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+*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 78622 ***
+
+
+
+
+                                Proceedings
+                                  of the
+                                   Third
+                      National Conservation Congress
+
+                                    at
+                           Kansas City, Missouri
+                       September 25, 26 and 27, 1911
+
+           “_Let us conserve the foundations of our prosperity_”
+                   (Declaration of the Governors, 1908)
+
+                           Kansas City, Missouri
+                      National Conservation Congress
+                                   1912
+
+
+
+
+[Illustration: HON. J. B. WHITE, President]
+
+
+
+
+OFFICERS AND COMMITTEES FOR 1910-11
+
+
+                                _President_
+                         HENRY WALLACE, Des Moines
+
+                           _Executive Secretary_
+                    THOMAS R. SHIPP, Washington, D. C.
+
+                                _Treasurer_
+                    D. AUSTIN LATCHAW, Kansas City, Mo.
+
+                           _Recording Secretary_
+                        JAMES C. GIPE, Clarks, La.
+
+_Executive Committee_
+
+    J. B. WHITE, Kansas City, Mo., _Chairman_
+    B. N. BAKER, Baltimore
+    L. H. BAILEY, Ithaca
+    JAMES R. GARFIELD, Cleveland
+    FRANK C. GOUDY, Denver
+    W. A. FLEMING JONES, Las Cruces
+    MRS. PHILIP N. MOORE, Saint Louis
+    WALTER H. PAGE, New York
+    GEORGE C. PARDEE, Oakland, Cal.
+    GIFFORD PINCHOT, Washington, D. C.
+    J. N. TEAL, Portland, Ore.
+    E. L. WORSHAM, Atlanta
+
+_Vice-Presidents_
+
+    ALABAMA, Hon. Albert P. Bush, Mobile; ALASKA, Hon. James
+    Wickersham, Fairbanks; ARIZONA, B. A. Fowler, Phenix;
+    ARKANSAS, A. H. Purdue, Fayetteville; CALIFORNIA, E. H.
+    Cox, San Francisco; COLORADO, Murdo Mackenzie, Trinidad;
+    COLUMBIA (District of), W J McGee, Washington; CONNECTICUT,
+    Rollin S. Woodruff, Hartford; DELAWARE, Hon. George Gray,
+    Wilmington; FLORIDA, Cromwell Gibbons, Jacksonville; GEORGIA,
+    Hon. Jno. C. Hart, Union Point; HAWAII, Mrs. Margaret R.
+    Knudsen, Kauai; IDAHO, James A. McLean, University of Idaho;
+    ILLINOIS, Julius Rosenwald, Chicago; INDIANA, F. J. Breeze,
+    Lafayette; IOWA, Carl Leopold, Burlington; KANSAS, W. R.
+    Stubbs, Topeka; KENTUCKY, James K. Patterson, Lexington;
+    LOUISIANA, Newton C. Blanchard, Shreveport; MAINE, Bert M.
+    Fernald, Augusta; MARYLAND, William Bullock Clark, Baltimore;
+    MASSACHUSETTS, Frank W. Rane, Boston; MICHIGAN, J. L. Snyder,
+    Lansing; MINNESOTA, Ambrose Tighe, Saint Paul; MISSISSIPPI,
+    A. W. Shands, Sardis; MISSOURI, Hermann Von Schrenk, Saint
+    Louis; MONTANA, E. L. Norris, Helena; NEBRASKA, Dr. F. A.
+    Long, Madison; NEVADA, Senator Francis G. Newlands, Reno; NEW
+    HAMPSHIRE, George B. Leighton, Monadnock; NEW JERSEY, Charles
+    Lathrop Pack, Lakewood; NEW MEXICO, W. A. Fleming Jones, Las
+    Cruces; NEW YORK, R. A. Pearson, Albany; NORTH CAROLINA, T.
+    Gilbert Pearson, Greensboro; NORTH DAKOTA, U. G. Larimore,
+    Larimore; OHIO, James R. Garfield, Cleveland; OKLAHOMA,
+    Benj. Martin, Jr., Muskogee; OREGON, J. N. Teal, Portland;
+    PENNSYLVANIA, William S. Harvey, Philadelphia; PHILIPPINE
+    ISLANDS, Maj. George P. Ahern, Manila; PORTO RICO, Hon. Walter
+    K. Landis, San Juan; RHODE ISLAND, Henry A. Barker, Providence;
+    SOUTH CAROLINA, E. J. Watson, Columbia; SOUTH DAKOTA, Ellwood
+    C. Perisho, Vermillion; TENNESSEE, Herman Suter, Nashville;
+    TEXAS, W. Goodrich Jones, Temple; UTAH, Harden Bennion, Salt
+    Lake City; VERMONT, Fletcher D. Proctor, Proctor; VIRGINIA,
+    A. R. Turnbull, Norfolk; WASHINGTON, M. E. Hay, Olympia; WEST
+    VIRGINIA, A. B. Fleming, Fairmont; WISCONSIN, Charles R. Van
+    Hise, Madison; WYOMING, Bryant B. Brooks, Cheyenne; NATIONAL
+    CONSERVATION ASSOCIATION, Gifford Pinchot, Washington.
+
+_Standing Committees_
+
+FORESTS—H. S. Graves, U. S. Forester, Washington, D. C., _Chairman_;
+E. M. Griffith, Madison, Wis.; E. T. Allen, Portland, Ore.; J. Lewis
+Thompson, Houston.
+
+LANDS—Governor W. R. Stubbs, Topeka; _Chairman_; Dwight B. Heard, Phenix;
+J. L. Snyder, Lansing; Murdo Mackenzie, Trinidad; Charles S. Barrett,
+Union City, Ga.
+
+WATERS—W J McGee, Washington, D. C., _Chairman_; E. A. Smith, Spokane;
+Henry A. Barker, Providence; J. N. Teal, Portland, Ore.; Herbert Knox
+Smith, Washington, D. C.
+
+MINERALS—Charles R. Van Hise, Madison, _Chairman_; Joseph A. Holmes,
+Washington, D. C.; D. W. Brunton, Denver; John Mitchell, New York; I. C.
+White, Morgantown, W. Va.
+
+VITAL RESOURCES—Dr. William H. Welch, Baltimore, _Chairman_; Professor
+Irving Fisher, New Haven; Dr. H. W. Wiley, Washington, D. C.; Dr. J. H.
+Kellogg, Battle Creek, Mich.; Walter H. Page, New York.
+
+
+
+
+OFFICERS AND COMMITTEES FOR 1911-12.
+
+
+                                _President_
+                      JOHN B. WHITE, Kansas City, Mo.
+
+                           _Executive Secretary_
+                    THOMAS R. SHIPP, Washington, D. C.
+
+                                _Treasurer_
+                    D. AUSTIN LATCHAW, Kansas City, Mo.
+
+                           _Recording Secretary_
+                        JAMES C. GIPE, Clarks, La.
+
+_Executive Committee._
+
+    PROF. E. LEE WORSHAM, Atlanta, Ga., _Chairman_.
+    J. LEWIS THOMPSON, Houston, Tex.
+    W. A. FLEMING JONES, Las Cruces, N. M.
+    WALTER H. PAGE, New York.
+    EX-GOV. GEORGE C. PARDEE, Oakland, Cal.
+    DR. H. E. BARNARD, Indianapolis, Ind.
+    MRS. PHILIP N. MOORE, St. Louis, Mo.
+    BERNARD N. BAKER, Baltimore, Md.
+    DR. HENRY C. WALLACE, Des Moines, Ia.
+    GIFFORD PINCHOT, Washington, D. C.
+
+_Vice-Presidents._
+
+    _Arkansas_, E. N. PLANK, Decatur.
+    _California_, FRANCIS CUTTLE, Riverside.
+    _Colorado_, I. S. T. GREGG, Golden.
+    _Connecticut_, PROF. J. W. TOWNEY, Hartford.
+    _District of Columbia_, DR. H. W. WILEY.
+    _Florida_, T. J. CAMPBELL, West Palm Beach.
+    _Georgia_, SENATOR L. R. AKIN.
+    _Illinois_, BALLARD DUNN, Chicago.
+    _Iowa_, PROF. P. G. HOLDEN, Ames.
+    _Louisiana_, HON. HENRY E. HARDTNER, Urania.
+    _Massachusetts_, PROF. F. W. RANE, Boston.
+    _Missouri_, HERMAN VON SCHRENK, St. Louis.
+    _Nebraska_, PROF. E. A. BURNETT, Lincoln.
+    _New Jersey_, E. A. STEVENS, Hoboken.
+    _New York_, DR. W. T. HORNADAY, New York City.
+    _Ohio_, J. C. RODGERS, Mechanicsburg.
+    _Oklahoma_, THOMAS C. HARRICE, Wagoner.
+    _South Carolina_, PROF. M. W. TWITCHELL, Columbia.
+    _South Dakota_, GOV. R. S. VESSEY, Pierre.
+    _Texas_, W. GOODRICH JONES, Temple.
+    _Washington_, A. L. FLEWELLING, Spokane.
+    _Wisconsin_, HERBERT QUICK, Madison.
+
+_Local Board of Managers for Kansas City Congress Representing Commercial
+Club_—J. C. LESTER, _President_; E. M. CLENDENING, _Secretary_; F. P.
+NEAL, _Chairman_; F. A. FAXON, F. L. HALL, W. B. HILL, F. J. MOSS, J. C.
+SWIFT, R. A. LONG.
+
+
+
+
+STANDING COMMITTEES. 1911-12.
+
+
+_Forests_—H. S. GRAVES, Washington, D. C., _Chairman_; E. T. ALLEN,
+Portland, Ore.; Major E. G. GRIGGS, Tacoma, Wash.; WILLIAM IRVINE,
+Chippewa Falls, Wis.; GEORGE K. SMITH, St. Louis.
+
+_Minerals_—Dr. JOSEPH A. HOLMES, Washington, D. C., _Chairman_; Dr.
+CHARLES R. VAN HISE, Madison, Wis.; Dr. I. C. WHITE, Morgantown, W. Va.;
+C. W. BRUNTON, Denver, Col.; JOHN MITCHELL, New York City.
+
+_Lands and Agriculture_—Prof. L. H. BAILEY, Cornell University,
+_Chairman_; Prof. GEORGE E. CONDRA, Nebraska; Prof. J. L. SNYDER,
+Lansing, Mich.; F. D. COBURN, Kansas; CHARLES S. BARRETT, Union City, Ga.
+
+_Education_—Dr. C. E. BESSEY, Lincoln, Neb., _Chairman_; Dr. DAVID
+STARR JORDAN, Leland Stanford University, Oakland, Cal.; Dr. EDWARD E.
+ALDERMAN, University Of Virginia, Charlotteville; Dr. E. C. CRAIGHEAD,
+Tulane University, New Orleans, La.; Prof. FAIRCHILD, Topeka, Kas.
+
+_Vital Resources_—Dr. WILLIAM H. WELCH, Johns Hopkins University,
+Baltimore, Md., _Chairman_; Prof. IRVING FISHER, Yale University, New
+Haven, Conn.; Dr. J. N. HURTY, Indianapolis, Ind.; Hon. A. B. FARQUHAR,
+York, Pa.; Dr. OSCAR DOWLING, Shreveport, La.
+
+_Homes_—Mrs. MATTHEW T. SCOTT, Washington, _Chairman_; Mrs. HARRIET
+WALLACE ASHBY, Des Moines, Ia.; Mrs. J. E. RHODES, St. Paul, Minn.; Mrs.
+SARAH S. PLATT-DECKER, Denver, Col.; Mrs. AMOS F. DRAPER, Washington, D.
+C.
+
+_Child Life_—Hon. BENJAMIN B. LINDSAY, Denver, Col., _Chairman_; Dr.
+SAMUEL M. LINDSAY, New York City; Judge HENRY L. MCCUNE, Kansas City,
+Mo.; Mrs. CARL VROOMAN, Bloomington, Ill.; Dr. ANNA LOUISE STRONG,
+Seattle, Wash.
+
+_Food_—Dr. HARVEY W. WILEY, Washington, D. C., _Chairman_; F. G. URNER,
+New York; Prof. F. SPENCER BALDWIN, Boston, Mass.; J. F. NICKERSON,
+Chicago, Ill.; LUCIUS P. BROWN, Nashville, Tenn.; E. H. JENKINS, New
+Haven, Conn.; M. A. SCOVELLE, Lexington, Ky.; Prof. GEO. A. LOVELAND,
+Lincoln, Neb.
+
+_Civics_—RALPH EASLEY, New York, _Chairman_; Judge ALBERT HALL WHITFIELD,
+Jackson, Miss.; B. A. FOWLER, Phoenix, Ariz.; Hon. H. M. BEARDSLEY,
+Kansas City, Mo.; Hon. FRANCIS J. HENEY, San Francisco, Cal.
+
+_General_ (_Including Domestic Animals and Wild Life_)—Dr. W. T.
+HORNADAY, New York, _Chairman_; Dr. J. O. HOWARD, Washington, D. C.; Mrs.
+MINNIE MADDERN FISKE, New York City; Dr. JOHN MUIR, Martinez, Cal.; D.
+AUSTIN LATCHAW, Kansas City, Mo.; Prof. GEO. A. LOVELAND, Lincoln, Neb.
+
+_Waters_—Hon. J. N. TEAL, Portland, Ore., _Chairman_; Hon. JOSEPH E.
+RANSDELL, Lake Providence, La.; WALTER S. DICKEY, Kansas City, Mo.; Hon.
+HERBERT KNOX SMITH, Washington, D. C.; W. K. KAVANAUGH, St. Louis, Mo.;
+Dr. W J MCGEE, Washington, D. C.; Prof. GEO. F. SWAIN, Harvard University.
+
+_National Parks_ (_to include Mammoth Cave, Ky., and Adjacent Lands_)—Dr.
+W J MCGEE, Washington, D. C.; Dr. HENRY F. DRINKER, South Bethlehem,
+Pa.; Hon. WILLIAM P. BORLAND, Kansas City, Mo.; Hon. GIFFORD PINCHOT,
+Washington, D. C.; Col. W. H. CRUMP, Bowling Green, Ky.
+
+
+
+
+CONTENTS.
+
+
+  CONSTITUTION                                                          IX
+
+  RESOLUTIONS                                                         XIII
+
+  OPENING SESSION                                                        1
+
+    Invocation by BISHOP LILLIS                                          1
+
+    Welcome by MAYOR BROWN                                               1
+
+    Address of Welcome by PRESIDENT LESTER for Commercial Club           4
+
+    Address by GOVERNOR HADLEY                                           5
+
+    Address by PRESIDENT WALLACE                                        11
+
+    Address by HONORABLE J. B. WHITE                                    19
+
+    Appointment of Credentials Committee                                21
+
+    Announcements by PRESIDENT WALLACE                                  21
+
+    Announcement by SECRETARY SHIPP                                     21
+
+    Announcement by RECORDING SECRETARY GIPE                            22
+
+    Request by DELEGATE BAUMGARTNER                                     22
+
+  SECOND SESSION                                                        22
+
+    Invocation by the REV. DR. KERR                                     22
+
+    GOVERNOR HADLEY Made Chairman                                       23
+
+    Remarks by GOVERNOR HADLEY                                          23
+
+    Call of States                                                      24
+
+    Address by MR. J. C. BAUMGARTNER of California                      24
+
+    Address by PROFESSOR WORSHAM of Georgia                             24
+
+    Address by MRS. HOLLAND C. DAY                                      28
+
+    Address by COL. ISHAM RANDOLPH of Illinois                          28
+
+    Address by MR. HARRY EVEREST BARNARD of Indiana                     28
+
+    Message from MEXICAN AMBASSADOR                                     28
+
+    Address by MR. THOMAS H. MACBRIDE of Iowa                           29
+
+    Remarks by MR. A. W. STUBBS of Kansas City, Kansas                  29
+
+    Address of DEAN WATERS of Kansas                                    29
+
+    Address by COL. CRUMP of Bowling Green, Ky.                         29
+
+    Address by MR. FRED J. GRACE of Louisiana                           30
+
+    Introduction of EX-PRESIDENT B. N. BAKER                            30
+
+    Motion by MR. BREEZE of Indiana                                     30
+
+    Remarks by CHAIRMAN HADLEY                                          30
+
+    Address by JUDGE LINDSAY of Colorado                                31
+
+    Address by MR. D. M. NEILL of Minnesota                             43
+
+    Address by HONORABLE GEORGE COUPLAND of Nebraska                    43
+
+    Announcement by PROFESSOR CONDRA                                    43
+
+    Address by HONORABLE E. A. STEVENS, Commissioner of Public Roads    44
+
+    Address by PROFESSOR RANE of Massachusetts                          44
+
+  THIRD SESSION                                                         45
+
+    Announcements by ACTING CHAIRMAN CONDRA                             45
+
+    Remarks by MR. EMIL GUNTHER                                         46
+
+    Address by STATE COMMISSIONER JOHN D. MOORE                         46
+
+    Address by DR. TWITCHELL of South Carolina                          47
+
+    Address by MR. GROSS, President of National Soil Fertility League   47
+
+    Address by CHAIRMAN CONDRA                                          49
+
+    Address by EX-PRESIDENT BAKER                                       50
+
+    Address by PRESIDENT TAFT                                           54
+
+  FOURTH SESSION                                                        62
+
+    Invocation by BISHOP HENDRIX                                        62
+
+    Roll Call of States Resumed                                         62
+
+    Announcement by CHAIRMAN FOWLER of Resolutions Committee            63
+
+    Announcement by SERGEANT-AT-ARMS                                    64
+
+    Address of MR. LOGAN of the Missouri Waterways Commission           64
+
+    Remarks of MR. C. P. DYAR of Ohio                                   68
+
+    Address by MR. MILTON BROWN of Oklahoma                             68
+
+    Address by MR. A. B. FARQUHAR                                       68
+
+    Address by DR. DRINKER of Lehigh University                         68
+
+    Remarks by PRESIDENT WALLACE                                        71
+
+    Address by MR. B. G. HOLDEN of Iowa                                 71
+
+    Address by MR. R. A. LONG                                           76
+
+    Address by HONORABLE W. A. BEARD of California                      78
+
+    Chair Assumed by HONORABLE J. B. WHITE                              87
+
+    Announcement by CHAIRMAN FOWLER of Resolutions Committee            87
+
+    Address by MR. HERBERT QUICK                                        88
+
+    Reading of Telegram                                                109
+
+    Appointment of Committee on Nominations                            110
+
+  FIFTH SESSION                                                        111
+
+    Invocation by the REV. DR. COMBS                                   111
+
+    Announcement by RECORDING SECRETARY GIPE                           111
+
+    Introduction of GOVERNOR VESSEY as Chairman                        111
+
+    Address by GOVERNOR VESSEY                                         111
+
+    Reading of Letter from COLONEL ROOSEVELT                           112
+
+    Reports from National Organizations                                113
+
+    Report by MR. MULLIN                                               113
+
+    Report by MAJOR GRIGGS                                             113
+
+    Report by MR. RUSHTON                                              113
+
+    Report by HONORABLE E. T. ALLEN                                    114
+
+    Report by MR. SCHWEDTMAN, of St. Louis                             116
+
+    Report by MR. COFFIN, of New York                                  116
+
+    Report by DR. FIELD, of the Audubon Society                        116
+
+    Report by MR. E. R. TAYLOR                                         116
+
+    Address by MRS. VROOMAN                                            117
+
+    Vote of Thanks by DELEGATE BAUMGARTNER                             119
+
+    Remarks by MR. MCBRIEN                                             120
+
+    Address by PROFESSOR GREENWOOD                                     120
+
+    Address by DEAN MUMFORD, of Missouri                               121
+
+    Address by MRS. ASHBY, of Des Moines                               121
+
+    Address by MRS. SCOTT, President General, Daughters American
+      Revolution                                                       125
+
+    Address by MISS FRANCES BROWN                                      128
+
+    Report of Executive Committee by CHAIRMAN WHITE                    129
+
+    Amendments to the Constitution                                     129
+
+    Adoption of Amendments                                             130
+
+    Address by MISS WELLER, of the Iowa Federation of Women’s Clubs    130
+
+    Address by MR. GUTHRIE, of St. Paul                                131
+
+  SIXTH SESSION                                                        131
+
+    Address by MRS. MOORE, President General, Confederation Women
+      Clubs                                                            132
+
+    Address by DR. WILSON, of Presbyterian Church                      139
+
+    Address by DR. WILEY                                               139
+
+  SEVENTH SESSION                                                      147
+
+    Induction of DR. NORTHROP as Chairman                              147
+
+    Invocation by THE REV. DR. NEEL                                    148
+
+    Address by MR. BAILEY                                              148
+
+    Remarks by DELEGATE STUBBS                                         151
+
+    Discussion by PRESIDENT WALLACE                                    151
+
+    Call of States Resumed                                             152
+
+    Report by MR. FILSON                                               152
+
+    Address by PROFESSOR SPILLMAN, of the Department of Agriculture    152
+
+    Address by MRS. WEEKS, of the National Congress of Mothers         156
+
+    Address by CONGRESSMAN F. S. JACKSON                               157
+
+    Address by HONORABLE CURTIS HILL, of Missouri                      163
+
+    Report of Committee on Credentials                                 167
+
+    Address by HONORABLE J. B. WHITE                                   167
+
+    Report of Committee on Nominations                                 174
+
+    Address by PRESIDENT WHITE                                         175
+
+    Address by PROFESSOR HOPKINS, of University of Illinois            176
+
+    Remarks by SECRETARY COBURN, of Kansas                             183
+
+    Address by DR. MCGEE, of the Department of Agriculture             183
+
+  EIGHTH SESSION                                                       193
+
+    Invocation by the REV. DR. MONROE                                  193
+
+    Entrance of MR. BRYAN                                              193
+
+    Address by PROFESSOR TEN EYCK                                      193
+
+    Resolution Complimenting GIFFORD PINCHOT                           193
+
+    Address by HONORABLE WALTER L. FISHER, Secretary of the Interior   194
+
+    Remarks by MR. BRYAN                                               203
+
+    Letter from COLONEL ROOSEVELT                                      204
+
+    Address by MR. GROUT, of Illinois                                  205
+
+    Report of Committee on Resolutions                                 211
+
+    Personnel of Committee on Resolutions                              211
+
+    Remarks by DELEGATE SHOFFER                                        212
+
+    Resolution by DELEGATE STUBBS                                      212
+
+  CLOSING SESSION                                                      214
+
+    Address by PROFESSOR HOYNES, of Notre Dame University              214
+
+    Address by SENATOR OWEN, of Oklahoma                               218
+
+    Address by MR. BRYAN                                               220
+
+  SUPPLEMENTARY PROCEEDINGS                                            231
+
+    Address by DEAN MUMFORD, of the University of Missouri             231
+
+    Address by EX-GOVERNOR HOARD, of Wisconsin                         234
+
+    Address by HENRY I. WILLEY, of New York                            237
+
+    Address by MR. GRIGGS, of Washington                               245
+
+    Address by PROFESSOR TEN EYCK                                      247
+
+    Address by the REV. DR. WILSON                                     257
+
+    Address by F. A. FILSON                                            259
+
+    Address by MR. SCHWEDTMAN                                          261
+
+    Report of PRESIDENT STILLMAN                                       262
+
+    Report of DR. FIELD                                                263
+
+    Address by MR. RUSHTON                                             264
+
+    Report of the Camp Fire Club                                       265
+
+    Report by Committee of National Board of Fire Underwriters         267
+
+    Report of National Association of Audubon Societies                272
+
+    Letter from MR. VAN ORNUM                                          273
+
+    Address by MR. BAUMGARTNER                                         274
+
+    Report for Idaho by MRS. DAY                                       275
+
+    Report for Illinois by COLONEL RANDOLPH                            275
+
+    Report for Indiana by MR. BARNARD                                  277
+
+    Report for Iowa by MR. MACBRIDE                                    277
+
+    Report for Kansas by DEAN WATERS                                   278
+
+    Report for Louisiana by MR. GRACE                                  278
+
+    Report for Massachusetts by PROFESSOR RANE                         281
+
+    Report for Minnesota by MR. NEILL                                  284
+
+    Report for Nebraska by MR. COUPLAND                                285
+
+    Report for New York by MR. MOORE                                   286
+
+    Report for Oklahoma by MR. BROWN                                   287
+
+    Report for Oregon by MR. TEAL                                      288
+
+    Report for Pennsylvania and Philadelphia by MR. GUNTHER            290
+
+    Report of Conservation Movement by MR. FARQUHAR                    291
+
+    Report for South Carolina by DR. TWITCHELL                         299
+
+  National Organizations Represented at the Congress                   301
+
+  List of Registered Delegates                                         303
+
+  Index                                                                315
+
+
+
+
+CONSTITUTION OF THE NATIONAL CONSERVATION CONGRESS
+
+_As Amended by the Third Congress._
+
+
+ARTICLE 1—NAME.
+
+This organization shall be known as the National Conservation Congress.
+
+
+ARTICLE 2—OBJECT.
+
+The object of the National Conservation Congress shall be: (1) to provide
+a forum for discussion of the resources of the United States as the
+foundation for the prosperity of the people, (2) to furnish definite
+information concerning the resources and their utilization, and (3)
+to afford an agency through which the people of the country may frame
+policies and principles affecting the wise and practical development,
+conservation and utilization of the resources to be put into effect by
+their representatives in state and federal governments.
+
+
+ARTICLE 3—MEETINGS.
+
+_Section 1._ Regular annual meetings shall be held at such time and place
+as may be determined by the executive committee.
+
+_Section 2._ Special meetings of the Congress, or its officers,
+committees or boards, may be held subject to the call of the president of
+the Congress or the chairman of the executive committee.
+
+
+ARTICLE 4—OFFICERS.
+
+_Section 1._ The officers of the Congress shall consist of a president,
+to be elected by the Congress; a vice-president from each state, to
+be chosen by the respective state delegations; and from the National
+Conservation Association; an executive secretary, a recording secretary,
+and a treasurer.
+
+_Section 2._ The duties of these officers may at any time be prescribed
+by formal action of the Congress or executive committee. In the absence
+of such action their duties shall be those implied by their designations
+and established by custom. In addition, it shall be the duty of the
+vice-presidents to receive from the state conservations commissions,
+and other organizations concerned in conservation, suggestions and
+recommendations and report them to the executive committee of the
+Congress.
+
+_Section 3._ The officers shall serve for one year, or until their
+successors are elected and qualify.
+
+
+ARTICLE 5—COMMITTEES AND BOARDS.
+
+_Section 1._ An executive committee of seven, in addition to which the
+president of the National Conservation Association and all ex-presidents
+of the Congress shall be members, ex officio, shall be appointed by the
+president during each regular annual session to act for the ensuing year;
+its membership shall be drawn from different states, and not more than
+one of the appointed members shall be from any one state. The executive
+committee shall act for the Congress and shall be empowered to initiate
+action and meet emergencies. It shall report to each regular annual
+session.
+
+_Section 2._ A board of managers shall be created in each city in which
+the next ensuing session of the Congress is to be held, preferably
+by leading organizations of citizens. The board of managers shall
+have power to raise and expend funds, to incur obligations of its own
+responsibility, to appoint subordinate boards and committees, all with
+the approval of the executive committee of the Congress. It shall report
+to the executive committee at least two days before the opening of the
+ensuing session, and at such other times as the Congress or the executive
+committee may direct.
+
+_Section 3._ An advisory board, consisting of one person from each
+national organization having a conservation committee, shall be created
+to serve during that Congress and during the interval before the next
+succeeding Congress. The board shall report to and coöperate with the
+executive committee.
+
+_Section 4._ A committee on credentials shall be appointed, consisting
+of five (5) members, by the president of the Congress not later than on
+the second day of each session of the Congress. It shall determine all
+questions raised by delegates as to representation, and shall report
+to the Congress from time to time as required by the president of the
+Congress.
+
+_Section 5._ A committee on resolutions shall be created for each annual
+meeting of the Congress. A chairman shall be appointed by the president.
+One member of the committee shall be selected by each state represented
+in the Congress. The committee shall report to the Congress not later
+than the morning of the last day of each annual meeting.
+
+_Section 6._ Permanent committees, consisting of five members each, on
+each of the following five divisions of conservation: forests, waters,
+lands, minerals and vital resources, shall be appointed by the president
+of the Congress. The committee on vital resources is to consist of six
+subordinate committees as follows: food, homes, child life, education,
+civics (including wild life, domesticated animals, and cultivated
+plants). These committees shall, during the intervals between the
+annual meetings of the Congress, inquire into these respective subjects
+and prepare reports to be submitted on the request of the executive
+committee, and render such other assistance to the Congress as the
+executive committee may direct.
+
+_Section 7._ By direction of the Congress, standing and special
+committees may be appointed by the president.
+
+_Section 8._ The president shall be a member, ex officio, of every
+committee of the Congress.
+
+
+ARTICLE 6—ARRANGEMENTS FOR SESSIONS.
+
+_Section 1._ The program for the session of each annual meeting of
+the Congress, including a list of speakers, shall be arranged by the
+executive committee. The entire program, including allotments of time
+to speakers and hours for daily sessions and all other arrangements
+concerning the program, shall be made by the executive committee.
+
+_Section 2._ Unless otherwise ordered, the rules adopted for the guidance
+of the preceding Congress shall continue in force.
+
+
+ARTICLE 7—MEMBERSHIP.
+
+_Section 1._ The personnel of the National Conservation Congress shall be
+as follows:
+
+
+OFFICERS AND DELEGATES.
+
+Officers of the National Conservation Congress.
+
+Fifteen delegates appointed by the governor of each state and territory.
+
+Five delegates appointed by the mayor of each city with a population of
+25,000 or more.
+
+Two delegates appointed by the mayor of each city with a population of
+less than 25,000.
+
+Two delegates appointed by each board of county commissioners.
+
+Five delegates appointed by each national organization concerned in the
+work of conservation.
+
+Five delegates appointed by each state or interstate organization
+concerned in the work of conservation.
+
+Three delegates appointed by each chamber of commerce, board of trade,
+commercial club, or other local organization concerned in the work of
+conservation.
+
+Two delegates appointed by each state, or other university, or college,
+and by each agricultural college, or experiment station.
+
+
+HONORARY MEMBERS.
+
+The President of the United States.
+
+The Vice-President of the United States.
+
+The Speaker of the House of Representatives.
+
+The Cabinet.
+
+The United States Senate and House of Representatives.
+
+The Supreme Court of the United States.
+
+The representatives of foreign countries.
+
+The governors of the states and territories.
+
+The lieutenant-governors of the states and territories.
+
+The speakers of state houses of representatives.
+
+The state officers.
+
+The mayors of cities.
+
+The county commissioners.
+
+The presidents of state and other universities and colleges.
+
+The officers and members of the National Conservation Association.
+
+The officers and members of the National Conservation Commission.
+
+The officers and members of the state conservation commissions and
+associations.
+
+
+ARTICLE 8—DELEGATIONS AND STATE OFFICERS.
+
+_Section 1._ The several delegates from each state in attendance at any
+Congress shall assemble at the earliest practicable time and organize by
+choosing a chairman and a secretary. These delegates, when approved by
+the committee on credentials, shall constitute the delegation from that
+state.
+
+
+ARTICLE 9—VOTING.
+
+_Section 1._ Each member of the Congress shall be entitled to one vote on
+all actions taken _viva voce_.
+
+_Section 2._ A division or call of states may be demanded on any action,
+by a state delegation. On division, each delegate shall be entitled to
+one vote; provided (1) that no state shall have more than twenty votes;
+and provided (2) that when a state is represented by less than ten
+delegates, said delegates may cast ten votes for each state.
+
+_Section 3._ The term “state” as used herein is to be construed to mean
+either state, territory, or insular possession.
+
+
+ARTICLE 10—AMENDMENTS.
+
+This Constitution may be amended by a two-thirds vote of the Congress
+during any regular session, provided notice of the proposed amendment has
+been given from the Chair not less than one day or more than two days
+preceding; or by unanimous vote without such notice.
+
+
+
+
+RESOLUTIONS OF THE THIRD NATIONAL CONSERVATION CONGRESS.
+
+
+The third National Conservation Congress, made up of delegates from all
+sections and nearly every state and territory of the United States, met
+at the call of a great moral issue, now in session assembled in the city
+of Kansas City and State of Missouri, does hereby adopt and solemnly
+declare the following platform of opinion and conclusion concerning the
+inherent rights of the people of the United States:
+
+Heartily accepting the spirit and intent of the Constitution and adhering
+to the principles laid down by Washington and Lincoln, we declare our
+conviction that we live under a government of the people, by the people,
+and for the people; and we repudiate any and all special or local
+interests or platforms or policies in conflict with the inherent rights
+and sovereign will of our people.
+
+Recognizing the natural resources of the country as the prime bases of
+property and opportunity, we hold the rights of the people in these
+resources to be natural and inherent, and justly inalienable and
+indefeasible; and we insist that the resources should and shall be
+developed, used, and conserved in ways consistent both with current
+welfare and with the perpetuity of our people.
+
+We commend the efficient work of the federal forest service, and
+particularly urge upon Congress the need for more liberal financial
+provision for protection of the national forests from fire, and the
+desirability of making the army available without delay whenever needed
+to supplement such protection.
+
+We also appreciate the forestry progress being made by many states,
+believing it not only the function, but the duty of the state to
+safeguard its forest resources by liberal appropriation for fire
+prevention; by acquisition and conservative management of state owned
+forest lands; by encouraging the practice of private forestry on timber
+lands and wood lots in every way, especially through reform in forest
+taxation; and by providing for the educational work necessary to secure
+all these ends.
+
+We commend the increasing effort at better forest management and
+protection by timber owners themselves, and urge upon all such the study
+and emulation of the several coöperative systems for this purpose.
+
+We urge the coöperation of public and private educational authorities in
+instilling the principles of forest economics in the minds of the young
+of today, who will be the doers of tomorrow.
+
+We are in sympathy with the policy of establishing public parks to be
+used for the benefit of the people forever, including localities of
+scenic, scientific or historic interest, by states and by the National
+Government, and we cite as an example the Mammoth Cave of Kentucky, one
+of the wonders of the world; we recommend this policy to obviate the
+danger of such national heirlooms being held permanently in private
+ownership and subordinated to private interest rather than the public
+good.
+
+Recognizing the 900,000,000 acres of well-watered arable land in this
+country as the chief source of food and clothing for our people, we hold
+that these lands should be guarded as a natural heritage to be kept in
+sacred trust for our children and our children’s children; that they
+should be safe-guarded from loss through natural agencies and negligent
+or thriftless use; that they should be protected from monopoly and
+private or corporate rapacity; that they should be so cultivated and
+improved that they may pass to each coming generation with increased
+fertility and productivity; and that they should forever be used as sites
+for homes in which the strength and spirit of the Nation may be conserved
+for the general welfare of mankind.
+
+Approving the withdrawal of public lands pending classification, and
+the separation of surface rights from mineral, forests, and water
+rights, including water-power sites, we recommend legislation for the
+classification and leasing for grazing purposes all unreserved lands
+suitable chiefly for this purpose, subject to the rights of homesteaders
+and settlers, or the acquisition thereof under the land laws of the
+United States; and we hold that arid and non-irrigable public grazing
+lands should be administered by the Government in the interest of small
+stockmen and homeseekers until they have passed into the possession of
+actual settlers.
+
+We favor the repeal of the commutation clause of the Homestead Law, and
+the disallowance of homestead entries on land chiefly valuable for its
+timber at time of filing.
+
+We hold that mineral deposits underlying public lands should be
+transferred to private ownership only by long-time leases with
+revaluation at stated periods, such leases to be in amounts and subject
+to such regulations as to prevent monopoly and needless waste; and that
+in case of doubt as to the availability of such mineral deposits, or
+while they are waiting exploitation, surface rights to the land should be
+transferred by lease only under such conditions as to promote development
+and protect public interest.
+
+Since all successful conservation effort must follow ascertained fact,
+we agree (1) that there should be in each commonwealth an active
+conservation commission or equivalent organization; and (2) that such
+commission should use, and strive ever to coördinate, all agencies, state
+or national, which have for their object the discovery of exact data and
+the ascertainment of scientific information in reference to all natural
+resources and conditions in each of the several states and in the country
+at large.
+
+We hold that phosphate deposits underlying the public lands should be
+safe-guarded for the American people by appropriate legislation, and
+that export of phosphates and other natural and manufactured fertilizing
+material should be limited and regulated by law.
+
+Realizing that the productivity of our soil depends on water supply; that
+one of the chief losses to the farm is destructive soil erosion; that
+the freshets and floods due to storm and thaw waters are destructive of
+property and even of life; and knowing through experience in this and
+other countries that the waste and destruction due to unregulated run-off
+are largely susceptible to control by appropriate agricultural methods,
+we hold that the aim of every farmer should be to make his farm take care
+of the water naturally reaching it; we also hold that allowing ordinary
+storm waters to carry silt and sand from farms into neighboring streams
+and rivers works a public injury which may be prevented by appropriate
+legislation.
+
+Realizing that the strength of the Nation will ever lie in the
+multiplication of homes on the land up to its full capacity, we approve
+the successful efforts of the Federal Government to provide for such
+homes through irrigation of the more arid portions of the country; we
+endorse and commend the Reclamation Service, and urge its continuance
+with such increased means as may be found needful; and we urge the
+immediate extension of the same policy to the drainage of swamp and
+overflow lands, to be carried forward so far as appropriate through
+coöperation between state and federal agencies.
+
+We recommend the early opening of the coal fields and other resources
+of Alaska belonging to the people of the United States, for industrial
+and commercial purposes, on a system of leasing, national ownership to
+be retained pending such development of that portion of our territory
+as to permit the creation of states within its area; and as a means of
+promoting industry and commerce in Alaska we approve the construction of
+necessary highways, railways, and terminal facilities by the National
+Government.
+
+Realizing that the prosperity of the country and its suitability for
+homes must always depend largely on transportation facilities, we
+recommend extension of the good roads movement until every community is
+provided with safe and easy ways to schools, churches and markets; and
+in developing the necessary road systems, we favor coöperation between
+townships, counties, states, and the federal government in such manner as
+to secure the greatest benefits to the entire country at the minimum cost.
+
+Realizing that the current cost of railway transportation is apparently
+exorbitant, amounting to about $2,750,000,000 annually, equivalent
+to a tax of $150 per family (or one-third the cost of living) or an
+impost of over $5 on each acre of improved land in the United States,
+we urge on the Federal Government appraisal of railway property and
+such investigation and supervision of railway business as will insure
+protection of the public interests; and to this end we recommend
+enlargement of the powers of the Interstate Commerce Commission.
+
+As a means of reducing the cost of living and promoting the general
+welfare, we favor the establishment of a parcels post.
+
+Realizing that products of the soil on which our people depend for food
+and clothing are sometimes diverted from the most direct lines leading
+from producer to consumer for speculative purposes, and that they are
+made the basis for gambling transactions, we hold that all dealing in
+futures and gambling operations involving foodstuffs and materials
+for clothing are a public injury, and recommend investigation of the
+matter by authority of the Federal Congress; and in case our judgment
+is sustained by such investigation, we demand the enactment of law by
+the Federal Congress prohibiting the sale of these necessaries of life
+by men or interests who do not own them at the time of such sale, under
+penalties including imprisonment at least for any second offense.
+
+Since noxious insects and plants, including weeds, are a source of
+public injury, we urge appropriate state and federal legislation tending
+to their extermination; and we commend the development of that public
+spirit finding expression from time to time in communities and states in
+crusades against insect and plant pests in the public interest.
+
+Recognizing in coöperative enterprises an effective means of conserving
+human energy and increasing the efficiency of our soils in feeding our
+people cheaply, and thereby affording means for the development of equal
+opportunity for all, we approve and commend such coöperative organization
+among our producers and consumers as will tend to promote economy and
+prevent waste in handling the necessaries of life.
+
+Realizing that the interests of our citizens, our states, and our
+Nation are identical, and impressed by the success which has attended
+coöperation between state institutions and the Federal Government,
+we favor continuation and extension of such coöperation as a highly
+efficient means of promoting the general welfare.
+
+Impressed by immeasurable benefits derived by our people from the work
+of the United States Department of Agriculture in promoting the use and
+conservation of our soil and its products, we endorse and commend that
+department; we strongly urge on Congress increased appropriation for
+its necessary work; and we recommend the enactment of such state and
+federal legislation as will enable the state colleges of agriculture and
+experiment stations to maintain in every agricultural county a capable
+field demonstrator to aid farmers in practical application of newly
+acquired agricultural knowledge.
+
+Since all successful conservation effort must follow ascertained fact,
+we agree (1) that there should be in each commonwealth an active
+conservation commission or equivalent organization; and (2) that such
+commission should use and strive ever to coördinate all agencies, state
+or national, which have for their object the discovery of exact data and
+the ascertainment of scientific information in reference to all natural
+resources and conditions in each of the several states and in the country
+at large.
+
+Recognizing the waters of the country as a great national resource, we
+approve and endorse the opinion that all the waters belong to all the
+people, and hold that they should be administered in the interests of all
+the people.
+
+Realizing that all parts of each drainage basin are related and
+interdependent, we hold that each stream should be regarded and treated
+as a unit from its source to its mouth; and since the waters are
+essentially mobile and transitory and are generally interstate, we hold
+that in all cases of divided or doubtful jurisdiction the waters should
+be administered by coöperation between state and federal agencies.
+
+Recognizing the interdependence of the various uses of the waters of
+the country, we hold that the primary uses are for domestic supply and
+for agriculture through irrigation or otherwise, and that the uses for
+navigation and for power, in which water is not consumed, are secondary;
+and we commend the modern view that each use of the waters should be made
+with reference to all other uses for the public welfare in accordance
+with the principle of the greatest good to the greatest number for the
+longest time.
+
+Viewing adequate and economical transportation facilities as among the
+means of conservation, and realizing that the growth of the country
+has exceeded the development of transportation facilities, we approve
+the prompt adoption of a comprehensive plan for developing navigation
+throughout the rivers and lakes of the United States, proceeding in the
+order of their magnitude and commercial importance.
+
+Recognizing the vast economic benefits to the people of water power
+derived largely from interstate and source streams no less than from
+navigable rivers, we favor public control of water power development; we
+deny the right of state or federal governments to continue alienating or
+conveying water by granting franchises for the use thereof in perpetuity;
+and we demand that the use of water rights be permitted only for limited
+periods, with just compensation in the interests of the people.
+
+We demand the maintenance of a federal commission empowered to deal
+with all uses of the waters and to coördinate these uses for the public
+welfare in coöperation with similar commissions or other agencies
+maintained by the states.
+
+We recognize the great service that has been, and can be, rendered in
+the conservation of our mineral resources, by developing and mining in
+large units with adequate capital, and approve the encouragement of such
+development under proper regulation.
+
+We heartily approve of the work of the United States Government in
+improving sanitary conditions and in lowering the death rates of Cuba,
+the Philippine Islands, and the Canal Zone. We are especially pleased
+that in 1911 the National Government, through its wise provisions for
+the maneuver division of the United States Army operating in western
+Texas, demonstrated that the achievements in health and life security
+found possible in Cuba, the Philippine Islands, and the Canal Zone,
+are possible with Americans on American soil. We therefore call on our
+municipal, state, and national governments, to accomplish these same
+results for the people of the United States.
+
+Our National Government in the Canal Zone of Panama has demonstrated that
+Caucasians, properly directed, can work in the tropics without loss of
+efficiency, and we express our opinion that this is one of the monumental
+discoveries of the age.
+
+The Hook Worm Commission is demonstrating another possibility in
+increasing efficiency; and we endorse the efforts of this commission, and
+all other efforts, governmental and extra-governmental, for increasing
+human efficiency through promotion of physical welfare, and call on our
+governments—municipal, state, and national—to increase their activities
+along these lines.
+
+We favor a child welfare bureau under, and as a part of, each municipal
+and state government.
+
+Inasmuch as nearly all the states and most of the cities have health
+departments as coördinate branches of administrative work, we endorse
+the plan of bringing together as a department of health the various
+human health activities of the United States Government as a coördinate
+branch of its administrative work, divorced from the impediment of being
+a part of other administrative work of entirely different character
+and conducted for entirely different purposes; this in order that the
+efficiency of the service may be increased to a point in some degree
+commensurate with its importance.
+
+We protest against the present neglect of health, life security, and work
+for physical efficiency by the municipal, state and national governments,
+and we ask that they be given that study and care that have proven so
+broad an economy in the case of live stock and farm crops.
+
+We are of opinion that municipal, state, and national governments should
+pass proper laws, and provide proper means of enforcement of such laws
+that there may be prevented, (1) blindness, (2) birth accidents, (3)
+infant mortality, (4) labor by immature children, (5) communicable
+diseases of children, (6) occupational diseases, (7) occupational
+accidents, and especially mine and transportation accidents, (8)
+communicable diseases of adults, (9) bad ventilation, and (10) physical
+inefficiency.
