cape +Breton); Tadoussac (lower St. Lawrence and +Saguenay); Quebec, Montreal and Three Rivers +as one; Huronia; to the Iroquois; the Ottawa +or Sault Ste. Marie (Ojibways, Beaver, Crees, +Ottawas, Menominees, Pottawatomies, Sacs, +Foxes, Winnebagoes, Miamis, Illinois and +refugee Hurons), Louisiana.</p> + +<p>What they have left to us is not material +wealth, but something infinitely greater, the +record of self devotion, self sacrifice, fearless +zeal and unflinching bravery even to a lingering +death in a cause which they put above all +renown.</p> + +<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop"> + +<div class="chapter"> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_111">[111]</span></p> + +<h2 class="nobreak" id="CHAPTER_IX">CHAPTER IX.<br> +<span class="smaller">THE IROQUOIS AND THE HURONS.</span></h2> + +<div class="poetry-container"> + <div class="poetry"> + <div class="stanza"> + <div class="verse indent0">“Stripped to the waist, his copper-colored skin</div> + <div class="verse indent0">Red from the smouldering heat of hate within,</div> + <div class="verse indent0">Lean as a wolf in winter, fierce of mood—</div> + <div class="verse indent0">As all wild things that hunt for foes, or food—</div> + <div class="verse indent0">War paint adorning breast and thigh and face,</div> + <div class="verse indent0">Armed with the ancient weapons of his race,</div> + <div class="verse indent0">A slender ashen bow, deer sinew string,</div> + <div class="verse indent0">And flint-tipped arrow each with poisoned tongue,—</div> + <div class="verse indent0">Thus does the Red man stalk to death his foe,</div> + <div class="verse indent0">And sighting him strings silently his bow,</div> + <div class="verse indent0">Takes his unerring aim, and straight and true</div> + <div class="verse indent0">The arrow cuts in flight the forest through,</div> + <div class="verse indent0">A flint which never made for mark and missed,</div> + <div class="verse indent0">And finds the heart of his antagonist.</div> + <div class="verse indent0">Thus has he warred and won since time began,</div> + <div class="verse indent0">Thus does the Indian bring to earth his man.”</div> + </div> + <div class="stanza"> + <div class="verse right smaller">From the poem, “The Archer,” by the + late Pauline<br>Johnson, of the Mohawk tribe of the Iroquois.</div> + </div> + </div> +</div> + +</div> + +<h3 class="center"><span class="smcap">The Iroquois and the Hurons.</span></h3> + +<p>When Cartier sailed up the St. Lawrence +nearly four hundred years ago the Indians +whom he met were of the Algonquin nation, +one of the four great divisions of Indians east of +the Rocky Mountains in North America. The +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_112">[112]</span>others were the Iroquois, the Maskoki or +Southern, and the Siouan of the West.</p> + +<p>The Algonquin country extended from Tennessee +to Hudsons Bay and from the Atlantic +to the Mississippi, and included the Delawares, +Miamis, Ojibways, Ottawas, Sacs, Foxes, Pottawatomies, +and Illinois. They lived in wigwams +covered with bark or skins and were a +warlike nation, subsisting on hunting and fishing. +There were probably 100,000 in number when +at the height of their prosperity.</p> + +<p>The Iroquois occupied the territory now +known as Pennsylvania, New York, the south +shores of Lake Erie and Lake Ontario, and on +the Upper St. Lawrence. They were known as +the Five Nations, the Mohawks, Oneidas, +Ononadagas, Cayugas, and Senecas, to which +were added in 1715 the Tuscaroras, who came +north from Carolina and whose speech even to +this day differs much from the other Iroquois +tongue. These made up what we know so +well as the Six Nations. They never numbered +more than 40,000, but they were mobile +and made forays from their towns in New +York, sweeping over the country like a +scourge and returning to their villages for +feasting. A Jesuit, describing the raids of +the Iroquois, said “They approach like +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_113">[113]</span>foxes, they attack like tigers, disappear like +birds.”</p> + +<p>Algonquin was the general name for the +tribes enumerated, but there was no bond of +union except a likeness of language, while, on +the other hand, the tribes of the Iroquois were +in a real confederacy, which enabled them to +join together against a common enemy. It was +this power of organized and sustained warfare +that made them so formidable. Even as early +as the time of the coming of the white man they +had reached a comparatively high stage of +social development and government, so that +they lived in villages, and the Long House or +community dwelling in which many families +lived under one roof, indeed in one room, was +being displaced by the separate hut. In the +centre of the village was the Council House, +the place of meeting, of ceremonials and of +trade, just as the Town Hall and Market are +to-day in many a town.</p> + +<p>We are given an interesting picture of the +Council in a Mohawk village in New York:</p> + +<p>“Sixty old men sat on a circle of mats +smoking around the central fire. Before them +stood the captives.... After passing the +Council pipe from hand to hand in solemn +silence, the Sachems prepared to give their +views. One arose, and offering the smoke of +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_114">[114]</span>incense to the four winds of heaven, to invoke +witness to the justice of the trial, gave his +opinion on the matter of life and death. Each +of the chiefs in succession spoke. Without any +warning whatever one chief rose and tomahawked +three of the captives. That had been +the sentence. The rest were driven to lifelong +slavery.”</p> + +<p>When the palisaded or stockaded village life +was abandoned for the freer, more independent +life of the great village, the location was generally +upon the banks of a stream so that there +might be a plentiful supply of water, and in +many cases easier transportation. While not +an agricultural people they had always enough +women and captives to provide the means of +living, for the warriors and the hunters returning +with game. Fields of corn, pumpkins, and +squashes, orchards of plum and apple, and +small herds of hogs and cattle were to be found +in these villages; for the handling of the fruit +and water, baskets and pots were made with +great skill by the women.</p> + +<p>The Iroquois were great travellers, and a +thousand mile journey was little to them if the +object to be attained seemed worth while. +They were intelligent in the making of trails so +as to get the shortest and easiest route, an +illustration of which may be seen to-day in the +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_115">[115]</span>fact that the New York Central Railway from +Lake Erie to the Hudson River follows an +Iroquois trail.</p> + +<p>Their principal ceremonies were in honour +of the season, the Maple Sugar Festival at the +going of the snows of winter, and the Green +Corn Dance, and the Harvest Home Festival +of the autumn.</p> + +<p>The legend of Hiawatha, the most popular +of all poems relating to Indian life, was told +by Longfellow as if Hiawatha were an Ojibway, +whereas it is likely that the story in its original +form was from the Ononadaga nation of the +Iroquois, and Hiawatha is the very wise man +who formed a plan of universal peace among the +nations of the Iroquois. However, it may have +been because the Iroquois and the Ojibways +were very friendly up to the middle of the +seventeenth century, when the Ojibways sympathized +with the Hurons whom the Iroquois had +driven from Huronia on the Georgian Bay. +They afterwards made peace and became as +brothers. So much so indeed that when many, +many years afterward the Mississagas, a band +of the Ojibways, were forced to give up their +reserved lands on the River Credit, near Toronto, +the Iroquois on the Grand River Reservation +took them in and gave them a tract of valuable +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_116">[116]</span>land. Longfellow took many phases of the +legend and grouped them so as to give the +atmosphere of Indian life and interpret the +meaning of its ceremonies. The leading thought +in all the legends is:</p> + +<div class="poetry-container"> + <div class="poetry"> + <div class="stanza"> + <div class="verse indent0">“How he prayed and how he fasted,</div> + <div class="verse indent0">How he lived, and toiled, and suffered.</div> + <div class="verse indent0">That the tribes of men might prosper,</div> + <div class="verse indent0">That he might advance his people!”</div> + </div> + </div> +</div> + +<p>This is the great legend of the Indians of +New France told in every winter lodge, and told +in a somewhat different form among different +tribes. It gets local colour from the traditions +of the particular tribe.</p> + +<p>How they became the unrelenting enemy of +the French we are told in the story of Champlain, +who joined the Hurons and Algonquins +in 1609, when they were on an expedition +against the Iroquois, who lived near Lake +Champlain. It was in that battle the Iroquois +first saw and experienced the effect of the death +dealing musket of the white man, and they +never forgot that it was used against them by +the French.</p> + +<p>Each nation was divided into tribes or clans +with names such as Wolf, Bear, or Turtle, and +as the same tribes were in all the nations, the +section in each nation was related to the +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_117">[117]</span>corresponding section in all the other nations. +So the Seneca Turtle was a brother to the +Mohawk Turtle. The families belonging to the +Turtles were the most respected and were +accorded the highest honours.