+
+We deplore the practice of disposing of sewage and manufacturing waste
+by dumping it into the streams, lakes, and coastal waters of the Nation,
+thereby polluting the chief sources of water for drinking and domestic
+purposes, destroying fish and crustacean life, rendering the waters
+obnoxious to sight and smell, and losing beyond hope of recovery vast
+quantities of elements essential to plant life.
+
+We earnestly advocate the employment by communities and manufacturing
+concerns of such methods of sewage disposal as will render their waste
+products innocuous to health and utilize them in the restoration of
+soil fertility, and to this end we urge the enactment by states of
+stream-pollution laws, and by the Federal Government of such legislation
+as will prevent the pollution of interstate and coastal waters.
+
+Deeply concerned at the rapid disappearance of wild life from the
+continent of North America and the large economic loss that the continued
+destruction of that life is bound to entail, we call upon the people of
+America to adopt more stringent measures to stop the excessive killing of
+birds, quadrupeds and fish, and to enact more drastic and far-reaching
+laws for the protection of the remnant from the extermination that
+threatens it.
+
+We realize that the tremendous importance of our fishery resources is
+underestimated, and that this great asset is threatened with serious
+diminution. We urge upon Congress and the states to provide more
+liberally for fish propagation and preservation, in the interest of the
+conservation of this food source so important at present and vital for
+the future.
+
+The problem of the preservation of migratory birds, fishes and quadrupeds
+is interstate; therefore, we emphatically endorse the resolution of the
+second National Conservation Congress to the effect that the National
+Government supplement the laws of the states with comprehensive national
+laws for the protection of migratory animals.
+
+The losses of life and property from fire in the United States are
+enormous and abnormal, amounting to 1,500 human lives annually, and
+with the cost of prevention to nearly $400,000,000 of property, or ten
+times that of any other civilized country of the world. Such losses may
+be largely prevented by economical treatment, and we recommend to the
+Congress of the United States a national investigation of this subject
+under government supervision, the collection, classification and analysis
+of data concerning the causes of such fire losses, and the relation of
+fire insurance rates thereto, to the end that a permanent department of
+government be established to collect and furnish to the United States and
+the people thereof reliable information in relation to life and property
+losses and practical means for their prevention.
+
+The children of the United States are recognized as the most precious
+resource of this Nation, and the Federal Bureau of Education as the
+best agency for collecting, publishing and distributing educational
+information throughout the country. We therefore urge that national
+appropriations for studying problems involving the welfare of the
+Nation’s school children be made comparable in amount with those annually
+made for studying problems involving the welfare and conservation of the
+Nation’s material resources.
+
+In a system of free schools all the children should be trained for good
+citizenship and for the useful industries; owing to the rapidly changing
+and increasingly complex social and economic condition in all sections of
+the Union, our public schools should make ample provision for instructing
+the youth of the land in the more important occupations in which our
+people are engaged, and the parents and teachers should counsel together
+to determine if possible for what vocation each child is best adapted.
+We recommend that the schools should be so organized and conducted that
+the great purposes for which this Congress exists may be realized through
+the work and lives of men and women who have been trained in health,
+home-making, citizenship, and industry.
+
+We urge upon all who are concerned with the actual work of conservation,
+whether in the state or Nation, that they secure quickly as possible
+through unprejudiced scientific investigation exact knowledge concerning
+our various resources and the conditions which affect their development,
+and we urge that all constructive conservation policies be based upon
+such exact information.
+
+As this notable Congress draws to a close we, the delegates, desire to
+express our hearty appreciation of the many courtesies and the warm
+hospitality extended to us by the citizens of the city and state in which
+we are assembled. We desire, especially, to proffer warm thanks to His
+Excellency Herbert S. Hadley, Governor of Missouri, and to Honorable
+Darius A. Brown, Mayor of Kansas City, for their words of welcome, borne
+out later by actions.
+
+We desire also to express a special acknowledgment of the courtesy,
+energy and ability and good will of the Commercial Club of Kansas City,
+as manifested particularly by its accomplished president, Mr. J. C.
+Lester, and its highly capable secretary, Mr. E. M. Clendening. We
+appreciate our obligation, too, to the local board of managers, and to
+Chairman Neal, for their efficient service.
+
+We also acknowledge a debt to the clergy of Kansas City for their
+coöperation in several sessions and for the spirit emanating from them
+which has done so much to temper and ennoble the deliberations of the
+Congress.
+
+We, the delegates, desire also to express appreciation of the devotion,
+eminent fairness, tireless energy, and endless good humor of retiring
+President Wallace; we acknowledge no less indebtedness to the highly
+efficient chairman of the executive committee, Mr. John B. White, now
+president of the Congress.
+
+We also note our debt to the efficient executive secretary of the
+Congress, Mr. Thomas R. Shipp, without whose untiring efforts the
+Congress would have fallen short in the accomplishment of duty; and we
+appreciate, too, the efficiency of Recording Secretary Gipe.
+
+We desire to signalize our appreciation of the notably efficient service
+of our worthy sergeant-at-arms, Colonel John I. Martin, who has not only
+maintained perfect order under trying circumstances, but has smoothed the
+practical working of the Congress by his courtesy and good humor.
+
+Finally, we acknowledge a special obligation to the press of Kansas City
+for the notably full and fair reports of our proceedings from day to day,
+and in equal degree for the preliminary publicity which contributed so
+much to the success of this Congress.
+
+[Illustration: DR. HENRY WALLACE, President 1910-11]
+
+
+
+
+THIRD NATIONAL CONSERVATION CONGRESS
+
+
+
+
+_OPENING SESSION._
+
+
+The Congress convened in Convention Hall, Kansas City, Missouri, on the
+morning of September 25, 1911, President Henry W. Wallace in the chair.
+
+President WALLACE—The convention will come to order and will be opened
+with an invocation by the Rt. Rev. Thomas F. Lillis, Bishop of the Roman
+Catholic Diocese of Kansas City.
+
+
+INVOCATION.
+
+    _In the name of the Father, and of the Son, and of the Holy
+    Ghost, Amen. Our Father, Who art in Heaven, hallowed be Thy
+    name; Thy Kingdom come, Thy will be done on earth as it is in
+    Heaven; give us this day our daily bread, and forgive us our
+    trespasses as we forgive those who trespass against us. Lead us
+    not into temptation, but deliver us from evil. Amen._
+
+President WALLACE—An address of welcome will now be delivered on behalf
+of Kansas City by its Mayor, the Honorable Darius A. Brown. (Applause)
+
+Mayor BROWN—Mr. President, Ladies and Gentlemen: In the very brief time
+in which I have to speak to you, if there is one fact of which I want to
+convince you it is that I am absolutely not responsible for the condition
+of the weather this morning. Convention Hall, the walls of it, have
+probably enclosed many important conventions and congresses, but I do not
+believe in the entire history of the institution, or of Kansas City, that
+there has ever gathered here a congress or convention whose deliberations
+and conclusions are of such vital importance to the great mass of people
+as that which will soon convene here this morning. We have had all sorts
+of conventions for the purpose of discussing ways and means of pursuing
+their public avocations, and how to best carry on the business in which
+they are engaged, but this is a Congress which is not gathered for the
+purpose of determining how it is best to make money or to carry on
+business, but for the purpose of solving some of the great problems which
+are necessary to be solved in order that we should go forward in the way
+in which this Nation should go forward.
+
+Beginning with a strong desire to prevent waste of some of the lands and
+natural resources of this country, the principle of conservation has
+been so extended and its scope so widened that today it is only limited
+by the bonds of human activity, and this principle of conservation is
+certainly of vital importance to the great cities of this country, and
+it has lately come to be given a practical application in the saving and
+preventing from waste of the valuable rights which the people of great
+cities have in their streets and public thoroughfares. For a long time
+past when private individuals sought certain valuable rights in the
+streets and thoroughfares of our great cities it has been the custom
+to give them for the asking, but now has come a time when the minds of
+the people are turned to the principles which demand that none of these
+things should be wasted or granted away unless there is a fair and just
+return to the people for the rights which are granted. There is another
+application of this principle of conservation in the life of our great
+cities. Conditions have arisen and exist today, and have existed, the
+cause of which has not yet been definitely determined, whereby the lives
+and the health and the morals of the people are being wasted; and so the
+thinking patriotic people of every city in this country are directing
+their minds, not so much to anything that is the result of these
+conditions as to get directly at the cause and prevent the results which
+are flowing from the causes which have existed. And the officers of this
+Congress have become so saturated and so imbued with this principle of
+conservation that the secretary, in sending out his notices to those who
+have been selected to deliver these addresses of welcome this morning,
+inserted therein a clause wherein he said there will be five addresses
+for the morning session, and therefore all of them will necessarily have
+to be brief; and the secretary was right. And it is absolutely right that
+it should be so, for many reasons, particularly two: Because there will
+assemble here this morning and during the days of these sessions some
+of the most distinguished, able and learned men of the United States,
+men who have shown their right to speak authoritatively on these great
+subjects; men who have devoted their time, energy, their lifetime, to
+the study of the proper solution of the great problems of American life;
+men who are coming here with a message to deliver to the people of this
+Congress and to the people of this great country; and therefore it is not
+right and proper that their time and the time of the people who have come
+here to listen should be wasted by an address of welcome.
+
+And it has been suggested that on account of the fact that possibly
+some of those who are to deliver these addresses of welcome have caused
+considerable delay, that they ought to be abolished altogether. There
+is another reason why no time should be wasted in hearing addresses of
+welcome. I do not know why this custom has grown up in this country that
+when any considerable body of citizens of one part of the country gathers
+in another part that it is necessary for some high dignitary or executive
+of the city to deliver an address of welcome. Perhaps it came from the
+older countries of the world, where the provinces and the municipalities
+and states were clutching at each other’s throats, and they built great
+walls around the city, and when one man wanted to visit another community
+it was necessary for him to go to the gate and rap on it and have some
+high dignitary bid him enter. In this great country of ours we have
+been drawn so closely together by the influence of the newspapers, the
+magazines, the railroads, telephone and telegraph that today we are one
+great common people, actuated by the same great motives and inspired by
+the same high ideals, and so a citizen of one portion of this country
+today is just as welcome in another portion of the country as the rising
+sun in the morning. (Applause) And so I say it is not necessary for any
+representative of the city to say to this gathering that they are welcome
+in Kansas City, or to say that the arms of the people of Kansas City are
+extended in a hearty welcome, because we believe that the result of the
+deliberations which you will hold here and the conclusions which you will
+reach will not only be of lasting and vital benefit to the people of this
+city, but to the people all over this country. And it is an encouraging
+sign of the times that in every branch of human endeavor the people
+are gathering periodically, yearly or monthly, or biennially, for the
+purpose of discussing the questions which affect them in their peculiar
+avocations. It has been said a great many times that perhaps democracy
+is a failure, that the people all have shown themselves incapable of
+governing themselves. But the most prolific cause of that opinion has
+been that in the past the public servants have been selected and the
+public questions have been solved by a small body of men, sometimes
+too many of which are actuated only by a desire for their personal
+aggrandizement.
+
+And the great rank and file of the citizenship, the individual citizen,
+has not seen fit to devote any of his time to a study of any of those
+problems, but has left the whole government of the people to be done
+by this small coterie of men. The people are awakening to their
+responsibility as citizens of this country: they are beginning to ally
+themselves with some such organization as this, which has for its
+purpose the study and solution of these problems, and day by day, more
+and more, by enactment of Congress, amendments of constitution, state
+legislative action, amendments of city charters, more and more of these
+great questions are being submitted directly to the people for solution,
+and so I say, when the time comes through this awakening which we have
+seen, when the individual citizen will come to a full appreciation of
+his responsibility, and these problems are submitted to them, they will
+all be solved right and properly. And I want to say in conclusion that
+I hope, and I express the hope of every good citizen of Kansas City,
+that this Congress will achieve great things, will do more than has ever
+been done before to solve these great problems that are clamoring for
+solution. I thank you. (Applause)
+
+President WALLACE—On behalf of the Commercial Club of this city an
+address of welcome will be delivered by Mr. John C. Lester, its honored
+president.
+
+Mr. Lester spoke as follows:
+
+Mr. President and Members of the National Conservation Congress: I bear
+to you the greetings of the Commercial Club and the other industrial and
+civic organizations of Kansas City. We find nothing in our annals which
+is a greater source of pride than our part in bringing this Congress to
+Kansas City. We are proud to welcome an assembly of men and women who
+are devoted to the idea of the salvation of the physical resources of
+the nation, which means the physical salvation of our part of the race.
+The moral benefit to ourselves of trying to do something for others,
+is taught in an age-old lesson. What better way of illustrating that
+principle, and securing that good than by teaching that the spendthrift
+energies of this generation must be curbed in order that more be left for
+the vital sustenance of the next. What more inspiring sight than this
+great audience, drawn from the four quarters of the Nation with minds
+intent on that one principle? We easily recognize the great impulses
+and movements for the good of the race. They stand out in history
+like mile-stones. Among them the cause of your meeting, the cause of
+conservation is a pillar of fire. You are rightfully appalled by waste
+and are fighting it as sin. You are fully conscious from the story of
+life on this earth, of what a proper use of his resources means to man.
+You are fully conscious of the folly of destroying today what will be
+needed to save life tomorrow.
+
+Your theme is Conservation. You tremble at conditions and seek a remedy.
+To you the glory of the harvest, the wealth of the mine, the roar of the
+falling water, the shadows of the forests, the flow of the streams, means
+more than the happiness of today: you would also have them the joy of
+tomorrow. If the world heeds your advice the day of the last man will be
+put off for countless ages.
+
+The products of the soil and the forest, in seeking a market, seek the
+sea and its highways as naturally as do the waters of the streams. In
+obedience to this law, this community is now engaged in an effort to
+solve one of the great practical problems of conservation—that is, the
+conservation of power in transportation. We are devoted to the idea of
+the practical use of the Missouri River as a freight carrier. You have
+taught us that saving coal means saving life. You have also taught us
+that the same power required to move 8 tons on steel rails will move 34
+tons on water; hence who dares say that our ambition to reach the sea
+by water with our products is an idle dream, or that the immutable laws
+of Nature are not on our side? Our critics are fighting the eternal
+verities! They might as well fulminate against the law of gravitation!
+The Missouri River is and will be navigated. In this effort we claim
+kinship with all the sons and daughters of Conservation.
+
+As that eminent Frenchman and conservator of peace, Baron Destournelles,
+recently our guest, in writing a short time ago about this city and its
+relation to the Missouri River, pointed out, the river and the railroads
+have their separate burdens to bear, one class of freight will always
+seek the quicker transit of the rails, another class will always seek the
+vastly cheaper transportation afforded by a water channel.
+
+But I must not anticipate a possible subject of your deliberations.
+Pardon me, if I feel impelled when addressing conservationists to prove a
+strong local bond of sympathy!
+
+As apostles of conversation-conservation, you, at your third annual
+meeting, have made a splendid beginning. You have supported precept by
+example in that you have selected a place for your Congress, just 125
+miles east of the geographical center of the United States. You have thus
+conserved both the time and money of your members in meeting at Kansas
+City!—a most excellent centre from which easily radiate all influences
+for good, either moral or commercial!
+
+It is my part, however, on behalf of all our civic organizations, to
+supplement and, if possible, strengthen your official welcome. You are
+thrice welcomed; first, because we are proud to honor as great a nucleus
+of brains and character as ever assembled under Convention Hall; second,
+because we know your purpose and your work and believe in them; and,
+third, because we expect to learn from you how to conserve the health of
+our children, how to conserve the purity of the streams from which we
+must drink, how to conserve the fertility of our soil from the exhausting
+wastes of ignorance, how to conserve the happiness of the country home,
+and turn the tide back from the cities—all save this one perhaps—and in
+all things to live in and enjoy this world so that the generations that
+come after will bless us and the great doctrines of conservation.
+
+We are honored by your presence.
+
+May we all follow the banner bearing your motto, “The greatest good for
+the greatest number for the longest time.”
+
+President WALLACE—An address of welcome will now be delivered by the
+Honorable Herbert S. Hadley, Governor of Missouri, on behalf of that
+great state. Governor Hadley. (Applause)
+
+Governor HADLEY—Mr. Chairman, Ladies and Gentlemen: His Honor, the Mayor,
+and the President of the Commercial Club have made welcoming on my part
+a work of supererogation. I know, of course, that you are welcome,
+and you know are welcome, or you would not be here. The President of
+the Commercial Club has referred to you and to himself as apostles of
+conversation as well as apostles of Conservation. And so it is upon that
+suggestion, I suppose, that in making speeches of welcome, we are making
+speeches in discussion of the subject that has brought them here. I take
+it, however, the explanation of my presence on the program this morning,
+is not for the purpose of welcoming you here to the State of Missouri,
+because you were welcomed here when you decided to come. I am here among
+these apostles of conservation and apostles of conversation simply for
+the purpose of giving a little variety to the program. It seemed well
+to those who were managing this Congress that on an occasion when the
+people gathered together from all the states in the Union to consider the
+important question of a proper conservation of the soil, that it would be
+well to have at least one farmer among those who were gathered together
+for the purposes of that discussion. (Applause) And so they came down to
+Jefferson City to ask me to turn aside from my executive and agricultural
+pursuits long enough to come up here and lend a little variety to the
+program this morning, because to those who come from other states it may
+be necessary to impart that although I have been regarded and referred to
+upon various occasions as something of a political curiosity, I am far
+more than that in that I am the first farmer Governor of the State of
+Missouri in over a half a century, and I think the first Governor in the
+entire history of the state who became a farmer after he became Governor.
+(Laughter and applause). So consequently I represent in and of myself
+both the principles of conversation and the principles of Conservation.
+Consequently, what I have to say to you this morning will be along the
+line of congratulation that you have come to a state that has such a
+splendid example, not only of the necessity, but of the practical results
+of the application of that great national policy that you are gathered
+here to consider. As has been suggested by the remarks of the Mayor, and
+the President of the Commercial Club, this question of conservation is a
+question which has so many sides, and has so many practical and important
+applications that you have, Mr. Chairman, to come to a great state like
+the State of Missouri, with its diversified interests and resources, in
+order to see just exactly how great a question you are dealing with.
+(Laughter) So I congratulate you upon the wisdom that you have displayed
+in selecting your place of meeting. I say this advisedly, because
+Missouri, which is the oldest of those states lying wholly west of the
+Mississippi to have been admitted to the Union, is one of the youngest or
+most undeveloped states between the Mississippi and the Pacific.
+
+Even before the territory where we meet today had become a part of the
+American Republic, the hardy pioneers, hunters, trappers and traders who
+had carried English civilization across the Alleghanies and into the
+valley of the Mississippi had pushed westward even to the banks of the
+Missouri. Following the acquisition of the Territory of Louisiana and our
+organization as a territory and admission as a state, Missouri stood for
+forty years as an outpost of civilization, reaching out to the unknown
+and the undiscovered West. And from her borders stretched those two great
+highways of commerce, the Oregon Trail, and the Santa Fe Trail, along
+which, in turn, were to march the soldiers, hunters, trappers and traders
+who were to bind the Trans-Mississippi country to the United States by
+ties stronger than those of treaties and of laws. The Missourian became
+the pioneer of the West. And in practically every state that lies in that
+vast empire between the Mississippi and the Pacific the sons of Missouri
+have felled the forests, dug the mines, cultivated the soil, written the
+constitutions and laws, held the offices and directed the commercial and
+industrial activities.
+
+
+MISSOURI’S UNDEVELOPED RESOURCES.
+
+So bounteously, in fact, has Missouri contributed of her citizenship
+to the development of other states and territories that she has left
+undeveloped many of her own natural resources and uncultivated almost
+one-half of her soil. Of the 44 millions of acres which constitute the
+State of Missouri, little more than one-half has ever been touched by a
+plowshare; and of her 20 millions of acres of uncultivated soil, there
+are 17,500,000 acres of woodland awaiting the stroke of the woodman’s
+axe. Of lead and zinc, we produce more than any state in the Union, yes,
+more than all of the states of the Union combined, or any nation in the
+world. And yet the geologists tell us that greater stores of mineral
+wealth lie beneath the surface of our soil than have even been discovered
+by the drill of the miner or the pick of the prospector. We have within
+and along our borders 6,000 miles of navigable rivers, a larger number
+of miles of navigable waterways than any inland state in the Union. By
+the cultivation of one-half of our 44 millions of acres we produce over
+100 million dollars worth of corn each year, nearly 1 million dollars in
+value of this product for every county in the state. Missouri lies in
+the very center of the American corn belt, and there are no corn lands
+superior to those found in this state. One farmer in Missouri grows more
+corn each year on his farm than is grown in the nine States of Utah,
+Oregon, Washington, Arizona, Idaho, Montana, Rhode Island, Wyoming and
+Nevada combined. Three counties in Missouri grow more corn than nineteen
+other states, in which is included all of New England. These three
+counties grow more corn than do the states of New York, Maryland or West
+Virginia. Three times as much corn is produced in Missouri each year as
+is produced in all of South America, three-fifths as much as in all of
+Europe and nearly one-half as much as is produced in the whole world
+outside of the United States. The average yield of corn in Missouri per
+acre is forty bushels, a higher average yield than in any state in the
+Union, and yet by the proper application of the principle of conservation
+in the use and cultivation of the soil, this production could doubtless
+be increased 25 per cent. And by the proper use of the uncultivated
+corn lands of the state, our production could be made greater than any
+state in the United States, and probably greater than the entire corn
+production of Europe.
+
+The same thing is true as to our other important crops. Our average wheat
+crop sells for 30 millions of dollars, which is also the average value of
+our crop of hay which is sold upon the markets, not including the immense
+acreage of blue grass, clover and timothy pastures.
+
+
+THE OZARK REGION.
+
+The character of our soil, as well as of our climate, is peculiarly
+favorable for the growing of grass. Grass is not only the greatest
+of all agricultural products, but its production under most favorable
+conditions is an indication of the most desirable place of habitation for
+man. One of the early travelers who investigated the conditions in the
+Trans-Mississippi country, who was also much of a philosopher, made the
+statement that the best place for human habitation is in that country
+farthest south where grass grows well. And the country farthest south
+where grass grows well is to be found in the Ozark region of Missouri.
+When the first Spanish explorers crossed the Mississippi, they found
+the largest herds of buffalo, elk, deer and antelope feeding upon the
+splendid pastures of blue stem and of blue grass in what is now the
+southern half of Missouri. Prior to the coming of the white man, this
+region was a vast upland prairie, noted for its splendid growth of grass
+and favorable hunting ground. And so long as the Indians remained, the
+growth of trees, except along the rivers and the streams, was prevented
+by the burning of the grass each year. But with the coming of the white
+man and the driving out of the Indian, the growth of the timber extended
+back from the rivers and the streams, and what was once the greatest
+pasture in the country is now covered by a growth of timber.
+
+Through the proper application of the principles of conservation, this
+timber can be cleared in such a manner as to restore the growth of
+blue grass and of blue stem to make this region the most favorable for
+dairying and the raising of live stock that the country affords, and at
+the same time preserve enough of the trees to give the natural commercial
+advantages to be derived therefrom.
+
+Of our 20 millions of acres of uncultivated soil, three and one-half
+million consist of swamp and overflowed lands to be found in the valleys
+of our great rivers. If this land were reclaimed by the application
+of the principles of conservation, so as to produce a certain annual
+harvest, it would produce enough of agricultural wealth each year to feed
+all of the people of Missouri, and leave the balance of our 23 millions
+of acres for the production of surplus products.
+
+In support of this statement, let me refer you to facts of history, for
+Egypt, during the palmiest days of her civilization, never had under
+cultivation to exceed six millions of acres in the Valley of the Nile.
+And yet these six millions of acres supported a population of 10 millions
+of people. Holland reclaimed from the sea two and one-half millions of
+acres of land which supported a population of 8 millions of people. And
+yet the swamp and flooded lands of Missouri are as rich as the reclaimed
+lands of Holland or the Valley of the Nile.
+
+
+THE NEED OF SWAMP LAND RECLAMATION.
+
+The reason why these lands do not now produce a certain annual harvest
+is largely due to the fact that the National Government does not keep
+within their banks the waters of its navigable rivers. During the course
+of the last ten years, the National Government has spent 125 millions
+of dollars to put water on to three and one-half millions of arid lands
+in the West. I am confident that there is no one present here today who
+objects to the policy that has been followed by our National Government
+for the reclamation of the arid lands of the West by the conservation of
+our waters for the purpose of irrigation. Though mistakes may have been
+made in isolated cases, the general policy meets with national approval.
+But I feel that the time will come; in fact, I believe it has come, when
+the national government should be willing to spend at least a small
+portion of the money that it uses to put water on the arid lands of the
+West to keep the water of its navigable rivers off of the rich lowlands
+of the Missouri and the Mississippi rivers. It takes an expense of from
+$25 to $40 an acre to put water on to the arid lands of the West, and yet
+it is the estimate of engineers that by an expense of not to exceed $5.00
+an acre the water of the navigable rivers can be kept off of the lowlands
+adjacent thereto.
+
+This question is of importance not only to the people of Missouri, but
+to the people of the entire country. There are in the Mississippi and
+Missouri river valleys over 20 millions of acres of the richest lands
+in the world, which are now impaired for the purpose of cultivation by
+reason of swamps and overflows. If this land were reclaimed and made to
+yield a certain annual harvest, it would almost double the agricultural
+production of the Mississippi Valley. And the reason why it is not so
+productive is, as I have said, because the national government does not
+keep the waters of its navigable rivers within their banks. By doing so
+the reclamation of this swamp and flooded land would not only be made
+possible, but by such a policy our navigable rivers would be improved and
+made more dependable as a means of inland transportation. And it little
+profits us to increase the production of our fertile fields unless that
+production can be carried from the farms to the market in such a way and
+for such a charge as will adequately compensate for the labor thereby
+expended.
+
+And if the principles of conservation were given a practical and
+effective application in improving our rivers by the keeping of their
+waters within their banks, by using in a proper and a scientific way our
+uncultivated soil, the railroads would be unequal to the task of carrying
+such an immensely increased agricultural production from the farm to
+the market. Then the question of water transportation would become a
+necessity and, in my judgment, a satisfactory progress in the improvement
+of our inland waterways for the purposes of transportation will not be
+made until our agricultural production is increased to such an extent
+that existing railroads are unequal to its transportation.
+
+
+THE PROBLEM OF ADEQUATE PRODUCTION.
+
+I have outlined to you, in a most general way, some of the important
+phases of the question of conservation which find a practical
+application to the conditions existing today in the State of Missouri.
+Experts tell us that over 40 per cent of our farm lands are being
+cultivated in a way which tends to decrease, rather than to increase,
+their productivity. Such a policy must inevitably result in the
+impoverishment of the Nation; because when you destroy the productivity
+of the soil, then do you strike at the very foundation of national
+prosperity and happiness. Agriculture, the oldest of occupations, is
+clearly the most important. The value of that which is produced from the
+soil exceeds the value of all other products of human labor. Up to the
+present time in this country, we have been peculiarly fortunate in that
+our production has exceeded consumption and the supply has always been
+greater than the demand. The result has been that the American people
+alone, of all the people of the world, have eaten the same kind of food.
+And no stronger influence could exist as against the creation of classes
+and castes in our population than for all of the people to eat the same
+kind of food.
+
+But with the consumption increasing more rapidly than production, and
+the consequent increase in the cost of the necessities of life, there
+shall come a time when many will not be able to secure the same kind of
+food that is enjoyed by others. Then will there come a disturbing and
+dangerous influence which will threaten our society and our institutions.
+Statistics tell us of a constantly decreasing surplus of production. Our
+balance of trade is rapidly becoming confined to the exports of cotton.
+And if the present tendency continues, in a few years we will consume
+all of the products of our grain and of our live stock and have none to
+sell in other lands. And when this condition is followed by a time that
+it will be necessary to import the necessities of life, then will exist
+conditions which will be the cause of concern, as well as a reflection
+upon the American people for their capacity to use in a proper manner the
+great natural resources with which nature has endowed them.
+
+I feel, however, that the American people have demonstrated most
+impressively their capacity for self-government by the effective manner
+in which they have taken up this important question of conservation. Ten
+years ago, the term was hardly known outside of the laboratory of the
+scientist and the class-room of the agricultural college. Today it is
+almost a household term. Under the inspiring leadership of that great
+American, Theodore Roosevelt, the American people have taken up the
+consideration and the practical application of this important national
+policy. And this splendid Congress today, assembled in this progressive
+and developing city, is an evidence of the fact that the interest in this
+question is by no means subsiding.
+
+I welcome you to Missouri and voice the sentiment of her people when I
+say we hope that your deliberations and discussions will contribute to
+the practical and effective application of that great public policy that
+you are gathered here to consider.
+
+President WALLACE—This is a right good looking audience. We want it to go
+down in history, and if you will just be quiet, we will have a flashlight
+picture taken before I respond to this eloquent address to which you have
+just listened.
+
+[After the flash light picture was taken the Congress proceeded.]
+
+President WALLACE—I assure you that it is a great privilege as well as
+pleasure to respond in behalf of this Congress to the cordial address
+of welcome of the Governor of the great State of Missouri, the Mayor of
+Kansas City and the President of the Commercial Club. The people of the
+West generally know Kansas City only as they see it from the stations,
+and have no proper conception of the magnificence of its buildings, the
+beauty of its streets and surroundings, and still less of the remarkable
+enterprise of its citizens. I confess that all this was a great surprise
+to me on a recent visit here.
+
+The real greatness of your city lies in the agricultural resources. With
+the great State of Kansas on the west, with the great State of Missouri
+on the east, with Oklahoma and Arkansas with their undeveloped resources
+on the south, its future greatness must be largely measured by the
+development of agriculture in these great states, in the great corn state
+lying farther north and in the great cotton states farther south. Kansas
+City can lay its hand on more possible agricultural wealth than any other
+city on the map of the United States. Hence it was early recognized by
+the officers of this Congress as the best possible place to inaugurate
+a campaign for better farming, better business and better living on the
+farm.
+
+The actual prosperity of any city is largely measured by the foresight,
+the breadth of vision and energy of its commercial club. A modern city
+may have vast resources; it may have a form of government almost ideal;
+and that government may be acceptable to the people and free from any
+breath of scandal; but if it does not have an organization of its ablest
+and best business men, who can make a careful study of these resources,
+who work together—and that, too, often at great personal and pecuniary
+sacrifice—for the good of the city as a whole, these resources are
+likely to remain undeveloped. The citizens of your city and the whole
+state may well be proud of your Commercial Club. Its members are the
+eyes through which the citizen sees the possible, and the hands through
+which the possible becomes the actual. They are the ears that recognize
+the unspoken needs and aspirations of the busy masses, and the voice
+that gives them authoritative expression. Without an active Commercial
+Club, such as you have, in which the masses of the city have perfect
+confidence, you could not realize your possibilities.
+
+I am no less glad to respond to the cordial greeting of the Governor of
+Missouri, a state of magnificent resources of soil, in mineral wealth
+of several kinds, and in climate. As “no man liveth to himself,” no
+state liveth to itself; but Missouri could better afford to be fenced
+off by itself than any other state in the Union. It could feed itself,
+clothe itself and enjoy itself, and all from its own resources in field,
+forest and mine, “without the aid or consent of any other nation on the
+face of the earth.” Its Governor and its citizens may well be proud of
+its advance in educational lines and in the development of its many and
+varied resources. Kansas City, Missouri, is therefore a fitting place
+for the conservationists of the United States to meet and discuss the
+greatest of all present problems; how to conserve the greatest of the
+resources of the Nation, the fertility of the soil and the life of the
+people who live in the open country. I am sure I voice the sentiment of
+this Congress as a whole when I return its most heartfelt thanks and full
+appreciation of the hearty welcome given by the Mayor of Kansas City,
+the President of its Commercial Club, and the Governor of the State of
+Missouri.
+
+
+THE DRIFT OF POPULATION.
+
+It will be my object in this address not to discuss any phase of the
+conservation movement exhaustively, but to outline briefly two drifts of
+population: the drift from the farm to the city and the drift from the
+city toward the land, and the work of this Congress as related thereto.
+
+Even before the daily press had begun the crusade “back to the land,” the
+movement toward the land had already set in. When Oklahoma was opened to
+settlement the land seekers stood, serried ranks of horsemen, waiting for
+the signal gun; and that great state of undulating prairie, heretofore
+only a great pasture, was converted in a few weeks into a state of farm
+homes. Congress did not dare to repeat the experiment; but when other
+Indian reservations were opened, provided for the distribution of land by
+lot, giving the prize to the lucky man rather than to the one with the
+swiftest horse and most accurate knowledge of the country. Every opening
+since reveals the fact that only one in a few can gain the coveted prize,
+so great is the land hunger of the American people.
+
+This land hunger is not peculiar to any class of people nor to any state.
+The merchant, the banker, the railroad official of New York and Boston,
+each longs for a farm, possibly only as a summer home, but is willing to
+pay for it in investment, in improvements and cost of management, more
+than it is worth in dollars or ever will be. He, too, is bitten by land
+hunger. Many small business men of our cities, who cannot hope to secure
+a farm and live on it, invest greedily in acreage in the suburbs. The
+workman in the factory aims to secure two or three acres on which he can
+build himself a home, have a garden or cow pasture or place for poultry,
+or at least a playground for his children.
+
+The growth of large cities has ceased to be in the business or even in
+the old residence sections, and is entirely in the suburbs. The same
+holds true abroad. According to the census for 1909, London in the ten
+years previous increased about three-quarters of a million. Yet the
+population of the old town, “Old Londontown,” decreased very heavily; the
+administrative district just outside that did not quite hold its own; and
+the entire growth and twenty thousand more was made in the outer circle
+or the suburbs. If men cannot have country life in the country, they are
+constantly aiming at “_rus in urbe_,” in other words, to get as much as
+possible of the country in the city.
+
+As interurbans stretch out from the cities, farm after farm on their
+lines is divided up into acreage; and thus while the steam railroads
+tend to concentrate population, as they have from the beginning, the
+trolley lines tend to lure the people back toward the country. Even our
+foreign population, the men who dig our coal, mine our ores and swelter
+in our furnaces, aim to have a few acres which they can call their own,
+where they may live cheaply and die in peace and quiet, when the great
+interests have used up their best days and cast them off.
+
+In fact, latent in the heart of nearly every man, be he man of business,
+clerk or other employe, or laboring with his hands, there is a yearning
+desire to have a piece of land to call his own. Perhaps they do not
+consciously reason it out. It may be a revival of the instinct of the
+primitive man, or it may be an instinctive fear of industrial wrath to
+come and a feeling that, should it come, should our whole industrial
+system be shaken to its very foundation, the family that has a few acres
+of its own can at least live in comparative comfort and safety.
+
+
+THE MOVEMENT TO THE CITY.
+
+Alongside of this movement, back toward, if not always to the farm, the
+counter-movement from the farm to the town, which has been going on for
+fifty years, continues with increasing and accelerated force. Farmers all
+over the older West move in great numbers or retire to the country towns;
+and notwithstanding all this constant influx of population, these towns,
+as the late census reveals, have barely held their own and often have
+lost population, the natural increase of the towns themselves pouring
+into the larger towns and cities, in which the majority live with less
+comfort than the farmers who remain on their farms. Vast numbers of boys
+and girls fall a prey to the alluring vices of the city; and many of them
+eventually take their places with “the down and out.” Comparatively few
+succeed and become well-to-do. The children of these few become wealthy;
+their grandchildren usually spend gaily the fortunes they never earned;
+and naturally the family dies out, at least, so far as force and power
+are concerned, in another generation or at most two or three. The city
+uses up men and families as it uses up horses. And this is true not only
+in this, but in the older countries as well. All Ireland, for example,
+except Dublin and Belfast, has lost population in the last ten years, as
+has also nearly all of Wales and Scotland.
+
+I regard it as important that you should understand as clearly as
+possible the conditions that have caused this world-wide movement from
+the farm to the city, as only in this way shall we be able to foresee
+and describe the conditions that will cause and are even now causing a
+return flow or movement back toward the land.
+
+This movement townward began with the use of improved machinery, or
+the application of science to the operations of manufacturing and
+distributing the things necessary for the supply of our ever-increasing
+human wants. It has increased in proportion to the success of the
+inventions and discoveries. The power loom put all other looms out of
+business. The spinning jenny sent the spinning wheel to the attic. The
+small industries—the wagon shops, the blacksmith shops, the grist mills
+and carding mills found in and around the county seats and smaller towns
+fifty years ago—“folded their tents like the Arab and silently stole
+away,” when it was found that a large plant and improved machinery,
+coupled with transportation facilities, could supply human wants at less
+cost.
+
+
+THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE CORPORATION.
+
+What followed? Large capital was required for the larger plants.
+The individual gave place to the firm; the firm eventually became a
+corporation, and finally a trust. At last the workman could no longer
+own his own tools, and became an employe. Large numbers of employes
+were soon necessary, and for self-protection they formed the union. The
+organization of labor followed logically the organization of capital and
+gave us one of the greatest and most difficult of modern problems, that
+of labor unions.
+
+In the factory we no longer aim to supply local demands, but state,
+interstate, national and even international. For this there must be
+transportation, and therefore we have now a railroad problem closely
+intertwined with the labor problem, intimately connected with the whole
+process of manufacturing and distribution. The products of these great
+factories must be used by consumers living at long distances. Hence we
+have the problem of distribution, or the problem of the middleman, and
+all the direct results of the application of science to industry. Since
+the world began the like has never been seen before. We have gone into
+this troubled sea without chart or compass. Problems are evolved, for the
+solution of which we have neither precedent nor guide.
+
+While all this was going on, an empire of virgin soil, the counterpart
+of which exists in such mass nowhere else in the world, was opened for
+immediate settlement, and that settlement was powerfully stimulated
+by the homestead law and immense railroad grants. As a result the Old
+World and the New were literally sluched with food for man and beast at
+the bare cost of mining the soil fertility, the storage of unnumbered
+centuries. Had this Mississippi Valley been covered with forests like
+Pennsylvania and Ohio, and opened slowly as the world needed food, our
+history would have been written differently, and the problems to be met
+would have been of an entirely different character.
+
+With corn at from 20 to 25 cents, wheat 50 cents, oats 15 cents, the
+manufacturer could afford to pay higher wages than the farmer and give
+shorter hours. The city could furnish plank walks, then cement, paved
+streets, light, amusement, society—the joy of living. Is it any wonder
+that the farm boy and girls fled to the cities, away from the old-time
+isolation of the farm, from bad roads, from lack of society, when offered
+better pay and shorter hours? Better pay; shorter hours; larger life;
+amusements for all, whatever their tastes might be; what boy or girl
+could resist all this?
+
+
+THE EVOLUTION OF MACHINERY.
+
+The farm itself finally began to use improved machinery. The farmer hung
+his scythe in a tree and bought a mower; hung up his cradle and bought
+a binder. He used more horses, better tools, and grew more crops with
+less than half the labor. All this was natural, logical, inevitable.
+The older farming sections do not have so dense a population as of old,
+simply because they do not need it as they did when farming under old
+conditions. They could not use it with profit when they had to compete
+with town wages and town hours.
+
+What then followed? Inevitably, soil impoverishment. The nineteenth
+century farmer was, speaking generally, no farmer at all, but a miner, a
+soil robber. There was a good farmer here and there, a good settlement
+here and there; but, speaking generally, there was no farming, nothing
+but mining. The nineteenth century farmer sold the stored fertility of
+ages at the bare cost of mining it. With his gang-plow and his four to
+eight-section harrow, he could do more soil robbing in five years than
+his grandfather could do in his whole lifetime. The evidence of it:
+The now general use of commercial fertilizers from the Atlantic to the
+Pacific, which means that the farmer of today is paying good round sums
+for the fertility his father literally gave away; and the disappearance
+of crops which grow during a short season, and therefore must have
+fertile land. Our flax crop, for instance, is now disappearing up into
+Canada, spring wheat closely following, and our oats crop preparing to
+follow.
+
+We are now nearing a point where we will need practically all our grains
+to provide for the wants of our own population. Our export of corn is
+merely a dribble; in our last census year 100 million bushels less than
+the average ten years before. Our exports of meats and dairy products
+have shrunk in ten years over 50 per cent. We sent abroad last year only
+about one-third the number of cattle we sent ten years ago. There is not
+the slightest indication that this decline will be checked. If checked at
+all, it will be but temporarily, due to an industrial crisis. Were it not
+for over 500 million dollars’ worth of cotton that we send abroad each
+year, the country would be drained of its precious metals to settle our
+foreign obligations, and we would be on the verge of national bankruptcy.
+
+
+THE PRODUCTION PER ACRE.
+
+Is it not amazing that, mainly since our Declaration of Independence, 135
+years ago, we have been able to so waste our fertility that we produce
+less wheat per acre than any people of the Eastern Hemisphere, except
+Russia and India? Lands in England that have been farmed for more than
+a thousand years produce more than twice as much wheat per acre on the
+average as we do in the naturally better lands of the Mississippi Valley.
+That demonstrates the difference between farming and merely mining the
+soil fertility.
+
+This condition has been greatly hastened by our statesmen. The gift of an
+empire of land to railroads to enable them to furnish speedy and cheap
+transportation for a vast continent, together with the enactment of the
+homestead law, so excessively stimulated agricultural production that the
+farmer was often, and in fact generally until about twelve years ago,
+forced to sell his products at and often under the cost of production.
+This gave the world cheaper food than it will ever see again, and made
+possible the wonderful growth of great cities the world over.
+
+The anxiety of the farmer to find a home market instead of having his
+prices fixed in a foreign market under competition led to the continuance
+of the system of high tariffs long after the reason for it had ceased to
+exist, thus wonderfully stimulating the growth of the cities of our own
+land, cities which with all our boasted ability we have never been able
+to govern decently. When this undue stimulus is removed, as it will and
+must be sooner or later, our manufacturers will have to take the same
+medicine which sickened the farmers in the 70’s, 80’s and early 90’s.
+
+Inasmuch as there are no more Mississippi valleys to be opened, we are
+now nearing the turning of the lane. We must from henceforth learn how to
+farm. We cannot greatly increase our acreage; will, in fact, be compelled
+by the return of normal climatic conditions over our western territory
+to reduce it. The only thing left to do is to grow more grain per acre,
+better stock in greater numbers per quarter section. Only in this way can
+we reduce the cost of living.
+
+
+HOW TO PRODUCE FOOD CHEAPLY.
+
+Our great problem, as I said to this Congress a year ago, is how to
+produce food for our own people at prices which they can afford to pay.
+But how? Partly by putting more brains into our farming. There is a great
+deal of agricultural labor wasted simply because many farmers do not
+have even an elementary knowledge of the forces with which they have to
+work. It is hard to convince them that the fertility of the soil is not
+inexhaustible. Farmers of this class have been soil robbers too long, and
+they continue to grow the same crop year after year, trusting to luck. It
+is hard to get the farmers of this class to understand the philosophy
+of crop rotation, of the natural movement of water in the soil, or of
+the ideal seed-bed, or the fitness of certain soils for certain crops;
+in short, of the requirements of plant or animal life, or to persuade
+them to active coöperation with each other, or to get them in actual
+touch and sympathy with the new agriculture. This is an educational
+process, and therefore slow, even when there is a disposition to acquire
+the knowledge. Many farmers have more faith in moon signs than in
+agricultural colleges and experimental stations; more faith in ordinary
+politicians than in college professors and scientists; more faith in
+yellow journals than in the best agricultural papers.
+
+For this reason we now grow on an average two-thirds of a pound of corn
+to the hill; whereas the good farmer often grows on no better land
+originally two pounds per hill of three stalks, and three pounds are
+possible. We grow fourteen bushels of wheat per acre (this year but
+twelve and a half), while on land no better naturally, and often not
+so good, England grows thirty-two and Germany twenty-eight bushels. We
+are now passing through a stage through which English farmers passed
+when they grew but twelve and a half bushels of wheat per acre. The new
+agriculture has lifted the English and the Danish farmer out of the rut.
+It will lift us when we begin to use our brains. Before this Congress
+adjourns we will have some illuminating discourses on this branch of the
+subject, addresses by men of national reputation, who have devoted their
+lives to some particular phase of the problem of conserving and restoring
+soil fertility. I would not, even if I could, anticipate what they will
+say and say so well.
+
+The farmer complains that he cannot employ labor necessary to grow full
+crops on his land, and therefore that he cannot now engage in intensive
+farming. There is just ground for his complaint. The factory, the store,
+the railroad, the trolley line outbid him for the labor, even that which
+is farm born and farm bred. He cannot use the cheap labor of Southern
+Europe, nor the hobo or tramp, nor the ne’er-do-well of the city, because
+the farm with its improved machinery and its live stock requires skilled
+labor, and a kind of skill that can be acquired only on the farm. He can
+use Russian and the Japanese in the beet fields. He can use the emigrant
+from Southern Europe in the vegetable garden, in digging ditches or
+making roads; but he cannot use this labor in modern farming operations.
+He dare not employ an unskilled man in milking, nor in feeding his
+cattle, nor entrust to his care the management of either improved
+machinery or team.
+
+
+BOYS AND GIRLS AND THE FARM.
+
+Therefore the very root and kernel of our modern farm problem is how to
+retain on the farm all the boys and girls born there, who are fit to be
+farmers or farmers’ wives. This can be done only by making farm life
+worth living. Making money or owning a farm is not all of farm life. We
+have but one life to live on this earth, and we should get out of it all
+that is possible. In many sections in the country, with bad roads, poor
+schools, poor churches and no social life, farm life is not worth living.
+That proof of this is seen in the fact that farm boys and girls flee from
+it, and the farmer himself, as soon as he thinks he is able to live in
+town.
+
+The farmer himself is to blame for much of this. He has played on the
+roads under pretense of working them. He has hired the school teacher at
+the lowest wage and starved the preacher. He has accepted the town ideal
+of life, regarding himself as “only a farmer.” His school has not been a
+rural school at all, but a poor kind of city school moved out into the
+country; and its teacher gaining at his expense the years of experience,
+while teaching farm children in terms of the town instead of the farm and
+in the spirit of the farm, that will enable her to get a position in the
+city. His preacher has been hoping he would get a call to a city church.
+If the farmer has got on in the world, his wife, if she is very foolish
+indeed, is inclined to boast that her society is not in the country, but
+the town. He allows the politician in the city to fix up a slate and tell
+him how he must vote.
+
+All that is needed to convert the farmers of the West into peasants
+is to continue this policy for another generation. Fortunately this
+policy will not continue. All over the country there is the beginning
+of a great social and industrial awakening. The farmer is beginning to
+“magnify his office,” to cut loose from partisan bias, to do his own
+thinking and act for himself. He is paying better salaries to his school
+teachers, and insisting that the teaching have some relation to the
+life of the farm. He is buying his own automobiles, and paying cash for
+them. He is beginning to realize that farm life is essentially different
+from the life of the town. The man who steps high because accustomed
+to walking over clods and has the far away look of one who studies the
+clouds, is a different type of man altogether from the man who glides
+along the pavement and to whom the weather is a matter of little or no
+immediate concern. The man who glances over the headlines of his daily
+paper while he sips his coffee is a different character from the man who
+reads and studies the editorial of his weekly paper. This farmer’s wife
+is now organizing her own clubs and giving her town sisters lessons in
+club work. The movement to organize life clubs is spreading. The boys
+and girls are organizing for games. The country church is beginning to
+realize its mission, and in several states country preachers are taking
+short courses in agricultural colleges in order that they may teach
+morals and religion to farmers in terms of their daily life.
+
+The conservation of the life of the farmer, using the word in its
+broadest sense, is essential to the conservation of the fertility of
+the soil; and for that reason the executive committee of this Congress
+has invited some of the leaders, men whose hearts are in this work, to
+discuss before you its various phases. You have a real treat before you.
+
+In conclusion, permit me to say that the ultimate prosperity of the
+city, its ability to govern itself wisely and well, depend on the
+development of rural manhood. More than that, the very permanence of our
+republic will depend on the development of the manhood of the farm. Rome
+ceased to be a republic shortly after the farmers moved to town and left
+their lands to be tilled by mere hirelings and slaves.
+
+We keep the best wine to the last always, and the last address of this
+morning will be a response by Hon. J. B. White, of Kansas City, chairman
+of the executive committee of the National Conservation Congress. Mr.
+White. (Applause)
+
+Mr. WHITE—Mr. Chairman, Ladies and Gentlemen of this Congress: It is not
+necessary that I should reply to the address of welcome, the ground has
+been so fully covered by the President of this Association. I feel like
+endorsing from my heart everything he has said, but as a matter of form,
+because it is expected that the chairman of the executive committee will
+have something to say, I want to join as a private citizen of Kansas
+City in welcoming the farmers and the conservationists of the entire
+country here today, and as the chairman of the executive committee I want
+to thank the good people of Kansas City for the admirable and perfect
+preparation that they have made. I want to thank the board of local
+managers. I want to thank the Secretary of the Commercial Club, Secretary
+Clendening, personally, and the organization of which he is the main
+worker. I want to thank him for the great work which they have done in
+making this Conservation Congress possible. The Commercial Club of Kansas
+City has been well spoken of as the eye and the ear of the people of
+Kansas City, and it is truly so.
+
+Now, this Conservation Congress was called here because it was thought
+there ought to be special attention given to conservation of farms—to
+the conservation of soil. And it was thought that Kansas City was in the
+center of the greatest agricultural district in the world. I suppose,
+going two hundred miles in either direction from Kansas City, another
+piece of ground naturally so fertile is not to be found in the world.
+It takes in a part of Iowa, and it takes in the State of Kansas, a
+large part of it, and nowhere is there a better. If it were formed
+into one state it would be the greatest state agriculturally in the
+world. I am a farmer and a lumberman, and there was a time not long ago
+when conservation was thought to apply only to forestry, and that the
+lumberman was the great and ruthless destroyer of the forest. It was a
+matter of sentiment that went all over the country, and they thought
+conservation ought to begin by saving the trees. Now, we have passed
+beyond that. The lumbermen of the State of Missouri paid thousands of
+dollars to help endow a chair of Forestry in Yale College. I see before
+me one gentleman here who paid $4,000 toward that cause, and my company
+has paid a great deal of money towards a chair of Forestry, and we have
+done everything that we could. We invited the students of forestry of
+Yale College into our forests. One season I had forty for two or three
+months, and thirty-five for another season in my forests. We built them
+cabins and furnished them men and horses, and everything we could do to
+help them study forest conditions was done. We began it in Missouri over
+twenty years ago, and later, as lumbermen, we have taken the greatest
+interest in practical forestry and the conservation of the forest, but
+we found it true that conservation of the soil must come first, because
+it is of the greater importance. There are substitutes for wood for the
+purpose of shelter, but there are no substitutes for food, and he that
+make two blades of grass grow where one grew before is doing his utmost
+for this and future generations. I notice that my friend, Mr. Wallace,
+touched on politics. Now, I am not certain whether it was politics,
+because the line drawn is so fine. It is so hard to draw a line between
+conservation economics and real good politics. I remember I got my foot
+into it one time; I used to belong to the Grange—thirty-five years
+ago. In order to organize a grange you have to have at least fifteen
+members, and four of them must be women, because it was supposed that
+in any like proportion, four women to eleven men, gives the women the
+majority, and wherever four women, or of that proportion, get into a
+convention they are always in the majority. I got up, under the good of
+the order, addressed the master of the Grange, and began to tell how
+I thought benefit might accrue to the members of the Grange. I stated
+some of the benefits that we were then enjoying; that we had 6 cents a
+pound protection on lumber, and 6 cents a pound protection on cheese,
+$4.00 a ton on hay, and $1.50 protection on straw, and 15 cents a pound
+protection on butter. And then I had a complaint, because just then they
+had taken the tariff off of lumber, and I said, “I own a saw mill and
+I don’t think it is fair to let in lumber free.” (They did it at that
+time, back in 1878.) One sister got up and replied, “We can stand 6 cents
+a pound on butter, and 6 cents a pound on cheese, and $4.00 a ton on
+hay, and 15 cents a bushel on potatoes, but, Good Lord, we ought to have
+something free, and I think it ought to be lumber.” And they ruled I was
+talking politics and I could not go any farther. That was the situation.
+It summed up a good deal like this, that we want protection on everything
+we produce, and we want everything to come in free that we have to buy,
+and I think that is good economics. That would not be politics.
+
+Brother Wallace sees a great deal of good in everything, and he can
+draw his lesson and illustration to prove conclusively any point he
+entertains. I found that out. Why, I did not know that Samson was a saint
+until I attended a church here in Kansas City four weeks ago yesterday,
+and I listened to one of the best sermons I ever heard. It was shown
+conclusively that Samson was a saint, and that it was so recorded in the
+Scriptures. There were good reasons for his being a saint; the chief of
+these reasons was that he was the best material they had at that time to
+make saints of. My friend, Uncle Henry Wallace, delivered that sermon,
+and it is the only sermon that I ever heard where politics and religion
+were not touched upon at all. And I am sure that he will preside at this
+Congress with that same justice; that there will be no complaint that
+there has been any offensive politics entertained upon the floor. I want
+to thank you again that you are here. And I want to say before I sit
+down, that a session of the executive committee, of which I am chairman,
+will meet at room 1111 Long Building tomorrow morning at 9 o’clock. We
+will get here at 10 o’clock, having an hour to confer and pass some
+important resolutions and make some suggestions as to matters that will
+be presented to this Congress. (Applause)
+
+President WALLACE—Please be seated just a moment. I wish to announce the
+appointment of the following committee on credentials: Prof. George E.
+Condra, of Nebraska; Dr. H. E. Barnard, of Indiana; Mr. Ralph H. Faxon,
+of Kansas; Mr. E. T. Allen, of Oregon, and Mr. W. E. Barnes, of Missouri.
+
+Col. John I. Martin, of St. Louis, representing the City of St. Louis,
+Lakes-to-the-Gulf-Deepwaterway Association, and the National Rivers and
+Harbors Congress, has been selected as the sergeant-at-arms for this
+Conservation Congress. He has accepted the office and is now in charge
+of its affairs, and you will do just what he says, and do it with great
+pleasure, and with great profit to yourselves.
+
+The secretary has some announcements to make. Before he makes them let me
+say that the meeting this afternoon will be at 2 o’clock, which is sixty
+minutes past one and sixty minutes before three. This afternoon’s meeting
+will be a conference of governors of states and their representatives,
+and the presiding officer will be Honorable Herbert S. Hadley, and
+tonight we shall hear the President of the United States. (Applause)
+
+Secretary SHIPP—All delegates or committees that have any announcements
+to make are requested to send them in writing to the secretary, so that
+they can be read from the platform, and posted at the information bureau.
+
+The delegates from each state are requested to meet immediately upon the
+adjournment of the morning session, and organize by selecting from each
+state delegation a chairman and secretary, and a member of the committee
+on resolutions, and a vice-president to represent the state at the next
+Conservation Congress. The names of those selected should be handed
+in writing to the secretary at registration headquarters at the south
+entrance of the hall, or on the platform.
+
+All state conservation commissions, and other state conservation
+organizations that have reports to make to the Congress, are requested
+to be ready to report this afternoon. The reports will be made as the
+roll of the states is called. In view of the number of reports to be
+presented, it is suggested that no report be more than ten minutes in
+length.
+
+The delegates from all national organizations represented at the Congress
+are requested to assemble at some time during the day and organize by the
+selection of a chairman and a secretary, and choose a representative for
+membership on the proposed advisatory board of the Congress. If only one
+representative of a national organization is present, that representative
+should send in his name to the secretary.
+
+Reports from national organizations are to be the first order of business
+Tuesday forenoon. In order that proper provision may be made for these
+reports all national organizations that have reports are requested to
+notify the secretary, either at registration headquarters, or on the
+platform, giving the name and address of the representative who is to
+make the report.
+
+All delegates or committees that have announcements to make are requested
+to send them in writing to the secretary so that they may be made from
+the platform, and posted on the bulletin board at the information bureau.
+
+President WALLACE—I forgot to mention one of the greatest features of
+this afternoon will be an address by the Honorable Ben B. Lindsay, of
+Denver, Colorado, on the “Country Child versus the City Child.”
+
+Recording Secretary GIPE—The chapters of the Daughters of the American
+Revolution of Kansas City will give a reception in honor of Mrs. Matthew
+T. Scott, president general and the vice-president, from four to six this
+afternoon at the Coates House. All visiting and resident Daughters of the
+American Revolution are invited.
+
+The club women of Kansas City have established a rest room within the
+convention building, to which all women delegates and visitors are
+cordially invited.
+
+Delegate J. T. BAUMGARTNER (of California)—In addition to the
+announcements that have been made, I wish to ask the California delegates
+to meet at the Standard immediately upon adjournment.
+
+President WALLACE—The Congress is now adjourned to meet at this place at
+2 o’clock this afternoon.
+
+
+
+
+_SECOND SESSION._
+
+
+At 2 o’clock in the afternoon President Wallace called the Congress to
+order.
+
+President WALLACE—The Congress will come to order, and the Divine
+blessing will be invoked by Rev. Dr. R. M. Kerr, pastor First United
+Presbyterian church of Kansas City.
+
+
+INVOCATION.
+
+    _Our Father and our God, we pause at the opening of this
+    meeting this afternoon to ask Thy blessing upon the National
+    Conservation Congress in this and its other sessions, in all
+    of its undertakings. We are asking of Thee the wisdom that
+    is beyond the mind of man, and we come only to Thee. We are
+    dealing with affairs of national interest and import, and we
+    dare not come to any one but Thee, because we believe that
+    in Thy power this land has been made, and in Thy Providence
+    it has been discovered. And that our forefathers in Thy fear
+    have established a nation which has often realized Thy signal
+    blessing. We would recognize Thee as the God, and the giver
+    of every good and perfect gift. Thou hast locked up in the
+    mountains, hidden away in the soil of this country those
+    elements that have made possible our material welfare and
+    prosperity. We ask Thee this afternoon that Thou wilt grant
+    unto the officers of this Congress, unto these its delegates
+    and all of the people in this land interested in these problems
+    the wisdom that will rightly enable us to appreciate Thy gifts,
+    and rightly conserve them, to use them for the greatest good of
+    the greatest number concerned. And we ask for Thy blessing to
+    be upon our President, and his cabinet; upon the legislative
+    bodies, state and national, upon all the courts of this land,
+    that as the people of this country through these officers are
+    striving to enact and execute just laws, they may do so in Thy
+    fear, and that the righteousness of a Christian civilization
+    may become more and more a reality. We would pray today that
+    Thy material blessings to us have chief value in relation to
+    human life and human deeds, and human development, and may the
+    conservation movement that is on foot in this country always
+    be broad enough and high enough to include the conservation of
+    human life, the integrity of manhood, the virtue of womanhood,
+    and the beauty and the innocence and the true worth of child
+    life. We believe that these blessings will mean the highest
+    good to our beloved country, and mean the advancement of Thy
+    kingdom here in this earth, and we ask these favors through
+    Jesus Christ, our Lord. Amen._
+
+President WALLACE—I take great pleasure, Ladies and Gentlemen, in
+announcing Governor Hadley of Missouri as the presiding officer this
+afternoon. Governor Hadley. (Applause)
+
+Governor HADLEY—Mr. Chairman and Members Of the Congress: I was selected
+to preside this afternoon in the expectation that this afternoon would
+be distinguished by a conference of governors. I say distinguished
+advisedly, because nowadays when governors confer there is distinction
+to be passed around on all present, and some for others. However,
+there were a number of governors here yesterday who were unexpectedly
+called out of the city, but who will return during the sessions of the
+Congress. There are some who will be present who have not yet arrived,
+and consequently it has been decided by the officers in charge of this
+Congress that upon this afternoon prior to the address of Judge Lindsay,
+there will be a call of the states, upon which call the representatives
+of the various states who are here, other than the governors, will speak
+for a few moments in reference to the general question of conservation
+in their respective states, and the conference of the governors will be
+held later. After this call of the states you will have the pleasure,
+I understand, of listening to the address by Judge Lindsay. In calling
+for the representatives of the several states, those who are here
+representing the governor, or those who may have been selected by the
+delegates from any one of the states to speak in reference to the
+situation in their state relating to the general policy of conservation
+will arise, and either speak from the floor, or come forward to the
+platform. The representatives of the press, whose requests are always
+entitled to consideration, if not to be followed, request that the
+representatives come forward so that their names and their remarks can
+both be heard and preserved. I will now ask the secretary to proceed with
+the call of the roll.
+
+Recording Secretary GIPE—Alabama. Is there a representative from Alabama
+present? (No response) Arizona. (No response) Arkansas. (No response)
+California.
+
+Chairman HADLEY—Mr. J. C. Baumgartner of the State of California will
+speak for that state.
+
+[Mr. Baumgartner’s speech will be found in the supplementary proceedings
+at back of book.]
+
+Chairman HADLEY—I am certain we are all glad to know that though
+California may be a little short upon water, it is not short on good
+society, the possibility of good development. The secretary will proceed
+with the call of the states. The secretary calls my attention to the
+fact that the number of the states makes it necessary to somewhat limit
+the statements from each, and they will be limited to five minutes. The
+chairman, however, has a slow watch, so govern yourselves accordingly.
+
+Recording Secretary GIPE—The next state on the roll is Colorado.
+
+Chairman HADLEY—Is the State of Colorado represented here?
+
+Recording Secretary GIPE—Connecticut. (No response) Delaware. (No
+response) District of Columbia. (No response) Florida.
+
+Chairman HADLEY—Is the representative of the State of Florida in the
+hall? Go ahead.
+
+Recording Secretary GIPE—Georgia.
+
+Professor E. L. WORSHAM, of Georgia—I am not the speaking representative
+from Georgia, but I will make a brief report as to what conservation is
+doing in that section of the United States, or what we are doing along
+conservation lines. I regret very much indeed to see so many vacant
+seats in the audience from the states to the far south. This is a very
+busy time with the people in the south, as most of you know, and there
+are a great many conservationists who would like very much indeed to be
+present at this meeting, and I think it is safe to say that the fact
+that they are not here does not mean that the South is not interested in
+conservation, and that they are not doing something along those lines.
+Mr. Chairman, and gentlemen, it is true, however, that the people of the
+southern states are not quite as active in the conservation movement as
+the people of the North and West, and why, I cannot see, because there
+is no doubt but that in the beginning God smiled more sweetly on this
+section than on any other section of the American continent. He did more
+for those people than all the rest. He endowed us with resources more
+wonderful than those of any of the other sections of the United States.
+Those good people have gone on from time to time not realizing what these
+resources meant, until they are gradually passing out of their hands. I
+cannot speak for other states, but for Georgia, Mr. President, I want to
+say that we have enough water to supply California, and a good many other
+Western states. That is the least of all of our troubles. As to water
+power, we have water power enough running waste to run every spindle in
+the southern states. It is simply awaiting the hand of the developer, and
+we want to see it properly developed, and not gobbled up as it has been
+done in many of the western states. This is one of the big problems that
+the State of Georgia has on its hands today. It is a natural section for
+manufacturing interests of all kinds, and you can get the cheapest power
+on earth on account of this wonderful water power that is stored up in
+its mountains.
+
+We have coal enough to run Georgia and California a thousand years.
+We have rich stores of iron that run higher in per cent of iron than
+those of the Birmingham district, and very few people know its value. I
+understand the State of Georgia supplies three-fourths of the asbestos
+output of the United States. Our marble speaks for itself in monuments
+like that beautiful capital of Minnesota. Our granite speaks for itself
+in buildings like the federal building in San Antonio, Texas, and other
+buildings which I could point out. Our rich stores of bauxite many of
+you know about, but, there are numerous other things of this kind, Mr.
+Chairman, which I could mention, but I don’t care to dwell on them at
+this time. The main thing that we are here to discuss is the conservation
+of soil fertility, the conservation of agricultural resources. We of the
+South are an agricultural section. You take away from us our agriculture,
+and while we are rich in minerals and various other things, in a measure
+we would be helpless. It is the only spot on earth, you might say, that
+has a monopoly on the greatest crop on earth, and that is the cotton
+crop. This I consider by far the most interesting, the most valuable
+phase of conservation. The people of the South, while their soil is
+extremely fertile, or was in the beginning, have allowed the rain to
+wash it down in the valleys, and it has washed into the sea. They had
+thousands and thousands of acres of land that would produce anywhere from
+25 to 100 bushels of corn per acre, and from one to four bales of cotton
+per acre, if it was simply cared for in a proper way. I have visited
+the spot which holds the record for the greatest cotton yield on earth,
+which produced four bales per acre. In the beginning it was the poorest,
+reddest soil you ever saw in your life. It was taken over by a man who
+knew his business, and in the course of three or four years he had it
+up to a point where it produced almost anything. And there is another
+thing, Mr. Chairman, we have a section there that will produce almost
+anything under the sun in the way of crops. There is only one other state
+in the union that can compare with Georgia in that respect, and that is
+California, and, as the gentleman has just stated, they have not water.
+Our sections, from blue grass to oranges, will produce all of the various
+things in between.
+
+Mr. Chairman, we of the South have got the biggest problem on earth
+to solve, as I see the problem. The problem of conservation of soil
+fertility, the conservation of agricultural resources in general, are
+undoubtedly among the important questions confronting this Congress,
+but we have the biggest part of that problem. Why? It is because of the
+much discussed negro problem of the South. There are a thousand and
+one solutions of this offered, but the question remains unsolved, and
+will pass on to future generations. As long as we have the negro we
+are deprived of having other classes of labor, which you have here in
+the North. (Applause) Because of his presence, we, of the South, are
+dependent on the negro, and he knows it. We have got to get along in the
+very best way we can, but we need a better class of labor. I don’t know
+what we are going to do. That is the reason that this is such a grave
+matter to the people of the South. Mr. Chairman, I see I am taking up too
+much time here, but I do want to get back to Georgia, and the part she is
+playing in conservation. (Cries of Go on. Go on.)
+
+Since the Congress met one year ago, at St. Paul, the South has had a
+conservation congress, and I think I can say that it was a success.
+There are a number of speakers on this program that were there and
+noted the interest that was manifest in this meeting. Following that
+meeting the Georgia Conservation Association was organized, and it is
+taking up a number of these problems which we are so anxious to solve.
+The president is a distinguished man in Georgia, Judge John C. Hart.
+He is a man who went before the Supreme Court of the United States and
+presented on behalf of the State of Georgia one of the most famous
+cases in its history. The State of Georgia filed an injunction against
+an immense copper plant in the northern part of the state, which was
+responsible for a great deal of destruction of property, of vegetation
+in general. This company had, at an expense of millions of dollars, put
+in this plant, and I understand it is the largest of its kind in the
+world. At that time copper was the plant’s main output and the state
+filed an injunction requiring these people to consume the fumes that
+were destroying vegetation. The case was carried to the Supreme court,
+and the injunction sustained, and at a cost of five millions of dollars
+the Ducktown copper plant put in a consumer from which they produced
+sulphuric acid, and, today, it is one of the largest sulphuric acid
+plants in the world. There is one of the solutions to the problem which
+your able president presented this morning in the fact that you have,
+throughout the West, as well as the South, to fertilize. Georgia, as a
+result of that injunction, saved two million dollars last year in its
+fertilizer bill. The representative of the State of Georgia Conservation
+Association framed a bill creating a state conservation board, not a
+commission, but a board that was to be created by special act, taking
+up all lines of conservation. This bill was unanimously passed by the
+senate, and unanimously recommended by the committee of the house, and
+will come up for passage at the next session of the legislature.
+
+We passed a bill protecting bird life, and wild life generally in the
+state, a very strict law, which we have needed for many years. The state,
+as a result of the conservation work, has enacted a drainage bill, which,
+I think, will result in great good to the people in the southeastern
+part, in the drainage of swamp lands, which will make perhaps the
+greatest agricultural land on earth.
+
+Mr. Chairman, I cannot go into details on any of these problems. Other
+states in the union, every state in the union has agencies working
+for conservation. In the first plant, the United States Department
+of Agriculture is working wonderful results in the different states,
+along lines of agriculture. The state colleges of agriculture are doing
+great work; the experiment stations are doing great work; the various
+state departments of agriculture are doing great work, but there is a
+certain class of work which these agencies cannot do. There is a great
+work for the independent organizations, such as the State Conservation
+Association in the different states, and I would urge each state that has
+not organized to get busy at once, and begin to take up these problems.
+(Applause)
+
+Chairman HADLEY—Instead of a statement of the resources and developments
+in the various states, I would suggest that this call of the roll is
+particularly designed to accomplish a statement of what is being done
+by public or official organizations in dealing with the question of
+conservation in the several states. I think it is a very satisfactory
+indication of the modern trend of conservation that this work is now
+being done by the people of the several states instead of the national
+government. It is an indication that the people do not intend that their
+state governments shall sink to a lower level of efficiency. They intend
+to exercise every power which they possess under the federal constitution.
+
+Recording Secretary GIPE—Idaho.
+
+Chairman HADLEY—I have the pleasure to introduce to you Mrs. Holland C.
+Day, who will speak for and represent Idaho.
+
+[Mrs. Day’s paper will be found in Supplementary Proceedings.]
+
+Chairman HADLEY—I am very glad indeed in listening to the interesting
+speech of Mrs. Day to note what a serious attraction a state might have
+for a woman by reason of having woman suffrage and caused her to transfer
+her allegiance to the Governor of Idaho. I would suggest, however, that
+she should not, in her enthusiasm for the horticultural possibilities
+of the State of Idaho, forget that she still belongs to a state that is
+distinguished as the state of the “Big Red Apple.”
+
+MRS. DAY—I will also say that the female suffrage movement is going right
+straight along in Missouri. (Applause)
+
+Chairman HADLEY—I do not want to start a discussion right now. This,
+being a conservation congress, is a peace conference. I will now call on
+Col. Isham Randolph, who will speak for the State of Illinois.
+
+[Col. Randolph’s speech will be found in Supplementary Proceedings.]
+
+Chairman HADLEY—I am certain that every person interested in the general
+question of Conservation, and particularly the state ownership of its
+water power, is interested in Colonel Randolph’s statement as to what
+they are doing in the State of Illinois. And I know that all of you, and
+all other friends of Conservation, will be glad to have Colonel Randolph
+convey to Governor Deneen the best wishes of the Congress. I would
+suggest that on account of the fact that there are a number of speakers,
+and Judge Lindsay, whom you are all anxious to hear, that the speakers
+will please confine their statements to the official activities of their
+various states in dealing with this question of Conservation.
+
+Recording Secretary GIPE—Indiana.
+
+Chairman HADLEY—Mr. Harry Everitt Barnard, chemist Indiana state board of
+health and state food commissioner, will speak for Indiana. I now have
+the pleasure of introducing to you Mr. Barnard.
+
+[Mr. Barnard’s speech will be found in Supplementary Proceedings.]
+
+Recording Secretary GIPE—I have a telegram from the Mexican Ambassador:
+
+    “Washington, D. C.—Accept sincere thanks for kind invitation.
+    Regret exceedingly that official duties here prevent me from
+    accepting hospitality; would thank you greatly for minutes of
+    meeting. Gilberto Crespo, Mexican Ambassador.”
+
+The next state is Iowa.
+
+Chairman HADLEY—I would suggest that the representatives of the several
+states yet to be called come up on the platform.
+
+I have the pleasure of introducing to you Mr. Thomas H. MacBride, who
+will speak for the state of Iowa. Mr. MacBride. (Applause)
+
+[Mr. MacBride’s paper is to be found in Supplementary Proceedings.]
+
+Chairman HADLEY—I am certain that the representatives of all of the
+states present appreciate Mr. MacBride’s not speaking of the resources
+of the state he represents; although he did plead guilty to having a
+legislature up there, which practically all the representatives of the
+other states have to plead guilty to.
+
+Recording Secretary GIPE—Kansas.
+
+A. W. STUBBS (Kansas City, Kansas)—Missouri has elected from our state,
+a native of our state as its mayor, and has also elected a native of our
+state as its governor, and Kansas has therefore as its representative, to
+speak for it, a most distinguished educator, formerly of Missouri, now
+president of the state agricultural college. Kansas has elected today
+Professor Waters as representative of that delegation, as president. And
+we would like to hear from him.
+
+Chairman HADLEY—During the sessions of this convention you will have the
+pleasure of listening at length to a paper by Dr. Waters, but at this
+time, on the call of the roll of the states, Kansas has selected him to
+speak for her, and I am advised that during his short residence of a
+little over one year in that state he has learned to speak the Kansas
+language. (Applause)
+
+[Dean Water’s paper will be found in Supplementary Proceedings.]
+
+Chairman HADLEY—I am glad to see that Dean Waters with a few slight and
+one noticeable amendments is able to effectively use the speech he used
+to use about the State of Missouri when he lived here, and spoke to the
+State of Kansas.
+
+Recording Secretary GIPE—Kentucky.
+
+Chairman HADLEY—I have the pleasure to introduce to you Col. M. H. Crump,
+of Bowling Green, Kentucky.
+
+COL. CRUMP—Mr. Chairman. I am simply here this evening to say that the
+president of the University of Kentucky is not here. He will be here
+tonight, and I will state that he will tell you tomorrow what we are
+attempting to do in Kentucky. We started the conservation movement there
+some thirty years ago with Professor Shaler of Harvard, when he was state
+geologist. He wrote the first paper I know of in attempting to take care
+of forestry. It is found in his report of 1873, about the time I came to
+the state. We are, through the university, through the state colleges,
+and through the geological survey, making some efforts along that line,
+and we are doing all the state can do in that way. But there is a subject
+there that we think is too large for the state to undertake. I picked up
+a circular when I came in here, which says that an effort is being made
+to take care of and preserve the forests, and the soil at the head of the
+Green river. This paper states that some 32,000 acres of timber land,
+2,000 of which is virgin forest, the last of a great forest which once
+covered the Green river, and in the center of which is Mammoth Cave, we
+ask that the Nation come forward and help to take care of that, because
+it is too large for Kentucky, and heretofore nothing has been too large
+for Kentucky to do. (Applause) That is all I have to say. (Applause)
+
+Recording Secretary GIPE—Louisiana.
+
+Chairman HADLEY—Mr. Fred J. Grace will speak for Louisiana.
+
+[Mr. Grace’s paper is to be found in Supplementary Proceedings.]
+
+Chairman HADLEY—I know that all true conservationists will be glad to
+know that Louisiana is looking after the conservation of her shrimps and
+oysters, and we will all be glad to hear whether Maryland is interested
+in her terrapin and canvas backs.
+
+Secretary GIPE—The next state is Maryland.
+
+Chairman HADLEY—I have the pleasure of introducing Hon. Bernard N. Baker,
+president of the first Conservation Congress. (Applause)
+
+MR. BAKER—Fellow delegates. I will only detain you a few minutes. I know
+you are all waiting to hear Judge Lindsay. The governor limited us to
+what we were doing to preserve the oyster. Maryland is doing her duty
+in that respect, and if you will do your part, we shall all enjoy them
+in using the oyster when it is opened. I know you want to hear Judge
+Lindsay, and I am going to only speak a word. I thank you for this, and
+we will wait for Judge Lindsay.
+
+FRED J. BREEZE of Indiana—I move that the report on the call of the
+states be laid over until tomorrow.
+
+The motion was duly seconded.
+
+Chairman HADLEY—I think the Chair will declare that motion carried,
+and on tomorrow morning where there is an order on the program for the
+response of chairmen of organizations concerned in conservation there
+will be statements of the representatives of the several states. It
+is important in the consideration of this question that we should not
+lose sight of the fact that conservation is a means and not an end,
+and the real end is the formation and promotion of the happiness and
+welfare and prosperity of the people. Consequently the most important
+question of conservation is the question of the conservation of human
+health and life. There are various phases of this question before the
+American people today that are of commanding importance; the immense toll
+that modern industry makes upon its workers amounts to ten every sixty
+seconds; the number of deaths from unhealthful occupations has presented
+a record as tragic as any that was ever written in times of war. There
+is another phase of this question, of conservation of human life, in the
+manner in which society deals with its deficient and dependents. Any
+system devised for the prosecution of crime and the protection of society
+against its enemies that deals only with the question of punishment
+and revenge is a mistaken system, and does not accomplish anything of
+permanent results in its benefits to society. They talk of the system
+in the conduct of penitentiaries and jails and eleemosynary institutes,
+but unless they send those they heal out into the world better men,
+women or children, physically, intellectually or morally than when they
+received them, that system is a mistaken and misguided one. One of the
+most distinguished representatives of a modern system in the enforcement
+of our criminal law for the conservation of human life and character is a
+man who I now have the pleasure of introducing to you, Judge Ben Lindsay,
+of the State of Colorado, and of the City of Denver, (Applause) who will
+speak on the subject of the “Country Child vs. the City Child.” Hon. Ben
+B. Lindsay.
+
+JUDGE LINDSAY—Governor Hadley and delegates, ladies and gentlemen: I am
+sure it is a great honor to have the privilege of appearing here at this
+National Conservation Congress to consider some phases of the problem
+of the child. I do not know whether at past congresses the subject of
+the child has had a part in the program, but I do know that upon this
+occasion I feel a great deal as I think a particular boy friend of
+mine must have felt once in a little episode that happened in my own
+court nearly ten years ago. We found that when we made an appeal to
+the loyalty, even of the street boy, the state might find a helper and
+defender instead of an enemy. I recall when a certain policeman could not
+capture a certain little rascal of the streets. He went by the nickname
+of “Moochy.” He came in one day to say to me that another little imp of
+Satan, as he was supposed to be, by the name of “Mickey,” knew where
+“Moochy” was, and if he could enlist the services of “Mickey” in the
+capture of “Moochy” he thought he might save this little citizen. It
+was with some difficulty that I had to explain to “Mickey” that we were
+trying to save “Moochy,” in order to get him to tell me where “Moochy”
+was. When he found we had come to save, to help, and not to hurt, that
+loyalty for his chum turned to loyalty to the state, and he said,
+“Judge, I know where the kid is, and I will get him.” In about fifteen
+minutes down in the wing of a cheap theater in our town there was a
+howl and a growl that somewhat disconcerted the audience. And when they
+investigated they found it was “Micky” pinching “Moochey,” as he called
+it. With some difficulty my little gamin friend succeeded in getting
+the delinquent to the court house, coming in to say to me with more or
+less disgust, “that the kid didn’t seem to want to be saved nohow.” A
+newspaper reporter happened to come along to write a story based upon
+this episode, to be called “The Pinching of Moochey by Mickey.” It was
+not complete, in his estimation, without a picture of the two, and he
+lined them up outside to take their pictures, when “Mickey” balked. He
+would not stand to have his picture taken. And I was somewhat puzzled,
+for I rather feared the outcome of this situation when “Mickey” came in
+followed by the newspaper reporter, to explain. He said, “Do you tinks I
+want to get my pictur took wid de little giek,” as he pointed to “Moochy”
+outside? “No,” he said, “I don’t; I got out of his class two years ago.”
+Then he said, as he pointed to the newspaper man, “If that guy wants to
+take my picture let him take it alongside of you, put both in together,
+and I don’t kick.”
+
+
+CHILDREN, THE BIGGEST CROP.
+
+When the Conservation Congress wanted to put the child in its work I am
+certain I am not going to kick, but I am here to avail myself, as best I
+can of this honor and this privilege. For after all this conference has
+needed no apologies for including in its proceedings the problem of the
+child, for there is not any problem that does not, in a measure, have
+some bearing, some relation to the home and the child in the home. These
+children are our best and our biggest crop. Without a proper conservation
+of their welfare there will never be anything else worth conserving.
+
+There should be a bond of sympathy between the problem of the child
+and the conservation of our natural resources because of the rather
+interesting fact that the systematic work being developed for both has
+had most of its growth and development during the past decade, and when
+the history of the first ten years of the twentieth century shall be
+finally written the two great revivals recorded will be those concerning
+conservation and the child. It becomes more apparent each year that the
+children are the most important factors in whatever the future may hold
+in store for us.
+
+Another significant fact is that the growth of popular interest in the
+problems of the children has been almost identical with the amazing
+growth of urban population for the past two decades.
+
+[Illustration: PROF. E. LEE WORSHAM, Chairman of the Executive Committee]
+
+
+CONGESTION PROBLEMS.
+
+The cry of “Back to the soil”; the stimulus given by the conservation
+movement and the various activities that have grown out of it to promote
+the pleasures, advantages and opportunities of farm life together with
+all the modern inventions, telephones, electric light, rural mail
+delivery, the trolley, good roads and the automobile, I am sorry to say
+have not served to check the onward march to the cities. The proportion
+of our people living in rural districts declined from 63.9 per cent in
+1890 to 53.7 per cent in 1910, and our experts in social economy assure
+us that in all probability much more than half of our population will
+be residents of urban communities before 1920. In many of the older
+states beyond the eastern center of population more than 90 per cent
+of all the people live in cities and towns with a population of more
+than 2,500. During the past decade alone, according to the census of
+1910, the increase in the urban population of the entire country has
+been at the rate of 34.9 per cent as against only 11.1 per cent of
+the rural population. In six states this increase of urban population
+as against rural population has been over 100 per cent, and while not
+one state has failed to show a large increase of urban population, the
+increase of rural population has been negligible in many states and has
+actually shown a considerable decrease in seven states. Unless some new
+and unexpected change shall come it is reasonable to assume that the
+next generation will find more than half the children of this country
+in urban communities. There is a temptation to follow that diversity
+afforded by a subject like that assigned me, which may lead us more
+into the pleasantries that are supposed to be a part of the life of
+all country boys. The field, the farm, the orchard, the meadows, the
+babbling brooks; those recollections recalled in the rhymes of a Riley
+from the jam and the pies over to old Aunt Mary’s, to the joys of the
+old swimming hole or of these fall days when the frost is on the pumpkin
+and the fodder’s in the shock. The pity of it is that most of these
+legends of the country boy are too much legend and too little reality.
+If it were not so we can scarcely account for the growing disposition of
+country boys to flock to the city. I regret to say that I believe that
+the call to the city that is reaching the country boys of the Nation
+will prove to be more effective than any call to the country or “back to
+the soil” movement that has so far been inaugurated. One of the chief
+complaints we hear on every hand among the farmers of this country is
+the difficulty of the problem of farm labor and the indisposition of
+the boys and young men in any such numbers as there should be to become
+interested in the farm. I remember listening to the almost pathetic story
+of one farmer of the Northwest, who told me that every one of his five
+sons had gone to the city, and he had been unable to induce one of them
+to remain. He said they either complained of the hardships and the lack
+of opportunity, or pined for the excitement, pleasure and possibilities
+of the city. The very advantages that we had hoped would make farm life
+more attractive to the youth of the Nation is also proving to be one
+of the factors that would seem to emphasize its monotony. The daily
+newspapers, the magazines, the trolley cars and automobiles and good
+roads are bringing the youth in such complete touch with the city that
+instead of promoting that satisfaction and contentment with the country
+as we had expected these city advantages would do, it often has just the
+reverse effect. I am not prepared to say that these modern conveniences
+upon which we depended so much in the “back to the soil” movement will
+not in the end increase rather than decrease the numbers of country boys.
+I recently visited a city of about three thousand population in one of
+the most rural of states. What did I find? It has its moving picture
+shows along its Great White Way, limited to two or three blocks, with
+a roller skating rink, dance hall, and other forms of excitement and
+amusement—almost a perfect miniature of the larger city. The fact that
+the youth of the farming community, through trolley cars and automobiles,
+had convenient access to the city, where before it would have been more
+difficult, I was assured only whetted the desire in the country boy for
+the city life. It would seem then that we are booked for disappointment
+in the hope that the extension of city conveniences to the farm is going
+to increase the rural population and therefore the number of country
+children.
+
+
+COUNTRY AND CITY BOYS.
+
+But except as it shall present difficulties in the growth and evolution
+of modern civilization, I am not sure whether this condition, if it be
+the condition, need be viewed with any great alarm. There is a gregarious
+and sheep-like tendency in mankind to flock together. The phenomenon
+presented by urban and rural growth must be a natural one or it would
+not be so. It is simply presenting in the course of its natural growth
+an occasional difficulty in the body politic as we have an occasional
+disease in the growing body of the individual. It becomes our duty then,
+in the one case just as much as in the other, to remedy the difficulty,
+to direct the growth along natural and wholesome lines, and this calls
+for work and coöperation among those factors that have to do with the
+life of the city or country boy—home, school, neighborhood, church and
+state.
+
+It follows then that our difficulties, as they must develop from time
+to time, will be with the city rather than the country boy. This is
+not because the country boy is inherently any different from the city
+boy—don’t forget that—any better or any worse, nor in my judgment
+because he is capable of greater possibilities. It is rather because of
+the environment and condition under which a great number of our boys
+must in the future development of this country necessarily be reared. I
+once attended a powwow of some Indian chiefs in North Dakota. There was
+present old John Grass, the successor of Sitting Bull, and Red Tomahawk,
+the slayer of the same old chief. I asked these Indian chiefs about
+Indian children in their primitive days, in the days of the real country
+and the wilderness. Did they lie? Did they steal? These chiefs assured
+me that such things were practically unknown among Indian boys in the
+days of their own childhood which was before the white man came. “But,”
+said one of the chiefs, “when white man come Indian boy he steal, lie
+just like white boy.”
+
+I asked one of these Indian chiefs why it was that in their primitive
+state stealing was unknown among Indian boys—and surely they were the
+original country boys. The old chief grunted and a smile actually lit
+up that otherwise stolid Indian face as he replied: “It is very simple,
+there wasn’t anything to steal. The child’s wants were few and he had
+what he wanted.” Neither was there any poverty, any crime. This virtue
+of the original country boy in America was acclaimed without a taint of
+pharisaism. For it was admitted that the honest little savage was no
+better than his dishonest little progeny. It was rather a problem of
+condition, of occasion, of environment, than one of inherent viciousness.
+The wants of the little savage were few and generously supplied by
+nature. There was no temptation, no occasion to steal.
+
+This fact no more favors savagery than it disproves the advantages of
+civilization. It is the law of nature that men should multiply and
+populate the earth, and the instinct among the greater numbers to flock
+together in cities is precisely the same as it was in the days of
+savagery when smaller numbers flocked together in smaller groups more
+widely distributed. We must meet the change by doing two things:
+
+
+HOW TO MEET THE CHANGES.
+
+First. Perfect our system of education. We need to improve our methods of
+moral training. We must more and more develop heart and conscience that
+our children may be equipped for moral as well as industrial efficiency.
+Boys need strength, but most of all the strength that comes from within;
+self-control, self-restraint; a yielding of more obedience to authority
+and respect for law and the rights of others.
+
+Second. The application of a system of real justice among men which means
+an industrial, social and economic world in which every man shall really
+have an opportunity to develop the best that is in him, and be assured
+that he shall reap the joys, rewards and profits to be derived from his
+own honest toil.
+
+This means that the boy to keep pace with our modern civilization must be
+better supplied with certain opportunities that are now largely denied
+him.
+
+New conditions necessarily create new problems. It is the law of growth
+and development. Since these new conditions are to be found principally
+in the cities, and since most of the boys who need our attention and
+interest are in the cities, it follows that the problem of the child is
+largely the problem of the city. But as the country becomes more closely
+in touch with the city and many of its difficulties reach into the life
+of the country boy, we will also in time find the difficulties of the one
+are the difficulties of the other.
+
+Whatever the city does for the child is done for the community as a
+whole, for the child cannot profit without equal profit directly or
+indirectly inuring to the entire community. It is difficult to put any
+limit on the duty of the community to the child. It is coextensive with
+that of the parent, if there be no parent, or if the parent be helpless,
+or the child suffers from the parent’s neglect. This duty of the
+community, once recognized and accepted, is bound to be extended until
+indeed the community shall become one great family possessing some of the
+attributes, duties and responsibilities for the child that in original
+country life were limited to the particular family or family group of
+the child. The first general and accepted duty of the community towards
+the child was its education. Then came the demand for playgrounds,
+natatoriums, baths, trade schools, recreation centers, medical
+inspection, visiting nurses, dental clinics, and finally the school free
+restaurant. That is as sure to come within the next ten years as the
+playground and the recreation center has come in the past ten years. In a
+word, there is absolutely nothing that the child needs which the parent
+for any fair reason cannot furnish, which it is not the duty of the
+community to supply. This is so because it is simply the struggle of the
+state for itself. The child is the state; when the child is neglected the
+state is neglected; when the child suffers the state suffers; when the
+child is lost the state is lost. To say that the child is the chief asset
+of the state is undoubtedly true, but it is short of the real truth. The
+child is the state. It is, therefore, futile to oppose the movement going
+on in this country for the conservation of childhood on the ground that
+it is paternal. If there is anything in the scriptural injunction that “A
+little child shall lead them,” it is surely making itself felt at this
+period of our civilization. If we would conserve the real interests of
+the children of the Nation, we have simply got to be paternal. The state
+has got to be the over-parent. It cannot escape if it would; it would not
+escape if it could.
+
+
+PALLIATIVES AND CURES.
+
+The last decade of agitation in behalf of the boys of the city was for
+what is becoming more and more to be regarded as the palliatives. We
+first asked for playgrounds only in certain bad neighborhoods, on the
+theory that the children in that neighborhood were bad. We know now that
+the children were no different from other children, and if they need
+playgrounds, then all children need playgrounds, whether they be country
+children or city children. The play instinct needs to be wisely directed
+as much in one child as in another—in the country as truly as in the city.
+
+We first asked for child labor law forbidding children to work in certain
+industries, and we are realizing more and more that it is not a good
+thing for the Nation to draw on the manhood of tomorrow by sacrificing
+the childhood of today. (Applause) The recent report of the National
+Bureau of Labor on juvenile delinquency and its relation to employment
+makes perfectly clear the extra hazards and dangers to which children are
+subjected from being too early forced into economic competition with men.