</p> + +<p>Each of the nations had its own government +for local affairs and elected sachems to sit in the +Great Council of all the Nations, where fifty +sachems dealt with national affairs. It is not +too much to say that the Iroquois were the most +intelligent of the Indians of New France, for +they were always ready, well organized, and +watchful, and knew how to take defeat. When +pressed back by the French and village after +village destroyed by a great expedition organized +to severely punish them, they retired in good +order, and when things had calmed down they +returned, rebuilt their villages, replanted their +fields and planned revenge.</p> + +<p>The Hurons are said to have been relatives +of the Iroquois, but if so they must in some +earlier time have ceased to be even friendly, for +we find them allied with the Algonquin, and +from the time of Champlain on the side of the +French in the great international conflict. They +lived on the shores of the Georgian Bay of +Lake Huron, in what is called now the County +of Simcoe. This district was known as Huronia, +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_118">[118]</span>and at the height of their power there were +about 30,000 inhabitants, almost as many as +live in the corresponding district to-day. They +traded with the French at Quebec by sending +each year a fleet of canoes up the Bay and by +the French River, Lake Nipissing and the +Ottawa River to the St. Lawrence. This was +the route by which Le Caron and Champlain +entered this great northern country in 1615, +and were the first white men to see the Great +Lake, afterwards called Huron, the first of the +Great Lakes to be discovered by the French. +The route by the Great Lakes was unknown, and +indeed all that southern country was dangerous +because of the presence of the dreaded Iroquois.</p> + +<p>They were more of an agricultural nation +than were the Iroquois. Possibly they were +not better farmers, but they were poorer warriors +and so remained on the land more than +their fighting relations. They raised pumpkins, +sunflowers and rye. The corn they planted in +hills higher, larger, and much further apart than +we do to-day.</p> + +<p>They lived in villages in the Long Houses or +community dwellings which were to be found +among the Iroquois in their early days. These +were built by bending saplings and tying them +together to form the frame, which they sheathed +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_119">[119]</span>with bark. Down the centre were the fires, +each of which was shared generally by two +families. The smoke was supposed to go out +by a hole in the roof. On either side of the fire +and stretching from end to end were platforms +on which the families slept, while underneath +were the stores of clothing and provisions. No +wonder the dogs, dirt and disease impressed +the missionaries to these people, and made them +plan for huts rather than a share in these dwellings.</p> + +<p>Some of the greater villages were palisaded +for protection, but the smaller ones were not +permanent, being moved about at the will of +the people or because of the unsanitary condition +of the land that had been occupied. The +villages became large when the necessity for +protection became greater and some had as +many as 2,000 inhabitants. The favourite site +for a village was on high ground near springs or +an inland lake, so that there would be a good +water supply. There was a village Council or +Assembly, which dealt with local matters and a +tribal assembly for matters of general importance +but there was no union for offence and defence +well organized and ready for action, as among +the Iroquois.</p> + +<p>The Hurons were smaller in stature than the +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_120">[120]</span>Iroquois, the largest men being about five feet +eight inches in height. They had their feast +days, which resembled those of other nations in +being associated with the seasons, but their +custom of burying the dead has a somewhat +marked character. The body was wrapped and +placed on a platform away from marauding +animals and every ten years or thereabouts +there was a great Feast and Dance for the Dead, +when, after preparing a great pit, the bodies +were placed in it sometimes in rows, sometimes +in circles and sometimes in parcels of bones of +those who had been long dead.</p> + +<p>Into the pit were cast pottery, implements +of warfare and kettles which were first rendered +useless so that the graves might not be desecrated. +This is in contrast to some other +nations of Indians who bury with the deceased +the things which they think will be useful to +him in the “happy hunting ground” to which +he has gone. This pit is called an Ossuary, and +to the excavation of these we owe much of our +knowledge of this nation. This communal +burial with the Hurons corresponded to the +communal life which preceded the era of the +individual burial and the individual wigwam.</p> + +<p>This Huronia county enjoyed great prosperity +during the first half of the seventeenth +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_121">[121]</span>century with constantly increasing immigration, +growing villages, better implements for increased +comfort in living, great production and skill in +handicraft owing to the influence and example +of the Jesuit mission. Into this peaceful +country, unprepared for war, there came in the +last decade of this first half of the century the +Iroquois much as the Assyrian, “like the wolf +on the fold.” In a series of well planned, +vigorous attacks the Hurons were massacred or +driven out of the country, the villages burned, +the Jesuit missionaries slaughtered in the fight, +or reserved for a death by torture.</p> + +<p>First on one of the Christian Islands off the +shore they built a fort, but soon realized that +the important question of food supply could not +be met as long as the Iroquois remained on the +mainland and intercepted all messengers. Part +of the nation then set off for Quebec, and there +threw themselves upon the kindness of their +friends, the French, who gave them a grant of +land and their protection. Others went north +to Michillimackinac, and in their fear went even +well up into Lake Superior, where they were +ministered unto by Father Marquette. But +they were not long there until the warlike Sioux +became so great a menace that with their +protector, the great Marquette, they went back +again to Michillimackinac. Afterwards many +of them went still further south and under the +name of Wyandottes they settled near Sarnia +and Windsor, opposite the present city of +Detroit.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_122">[122]</span></p> + +<figure class="figcenter illowp100" id="illus7" style="max-width: 43.75em;"> + <img class="w100" src="images/illus7.jpg" alt=""> + <figcaption> + <p class="p1">TYPICAL IROQUOIS INDUSTRIES</p> + <p>This group depicts a company of Oneida Indians gathered in a + sheltered spot in their capital village on Nicols pond, township of + Fenner, Madison county. This was the fort unsuccessfully stormed + by Champlain in 1615.</p> + <p>The arrow maker is telling an amusing tale while he chips his + flints. To his right are a basket maker and a belt weaver. To his + left are a wood carver, a moccasin maker and a potter, all engaged + at their trades as they listen to the arrow maker’s tale.</p> + <p>In aboriginal times among the Iroquois each person had an + occupation and was by necessity industrious. Both men and women + had their special forms of labor, which with the men was often + arduous.</p> + <p>The figures are casts of Oneida Indians made upon the New York + and Canadian reservations.</p> + <p>The purpose of this group is to show six typical Iroquois industries + and to indicate the social nature of the workers. The Iroquois at + home among his own folk is social in habits and full of humor. To + the stranger he appears taciturn and diffident and oftentimes indolent.</p> + </figcaption> +</figure> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_123"></a><a id="Page_124"></a><a id="Page_125"></a>[125]</span></p> + +<p>These are typical nations of Indians of the +days of New France, the crafty, strong, nomadic, +warlike and well organized Iroquois on whom +the missionaries could make little or no impression, +the allies of the English and the most +feared of all the nations; and the less intelligent +and more domesticated, the traders and +the canoemen, the hunter and fisher, the unorganized +Hurons, who suffered the missionaries +to settle among them and pretended +to be converted because it did not interfere but +rather increased their comfort, the allies of the +French, with little initiative and no cohesion.</p> + +<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop"> + +<div class="chapter"> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_126">[126]</span></p> + +<h2 class="nobreak" id="CHAPTER_X">CHAPTER X.<br> +<span class="smaller">THE COUREUR DES BOIS AND THE VOYAGEUR.</span></h2> + +<div class="poetry-container"> + <div class="poetry"> + <div class="stanza"> + <div class="verse indent0">“I have passed the warden cities at the Eastern watergate,</div> + <div class="verse indent2">Where the hero and the martyr laid the cornerstone of State,</div> + <div class="verse indent0">The habitant, coureurs-des-bois, and hardy voyageur,</div> + <div class="verse indent2">Where lives a breed more strong at need to venture or endure.”</div> + </div> + <div class="stanza"> + <div class="verse right"><span class="smcap">Sir Arthur Conan Doyle.</span></div> + </div> + </div> +</div> + +</div> + +<h3 class="center"><span class="smcap">The Coureur des Bois and the Voyageur.