+It demonstrates the necessity for not only more stringent child labor
+laws, but the better enforcement of those we have. It explodes the idea
+that the working boy and girl under 16 years of age is freer from dangers
+of delinquency than the non-working child. It would seem indeed that the
+playing child in the street is much less likely to go wrong there than
+while engaged in those occupations in which they are mostly employed.
+
+From what is undoubtedly a very thorough investigation and study of 4,839
+cases of delinquents (of whom 561 were girls and 4,278 were boys), we
+have carefully worked out for us interesting tables showing 2,416 working
+as against 1,862 non-working delinquent boys, and 251 working as against
+210 non-working delinquent girls, or a total number of 2,767 working
+delinquent children as against 2,072 non-working delinquent children.
+Added to these interesting figures is the further fact that the ratio of
+working delinquents is very much larger than the non-working in all these
+cities, varying in different cities from three to ten times as great as
+the non-working, with the disproportion even more striking among the
+girls, making it perfectly clear, as one chapter of the report concludes,
+“that putting children to work prematurely is not an effective method of
+training them for good citizenship.”
+
+
+THE VALUE OF THE REPORT.
+
+Another interesting fact brought out by the report is that the repeaters
+or recidivists (those apprehended for the second to the tenth offense
+as carefully tabulated in the report) are to be found mostly among the
+working children with the proportions much larger among the younger
+working children between 9 and 14 years of age. Up to this point the
+scale in this respect constantly ascends, beginning to descend as the
+working age approaches maturity.
+
+The report is unusually fair in making every possible concession to a
+variety of details and difficulties that might discredit its conclusions;
+but even with all such concessions there isn’t any room to dispute its
+final demonstration that working children not only contribute more
+in actual numbers but in an alarmingly larger proportion than do the
+non-workers to the criminal classes, and among repeaters or recidivists
+the same condition is even more marked. No such interesting or reliable
+set of tables has ever yet been added to the literature on this subject.
+It forces upon us the idea that the virtues necessary to good citizenship
+are not so much inherited as they are to be acquired. It follows that we
+are doing hideous injustice to our children in unnecessarily subjecting
+them to temptations which their untrained, immature souls are not yet
+able to withstand. These temptations naturally enough are greatest among
+the six groups of working boys who furnish the most delinquents. They are
+well known to juvenile court officers. These six groups represent the
+six classes of occupations yielding the greatest number of delinquents
+out of the total number investigated. Proportionately they are, delivery
+and errand boys 491, or 20.3 per cent; news-boys and bootblacks 449, or
+18.6 per cent; office boys 46, or 1.9 per cent; street vendors 66, or 2.7
+per cent; telegraph messengers 73, or 3 per cent; employed in amusement
+resorts 51, or 2.1 per cent; or a total of 2,416, more than one-half of
+the total number of 4,278 cases of delinquent boys investigated. The
+greatest proportion of offenses among the boys are of course larceny.
+This one offense constitutes more than half of all the offenses reported.
+Putting these immature souls to work simply violates the supplication of
+the Christian’s prayer “lead us not into temptation, but deliver us from
+evil.” The temptation of dishonesty constantly besets the working child,
+much more than the non-working child. The results shown are rather to be
+expected. The next in order of popular offenses are incorrigibility and
+disorderly conduct, terms so indefinite as to frequently include larceny.
+Truancy appears only in the cases of 185, and begging in the cases of
+only seven. Every juvenile officer will appreciate the more than probable
+accuracy of these tables, for, with one or two exceptions of minor
+importance, they are confirmed by their common experience, for which
+heretofore reliable tables are rather scarce.
+
+
+A FALLACY EXPLODED.
+
+The tabulations concerning the parental condition of the delinquents
+show equally creditable work. They are interesting as exploding another
+popular fallacy (which indeed was long since exploded by Miss Jane
+Addams and other champions of child labor laws) that most of the working
+children were sons and daughters of widows. Only 419 boys or 17.3 per
+cent of the entire number investigated were sons of widows, and only 185,
+or 8.7 per cent, were orphans; while 1,318, or more than one-half of the
+entire number, had both parents living. And again, curiously enough, the
+tables show that proportionately the great majority of these delinquent
+boys, employed or unemployed, came from average good homes. Seventy-six
+and two-tenths per cent of the delinquent working boys are recorded as
+coming from “fair or good homes,” and 71.6 per cent of the working and
+non-working boys (that is, of the total number of delinquents) enjoy
+the same favorable conditions in so far as their homes are concerned.
+The results seem to prove what has often been emphasized by juvenile
+officers, that a good home is not as complete a guarantee of a good
+boy or girl as it would seem we ought to be entitled to expect. The
+influences of the home—while of course the most important influence and
+the one that counts most—is by no means the only influence under which a
+child is placed, especially in that kind of city life that has come to
+this country only in the past fifty years and which in every particular
+is to become more terrific in the next fifty years, unless there be some
+unexpected changes. It is furnishing in many respects a new kind of
+environment under which most of our children are expected to be reared.
+It means we have got to make war against the street, the conditions, the
+environment, the causes, if we are to perform our full measure of duty to
+our children.
+
+Forty-four and seven-tenths per cent of the delinquent boys are children
+of native born parents as against fifty-five and three-tenths per cent of
+foreign born parents. Considering the far greater ratio of native born
+parents, this clearly indicates that there is less control over their
+children by foreign than by native parents.
+
+But I do not wish to be misunderstood. I firmly believe in work even in
+childhood. By this, I mean the right kind of work. It is not so much
+a question of work as the amount of work, the kind of work and the
+conditions under which that work is performed. This need not lessen our
+belief in happiness in childhood. I want to say very candidly, that there
+are a great number of children in this country from fourteen years of age
+upward about whom I feel more alarmed at their failure to do or to know
+how to do any kind of useful work than of any possibility of their being
+overworked.
+
+
+THE DANGER OF IDLENESS.
+
+In our zeal for the protection of our boys subjected to extreme or
+unnatural conditions, we must not lose sight of the dangers and
+difficulties of idleness. There are thousands of boys in the cities of
+this country who, if not employed at some useful thing, are generally
+on the streets or in the alleys in the downtown public pool rooms and
+bowling alleys, engaged not always in wholesome play, but too often in
+idling, cigarette smoking and dirty story telling, with absolutely no
+thought of work or the serious side of life. They are too constantly
+occupied with thoughts of “having a good time,” and some rather perverted
+notions of what a good time is. Too many of our boys especially reach the
+age of moral and legal responsibility without the slightest conception of
+work. They are too often more concerned as to how much they earn than how
+well they do their work. In dealing with a certain class of youth in the
+juvenile court, I say without hesitation that the most hopeless fellow
+in the world is the boy who will not work—the boy who has not learned
+how to work, or the value and importance of work. There is always hope
+for the boy who works, especially the boy who likes to work. I believe
+in the “strenuous life,” and I think its importance should be taught our
+boys and girls at an early age. There are too many young people in this
+country looking for “the life of ignoble ease.” I can say all of this
+to persons sincerely interested in the protection of the children from
+degradation or unnatural labor, and yet not be understood as depreciating
+the importance of wise child labor laws and their rigid enforcement for
+the protection of the children of the Union. But we must be careful,
+in doing this, never to underestimate the importance of work—the right
+kind of work, a certain amount of work—in the life of every child, and
+especially that teaching which inculcates good impressions in the life
+of every child as to the necessity and importance of labor. On the other
+hand, my experience is that most boys will work if given any kind of
+an encouraging opportunity. The lack of a chance is often responsible
+for idleness. At least 90 per cent of our boys and girls are forced out
+of the grammar school to fight the battles of life. They must have a
+chance to earn a living under such reasonably favorable conditions as
+not to destroy all chance of happiness or else they must become idlers
+and loafers. My own experience is that our common school education too
+often fails to equip them for earning more than the most scanty wages.
+An opportunity between the sixth and eighth grades in our city schools
+for children of the toiling masses to learn some kind of useful trade
+or valuable work with the hands—to learn to do what their fathers do—is
+a reform in our educational system which the champions of child labor
+must, in my opinion, espouse if they would round out a systematic and
+consistent plan of battle in this fight for the salvation of the children.
+
+
+PLACES FOR THE BOYS.
+
+I want to see the time come in this country when a boy of fourteen years
+of age up may be a valuable help to the plumber, the carpenter or the
+printer at a decent wage, instead of going to the messenger service and
+the street. I do not believe that juvenile labor should trespass upon the
+legitimate occupations of men and women, but we must equip these children
+for some kind of industrial efficiency and usefulness, or enlarge our
+reformatories and prisons for their care and maintenance. One of the
+saddest things in my experience as judge of the juvenile court has been
+the little fellows who have requested me to send them to the reform
+school in order that they might learn a trade. The principal of a school
+once said to me: “Judge, why don’t you send that boy to the reform school
+so that he can learn a trade?” On behalf of the boy, I replied: “In
+God’s name, why don’t you people on the Board of Education give him an
+opportunity to learn a trade at home?”
+
+I ask you, is it fair, just or decent that in most of the cities of
+this country an American boy has no opportunity to learn a trade, to
+capacitate himself for joyous, useful work with his hands, unless he
+commits a crime? And yet, I am compelled to say to you, that such is the
+condition in a very large section of this country.
+
+But there are wonderful changes just ahead of us in our educational
+system. These changes are bound to come if we are to make progress, and
+we are making progress.
+
+If the Nation is to do its real duty to its boys—whether they be city
+boys or country boys, its children, city children or country children—it
+should pass the bill that has for the last six years been repeatedly
+offered in Congress providing for the establishment of a children’s
+bureau in the Department of Commerce and Labor.
+
+
+CHILDREN VERSUS ANIMALS.
+
+It is a kind of protection that is sadly needed in this country, and
+especially from the government we need a systematic scheme of national
+investigation of all matters pertaining to the welfare of children and
+child life. It would in no manner interfere with the activities and
+agencies provided by the states but, on the contrary, through the help
+and assistance that would come from the national government, do much to
+strengthen all such agencies. Such a bureau would be of equal if not
+superior importance to those now existing in several of the departments.
+For instance, the Department of Agriculture, where we have a bureau of
+animal industry, plant industry, of soils, of chemistry, and the like.
+The Government spends annually millions of dollars investigating the
+diseases of animals, the inspection of cattle, hogs, sheep, etc., and
+the results obtained by the able experts are published and circulated
+generously to the farmers and stock raisers of the country. The work
+of these bureaus has more than justified the expenditure of money by
+the Government. If we have a somewhat analogous bureau dealing with
+the welfare of the child life of the Nation, it would be doing no more
+for them than we are now doing for cattle and hogs. We have no right
+to neglect the child crop of this country. It is scarcely necessary to
+repeat that it is our most valuable crop, for there are born every year
+in this country over two million children. What the state is, what the
+Nation is ten, twenty, or thirty years from now depends not so much on
+our business, our ranches, our great industries, as upon the kind of
+men we have directing the great industries, the business, the farms,
+the ranches of this country, and what these men are then depends upon
+how well we care for our children now. If there are diseases among the
+cattle of the Nation, or decrease in some of the staple cereal crops
+of the Nation, the Government immediately becomes interested and its
+investigators and experts are busy everywhere to ascertain the causes,
+to furnish the remedies, to coöperate with the people for the protection
+of the material wealth of the Nation. Now, the child crop of the Nation
+is not to be measured in dollars and cents for as important as such a
+standard may be it is insufficient to furnish a scale for measuring
+the value of soul stuff. Yet if there is a large increase in infant
+mortality, of the dependency or delinquency of the childhood of the
+Nation, there is no bureau under the Federal Government that is even
+required to become interested in the matter. And, indeed, there are
+very few states that provide sufficient and adequate agencies to carry
+on the work that must be done if we are true to our children. It is
+freely admitted that of the 300,000 little children—out of the 2,000,000
+born annually—that die annually, one-half of the deaths are preventable
+by the knowledge and application of preventive measures. If through
+the dissemination of proper information about children, such as is
+disseminated concerning cattle, an appreciable per cent of these children
+could be saved as they certainly would be saved, such a bureau would more
+than justify its establishment.
+
+
+SOME PRACTICAL EXPERIMENTS.
+
+I remember recently, when the Children’s bill in England was being
+considered, receiving a letter, I think, from one of the under
+secretaries, to get certain facts, and it was simply impossible to
+provide the information that was needed and expected that this Government
+could furnish; and I, as a judge of one of the courts of this country
+dealing with children, felt very much embarrassed that we could not say
+that our Government was able to furnish such information.
+
+We have found, in our efforts to help these 100,000 children annually
+that are dependent or delinquent, that nothing is so important as facts.
+In my humble judgment—I may be wrong, and that is just why we want a
+bureau of this kind, in order that I may know and you may know whether I
+am right or wrong—in my judgment there are 100,000 children, dependent
+and delinquent, coming to the courts of this country every year, and
+that means 1,600,000 children coming to the courts of this Nation in
+every generation of childhood. Is this great government of ours, with
+sufficient facts already gathered in this imperfect way to demonstrate
+the necessity, going to neglect this opportunity of spreading useful
+information concerning the children of this country?
+
+I recall a certain city in which I asked the chief of police how many
+children had been in jail that year. He said 100. When we investigated
+the records, we found there were 650 boys alone brought to the jail in
+that city of less than 200,000 people. In another city I asked the jailer
+how many boys had been in jail, he said five or six hundred. When we
+investigated the records, we found there were 4,000 arrests in that city
+among the boys alone under twenty years of age and over 2,000 brought to
+the jail were under seventeen years of age.
+
+But finally any work for children of the city or country must bring us
+face to face with many of the social, economic, industrial and political
+conditions that concern us as a people. There is no real problem of the
+child that is not also the problem of the parent. We cannot do our duty
+toward the children of this Nation without attacking the conditions that
+deform the lives of the children. This must take us so far afield that
+I do not dare attempt to follow now lest it take me so far beyond the
+immediate scope of this paper as to find for it no satisfactory ending.
+
+The fight for the childhood of today is the fight for the parenthood of
+tomorrow, the manhood of tomorrow; it is after all the supreme battle
+for the country, the city, the state, for justice for all men and women,
+and that means a day of better things, a happier country, a more perfect
+civilization; the dawn of a tomorrow, a new day, a new time in which the
+scriptural promise shall be more than fulfilled, for the little child
+shall lead, shall teach, shall save the world.
+
+Chairman HADLEY—The audience will remain seated a moment. There are a few
+more of the states that will be called, and as it is necessary for me to
+attend to some official duties, President Wallace will now take charge of
+the meeting.
+
+President WALLACE—The Congress is not yet adjourned, and we have
+some good things in store. Please come to order as soon as possible.
+I wish to announce Hon. B. A. Fowler, president of the National
+Irrigation Congress, of Phoenix, Arizona, as chairman of the committee
+on resolutions. Now, we want every state that has not appointed a
+committeeman on resolutions to do so at once, and report to the clerk,
+and Mr. Fowler will announce when and where that committee will meet.
+
+Another thing. Any of you that have resolutions will please turn them in
+to that committee at the time and place of meeting. The committee will
+consider the resolutions and present them and their final report on next
+Wednesday. It is to be regretted that many of the governors could not be
+here this afternoon, but some of them have sent representatives.
+
+President WALLACE—I have the pleasure of introducing to you Mr. D. M.
+Neill, representing the governor of Minnesota.
+
+[Mr. Neill’s paper will be found in Supplementary Proceedings.]
+
+President WALLACE—The Honorable George Coupland of Nebraska is here as
+its representative, and has been asked to speak next. Mr. Coupland.
+
+[Mr. Coupland’s paper is to be found in Supplementary Proceedings.]
+
+President WALLACE—When this meeting adjourns, which will be at 5 o’clock
+sharp, it will adjourn to meet at 8 this evening, and will be presided
+over by Hon. B. A. Fowler, the president of the National Irrigation
+Congress. Mr. Condra has an announcement to make.
+
+Professor CONDRA—I wish to announce a meeting of the credential
+committee as soon as I leave the stage about ten minutes to 5. Another
+announcement: There are about a hundred state conservation commissioners
+present, and they will meet in the white room at the Baltimore Hotel
+tomorrow morning at 9 o’clock for a conference.
+
+President WALLACE—This Congress intended to get Hon. Woodrow Wilson
+of New Jersey to address us. He was unable to come, but has sent a
+representative, Mr. Edward A. Stevens, Commissioner of Public Roads, and
+he will be heard as soon as the secretary makes some announcements, which
+will close the program for this afternoon.
+
+After announcements by Secretary Gipe, President WALLACE continued:
+We will now hear from the representative of Hon. Woodrow Wilson, Mr.
+Stevens. (Applause)
+
+Mr. STEVENS—Mr. Chairman, Ladies and Gentlemen: I did not come prepared
+to represent the Governor of New Jersey, or to make a speech. That had
+been entrusted, I believe, to somebody better fitted than myself. I find
+in the West the State of New Jersey is considered and known for its
+mitigation of corporations which do not meet the approval of the United
+States Supreme Court. But it is not that industry I wish to interest you
+in, or in fact any New Jersey industry. All I can do today is to give a
+slight enumeration of the work being done in one of the smallest and most
+densely populated states of the Union. We have commissions or officers
+in charge of the following branches of conservation work: Forestry; the
+oyster industry; the conservation of flowing water; the geological survey
+of the state (which is one of the most complete and most accurate yet
+carried out by any state of the Union); of agriculture; of public roads;
+of inland waterways; the regulation of public utilities; the watching
+over health by the State Board of Health, and also special institutions
+for the care of tuberculosis, of epileptic and feeble-minded children. We
+have a fish and game commission, because with us the ocean furnishes a
+vast source of wealth in its fisheries. We have besides that a commission
+for the regulation of factory labor, and especially for the regulation of
+child labor, for children in New Jersey cannot enter into work without
+passing an examination and without special permits. I am sorry that I
+cannot do much more than merely enumerate the branches of activity which
+the state is undertaking. I am only familiar with one of them, that is
+public road building. If I can be of any service in that technical line
+to this Congress I hope I will be considered at its disposal. (Applause)
+
+President WALLACE—Prof. F. W. Rane, State Forester, will speak for the
+State of Massachusetts.
+
+[Prof. Rane’s paper is to be found in Supplementary Proceedings.]
+
+President WALLACE—The Congress now stands adjourned until 8 o’clock,
+when the conference of the states will be resumed. We will meet tomorrow
+morning at 9:30 promptly.
+
+
+
+
+_THIRD SESSION._
+
+
+In the absence of President Wallace, who was attending the dinner given
+to the President of the United States, Prof. Condra acted as chairman of
+the meeting.
+
+Professor CONDRA—Ladies and Gentlemen, your attention: We will
+continue the program this evening from 8 o’clock until the arrival
+of the President and his party. We will have reports from a number
+of the states. The states which are represented should send their
+representatives to the platform. If I understand it, we are now to hear
+from Michigan, Montana, New York and a number of other states, and in
+addition to that we will have a short talk which will please you I am
+sure. The first thing on the program is a flashlight picture.
+
+After the flashlight picture was taken, the Congress continued as follows:
+
+Professor CONDRA—Are there any announcements to be made by the members
+of the different committees? Has the chairman of the committee on
+resolutions an announcement to make?
+
+I wish to announce that there are a good many scientific men present
+who are representing various bodies and they are going to hold a number
+of important meetings. One of these will be held in the Coates House,
+room 244, at 8:30 tomorrow morning. The question is, “What should be the
+relation of Conservation to Science, to the Discovery of Truth?” We must
+not divorce the two departments. They are identical when we understand
+the two. All chemists, geologists, agriculturists, and others who are
+ready to assist in this work and wish to meet with the scientists are
+invited to do so tomorrow morning. I understand Dr. Shinnick of Iowa is
+to preside at that meeting. He represents the American Association for
+the Advancement of Science.
+
+Another announcement: We have gathered here about one hundred state
+conservation commissioners. The conservation commissions of the various
+states are not political bodies, neither are they partisan, but they
+are men and women who are studying the truth underlying conservation.
+The conservation commissioners, together with the various scientists,
+namely, geologists, agriculturists, chemists and others, will hold
+meetings tomorrow. I ask you to take notice. And representing these
+various scientific bodies, the meeting of the conservation commissioners
+and the friends of that kind of work; those who want to get at the
+details of state conserving, including what we should investigate and
+give to the people as the basis of conservation activity, how we shall
+do soil survey, geological survey, what kind of maps must be prepared,
+what is the truth of dry farming, what is true drainage, how shall we
+make up the various inventories, what kind of forest study should be
+made in the state—in other words, in what manner are we to coöperate
+in the various states, and in what manner are we to coöperate with the
+Federal Government in getting at the conservation facts? We ask all of
+you interested in these subjects to join us in the white room at the
+Baltimore Hotel tomorrow. We will have talks by such men as Prof. Holden,
+Dr. Hawarth, W. J. Spillman, of the Department of Agriculture, and I
+might name a number of others, men practically engaged in this line of
+work. I would like to know whether there is anyone to speak for Michigan?
+
+At the meeting of last year there was not full opportunity to hear from
+the men representing the states. We want these men to come forward and
+tell us what they are doing. Michigan has not responded. Is Montana
+represented? Is New York? New Mexico? We ask that you will come here to
+the platform. Will the representative of Pennsylvania please come to
+the platform? I ask those of you who are scattered here and there in
+this great building to be as quiet as you can, because there may be some
+who are not used to speaking before so many persons and it is rather
+difficult to speak from this position. Mr. Emil Gunther, representing
+Pennsylvania, and Philadelphia in particular.
+
+Mr. GUNTHER—The chairman has just announced I may have five minutes.
+Realizing the importance of time, I wrote out my remarks so that I could
+not speak more than five minutes if I wanted to.
+
+[Mr. Gunther’s paper will be found in Supplementary Proceedings.]
+
+Chairman CONDRA—It is quite possible that the people throughout this
+Middle Western country and all of the western part of the United
+States may fail to realize the different phases of activity that are
+maintained in the great empire state of New York. That state has recently
+established a conservation commission, with three scientists as members,
+paying those men $10,000 a year for the difficult task of organizing the
+various lines of conservation activity in the state. I have the pleasure
+of introducing one of the state commissioners of New York, Mr. John D.
+Moore.
+
+[Mr. Moore’s address is in Supplementary Proceedings.]
+
+Chairman CONDRA—Is the representative of South Carolina, Dr. M. W.
+Twitchell, present?
+
+A DELEGATE from Kansas—We have tried to hear two speakers from the East,
+but in Kansas City, half way across the continent, we have been unable to
+hear them. If you have any more Eastern speakers, California, perhaps, in
+the rear end of the hall, would like to hear something they say.
+
+Chairman CONDRA—I would call attention to the fact that people are coming
+in. I know that those who are here are as quiet as you can be, and I ask
+that those in the rear on this first floor will call the attention of the
+ushers to this fact so they may request people to enter more quietly. We
+realize that this is a very large building, and you ought not to require
+every man to speak to all of you. They haven’t all got lungs strong
+enough to make everyone hear, but we hope Dr. Twitchell has.
+
+[Dr. Twitchell’s address is in Supplementary Proceedings.]
+
+Chairman CONDRA—We will postpone the reports from the states until
+tomorrow. The first speaker represents the National Soil Fertility
+League, who will speak for ten minutes. After that we will have a talk by
+Bernard Baker, our old conservation friend, the man who was the president
+of the Congress at St. Paul during its last Congress. If President Taft
+should enter during either one of these speeches, I ask that the band may
+start up “America.” I think it would be appropriate to sing “America”
+when the President of this great country enters such a great hall filled
+with such an audience. (Applause) I understand that the gentleman who
+is to speak is able to talk to the uttermost parts of the gallery. I
+now introduce Howard H. Gross, president of the National Soil Fertility
+League. Mr. Gross, of Chicago.
+
+Mr. GROSS—Mr. Chairman, Ladies and Gentlemen: I want to thank you
+kindly for the applause, for it may be the only occasion when it would
+be proper. (Applause) I want to say as president of the National Soil
+Fertility League that it is an organization formed to do a specific
+definite work, and to work with this great Congress, and all who are
+striving for a better agriculture. I have been doing considerable
+institute work, and I made this observation: that the farmer was very
+quick to see and demonstrate how some of these half-baked theories
+that he was asked to subscribe to did not appeal to him, or, in other
+words, that we are all from Missouri, and it was necessary to be shown.
+(Applause) We know that we are not getting out of our farms what we ought
+to get. We know that Europe is getting two or three times as much per
+acre as we are. So, in the organization of the National Soil Fertility
+League I felt that two or three things were necessary: First, we must
+have an organization that would command the respect of the people, and
+when I give you the names of the gentlemen who make up the advisory
+committee I believe you will agree with me that they have been wisely
+chosen, and we are under obligations to them, all of us, for joining in a
+great work of this kind. On the advisory committee are Mr. James J. Hill
+of St. Paul, whom I regard as one of the greatest men who it has ever
+been my privilege to meet; the next is our most distinguished, our first
+citizen, William Howard Taft (applause); Franklin MacVeigh; Missouri’s
+great son, Champ Clark (applause)—gentlemen, this is not a political
+convention. Dr. James, of the University of Illinois; William Jennings
+Bryan (applause)—now, gentlemen, it would not do for me to read the
+other names if you are going to break over like this. It is against the
+rules. Mr. F. D. Coburn, Secretary of Agriculture of the State of Kansas
+(applause); Benjamin Franklin Yoakum; William George, banker and farmer;
+Samuel Gompers, president of the Federation of Labor (applause); Alvin
+H. Saunders of the Breeders’ Gazette; J. M. Studebaker, of wagon fame;
+Samuel Allerton; Henry Wallace, you all know (applause), and W. D. Howard
+is no less distinguished. The speaker is the only cheap skate in the
+crowd. (Applause)
+
+Now, gentlemen, the National Soil Fertility League was formed for
+a definite purpose. It will have a paid organization. We will be
+Johnny-on-the-spot every minute during the year, doing business. What we
+propose to do is this: to supplement the great work that is being done
+by the agricultural colleges, and insist that the state and the nation
+shall recognize these great institutions with adequate contributions, so
+that they may do extension work and reach every community in the land
+from Maine to California. (Applause) We mean to have Congress appropriate
+a million dollars to start with, and increase it to eight or nine or
+ten millions if necessary, and every man who has anything to say in
+Washington is committed to this proposition from top to bottom, and we
+are going to get the money. Then we propose to have bills introduced at
+the next meeting of the Legislature in forty-four states, and get the
+people back of those bills, to the end that the money will be forthcoming
+to enable the college of agriculture to take up this great work and
+carry it forward. The plan will be to take a soil chemist, a skilled
+agriculturist, and put one in every county in the state. That man is
+responsible to the state university of where the county is situated. He
+will help the farmer solve the problems of a larger field, coöperating
+with him, studying the local conditions, to the end that we may establish
+a permanent agricultural college, and get the largest returns possible
+and maintain soil fertility. In Europe where they have been farming
+for a thousand or fifteen hundred years they are raising two or three
+times what we get, and our land originally was better than theirs. Now
+there are several problems that are collateral to this. Let me know, Mr.
+Chairman, when my time is up—and one is farm labor, how to keep the boy
+on the farm. The new agriculture showing the boy that we can use his
+brain as well as his brawn, that farming is profitable, far more than he
+thinks, that he can make dollars out of dimes by proper manipulation,
+and so he will see that the largest field of opportunity for a man of
+brawn and brain is in treating with the soil. Show him also that it is a
+high and noble and splendid business avocation. Also we must have better
+schools in the country. (Applause)
+
+There is no reason why the boy and the girl on the farm should not have
+as good educational advantages as those in the city schools. The greatest
+product that we have on our farm is not cattle, hogs and alfalfa, wheat
+and oats, but the boy and the girl in the farm home. (Applause) Upon
+them depends the future of this great country. So let us realize the
+personal equation and take care of the boys and the girls; give them the
+education that they want and let them get it at home instead of going
+to town. Home life is a great deal more pleasant. You must have good
+roads, consolidated schools, fill your homes with the best there is in
+the land, and there is no place on God’s green earth where society and
+civilization can reach a higher plane and a better one than upon the
+great plain of Illinois and Michigan, Missouri, Kansas, and all these
+great states. But let the young men realize that they can learn something
+from the green leaves of the field, as well as from the yellow leaves
+of the library. When we get to doing business, and we are doing it now,
+we want you all to help us get the legislation that is necessary, so
+that we can provide abundant and cheap food supply for the country, and
+have plenty to ship abroad, without impairing one single dollar of the
+farmer’s income, but make it twice what it is today. (Applause)
+
+Chairman CONDRA—I wonder if you really believe what this gentleman has
+said? (Sure we do. Yes.)
+
+In the course of my work I have run on a few individuals who have an
+idea that it is not necessary for the state to be concerned with the
+materials of conservation, or with the conditions that obtain in those
+states. I hope that the time will come when the people on the farm, in
+the factory, all the citizens in the state will realize that an American
+state that does not have a full survey of its climate, its topography,
+its structure, its drainage, its resources, is behind the times. I want
+you people to pledge me, though not orally, that you will go home, return
+to your places, and stand by the men like Professor Holden, like Dr.
+Hawarth, like Dr. DeWolf, and those men who are farmer boys who have
+gone to the land to study the real value that they may give of their
+knowledge of farm management. Do you believe that? (Sure. Yes, sir. You
+bet.) Well, suppose as delegates we might bring in a resolution which
+says that conservation in these states must be based on that basis,
+on the material, on the conditions, would you vote it down? Would you
+believe that these men are sincere? Would you think those men are put in
+a glass case, that they represent a museum curiosity, or would you think
+that those men that are huskies, those men of brawn, would you think that
+those men are your friends, that they mean what they say and they know
+what they are talking about? They are the ones who have seen this thing
+from the practical side, and they must work with you. Let me sound this
+note: I make the plea that you may, in the conservation of the various
+states, stand for conservation based on fact, not on conservation based
+on dogma without foundation. Will you stand for that? (Applause) I wish
+to assure all now I am not now making an argument for the man who does
+the geological survey, the agricultural survey, the nursery survey, the
+industrial survey; I am making an argument to the people for the people
+who ought to have the truth of the situation, the benefit of those
+surveys. We have seen too many concerns floated without basis. We have
+seen altogether too much promotion without basis. The time is when our
+agriculture will flourish according to the conditions that obtain. We
+will not misrepresent for the purpose of drawing a population from one
+section of our great country to an unfavorable place in another section.
+We are going to take the land as it is. We will take the climate as it
+is. We will take the resources through and through as they are. And the
+state will place its stamp of approval, based on the fruits, and the
+people can go here and there according to the light that is found. And
+we condemn any concern in the state that goes into another state and
+misrepresents things to the people, taking them to a place for which
+they are not fitted, and to land which they do not understand. I do not
+want to discourage you, and here let me clear up a thought. We stand as
+conservationists for reclamation. We intend to make more of these dry
+lands, those sandy lands, those wet lands, and the various other kinds,
+and we want to get more out of these trees, out of that coal, out of that
+gold, out of that iron.
+
+Let us stand on the basis of truth. Let us stand against
+misrepresentation. May I sound another warning? There never was a state
+that misrepresented industrial facts and attracted factories to those
+unfavorable places, or attracted people to an unfavorable locality,
+which they did not understand, there never was a state that permitted
+that but suffered for the same sooner or later. We must take truth as
+it is. We must abide by the facts. We must, as people of the state,
+loyal to our state and our country, put our forces against all kinds of
+misrepresentation, because they end up badly. (Applause) Now you don’t
+understand that, all of you. The farmer gets occasionally into some
+one of these concerns that ends badly. Then he objects to all kinds of
+business, and he objects to the railroads, and he objects to the men in
+the factory, and he thinks all business is illegitimate. We have reached
+a time in the conservation of our states when we will base our industry
+on investigation and reliable report, made by one who will not pad the
+facts.
+
+I ask Mr. Baker to tell us a little about the Panama Canal.
+
+Mr. BAKER—Mr. Chairman, Ladies and Gentlemen: The subject is not one
+as Prof. Condra said, that covers the subject of conservation to most
+people, but to me it means a great deal. It means that your government,
+your people are spending today some four hundred millions of dollars for
+the purpose of conserving the interests of transportation between the
+east and the west coast of the United States of all this great country,
+the enormous commerce that has been absolutely and almost entirely in the
+control of the railroads for so many years. So serious has this control
+been that for nineteen years the transcontinental railway pool paid to
+the owners of the Panama Railroad Company $1,080,000 a year for nineteen
+years to induce them not to do business. Think what that means. Not
+only that, but for many years they paid the United States of Colombia,
+which formerly and originally was under the Republic of Panama before
+it seceded, $10,000 a year to prevent the extension of that line, to
+deepwater, so as they could utilize that route to develop the commerce of
+the United States. Your Government, you people, are paying for that. I am
+going to tell you a little, while we are waiting for the President. I
+have just had the honor of being with him at dinner. He was unfortunately
+detained, but I expect him every moment, and it is not necessary for me
+to say that when he appears I shall retire.
+
+They started out with that wonderful enterprise—the Panama Canal—by
+meeting the opposition of all the railroad interests that were determined
+that it should not be completed. Many, many times able articles, which
+many of you have read in the magazines, were written and paid for by the
+most eminent engineers to prove how totally impracticable the building
+of the Panama Canal was. It was a dream. A long dream, they used to say.
+It began in the early days of Spain when Columbus came to the Panama
+Canal. He was the first one to visit it. There was located on the west
+side of the canal what is known as the Treasure House of Spain. When our
+Government took hold of it, and employed the engineers to make a thorough
+survey, the question came up of building an open waterway free right
+down to sea level. When it was suggested that they build lock canals—and
+as many of you farmers to whom I am speaking may not understand that, I
+take a few minutes to explain exactly how they work. You come in on the
+level of the Caribbean sea, and the ship is elevated about thirty feet by
+sliding into a lock, the water pouring from the upper lock, sixty feet
+above, into this lower lock, thirty feet, and on this the ship rises.
+That occurs three times, until they bring the ship up to a level of
+eighty feet above the Caribbean sea. There is very little rise or fall in
+the tide of the Caribbean sea, only about eighteen inches, maximum and
+minimum. Then it enters into what is going to be—and now when I was there
+in November, had about twenty-eight to forty feet of water in it—a most
+beautiful fresh water lake some twenty-nine miles wide and some thirty
+long, bordered with the most beautiful mountain ranges. The ship will
+sail through that lake and will come into what you have all heard about,
+the wonderful Culebra cut, a cut straight through the mountains. One of
+the greatest difficulties, one that you have heard so much of, is the
+slides, the land constantly sliding down into that cut, was due to the
+character of the soil, it being a volcanic ash.
+
+Now, the most wonderful thing has happened, due to modern invention,
+which has brought to work what is known as the cement gun, a gun that
+will fire cement into those banks and make them practically solid and
+prevent sliding. So they can go on and dig the canal without further
+interruption. There is no question whatever that the waterway will be
+opened to the people of the United States by the shortest possible route,
+saving 7,000 miles of water distance between the Atlantic and Pacific
+oceans, all the way around the Straits of Magellan, by June, 1913.
+(Applause) Not only have they made the cement gun, but they have made
+the cement boat. I am an old steamship man of many years’ experience. I
+can remember some years ago when they talked about iron boxes floating
+as being impossible. Then they came to a steel box floating. Now, ladies
+and gentlemen, they are floating a stone box there, and putting on this
+stone box the gun which will fire the cement. It is made of cement. The
+steamer will proceed through that large cut, which is covered with the
+most wonderful vegetation that ever was written about, right in the
+tropics, within eight degrees of the equator. The ladies here—all ought
+to go to Panama and see the wonderful flowers, blooms—things that we see
+here in our greenhouses—there growing as trees—magnificent, wonderful—and
+the parrots playing through the woods. If you go a little way off you
+can also see the monkeys playing in the woods. All those things will be
+open to travel, and there will be the big fine passenger steamers going
+through there.
+
+When you get over to the other side of the canal you meet first what is
+called the Piedro Miguel Locks. Peter McGill was an Irishman, but they
+called him, in Spanish, Piedro Miguel. A number of things down there
+are named after him. A short distance below you come to two more locks,
+lowering you to the level of the Pacific Ocean, which has a rise and fall
+of nearly eighteen feet. That is known as the Miraflores Lock, or many
+flowers. Now you have reached the Pacific Ocean. I want to go back just
+a moment, however, and tell you why it was necessary to make this lock
+canal. An old steamship man’s ideal way is simply to sail through without
+any destination whatever, but there is a river down there, you know, the
+Chagres river. Up to the time I was last down there they never had yet
+found the source of the river. The vegetation was so rank it was almost
+impossible to get through. That river has been known to rise sixty feet
+in forty-eight hours, and yet I have seen it when you could almost walk
+across the river bed. Imagine that kind of a flood being taken care of
+in an open waterway constituting a ship canal. I would not like to be on
+the ship that undertook to go through a canal that might possibly meet
+that condition of floods in Panama. I want to tell you another thing that
+to me is the most wonderful work I have ever seen, and that is the way
+everything is managed and controlled by one man, Col. Gilfos. He is a
+wonder. You can go among the engineers, the laboring men, constituting
+all the nationalities of that part of the country, a great many of them
+Jamaicans and West Indians, Spaniards, and everywhere you will hear, “We
+are working for Col. Gilfos.” No mistakes of any importance have been
+made. They all live there in the most perfect socialism, if I may call it
+in the true idea of socialism, the brotherhood of man, having everything
+in common.
+
+When a lady wishes to give a dinner, she asks by telephone—Government
+telephone—for a carriage to be sent. It is a mule wagon generally, by
+the way. But now they are getting some automobiles. It takes her down to
+the commissary headquarters. She picks out what she wants to entertain
+her friends with, and she uses no money. It all comes up promptly just
+at the hour, and many times at prices which it would be impossible
+today to duplicate in some of our Western and Eastern cities. When the
+baby is sick she sends for the Government doctor. Everything is done in
+that way by the United States Government. Why, they even run the most
+wonderful hotel in the most wonderful way, the Hotel Tivoli. It is a
+beautiful place, a marvelous place, and a remarkable arrangement they
+have there. If you stay one week it is a fixed price per week. If you
+stay two weeks it is at proportionate reduction, and three weeks again a
+reduction, so as to encourage people to come there and stay in the hotel.
+They are now adding to the Tivoli a very large $500,000 addition, just
+to accommodate travelers, and everything is run by the Government. You
+never hear a word of complaint, never any differences. There seem to be
+no social bickerings or differences among the people. One goes everywhere
+and finds absolute social enjoyment. I never in my life have seen such
+a marvelous community. There is where we ought to raise our children.
+Little figures running about with very little on them, there is so much
+bright sunshine and beautiful weather they do not need clothes, and they
+seem to be perfectly healthy. When you think of it, an old saying used to
+be that when they built the railroad across there every tie cost a human
+life. Disease was terrible. For five years there has never been a case of
+fever—yellow fever—and it is the statistical record that it is one of the
+healthiest places today in the United States.
+
+Of course it is not in the United States, but compared with any place in
+the United States. There was, by the way, one death, I understand, in
+Panama that was due to the curiosity of one of our dear women. She came
+down as a nurse, a trained nurse from New York, and did not believe that
+the mosquito could possibly convey fever. In the physical laboratory
+of the hospital at Ancon were a number of them in a glass case for
+experimental purposes. Talking to some of the other nurses when the
+doctors were not about, she put her finger in and allowed one of the
+mosquitoes to bite her. She was bitten all right. In five days she died
+of fever, proving beyond any question that the mosquito was the one thing
+that made all this unhealthfulness in the past. But not satisfied with
+that, the Government has drained in the most effectual way all the entire
+canal zone of some fifty miles long and ten miles wide. At the head of
+every small stream where there is any possibility of drainage or stagnant
+water producing mosquitoes, they place a small barrel of oil, with a
+drip. That drip is regulated just in proportion to the flow of water. Now
+today it is one of the most pleasant places in fair weather I ever saw.
+There are few or no flies on account of this strict sanitation, which
+includes also the removal of garbage. Everything of that kind is done
+by the Government in the most sanitary and most effective way. All the
+houses belong to the Government—they have single men’s apartments, and
+married men’s apartments, and houses for the different officers. There
+is provided a special can for the removal of all the garbage and refuse
+from the houses. If anyone leaves that open they are fined very promptly.
+No one does. An inspection officer is going about. So today I know of no
+more pleasant place in the world to spend a month or so than at the Hotel
+Tivoli, Panama.
+
+Another curious thing may possibly interest you. The first time I went
+over to Ancon, which is on the west, the Pacific side—and I might
+explain about Ancon—there are three towns. There is the town of Panama,
+which stands on the Bay of Panama; a little distance off and connected
+with it, you can hardly tell where, is the American town of Ancon, and
+then across over a big hill is Balboa, the part in which the United
+States is making all its improvements—getting ready to take care of the
+transportation question. Now when I got down there, and I arrived rather
+early in the evening, I had a beautiful room assigned me. All the rooms
+have balconies. I went out and sat on the porch and looked at the Pacific
+Ocean. What, to my surprise, did I see? I didn’t know what had happened,
+but I saw the moon rising out of the Pacific Ocean. Now take that in if
+you can. It was in the east—the Pacific Ocean was to the southeast of
+Panama, and the moon was rising out of the Pacific Ocean, as the sun did
+the next morning. I was completely turned around. The Isthmus of Panama
+almost describes the letter “S.” We do not realize that unless we take
+an atlas and put it before us. If you ever see a drawing or illustration
+of the great work going on down there you will see how they always place
+Panama on the right-hand side of the map as you look at it. It seems all
+wrong. It ought not to be there. It did to me when I first saw it. I
+think I have talked about Panama long enough, and you must be tired, and
+I am quite sure the President will be here in the next few minutes. He is
+trying to get here as rapidly as possible. What he will tell you about
+conservation will be so much more than I can do. I thank you very much.
+(Applause)
+
+Chairman CONDRA—I have a note from the director of the band saying that
+they can sing a certain song to be dedicated to the President. Dr. Hiner,
+have you the soloist there? Can you favor us with the song? It is to be
+sung next Saturday at Sedalia, I believe, and it has been dedicated to
+the President by his permission.
+
+After the singing of the song, the President entered, accompanied by
+his official party and members of the Commercial Club and others, the
+audience rising and singing “America,” after which long and loud cheering
+took place for several minutes.
+
+President WALLACE—Ladies and Gentlemen, Members of the Conservation
+Congress: It is my high privilege and duty to introduce to you tonight,
+Hon. William H. Taft, President of the United States. (Loud applause and
+cheers)
+
+
+ADDRESS BY THE PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES.
+
+President TAFT—Your distinguished President, Dr. Wallace, a month or two
+ago wrote me and asked me to come before this Congress and advocate and
+talk about the conservation of the soil. If that subject does not address
+itself to you as a proper one in this Congress, you must blame your
+president. If what I say is not orthodox, you must blame him, because he
+called on me. But I am going to read you the best view that I can make
+from the consideration of the best authorities that I can find on that
+subject. And if you will bear with me, I will promise not to keep you
+long, for the reason that my knowledge on the subject will not consume a
+great deal of time.
+
+At last year’s convention of this Congress I had the honor and pleasure
+of delivering an address on the subject of conservation of our national
+resources, and therein attempted to state what the terms “conservation
+of our natural resources” meant, what were the statutes affecting and
+enforcing such conservation, classified the different public lands
+to which it would apply, and suggested what I thought was the proper
+method of disposing of each class of lands. Nothing has been done on
+this subject by Congress since that time, but it is hoped that the
+present Congress at its regular session will take up the question of
+the conservation of government land containing coal and phosphates or
+of furnishing water power, adopt some laws that will permit the use
+and development of these lands in Alaska and in continental United
+States, and evolve a system by which the Government shall retain proper
+ultimate control of the lands, and at the same time offer to private
+investment sufficient returns to induce the outlay of capital needed to
+make the lands useful to the public. The discussion did not invoke the
+consideration of any question which directly concerned the production of
+food.
+
+Tonight, however, I wish to consider in a summary way another aspect of
+conservation far more important than that of preserving for the public
+interests public lands, that is, the conservation of the soil with a view
+to the continued production of food in this country sufficient to feed
+our growing population.
+
+We have in continental United States about 1,900,000,000 acres. Of
+this the Agricultural Department, through its correspondents, estimate
+that 950,000,000 acres of this are capable of cultivation. Of this,
+873,729,000 acres are now in farms. The remainder, about 1,000,000,000
+acres, is land which is untillable. It is reasonably certain that
+substantially all the virgin soil of a character to produce crops has
+been taken up. It is doubtful how much of the part not included in farms
+can be brought into a condition where tillage will be profitable.
+
+The total acreage of farms in the last ten years, although the pressure
+for increased acreage by reason of high farm prices was great, was
+only about four per cent, or about 32,000,000. There are upwards of
+25,000,000 acres that will be brought in under our irrigation system,
+and perhaps more, and the amount of lands which can be drained and made
+useful for agriculture will amount to about 70,000,000 acres.
+
+The total improved farm lands in the United States amount to 477,448,000
+acres, which is an increase in the last ten years of 62,949,000, or
+fifteen and two-tenths per cent. The product per acre actually cultivated
+increased in the last ten years one per cent a year, or ten per cent. The
+total product increased in ten years nearly twenty per cent.
+
+
+INCREASE OF POPULATION.
+
+The population in this same time increased twenty-one per cent. If the
+population continues to increase at its present rate, we shall have in
+fifty years double the number of people we now have. It is necessary
+then that not only our acreage but our product per acre must increase
+proportionately so that our people may be fed. We must realize that the
+best land and easiest land to cultivate has been taken up and cultivated
+and that the additions to improved lands and to total acreage in the
+future must be of land much more expensive to prepare for tillage. The
+increase per acre of the product, too, must be steady each year, and each
+year an increase is more difficult. Still, even in the face of these
+facts, there is no occasion for discouragement. We are going to remain
+as a self-supporting country and raise food enough within our borders to
+feed our people. When we think that in Germany and Great Britain crops
+are raised from land which has been in cultivation for one thousand
+years, and that these lands are made to produce over two and three times
+per acre what the comparatively fresh lands in this country produce in
+the best states, it becomes very apparent that we shall be able to meet
+the exigency by better systems of farming and more intense and careful
+and industrious cultivation. The theory seems to have been in times past
+that soils became exhausted by constant cultivation, but the result
+in Europe, by which acres under constant use for producing crops for
+ten centuries are made now to produce crops three times those of this
+country, shows that there is nothing in this theory, and that successful
+farming can be continued on land long in use and great crops raised and
+garnered from it if only it be treated scientifically and in accordance
+with its necessity. There is nothing peculiar about soils in Europe that
+give the great yield per acre there and prevent its possibility in the
+United States. On the contrary, there is every reason to believe that the
+application of the same methods would produce just as large crops here as
+abroad.
+
+One of the great reasons for discouragement felt by many who have written
+on this subject is found in the movement of the population from farm
+to city. This has reached such a point that the urban population is
+now forty-six per cent of the total, while the rural population is but
+fifty-three per cent, counting as urban all who live in cities exceeding
+2,500 inhabitants. This movement has been persistent, and has made it
+very difficult for the farmers to secure adequate agricultural labor,
+with an increase in the price of labor which naturally follows such
+a condition. Still we ought to realize that enormous advances in the
+machinery used on the farm have reduced the necessity for a great number
+of farm hands on each farm.
+
+
+THE COST OF FARM PRODUCTION.
+
+Mr. Holmes, of the Department of Agriculture, in the Yearbook of that
+Department of 1899, points out that between the years 1855 and 1894, the
+time of human labor required to produce one bushel of corn on an average
+declined from four hours and thirty-four minutes to forty-one minutes,
+and the cost of the human labor to produce this bushel declined from
+thirty-five and three-fourths cents to ten and one-half cents. Between
+1830 and 1896 the time of human labor required for the production of a
+bushel of wheat was reduced from three hours to ten minutes, while the
+price of the labor required for this purpose declined from seventeen
+and three-fourths cents to three and one-half cents. Between 1860 and
+1894 the time of human labor required for the production of a ton of
+hay was reduced from thirty-five and one-half hours to eleven hours and
+thirty-four minutes, and the cost of labor per ton was reduced from $3.06
+to $1.29.
+
+In 1899, the calculation made with respect to the reduction in the cost
+of labor for the production of seven crops of that year over the old-time
+manner of production in the fifties and sixties, shows it to have been
+$681,000,000 for one year. But while it is possible to say that there may
+be in the future improvements in machinery which will reduce the number
+of necessary hands on the farm, it is quite certain that in this regard
+the prospect of economy in labor for the future is not to be compared
+with that which has been effected in the last thirty years. Hence we
+must regard the question of available population and available labor
+in that population for the cultivation of the fields as an important
+consideration. My impression from an examination of the figures is that
+the change in this last decade from farm to city has not been as great
+in its percentage as it was in previous decades, and if this be true,
+it indicates that there is in the present situation an element that
+will help to cure the difficulty. Farm prices are increasing so rapidly
+and the profits of farming are becoming apparently much more certain
+and substantial. While the acreage of the improved land only increased
+65,000,000, or fifteen per cent, and the total acreage only four per
+cent, the value of the farms in money increased from $20,000,000,000 to
+$40,000,000,000 in ten years—an enormous advance. This, of course, was
+due somewhat to the investment of additional money in the improvement of
+land, and somewhat to the increase in the supply of gold which had the
+effect of advancing all prices, but the chief cause for the advance is
+in the increase in the price of farm products at the farm. So great is
+this increase that the value of the average farm has now gone from $3,562
+to $6,440, while the average value per acre has increased from $19.81 to
+$39.09. In addition to this, comfort of farm life has been so greatly
+added to in the last ten years by the rural free delivery, the suburban
+electric railway, the telephone and the automobile, that there is likely
+in the next ten years to be a halt in this change toward the city, and
+more people in proportion are likely to engage in gainful occupation on
+the farm than has heretofore been the case. Such an effect would be the
+natural result of the actual economic operation of the increase in the
+value of the farm product, and the increase in the certainty of farming
+profits. It is the business of the country, insofar as it can direct the
+matter, to furnish the means by which this economic force shall exert
+itself along the lines of easiest and best increase of production. Of
+course the Government by furnishing assistance in irrigation increases
+the amount of tillable land, and the states, if they undertake the
+drainage of swamp lands, will do the same thing. The cost of such
+improvements will be considerable, and will affect the farming profit,
+but the result generally in such cases is to yield such great crops per
+acre that the farmer can well afford to pay interest on the increased
+investment. Increased acreage from any other source is likely to be,
+however, in more stubborn land, calling for greater effort in tillage and
+producing less per acre. We may reasonably infer from the high prices
+of the decade immediately passed that everything was done by those who
+owned land to enlarge the acreage where that was easy, or practical,
+and that what is yet to be brought in as tillable land presents greater
+difficulties and greater expense. The way in which the states can help
+to meet future increased demand is by investigation and research into
+the science of agriculture, and by giving to the farming community a
+knowledge which shall enable them better to develop the soil, and by
+educating those who are coming into the profession of farming. It is now
+almost a learned profession.
+
+
+CONSERVATION OF THE SOIL.
+
+The first great step that has to be taken in reformed agriculture is the
+conservation of the soil. Under our present system the loss to the farms
+in this country by the erosion of the soil is hardly to be calculated.
+Engineers have shown how much is carried down the great rivers of the
+country and is deposited as silt each year at their mouths. The number
+of cubic yards staggers the imagination. The question is how this can be
+prevented as it must be because the soil which is carried off by this
+erosion is generally the richest and the best soil of the farms which are
+thus denuded.
+
+Of the rain or snow which falls on the land, a part evaporates into the
+air; a second part flows down the slopes to the streams and is called the
+run-off. The third part soaks into the soil and subsoil, and thence into
+underlying rocks, perhaps to reappear in springs or seepage into streams.
+This is called ground water. The fourth part is absorbed by organisms,
+chiefly by trees, grasses and crop plants, either directly through the
+tissues or indirectly through the roots penetrating the moistened soil.
+Erosion is due to the run-off, and its quantity is dependent on the
+slope of the farm and also the nature of the soil and its products. Any
+reasonable slope, and any full cover of forest or grass with an abundant
+mulch, or a close crop on a deeply broken soil, or a friable furrow-slice
+kept loose by suitable cultivation, will absorb rain and curtail the
+run-off, or even reduce it to slow seepage through the surface soil
+which is the ideal condition. Now the ground water is the most essential
+constituent of the soil, because solution, circulation and organic
+assimilation are dependent on water. All the organisms and tissues are
+made up of this solvent of water, and it constitutes a large percentage
+of the bodies and food of men and animals. The question of the amount or
+ratio of ground water in the soil is a vital one. If it is excessive it
+makes a sodden mass, sticky when wet, but baked when dry, so that there
+is no possible absorption further into it, and it sends on the water that
+falls on it to erode easy slopes.
+
+The erosion begins on the farm and should be remedied there. Deep
+cultivation tends to absorb the product of each rainfall and to reduce
+the run-off. Deep cultivation brings up fresh earth salts to the shorter
+rootlets, but carries down the humus and mulch to thicken the soil and
+feed the deepest roots. In flat lying fields and tenacious soils, tile
+drainage is the best method of relieving the farm from the danger of too
+great run-off. Deep drainage permits both soil and subsoil to crumble
+and disintegrate and through mechanical and chemical changes to become
+friable and capable of taking on and holding the right amount of moisture
+for plant growth, while the water which runs out through the drain is
+clear without carrying the soil with it, and therefore without erosion.
+Of course different farms require different treatments. Certain farms
+require what is called contour cultivation, by which each furrow is to
+be run in such a way as to level and to hold the water. On hilly lands,
+strips of grass land are grown, called balks or breaks, separating zones
+of plow land, and they should curve with the slopes, and the soil being
+carried by the water will be caught by them and constitute them a kind of
+terrace without effort. The use of forests, of course, in foothills and
+deeply broken country is essential and should be combined with grazing.
+They will prevent the formation of torrents by making the mulch and soil
+deep and spongy. Of course over all mountain divides, the retention of
+forests greatly helps to prevent the carrying off of the good soil to
+the valleys below. The proper selection of crops has much to do with the
+stopping of erosion.
+
+I gather these facts from the reports of the Secretary of Agriculture
+as to the best method of preventing erosion. They are simple and easily
+understood, but they need to be impressed upon the farmers by education
+and by reiteration. Then the productivity of the soils might very well
+be increased by more careful use of commercial fertilizers. In 1907
+$100,000,000 was expended in fertilizers, but the Agricultural Department
+is of opinion that one-third of this was wasted for lack of knowledge as
+to how to use it.
+
+Careful crop rotation is essential because it has been found that the
+remains of one crop has a poisonous effect upon the next crop if it is
+of the same plant, but such remains do not interfere with the normal
+production of a different plant. Then a kind of crop should be selected
+to follow which will renew that element in the soil which the first crop
+exhausted.
+
+
+FARM ORGANIZATION.
+
+Then there is the organization of the farm on plain business principles
+by which the buildings and the machinery are so arranged as to make
+the movement of crops and food and animals as easy and economical as
+possible. A study as to the character of the soil and the crops best
+adapted to the soil; the crops to be used in rotation for the purpose of
+strengthening the soil—all these are questions that address themselves
+to a scientific and professional agriculturist, and which all farmers
+are bound to know if the product per acre is to be properly increased.
+We have every reason to hope, from the forces now making toward the
+education and information of the farmer, as to the latest results in
+scientific agriculture, that the country will have the advantage of
+improvement in our farming along the proper lines. Further agricultural
+development is to be found in the breeding of proper plants for the
+making of the best crops, while the growth of live stock is made much
+more profitable both to the owner and to the public by improving the
+breed and the infusion of the blood of the best stock.
+
+The improvement in agricultural education goes on apace. All the states
+are engaged in spending money to educate the coming farmer, and this
+system is being extended so that now we have the consolidated rural
+school, the farmers’ high school, and the agricultural college, and one
+who intends to become a farmer is introduced to his profession soon after
+he learns to read and write, and he continues his study of it until he
+graduates from his college and applies for a place upon the farm.
+
+The land-grant colleges established by the Federal Government have
+vindicated the policy in making the grant. Now the department employs
+eleven thousand persons, many of whom are engaged in conducting
+experiment stations and spreading information all over the country. The
+coöperation between the state agricultural school system and the Federal
+Government’s publicity bureau and experimental work is as close and fine
+as we could ask. It is difficult to justify the expenditure of money for
+agricultural purposes in the Agricultural Department with a view to its
+publication for use of the farmers, or to make grants to schools for
+farmers on any constitutional theory that will not justify the Government
+in spending money for any kind of education the country over; but the
+welfare of the people is so dependent on improved agricultural conditions
+that it seems wise to use the welfare clause of the Constitution to
+authorize the expenditure of money for the improvement in agricultural
+education, and leave to the states and to private enterprise general and
+other vocational education. The attitude of the Government in all this
+matter must be merely advisory. It owns no land of sufficient importance
+to justify its maintenance of so large a department or of its sending
+into all states agents to carry the news of recent discoveries in the
+science of agriculture. The $50,000,000 which has been spent in the
+department, however, has come back many fold to the people of the United
+States, and all parties unite in the necessity for maintaining those
+appropriations and increasing them as the demand shall increase.
+
+
+EXPERIMENTS FOR EACH COUNTY.
+
+It is now proposed to organize a force of 3,000 men, one to every county
+in the United States, who shall conduct experiments within the county for
+the edification and education of the present farmers and of the young
+embryo farmers who are being educated. It is proposed that these men
+shall be paid partly by the county, partly by the state, and partly by
+the Federal Government, and it is hoped that the actual demonstration on
+farms in the county—not at agricultural stations or schools somewhere
+in the state, but in the county itself—will bring home to the farmers
+what it is possible to do with the very soil that they themselves are
+cultivating. I understand this to be the object of an association
+organized for the improvement of agriculture in the country, and I do not
+think we could have a more practical method than this. It is ordinarily
+not wise to unite administration between the county and state and federal
+governments, but this subject is one so all-compelling, it is one in
+which all people are so much interested, that coöperation seems easy and
+the expenditure of money to good purpose so free from difficulty that
+we may properly welcome the plan and try it. On the whole, therefore, I
+think our agricultural future is hopeful. I do not share the pessimistic
+views of many gentlemen whose statistics differ somewhat from mine, and
+who look forward to a strong probability of failure of self-support in
+food within the lives of persons now living. It is true that we shall
+have to continue the improvement in agriculture so as to make our
+addition to the product per acre one per cent of the crop each year, or
+ten per cent each decade; but considering what is done in Europe, this
+is not either impossible or improbable. The addition to the acreage in
+drainage and in irrigable lands will go on—must go on. The profit to
+the state or to the enterprise which irrigates or drains these lands
+will become sufficient to make it not only probable but necessary to
+carry through the project, and we may look forward to the middle of this
+century when 200,000,000 of people will swear fealty to the starry flag
+as a time when America will still continue to feed her millions and feed
+them well out of her own soil.
+
+At the conclusion of the President’s address, President Wallace declared
+the Congress adjourned until tomorrow morning, 9:30 o’clock.
+
+
+
+
+_FOURTH SESSION._
+
+
+President WALLACE—The Congress will come to order and be opened with
+prayer by the Rt. Rev. Dr. E. R. Hendrix, of Kansas City, Bishop of the
+Methodist Episcopal Church (South).
+
+
+INVOCATION.
+
+    _Let us pray. Oh, God, our Heavenly Father, we bless Thee
+    that Thou hast been made known unto us as a God that works,
+    and that Thy Son coming into the world, declared, “My Father
+    worketh even until now, and I work.” We know that the gods of
+    the heathen do not work. They idle, they quarrel, they dishonor
+    the very name of a god, and a decent man is better than any
+    of the false gods. But our God is revealed to us as one ever
+    employed, active mind, best and highest motives, noblest, most
+    wide-reaching plans, and honors man greatly by making him a
+    fellow worker. Grant unto us the wisdom to work together with
+    God. Give breadth of view, give clearness of perception of what
+    needs to be done. Give responsibility to the best motives, and
+    give plans that are as wide-reaching as the great plans of God.
+    Upon this Congress, upon all its methods and its plans, grant
+    Thy richest blessing, our Father. We ask in the name of Christ
+    our Savior. Amen._
+
+Recording Secretary GIPE—A great number of states have not yet reported
+their members to the committee on resolutions. I ask for the names of the
+various states now, and let the chairman of the delegation kindly rise,
+and give me the name, as I call the state in order that the chairman of
+that committee may immediately assemble these gentlemen to get to work
+at once. Alabama; Arizona; Arkansas; Delaware; Florida——this is for the
+committee on resolutions. There is a delegate here from Florida. Georgia;
+Idaho; Indiana——
+
+H. E. BARNARD of Lafayette—I have not the report from Kansas.
+
+Delegate POTTER—Kansas is here in force, but her officers are out on
+committees. As they come in we will see that you have the names.
+
+Recording Secretary GIPE—Do you know who was elected as a member of the
+resolution committee from Kansas?
+
+Delegate POTTER—I was—Thos. W. Potter from Peabody.
+
+Recording Secretary GIPE—Kentucky is here. Louisiana; Maine; Maryland;
+Massachusetts.
+
+A DELEGATE—William P. Wharton, of Massachusetts.
+
+Recording Secretary GIPE—Michigan—Is Michigan here? This is the committee
+on resolutions; we want your member from Michigan, please.
+
+A DELEGATE—He has not turned up yet.
+
+Recording Secretary GIPE—Will you not kindly see that the Michigan
+delegation meets at once and names its member for the committee on
+resolutions? The next is Minnesota.
+
+A. W. Guthridge, Minnesota.
+
+Recording Secretary GIPE—Missouri; Montana; Nevada; New Hampshire;
+New Jersey—New Jersey is represented. New Mexico; New York; North
+Carolina—they are represented. North Dakota; Oregon.
+
+F. J. Kinney, Oregon.
+
+Pennsylvania—Dr. Henry S. Drinker, president of the University of
+Pennsylvania, and delegate from Pennsylvania.
+
+Recording Secretary GIPE—Rhode Island; South Carolina; South Dakota;
+Tennessee; Texas—J. B. Smith, of Texas. Utah; Vermont; Virginia;
+Washington—Everitt Gregg. West Virginia; Wisconsin; Wyoming.
+
+President WALLACE—Mr. Fowler, the chairman of the committee on
+resolutions, would like to make an announcement.
+
+Mr. FOWLER—Mr. President and Delegates: I hope you all realize what
+the work of the committee on resolutions may be. Many states have been
+called here this morning and no names have been given and no one has
+responded. This is a conservation congress. There are representatives
+here from these states, from every state I trust in the Union, and there
+is not a state in the Union that is not interested in the question of
+conservation. I hope then that the delegates from every state will
+see to it that a good man is upon this committee on resolutions. The
+committee is not near full. Many states are not represented, and you must
+remember, my friends, that the work of the committee on resolutions is
+the crystallization of the work of this Congress, and the resolutions
+speak for the Congress, and speak for all the states of this great Union;
+hence, we must have some one represent every state. I have had some
+experience with resolution committees in other congresses, and many of
+you have had the same, and you know that it is a working committee. It is
+the committee that is compelled to sacrifice about everything else after
+the work of the committee begins. Consequently, we want working men upon
+this committee on resolutions, men who are willing to give their time and
+make a few sacrifices of their own pleasures and own enjoyment during the
+rest of the sessions of the Congress until the work of the committee is
+done and the resolutions presented to the Congress. (Applause)
+
+Recording Secretary GIPE—Is Prof. Condra of Nebraska here? If so, he will
+kindly come to the platform.
+
+Sergeant-at-arms—Ladies and Gentlemen: President Wallace desires me to
+make this announcement: “Cincinnati, Ohio, September 26, 1911. President
+Conservation Congress, Kansas City, Missouri. Will arrive on Alton, 7:45
+tomorrow morning.—W. J. Bryan.” (Applause)
+
+President WALLACE—I would like to make one suggestion. We are going to
+be very short of time. We are now coming to the call of states. We want
+every state to be heard from, but we want you to confine yourselves to
+five minutes, and to tell us, not what your resources are, not what you
+are going to do (applause), but tell us what you actually are doing in
+the way of conservation. If you have a conservation association, as you
+ought to have in every state, tell us about it, or anything that bears
+upon it. Boil it down to five minutes. We will ring the bell on you if
+you don’t stop at the end of five minutes.
+
+Recording Secretary GIPE—I understand that some of the states reported
+last night while you were at the dinner given to the President, and
+I hope, that since I do not have the names of those states, that the
+gentlemen will advise me when I call the roll. We do not want any
+duplicates. The next state is Maine. The next is Mississippi. Is Dr. Lowe
+in the room to respond for Mississippi? Missouri?
+
+President WALLACE—I now introduce to you Mr. George B. Logan, secretary
+of the Missouri Waterways Commission, who will speak for Missouri. We
+will hear from him for five minutes.
+
+Mr. LOGAN—The Missouri Waterways Commission was created by an act of the
+General Assembly in 1909. This act provided for a commission of five
+members, who were to investigate “the various problems associated with
+the navigable waterways of the state and the reclamation of land subject
+to overflow; the construction of levees; the benefits to be derived from
+proposed navigable waterways, and the reclamation of lands subject to
+overflow or inundation.” The result of these investigations, together
+with all obtainable statistics, was to be reported to the succeeding
+General Assembly. The commission was allowed $5,000 as expenses. None of
+the members were to be compensated for their services.
+
+At the time the Missouri Waterways Commission presented its statement
+to the Second Annual Conservation Congress, the report which was last
+January submitted to our legislature had been prepared. The commission
+was very successful in obtaining information of a detailed nature
+pertaining to conservation of the state’s resources, and from this
+information extremely valuable statistics have been compiled and were
+included in the report transmitted to the General Assembly.
+
+Because of the small amount of funds, the commission was forced to do
+almost all of its investigating by correspondence, inasmuch as original
+research was not possible, and they were gratified to find a widespread
+interest in the state which caused its correspondents to answer promptly
+and fully. The investigations were conducted under four heads into which
+the subject of water conservation in this state seems to be naturally
+divided. The uses of the water being in the order of importance: First,
+water supply in which the water is consumed in maintaining life; second,
+agriculture in which the water is consumed in the growing of the crops
+yielding food and other necessaries of life; third, power in which the
+water is employed in aid of, or as a substitute for, human labor, and
+is not consumed; and fourth, navigation in which the water is used for
+commerce and is not consumed.
+
+[Illustration: HON. HERBERT S. HADLEY, Governor of Missouri
+
+Strauss Studio, St. Louis. Mo.]
+
+
+WATER SUPPLY.
+
+Under the first head the commission delved deeply into the sources of the
+state’s water supply, consisting of rainfall and watershed drainage. From
+this point of beginning, the commission went into the question of water
+supply of the various municipalities, considering the character of the
+water used, the state in which it was used, and the available quantity.
+
+In the conservation of human life, which is the ultimate end of all
+conservation, the commission felt that nothing was more important than
+the securing of a permanent and proper water supply for the inhabitants
+of the state. Sixty-five communities in the state have been investigated,
+and from the findings presented to the General Assembly the commission
+hopes that much needed and beneficial legislation will result. As was to
+be expected, the investigations of these communities showed conclusively
+that the community water supply is nearly everywhere closely involved
+with community sewage disposal. The legislature will be asked to pass
+such laws as will encourage or compel municipalities to dispose of their
+sewage as not to endanger the lives of their own inhabitants, or of those
+who by geographical location are forced to have the same source of water
+supply.
+
+
+AGRICULTURE.
+
+While the quantity of rainfall remains approximately the same from year
+to year, the effects on the soil, and the subsequent benefits resulting
+to the soil from the rainfall, change materially. By improper methods
+of agriculture, hillsides and slopes have been denuded of trees and
+pasturage with the result that the soil on the hillsides is no longer
+absorptive, and the rain falling thereon is lost to it. This is
+especially true in this climate where a very large percentage of the
+annual rainfall comes in hard or excessive rains, taxing the absorptive
+capacity of any soil to its fullest extent. By proper education and
+agitation it is hoped that this natural fact will be borne in mind by the
+agriculturists of the state who have it in their power to be leaders in
+this work of conservation.
+
+The converse of the problem of too little water is found in Southeast
+Missouri, where a very great area is burdened with an excess of
+water. The solution of this problem has been drainage which is being
+accomplished by drainage districts organized either in the county or
+circuit courts. Already 1,271,470 acres have been thoroughly drained
+and will be valuable agricultural land as soon as the heavy timber is
+cleared off. The average cost of drainage has been approximately $5.00
+per acre, which is paid in small annual installments. The increase of
+the value of the land thus drained has been many hundred per cent, while
+the benefit to the health conditions has been great. Drainage is being
+fostered and encouraged by the state authorities, and as fast as the
+necessity for working laws is shown, these laws are forthcoming from the
+General Assembly. There is need for further drainage, but the energy
+and enterprise of the people in the communities where it is needed will
+probably suffice for the solving of this problem in the future as it has
+in the past.
+
+
+NAVIGATION.
+
+Missouri is blessed with magnificent opportunities for vast conservation
+of transportation cost, by reason of the presence on and within her
+borders, of the two greatest rivers of this country. Accepting the
+figures of unofficial investigators, the commission has estimated that
+the demand for water traffic indicates that the through freight movements
+between St. Louis and Kansas City alone would amount to four hundred and
+sixty-eight thousand tons annually, while that through the Mississippi
+in and out of St. Louis would reach a million or more tons. The surplus
+products of the soil and mines of this state aggregate fully ten million
+tons. If even forty per cent of these products could be moved by water
+at the large water cost of one-quarter that of rail transportation, the
+aggregate saving to the producers would amount to $11,250,000.00. This
+saving, or the adding to the wealth of the state, is too important to be
+disregarded.
+
+The commission feels that the sentiment among this state’s law-makers is
+already strongly in favor of coöperating with the National Government in
+any systematic effort to permanently improve our waterways.
+
+
+WATER POWER.
+
+From the investigations conducted under this head the commission
+believes that herein lies one of the greatest and least understood
+of the state’s natural resources. Only ninety-nine water power sites
+are in use, and one hundred and twenty-three formerly in use have been
+abandoned. The abandonment is due chiefly to two causes: First, economic
+conditions in agriculture have so changed that there is no longer need
+of a manufacturing or consuming point at the place of production. It is
+more profitable to ship the products of the soil and buy whatever flour,
+meal and sugar is necessary than to have these small quantities ground at
+local mills. Hence, grist mills and sugar cane mills have disappeared.
+The second cause for abandonment of water power sites is the failure of
+the streams, due, as mentioned above, to the changed soil conditions.
+However, the advance in electro-mechanical appliances has created new
+uses and put a new value on water power sites. The point of application
+of the power may now be many miles from its point of generation. Sites
+abandoned years ago have “come back” and have greatly enhanced in value.
+Properly exploited, the value of resources in this state is incalculable.
+One of the chiefest aims of the commission in its present work is to
+sufficiently impress upon the people and upon the General Assembly the
+great value of this natural resource. While more expensive to produce,
+undoubtedly the greatest latent power in the state is in the Missouri
+River. The commission has planned to investigate in detail some site on
+the river which has the most natural advantages and using this as an
+illustration to demonstrate what can be done in this state.
+
+At the recent session of our Legislature the report of the commission
+covering these topics, giving in detail the information meagerly outlined
+above, was presented to the General Assembly and copies of this report
+were widely distributed throughout the state. The $5,000 appropriation
+for four years has increased to $17,000 for two years. The resignation of
+members and political differences arising outside of the commission have
+temporarily impaired and hindered the work of the commission.
+
+However, since the presenting of its last report the commission has put
+in the time of its executives in bringing up to date and supplementing
+the statistics gathered the preceding year. Practically nothing is
+now lacking in the figures concerning community water supply, water
+works and sewage disposal. Pending the beginning of actual engineering
+investigation of a water power site, the commission has studied the
+water power laws of all the states of the Union to the end that accurate
+information may be presented to the General Assembly when legislation
+in this state on these subjects is asked for. The delays and petty
+hindrances touched upon are undoubtedly temporary, and with the very
+recent completion of the personnel of the commission we have great
+hopes and expectations for the work which may be done in the cause of
+conservation during the coming year.
+
+During the reading of a list of telegrams, Mr. W. A. Beard of Sacramento,
+California, assumed the Chair as temporary chairman.
+
+Temporary Chairman BEARD—The secretary will continue the call of the roll
+of states.
+
+Recording Secretary GIPE—Montana; Nevada; New Hampshire; New Mexico; New
+York; North Carolina; North Dakota; Ohio.
+
+President WALLACE—I now introduce to you Mr. C. P. Dyar of Marietta,
+Ohio, who will speak for Ohio.
+
+Mr. DYAR—I have no speech to make. Ohio simply sends greetings to this
+Congress, and wishes it Godspeed and a large measure of success in
+the work before it. Ohio has always been a great conservation state
+throughout its entire history; it has had presidential, gubernatorial
+and senatorial timber, and other minor political timber, sufficient for
+the entire consumption of the United States. Ohio felicitates her sister
+states on the scope and energy of this movement and she voices the hope
+that has been expressed in this meeting, that the lesson of the parable
+of the talents shall not be forgotten, that conservation shall not be
+interpreted to mean simply to save, but development through wise use,
+which creates wealth, not only for the present, but future generations.
+
+Recording Secretary GIPE—Oklahoma.
+
+President WALLACE—I have the pleasure of introducing Mr. Milton Brown,
+who will speak for Oklahoma.
+
+[Mr. Brown’s paper will be found in Supplementary Proceedings.]
+
+Chairman BEARD—We are getting down to business this morning, and I
+think we are getting the meat out of the cocoanut. These addresses have
+been directly to the point. I now have the pleasure of introducing a
+representative of the State of Pennsylvania, Mr. A. B. Farquhar.
+
+Mr. FARQUHAR—Pennsylvania is a state of such gigantic resources it
+would take all the rest of our session to begin to describe them, a
+good portion of it, and tell what we are trying to do to conserve them.
+It is only within the last month or two we created a state branch of
+the National Conservation Association, and they wanted me to be its
+president, I suppose because I have been interested in conservation for
+about twenty years past, and was a director in the National Association.
+
+[Mr. Farquhar’s paper is in the Supplementary Proceedings.]
+
+Chairman BEARD—We will now listen to Dr. Henry S. Drinker, president of
+Lehigh University.
+
+Dr. DRINKER—It would seem that this third National Conservation Congress
+in ordering its deliberations cannot do so more wisely than in giving
+heed to the closing words of President Taft’s luminous address at St.
+Paul last year, when he said:
+
+“I am bound to say that the time has come for a halt in general
+rhapsodies over conservation, making the word mean every known good in
+the world; for after the public attention has been aroused, such appeals
+are of doubtful utility and do not direct the public to the specific
+course that the people should take, or have their legislators take, in
+order to promote the cause of conservation. The rousing of emotions
+on a subject like this, which has only dim outlines in the minds of
+the people affected, after a while ceases to be useful, and the whole
+movement will, if promoted on these lines, die for want of practical
+direction and of demonstration to the people that practical reforms are
+intended.... I beg of you, therefore, in your deliberations and in your
+informal discussions, when men come forward to suggest evils that the
+promotion of conservation is to remedy that you invite them to point
+out the specific evils and the specific remedies; that you invite them
+to come down to details in order that their discussions may flow into
+channels that shall be useful rather than into periods that shall be
+eloquent and entertaining without shedding real light on the subject. The
+people should be shown exactly what is needed in order that they make
+their representatives in Congress and the State Legislatures do their
+intelligent bidding.”
+
+It would seem well for us here to take account of stock of what has been
+done, of the agencies that have been utilized and of those that have been
+neglected, as well as to exchange views as to what we think that others,
+or the interests we individually represent, should do.
+
+I have the honor of representing Pennsylvania as a state, and the Lehigh
+University as an educational organization deeply interested in the
+promotion of the cause of forestry and of conservation in general. We
+have an efficient and active forestry association. Pennsylvania, as we
+all know, has been, and is, famed for her deposits of iron and coal, and
+for her pre-eminence in the iron and steel industries. The resources in
+these directions are so great that it would be wearying to attempt even
+to inflict on you a summary of them in these short talks, but what the
+state has learned in conservation of mineral resources is of direct and
+pregnant interest. Forty years ago the movement for stopping the waste
+in coal was begun at the organization at Wilkes-Barre, Pennsylvania,
+in 1871, of the American Institute of Mining Engineers, an institution
+whose membership now runs into the thousands and whose influence for
+good is world-wide. As a young engineer I had the privilege of attending
+that meeting. Among the things done a committee was appointed to study
+the question of waste in the mining, preparation and transportation
+of coal. This committee was followed by, and, in fact, incited the
+appointment by the Pennsylvania Legislature of a coal waste commission,
+which made a valuable and exhaustive report, and we thus see that in one
+phase of conservation, and a very important one, that of mining, our
+engineers have been doing their duty, and that forty years ago work in
+conservation was being done to which the public is only just awakening.
+Our government officials are doing most intelligent and good work in
+pointing out the way.
+
+Perhaps one of the best summaries of this great conservation question
+now before our people, and in which the engineering profession is so
+interested, and in regard to which our mining profession has so great a
+duty to perform, was given by Dr. C. W. Hayes, Chief Geologist of the
+United States Geological Survey, in an address some time ago at the
+University of Chicago, when he defined conservation as “Utilization with
+a maximum efficiency and a minimum waste,” and said:
+
+    The reform that is needed throughout the country as a whole
+    must gain its motive power not from sporadic instances where
+    true business methods prevail, or from the well-intentioned
+    enthusiasm of the few, but from the well-informed intelligence
+    of the many. The campaign for conservation must be one of
+    education.
+
+    There appears to be an unfortunate confusion in the minds
+    of certain advocates of conservation. They have apparently
+    confused conservation of natural resources with destruction
+    of the trusts, and the mixture has resulted in pure
+    demagoguery.... Anyone who has studied conditions attending the
+    development of mineral deposits must have been impressed by
+    the fact that those deposits held by large companies are being
+    developed and utilized with a view to prevention of waste,
+    in accordance with the principles of conservation, to a much
+    greater extent than are the deposits held by small companies or
+    by individuals.
+
+I was much struck, as I think we all were yesterday, by the statement
+of our President followed by that of the chairman of the executive
+committee, that at this Congress we were to discuss conservation without
+any infusion of politics, and I take it that we use the word “politics”
+in its broadest sense, and are to see how we can best use capital and
+labor, and intelligently directed industry, all to the common end of the
+promotion of conservation; and that we can and will recognize what I have
+quoted above from the Chief Geologist of the United States Geological
+Survey in regard to the proper recognition and utilization of capital in
+conservation as highly important.
+
+In the report of the National Conservation Commission, made through
+President Roosevelt to Congress in January, 1909, Mr. J. A. Holmes (now
+director of the United States Bureau of Mines), in reporting on our
+mineral resources, said:
+
+    In considering the conservation of resources, it should be held
+    in mind that:
+
+    (1) The present generation has the power and the right to use
+    efficiently so much of these resources as it needs.
+
+    (2) The Nation’s needs will not be curtailed; these needs will
+    increase with the extent and diversity of its industries, and
+    more rapidly than its population.
+
+    (3) The men of this generation will not mine, extract, or
+    use, these resources in such manner as to entail continuous
+    financial loss to themselves in order that something be left
+    for the future. There will be no mineral industry without
+    profits.
+
+In his message to Congress, 1910, President Taft, speaking of the
+anti-trust law, said:
+
+    It was not to interfere with a great volume of capital which,
+    concentrated under one organization, reduced the cost of
+    production, and made its profit thereby, and took no advantage
+    of its size by methods akin to duress to stifle competition
+    with it. I wish to make this distinction as emphatic as
+    possible, because I conceive that nothing could happen more
+    destructive to the prosperity of this country than the loss
+    of that great economy in production which has been and will
+    be effected in all manufacturing lines by the employment of
+    large capital under one management. I do not mean to say that
+    there is not a limit beyond which the economy of management by
+    the enlargement of plant ceases; and where this happens and
+    combination continues beyond this point the very fact shows
+    intent to monopolize and not to economize.
+
+Let us consider these questions as business men, weighing the good as
+well as the evil that the different powers can afford that bear on
+conservation, and utilizing and encouraging all that will promote the
+great ends which the conservation movement was started to serve.
+
+President WALLACE—It was expected that the National Grange would be
+represented on this platform. Neither the president nor the gentleman
+whom he recommended could come. I have therefore taken the privilege of
+appointing Mr. B. G. Holden of Iowa, who will give us an address this
+morning, not on the Grange itself, but on the Grange and other movements
+that tend to the uplift that we stand for. We will now hear Mr. Holden,
+who is the evangel of the corn gospel in all these inner states. We will
+hear him for half an hour.
+
+Mr. HOLDEN—Mr. Chairman, Ladies and Gentlemen, Members of this Congress:
+You came here to listen to the great people of this country, and you are
+anxious to hear them, so I will take just as little time as possible,
+for I have already been warned by the president that I must be brief. I
+have laid my paper upon the table, and I am going to forget all I can
+and say the rest to you. I am going to be something like the Irishman
+who was painting a fence. He was working as hard as he could putting
+on the paint. A neighbor Irishman came along down the street and said,
+“Pat, what are you hurrying so for?” Pat kept right on putting on the
+paint. And he said, “Begorra, I am trying to get my job done before my
+paint runs out.” I am trying to get through before my paint runs out this
+morning.
+
+
+SOCIAL LIFE ON THE FARM.
+
+To conserve humanity—to make humanity worth more to itself; to direct
+human forces so that each person wastes the least possible energy, and
+accomplishes the greatest good for himself and for others—this is the
+most vital problem before our country today.
+
+No nation can long remain great whose rural people are oppressed, or for
+any reason have degenerated.
+
+It was Goldsmith who said:
+
+    Ill fares the land to hastening ills a prey,
+    Where wealth accumulates and men decay;
+    A bold peasantry, their country’s pride,
+    When once destroyed can never be supplied.
+
+It is not that country life on the farm is bad in the United States, for
+it is not, but it can be greatly improved, and in my opinion it is the
+greatest question before the Nation today. I am sure that when history is
+finally written it will place foremost among the many good things that
+President Roosevelt did, the inaugurating of the Country Life Movement.
+Three things are necessary: First, and most essential, is an awakened
+and serious interest on the part of the rural people themselves; second,
+there must be encouragement by both the nation and the states in the way
+of better laws and financial aid; third, there must be leadership—men and
+women who are willing to devote their lives to this great work.
+
+Just how is this work of bettering country life to be worked out? In
+my opinion it must be done largely by the following agencies now in
+existence:
+
+First. The church, and allied organizations, such as Y. M. C. A., Boy
+Scouts, etc. Second. The schools, libraries and county superintendents.
+Third. The Grange, farmers’ clubs, and other organizations of the
+kind which have for their main object the betterment of farm life
+educationally and socially.
+
+
+THE GRANGE AND THE FARMERS’ CLUB.
+
+The president has asked me to put particular emphasis on the Grange and
+farmers’ clubs as factors in the improvement of the social life of the
+farm. It is my opinion that one of the most important steps in this
+great forward movement, especially in the corn belt, is the organization
+of granges and farmers’ clubs in every community. There is need of a
+tremendous awakening to the importance of organization as a means of
+agricultural advancement. The effect of these organizations on the
+community is most remarkable. Men and women in such communities grow
+up with strong attachments not only for the business of farming and
+home-making, but for the people of the community in which they live. They
+remain on the farm instead of moving into town or out of the state. But
+these organizations do more than this. They furnish exactly the social
+and educational advantages so much needed by the rural communities. They
+enable young men and women to discover themselves and their powers of
+usefulness to humanity.
+
+Michigan has nearly nine hundred such organizations, most of them
+granges, with a membership of 70,000. In each of the forty agricultural
+counties there is an average of twenty-five live, active organizations.
+New York granges have a total membership of 90,000. Quebec has nearly six
+hundred clubs with more than 55,000 members. In strong contrast to this,
+the corn belt, peculiarly and above all else agricultural, has but a few
+dozen such organizations scattered throughout the entire area.
+
+President Roosevelt, in his address at the Michigan Agricultural College,
+said:
+
+    Farmers must learn the vital need of coöperation with one
+    another. It is only through such combination that American
+    farmers can develop to the full their economic and social
+    power. Combination of this kind has in Denmark, for instance,
+    resulted in bringing the people back to the land, and has
+    enabled the Danish peasant to compete, in extraordinary
+    fashion, not only at home but in foreign countries, with all
+    rivals.
+
+Few people in the West realize what a tremendous influence the grange
+and agricultural clubs of the eastern and middle states have exercised
+on national legislation directly affecting the agricultural and social
+conditions of farmers. As an illustration, attention is called to the
+following laws which either had their origin in the granges and clubs
+or were enacted largely through their initiative: The Department of
+Agriculture; the position of Secretary of Agriculture in the cabinet
+was created; the state experiment stations established; free rural mail
+delivery provided for; the Grout Pure Food Bill, the Sherman anti-trust
+regulations, the Interstate Commerce Act, the Denatured Alcohol Bill and
+the Postal Savings Bank Bills all now enacted into laws.
+
+These organizations through their lecturers, legislative and promotional
+committees are exerting a tremendous influence in moulding public opinion
+and crystallizing it into definite form for new laws.
+
+These associations are now urging the election of United States senators
+by popular vote, national aid for establishing agricultural high schools
+and the introduction of agricultural and domestic science into the rural
+schools; the establishment of the parcels post, postal telegraph and
+telephone service; and national and state aid for highway improvement.
+
+While these influences have been great beyond calculation, yet by far the
+greatest effect has been in the betterment of the social and intellectual
+conditions in the home and in the community.
+
+Mr. G. A. Gigault, the Minister of Agriculture, Province of Quebec, in a
+letter to the writer makes the following statement:
+
+    The Province has today 591 farmers’ clubs. Among the members of
+    these associations are to be found the persons the most devoted
+    to and interested in the development of our agricultural
+    resources. Most of the agricultural improvements of such
+    locality are due to the initiative of the officers and members
+    of the clubs. In every new locality where farmers’ clubs have
+    been organized, a butter or cheese factory has been erected
+    and other improvements have been made. This organization
+    causes progressive ideas to pervade everywhere, as well as
+    contributing towards the betterment of agricultural methods.
+
+The movement will undoubtedly assume widely different forms in different
+communities, ranging from local institutes, men’s clubs, women’s study
+clubs and reading circles on the one hand, to agricultural clubs and
+granges on the other. It is to be hoped that this latter form of
+organization (granges and clubs) will predominate, for it is only when
+the entire home is represented that we find the highest standards and the
+greatest progress in the community.
+
+
+THE PLAN OF RURAL CLUBS.
+
+The plan of operation with which I am most familiar is as follows: The
+membership is made up of twelve to fifteen families. The meetings are
+generally held every two weeks in the homes of the various members of
+the organization or in halls built for this purpose. During the winter
+months the meetings are held during the day, the program beginning about
+10 A. M. At 12:30 tables of planks or boards are prepared on which the
+lunch is spread. Every family brings a basket of provisions. The family
+in whose home the meeting is held is not allowed under any circumstances
+to prepare a dinner, excepting to possibly furnish some coffee, popcorn,
+etc., as this would be a serious burden. When the picnic lunch is over,
+some of the little tots are boosted up on a box or chair, or on the
+table, to speak a piece or sing a song; thus every member of the family
+has a part in the meeting.
+
+These organizations are nerve centers of progress. They develop, they
+educate, they push their members out of the old into the new and better
+ways. They set their members, young and old alike, to studying their
+business. This means interest in the daily work, a love for the farm
+life and the home life. This means a useful and happy life. It means
+intelligence. It means freedom from drudgery, for drudgery is “labor
+without thought.”
+
+This meeting together, talking together, working together, and acting
+together for mutual protection and improvement brings us nearer to the
+great law of “loving our neighbors as ourselves.” To know that others are
+depending upon us, have faith in us, love us, and hope for us, is a tower
+of strength, of courage and of happiness.
+
+It is not my purpose to criticise our school system. However, our rural
+schools can and must be improved and redirected. They do not meet rural
+needs. They do not interest the boy and girl in the things of the farm
+and home. Frequently the teachers are town girls without farm experience
+or sympathy. The farm children must either go without high school
+training or get it in the town or city. Our present system educates away
+from the business of agriculture instead of towards it.
+
+
+THE PRACTICAL SIDE OF THINGS.
+
+The following axioms will aid us in a clearer understanding of the
+failures of the present system and the remedies:
+
+1. Education is that which trains or fits for the duties of life.
+To illustrate, let me ask what are to be the duties of our girls?
+Ninety-nine per cent of them must make homes, cook, sew, scrub and nurse.
+How much are our rural schools doing to equip our girls for this greatest
+of all duties, home-making?
+
+2. The whole boy should be trained, not simply his head.
+
+3. We should teach in terms of the child’s life and surroundings—things
+that concern him and his home. He will then be interested and will like
+his work, will put the best he has into his work. But instead of teaching
+in terms of the boy’s lifework, our schools teach in terms of brick
+pavement, bank notes, yards of cloth, foreign exchange, partial payments,
+etc., etc.