</span></h3> + +<p>An island just where the Ottawa River joins +the St. Lawrence always suggests to me in its +name a Frenchman who, in the days following +Champlain, penetrated beyond the Mer Douce +(Lake Huron) and was one of the first white +men to sail on Lake Superior. This was Perrot,⁠<a id="FNanchor_12" href="#Footnote_12" class="fnanchor">[12]</a> +who, like Etienne Brulé with Champlain, was +known as a coureur des bois, a runner of the +woods, a trader, a guide, a hunter, a woodsman. +Without him and his companion, the voyageur, +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_127">[127]</span>the efforts of priest and noble alike to penetrate +the great forests would have been all in vain.</p> + +<p>They followed the trails of the deer and other +wild animals who were the ancient roadmakers, +and took advantage of all the waterways in their +light canoes. These journeys were not only +full of danger, but were attended by much +hardship. In one of the journals of a missionary +priest from Quebec to the Huron +Indians who lived on the south-eastern shore of +Georgian Bay, we read:</p> + +<blockquote> + +<p>“Of two difficulties regularly met with, the +first is of rapids and portages for these abound +in every river throughout these regions. When +a person approaches such cataracts, or rapids, +he has to step ashore and carry on his back +through forests or over high, vexatious rocks +not only his baggage, but also the canoe. This +is not accomplished without much labour, for +there are portages of one, two, and three leagues, +each of them requiring several journeys if one +has ever so small a number of packages. At +some places where the rapids are not less swift +than at the portages, but of easier access, the +Indians, plunging into the water, drag their +canoes and conduct them with their hands with +utmost difficulty and danger for sometimes +they are up to their necks in the current, so that +they have to let go their hold upon their canoes +and save themselves as best they can from the +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_128">[128]</span>rapidity of the water that snatches the canoe +out of their hands and carries it off. I have +computed the number of portages and find that +we carried thirty-five times and dragged at +least fifty times. The second ordinary difficulty +is that of food. A person is often obliged to +fast, especially if he happens to lose the places +where he stored away provisions on his down-river +course. (Note.—The familiar word to +this day for such a hidden store is ‘cache.’) +Even when he finds them his appetite remains +none the less keen for having regaled himself +with their contents, for the usual repast is only +a little corn broken between two stones, and +sometimes simply taken in fresh water, which +is insipid food. Sometimes he has fish, but +this is mere chance unless he happens to pass +some tribe from whom he can buy it. Add to +this that a person must sleep upon the bare +ground, perhaps on a hard rock.”</p> + +</blockquote> + +<p>Such was the experience of the missionary, +new and hard and very real to him, whom the +voyageurs carried on his apostolic way. But +the coureurs and the voyageurs were traders +and explorers and, as one might infer, they +were always young men and in the prime of +life, because of the hardship they had to endure +in making their long hazardous journeys through +trackless forests. Father Tailhan gives a +graphic description of their life. He says:</p> + +<blockquote> + +<p>“As all Canada is only one vast forest without +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_129">[129]</span>any roads they could not travel by land; +they make their journeys on the rivers and the +lakes in canoes that ordinarily contain each +three men. These canoes are made of sheets +of birch-bark smoothly stretched over very +light and slender ribs of cedar wood. They are +divided into six or seven or eight sections by +light wooden bars which strengthen and hold +together the sides of the canoe.... As an +entire canoe cannot be made with a single sheet +of bark the pieces which compose it are sewed +together with the roots of the spruce tree, which +are more flexible and white than the osier, and +these seams are coated with a gum which the +savages obtain from the spruce.... The +savages, and especially their women, excel in +the art of making these canoes, but few Frenchmen +excel in it.... The coureurs des bois +themselves propel their canoes with small +paddles of hard wood, very light and smooth; +the man at the rear of the canoe guides it, +which is the part of their calling which requires +skill. The two other men paddle ahead. A +canoe properly manned can make more than +fifteen leagues a day in still water.... When +they meet rapids or waterfalls which cannot be +passed they go ashore and unload the bales.... +These, as well as the canoe, are carried on their +backs and shoulders until they have passed the +falls or rapids and find the river suitable for +again embarking on it; and this is called +‘making portages.’... In such a canoe these +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_130">[130]</span>three men embark at Quebec or Montreal to go +three hundred, four hundred, and even five +hundred leagues from the colony to procure +beaver skins among savages, whom very often +they have never seen.”</p> + +</blockquote> + +<p>As the fur trade was supposed to be a +monopoly controlled by the King of France and +granted by him to a Trading Company, many +of these coureurs were in the service of the +company on a commission basis, but there were +others who took the risk of disposing of their +furs to a greater advantage, and so were known +as “free traders.” If one were to make any +distinction between the coureurs and the voyageurs +he would speak of the former as the +hunters and the latter as those who transported +the furs by water, but in general there was not +a distinct difference except in large trading +companies where the work was highly organized.</p> + +<p>They were picturesque in their dress and +fond of striking colours. A bright cotton shirt, +cloth trousers, leather leggings, deer skin moccasins +and a small scarlet cloak or capot made +up their attire with a wide worsted belt with +flowing ends (such as we see worn with the +blanket suit of the snowshoers of to-day) a stout +knife and a tobacco pouch. Cheerful, careless, +heedless of danger and fond of adventure the +hardy descendants of the Breton or Norman +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_131">[131]</span>fishermen sang their chansons, keeping time +with their paddles, the quickened notes for the +dangerous places, the slower for the easy +passage across the placid lake.</p> + +<p>One of the greatest of all these coureurs des +bois and voyageurs was Nicholas Perrot who, at +the age of sixteen, was the companion of the +missionary priests on their journeys from Quebec +to the Indian tribes, and thus gained for himself +not only experience in woodcraft and knowledge +of the country, but what was still more important +he developed his natural aptitude for languages +by close study of the Indian dialects, and thus +made himself valuable, not only to himself but +to his country. Many other coureurs had had +similar opportunities but did not improve these +opportunities and so remained mere coureurs +des bois, and average ones at that, until the +end of their days.</p> + +<p>This ambitious youth soon became an independent +trader, but without the selfishness that +was usually attached to that name. He was a +man of some education and certainly of vision. +He saw clearly that it was to the interests of +New France that there should be united feeling +and action among Indians and French against +their common enemy, the Iroquois, and this was +ever in his mind in the negotiations which at various +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_132">[132]</span>times took him to the tribes of the Chippewas, +the Foxes, the Hurons, the Dakotas, the Iowans, +the Mascoutens, the Miamis, the Pottawatomies +and the Sioux, as well as the Iroquois.</p> + +<p>To him was entrusted by the governor the +arrangement and management of the great +gathering of the Indian tribes at Sault Ste. +Marie where, on the fourteenth of June, 1671, +the tribes for a hundred leagues were gathered +in a great council that the Deputy Governor +might formally take possession of that country +in the name of the King of France. In a spectacular +manner—that it might impress the +Indians by its grandeur—a cross was erected +and the arms of France were raised on a great +pole and Perrot, doubtless in a loud voice, +acting as herald and interpreting to the Indians, +proclaimed three times over that “in the name +of the Most High, Most Powerful, and Most +Redoubtable Monarch, Louis XIV. of name, +most Christian King of France and Navarre, +we take possession of said place Ste. Marie du +Sault, as also of Lake Huron and Superior, the +island of Manitoulin, and of all the lands, +rivers, lakes and streams contiguous to and +adjacent here as well, discovered as to be discovered, +which are bounded on the one side by +the seas of the North and on the other side by +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_133">[133]</span>the seas of the South in its whole length and +breadth,”—and at the end of each time of reading +the proclamation he took up a sod of earth +calling out “Vive le Roi,” which was repeated +in a great shout by all the people. The demonstration +was intended to offset the influence of +Radisson and Chouart, who, at Hudsons Bay +in the service of the English, were drawing the +trade of the Indians beyond Lake Superior.</p> + +<p>Perrot was especially useful to Frontenac, +the next great governor after Champlain, in that +he acted as ambassador to the ever-restless +tribes and maintained harmony and peace. He +seems to have been a welcome man in every +Indian village, and was the best informed man +of his time in regard to the affairs of New France. +He was in command at Green Bay and over the +Mississippi Valley country in the winter of +1685-6, when he discovered the lead mines. In +1699 the King of France closed many of the +western posts and Perrot retired and wrote his +memoirs, which have proved of such great +value to us in giving us knowledge of our own +country during the latter half of the seventeenth +century. He was a brave, loyal, and devoted +man who gave much of his life to the public +service and who deserves to be remembered +among the heroes of New France.</p> + +<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop"> + +<div class="chapter"> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_134">[134]</span></p> + +<h2 class="nobreak" id="CHAPTER_XI">CHAPTER XI.<br> +<span class="smaller">THE SEIGNIOR AND THE HABITANT.</span></h2> + +<p>“The original tillers of the soil in Lower Canada, +who first assumed the title of ‘Habitants’ while holding +their land under feudal tenure, would not accept any +designation such as ‘censitaire’ which carried with +it some sense of the servile status of the feudal vassal +in Old France, but preferred to be called a Habitant or +inhabitant of the country—a free man and not a vassal.”</p> + +<p class="right">—<span class="smcap">Sir Lomer Gouin.</span></p> + +</div> + +<h3 class="center"><span class="smcap">The Seignior and the Habitant.</span></h3> + +<p>The colony of New England was planted by +men who protested against the kind of government +under which they had lived and it was to +be expected that customs of government in their +new home would differ materially from those +under which they had suffered. On the other +hand the colony of New France was essentially +a part of France subsidized and supported by +the Government of that country. Hence we +can understand how the customs of government +of New France in practically all respects +would be like the customs at home.</p> + +<p>It is hardly worth while to speak of government +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_135">[135]</span>or social life in New France until after +the restoration of Quebec and the return of +Champlain in 1633. Valued at home merely +as a possible revenue producer through the fur +trade, the Home Government gave over the +general direction of the affairs of New France +into the hands of a company known generally as +the Company of One Hundred Associates. In +return for fulfilling certain obligations this +Company was to have exclusive control of the +fur trade and have power to govern, create trade, +grant lands and bestow titles of nobility. The +chief obligation laid upon it was to furnish to +the colony each year at least two hundred +settlers and give them support until they should +get a fair start. In this way the Home Government +thought the country would gradually +have a number of people on the land who could +be looked upon as permanent settlers in contrast +to the wandering hunters and traders.</p> + +<p>This method of governing a colony by means +of a chartered company was not unique. India +was governed by the East India Company for +many years, Java by a Dutch trading company, +and the incident of the Jameson Raid illustrated +some aspects of the great Company of South +Africa.</p> + +<p>To further encourage settlement the Government +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_136">[136]</span>recognized the title of seignior given to +the man who, taking up a fair amount of land, +undertook to settle persons upon it, live upon it +himself, and thus develop an estate. In return +for this social and political distinction he engaged +to serve his country with his men about +him in time of need. In other words, the idea +of it was an adaptation of the feudal system of +holding lands in return for national service.</p> + +<p>This system was more or less in operation +for over a quarter of a century, but the company +was so intent on making money out of the fur +trade that they neglected their obligations in regard +to settlement on their land, and there were +less than 2,000 people and not more than 4,000 +acres of cultivated land in this great country.</p> + +<p>When this state of affairs was brought to the +attention of King Louis XIV., who was genuinely +interested in the colony, he cancelled the charter +of the company, and in 1663 New France was +made a crown colony under a governor who +represented the dignity and military power of +the Crown, an Intendant, who was something +more than a Minister of the Crown and less than +a Governor, and who looked after the details of +government, and the Bishop who as head of the +church shared the problems of government in +this triumvirate.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_137">[137]</span></p> + +<p>While much depended upon the Governor, +much more to help or hinder progress was in the +power of the Intendant, and the colony was very +fortunate in the earliest years in having such a +capable man as Talon, just as we shall find she +was equally unfortunate in the last years in +having Bigot, a corrupt holder of that office. +It is interesting to notice that the two holders +of this office who are of such prominence as to +be remembered in anything other than name, +were the first and the last, to the one the colony +owing much of the stability of government, to +the latter much that led to the loss to France of +her greatest colony.</p> + +<p>Talon was the real organizer of the seigniorial +system and was perhaps the most capable +man who ever administered the affairs of the +colony. On his own farm on the St. Charles +River he gave this country the first scientific +farming, rude as it was in that early time, and +this was the first of the model farms which we +think of as comparatively modern institutions. +He encouraged ship-building at Quebec by +actually building ships; he distributed looms +in the farmhouses that the settler might be +independent in the matter of clothing, a very +important matter in a country with such a +climate; and he built a tannery that the precious +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_138">[138]</span>commodity of leather might be available +for protection of men and equipment of beast.</p> + +<p>Under the Intendant in the actual working +out of the Government came the seigniors, and +hence the real social and political life of the +colony. True, it was before the governor in the +Chateau St. Louis in Quebec, seated upon the +throne under the clustered white flags stamped +with the golden lilies of France, the seignior +appeared and on bended knee presented his +homage and oath of allegiance, but it was with +the Intendant that he transacted his business, +and it was the report of the Intendant to the +King of France which the neglectful seignior +had cause to fear.</p> + +<p>The Home Government at once undertook +to help emigration and the Council of New +France gave seigniories with a lavish and not +always discriminating hand. During this century +of royal rule there were about three hundred +seigniories granted. In size these differed greatly +but practically nothing could be called by that +name which had not at least a dozen square +miles. This land the seignior was expected to +have surveyed into farms and to place settlers +upon them.</p> + +<p>As the St. Lawrence was the roadway of +the colony and the means of communication, +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_139">[139]</span>the seigniories were granted first along its shores +and the farms were as close to the river as +possible. The shape of a farm was that of a +parallelogram with the short end fronting the +river. Usually this frontage was nearly a +quarter of a mile, and the depth from about a +half to three miles with an orchard, meadow, +grain and woods. So for purposes of protection, +as well as access to fish and water supply, the +shores of the St. Lawrence showed a row of +whitewashed cottages in contact with the highway, +even as it does to-day.</p> + +<p>This brought about a very interesting land +problem, for when the habitant died, his property, +according to the French law known as +Custom of Paris, was divided into equal parts +among his children. Each of these was anxious +to have a part of the river front, so that soon +some farms were divided into ribbons of perhaps +fifty to sixty feet frontage. The habitant +each year paid a small fee in money to his +seignior and brought him some of the produce +of the farm. It was generally on St. Martin’s +Day in November and they gathered at the +seigniory for a genuine harvest home with +games and feasting.</p> + +<p>The seignior’s house, or the manor house, +as it was often called, was the centre of his +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_140">[140]</span>estate. It was generally built of stone, with +four rooms and an attic. Behind the house +was a great store room and root house. Nearby +was the bake-oven built of stones, mortar and +earth, into which the wood was thrust until the +oven was heated sufficiently, when the ashes +were pulled out and the bread pans inserted. +Even to this day in some parts of the Province +of Quebec one may see the bake-oven near the +roadway and sometimes upon its roof the brown +crusted loaves put out to cool. Sometimes +there was an oven common to the village, so +that even the idea of communal cooking, about +which we hear so much these days, is a reversion +to early practices in our country. Somewhere +near was the grist mill to which all habitants +must bring their grain to be ground, and of +which the seignior took every fourteenth bushel +as his pay.