+
+4. Boys and girls should be taught to think in terms of action, of
+accomplishment. There is a more or less well founded prejudice that our
+high school and college graduates are impractical and theoretical. They
+have not been dealing with the real problems of life. At any rate, few
+of these graduates return to the farm. The agricultural colleges are
+helping some through their short course schools, farmers’ institutes,
+literature sent out, etc., but it is a mere drop in the bucket. What we
+really need is a system of schools suited to rural conditions. We must
+pay better prices for teachers. This will be done gladly when the school
+sends back each night to the home boys and girls better fitted for their
+work and interested in it. Teachers must be especially trained for the
+rural schools. They must live in the community and be a part of it,
+helping Saturdays and Sundays to guide, direct and stimulate. Not only
+this, but the farm boys and girls must get their high school work under
+agriculture and not city conditions and surroundings. In other words, we
+must have rural high schools within the reach of every boy and girl on
+the farm. These schools should become the social and educational center
+of the rural community.
+
+It is true that the rural church has exercised great influence upon
+the people of the country socially and morally, helping to create and
+maintain good standards of life, but it has not kept pace with progress
+in other lines. It does not measure up to its great opportunity. There
+must be put into it not only more vitality and life, but there must be a
+new and broader attitude towards life. The rural church must be as broad
+as the rural community in which it exists, interesting itself in every
+question which concerns the life of the people.
+
+
+THE MINISTER’S DUTY.
+
+The minister, like the teacher, must teach in terms of the life work of
+the people. The minister should be interested in agriculture, not only
+_interested_ in agriculture, but should really know something about it
+as well as other questions which concern the community. The minister of
+the future will be required to take a course in agriculture along with
+his theological work. He must, like the teacher, be specially trained
+for his rural work. The field and opportunity of the rural minister is
+as broad as humanity itself. The minister should help the teacher in her
+work. He should help organize granges and farmers’ clubs and be an active
+member. He should help with their short courses and farmers’ institutes.
+He should help with the county Y. M. C. A. work and the Boy Scouts’ work.
+
+Think of the service a minister can render a rural community, by
+organizing and directing the amusements and sports of the neighborhood.
+If he could not direct them in person he could help the boys select a
+capable, wholesome leader. He could develop or work out in time a plan
+by which, during a part of the year at least, the boys would be given
+one-half day every two weeks for baseball and other sports.
+
+As it now is the country boys have no intelligent leadership. While the
+pastor is preaching a sermon to a small audience in the church the boys
+have joined the little clique and are taking their first lessons in card
+playing, smoking, etc.
+
+The pastor must be a leader or he will accomplish but little. One of
+the things he should do is to clean up around the church, mow the weeds,
+repair the fence, set out shade trees and put some pictures on the walls
+of the church. The pastor should live in the community and become a part
+of it in every way.
+
+What we need is a rural society that belongs distinctly to the country.
+Its schools, its churches, its clubs and its amusements must be so
+directed and organized as to meet the real needs of the people who live
+in the country.
+
+Many illustrations can be given of the splendid work now being done in
+various localities and sections of the United States. I wish I might tell
+you of the work which some of our ministers and their country churches
+are doing. Men like Rev. M. B. McNutt of Plainfield, Ill., Rev. Clair S.
+Adams of Bement, Ill., Rev. C. S. Lyles of Logan, Iowa, and many others.
+
+It is remarkable what some of our county superintendents like Miss Jessie
+Field of Page County, Iowa, have done and are doing through the schools
+for better agriculture, better homes and better citizenship. There are
+the rural high schools such as the one at Albert Lea, Minn. How I wish I
+could tell you of the county Y. M. C. A. work which Mr. Fred Hansen of
+Iowa is doing with the boys; how he has organized them into clubs and is
+directing not only their religious work, but also their amusements and
+sports, and even has them studying corn, stock and other agricultural
+subjects.
+
+The Country Life Commission has done a great work, but the movement has
+only begun. We must have more state “Country Life Commissions.” There
+must be national and state aid so that the commissions can bring to
+the people the knowledge of what has been accomplished in the various
+localities throughout the country.
+
+President WALLACE—Be patient a moment, and please come to order. We have
+two splendid speeches to be delivered this morning and I am very sorry
+to announce that Mr. Barrett of the Farmers’ Union, who intended to be
+here, cannot be here on account of sickness in his family. We will hear
+a gentleman for five minutes who is about to leave for Europe and must
+speak now or not at all.
+
+Recording Secretary GIPE—I would like to announce that Mr. R. A. Long
+will speak as the representative of the wholesale lumber dealers and
+yellow pine manufacturers.
+
+Mr. LONG—I understand that Mr. Wallace said that I expected to leave
+for Europe. I am not going to Europe and have no thought of going to
+Europe. Permit me to suggest this: it is rather an imposition upon you
+and embarrassing to me to be called on so short a notice to speak in
+the midst of men who have carefully prepared papers, and yet I want to
+suggest to you some thoughts that occurred to me, that were put into my
+mind by the last speaker. We are having many important problems before
+us at this time. The problems before this Congress are certainly most
+important and have to do with the people of today and of the future.
+We are to have in this city within a few weeks another convention not
+pertaining to the conservation of the soil or water, or the forest, but
+to a conservation that has to do with men, and I am wondering whether
+or not this audience is going to place more stress upon the problems
+that are involved in this Congress, or the problems that are involved in
+the one to be held a few weeks hence. That problem has to do with men
+and religion, and in my judgment no problem on the face of the earth
+will have more to do with the conservation of all the problems of life,
+this man and religion forward movement, and I trust that the men and
+women—(applause) I only have five minutes, don’t disturb me—and I trust
+that the men and women involved in these problems will see to it that
+these teams which commence the first of October and continue throughout
+the winter until May of next year are supported with their means and
+with their presence. The gentleman who just took his seat stated that
+he would like to preach a sermon on what the preacher ought to do with
+reference to the child life. I would like to have each of you assembled
+here this morning ask yourself the question, and answer it if you please,
+what are you doing in your own home. What are you doing, what is the
+example that you are setting your children? Sunday morning I imagine the
+large majority of you, instead of going to the Sunday School and setting
+an example to your children in order that they may follow out the life
+this gentlemen speaks of that you ought to live, are remaining at home
+and reading your newspapers. Bear in mind, my dear friends, fathers and
+mothers, the school teacher or preacher cannot do that which you ought to
+do for yourselves. And I want to speak this word on behalf the preachers
+of our land: when they stand up in the pulpit, when they beseech us to do
+the things we ought to do, and then we fail to rally to their support,
+ought we to censure them? Ought we rather not engage with him arm in arm
+in this great conflict, that has to do with the elevation of mankind,
+rather than stand aloof and say we want to preach to the preachers? I
+want you to ask yourselves that question, whether or not you stand arm
+in arm with your preachers, and carry on that conflict that has to do
+with the uplift of mankind all over the world. How much time have I got?
+I cannot take the time to talk about the other problems which I had in
+mind, connected with the timber interests of this country. But I want
+to say this to you, that the forests of this country ought to be taken
+care of better than they are. The reason why the forests are not being
+conserved better than they are is because of the extremely low price of
+lumber compelling us who manufacture lumber to leave twenty per cent of
+the trees in the woods because we cannot get price enough out of it to
+pay for the labor to produce it, and the transportation, to say nothing
+about the logs. And so long as we have intense legislation, leading
+almost to persecution against the interests, even getting together and
+talking over the problems pertaining to their industry, so long will the
+price of lumber be so low as to prevent us from bringing in at least
+twenty per cent of these trees, thereby prolonging our forests to an
+almost indefinite period.
+
+President WALLACE—We will now have an address by the Hon. W. A. Beard of
+Sacramento, California. I have asked him to prepare an address on the
+subject of “Coöperation,” one of the most important subjects that can
+secure our attention. He will speak a half hour and no more.
+
+Mr. BEARD—Coöperation, as your chairman has said, is a very hard term.
+It is so hard that I have found it difficult to determine the particular
+phase of the subject which should be presented for your consideration.
+I believe I was expected to talk on coöperation among farmers, but upon
+careful consideration I was impressed with the fact that coöperation
+among farmers is fundamentally the same thing as among persons engaged in
+any other pursuit.
+
+It has seemed to me that what should come out of this Congress is not
+an exhortation, addressed either to farmers or to any other class of
+citizens, but a careful and complete statement of the facts—a review of
+the progress made in coöperative development and a discussion of the
+principles underlying successful coöperation. I shall speak, therefore,
+of this movement.
+
+I refer, of course, to coöperation in business. By this term, I mean the
+growth of coöperative societies in which individuals are associated for
+mutual benefits and mutual profit. The ideal society is one in which
+the benefits and profits are distributed equitably among the members in
+proportion to their respective interests.
+
+Coöperation is little understood by the great majority of our citizens;
+the full measure of its possibilities is comprehended by comparatively
+few. Because there have been many and conspicuous failures, and because
+abuses have marked the administration of some so-called coöperative
+societies, the average citizen is disposed to regard coöperation as an
+impractical dream, and in consequence, the really excellent progress is
+being made in the face of distrust that should be removed.
+
+A knowledge of the facts will dispel this impression. Coöperation is
+a demonstrated success. The movement is a world movement. Coöperative
+societies are doing business successfully in every civilized country on
+earth. In this country they are doing business in almost every state.
+Everywhere the coöperative society, properly conducted, contributes to
+the material welfare of its members; in most places it is an important
+factor in social and moral advancement.
+
+The modern coöperative movement commenced less than a century ago and
+began to assume importance about 1840. The earliest beginnings of
+coöperative business enterprises as we know them were the establishment
+of a little store at Rochdale, England, in 1844, and the founding
+of a coöperative credit society in Germany in 1849. The pioneer in
+agricultural coöperation was the rural credit society of Germany, the
+first of which was organized in 1862.
+
+I mention these dates because they were the starting points from which
+has grown, in the comparatively brief period of sixty-five years, a vast
+web of coöperative enterprises encircling the earth.
+
+
+SMALL BEGINNINGS LEAD TO LARGE SUCCESSES.
+
+Each of the movements began in the smallest way. The German credit
+societies, both rural and urban, were founded for the purpose of
+providing credit to men who had no security to offer beyond their
+collective honesty, industry and business ability. The purpose was
+to help the very poor, and the success attained is attested by the
+comparative prosperity of German artisans and farmers, and by the present
+vast extent of the coöperative banking system. The Rochdale society
+was organized by ten poor weavers with a cash capital of twenty-eight
+pounds sterling, and from it has grown the great system of coöperative
+distribution of Great Britain.
+
+
+THE COÖPERATIVE BANKS OF EUROPE.
+
+The coöperative credit society, or bank, is the most common form of
+coöperation on the continent of Europe. Following the success of the
+system in Germany, it has been introduced, in varying forms and with
+varying degrees of success, in nearly all of the countries of continental
+Europe, rural banks usually preponderating in numbers and in importance.
+There are coöperative rural banks in Italy, France, Russia, Switzerland,
+Belgium, Holland, Austria and the Balkan states, also in Ireland, India
+and Japan. They have been introduced into Canada, and one such bank has
+recently been established in the United States.
+
+Mr. Henry W. Wolff, in “People’s Banks,” says, “The year 1849 saw opened
+two vastly different roads to wealth—the California gold fields and the
+principles of coöperative banking.”
+
+The advantages of the coöperative bank lie in the fact that it is
+operated in the interest of the borrowers and its sole purpose is to
+provide cheap credit. The members are the managers, the borrowers and the
+recipients of the profits.
+
+It is estimated by competent authority that there are forty thousand of
+these banks in existence, with a total of more than three million members
+and assets worth more than a billion dollars.
+
+In Germany more than one-half of the independent agriculturists are
+members of these banks.
+
+Altogether there are 24,000 coöperative agricultural societies in
+Germany, of which about eighty per cent are federated in one great
+organization, and all of which are closely associated with the rural
+coöperative banks to which they owe their origin.
+
+
+THE ROCHDALE SOCIETY OF ENGLAND.
+
+The society formed at Rochdale, England, was wholly different from the
+credit organizations of Germany, which it preceded. Its purpose was not
+to provide credit, but to furnish the necessaries of life at low cost.
+Unlike the German societies, which were started by philanthropists for
+the benefit of the poor, the Rochdale society was started by the poor
+themselves. The mite of capital employed at the outset was secured by
+saving of two pence weekly from a starvation wage. Even this small saving
+meant sacrifice to the Rochdale pioneers, but it paid, for out of it has
+grown a great system that provides the British workman of today with all
+he requires at wholesale and manufacturer’s prices.
+
+
+LARGEST BUSINESS IN THE WORLD.
+
+The Coöperative Wholesale Societies Limited, of London, England, is
+said to be the largest business concern in the world. In 1908 it did a
+business of 570 million dollars. It is the central federation of the
+coöperative retail associations, one of which is in almost every village
+and town in England. It is a producer, manufacturer and shipper, as well
+as merchant. It owns plantations in various parts of the world; it sails
+its own ships; its chain of purchasing depots encircles the globe; it
+manufactures almost every article of household use and supplies the wants
+of more than eight million people. It is purely coöperative, all of its
+profits being distributed among the consumers in proportion to their
+purchases.
+
+We of America pride ourselves on the giant enterprises on this side
+of the Atlantic. Even while we condemn the systems which have made
+them possible, we marvel at the genius of the captains of industry and
+finance who have built them. Yet here is a concern, said to do a business
+four times greater than the Steel Trust, which is without a captain of
+industry, a great financier or a merchant prince. It is a product of a
+system, one of the best features of which is that it does not concentrate
+great wealth in the hands of a few.
+
+
+WHERE COÖPERATION IS A NATIONAL TRAIT.
+
+Agricultural coöperation finds its most complete development in Denmark.
+Almost every Danish farmer is a member of one or more coöperative
+societies. Coöperation is almost a national trait. So general is the use
+of coöperative methods in Denmark that some one has said when a Dane
+wishes to buy or sell anything his first impulse is to form a society to
+do it.
+
+Yet coöperation is of comparatively recent growth in Denmark. There
+have been coöperative stores since 1866, but it was not until 1881 that
+the first coöperative dairy was established, while bacon curing and egg
+societies date from 1887 and 1895, respectively.
+
+There are more than a thousand coöperative dairies in Denmark; there are
+five hundred egg societies, and numerous other coöperative producing and
+selling price associations. Eighty-three per cent of the cows milked in
+1909 were in coöperative dairies; 66 per cent of the bacon was cured in
+coöperative factories.
+
+The coöperative societies are thoroughly organized into federations,
+and the whole business of production and sale is systematized. The
+federations exercise the closest supervision over production. High
+standards of excellence are required and long lists of rules are rigidly
+enforced. A bad egg is occasion for a fine in a Danish egg society—and
+there are no bad eggs in Denmark.
+
+In the twenty-five years from 1881 to 1906, Danish exports increased from
+$11,840,000 to $77,800,000. Behind these figures is a story of a nation’s
+progress from poverty to prosperity, a progress in which coöperation has
+been the principal and dominating factor.
+
+
+THE COÖPERATIVE PRINCIPLE AMPLY DEMONSTRATED.
+
+To tell, even in merest outline, of the successful coöperative movements
+of Europe would require more time than is at my disposal. I have cited
+these because they are the most conspicuous and far-reaching, and
+because they afford three wholly separate and distinct and entirely
+different demonstrations of the correctness of the coöperative
+principle. Coöperation in Europe has been in most cases the resort of
+dire necessity. It does not follow, however, that coöperation can be
+successful only under circumstances of poverty and want. If it will raise
+men from poverty to a competence, it will add to the prosperity of the
+already prosperous.
+
+
+RISE OF COÖPERATION IN AMERICA.
+
+The coöperative movement in this country began to assume importance
+about 1850. Prior to this time there had been many associations for the
+advancement of various interests, but these were, as a rule, educational
+in purpose. Real progress in business coöperation began after the
+close of the Civil War, and may best be described as a series of great
+movements in which the farmers were usually the principal actors. These
+culminated in the Grange movement of the early seventies in which
+millions of farmers, united in a great national society, undertook to
+revolutionize the existing economic system by taking over to themselves
+the functions of middleman, merchant, baker and manufacturer, and to form
+a great agricultural trust that would dictate the price of farm products
+and combat growing railroad and other monopolies.
+
+
+THE GREATEST REVOLT IN HISTORY.
+
+This was probably the greatest revolt of farmers in the history of the
+world. It is simply astounding to read of the enterprises, colossal in
+the aggregate, that were launched. Millions were invested in banks,
+stores, warehouses, implement and other factories, railroads and selling
+agencies, nearly all of which collapsed within a few years leaving only
+experience and deficits behind. Of those that survived, the greater part
+soon adopted the methods, aims and purposes of ordinary corporations.
+Here and there, however, a coöperative enterprise continued to live, and
+some of these are doing business to this day.
+
+Following the Grange movement came a number of state, interstate, and
+national organizations, which grew steadily more political in their
+aims until they culminated in the Farmers’ Alliance and People’s Party.
+The adoption of the main planks of these by then older political
+organizations marked the close of an epoch in agricultural agitation
+and opened the way for a more strictly economic development of the
+coöperative idea.
+
+
+THE FIRST GUN IN A GREAT FIGHT.
+
+While the great movements of the twenty-year period between 1870 and 1890
+did not accomplish all that was expected of them, they did accomplish
+much. They were the pioneers in organized opposition to the growth of
+monopoly in this country. The organization of the Grange was the firing
+of the first big gun in the fight against special privilege, a fight
+which will go on until equal privilege prevails.
+
+The Grange has never ceased to be an active factor in agricultural
+affairs. It has been a principal agent in the development of agricultural
+education and in the improvement of agricultural practice, a strong local
+force in country life, and a constant factor in the later growth of
+coöperative endeavor.
+
+
+PROGRESS OF PAST TWENTY YEARS.
+
+Since the period of great organizations, the coöperative movement has
+attracted less attention, but has accomplished more in the world of
+business. The results are manifested principally in three classes of
+coöperative enterprise, stores, marketing associations, building and loan
+associations. Other forms of these societies that are making progress
+include industrial plants, supply societies and insurance associations.
+The coöperative credit society that has attained such proportions in
+Europe is practically unknown here, but there seems to be an excellent
+field for it, especially in the South.
+
+In all branches of coöperative activity in this country there is a
+lamentable lack of coördination. The stores are as a rule isolated from
+each other or associated in small groups, and they lose the advantage
+gained by the British societies from the concentration of their wholesale
+business. The marketing associations are for the most part separate,
+although there has been some movement toward federation in certain lines.
+
+
+MOVING ALONG RIGHT LINES.
+
+While federation would, in most cases, work to mutual advantage if well
+managed, the fact that such federations are rare does not argue against
+the associations or the movement of which they are a part. On the
+contrary, it is to the advantage of the coöperative movement that it is
+developing for the most part in small units, each of which must learn to
+stand on its own bottom. Federation, with its great advantages, will come
+when coöperation in this country is ripe for it.
+
+According to a recent bulletin of the International Institute of
+Agriculture, this country leads all others in coöperative marketing.
+Coöperative dairies exist in every state where dairying is an important
+industry; there are six hundred in Minnesota, three hundred in Wisconsin.
+There are about sixteen hundred warehouses in the grain belt. There
+are marketing associations in almost every important fruit district.
+There are insurance societies in many states, coöperative associations
+for handling cotton and tobacco. Coöperative irrigation has proven so
+successful in the West that Uncle Sam is building irrigation systems to
+be operated coöperatively and private capital is doing likewise, some of
+the largest private projects selling the water system with the land with
+coöperative ownership and operation by the farmers as the ultimate aim.
+
+The largest and most comprehensive farmers’ society is the Farmers
+Educational and Coöperative Union, a national organization which follows
+more nearly than any other now in active existence the early idea of
+development by propaganda. It has branches in twenty-five states and a
+total membership of about 3,000,000 persons. It is especially strong in
+the South, where it operates 2,000 cotton warehouses and 6,000 cotton
+gins. In other sections it owns and operates large numbers of grain
+warehouses, also fruit handling and marketing agencies, coal mines,
+fertilizer factories and numerous other enterprises.
+
+
+THE CALIFORNIA FRUIT GROWERS’ EXCHANGE.
+
+We have in California what is probably the largest and most successful
+coöperative association of producers engaged in marketing a single
+line of production. This is the California Fruit Growers’ Exchange. It
+maintains what is said to be the most efficient selling organization
+in the world, having agents in all of the principal cities and many of
+the smaller points of the United States, also at important centers in
+Europe. It handles now about 75 per cent of the orange and lemon crop of
+California and returns to its members, after deducting all expenses, more
+than $20,000,000 a year. It has been in business several years and is a
+demonstrated success in every particular. It has standardized the fruit
+pack of the state, reducing packing and marketing costs and increased
+selling values to the growers, and freed the citrus fruit growers from
+the exactions of the fruit marketing companies.
+
+The exchange is purely coöperative. It is organized under the
+corporation laws of California with a capital stock of $10,000, but no
+dividends are paid on this stock and no assessments levied. Money for
+operating expenses is secured by levying an assessment on the growers at
+the beginning of the season in proportion to the estimated crop of each.
+When the crop is sold the proceeds, less the expenses actually incurred
+and paid, are paid to the growers.
+
+The organization consists of a central exchange, which is the marketing
+concern, sixteen district exchanges and 104 local associations. The
+locals elect the directors of the district exchanges, which in turn elect
+the directors of the central body. The fruit is gathered and packed by
+the local associations, which are independent units and usually own their
+packing houses. It is shipped through the district exchange. The routing
+and sale is in the hands of the central exchange.
+
+It is worthy of especial note that the California Fruit Growers’ Exchange
+has succeeded by the merit of its business methods. It does not now and
+it never has had a monopoly of the California crop. It began with less
+than a third of the crop, and for some years handled less than half of
+it. It now ships about 75 per cent of the oranges and lemons grown in the
+state.
+
+It should also be stated in this connection that there are a large number
+of men in the business of growing fruit in California, who have had
+extensive business experience before becoming tillers of the soil. They
+were not afraid to unite, not afraid to adopt modern business methods,
+not afraid to pay large salaries for the skill necessary to succeed. I
+understand that the manager’s salary is upward of $10,000 a year.
+
+Viewed in the large, the coöperative movement in America is making rapid
+strides. It is handicapped by lack of knowledge of coöperative methods,
+and by lack of adequate laws governing the organization and conduct of
+societies.
+
+The most crying need is a more widespread knowledge among coöperators
+themselves of the true principles of coöperation. There are hundreds of
+so-called societies in which coöperation is by the many for the benefit
+of the few. In some instances they are actually controlled by the
+concerns which buy their products; in many more an excessive profit is
+secured by a small coterie, usually in the form of dividends on stock.
+
+Stock dividends are the rock on which many promising coöperative efforts
+come to grief. It has been customary in many states to organize under the
+corporation laws, the members taking stock. Where no restrictions are
+placed upon the number of shares which one person may hold, or upon the
+dividends that may be paid, the tendency is for the stock to concentrate
+in a few hands, when dividends on stock are likely to be more sought than
+profits for members. I know of instances where so-called coöperative
+enterprises have paid as high as thirty per cent per annum in dividends
+to a small ring of stockholders.
+
+
+A CALL FOR CONSTRUCTIVE STATESMANSHIP.
+
+Where special statutes are enacted providing for the formation of
+coöperative societies, there is often a lack of wise restrictions in the
+interests of the average member. The laws are sometimes excellent in what
+they permit coöperators to do but inadequate in what they require them to
+do. The enactment of laws adequately fostering coöperative enterprises
+and safeguarding the interests of the coöperators calls for the best
+constructive statesmanship of the Nation.
+
+Among the provisions that should be inserted in every state law
+authorizing the formation of coöperative associations are the following:
+
+    That no person shall hold more than a stated number of shares
+    of a stated aggregate value.
+
+    That dividends on stock shall be limited to a fair interest
+    return.
+
+    That all profits, in excess of interest on capital and such
+    reserve as is deemed necessary, shall be distributed equitably
+    among members in accordance with business done or work
+    performed.
+
+    That an annual report be made to the Secretary of State showing
+    the nominal and paid-up capital, the assets and liabilities,
+    the dividends paid on stock, the profits and how they are
+    distributed.
+
+    That the word “coöperative” shall be made a part of the name
+    of any concern licensed to do business under the provisions of
+    this act.
+
+    That all concerns doing business in the state at time of this
+    enactment which use the word “coöperative” in their titles
+    shall be required to reorganize under this act or change their
+    name.
+
+A great stride forward will have been made when in every state of the
+Union there are laws requiring the equitable distribution of the profits
+of coöperative endeavor, control of societies by members, publicity of
+all important acts, and confining the use of the word “Coöperative” to
+concerns that meet these requirements.
+
+Good laws alone will not solve the problem. Some associations are
+eminently successful under the ordinary corporation laws, some will fail
+under any legal system that can be devised. The successful conduct of a
+coöperative society requires intelligence, business capacity and honesty.
+I know of no plan of coöperation that is “fool proof” nor do I know of
+any legal safeguards that will render it safe from those whose methods
+are of the dark lantern and the jimmy.
+
+
+WHAT A COÖPERATIVE SOCIETY IS NOT.
+
+The coöperative society in its best sense is not a revolt against
+oppression or unjust exactions. It is a business system. Its purpose is
+the promotion of the three big “Es”: economy, efficiency and elimination
+of waste.
+
+Coöperation is not a cure-all; it will not solve every problem; it will
+not solve any problem unless it is handled properly and wisely.
+
+Successful coöperation does not mean monopoly. Few attempts by
+coöperators to monopolize their product have been successful; I know of
+none that have been successful for an extended period.
+
+Coöperation is not communism. It does not mean collective ownership of
+property, but collective activity by individual owners of property.
+
+A coöperative society resembles a corporation in that the capital and
+services of a number of persons are united for the purpose of carrying
+on a business. It differs from the corporation in two very important
+particulars as follows: First, the recruit in a coöperative enterprise
+is the man and not the dollar; second, the purpose of the coöperative
+society is not to build a profitable business, but to add to the profit
+of the individual businesses of its members.
+
+
+CAUSES OF FAILURE.
+
+Failures in coöperative enterprises have usually been due to too much
+confidence and too little actual knowledge of the business undertaken.
+Men engaged in production have undertaken the business of distribution on
+a large scale without any previous knowledge of distributive methods. In
+many cases coöperators have expected too much and have been dissatisfied
+with moderate returns; in others there have been no returns because
+the business was neither well conceived nor well conducted. In many
+instances success at the outset has led to unwarranted expansion that
+spelled disaster. Personal likes and dislikes and petty jealousies have
+led to disruption; a good manager has been discharged to make room for
+a favorite of a dominant faction, or a poor manager has been retained
+because the membership did not know he was a failure. There is a strong
+tendency among coöperators to resent high salaries, and low grade
+managers are often the result. Members are frequently disloyal and weaken
+the society by doing a portion or all of their business with its rivals.
+Members of marketing associations frequently coöperate as some men
+pray—only in times of impending disaster.
+
+A coöperative enterprise, to be successful, must be one for which there
+is a place and an opportunity. Sound business judgment must characterize
+its management. There must be a responsible head and a definite policy.
+The manager must be capable and experienced and the one test of his
+work must be the results he is able to show. There must be a system of
+accounting that will show these results in detail. Dependence for success
+must be upon the merits of the methods employed, never upon the mere
+right of coöperators to do their own business in their own way. Most
+important of all, the membership must be intelligent and willing, on
+occasion, to suffer temporary loss for the greater gain to be secured
+by loyalty to the concern. It must be borne in mind that a coöperative
+enterprise in entering a competitive field has got to compete, and its
+strength lies in the loyalty of its membership.
+
+
+SHOULD BE TAUGHT IN THE SCHOOLS.
+
+The American people need to be educated regarding the principle and
+practice of coöperation. It should be taught in the schools, especially
+in the agricultural schools, as it is now in some of the agricultural
+schools of Europe. There should be state and national conventions for
+the discussion of coöperative principles and methods. There should be
+organizations of coöperators for the consideration of mutual problems and
+mutual interests. Every great library contains the history of all of the
+coöperative movements down to the present time, and the experience of the
+world is available to those who will use it.
+
+What Americans most need is the coöperative point of view. We are
+accustomed to extravagance and speculation, but the time is at hand
+when we must practice the virtues of economy. We have been a nation of
+individualists, each sufficient unto himself; we must learn to unite with
+our fellows and consider their welfare as a part of our own.
+
+Do we need coöperation? Consider the wide margin between the price on the
+farm and at the kitchen door! Consider the difference in cost between the
+boot at the factory and on your foot! Consider the enormous wastes and
+duplications of our system of distribution! Consider the fortunes that
+have been amassed by the concentration of profits that would have been
+widely diffused under coöperation!
+
+We complain of the concentration of capital in the hands of a few; here
+is a system of business that will keep the profits of the people’s
+business in the people’s pockets where they belong.
+
+We are concerned about the resources of Alaska lest they pass into
+the control of trusts and syndicates and serve to enrich a few at the
+expense of the many, as well we may be; but here is a wealth more vast,
+a tangible, visible, present wealth, many times greater than that of
+all the mines and forests of the Territory of Alaska, that is slipping
+through our fingers day by day and accumulating in the coffers of those
+who already have too much. The American citizen everywhere is paying a
+tribute from which there is but one avenue of escape—the adoption of
+coöperative methods of doing business.
+
+During the reading of Mr. Beard’s paper Mr. J. B. White assumed the Chair.
+
+Chairman WHITE—Mr. B. A. Fowler, chairman of the resolution committee,
+desires to make an announcement.
+
+Mr. FOWLER—Members of the resolutions committee having been selected,
+the first meeting of the committee will now be held, and I invite the
+members selected for that committee to meet in the room back of the
+platform. This meeting will be for the organization of the committee,
+and I suggest to the chairman that if nothing has been said on that
+particular point, this a working committee, and you get results. Those of
+you who have resolutions to present should present them at the earliest
+possible moment. I will leave to you the lateness of the hour when they
+may be presented, but it would seem as if they all ought to come in to
+the committee some time today. I also suggest that anybody who desires to
+present a resolution should not send it up to the committee unsigned,
+and in the crudest sort of way; but that you prepare your resolution as
+you would like to have it presented, sign your name and send it to the
+committee.
+
+President WALLACE—If I were the chairman of the committee I would not
+consider any resolution offered after this evening. It is unfair to the
+committee to throw resolutions at them at the last moment. Now, we must
+have a report of this committee the first thing after dinner tomorrow.
+Therefore, get your resolutions in.
+
+We want the members of the committee on resolutions to go up to this room
+at once.
+
+Gentlemen, we will now hear an address from Mr. Herbert Quick, of
+Madison, Wisconsin, editor of the Farm and Fireside of Springfield,
+Mass., on the subject, “The Farmer and the Railroads.”
+
+Mr. HERBERT QUICK—Ladies and Gentlemen of the Congress: It is rather a
+difficult task which has been assigned to me, that of following such men
+as have spoken in the last two or three addresses, and that, too, at
+a time of day when the imperative calls of bodily sustenance begin to
+make themselves manifest. I cannot undertake to emulate in the matter of
+interest, in the matter of inspiration, any of these gentlemen who have
+just preceded me and addressed you. It is utterly impossible to be very
+interesting with reference to the subject of the railroads and the farmer
+unless you trench on the subject of politics, and they are barred here;
+therefore, ladies and gentlemen, I beg leave to be dull in my talk to you
+today, very dull indeed. I am, however, hopeful of giving you something
+to think about with reference to the very important matters of the
+relation between the railroad and the farmer.
+
+The relations between the farmers and the railroads are not always
+amicable, but they are always close. When capital was first solicited
+for the building of our railways the capital that responded was in large
+measure that of the farmers. Enterprise came from the cities, but before
+it could successfully appeal to the bond market, it was obliged to show
+something in the way of local aid. The history of railway exploitation
+in the Mississippi Valley, and in the whole country at the period of
+most rapid development in railway building has not yet, so far as I am
+aware, been adequately written. When it is written, it will show an
+astonishing array of facts relating to the extent to which the farmers
+of the land really built the railways—by stock subscriptions, by votes
+of aid, by donations of right-of-way, and by outright gifts of cash. And
+a depressing phase of the story will be the tales of bonds issued and
+upheld by the courts, although no railway was ever built, and of the
+almost automatic manner in which the farmer’s interests were closed out
+by receiverships. During the time when investments in railway buildings
+were uncertain, donations of public lands, gifts of rights-of-way, and
+votes of bond issues in the way of local aid gave them standing in the
+money markets. So to a great extent, the farmers built the railways—and
+were then neatly beaten out of their interests.
+
+That, however, is not the story of the farmers of today and the railways
+of today. It belongs to the past. Our task relates to the future. In that
+future, the relations between the railways and the farmers must continue
+to be close, whether they are amicable or not. The two parties belong to
+each other. One cannot exist without the other. When the farmers succeed
+in wresting a good crop from the earth, stocks go up in Wall street.
+A hot wind in Montana affects Great Northern and Northern Pacific on
+’Change; and when the railway fails to furnish cars for the carrying
+of the crop, that failure affects the notes of the farmer at the bank.
+For better or for worse, the farmers and the railways are irrevocably
+wedded. A little careful and dispassionate consideration of their marital
+relations may assist in the maintenance of that peace which is necessary
+to happiness—and as a mere outline of the broader principles governing
+such consideration, this address has been prepared.
+
+The great railway men of the United States have always felt the burden of
+a duty towards the farmers, even when denying any legal claim back of it.
+Fifteen years or so ago an enthusiastic believer in the semi-arid West
+worked out a plan for moisture-conserving farming—one of the greatest
+steps in conservation ever taken in this country. The management of the
+Northern Pacific helped him educate the farmers in the principles of his
+science. The managements of the Chicago, Milwaukee and St. Paul, the Soo
+Line and the B. & M. in Nebraska also gave him assistance. They foresaw
+the development which would come to Montana, Nebraska, the Dakotas and
+all the semi-arid country if “dry farming”, as it has come to be called,
+could be made to succeed. They saw a duty to the stockholders—saw it
+clearly; and I believe there was not lacking to their vision a glimpse of
+the duty they owed to the Nation through ministration to the prosperity
+of its farmers.
+
+
+HOW THE RAILROADS LEARNED.
+
+The management of the Great Northern, though since enthusiastic, could at
+that early time see nothing in the Campbell method of farming to enlist
+its sympathy or its dollars, nor could the Northwestern line, though
+both of these systems ran through hundreds of miles since reduced to the
+settled state through dry farming. But at that very time Mr. Hill was
+showing his interest in agriculture through the introduction of improved
+breeds of livestock along the lines of his system. And the Northwestern
+officials withheld their aid from Campbell, because it was believed on
+their part that it was better to leave the semi-arid regions in the
+condition of unbroken prairie from which they might receive trainloads of
+cattle, than to encourage its opening to an agriculture which was likely
+to be unsuccessful. Perhaps that was the controlling opinion in Great
+Northern circles, too. In any case, the railways were exerting an almost
+monarchical power over farming in their spheres of influence. Nothing, it
+seems to me, more clearly shows the power of the railways over farms and
+farming, than these instances of both action and inaction at the critical
+stage of development. We do not see it so plainly in regions long settled
+and in agricultural equilibrium, but the power is always there and always
+exerted for all that.
+
+Beginning, so far as I am informed, with Mr. Hill’s livestock activities,
+and the aid of Mr. J. W. Kendrick to the great dry farming movement,
+railway aid to agriculture has grown to a fashion. The Pennsylvania
+maintains its demonstration farms on Long Island; the New York Central
+strives to bring back to their old-time headship in farming the Empire
+State’s half-abandoned farms. Scarcely a railway system can be mentioned
+which has not run its educational trains for the purpose of bringing
+agricultural science into touch with the farmers along its line.
+“Dairy specials,” “corn specials,” “bacon specials,” “fruit specials,”
+and dozens of other special trains have moved leisurely from station
+to station with agricultural lecturers aboard and cars fitted up as
+laboratories and auditoriums for the farmers. These are sure to be
+increasingly frequent as the demand grows on the part of farmers for
+accurate and authoritative teaching, and as the railway officials come
+to understand that the most profitable thing to sow along the line is
+knowledge, and that nothing gives such profitable crops as science. The
+great Burlington system now hires one of the noted agricultural experts
+of the world to work with the farmers, and another eminent agricultural
+college professor has gone into the service of that system which, while
+it may not reign, rules over the industrial destinies of “The Rock Island
+States of America.” The railroads everywhere, are doing excellent work
+in educating the farmers. This work is wise, and is sure to bring the
+results the railroads desire. The introduction of good agricultural
+methods, like the implanting of truth in any form, is one of those
+germinal acts that go on of their own accord when once the initial
+impulse is given. Dry farming will be practiced centuries hence better
+than now, and the Northern Pacific will carry its tonnage.
+
+
+THE DOMINANCE OF TONNAGE.
+
+But all these fine things have been done and are still being done with
+a eye single to tonnage. The railway officials who are doing them would
+strenuously deny any other motive than that of filling trains with
+agricultural produce. “What justification,” says the old-fashioned
+stockholder at the annual meeting, “can be given for using money of the
+railway for such new-fangled flub-dub as this special train filled with
+college professors and farmers?” “It’s a cold business proposition,” says
+the general manager. “If we can get the farmers to grow steers that will
+weigh a ton as against the present ones that weigh a thousand pounds,
+our livestock tonnage is doubled, and at the expense of a few special
+trains and an agricultural department, we obtain on the present lines all
+the results of a greater mileage. Better agriculture means more freight.
+That’s the justification, and the only one. It’s a plain business
+proposition!”
+
+We may trust the enlightened selfishness of good business to push this
+sort of activity to the limit of its profit; and it is a fine thing to
+think that the railways cannot benefit themselves by spreading the light
+of agricultural science without benefiting the farmers and the whole
+nation. Favors of this sort bless him that receives quite as much as
+him that gives. But does the duty of the railway end with tonnage? Can
+we ask the railways to do anything for the farms and the farmers beyond
+the things which mediately or immediately will fill trains of cars with
+profitable freight? In the great task of conservation do the railways owe
+any duty to the farms beyond what they are now performing? This phase of
+the subject has yet to be worked out.
+
+
+SOME HISTORIC PHRASES.
+
+A few striking phrases have thrown on the screen of history the views of
+the generation of railway men who denied, and some of them still deny,
+anything in the way of duty of the sort hinted at. Some of these may
+be apocryphal utterances, but they tell the truth for all that. It is
+recorded that a Louisville & Nashville official, on being asked whether
+or not the people on his lines had any alternative other than to pay
+what the railway exacted, answered, “Yes! They can walk!” The historic
+Vanderbilt aphorism is “The public be damned!” It has been related of
+Jay Gould that his cynical rule for the making of rates on agricultural
+produce was that the farmers should always be allowed to retain enough
+for seed. Such opinions as these were the prevailing ones until recently.
+They were based on the view that the railways were purely private things.
+Under their sway railway men claimed the right to decide what cities
+should flourish and what decline, where towns should be built and where
+not, what shippers should be prosperous and what fail. They claimed
+these rights and they exercised them. To men of that school the things I
+shall say will seem like nonsense. They do not see that the control of
+the highways of a nation carries with it the rulership of the people; or
+if they do see it, they refuse to recognize the right of the people to
+say how that rulership shall be exercised, how long it shall continue,
+and when it shall end. And this is the lesson of the present and the
+immediate future for the railroads of America. A railway official is
+of right a public official, and he is nothing else. His duties to his
+stockholders are important and call upon him for scrupulous fidelity,
+but they are subject to his duties to the public. For on the highways
+depend the welfare of the whole people; the stockholders are a part only
+of the people; and the whole is greater than any part. In the last
+analysis, the stockholders and bondholders of the railways must come to
+a realization of the fact that they have placed their interests in the
+keeping of the people of the Nation, and that their profits must depend
+on the sense of justice of that people. Fortunately, there is no reason
+to expect from the people the slightest failure to respect the real
+rights of capital. But that modifications of railway policy are likely to
+be insisted upon, is not only likely, but inevitable. These modifications
+will be along the line of revisions of rates, the adoption of the
+principle that the railway must be used as a tool in the development of
+the Nation along rational and just lines, and not arbitrary ones, and in
+the conservation of the national resources—among which one of the most
+important, if not the most important, is the fertility of the soil.
+
+
+RATES AND LIVING COST.
+
+First, as to rates. There has been a good deal written of late for the
+purpose of securing for the railways an acquittal of every charge that
+has been or ever can be brought against them of having anything to do
+with the increased cost of living. Inasmuch as the cost of transportation
+is a part of the cost of every article consumed, freight rates may, and
+doubtless do, conceal much that makes for high prices. A Johns Hopkins
+professor says: “The claim of the railroads that the rates on foodstuffs
+are not high enough to enter as a factor in fixing the selling price
+is fully substantiated by the dealers in such products.” And again the
+same authority says: “The average weight of a carload of food products
+is 30,000 pounds. If the freight on such a carload be $300 the rate per
+pound would be only one cent, and there is scarcely a commodity upon
+which a freight rate of one cent per pound makes any difference in the
+selling price.”
+
+When one considers the staples on which a cent a pound constitutes from
+six to twenty per cent of the selling price, these extremely sweeping
+statements must be admitted to need a lot of verification. Those who feel
+most keenly the pinch of high prices live mostly on things which sell at
+from four to twenty cents a pound—of which price an average of a cent
+a pound freight is a considerable increase. But the efforts mentioned
+have not been confined to arguments of the sort above quoted. We are
+called upon to believe not only that no appreciable freight charge is
+added to the burdens of the consumer, but that nothing worth mentioning
+is deducted as freight from the prices to the producer. We thus have
+the great incomes of the railroads very neatly palmed and effectually
+concealed somewhere between the professor of economics and the Secretary
+of Agriculture. For Secretary Wilson asserts that:
+
+    With approximate accuracy it has been determined that when
+    the farmer receives 50 per cent of the consumer’s price, the
+    freight charge on butter is about 0.5 of 1 per cent of the
+    consumer’s price; eggs, 0.6 of 1 per cent; apples, 6.8 per
+    cent; beans, 2.4 per cent; potatoes, 7.4 per cent; grains of
+    all sorts, 3.8 per cent; hay, 7.4 per cent; cattle and hogs,
+    1.2 per cent; live poultry, 2.2 per cent; wool, 0.3 of 1 per
+    cent.
+
+These things are very convincing. And they are, no doubt, reliable as
+to averages. The trouble with them is that they are averages, and that
+they have the merits and defects of averages. One of the defects is that
+they do not tell the real truth. I have in mind a farmer living at New
+Rockford, North Dakota. He grows wheat as his staple crop, and about
+the only crop upon which it is at all safe to depend. His task is to
+help feed the world. As this is written, his wheat is worth in New York,
+if for export, a dollar a bushel, if for milling in this country two
+cents more. In addition to the cost of handling, the New Rockford farmer
+must submit to a deduction of twenty-four cents per bushel in price
+for freight to New York if for export, and of twenty-six cents if for
+domestic use. Something like 35 to 40 per cent of his returns is deducted
+for freight. It may satisfy the city consumer of bread to be told that
+this freight does not add “materially” to the cost of his living, but the
+New Rockford farmer is stubborn, and merely because his freight charge is
+a third or more of his returns, he is not mollified by Secretary Wilson’s
+statement that all grains “on the average” get to market with a deduction
+for transportation of three and eight-tenths per cent. In Johns Hopkins
+and at Washington, the freight charge may not amount to much. It is far
+otherwise at New Rockford.
+
+A North Dakota station and a low grade staple are selected for the
+purpose of putting a finger on the point where the railways and the
+farmers clash crucially. They clash thus in the heart of the continent
+where distances to market are long, where there has been no rate
+structure fixed under competition, and where the farm produces in the
+main cheap and heavy staples. Whether grain, hay, root crops, or live
+stock, the case is the same—prices at the railway station are reduced to
+the point of vanishing profits by freight charges; and the cost of living
+on the farm is proportionately increased by the same agency.
+
+
+HOW TO DEVELOP THE REMOTE PARTS.
+
+The greatest transportation fact faced by the American people is the
+problem of developing the remote parts of the continent under conditions
+which are new to the experience of the human race. In the past mankind
+has been content to develop its great civilization near waterways. The
+sites of Egypt, Greece, Rome, Phoenicia and Carthage were determined by
+ease of transportation. Whether or not it is possible for the interior of
+the North American continent to be fully developed industrially by land
+carriage only is a question which is as yet an open one. It is safe to
+say that such development cannot take place without the adoption by the
+railways of some new transportation principles, applied for the express
+purpose of national welfare. And if the only alternative—the building of
+a national system of waterways—be resorted to, the aid of the railways
+must still be demanded if success is to be attained.
+
+Rates as a deduction from the income of the farmer are even on the face
+of the averages quoted, considerable; but in the interior and on things
+produced at a close margin of profit, they are decisive of the matter
+of agricultural prosperity. On butter they are so inconsiderable as a
+proportion that the output of Dakota creameries has not infrequently gone
+on the market under conditions which enabled the Western butter-maker
+to pay his entire freight bill with the difference in his favor in the
+matter of quality. On eggs the burden of freight is similarly light. But
+on potatoes the freight is, according to the figures of the Secretary of
+Agriculture, 7.4 per cent of the consumer’s price, or about fifteen per
+cent of the farmers’ returns, as a national average. It is quite clear
+that the Montana or Nebraska potato grower must often find the freight,
+over the great distances to market, decisive of the question of profit or
+no profit. An acre of onions takes the labor of two or three persons a
+good part of the season. The cultivation is largely done with hand tools
+manipulated while the worker kneels and bends his body to the ground.