</p> + +<p>The habitant’s house followed the general +plan of that of the seignior’s, long and narrow +with projecting eaves and high peaked dormer +windows, whitewashed each year, a red roof, +and among the green trees it is decidedly picturesque +even to this day. There were but few +windows as glass was a rarity. The cooking as +well as heating was by the open fireplace. The +habitant was, and in some respects still is, a +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_141">[141]</span>very independent person, for the family wove +its own cloth, made its own shoes and the +knitted toque of many colours, and grew its own +tobacco, besides the general produce of the +farm. Happy and contented in disposition, +fond of music, especially that of the ballad and +the dance, they enjoyed the long winter evenings.</p> + +<p>The other great man of the seigniory was the +curé, or priest, for generally the parish and the +seigniory had the same boundaries. The church +was near the seignior’s manor house and often +in the early days the curé and the seignior lived +together. It was supported by a tax by which +each habitant brought to the curé one-twenty-sixth +of the grain he raised. In every way the +church was the centre of the community life. +In it all children were baptised, all marriages +performed, and all burial services held. It was +the source of all information on secular, as well +as religious affairs, and the curé was the general +counsellor of the parish as the seignior was the +judge. Matters of local or national importance +which could not be discussed in the church were +explained after mass in front of the church, a +custom which prevails to this day.</p> + +<p>The seigniory was sometimes held, not by +one man, but by a church corporation such as +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_142">[142]</span>the Order of the Jesuits, the Franciscans, or +the Sulpicians. This reminds us of the feudal +days in England when the Abbey was often as +powerful a part of the man power of the army +as was the Castle.</p> + +<p>There were but two seigniories granted outside +of what is known as the Province of Quebec. +One of these was that given to La Salle at +Frontenac (Kingston) and one granted to +Repentigny at Sault Ste. Marie, both French +settlements of importance. Cadillac, who +founded Detroit, asked to be granted one on +Lake Erie along the banks of the Grand River, +and to have conferred upon him the title of Marquis, +but he was unsuccessful in both requests.</p> + +<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop"> + +<div class="chapter"> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_143">[143]</span></p> + +<h2 class="nobreak" id="CHAPTER_XII">CHAPTER XII.<br> +<span class="smaller">STORIES WHICH ILLUSTRATE REFERENCES IN THIS BOOK</span></h2> + +<p class="center smaller">Where possible the name of the publisher in England is given +first, in America second.</p> + +</div> + +<h3><span class="smcap">The Life and Spirit of Old England +and Old France during these Two Centuries, as Told in Story Form</span>:</h3> + +<h4>OLD ENGLAND:</h4> + +<p class="author"><span class="smcap">Strang, Herbert</span></p> + +<p class="book">With Drake on the Spanish Main.</p> + +<p class="right">(Frowde: Bobbs, Merrill.)</p> + +<p class="author"><span class="smcap">Barnes, James</span></p> + +<p class="book">“Drake and His Yeoman: a true account of the +Character and Adventures of Sir Francis Drake as +told by Sir Matthew Maunsell, his friend and +follower.”</p> + +<p class="right">(Macmillan.)</p> + +<p class="author"><span class="smcap">Bullen, Frank T.</span></p> + +<p class="book">“Sea Puritans:” the romance of the life of Admiral +Blake.</p> + +<p class="right">(Hodder.)</p> + +<p class="author"><span class="smcap">Havens, Herbert</span></p> + +<p class="book">“For Rupert and the King.”</p> + +<p class="right">(S.P.C.K.)</p> + +<p class="author"><span class="smcap">McChesney, Dora G.</span></p> + +<p class="book">“Rupert, by the Grace of God.”</p> + +<p class="right">(Macmillan.)</p> + +<p class="author"><span class="smcap">Kingsley, Charles</span></p> + +<p class="book">“Westward Ho! or Voyages and Adventures of +Sir Aymas Leigh.”</p> + +<p class="right">(Dent, <i>Everyman</i>.)</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_144">[144]</span></p> + +<p class="author"><span class="smcap">Doyle, Sir Arthur Conan</span></p> + +<p class="book">“Micah Clarke:” a rattling story of fights and +adventures in the time of James II. and the +Monmouth Rebellion (1685).</p> + +<p class="right">(Longmans.)</p> + +<p class="author"><span class="smcap">Henty, G. A.</span></p> + +<p class="book">“A Cornet of Horse:” a tale of Marlborough’s +wars.</p> + +<p class="right">(Low: Scribner.)</p> + +<p class="author"><span class="smcap">Stevenson, Robert Louis</span></p> + +<p class="book">“Treasure Island.” The nearest approach to a +book for the youth of every age. Time of +action supposed to be just before the fall of +New France.</p> + +<p class="right">(Cassell: Scribners.)</p> + +<h4>OLD FRANCE:</h4> + +<p class="author"><span class="smcap">Dumas, Alexandre</span></p> + +<p class="book">“Marguerite de Valois.”</p> + +<p class="right">(Dent: Little, Brown.)</p> + +<p class="author"><span class="smcap">Crockett, S. R.</span></p> + +<p class="book">“The White Plumes of Navarre.”</p> + +<p class="right">(Dodd, Mead.)</p> + +<p class="author"><span class="smcap">James, G. P. R.</span></p> + +<p class="book">“Richelieu: Or a Tale of France.”</p> + +<p class="right">(Dent, <i>Everyman</i>.)</p> + +<p class="author"><span class="smcap">Weyman, Stanley</span></p> + +<p class="book">“A Gentleman of France.”</p> + +<p class="right">(Longmans.)</p> + +<p class="book">“Under the Red Robe.”</p> + +<p class="right">(Longmans.)</p> + +<h3><span class="smcap">Some Stories Which Help to Make the Life of these Two Hundred Years +in Canada more Vivid and Real</span>:</h3> + +<p class="author"><span class="smcap">Altsheler, J. A.</span></p> + +<p class="book">“A Soldier of Manhattan.” Seven Years’ War, +Royal American Regiment of New York, and +Wolfe’s Victory at Quebec.</p> + +<p class="right">(Smith Elder: Appleton.)</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_145">[145]</span></p> + +<p class="author"><span class="smcap">Aubert de Gaspé, Philippe</span></p> + +<p class="book">“Canadians of Old.”</p> + +<p class="right">(Appleton.)</p> + +<p class="book">“Cameron of Lochiel.” A good account of +French Canadians, translated by C. G. D. +Roberts.</p> + +<p class="right">(Page.)</p> + +<p class="author"><span class="smcap">Besant, Sir Walter and James Rice</span></p> + +<p class="book">“Le Chien d’Or.” The same legend is in “The +Golden Dog,” by Kirby. It is in “’Twas in +Trafalgar’s Bay; and other stories.”</p> + +<p class="right">(Chatto: Dodd, Mead.)</p> + +<p class="author"><span class="smcap">Brereton, Captain F. S.</span></p> + +<p class="book">“How Canada Was Won: A Tale of Wolfe and +Quebec.”</p> + +<p class="right">(Blackie.)</p> + +<p class="author"><span class="smcap">Browne, G. W.</span></p> + +<p class="book">“With Rogers Rangers.” Seven Years’ War.</p> + +<p class="right">(Page.)</p> + +<p class="author"><span class="smcap">Burton, J. E. Bloundelle</span></p> + +<p class="book">“The Hispaniola Plate.” A treasure hunt in the +West Indies by Sir William Phips, afterwards +governor of Massachussetts.</p> + +<p class="right">(Cassell.)</p> + +<p class="author"><span class="smcap">Canavan, M. J.</span></p> + +<p class="book">“Ben Comee: A Tale of Rogers Rangers.” +Attack on Fort Ticonderoga.</p> + +<p class="right">(Macmillan.)</p> + +<p class="author"><span class="smcap">Catherwood, Mrs.</span></p> + +<p class="book">“The Romance of Dollard.” Dollard, with his +Hurons repulsing the Iroquois.</p> + +<p class="right">(Unwin: Century.)</p> + +<p class="book">“The White Islander.” A romance of the old +Indian wars.</p> + +<p class="right">(Unwin: Century.)</p> + +<p class="book">“The Chase of St. Castin.” Seven tales of French +Indian and English in the latter days of New +France.</p> + +<p class="right">(Houghton.)</p> + +<p class="book">“The Story of Tonty.”</p> + +<p class="right">(McClurg.)</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_146">[146]</span></p> + +<p class="book">“The Lady of Fort St. John.” A story of Acadia.</p> + +<p class="right">(Low: Houghton.)</p> + +<p class="author"><span class="smcap">Cooper, J. Fenimore</span></p> + +<p class="book">“The Deer Slayer.”</p> + +<p class="book">“The Path Finder.”</p> + +<p class="book">“The Last of the Mohicans.”</p> + +<p class="book">Famous romances noted for the wonderful +description of forest, lake and prairie.</p> + +<p class="right">(Dent, <i>Everyman</i>.)</p> + +<p class="author"><span class="smcap">Craddock, C. E.</span></p> + +<p class="book">“A Sceptre of Power.” The struggles of the +French and English in the Mississippi Valley.</p> + +<p class="right">(Houghton.)</p> + +<p class="author"><span class="smcap">Crowley, Mary C.</span></p> + +<p class="book">“A Daughter of New France: With some Account +of the Gallant Sieur Cadillac and his Colony +in Detroit.” Brilliant picture of New France.</p> + +<p class="right">(Little, Brown.)</p> + +<p class="author"><span class="smcap">Dickson, Harris</span></p> + +<p class="book">“The Black Wolf’s Breed: A Story of France in +the Old World and the New happening in the +Reign of Louis XIV.” Principal scene in +Louisiana, and the main action is the capture +by French and Indians of Pensacola from the +Spaniards.</p> + +<p class="right">(Methuen: Bobbs, Merrill.)</p> + +<p class="author"><span class="smcap">Doyle, Sir Arthur Conan</span></p> + +<p class="book">“The Refugees: A Tale of Two Continents.” +Of the time of Louis XIV.</p> + +<p class="right">(Longmans: Harper.)</p> + +<p class="author"><span class="smcap">Ellis, E. S.</span></p> + +<p class="book">“Pontiac, Chief of the Ottawas: A Tale of the +Siege of Detroit.”</p> + +<p class="right">(Cassell: Dutton.)</p> + +<p class="author"><span class="smcap">Foote, Mary H.</span></p> + +<p class="book">“The Royal Americans.” Seven Years’ War.</p> + +<p class="right">(Houghton.)</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_147">[147]</span></p> + +<p class="author"><span class="smcap">Fox, Alice Wilson</span></p> + +<p class="book">“A Regular Madam.” Two young ladies, one +French, the other English, on their way from +Europe to Quebec during Seven Years’ War.</p> + +<p class="right">(Macmillan.)</p> + +<p class="author"><span class="smcap">Gordon, W. J.</span></p> + +<p class="book">“Englishman’s Haven: A Tale of Louisburg.”</p> + +<p class="right">(Warne: Appleton.)</p> + +<p class="author"><span class="smcap">Green, E. Everett</span></p> + +<p class="book">“The Young Pioneers: or with La Salle on the +Mississippi.”</p> + +<p class="right">(Nelson.)</p> + +<p class="book">“French and English.” Ticonderoga to capture +of Quebec by Wolfe.</p> + +<p class="right">(Nelson.)</p> + +<p class="author"><span class="smcap">Grosvenor, Johnston</span></p> + +<p class="book">“Strange Stories of the Great River.” Stories of +exploration on the Mississippi by Marquette +and La Salle.</p> + +<p class="right">(Harper.)</p> + +<p class="author"><span class="smcap">Henham, E. G.</span></p> + +<p class="book">“The Plowshare and the Sword: A Tale of +Empire”. Quebec, New England and Acadia.</p> + +<p class="right">(Cassell.)</p> + +<p class="author"><span class="smcap">Haworth, P. L.</span></p> + +<p class="book">“The Path of Glory.” Culminating with Wolfe’s +victory.</p> + +<p class="right">(Ham Smith: Little, Brown.)</p> + +<p class="author"><span class="smcap">Henty, G. A.</span></p> + +<p class="book">“With Wolfe in Canada: Or the Winning of a +Continent.” Braddock’s defeat, to Quebec.</p> + +<p class="right">(Blackie: Scribner.)</p> + +<p class="author"><span class="smcap">Kaler, J. O.</span></p> + +<p class="book">“Boys of 1745 at the Capture of Louisburg.”</p> + +<p class="right">(Estes.)</p> + +<p class="author"><span class="smcap">Kirby, William</span></p> + +<p class="book">“The Golden Dog: A Romance of the Days of +Louis Quatorze in Quebec.” Historical romance +rich in local colour.</p> + +<p class="right">(Montreal News Co.)</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_148">[148]</span></p> + +<p class="author"><span class="smcap">Laut, Agnes C.</span></p> + +<p class="book">“Heralds of Empire; Being the Story of one +Ramsay Stanhope, Lieutenant to Pierre Radisson +in the Northern Fur Trade.”</p> + +<p class="right">(Appleton.)</p> + +<p class="author"><span class="smcap">Lighthall, W. D.</span></p> + +<p class="book">“Master of Life.” An aboriginal romance, the +early scene being at Hochelaga, the great +Indian town visited by Cartier. There are no +white men in the story. Later scenes are laid +in the Mohawk country and the origin of the +League of Nations (five, afterwards six) is +developed in an interesting manner.</p> + +<p class="right">(Musson)</p> + +<p class="author"><span class="smcap">Machar, Agnes M., and T. G. Marquis.</span></p> + +<p class="book">“Stories of New France.” Seventeen stories of +historical interest.</p> + +<p class="right">(Lothrop.)</p> + +<p class="author"><span class="smcap">McLennan, William and Jean N. McIlwraith</span></p> + +<p class="book">“The Span o’ Life.” 1745 Rebellion in Scotland; +Louisbourg and Quebec.</p> + +<p class="right">(Harper.)</p> + +<p class="author"><span class="smcap">McPhail, Andrew</span></p> + +<p class="book">“The Vine of Sibmah.” Romance of a Cromwellian +captain in Restoration times in quest +of a London merchant’s daughter in New +England and New France.</p> + +<p class="right">(Macmillan.)</p> + +<p class="author"><span class="smcap">Merwin, Samuel</span></p> + +<p class="book">“The Road to Frontenac.”</p> + +<p class="right">(Murray: Doubleday.)</p> + +<p class="author"><span class="smcap">Mott, Lawrence</span></p> + +<p class="book">“Jules of the Great Heart.” In the early days of +the Hudson’s Bay Company.</p> + +<p class="right">(Heineman: Century.)</p> + +<p class="author"><span class="smcap">Munroe, Kirk</span></p> + +<p class="book">“At War with Pontiac: A Tale of Redcoat and +Redskin.”</p> + +<p class="right">(Blackie: Scribner.)</p> + +<p class="author"><span class="smcap">Oxley, J. Macdonald</span></p> + +<p class="book">“Fife and Drum at Louisburg.”</p> + +<p class="right">(Little, Brown.)</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_149">[149]</span></p> + +<p class="author"><span class="smcap">Parker, Sir Gilbert</span></p> + +<p class="book">“The Seats of the Mighty.” The memoirs of +Captain Robert Moray, some time an officer +in the Virginia Regiment, and afterwards of +Amherst’s Regiment. Romance culminating +in battle of Quebec.</p> + +<p class="right">(Methuen: Appleton: Copp, Clark, Toronto.)</p> + +<p class="author"><span class="smcap">Parker, Sir Gilbert</span></p> + +<p class="book">“The Trail of the Sword.” Romance of struggle +between French and English, d’Iberville being +central figure.</p> + +<p class="right">(Methuen: Appleton: Copp, Clark, Toronto.)</p> + +<p class="author"><span class="smcap">Pollard, Eliza F.</span></p> + +<p class="book">“Roger the Ranger: A story of Border Life +among the Indians.” Fort William Henry, to +capture of Quebec (1759).</p> + +<p class="right">(Partridge.)</p> + +<p class="author"><span class="smcap">Parrish, Randall</span></p> + +<p class="book">“A Sword of the Old Frontier: A Tale of Fort +Chartres and Detroit.”</p> + +<p class="right">(Putnam: McClurg.)</p> + +<p class="author"><span class="smcap">Roberts, C. G. D.</span></p> + +<p class="book">“The Forge in the Forest.” Acadia in the times +of French and English wars.</p> + +<p class="right">(Paul: Silver, N.Y.)</p> + +<p class="book">“A Sister to Evangeline: The Story of Yvonne +de Lamourie.” At the time of the expulsion +of the Acadians.</p> + +<p class="right">(Lane: Silver, N.Y.)</p> + +<p class="author"><span class="smcap">Roberts, Theodore</span></p> + +<p class="book">“Brothers of Peril.” A story of Old Newfoundland.</p> + +<p class="right">(Nash: Page.)</p> + +<p class="author"><span class="smcap">Richardson, Major John</span></p> + +<p class="book">“Wacousta: A Tale of the Pontiac Conspiracy.”</p> + +<p class="right">(McClurg: Musson, Toronto.)</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_150">[150]</span></p> + +<p class="author"><span class="smcap">Seawell, Molly E.</span></p> + +<p class="book">“The Virginia Cavalier.” The youth of George +Washington.</p> + +<p class="right">(Harper.)</p> + +<p class="author"><span class="smcap">Smith, Mrs. A. P.</span></p> + +<p class="book">“Montlivet.” He was a chivalrous Frenchman +who rescued the English heroine from the +Indians in the days of Frontenac.</p> + +<p class="right">(Constable: Houghton.)</p> + +<p class="author"><span class="smcap">Stevenson, B. E.</span></p> + +<p class="book">“A Soldier of Virginia: A Story of Colonel +Washington and Braddock’s Defeat.” The +defeat by the French at Fort Duquesne.</p> + +<p class="right">(Duckworth: Houghton.)</p> + +<p class="author"><span class="smcap">Strang, Herbert, and G. Lawrence</span></p> + +<p class="book">“Roger, the Scout.” England in the ’45 and New +England and New France during French wars.</p> + +<p class="right">(Frowde.)</p> + +<p class="author"><span class="smcap">Strang, Herbert</span></p> + +<p class="book">“Rob, the Ranger: A Story of the Fight for +Canada.”</p> + +<p class="right">(Frowde: Bobbs, Merrill.)</p> + +<p class="author"><span class="smcap">Thackeray, William Makepeace</span></p> + +<p class="book">“The Virginians.” George Washington appears in +this story.</p> + +<p class="right">(Dent, <i>Everyman</i>.)</p> + +<p class="author"><span class="smcap">Tomlinson, E. T.</span></p> + +<p class="book">“A Soldier of the Wilderness.” The fall of Fort +Frontenac.</p> + +<p class="right">(Wilde, Boston.)</p> + +<p class="author"><span class="smcap">Van Zile, E. S.</span></p> + +<p class="book">“With Sword and Crucifix.” Adventures of La +Salle.</p> + +<p class="right">(Harper.)</p> + +<p class="author"><span class="smcap">Wilson, R. A.</span></p> + +<p class="book">“A Rose of Normandy.” La Salle and Tonty in +Mississippi Valley.</p> + +<p class="right">(Little, Brown.)</p> + +<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop"> + +<div class="chapter"> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_151">[151]</span></p> + +<h2 class="nobreak" id="CHAPTER_XIII">CHAPTER XIII.<br> +<span class="smaller">POEMS WHICH ILLUSTRATE REFERENCES IN THIS BOOK</span></h2> + +<p class="center smaller"><span class="smcap">Note.</span>—The author, title +and first lines of the poems are given, except in the case of “Richelieu.”</p> + +</div> + +<h3><span class="smcap">Miller, Joaquin</span></h3> + +<div class="poetry-container"> + <div class="poetry"> + <div class="stanza"> + <div class="center allsmcap">COLUMBUS.</div> + </div> + <div class="stanza"> + <div class="verse indent0">Behind him lay the gray Azores</div> + <div class="verse indent2">Behind the Gates of Hercules,</div> + <div class="verse indent0">Before him not the ghost of shores,</div> + <div class="verse indent2">Before him only shoreless seas.