+His produce should be about a carload. If on this he pays the railways
+$300 freight it is a not inconsiderable contribution on the part of one
+gardener and one acre of land to the transportation system of the Nation.
+
+Just what is included in these professorial and secretarial calculations
+is not quite clear. The word “freight” may or may not include such items
+as the charges for refrigeration and of refrigerator car companies, fast
+freight lines and the like, and until we know as to these items, we are
+unable to decide on the worth of the statistics. But one item of expense
+which through the policy of the railway companies the farmers are obliged
+to pay is clearly not included—I refer to the charges of the express
+companies.
+
+The railways of the United States have enormously retarded the
+agricultural development of the country, and added to the expense of
+living, by permitting the lodgment in our transportation system of that
+industrial parasite, the express company. Just what are the financial
+inter-relations which have contributed to the willingness of the railways
+to allow parcels carriage to pass from their hands, while sufficiently
+obvious in a general way, cannot now be detailed. The glaring fact is
+that the express companies, save for certain services which they have, in
+violation of the criminal law, usurped from the postal system, perform
+absolutely no functions which do not properly belong to the railways,
+and no functions which the railways of other lands do not assume. Every
+dollar of the huge profits which the express companies make is a burden
+upon industry which is unnecessary and unjust. But instead of seeking to
+remedy or lessen this burden, the railways pursue the policy of making
+it greater. They practically abandon the field of parcels carriage to
+the express companies. They allow their agents everywhere to work for the
+express companies on commission, so that their wages are increased as
+express business increases, while their interest in the growth of railway
+business is reduced to a minimum by the receipt from the railway of only
+a small fixed salary. Thus the railways not only turn over to the express
+companies the parcels business, but saddle on that business, and on the
+shippers by express, a good deal of the burden of their own payroll.
+
+
+THE TOLLS ASSESSED ON AGRICULTURE.
+
+The effect of this policy on agriculture is not to be measured by the
+amount of express tolls paid on shipments made. That is a great burden,
+but it is inconsiderable as compared with its injury to the farmers and
+to the Nation by reason of the immense volume of potential traffic that
+does not move at all. Under the paternal governments of the Australasian
+colonies of Great Britain, agriculture is fostered by low railway
+rates and a carefully studied policy of encouragement to the small
+shipper. Packages of poultry, eggs, meats and other farm products are
+collected on the remote railway lines, brought to concentration points,
+refrigerated, shipped to the world’s markets, sold and remitted for
+to the great benefit of the remote farmers, who otherwise would have
+no way of marketing their little shipments. But here the trucker and
+poultryman and the fruit-grower are in most localities relegated by the
+railways to a third party—the express company—who seems to have no office
+but the exaction of tolls which the railway itself could not charge,
+but which it divides with the railway. This is unjust and is rapidly
+becoming intolerable. The farmer must be placed in such position that he
+can work up trade in the city and ship in small packages direct to the
+consumer at just rates. The head of one of our great railway systems has
+delivered several powerful addresses recently, in which he has asserted
+that the farmers, and not the railways, are to blame for the spread of
+from 30 to 75 per cent between the price received by the producer of
+food products and that paid by the consumer. He advises farmers to “cut
+out the middleman.” Good counsel, but let him follow his own advice. Let
+him, and let all railways cut out the express middlemen, the private car
+middlemen, the fast freight line middlemen, and the ordinary farmer will
+be placed in better position for taking his advice. These agencies have
+no place in a rational system of transportation. They are parasites,
+which suck blood and confer no benefit. Transportation by rail should
+be a simple transaction between the railway and the shipper, and with
+no third party whatsoever. Whatever there may be in the way of parcels
+transportation which does not properly belong to the railways should be
+assumed by the government in the form of a general parcels post.
+
+With the way cleared to simple relations between shipper and railroad,
+the matter of rate-making in the interests of national development may
+be taken up, and the railroads enlisted in such policies as may be
+dictated by patriotism. In these the farmers are entitled to so much of
+special consideration as is commanded by the importance of agriculture
+as the basic industry of the world—no more, no less. In many schedules
+the railroads have favored agricultural development. These instances are
+those in which farming interests have been controlling in the matter
+of dividends. Perhaps we should expect nothing more of the purely
+individualistic philosophy of the past, but of the future we must demand
+much more.
+
+
+RATES AND DEVELOPMENT.
+
+Instances of the influence of railway policies on agriculture may be
+found in almost every country of the world. The beet sugar industry
+of Austria has been built up through the adjustment of railway rates.
+Huebner says of the German policy in this regard:
+
+    With the deliberate purpose of regulating industry and
+    commerce through the powerful medium of freight rates, 63
+    per cent of the traffic is given rates generally about half
+    as high as classified rates and seemingly unusually low as
+    compared with rates enforced in neighboring countries. These
+    rates are given to build up particular industries, to promote
+    specified districts, to protect German railways against foreign
+    competition, to overcome emergencies, to build up German
+    sea-ports, to promote German export trade, and discourage the
+    entry of specified imports.
+
+We have been told over and over again that the acquisition of the
+railroads of Germany by the government has been dictated by consideration
+of military strategy; but the world is just awakening to the fact that
+it is rather industrial strategy which has impelled the Germans to
+government ownership. The time is coming when the German railways will
+be freed from the fixed charges of both bonds and stocks, and German
+agricultural products will go to market, with her manufactures, at
+rates based on actual cost of service. The fostering uses of properly
+adjusted rates as applied to remote agricultural districts in Australia
+and New Zealand have been known to the world for years. Protection to
+home industries through tariffs has failed to benefit our farmers in any
+direct way, and the policy of attempting longer to maintain such tariffs
+seems to be in process of abandonment; but Van Wagenen has pointed out
+that agriculture may be stimulated and fostered through railway rates,
+and given all the benefits which clearly accrue to protected industries
+through tariffs. It might be no more than fair to the farmers if some
+of the taxes exacted from them through tariffs in the interests of
+manufacturers, were returned to them in such freight rates as would
+develop their agriculture along the intensive lines made possible by
+nearness to market; but it might be unfair to ask privately-owned
+railways to do it.
+
+The whole structure of rates as they now exist is devised to favor the
+long line to and from market, and made up with reference to the demands
+of certain trade centers, and certain powerful financial interests,
+some of which are closely allied to the ownership of the control of
+railways. A striking instance of this is to be found in the history
+of the rates on the border line between the Gulf trade basin, and the
+territory of the railways running to Chicago and the Atlantic ports.
+From Kansas and Oklahoma points the distance to tidewater on the Gulf is
+only from a quarter to a half the distance to the Atlantic. The farmers
+of that region, and of a great part of Nebraska, Colorado, and much
+other territory, are entitled to an outlet by way of the Gulf. It is
+nearer. It is over cheaper track. It is on easier grades. It should be
+in every way more economical. But when the battle between the old lines
+and the new began with the building of the roads to the Gulf, it was
+fought out, not along lines of what was best for the Nation, not along
+lines of what was best for the farmers whose stake in the controversy
+was the right to a fair price for their grain, but with sole reference
+to the interests of the railways themselves, and of the grain trade with
+which the railways have always maintained so intimate a friendship. Such
+agreements were made that grain would be as likely to go from Kansas
+City to the Atlantic as to the Gulf. In other words, the building of
+the Gulf lines was robbed of its benefits to the farmer. Rates were so
+adjusted, and still are, as to make the Gulf lines as bad for the farmer
+as the Atlantic lines, instead of making the old lines as good as the
+new should be. This is equivalent, as an economic futility, to the plan
+of handicapping the binder so as to restrict its work to the amount done
+by the same force in the old days of hand binding. Financially it may be
+wise—for the elevator trade, and the railway community of interest—but it
+is an economic crime as much as the breaking of the power looms by the
+old weavers. The present railway situation is full of such anomalies. One
+could spend days in their discussion. They are familiar to the shippers
+of the nation. They are apologized for by the wise men who write great
+tomes on transportation. But they must sometime be so corrected that
+trade will go on the railroad which can perform the transportation task
+most economically, without regard to the historic channels of traffic and
+the private interests concerned in the use thereof.
+
+[Illustration: DARIUS A. BROWN, Mayor of Kansas City]
+
+
+“TAPERING RATES.”
+
+I have spoken of the difficulties which confront the people of the deep
+interior of the continent in working out their complete industrial
+development. By complete industrial development, I mean that full growth
+in industry which has come to such seaboard locations as Great Britain,
+the Netherlands, our Eastern seaboard, our lake regions and the like. One
+can scarcely conceive such complete development in Iowa, Nebraska, the
+Dakotas, or Oklahoma. And yet it is merely a question of transportation.
+The problem of the future relates to the question of the ability of land
+carriage of any kind to furnish it. If it cannot be accomplished by land
+carriage, the Nation will have recourse to waterways. New Rockford
+and her sister hamlets will reach the sea, either by the way of the
+railroads, or by the Missouri river. If the railways are to give New
+Rockford—and in her I typify all the interior—what it must have if it is
+to develope completely, they must find some way to compensate the place
+by means of rates for its remoteness from the sea.
+
+This may be done by what is called “tapering rates”—that is, by rates
+which increase not with the distance, but on some basis which gives the
+remote point a less tariff per ton a mile than the nearby point. The
+railroads have made such rates always when the demands of profit called
+for them; and their policy has resulted in great benefit to the interior;
+but the diverse ownership of the different lines and restrictive laws,
+as well as the lack of a national policy in rate-making, conspire to
+prevent the full application of the principle. Congressman D. J. Lewis
+of Maryland has laid down the principle that rates along a line should
+increase with the square root of the distance, instead of with the
+distance. Thus, if the proper rate per hundredweight for twenty-five
+miles is ten cents, for 625 miles the rate should be not $2.50, which
+would be the increase directly with the distance, but twenty-five cents,
+the increase over ten cents according to the square root of the distance.
+The value of this formula may lie principally in the emphasis of the
+economic justice, as well as the necessity, of tapering rates for long
+hauls. As it is, rates taper from New York to Chicago, not according to
+the square root formula, but in a manner not very much at odds with it;
+but then they are increased by the fresh start from Chicago as a basing
+point. Under a national policy in rate-making, these rates would continue
+to taper to the point at which it would be more economical to ship in
+some other direction—to the Pacific, or to the Gulf.
+
+The influence of tapering rates on the industrial development of a
+people may be seen strikingly manifested in Texas, which has long had
+a rate system peculiar to itself. This system is said to be the fruit
+of the statesmanship of Judge Reagan, and was devised expressly in the
+interests of a population deemed to be permanently agricultural. It is
+exactly the opposite of the general policy which has built up a few
+great cities at the expense of the rest of the country, and the best or
+worst example of which is perhaps the case of Chicago. Chicago is fed by
+livestock shipments which sweep past the very doors of packing houses
+quite as well equipped to slaughter the stock as any in the Windy City,
+and the livestock rates are only a sample of the system of tariffs that
+keep in Chicago’s hands the headship in commerce to which in the natural
+development of things she would not be entitled. Railroad rates keep
+the great centers great by decreeing that the primary products shall be
+sold there, and that the supplies of goods ready for consumption shall
+be bought there. This is done by depriving other trade centers of the
+natural advantages over Chicago, of their nearness to the farms, while
+leaving them handicapped by their remoteness from water transportation.
+And wherever a great city is found in the United States, the same sort
+of rate structure is found. The economic result is that long hauls are
+favored for the railroads, with greater profits to them perhaps; but the
+farmers are deprived of the benefits of the home markets which nearby
+large cities afford. The state of Iowa is Chicago’s back field; and
+Iowa’s population is shrinking. This fact alone is enough to condemn the
+rate system which permits it. And Iowa’s case is glaring merely because
+she is an almost purely agricultural state. The farm populations of the
+other states on Chicago’s back fields are shrinking, also. And while I
+do not think it fair to attribute all this to rate mal-adjustments, I
+feel sure that if the Texas system of rates had been in effect in the
+Chicago-St. Louis basin, the phenomenon of decreasing population would
+have been long postponed, and might never have appeared.
+
+
+THE TEXAS SYSTEM OF RATES.
+
+The Texas system, as perfected by the Texas State Railway Commission,
+is based on the theory that many medium sized towns and cities are to
+be preferred, for the agricultural welfare of the state, to one or two
+overgrown municipalities with rates made to stimulate their growths at
+the expense of the rest. This has been accomplished by the establishment
+of a maximum freight charge, above which there can be no increase, no
+matter what the distance—with the exception of certain remote points
+in the cases of which additions are made, not according to the entire
+length of haul, but according to their distance beyond the limits of the
+zone which is established about every shipping point. Thus merchandise
+taking the class rates pays a tariff from any shipping point according
+to distance, up to 245 miles, beyond which the rate for 245 miles is
+paid no matter what the distance. The maximum rate on cotton is reached
+at 160 miles from any station; on flour, grain and hay at 140 miles;
+on coal, 790 miles; on fruits, vegetables and melons, 180 miles, and
+thus for all shipments. The result is that the remote truck farmer is
+as close, so far as rates are concerned, to the city 500 miles away, as
+to the one 180 miles off—and the principle is applied to all producers,
+with variations as to distance. This gives him a wide choice in markets
+and rates, which equalizes conditions so far as rates can do so, between
+the interior and the coast. And it fosters the small and new city by
+enabling it to compete in jobbing and manufacturing with the large and
+old one. Thus, while such places as Galveston, Houston, Dallas, Fort
+Worth and Waco are among the most prosperous towns of their size in the
+country, they are constantly meeting the competition of that numerous
+class of smaller Texan cities the unsuspected presence of which in the
+interior is such a constant surprise to the traveler from the North.
+Business is decentralized to an extent nowhere else seen in the United
+States in an agricultural community. And decentralization, while opposed
+to the immediate interests of the railways, is clearly profitable to
+the farmers, better for the people in general, and in all probability
+will prove in the end better for the railways themselves. For after all,
+railroad prosperity must depend on national prosperity.
+
+It may be said that the Texas system has been tried out on a small and
+a state scale only. On a state scale, truly, but not on a small scale
+by any means. From El Paso to Texarkana the distance is almost exactly
+that from New York to Chicago, and from Brownsville to Texline is as
+far as from Kansas City to Winnipeg. Moreover, Texas has most of the
+problems which confront the Nation itself in working out a national
+system of rate-making—a coast well settled and old in development with
+all the wealth and power that the conditions imply—a hinterland ranging
+in conditions from fine farming land like that of Iowa, through semi-arid
+to desert. The Texas rate system may not be the last word in rate-making,
+and probably is not; but it seems to work well, and is certainly worth
+study. As will be seen at a glance, it is a modification of the systems
+of tapering rates suggested above—in which rates taper to a point where
+a maximum is reached, and then cease to increase at all. It is also a
+modification of the zone system in effect on certain foreign railways,
+under which within certain territorial limits railway rates are flat,
+like postage. The economic basis for such rates lies in considerations of
+national welfare, coupled with the well-known transportation principle
+that the terminal charge which makes up so large a portion of most
+shipments, is the same for a long haul as a short one.
+
+
+THE DECLINE OF NEW ENGLAND AGRICULTURE.
+
+For purposes relating to the fostering of such interests as seemed
+necessary to the welfare of New England and New England’s tonnage, the
+railroads have themselves put in effect with reference to that section
+a system of rates which in some ways resembles the zone system of
+Europe, or the maximum distance tariff of Texas. Cut off by the tariff
+on imports from her natural hinterland, Canada, the decline of New
+England’s agriculture under the competition of the prairie lands would
+have brought to her a permanent industrial decline, had she not turned
+her attention to manufacturing. And even as to that, she was placed
+at a disadvantage as soon as the development of the Middle States and
+Middle West brought that great region to the manufacturing stage. For New
+England’s manufactures had to go to market through New York, and most of
+her raw materials had to be imported from the West and the South. The
+railways used their powers of rulership in the interests of this whole
+group of states, as they are constantly doing in the case of cities—they
+decreed prosperity to New England’s manufacturers through a rate system.
+They made of New England a flat-rate zone for raw materials, with the
+same rate to all points, and practically the same as the rate to New
+York. This applies to all raw materials coming from west of a line drawn
+from Buffalo to Pittsburg through Wheeling. For out-going shipments,
+they gave all New England points a flat uniform rate to all points west
+of a line drawn from Cleveland to the Ohio river. That the wage earners
+of New England might be favored in cost of living—a feature reflected in
+low wages—the food products from the West are given a rate practically
+the same as that to New York—and thus the ruin of the old New England
+agriculture, already probable, was made certain. Had it not been for
+these imperial measures, New England’s headship in manufacturing would
+have been lost, first to the Middle States, and then, perhaps, to the
+Middle West. The expedient differs from the Texas system in the fact that
+it is applied partially and in the interests of manufactures, with New
+York as a center, while the Texas system is applied for the purpose of
+decentralizing business by making every shipping point the center of its
+own flat-rate zone.
+
+But the most striking illustration of the power of the railroads to
+foster or to blight industry, lies perhaps after all in the field
+of agriculture. And it so happens that it is also the instance of
+the application on the broadest scale of the zone principle in which
+all rates are the same to all points within certain territorial
+limits. I refer to the rate structure which has been built up for the
+transportation of the citrus and other fruits and vegetables of the
+Pacific coast and the Pacific Northwest to the markets of the eastern
+half of the continent. While the principle is applied with more or
+less completeness to shipments of deciduous fruits and truck, it is
+best studied in its relation to citrus fruits. Oranges and lemons go
+to all points east of Denver at a flat rate. From Cheyenne, Wyoming,
+to Eastport, Maine, the rate on citrus fruit is the same. The effect
+has been most beneficial to the agriculture of the Western quarter of
+the United States, to the people at large, and to the railways. Whether
+or not the rates are just, the principle upon which they are made is
+conducive to the development of agriculture and is, perhaps, essential
+to such development, when the industry is hampered by land carriage over
+great distances. And nothing need be said in addition to citing these
+instances of the determinative effects of our railway rates on the course
+of prosperity, in spite of the averages which seem to show the economic
+unimportance of rates.
+
+
+SOIL DEPLETION.
+
+Thus far, I have discussed the influence of railroad policies upon the
+farmer as a man engaged in one of the many industries which make up
+the sum of industrial activities. But there are certain respects in
+which the farmer represents the everlasting welfare of the race, and
+certain demands which he may legitimately make on the transportation
+agencies of the land which are based on every man’s heritage in the
+soil, and interest in its continued fertility. The depletion of the soil
+by cropping is largely accomplished through transportation, and its
+restoration to fertility must be accomplished, where such restoration is
+necessary, in large measure, through the same agencies.
+
+The soil is a reservoir of plant food. Most of the dozen or so elements
+used by plants in building themselves up from the soil are found in
+it in such great abundance that we need take little care for their
+conservation. Only three—or possibly four—are so scarce as to call for
+anxiety. These three are nitrogen, potash and phosphorus.
+
+Potash is ordinarily found in soils in such quantities as to render its
+application unnecessary and yet there exist localities in almost every
+state where a marked poverty exists in this element. Peaty soils are
+always deficient in potash, and as the swamps of the Nation are drained
+the potash problem will grow in importance. Commercial potash is mostly
+imported from Germany, where the government’s conservation measures have
+already brought its export into the field of somewhat vexing diplomacy.
+The German supply would seem adequate for the world’s demands for many
+centuries. The deposit underlies more than a million acres, and in the
+Strassfurt district, where it was discovered some fifty years ago,
+the total thickness of the potassium-bearing strata amounts to the
+astonishing depth of 5,000 feet. It is estimated that this wonderful
+supply at the present rate of mining will last 190,000 years. It should
+be remembered, however, that reclamation activities are likely more and
+more to be directed to swamps as the arid regions are brought under
+irrigation, and that the drain on the German potash deposits is likely to
+increase in a geometrical ratio. Our Government does well, therefore, to
+push diligently the search for potash deposits at home, which it is doing
+with some prospects of success. In any case, we are not dependent on the
+German deposits as an ultimate fact; for the waters of the sea are the
+source from which these great deposits originally came, and there seems
+no reason to doubt the ultimate feasibility of obtaining potash for all
+future time from that inexhaustible source, if the geological deposits
+fail or are denied us. But the matter of getting potash to the land, from
+whatever source it comes, is a railroad problem in most cases.
+
+
+IMPORTING FERTILIZERS.
+
+Since the guano deposits of the Pacific islands, and the nitrate deposits
+of Chili were opened to the agriculture of the world, the carriage
+of nitrogen to the soil has been a great transportation feature. For
+nitrogen is often the limiting element in the soil. It exists in the
+earth in small quantities only, and though all cultivated plants are
+bathed in a limitless sea of it in the atmosphere, they have not the
+power of using any except that which is fixed in the soil. They starve
+for nitrogen, while blown about by winds filled with it. Not all plants,
+however, are so helpless in the matter of taking nitrogen from the air.
+The plants grown as crops are utterly unable to help themselves to the
+plentiful atmospheric supply, but certain minute plants called bacteria
+have the power denied to those of higher organization, and it is certain
+that almost all of the fixed nitrogen in the earth’s crust, in the guano
+beds, in the nitrate deposits of Chili and elsewhere, has been taken from
+the air by these bacteria, aided perhaps by certain fungi which grow
+about the roots of plants like the oak, and by the negligible fixation
+of nitrogen by lightning. These bacteria are coöperators with certain
+plants of the bean family—clovers, alfalfa, vetches, sweet clover, beans,
+peas, velvet beans, cowpeas and the like. The microscopic plants grow on
+the roots of these legumes—and to some extent free, or associated with
+non-leguminous plants—on the basis of mutual aid. The bacteria reach out
+into the soil and fix nitrogen for the legumes, and the legumes furnish
+a host on which the bacteria live, just as we furnish a host for the
+bacteria of disease. And when a crop of any legume is plowed down into
+the soil, it is found to have added to the land nitrates to the value,
+sometimes, of more than twenty-five dollars per acre. Thus by setting in
+motion the forces of nature, the farmer may draw nitrogen from the very
+heavens above his farm, without money and without price. This is perhaps
+the most vital agricultural discovery of the ages.
+
+But how, you may say, is the nitrogen supply a matter of concern to the
+railroads, if nitrates may be drawn from the air? Unfortunately, there is
+work for them to do in assisting the farmer to adapt conditions in his
+soil to the needs of these bacteria. For some reasons, the bacteria of
+the clovers and their leguminous cousins will not do well in a soil that
+is acid; and soils tend to become acid through cultivation. Acidity is
+the bane of the older farms of the United States. When acid phosphates
+are applied for the purpose of furnishing phosphorus to the crops, the
+very process of fertilization tends to produce acidity. Most of the
+prairie soils were originally alkaline, and finely adapted to the growth
+of the favoring bacteria of the legumes, but plants that thrive on acid
+soils—especially the sorrel—are appearing in the prairie states of the
+Mississippi Valley, and wherever they appear, clovers cease to thrive.
+
+
+THE VALUE OF LIME.
+
+Nature’s remedy for acidity in the soil is lime. The basis of the great
+alfalfa industry in the West and Southwest is the high percentage of lime
+in the arid soils, which have retained this precious element through
+that very dryness which, until irrigation redeemed it, made some of it a
+desert. Now lime is needed over a great part of the United States east of
+the Mississippi. Even where the soil is of limestone origin, it may have
+become acid by the dissolving of the lime out of the surface soil. In
+Wisconsin a great area of otherwise good land has been found to be acid,
+though a stratum of limestone lies only a few feet below the grass roots.
+The abandoned farms of New England need lime. The old farms of New York
+and Pennsylvania, and all the South, need lime. Wherever the legumes
+fail to arrive, lime is a prime need. Carbonate of lime is the basis
+of legume culture, and successful agriculture everywhere—in China, in
+Japan, in India, in the highly cultivated nations of Europe—is based on
+leguminous crops. The supply of nitrogen to these states of ours in which
+agriculture has languished must be restored through lime in the soil and
+rotations in which legumes shall have large part. And the supply of lime
+is essentially a transportation question.
+
+Lime is one of the most plentiful of the elements necessary to
+agriculture. Its application to the land has in some periods achieved
+such bad repute that there is a maxim among farmers that lime makes
+the children rich but the grandchildren poor. The evils referred to,
+however, arise, I believe, from the application of caustic lime, and are
+not necessary to the use of lime. It has now been determined, I believe
+it is safe to say, that raw ground limestone is the best form of lime
+in which it can be given to the soil. It may be applied in any amount
+without injury. If raw ground limestone could be spread an inch deep over
+the farms east of the Mississippi (and in many localities west of it)
+it would bring about a condition which would soon swamp the railroads
+with tonnage; and while there are some favored soils to which it would
+do no good, it would nowhere do any harm. It would put the East on a
+parity with the alfalfa lands of the West in the matter of the production
+of legumes, and would bring hope to the discouraged farmers who strive
+against the obscure evils of increasing soil acidity.
+
+Limestone occurs along the lines of every railway. It is almost as common
+and cheap as gravel. It can be ground cheaply, and cheaply shipped. It
+should be furnished to the farms at gravel prices. Burned lime is sold at
+almost prohibitive prices, and thousands of farmers who know their needs
+are deterred from satisfying them because of poverty. This is a problem
+which enlightened statesmanship should solve in the interests of the
+Nation, and one to the solution of which a railroad system operated in
+the interests of the national welfare would surely address itself.
+
+
+PHOSPHORUS.
+
+Phosphorus is the element which is perhaps most commonly lacking when
+a soil is infertile. A good soil should contain not less than 2,000
+pounds of it in the top foot of ground. Many so-called exhausted soils
+are reduced to less than a sixth of this amount. A crop of corn of a
+hundred bushels to the acre takes from the soil of each acre twenty-three
+pounds of phosphorus; a fifty-bushel wheat crop takes sixteen pounds,
+a two-bale cotton crop takes thirty pounds, and other crops in like
+manner subtract from the phosphorus supply. Only about one per cent of
+the supply is available to the crop of any one year—that is, in their
+hunt for phosphorus the rootlets are unable to find more than one atom
+in a hundred. Thus we see that a good soil provided with 2,000 pounds
+of phosphorus to the acre within reach of the roots cannot produce a
+100-bushel crop of corn. Such a crop must have twenty-three pounds of
+phosphorus, and the roots can find only twenty—and the next year the
+supply will be reduced to 1,980 pounds, and the roots will be able
+to find but nineteen and eight-tenths per cent of phosphorus for the
+dwindling crop. The 2,000 pounds of phosphorus would be quite adequate
+to the needs of the fifty-bushel wheat crop, but it would fall short
+by one-third of meeting the demands of the two-bale cotton crop. As so
+of all crops. They draw on the supply of a limiting element, and as
+successive croppings reduce this supply, the crop falls off until we have
+the four-bushel wheat crop, the ten-bushel corn crop, the third-of-a-bale
+cotton crop, which marks the ruin of the farmer—and the railway.
+
+There is no way to supply phosphorus to the soil save by carrying it upon
+the land and applying it. It is not found, like nitrogen in the air. It
+may be brought back in manure and the bones of slaughtered animals, and
+the process of depletion retarded, but this game is inevitably a losing
+one like those gambling games in which there is always a percentage in
+favor of the house. The fertility flushed into the waters of the earth
+through sewers, the waste of manure, the leaching of soil by rains—all
+these are the percentages in favor of the house, and against the players.
+The players are we—the human race—and the house is the massed forces
+of nature. There seems to be no way to play this game of life without
+losing. If the earth ever becomes unable to sustain human life, there is
+good reason to believe that our doom will reach us through failure of the
+supply of phosphorus in the soil.
+
+There is no phosphorus in the air, and in the waters the supply is
+negligible. It is an element, and until we discover the secret of the
+transmutation of elements we cannot make it. As it disappears from the
+soil there is no source of replenishment of the supply, except in the
+phosphate rocks of the earth. And while the failure of the soil to give
+its increase, and the depopulation of the earth through the exhaustion of
+this element of plant food may seem remote and speculative, the necessity
+of transporting the phosphate rocks from the quarries to the farms is
+an actual and present one. And it is a matter which lies within the
+relations between the railroads and the farmers.
+
+
+PHOSPHATE RESOURCES.
+
+Fortunately for the permanent agriculture of the United States, the
+largest known deposits of phosphorus in nature are within her boundaries.
+Guano, which is merely the manure accumulated on rainless islands where
+seabirds congregate, is of very limited importance in the long run,
+though for so long the source from which most of the world’s commercial
+phosphates were derived. The phosphate rocks of the world are, so far as
+known, preponderantly in the United States. All the phosphate rock now
+mined, I believe, comes from the three states of South Carolina, Florida
+and Tennessee—whence the rock is now shipped at a rate which will exhaust
+them about the year 1930. On three Pacific islands are known deposits of
+high grade rock of about the same amount as that still remaining unmined
+in these three states—about 60,000,000 tons in each case. These rocks
+contain from sixty to eighty per cent of calcium phosphate. As they
+fall off in output, and the need for phosphorus becomes more bitter,
+the farmers must use rock of lower and lower grade, and the task of
+transporting it will become proportionately greater.
+
+Indeed, the task of transportation will begin to increase long before
+it becomes necessary to resort to the low grade rock. For far from the
+depleted lands, in Utah, Idaho and Wyoming, are the greatest high grade
+phosphate beds in the world—something like half a billion tons of rock
+practically in sight (according to Van Hise), and averaging over seventy
+per cent tricalcium phosphate. The existence of these great deposits,
+and of the low grade beds known to exist elsewhere, together with the
+probability that other beds will be discovered, justifies the highest
+optimism as to the future of agriculture—if transportation facilities
+can be afforded which will place the phosphates on the ground on terms
+tolerable to the farmers and profitable to them. This is a railway
+problem. As a mere matter of tonnage it is potentially greater than any
+other transportation item, save the one of supplying the fields with lime.
+
+At present this sole supply of available phosphate rock is being carried
+off to Europe as fast as the mills can grind and the railways carry it to
+the ships. Nothing is being done to conserve the supply, so far as I am
+aware, in emulation of Germany’s statesmanship in conserving her potash
+beds. It would be unfair to blame the railways which only act as common
+carriers in these shipments. But it might not be too much to expect of
+the patriotism of the men who have these great interests in hand to ask
+them to reverse the policy which they have adopted as to many other
+commodities, and to make higher rates for export on phosphate rock than
+for home consumption. The real remedy for the drain of phosphorus lies,
+of course, with the Government. We are forbidden by the Constitution to
+stop shipments abroad by means of an export duty, but we have the right
+to stop exports entirely, or to limit them. Our ethical right to refuse
+to divide the phosphate treasures with the needy agriculture of the world
+may be open to question; but we might surely demand that the foreign
+deposits be worked first for the foreign demand. The shipment of our
+phosphates abroad, with the certainty confronting us that at some future
+time we shall have to re-import the same commodity, involves an economic
+waste to which the world should not be subjected. And the railroads
+ought, in their own interests, to adopt every policy legally open to them
+to keep the phosphate rock for the use of the farms within their own
+transportation territory.
+
+
+RATES AND FERTILIZERS.
+
+It has just been suggested that the railways might discriminate in
+their rates on fertilizers, in favor of the home market, and against
+the foreign. Most railway men are probably unaware of the extent to
+which they are contributing to the exhaustion of our soils by their
+discrimination against the American milling of American grains and in
+favor of the export of the whole grains instead of the milled product.
+For generations we have had a tariff on wheat, ostensibly for the
+protection of the American farmer; and all the time the railways have
+made rates for export wheat lower than for domestic milling. Flour is
+largely denied the benefits of water transportation on the lakes, in
+part because it must go to market over the docks which are to a greater
+and greater degree controlled by the railways, while the great elevator
+companies with their terminal houses standing at the water’s edge, and
+many of them provided with their own lines of boats, send wheat and
+other grains to tide water so cheaply as to make the shipment of flour
+a thing practically under the control of themselves and of the railways
+with which they have been traditionally closely affiliated in business
+interest. The result has been that, while there are mills enough in
+America to grind all our grain, most of our exports go unground.
+
+This will be intolerable to public opinion when once enlightened upon
+the subject. The export of flour, of course, constitutes a drain
+of fertility; but the phosphorus content of the grain is largely
+concentrated in the bran and shorts. In the bran of every bushel of wheat
+exported goes phosphorus in its most readily available form of the value,
+at the ordinary rates paid by farmers for phosphates, of from twenty-five
+to thirty cents. A system of transportation based on considerations of
+national welfare would sedulously seek to retain that fertility for our
+depleted farms. Where grain is milled there grows up a large local use
+for bran, shorts and middlings—the by-products of milling. These are used
+in the feeding of dairy cattle and other live stock, furnishing what is
+needed in animal nutrition to balance the corn ration. Farms to which
+they are carried for feeding increase in fertility. The fertility of the
+prairie states has been sapped by fifty years of grain shipments. This
+era should be succeeded by the golden age of American milling. The wheat
+fields of Canada stand ready to send us fertility to replace that which
+we have shipped to Europe; and our transportation system should be used
+to the end that it should be retained here. The Hudson Bay basin would
+thus, during its period of soil exploitation, return to the Mississippi
+Valley what we have sent to the hungry soils of the old world.
+
+
+RAILROADS AND POPULATION.
+
+The existence of overgrown cities is to a large extent attributable
+to the policies of the railroads with reference to them. The Texas
+system has, I believe, shown the power of transportation influences to
+decentralize population, just as the history of Chicago, Kansas City,
+the Twin Cities, New York and almost every large city proves their power
+in the direction of centralization. As a farming factor, the large city
+is a drain on fertility. These great towns are flushing out through
+their sewers the goodness of the Nation’s farms. In the carriage of
+lime, phosphates, potash, cottonseed meal, bone meal, and of all the
+fertilizers of commerce, the railways as national tools of right living
+should be used to restore to the lands the fertility of which they have
+inevitably, in some instances, mistakenly in others, deprived them. But
+in considering the so-called commercial fertilizers, the coarser manures
+should not be forgotten. The enormous waste of manure about the great
+cities should be stopped. A German farmer of my acquaintance told me the
+other day that he had never sold a load of hay or straw from his farm
+in all his life. “Often,” said he, “I have had more than I needed, but
+I have held it over, even when the price was high and I needed money.
+It seemed to me as if that hay and straw didn’t belong to me, but to
+the farm.” Under the renting customs of many British and other European
+localities the tenant agrees that whenever he hauls hay or straw to
+market he will haul back to the farm an equal quantity of manure.
+
+This custom is based on the highest wisdom. The German farmer was
+right—that hay and straw do not belong to the farmer, but to the farm.
+And whenever hay or straw, or any of the vegetable substances which are
+made into manure, are taken to the city, they should be considered as
+lent, not sold. Getting them out to the farms—not the identical farms,
+of course, but the farms—is a railway problem. And it should rest on the
+conscience of the people and of the railways, as did the similar problem
+on the conscience of my German friend.
+
+I am aware that the railways of the country are not entirely oblivious
+to the wisdom of the policies here urged upon them. In some places they
+are making commendable efforts to get the manure of the cities out to
+the farms. In other instances, they are making what they probably regard
+as very low rates on fertilizers and lime. Just recently a railway in
+Virginia has made a rate of from one-half to three-fourths of a cent per
+ton mile on lime. But I do not find that they have anywhere made any
+such heroic efforts to cut down the cost of carriage of fertilizers and
+manures for the farms, as they have in the case of coal from the mines
+to the docks on Lake Erie, or grain from the elevators at the foot of
+the lake to New York, or ore from lake ports to Pittsburgh, or packing
+house products from Missouri river points to Chicago. In my opinion, true
+national welfare demands that the fertility of our farms be sustained
+at all costs, and that no freight is entitled to rates as low as ground
+phosphate rock, ground limestone, and manures.
+
+
+THE GREATEST RAILWAY FOLLY.
+
+The demands made here upon the railways may be regarded in some quarters
+as unwarranted. I am quite aware of their scope and character as
+innovations. They go deeper than the relations between the railroads and
+the farmers, and rise to the point of an outline for a national rate
+policy for our railways. In what I have said I have regarded the railways
+as public utilities in the strictest sense of the word. I have scarcely
+more than alluded to the rights of investors in railway properties, and
+I mention them now for the sole purpose of stating that in my opinion
+no demands will ever be made in the interests of the public welfare, or
+should be made, inimical to the rights of investors to a proper return
+on their investment made for the purpose of serving the transportation
+needs of the Nation. None of the things which I suggest are at variance
+with these principles. The railways may properly adopt the policy of
+hauling, or may properly be forced to haul certain public necessities
+at or for less than cost, so long as on the whole job of transportation
+they are allowed to earn legitimate profits. I do not believe that
+in the long run the profits on the fertilizer traffic should be made
+directly out of their haulage. I do believe that the time will come when
+no transportation folly will rank as greater in the eyes of our railway
+managers than that of allowing rolling stock to remain idle, while
+there is a chance to get loads of ground lime, ground phosphate rock
+or manure at almost any rate. I am not unaware of the various private
+interests which would demand and secure monopoly prices if the railways
+should transport these things at low rates or even gratis, if that were
+possible; but this is not the time for the discussion of these things.
+They must be dealt with by the statesmanship of the future. Institutions
+must be gradually moulded to the end that the agriculture of the Nation
+may be enabled to flourish; for on its agriculture and the status of its
+agricultural population rests in the last analysis the welfare of the
+Nation and its railroads. It may be urged that the present railway system
+of the land will not permit of the exercise of the beneficent functions
+outlined here. If that be so, it is no affair of mine. My task is to
+follow truth as I see it, wherever it may lead. If the railway system
+under which we happen to be doing business be at variance with the final
+demands of national welfare, there is ground for optimism in the historic
+fact that nothing changes more readily than railway systems. They have
+been almost revolutionized in the past decade—and these considerations of
+national welfare of which I am here privileged to speak will take many
+decades in coming to a final decision.
+
+Mr. Quick closed by reading the following telegram from O. C. Barber of
+Akron, Ohio:
+
+    Regret exceedingly my inability to attend Conservation
+    Congress. I note from several different programs there will
+    be distinguished speakers on the question from all over the
+    states. I hope as a result of the meeting something more than
+    speeches will be accomplished in conservation of the equities
+    of all American citizens. Things vital for their comfort have
+    been transferred to corporate power by unjust legislation,
+    without adequate legal restraint on corporate power compelling
+    fair play and justice to all interested. A special interest
+    should be elicited to compel a rate of freight on all
+    fertilizers for land from which we all derive our sustenance.
+    Not more than four-tenths of a cent per ton mile should be
+    permitted for long hauls, nor five-tenths of a cent per ton
+    mile for short hauls. Any well managed railroad could haul
+    fertilizer for that price at a profit—referring to all kinds of
+    fertilizer, lime, phosphate, rock, etc. If you would take such
+    action as would accomplish this one thing, you would do more
+    for the good of mankind than all the conservation efforts have
+    accomplished to date. Wishing you great success, I am sincerely,
+
+                                                       O. C. BARBER.
+
+President WALLACE—I have appointed the following committee on
+nominations: C. E. Condra, E. G. Griggs, A. B. Farquhar and H. C.
+Wallace, and B. N. Baker, Chairman.
+
+Get together and be ready to report nominations promptly tomorrow.
+Remember, we will have a very busy Congress. I want you to be here at
+2 o’clock promptly, because we will commence at 2 o’clock if there is
+anybody here, and some of you will be. This afternoon, I am very sorry
+to say, we will not have the privilege of hearing Brother W. H. Page.
+I have a letter stating that sickness prevents his attendance. Instead
+of that we will take up the report from conservation committees, and as
+far as possible from the states. Let me urge you to cut your speeches
+down to five minutes, or I will shut every man off after five minutes,
+no matter who he is. Don’t tell us about your resources. We know about
+them. Tell us what you are doing. Make it specific and to the point, and
+then this Congress will hear you patiently, but they won’t hear you after
+that, and I won’t either. We must come down to business. This afternoon
+we are to have Professor Mumford on the subject of live stock and soil
+fertility, a matter of immense importance. The ladies will come in after
+that, and I hope you will all bring your wives and sisters and cousins
+and aunts. We will have an address on the “Farmer’s Wife,” who you have
+heard is the most important person on the farm and the one who bears the
+greatest burden—by Mrs. Ashby of Iowa, followed by Mrs. J. N. Lewis of
+Kansas. Tonight we are to have a great treat. Mrs. Moore of the General
+Federation of Women’s Clubs; then the “Church and the Open Country,” by
+Dr. Warren H. Wilson, New York City, superintendent of home missions of
+the Presbyterian Church, and then finally, to round up, an address by Dr.
+Harvey W. Wiley, Washington, D. C., Chief of the Bureau of Chemistry,
+United States Department of Agriculture, of whom you have all probably
+heard. That will be the closing address this evening. Be here promptly at
+2 o’clock. The Congress will now stand adjourned until 2 o’clock.
+
+
+
+
+_FIFTH SESSION._
+
+
+Recording Secretary GIPE—Will the Congress please come to order. The Rev.
+Dr. George Hamilton Combs will pronounce the invocation.
+
+
+INVOCATION.
+
+    Almighty God, our Heavenly Father, we thank Thee for this
+    world in which we live; for its beauty, for its adaptation
+    to our needs, for the skies that arch it over, for the grass
+    beneath our feet, for the seasons with their lessons, for
+    all the wonderful stories of life. Thou hast made it for man
+    and Thou art in it now. Help us to realize that this world
+    is instinct with Thy life, and may we see and hear God, not
+    only in the skies and in the singing of the stars, but in the
+    humbler things beneath us, and in that stiller music of all
+    growing things. May we seek this priceless heritage, may we
+    preserve this good world unimpaired, handing it down enriched
+    and beautified, to our children, those who shall come after.
+    We thank Thee for this Congress and for the great purposes
+    and ideals for which it stands, and upon the men and women
+    gathered here we pray Thy blessing, upon their homes while
+    they are absent, that their children, their wives, their all,
+    may be defended from harm. Upon them, in their deliberations
+    here, grant that in wisdom they may plan and in strength they
+    may execute, and that they may have a vision, not only of the
+    day, but of the years that shall come after. We thank Thee for
+    this good work, and oh, do Thou help us that we forget not that
+    while in the pursuit of this material good we do err; that
+    after all and that above all the riches of our people are not
+    in the mines, in its fertile fields, in its forests, but in its
+    men and in its women, and so send us the greater harvest, not
+    merely of corn and wheat, but of charity, of goodness, of the
+    great and patient fidelities of life, and help us all to live
+    that we shall have advanced at least a little the coming of
+    the day when righteousness shall cover the earth even as the
+    waters cover the sea. And so upon this earth of ours may God’s
+    sovereign will be done even as it is in Heaven. Amen.
+
+Recording Secretary GIPE—I am asked by Mr. Baker, the chairman of the
+committee on nominations, to announce that a meeting of that committee
+will be held at 3 o’clock this afternoon at room 775 of the Baltimore
+Hotel. I now have the honor to present Governor R. S. Vessey of South
+Dakota, who will address the Congress and remain in the Chair after he
+has finished that address. Governor Vessey of South Dakota. (Applause)
+
+Governor VESSEY—Mr. Chairman, Ladies and Gentlemen of the Conservation
+Congress: I have no set speech to make this afternoon, and I think, if I
+remember aright, the president said we would be permitted to talk five
+minutes on what we have done in our state in regard to conservation. So
+I just want to enumerate a few things that we have done up in our new
+state, practically only of age, twenty-one years old, in the past half
+a dozen years. We have reclaimed, by drainage, several hundred thousand
+acres, and we are reclaiming by irrigation something like a quarter of a
+million of acres, and nearly one-half of that is a Federal enterprise.
+We are in all parts of the western part of the state planting newer and
+similar individual irrigation plants that will develop a large part of
+the state. We have in the past been endeavoring to conserve the fertility
+of our soils. We are endeavoring to conserve manhood and womanhood by
+making them more efficient in the great agricultural work, by sending out
+into their community and out in their neighborhoods teachers along the
+line of agricultural and domestic science, and other matters pertaining
+to make the home more efficient and more modern. We believe that the
+time is coming, and that very soon, when every rural district will have
+a social and educational center for the upbuilding of that community.
+And when that is done, I look to see the day when the people will not,
+as soon as they have accumulated some wealth, move into the city for the
+purpose of giving their children an education, largely so they may enter
+vocations in life other than the farm life. We believe also that the
+heart should be educated the same as the mind. A committee of educators
+in our state has reported, not only along this line, favorably, but they
+have compiled a text-book and are introducing it into our schools, and
+we expect that our teachers will be trained along the lines of giving
+to our students ethical as well as material education. So that we can,
+at the same time we are improving the mind, build a character that will
+mean more to us in the future than the accumulation of dollars and cents.