</div> + <div class="verse indent0">The good mate said, “Now must we pray,</div> + <div class="verse indent2">For lo! the very stars are gone.</div> + <div class="verse indent0">Brave admiral, speak, what shall I say?”</div> + <div class="verse indent2">“Why, say ‘Sail on! sail on! and on!’”</div> + </div> + </div> +</div> + +<h3><span class="smcap">McGee, Hon. Thomas D’Arcy</span></h3> + +<div class="poetry-container"> + <div class="poetry"> + <div class="stanza"> + <div class="center allsmcap">JACQUES CARTIER.</div> + </div> + <div class="stanza"> + <div class="verse indent0">“In the seaport of Saint Malo, ’twas a smiling morn in May,</div> + <div class="verse indent0">When the Commodore Jacques Cartier to the westward sailed away;</div> + <div class="verse indent0">In the crowded old Cathedral, all the town were on their knees</div> + <div class="verse indent0">For the safe return of kinsmen from the undiscovered seas;</div> + <div class="verse indent0">And every autumn blast that swept o’er pinnacle and pier</div> + <div class="verse indent0">Filled manly hearts with sorrow, and gentle hearts with fear.”</div> + </div> + <div class="stanza"> + <div class="verse right">Songs of the Great Dominion, edited by W. D. +Lighthall. (Walter Scott.)</div> + </div> + </div> +</div> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_152">[152]</span></p> + +<h3><span class="smcap">Drummond, W. H.</span></h3> + +<div class="poetry-container"> + <div class="poetry"> + <div class="stanza"> + <div class="center allsmcap">THE WRECK OF THE “JULIE PLANTE”.</div> + </div> + <div class="stanza"> + <div class="verse indent0">On wan dark night on Lac St. Pierre</div> + <div class="verse indent2">De win’ she blow, blow, blow,</div> + <div class="verse indent0">An’ de crew of de wood-scow “Julie Plante,”</div> + <div class="verse indent2">Got scar’t an’ run below.</div> + </div> + <div class="stanza"> + <div class="verse right">The Habitant (Putnam.)</div> + </div> + </div> +</div> + +<h3><span class="smcap">Keats, John</span></h3> + +<div class="poetry-container"> + <div class="poetry"> + <div class="stanza"> + <div class="center allsmcap">ON FIRST LOOKING INTO CHAPMAN’S HOMER.</div> + </div> + <div class="stanza"> + <div class="verse indent0">Much have I travell’d in the realms of gold,</div> + <div class="verse indent2">And many goodly states and kingdoms seen;</div> + <div class="verse indent0">Round many western islands have I been</div> + <div class="verse indent2">Which bards in fealty to Apollo hold.</div> + <div class="verse indent0">Oft, of one wide expanse had I been told</div> + <div class="verse indent2">That deep-brow’d Homer ruled as his demesne:</div> + <div class="verse indent0">Yet did I never breathe its pure serene</div> + <div class="verse indent2">Till I heard Chapman speak out loud and bold:</div> + <div class="verse indent0">Then felt I like some watcher of the skies</div> + <div class="verse indent2">When a new planet swims into his ken;</div> + <div class="verse indent0">Or like stout Cortez when with eagle eyes</div> + <div class="verse indent2">He stared at the Pacific—and all his men</div> + <div class="verse indent0">Look’d at each other with a wild surmise</div> + <div class="verse indent2">Silent, upon a peak in Darien.</div> + </div> + </div> +</div> + +<h3><span class="smcap">Longfellow, Henry Wadsworth</span></h3> + +<div class="poetry-container"> + <div class="poetry"> + <div class="stanza"> + <div class="center allsmcap">EVANGELINE.</div> + </div> + <div class="stanza"> + <div class="verse indent0">This is the forest primeval. The murmuring pines and the hemlocks,</div> + <div class="verse indent0">Bearded with moss, and in garments green, indistinct in the twilight,</div> + <div class="verse indent0">Stand like Druids of eld, with voices sad and prophetic,</div> + <div class="verse indent0">Stand like harpers hoar, with beards that rest on their bosoms.</div> + </div> + </div> +</div> + +<h3><span class="smcap">Carman, Bliss</span> (Mitchell Kennerley)</h3> + +<div class="poetry-container"> + <div class="poetry"> + <div class="stanza"> + <div class="center allsmcap">CHAMPLAIN.</div> + </div> + <div class="stanza"> + <div class="verse indent0">“When the sweet summer days</div> + <div class="verse indent0">Come to New England, and the south wind plays</div> + <div class="verse indent0">Over the forests, and the tall tulip trees</div> + <div class="verse indent0">Lift up their chalices</div> + <div class="verse indent0">Of delicate orange green</div> + <div class="verse indent0">Against the blue serene,” etc.</div> + </div> + <div class="stanza"> + <div class="verse right">The Rough Rider and other Poems.</div> + </div> + </div> +</div> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_153">[153]</span></p> + +<h3><span class="smcap">Lytton, Sir Edward Bulwer</span></h3> + +<div class="poetry-container"> + <div class="poetry"> + <div class="stanza"> + <div class="center allsmcap">RICHELIEU.</div> + </div> + <div class="stanza"> + <div class="verse indent0">Adrien de Mauprat, men have called me cruel,—</div> + <div class="verse indent0">I am not; I am just! I found France rent asunder—</div> + <div class="verse indent0">The rich men despots, and the poor, banditti;—</div> + <div class="verse indent0">Sloth in the mart, and schism within the temple;</div> + <div class="verse indent0">Brawls festering to Rebellion; and weak laws</div> + <div class="verse indent0">Rotting away with rust in antique sheaths,—</div> + <div class="verse indent0">I have re-created France; and, from the ashes</div> + <div class="verse indent0">Of the old feudal and decrepit carcass,</div> + <div class="verse indent0">Civilization on her luminous wings</div> + <div class="verse indent0">Soars, phœnix-like to Jove!—What was my art.</div> + </div> + </div> +</div> + +<h3><span class="smcap">Macaulay, Thomas Babington</span></h3> + +<div class="poetry-container"> + <div class="poetry"> + <div class="stanza"> + <div class="center allsmcap">THE BATTLE OF IVRY (1590)</div> + </div> + <div class="stanza"> + <div class="verse indent0">Now glory to the Lord of Hosts, from whom all glories are!</div> + <div class="verse indent0">And glory to our Sovereign Liege, King Henry of Navarre!</div> + <div class="verse indent0">Now let there be the merry sound of music and of dance,</div> + <div class="verse indent0">Through thy corn fields green, and sunny vines,</div> + <div class="verse indent8">oh, pleasant land of France!</div> + </div> + </div> +</div> + +<h3><span class="smcap">Moore, Thomas</span></h3> + +<div class="poetry-container"> + <div class="poetry"> + <div class="stanza"> + <div class="center allsmcap">CANADIAN BOAT SONG.</div> + </div> + <div class="stanza"> + <div class="verse indent0">Faintly as tolls the evening chime,</div> + <div class="verse indent0">Our voices keep tune and our oars keep time,</div> + <div class="verse indent0">Soon as the woods on shore look dim,</div> + <div class="verse indent0">We’ll sing at St. Ann’s our parting hymn.</div> + <div class="verse indent2">Row, brothers, row! the stream runs fast,</div> + <div class="verse indent2">The rapids are near, and the daylight’s past.</div> + </div> + </div> +</div> + +<h3><span class="smcap">Hemans, Felicia</span></h3> + +<div class="poetry-container"> + <div class="poetry"> + <div class="stanza"> + <div class="center allsmcap">THE LANDING OF THE PILGRIM FATHERS—(1620)</div> + </div> + <div class="stanza"> + <div class="verse indent0">The breaking waves dashed high</div> + <div class="verse indent2">On a stern and rock-bound coast,</div> + <div class="verse indent0">And the woods, against a stormy sky</div> + <div class="verse indent2">Their giant branches tossed,</div> + <div class="verse indent0">And the heavy night hung dark</div> + <div class="verse indent2">The hills and waters o’er,</div> + <div class="verse indent0">When a band of exiles moored their bark</div> + <div class="verse indent2">On the wild New England shore.</div> + </div> + </div> +</div> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_154">[154]</span></p> + +<h3><span class="smcap">Browning, R.</span></h3> + +<div class="poetry-container"> + <div class="poetry"> + <div class="stanza"> + <div class="center allsmcap">HERVE RIEL (1692)</div> + </div> + <div class="stanza"> + <div class="verse indent0">On the sea and at the Hogue, sixteen hundred ninety-two,</div> + <div class="verse indent2">Did the English fight the French—woe to France!</div> + <div class="verse indent0">And, the thirty-first of May, helter-skelter through the blue,</div> + <div class="verse indent2">Like a crowd of frightened porpoises a shoal of sharks pursue,</div> + <div class="verse indent0">Came crowding ship on ship to St. Malo on the Rance,</div> + <div class="verse indent4">With the English fleet in view.</div> + </div> + </div> +</div> + +<h3><span class="smcap">Pickthall, Marjorie</span></h3> + +<div class="poetry-container"> + <div class="poetry"> + <div class="stanza"> + <div class="center allsmcap">PERE LALEMANT.</div> + </div> + <div class="stanza"> + <div class="verse indent0">I lift the Lord on high,</div> + <div class="verse indent2">Under the murmuring hemlock boughs, and see</div> + <div class="verse indent0">The small birds of the forest lingering by</div> + <div class="verse indent2">And making melody.</div> + <div class="verse indent0">These are mine acolytes and these my choir,</div> + <div class="verse indent2">And this mine altar in the cool green shade.</div> + </div> + <div class="stanza"> + <div class="verse right">The Drift of Pinions. (Lane.)</div> + </div> + </div> +</div> + +<h3><span class="smcap">Sullivan, Alan</span></h3> + +<div class="poetry-container"> + <div class="poetry"> + <div class="stanza"> + <div class="center allsmcap">BREBEUF AND LALEMANT.</div> + </div> + <div class="stanza"> + <div class="verse indent0">Came Jean Brebeuf from Rennes in Normandy</div> + <div class="verse indent2">To preach the written word in Sainte Marie—</div> + <div class="verse indent0">The Ajax of the Jesuit enterprise,</div> + <div class="verse indent2">Huge, dominant and bold—augustly wise.</div> + </div> + </div> +</div> + +<h3><span class="smcap">Johnson, Pauline</span></h3> + +<div class="poetry-container"> + <div class="poetry"> + <div class="stanza"> + <div class="center allsmcap">THE ARCHER.</div> + </div> + <div class="stanza"> + <div class="verse indent0">Stripped to the waist, his copper coloured skin</div> + <div class="verse indent2">Red from the smouldering heat of hate within,</div> + <div class="verse indent0">Lean as a wolf in winter, fierce of mood—</div> + <div class="verse indent2">As all wild things that hunt for foes, or food.</div> + </div> + <div class="stanza"> + <div class="verse right">Flint and Feather (Musson, Toronto.)</div> + </div> + </div> +</div> + +<h3><span class="smcap">Longfellow, Henry Wadsworth</span></h3> + +<div class="poetry-container"> + <div class="poetry"> + <div class="stanza"> + <div class="center allsmcap">THE SONG OF HIAWATHA.</div> + </div> + <div class="stanza"> + <div class="verse indent0">Should you ask me whence these stories?</div> + <div class="verse indent0">Whence these legends and traditions,</div> + <div class="verse indent0">With the odors of the forest,</div> + <div class="verse indent0">With the dew and damp of meadows,</div> + <div class="verse indent0">With the curling smoke of wigwams,</div> + <div class="verse indent0">With the rushing of great rivers,</div> + <div class="verse indent0">With their frequent repetitions,</div> + <div class="verse indent0">And their wild reverberations,</div> + <div class="verse indent0">As of thunder in the mountains?</div> + </div> + </div> +</div> + +<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop"> + +<div class="footnotes"> + +<div class="chapter"> + +<h2 class="nobreak" id="FOOTNOTES">FOOTNOTES</h2> + +</div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a id="Footnote_1" href="#FNanchor_1" class="label">[1]</a> Colonel George Nasmith in his book, “On the Fringe of the +Great Fight,” tells of the departure of this first contingent of the +Canadian Expeditionary Force in the autumn of 1914 within six +weeks of the outbreak of the Great War.</p> + +<p>“Imperceptibly the pier and the lights of the city receded and +we steamed down the mighty St. Lawrence to our trysting place +on the sea. The second morning afterwards we woke to find ourselves +riding quietly at anchor in the sunny harbour of Gaspé with +all the other transports about us, together with four long grey +gunboats, our escort upon the road to our great adventure.... +Never before had there been gathered together a fleet of transports +of such magnitude—a fleet consisting of 33 transports carrying +33,000 men, 7,000 horses, and all the motors, wagons, and equipment +necessary to place in the field not only a complete infantry +division and a cavalry brigade, but in addition to provide for the +necessary reserves.”</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a id="Footnote_2" href="#FNanchor_2" class="label">[2]</a> “The Wreck of the Julie Plante”:</p> + +<div class="poetry-container"> + <div class="poetry"> + <div class="stanza"> + <div class="verse indent0">“On wan dark night on Lac St. Pierre,” etc.</div> + </div> + </div> +</div> +</div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a id="Footnote_3" href="#FNanchor_3" class="label">[3]</a> These are known to us as muskrats, the Algonquin name being +mooskovesson, from which we get the name of the fur, musquash.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a id="Footnote_4" href="#FNanchor_4" class="label">[4]</a> Keats: “On First Looking into Chapman’s Homer.”</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a id="Footnote_5" href="#FNanchor_5" class="label">[5]</a> There is in the museum of the Chateau de Ramezay in Montreal +a part of the rock that formed the key stone of the arch over the +doorway (which is reproduced) of the house, in which it is said +Champlain was born. This was presented by President J. H. +Finley, of the University of the State of New York, who visited +Brouage when writing his famous book, “The French in the Heart +of America.”</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a id="Footnote_6" href="#FNanchor_6" class="label">[6]</a> Three hundred years afterwards this battle scene was reproduced +on Lake Champlain by descendants of the Iroquois, and this +illustration of the great matters which are kindled by little fires +was portrayed by the Indians with a zest that drew great audiences +and held them spellbound.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a id="Footnote_7" href="#FNanchor_7" class="label">[7]</a></p> + +<div class="poetry-container"> + <div class="poetry"> + <div class="stanza"> + <div class="verse indent0">“Faintly as tolls the evening chime,</div> + <div class="verse indent0">Our voices keep tune and our oars keep time,</div> + <div class="verse indent0">Soon as the woods on shore look dim,</div> + <div class="verse indent0">We’ll sing at St. Ann’s our parting hymn.</div> + <div class="verse indent0">Row, brothers, row! the stream runs fast,</div> + <div class="verse indent0">The rapids are near, and the daylight’s past.”</div> + </div> + </div> +</div> +</div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a id="Footnote_8" href="#FNanchor_8" class="label">[8]</a> When Quebec was taken in 1629 the white population in that +city was only 60, and in the whole of Canada, less than 100, whereas +the English colony of Virginia had more than 4,000 souls.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a id="Footnote_9" href="#FNanchor_9" class="label">[9]</a> River of the Holy Ghost, Colbert, and finally Mississippi.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a id="Footnote_10" href="#FNanchor_10" class="label">[10]</a> The pomp and splendour of the armies of Louis XIV. was +worthy of a prince in a fairy tale. Every campaign ended in a sort +of royal pageant; coaches of crystal and gold, horses draped in +cloth of gold, courtiers and conquerors dazzling with diamonds, +ladies all silks and plumes and laces.</p> + +<p>He built Versailles where two hundred years afterwards the +Conference following the Great War of 1914-18 met to settle the +terms of peace—“a palace such as the world had never seen, glittering +with mirrors and gold, paved and lined with precious marbles, +decorated with paintings representing the battles and triumphs of +the great monarch and looking over an immense park peopled with +bronze and marble statues and reflected in vast sheets of water +where lovely fountains played.”—<span class="smcap">Duclaux.</span></p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a id="Footnote_11" href="#FNanchor_11" class="label">[11]</a> Colbert had troubles of his own in trying to provide money +for the extravagances of his king, Louis XIV. Colbert was the son +of a merchant of Rheims, a hard-working, economical minister, a +hater of waste and profusion. He was a marvellous administrator; +in ten years he doubled the king’s revenues. But his factories and +model farms, his canals and his colonies, his fleet, his finance could +not bring money in as fast as Louis could spend it. Colbert was at +once Chancellor of the Exchequer, Minister of Agriculture, Director +of the Board of Trade, Chief Lord of the Admiralty, Home Secretary +and Colonial Secretary. It was in this last capacity that he +had special connection with New France.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a id="Footnote_12" href="#FNanchor_12" class="label">[12]</a> As a matter of history the island is called after another Perrot +much less distinguished.</p></div> + +</div> +<div style='text-align:center'>*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 78668 ***</div> +</body> +</html> diff --git a/78668-h/images/cover-deco.jpg b/78668-h/images/cover-deco.jpg Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..6f8c972 --- /dev/null +++ b/78668-h/images/cover-deco.jpg diff --git a/78668-h/images/cover.jpg b/78668-h/images/cover.jpg Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..e03b20c --- /dev/null +++ b/78668-h/images/cover.jpg diff --git a/78668-h/images/illus1.jpg b/78668-h/images/illus1.jpg Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..5c6f133 --- /dev/null +++ b/78668-h/images/illus1.jpg diff --git a/78668-h/images/illus2.jpg b/78668-h/images/illus2.jpg Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..c834891 --- /dev/null +++ b/78668-h/images/illus2.jpg diff --git a/78668-h/images/illus3.jpg b/78668-h/images/illus3.jpg Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..19e8266 --- /dev/null +++ b/78668-h/images/illus3.jpg diff --git a/78668-h/images/illus4.jpg b/78668-h/images/illus4.jpg Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..845e0d2 --- /dev/null +++ b/78668-h/images/illus4.jpg diff --git a/78668-h/images/illus5.jpg b/78668-h/images/illus5.jpg Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..589a395 --- /dev/null +++ b/78668-h/images/illus5.jpg diff --git a/78668-h/images/illus6.jpg b/78668-h/images/illus6.jpg Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..627cc5b --- /dev/null +++ b/78668-h/images/illus6.jpg diff --git a/78668-h/images/illus7.jpg b/78668-h/images/illus7.jpg Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..b02c007 --- /dev/null +++ b/78668-h/images/illus7.jpg |