+We have, I think, a progressive state, and we want to create conditions
+so that people from the further East and the more congested centers of
+population will find a haven of rest and a place where they can come
+and not only better their financial condition but better their social
+condition as well. I appreciate very much indeed having this opportunity
+of saying these few words in the interest of the conservation of our
+resources. I think that we have been looking so long upon the land that
+has been turned over to us by the United States Government, as something
+that is only for use for our own material well-being. We are beginning to
+learn that we are only here for a short time, and that if we are going to
+be honest with those that are coming after us, that it is our duty not
+to rob that soil, but to turn that soil over to our children, and from
+them to their children’s children, in just as good a state of fertility
+as it comes to us in its virgin state. And when we do not do this, we are
+robbing our posterity of something future generations are entitled to,
+that they are just as much entitled to as they are to our good name. And
+this, I believe, is a wonderful revelation. And it seems to be taking all
+over the country, to know that in farming a section of land that I have
+an obligation to those who may farm it a hundred years from now, and that
+it should be my intention, that it is my duty, and I am under obligations
+to keep that in just as good state of fertility when I leave it as it is
+when I take the responsibility of taking the products that are needed
+to sustain life from that land. It is a pleasure to meet the people of
+this Congress, the Third Conservation Congress. Now we will listen to the
+further program by the secretary.
+
+President WALLACE—I have great pleasure in reading to this Congress
+a letter from a man you have heard about, commonly known as “Teddy.”
+(Applause. Hurrah for Teddy.) I wrote him a month ago and asked him to
+address this Congress. He declined to do so, but I would not accept his
+declination. Then I had a letter from him, a personal letter, which I did
+not care to read to this Congress without his permission. Unfortunately,
+I do not have it here, but expect to get it this afternoon or tomorrow
+from my office in Des Moines. So I will simply read you the letter giving
+permission to read another letter which I do not have, but you shall have
+if I get it in time. Here is the letter:
+
+    My Dear Mr. Wallace: I greatly wish I could attend the
+    Congress. You are very welcome to read as much of my letter as
+    you desire, or as much of this letter as you desire. I most
+    emphatically believe that there is no movement in our country
+    at the present time of such importance as the developing of a
+    higher country life. This was the object of the Country Life
+    Commission which I established. What we need most is good
+    citizenship; that is, a good family life, a high quality of
+    individual manhood and womanhood; and above all things, we
+    need these in the country districts, for in the long run every
+    nation’s welfare must primarily depend upon the welfare of
+    those who till the soil. The man is greater than his work.
+    The farm can only be made what it should be by paying chief
+    attention to the securing of the right man and woman on the
+    farm. To develop soil fertility, we must develop rural manhood
+    and rural womanhood. We must have a social life on the farm far
+    better worth living than such life has been in the immediate
+    past. Pray accept my heartiest sympathy and good will. Very
+    sincerely yours,
+
+                                                 THEODORE ROOSEVELT.
+
+(Applause)
+
+Recording Secretary GIPE—We are now going to have brief reports from some
+of the national organizations. Mr. W. E. Mullin of New York will report
+for the National Board of Fire Underwriters.
+
+Mr. MULLIN—Mr. Chairman, Ladies and Gentlemen: The National Board of
+Fire Underwriters has been interested for many years in every element
+of conservation. They believe in the conservation of the soil, the
+conservation of the waterways, the conservation of the mines, the
+conservation of childhood and the conservation of our homes. We believe
+in everything that savors of practical conservation, but they are
+specially concerned in the conservation of our utilized forces.
+
+[Mr. Mullin’s paper in full will be found in Supplementary Proceedings.]
+
+President WALLACE—I must ask a favor. I will not ask the Congress to
+listen to more than three-minute speeches on these reports, and I wish
+all the speakers to understand that when that bell rings it is time for
+them to quit. They must learn to boil down. (Applause) As I said before,
+we do not care about the resources of your states. We can read that in
+books. We want to know what you have done in the way of conservation. You
+can say all you ought to say in three minutes. Moody used to say that a
+man had no business to pray more than three minutes, that he could ask
+the Lord all he really wanted in three minutes, and then it was time to
+quit. (Applause)
+
+I take pleasure now in introducing Major E. G. Griggs, president of the
+National Lumbermen’s Manufacturers’ Association, who will give the report
+for that association.
+
+[Mr. Griggs’ paper is in Supplementary Proceedings.]
+
+Chairman VESSEY—We will now hear from Mr. W. J. Rushton, of the American
+Association of Refrigeration. I have pleasure in introducing him to you.
+
+[Mr. Rushton’s paper will be found in Supplementary Proceedings.]
+
+Chairman VESSEY—We will now hear a report from Hon. E. T. Allen, Forester
+for Western Forestry and Conservation Association, entitled, “Private
+Conservation on the Pacific Coast.”
+
+Mr. ALLEN—The Western Forestry and Conservation Association, for which
+I report, is a league or alliance of a dozen coöperative forest fire
+associations maintained by timber owners in the Pacific forest states:
+Montana, Idaho, Washington, Oregon and California.
+
+These five states contain over half the standing timber in the United
+States. Already furnishing a fifth of the Nation’s lumber, they
+constitute its great remaining storehouse of future supply. In other
+words, they contain the mature timber which must bear the burden of
+bridging national shortage until an adequate new crop is ripe. Because
+of climatic conditions and rapid growing species, they also contain
+the deforested land which, by reason of adaptability, most demands
+encouragement to produce this new crop, to which you must turn in the
+future for timber as you do to this region for iron and to the South for
+cotton. This is why you are directly and vitally interested in what every
+agency is doing to protect and foster these forests of the West.
+
+Believe as you may concerning division of responsibility between state
+and nation, or policies of controlling the development of natural
+resources; but never forget that the forest ranger is actually on the
+job, saving the forests for the rest of us to talk about. If he had not
+been there for the last ten years, the national forests would be mostly
+old burns not worth arguing about. We want more, not fewer, of him, and
+we want Congress to spend more money to hire him and build trails for him
+to use.
+
+The states, too, are waking up, but progress in this direction seems slow
+when we consider that of the tremendously important forest resources in
+the West the majority is in private hands, and that it is the attitude of
+the commonwealth that governs the ability of the private owner to manage
+it to best advantage for all concerned.
+
+All these conditions I have hinted at—failure by Congress to give the
+forest service adequate funds, slow awakening of state responsibility,
+and realization that the Pacific Coast is both the last and the most
+promising field of forest industry—have inspired the most vigorous and
+efficient private movement for forest conservation ever known—the allied
+coöperative associations of timber owners in the Pacific Northwest. They
+fully realize that the control of such a stupendous community resource
+entails grave responsibilities; that their ownership is largely a public
+trust and that they must account for their stewardship. They also know
+that no new fields remain and that this is by no means inexhaustible;
+that to avoid heavy loss they must guard the forests they have, and
+to perpetuate their business they must have new ones coming on.
+Self-interest, more potent than philanthropy, demands abandonment of the
+wasteful methods prevalent in the past history of their industry.
+
+With this new point of view, the Northwestern lumberman, far from being
+an element requiring regulation by the public in the interest of forest
+preservation, has become the leader in reform. It has been chiefly
+through his aggressive campaigning that state laws have been improved,
+bearing as rigidly on the careless member of his own brotherhood as
+upon anyone else. He gives his financial support to educational work
+directed at both lumbermen and public. He hires professional foresters
+to help him try such better management as conditions will permit. But
+particularly, through coöperative associations, he has taken the lead
+in fire prevention. And admitting his motive to be largely selfish, the
+benefit to the consumer is none the less. To the man who needs lumber, to
+keep it from burning up is conservation that counts.
+
+After so much preamble you may wonder what we have actually to report;
+what we can offer in the way of results. Here are some of them: Last
+year was one of the worst for forest fires in American history. Loss
+of life and property was terrific. But the private protective systems
+allied with the Western Forestry and Conservation Association carried
+safely through the season fully 16,000,000 acres of forest, containing at
+least the stupendous amount of 300 billion feet of timber. They kept the
+loss of private timber in Idaho, Washington and Oregon, the three states
+hardest hit, down to one-fourth of one per cent. How did they do this? By
+raising and spending $700,000 for patrol and fire fighting, and actually
+extinguishing 5,580 fires.
+
+It was a telegram from the president of the Western Forestry and
+Conservation Association, with the standing of our work behind it,
+that caused the ordering out of the United States Army to assist the
+undermanned forest service on the national forests.
+
+This year’s records are not compiled, but will be quite as interesting.
+Through their alliance the associations turned to account every lesson
+each learned in 1910, and spread increased patrols equipped with new
+advantages of perfected organization, telephone and trail systems,
+supply storage, and automobile and motorcycles where these could be
+used. Organization permitted close and systematic coöperation with
+state and federal forces. Every association ranger served as a police
+officer and one Washington association alone got over thirty convictions.
+Offending lumbermen were made the first examples. Hundreds of fires were
+extinguished but not one was allowed to become serious in 1911.
+
+Our association serves as the one and only common meeting ground for all
+agencies for forest protection, including state and federal as well as
+private fire officials, and employs a trained forester to collect and
+disseminate for all information that will assist in solving problems of
+reforestation, legislation, education and like matters demanding expert
+knowledge or central facilities. It thus had the chief responsibility
+for forest legislation in several Western states last winter and did more
+than had been done in all preceding Legislatures.
+
+It has published the first comprehensive book on reforestation and forest
+management in the West ever issued, now used as a text-book by the Forest
+Service and forestry schools.
+
+It furnishes all newspapers in the Northwest with regular bulletins
+throughout the fire season, not only giving reliable news but keeping the
+necessity and method of precautionary measures before the public.
+
+It issues hundreds of thousands of fire circulars and stickers, with a
+highly perfected system for putting them where they will count. This
+year, with the aid of state authorities, it put an illustrated folder
+with simple questions and answers on forest protection in the hands of
+every school child in the Pacific Northwest, an enterprise requiring the
+printing and complicated distribution of thousands of pounds of material.
+
+It furnishes state officials and others with practically all the mottoes
+and catchy material used for posters and other publicity matter in the
+West. It has even placed this kind of thing in the time folders of every
+railroad traversing our forest regions.
+
+I cannot take your time to recite the many other activities of our
+coöperative movement, but these will indicate its scope and method. The
+Northwestern timber owner is doing his part to protect your resources
+that he holds in trust. If Congress, state and public will do as much,
+you have little to fear.
+
+Chairman VESSEY—I now take pleasure in introducing Mr. Ferdinand G.
+Schwedtman of St. Louis, chairman of the delegation of manufacturers of
+the U. S. A. I have the honor to present him to you.
+
+[Mr. Schwedtman’s paper is to be found in Supplementary Proceedings.]
+
+Chairman VESSEY—The next speaker is William Edward Coffin of New York,
+vice-president of the Camp Fire Club of America.
+
+[Mr. Coffin’s paper is in Supplementary Proceedings.]
+
+Chairman VESSEY—I wish to introduce Dr. George W. Field, representing the
+National Audubon Society.
+
+[Dr. Field’s paper will be found in Supplementary Proceedings.]
+
+Chairman VESSEY—Is Mr. McBrien, representing the National Educational
+Association, here?
+
+Is Mr. Edward R. Taylor, representative of the Electrochemical Society,
+here?
+
+Mr. TAYLOR—It is my pleasure to represent the American Electrochemical
+Society. There are ten thousand chemists in the United States. They
+are largely concerned in the working out of economic problems and the
+best utilization of all substances capable of adding to our material
+prosperity. Many of these chemists are members of the American Chemical
+Society, the American Electrochemical Society, the American Institute of
+Chemical Engineers, and the Society of Chemical Industry, all of which
+societies are deeply interested in the best conservation of our natural
+resources and are in full sympathy with the objects of this Congress.
+
+Chairman VESSEY—We will next hear the president of the Iowa Federation of
+Women’s Clubs. Is Mrs. M. H. Weller present? Those who have papers that
+will take five or ten minutes to read can just speak on a short synopsis
+of their papers, and have the papers filed. They will be able to say
+more, so that the people will understand it better than if they only read
+part of the paper.
+
+Mrs. Weller was not present.
+
+Chairman VESSEY—Is Mrs. Carl Vrooman, representing the D. A. R., here?
+
+I am very much pleased to present her to you. (Applause)
+
+Mrs. VROOMAN—Mr. President, Ladies and Gentlemen: I feel weighted with
+a heavy weight of responsibility, as I am here to represent 77,000
+Daughters of the American Revolution in general, but the chairman of the
+conservation committee of this organization in particular—a woman who
+has, I venture to say, done more for the cause of conservation than any
+other woman of our day—I was about to say than almost any man—since she
+is the very proud mother of Mr. Gifford Pinchot.
+
+This society of women, “federated and organized”—to quote Mr. Pinchot,
+“spells only another name for the highest form of conservation, that
+of vital force and intellectual energy.” These 77,000 women do indeed
+represent a perfect Niagara of splendid ability and force—enough, if
+intelligently harnessed and directed, to furnish the motive power to keep
+revolving all the wheels of progress in this country.
+
+But to revert from what we might do and ought to do in general, to
+what we have done and intend to do in particular, for conservation, a
+remark made by the Right Honorable John Burns of England, concerning the
+American people, might apply perhaps with equal force to our two-year-old
+conservation committee: “The American people,” said Mr. Burns, “is a very
+young colt in a very large field.”
+
+The very able first chairman of this committee, Mrs. Amos Draper,
+inaugurated and carried on during the first year a most energetic
+campaign, a report of which you had submitted at the last Conservation
+Congress in St. Paul. The next year, however, illness compelled her
+resignation, when Mrs. Orton, of Cleveland, O., whose work in behalf
+of children is well known, took the chairmanship for the ensuing six
+months, during which time the committee concentrated its chief energies
+in efforts to help secure legislation for the protection and conservation
+of that greatest asset the Nation has—its children.
+
+Now that we are standing well on our feet, a committee with Mrs. Pinchot
+at our head, with over one hundred women on the National Committee,
+representing each state, and a state chairman for every state, with
+every chapter represented on the state conservation committee, we hope
+we have the country well honeycombed with women who will take an active
+and intelligent interest in conservation. And aided and abetted by the
+National Conservation Association, which has promised to furnish us
+with all the ammunition we need, we intend to carry on an aggressive
+warfare, or, to speak less militantly, an active campaign of education.
+For we feel, in the words of our President General, that women today—even
+without any articulate voice in the councils of state—without the vote
+that so many are striving for, and think is essential—women today, when
+thoroughly aroused and awake to their present unquestioned opportunities
+and responsibilities, as well as to their problematical rights, can wield
+an incalculable influence, and become most potent and resistless factors
+for good in helping create a healthy public sentiment—in stimulating
+to higher activity that organ of the body politic (so often prone to
+paralysis) known as the civic conscience.
+
+But since education, like charity, should begin at home, we intend,
+first of all, to educate ourselves. And, for this purpose, a number of
+our members have come from different parts of the country to attend this
+Congress and learn all we can about this problem of conservation.
+
+We are glad to know that an officer of this association has written such
+a capital book on conservation, and we shall make it a point to advertise
+Mr. Price’s book, “The Land We Live In,” among the women of the country.
+
+We hope soon to have a department on current conservation news in our D.
+A. R. Magazine, giving every month items of conservation interest, which
+can be supplied later to the local papers.
+
+We expect also to have something to say about the importance of teaching
+conservation in the public schools—not necessarily as a part of the
+curriculum, for children are fairly swamped these days with a surfeit of
+extra studies—but we do feel that conservation as opposed to wastefulness
+everywhere (especially in the form of domestic economy) should be
+emphasized and inculcated as are other virtues—such as truth, patriotism,
+obedience.
+
+Conservation in the kitchen is one of the most important problems in
+American life, and I believe I am safe in saying that that modern knight
+errant, Dr. Wiley, and his board of conservation of human health by means
+of pure food, has the enthusiastic and whole-hearted support of every one
+of our 77,000 daughters to a unit.
+
+I should like to say in passing that another man we are behind—heart and
+soul in his fearless fight with the beast in our modern jungle—is that
+man who has made it his business and his mission to reclaim not waste
+lands, but waste lives—that great-hearted champion of the children, and
+of the people—Judge Ben Lindsey, first citizen of Denver and one of the
+first citizens of the United States.
+
+I am aware that this is far from being an orthodox report, as it is more
+prospective than retrospective, and deals rather with what we intend
+to do than what we have already done, but we are drinking in so much
+inspiration here, and getting so many new ideas, that next year you may
+expect from us a _bona fide_ report, fairly bristling with businesslike
+facts and statistics.
+
+May I say just one more word? In addition to this definite program of
+tangible things we want to carry out, we pledge you something else,
+which, although it cannot be weighed and measured and appraised at
+its face value, after all may be as worth while as the sum total of
+what we actually achieve in a concrete way, and that is our unswerving
+loyalty to the spirit of what this association stands for—to put it
+rather pompously—our moral backing and support in this business you have
+undertaken to help conserve the best interests of our country—a business
+in which we have no intention of being altogether “silent partners,”
+although we are women!
+
+We may not, it is true, formulate any new policies for you, or launch
+any issues, or make any very original contributions to your program, but
+there is one thing women can bring into a movement of this kind, and
+that is—to use a very much overworked word—“atmosphere.” Even if women
+don’t dig down into the earth—even if we daughters don’t actually dig
+down into the earth, like you horny-handed sons of toil—women may yet
+bring with them, when they put their hearts, as well as their hands, into
+a thing, an atmosphere that, like the air and sunshine, is absolutely
+indispensable to a good crop, to a bountiful harvest, an atmosphere that
+makes ideas sprout and grow, and ideals expand and develop and take
+deeper root in the subsoil of the masculine mind!
+
+So, then, we bring today to this Congress our heartfelt sympathy with
+its ideals—a sympathy that is born of a certain intuitive perception
+we have—not by any means of all the intricate problems involved in
+this question of conservation—but a perception of the principles which
+are at stake, and we promise you our whole-hearted allegiance to those
+principles, as well as our contagious enthusiasm, in this splendid
+crusade, to conserve not only the vast natural resources of this country,
+on which depends our national prosperity, but those ideals of public as
+well as of private morality, which we realize we must sacrifice for,
+and defend and conserve and make to prevail, if, in the words of the
+Athenians, which might well be the motto of the Apostles of American
+Conservation, “we would transmit our fatherland not only not less but
+better and greater than it was transmitted to us.”
+
+Delegate BAUMGARTNER of California—I want to extend a vote of thanks on
+behalf of the entire audience by your leave, to the Lord High Chancellor
+of the Bell for not having rung it on the last speaker. All in favor of
+the motion say aye. Carried unanimously.
+
+Mr. T. L. MCBRIEN—A while ago my name was called to speak for the
+committee representing the National Educational Association. I would like
+to say that the committee of five representing the National Educational
+Association met and unanimously selected Professor J. M. Greenwood to
+speak for our association. We want to call attention to the fact that he
+is the senior in educational work, having been thirty-eight years at the
+head of the Kansas City schools, and there is no other who has such a
+record.
+
+Chairman VESSEY—We have a request from the National Educational
+Association that it be represented by Mr. Greenwood. Shall we hear from
+Prof. Greenwood now, or go on with the program?
+
+(Cries of “Hear him now.”)
+
+Chairman VESSEY—Prof. Greenwood.
+
+Professor GREENWOOD—I would suggest you go on with the regular order of
+business.
+
+(Cries of “Greenwood! Greenwood!”)
+
+Professor GREENWOOD—Ladies and Gentlemen: The National Educational
+Association of the United States is the largest educational association
+in the world. The last session held in San Francisco enrolled 18,000
+teachers from all parts of our country, and at the Boston session in 1905
+there were 35,000 teachers in attendance. This organization represents in
+the broadest way the interests of the children of our country, and for
+more than fifty years it has been endeavoring to solve the great problems
+confronting our people. It represents the people of the South, of the
+North, of the East and of the West, and it has been one of the most
+important factors in bringing our people closely together when they were
+divided, not only by armies facing each other when homes were destroyed,
+but sadness was at every fireside. This was the organization that
+immediately after the Civil war brought our men and women who are working
+for the interests of our entire Nation together. This organization is
+represented here by a representative from the State of Arkansas, and by
+one from the State of Nebraska, and by one from the great State of Iowa,
+and by another one from the State of Kansas, and by another from the
+State of Missouri, and we have got to be shown. Mr. President, we will
+draft and submit a resolution to your committee at the proper time. There
+are just three things, it seems to me, that a public speaker who comes
+upon the platform ought to know—what to say, how to say it, and when to
+quit. (Applause)
+
+Chairman VESSEY—We will now present on the regular program Dr. Frederick
+B. Mumford, dean of the University of Missouri, at Columbia.
+
+Dr. MUMFORD—Ladies and Gentlemen: The limits of the time allowed for
+this subject are such that I shall have no time for the general subject
+of conservation. I hope, therefore, you will bear with me through this
+paper. I will confine myself somewhat closely to it, because in so doing
+I will say what I want to say in the shortest possible time.
+
+[Dr. Mumford’s paper will be found in Supplementary Proceedings.]
+
+Chairman VESSEY—Next on the program is Mrs. Harriet Wallace Ashby of
+Des Moines, on the subject, “The Farmer’s Wife.” I have the pleasure of
+presenting to you Mrs. Ashby. (Applause)
+
+Mrs. ASHBY—The conservation movement, of which this National Conservation
+Congress is the exponent, has for its object the transmission of our
+natural resources, unimpaired, to posterity.
+
+Any movement for the promotion of the farmer’s interest must, if it is
+to be a success, receive the support not only of the farmer, but also of
+the farmer’s wife. The first problem of the farmer is how to increase
+farm products through better farming; the first problem of the farmer’s
+wife is how to improve the condition of the farm home. The mistakes of
+the husband in his sphere during one season may be corrected in the next;
+the mistakes made by the wife in rearing her children are never entirely
+corrected.
+
+Believing as I do, that the great problems of farm life as they pertain
+to us wives and mothers can only be solved through coöperation and
+organized effort, I wish to advocate the union of farmers’ wives in
+country women’s clubs with the object of breaking up the monotonous
+routine of farm life and for the discussion of anything and everything
+pertaining to the betterment of farm home.
+
+The salvation of most families depends on the mother; she is the one
+who does so much to make for the happiness, health and long life of
+her family. The health of any mother is liable to fail under her
+responsibilities; the farm mother is especially subject to physical
+breakdown, for she not only bears the responsibility of rearing her
+family, but she also shares the anxieties of her husband if, as should
+always be the case, the farmer’s wife is his business partner and
+assistant farm manager.
+
+The farmer’s wife is a most important factor in the conservation of the
+soil, for she will in a large measure determine the efficiency of the
+farmer. Then, too, the attitude of the wife towards the farm, and her
+success in making a happy farm home largely determine whether or not the
+country boy remains on the farm.
+
+The average country boy is devoted to his mother. How that mother would
+like to clear the obstacles from his track, and to give him the best the
+world affords. If the mother feels that the farm offers no future for her
+boy, the chances are the farm will lose the boy. The training which the
+boy reared in the city must secure before he can be an efficient farm
+worker, and for which he must spend time, money and enthusiasm, is the
+very training which the country boy absorbs from his infancy, and which
+makes him the most valuable tiller of the soil.
+
+The farmer’s wife has for so many years taken no thought for herself
+that her now misguided conscience reproaches her if she leaves home when
+there is work to be done, to attend a club meeting, or if she spends ever
+so small a sum of money to save herself. A neighborhood club with its
+exchange of experiences with labor saving tools will teach the folly of
+expending strength and energy when by spending a little money to secure
+convenience and ease in work, the farm mother may be conserved to her
+family, and continue to be a help in the busy world. All farm women have,
+in a large degree, the same experiences, and therefore they can and
+should help each other. They should meet to discuss problems of mutual
+interest; they should organize country clubs with the object of securing
+the best conditions in their home life; of broadening the outlook of the
+home; of encouraging a social spirit and of elevating the character of
+farm life.
+
+
+THE FARMER’S DAY’S WORK.
+
+One of the most vital problems with which the farmer’s wife has to do is
+how to shorten the farmer’s workday. The practice of working from sun up
+to nightfall and afterwards doing the chores is driving the boys from
+the farm. If all the farmers in a neighborhood would quit work in time
+for a 6 o’clock supper, a long stride would be taken towards making the
+farm home an ideal home. Most business men’s work closes with the day,
+but how about the farmer and his family? When townspeople are at leisure
+our husbands and sons are milking the cows, bedding the horses, and doing
+the rest of the chores. They wear overalls so many hours of the week that
+they are not entirely at ease in other clothes. They are too tired to
+keep up their interest in the outside world, frequently falling to sleep
+over the newspaper. Indeed, to bed is about the only place this exhausted
+man of the early evening is fit to go, for a tired man is not a social
+creature.
+
+Washing dishes after a late supper with a nodding husband in the next
+room and your nearest neighbor from a quarter to a mile away does
+not foster love for the farm. It need not be wondered at that we are
+insisting that the farm day must be shortened and some time be given to
+the development of the mental and spiritual, as well as the physical side
+of the family.
+
+You may remember how the little waif, Glory Maguire, as she looked
+through the windows at rich children’s parties use to lament: “Oh, the
+good times going on in the world, and me not in them!” We farmers’
+wives want some of the good times that are going on in the world for
+our children; we want a social center; a club room where neighborhood
+gatherings can be held. We want a neighborhood library, a live church
+and an up-to-date school. If our children are to be more than little
+animals, they must go to church and Sabbath school; they must have a well
+ventilated, well lighted school room and an experienced teacher.
+
+Men and women of mature judgment are placed at the head of town schools,
+where suitable courses of instruction and the most approved methods are
+pursued. The graded school teacher refers any case of insubordination,
+any report of vulgarity, any question of discipline, to her
+superintendent, yet these same teachers have been required to take months
+of training and practicing on country pupils before they were permitted
+to teach in town under a superintendent.
+
+The country schools should have trained teachers; teachers of sound
+judgment in understanding the nature of the child and tact in dealing
+with him. A live, progressive teacher in every country neighborhood is
+often the little leaven which “leaveneth the whole lump.” We need fewer
+classes in the country schools; the long study periods are productive of
+inattention and mischief. If a child is permitted to spend this study
+time in idling and reading inferior fiction, he loses the power of
+concentration on his lessons and his taste for solid reading.
+
+We need a well selected library planned for systematic reading; we need
+recitation benches and desks which will not produce spinal troubles.
+We need attractive school rooms, better furniture, good pictures and
+instructive maps. Part of the returns of the farm invested in the school
+is one of the farmer’s best investments, for all the improvements in
+the condition of farm life must come through education. Many helpful
+innovations on the farm have come about through a discussion of what the
+child learned at school.
+
+We also need better playground facilities. Thousands of country children
+don’t know how to play. When they are at school there is nothing to play
+with; when they are at home there are chores, unending chores, to be done.
+
+There is work right here for country women’s clubs to do in supplying
+the school grounds with tennis, croquet, and any other equally Wholesome
+and good sports which children can enjoy. Hence we must plan to meet and
+discuss our mutual problems. We need the stimulating influence which an
+exchange of ideas and the enthusiastic coöperation of club membership
+bring. We can accomplish much by the concerted effort which can only
+follow a reasonable getting together on the part of the farmers’ wives.
+Working the handle of a dry pump won’t bring results that a little
+priming brings. Women won’t attend a club unless they get results; they
+must have something to help them through the week—reading courses, and a
+study program, as well as the social half hour. We should study dietetics
+and learn how to balance the day’s food; to provide such articles as
+will feed as well as fill the family stomach. Man must eat to live, but
+he need not eat nearly so much if we give him the right kinds of food.
+The more we study our business, the more attractive it becomes; when we
+cease studying it, we lose interest in our work. So country women are
+organizing clubs for discussion and study. When a club is conducted in
+an orderly manner, and every member made to feel personally responsible
+for its success, when its membership is small enough to seem like a big
+family, yet large enough to gain and hold interest of the members, it
+will work a revolution in a country neighborhood. Wherever a country
+women’s club has been organized, the women report that it gives them
+new energy for their home work. Out of a small club at Adair, Iowa,
+have grown so many smaller clubs that a joint picnic of the members and
+friends brought out a crowd of nearly 1,000 persons. These ladies have
+issued a cook book, with the proceeds from which they are enlarging their
+sphere of usefulness.
+
+Another club, the Daughters of Ceres, at Bedford, Iowa, issues a calendar
+for the year’s work, which compares favorably with the work of any club.
+Country women’s clubs are usually short of money, and difficulty is
+sometimes experienced in securing books for study. Would it not be well
+for every state to supply a reading course for farmers’ wives after the
+example of the Cornell Reading Course? If the Government would send out
+a bulletin containing the essential rules of order for country clubs
+it would be a great help in conducting meetings. A meeting must be
+regarded seriously and conducted with dignity to get the best results.
+A little time and money expended in helping the women is well spent.
+When Secretary Shaw lived in Iowa he owned a number of farms. It was his
+practice to give to his tenants’ wives pure bred cocks and turkey toms.
+A neighbor remonstrated with him, saying: “You are making our tenants’
+wives discontented. We cannot afford to give away pure bred poultry.”
+Secretary Shaw replied: “When I help the women with their poultry, I
+always get my rent.”
+
+[Illustration: 1. GIFFORD PINCHOT, Executive Committee, 1911-12. 2.
+GEORGE C. PARDEE, Executive Committee, 1910-11-12. 3. HENRY D. HARDTNER,
+Vice-President, 1909-1912. 4. MRS. PHILIP N. MOORE, Executive Committee,
+1909-12. 5. WALTER H. PAGE, Executive Committee, 1910-12. 6. D. AUSTIN
+LATCHAW, Treasurer. 7. THOMAS R. SHIPP, Executive Secretary. 8. JAMES C.
+GIPE, Recording Secretary. 9. A. B. FARQUHAR, Vital Resources, 1911-12.
+10. L. H. BAILEY, Chairman Lands Committee, 1911-12. 11. W J MCGEE,
+Chairman National Parks Committee, 1911-12.]
+
+
+FARM ORGANIZATION.
+
+The organization of the farmers has long been the end desired by those
+who are seeking to promote the country’s welfare. By reason of all his
+previous years of training when he has been acting on his own judgment,
+and working alone, the farmer is not accustomed to organized effort, and
+does not fully recognize its value; hence the influence of his wife in
+this matter is of special help. The farmer knows if he leaves home for
+any length of time that weeds spring up, fences fall down, cattle get
+off their feed and cows fail in their milk. Hence he stays at home year
+in and year out getting deeper and deeper in the rut unless educational
+and social privileges are brought to him. This the women can and will do.
+Through the united efforts of the women the farmer is going to think
+less of his taxes and more of his schools; he is going to be one of an
+army of country men united to secure conservation of the soil through
+longer leases, conservation of the child through better educational
+facilities; conservation of the wife through the relaxation of meeting
+with those of her own sex, and shall I not add: conservation of the few
+hard-earned dollars in the purse by parcels post? The farmer’s wife, in
+order to conserve to the fullest extent the best interests of the farm,
+must be filled with the conviction that farming is the most honorable
+of any pursuit for a man and is a career worthy of his best endeavors
+and not merely a makeshift until something better offers. Such a woman
+will impress upon her children the thought that no calling or profession
+is so worthy of their best efforts; she will see to it that the books
+and papers that come into the family are those that treat farming and
+the farmer with respect. No one thing probably has had a more invidious
+influence in creating a desire among farm boys to leave the farm than the
+funny papers and cartoons which make the farmer the butt of their jokes,
+portraying him as the victim of the gold brick agent and picturing him
+with the vacant look and gaping mouth of an imbecile.
+
+Cato, the Censor, lived at a time when Rome was at its height as a
+military power. He had held nearly all of the great offices under the
+Roman republic, yet in his old age he left this record, that: “No
+occupation was so worthy of the dignity of a man as that of farming,”
+holding that: “Farming makes the bravest men, and thoughts.” The farmer’s
+wife should use her influence to see that this kind of literature is kept
+before her children in the farm home, in the curriculum of the school,
+and in the school library.
+
+In the time at my disposal I have been able to only hint at a few of
+the very many and diverse problems, as well as opportunities which
+belong to our women of the farm. I have tried to view them as a wife
+and mother of the soil, where, indeed, my life is cast, and my energies
+have been engrossed. I have endeavored to advance no fine spun theories,
+but to suggest a solution which can be and is being worked out today
+in many localities. That these and similar organizations are bound to
+come in abundance and that they will work untold good to the cause of
+conservation I fully believe. Once the farm wives of our country are
+adequately organized there is no divining the power for good that they
+may wield. There is an old saying: “Unless a man’s mother ordains him for
+the ministry, he won’t make a good preacher.” When a boy’s mother ordains
+him for the farm there will be no lack of good farmers. (Applause)
+
+Chairman VESSEY—I now have the pleasure of introducing to you Mrs.
+Matthew T. Scott, President General of the Daughters of the American
+Revolution, who will talk to you in regard to the “Farmer’s Wife.”
+(Applause)
+
+Mrs. SCOTT—I have crossed the continent to be present today because of my
+interest in the farm and the farmer’s wife—the class to which I am proud
+to belong.
+
+We have considered here every interest of conservation in
+creation—vegetable, animal and mineral, and now come to conservation of
+the farmer’s wife, the greatest issue before this Congress.
+
+In the consideration of that problem which so far has baffled the
+masculine intelligence, i. e., that of keeping the younger generation on
+the farm, the key to the situation unquestionably is held by the farmer’s
+wife.
+
+The call of the country rings out from garden, from forest and stream,
+from acres of golden grain, and tonics pure from Nature’s own laboratory.
+Back of all of this is the farmer’s wife, who by making the farm home
+attractive and interesting is the magnet which draws the boy and girl
+back to the farm, from the allurements and disappointments of city life.
+The farmer’s wife is no longer the isolated being of years ago—but with
+her free rural delivery, and the country’s network of trolleys for her
+convenience—good roads, and with the use of modern machinery, a large
+degree of leisure to give to her social life, music and books, are now at
+her command. If she succeeds in making life on the farm attractive, if
+she is able to add the distinctively feminine touch of home charm to the
+freedom and zest of country life, who can doubt that this great problem
+of retaining the farmer boys on the farm will be solved?
+
+It is the farmer’s wife also, and she chiefly, who can enforce the only
+education that is worth while—that is real and true, that education which
+builds character, which educates not the intellect alone, but at the same
+time the conscience and the will; an education that means justice and
+truth and purity in this selfish work-a-day world. Moreover, few farmers
+succeed whose wives do not do their part to see to it that both ends
+meet. It is the wife of the farmer who sees where the waste and loss are
+eating into the profits of the farm. It is the housewife as a rule who
+has ideas of thrift in farm management and who, if she has the chance,
+will contribute more than is often realized to make the farm a business
+success.
+
+Upon the farmer’s wife largely rests this great responsibility, and in
+this great work, with the help of the noble army of quiet, intelligent,
+capable farmers’ wives, we hope to develop the most splendid crop known
+on this fertile continent—the boys and girls, the youth of the land.
+Largely is this work the prerogative of the farmer’s wife amid the stress
+and strain which absorb the energies of modern masculine business life.
+
+Another duty which devolves upon the farmer’s wife is to exert her
+influence and teaching to train her boys so that they will see to it when
+they are voters that in these days of political chicanery and corruption
+that only honest men and true are sent to Legislatures, to Congress, and
+the United States Government, to make the laws that are to govern this,
+the greatest Nation on the face of the earth.
+
+Sociologists and agricultural professors can aid the farmer’s wife in her
+work, but, after all, it is upon her shoulders that the responsibility of
+success or failure in this great task must ultimately rest.
+
+Today the great difficulty is that the farmer’s wife is trying heroically
+to fulfill the double functions—that of assistant economic producer and
+of housewife, mother and the organizer and inspirer of the happier and
+higher activities and diversions of country life.
+
+To free the wife from the burden of money making and educate her in
+the more difficult and equally important task of home-making and the
+development of the finer and more humane and more enjoyable aspects of
+country life, these are the problems we must help her solve and she will
+do the rest.
+
+An old Frenchman once said that farming was the only profession in
+which a man works in a relationship of direct partnership with God. The
+ministry might object to the words “only profession,” but the fact is
+certainly patent that in more than any ordinary occupation of life, do we
+coöperate day and night with the sun, and the wind and the rain, and all
+the other forces of Nature and of Nature’s God, and I believe that for
+women today there is no profession more alluring, healthful, or lucrative
+than that of scientific agriculture. If I had my life to live over I
+would enter as a student one of our great agricultural universities. I
+would familiarize myself with the work of experiment stations, learn
+to test soils, know the elements best suited to and most needed by the
+different stratas of earth. I would master the secrets of fertilization,
+which have for a thousand years made sections of the old world productive
+without exhaustion. I would inform myself as to the value and methods of
+rotation of crops, the value of dairy and cattle raising on the farm. I
+would also inform myself of the comparative cost of nitrogen drawn from
+the air in the form of leguminous crops, which imprison the nitrogen in
+the soil, and the cost of commercial nitrogen, and their comparative
+values.
+
+I would learn the need of phosphate or potassium as applied to different
+soils and the comparative value of tested fertilizers. We have already an
+aristocracy of herds—cattle, horses and swine, but I would undertake the
+breeding of an aristocracy of seed corn and oats and alfalfa.
+
+Oh! they are great the possibilities of woman on the farm—if she would
+only take advantage of them. (Applause)
+
+Chairman WALLACE—We will now proceed with the call of the states, and
+these organizations who wish to report.
+
+Delegate C. J. DILLON of Manhattan, Kan.—Can’t we give five minutes more
+to discussion by the ladies? We have a lady here I wish to propose, who
+has been working in this same line for years, and I would like to have
+you hear from her.
+
+Chairman VESSEY—Send her up to the platform, please.
+
+Mr. DILLON—I am glad to introduce to you Miss Frances Brown of Kansas,
+who has been in active work along the lines of organization of farmers’
+wives. (Applause)
+
+A DELEGATE—Have her come down on the front platform.
+
+President WALLACE—She has a pretty good voice, and I think if you will be
+quiet you can hear her.
+
+Miss BROWN—The first speaker on this subject this afternoon outlined
+so ably and so well the needs of the farmer’s wife that it will be
+my pleasure in just a very few minutes to tell you how we at the
+Agricultural College in Kansas have tried to meet these needs of the
+farmers’ wives. We have looked over the field as well as we could, and
+we saw that in the very first instance the first thing for us to do was
+to correct, as far as possible, the errors of those who had gone before
+us. And so while it is only morning yet in Kansas, and the department as
+organized is only two years old, we went out into the organization that
+had already existed in Kansas and began to do work on these subjects that
+pertained to the commonest things of life, the very household, taking up
+for our very first work a sort of reformatory movement on the subject
+of bread and bread making. Then we spread that same movement before the
+Farmers’ Institutes, and by visiting every one of the institutes and
+meetings that we could, we saw that the cause of dissatisfaction on the
+farm lay largely in the fact that there are not the conveniences in
+the farm home that we find in the town, and that was the cause of the
+exodus from the farm to the town. So we have begun a campaign for the
+country homes, and our women in the institutes are so anxious that they
+ask us to help them effect an organization which we call an Auxiliary to
+the Farmers’ Institutes. Of these during the last year we have twenty
+organizations, with a membership of 500, whose women have been studying
+the cost of putting in plants for heating and lighting and bringing water
+into the homes, and taking care of the waste from the home. Now we are
+getting letters every day from farm homes where they are actually making
+use of some one of these various systems.
+
+The next step was to take care of the younger members of the farm home,
+and so we had to get something ready that could be used in the public
+schools, as well as in the home itself. We have what you may be more or
+less familiar with under the title of the Girls’ Home Economic Clubs,
+by which we reach the girls through the printed page. These printed
+papers are gotten up so that girls from ten to fifteen years of age can
+master them perfectly. They are on the subjects that we need every
+day, first, cooking, because you know that while man can live without
+poetry, music and art, he cannot live without cooks, so we are going
+to begin raising each one to be a cook for the future. We have these
+courses in cooking out all over the state, not only being used by the
+individual girls in the farm home, but being taken up by the public
+schools where the towns or the communities are too poor to afford a
+department in domestic science and art. During the past year 2,300 girls
+took lessons either in cooking or sewing or both from this department
+at the college, and already, as the new schools are opening, letters
+are pouring in every day asking for more of that work in the various
+sections of the state. Moreover, during the last year, due to these
+efforts, seventy-five high schools put domestic science or art or both
+into their systems where it had not existed before. Wishing to utilize or
+bring together the organization that already existed instead of forming
+new organizations, we have been getting together a course of domestic
+lessons, or demonstrations, if you please to call them so, that can be
+used by the women’s clubs that are already organized in the state. That
+course is almost completed; and when we have that finished, we hope to
+see every single organization of the women in the state adopting part or
+all of it, not because they need it so much, because women that have time
+for clubs, have more or less leisure through their added efficiency. But
+it will mean that they are still thoughtful along these lines, and that
+their efforts are going to be with us in spreading this gospel of good
+housekeeping throughout the state.
+
+Now, we have a big work yet before us. We are not going to stop. We are
+going to work at every single channel that we have opened, and we are
+going to open as many new ones as can be helped, until every roof in
+Kansas covers a harmonious home where we will find every single thing
+that will tend to the highest efficiency and the needs of every member of
+the family in that home. I thank you. (Applause)
+
+Chairman WALLACE—I know I voice the feeling of this audience when I say
+we have already highly enjoyed these addresses from the ladies this
+afternoon. The executive committee of this association has some business
+that you must transact, and the report will now be read by Mr. J. B.
+White, the chairman of the executive committee.
+
+Mr. WHITE—The executive committee met this morning and adopted the
+following resolutions:
+
+    In view of the very effective help which the national
+    organizations have given the Conservation Congress and the
+    conservation movement in general, the members of the executive
+    committee of the Third National Conservation Congress feel
+    that the national organizations should have more adequate
+    representation. Therefore, at a meeting of the executive
+    committee of the Congress today, it was decided unanimously to
+    recommend that the constitution be amended so as to provide
+    for an advisory board to be made up of representatives of
+    the national organizations which have appointed conservation
+    committees.
+
+    To this end the executive committee respectfully begs leave
+    to submit the following amendment to Article 5, Section 3, of
+    the Constitution of the Conservation Congress, by adding the
+    following:
+
+    “An advisory board, consisting of one person from each national
+    organization having a conservation committee, shall be created
+    to act for that Congress and during the interval before the
+    next succeeding Congress. The board shall report to and
+    coöperate with the executive committee.”
+
+The executive committee is also of opinion that the scope of the work
+of the permanent committees of the Congress should be extended so as to
+cover a larger field. The present sub-committees are those on forests,
+waters, land, mineral and vital resources.
+
+The committee, therefore, recommends that the constitution of the
+Conservation Congress be amended as follows:
+
+    Article 5, Section 5. The committee on vital resources shall
+    consist of members, each selected with the view to becoming
+    chairman of the sub-committee and that six sub-committees be
+    created subordinate to the committee on vital resources as
+    follows: Food, homes, child life, education, civics, general
+    (including wild life, domesticated animals and cultivated
+    plants). The chairman of each committee, with the approval of
+    the chairman of the executive committee, shall be authorized to
+    appoint as members of these sub-committees, such members as in
+    their judgment will best accomplish the object sought.
+
+Delegate BRUCE DODSON of Kansas City—I move that the report of the
+executive committee be received.
+
+Delegate WM. H. DYE of Indianapolis—I second the motion.
+
+Chairman VESSEY—All in favor of them will say aye. Contrary minded. The
+amendments are adopted.
+
+Mr. WHITE—Mr. President, we invite all those who are here and are
+delegates of the different national associations that have conservation
+committees to come on the platform, that they may choose their
+representatives, if possible, and confer with the executive committee
+immediately after adjournment.
+
+President WALLACE—What now is the pleasure of the Congress? We have
+filled up the program of today. I take pleasure in introducing Miss Mame
+E. Weller of Nathan, Iowa, of the conservation committee of the Iowa
+Federation of Women’s Clubs.
+
+Miss WELLER—I bring greetings from the Federated Club women of Iowa, who
+today stand ready to help in all lines of conservation.
+
+We have been and are working for the conservation of child life, health
+and happiness. We have done much toward procuring sanitation in schools,
+and especially pure drinking water. We are trying to have our bird
+laws enforced and shall petition our Legislature at its next session
+to prohibit spring shooting of ducks and all shore birds, who are our
+sanitary commissioners of lake, shore and stream borders.
+
+We have caused many hundreds of trees to be planted in Iowa, and the
+coming year we are to work for state control of the banks of our streams
+and shores of our lakes.
+
+We have done much to prevent the wanton mutilation of trees and
+destruction of our wayside trees by telephone companies. Yet much
+remains to be done. We have in Iowa a statute that exempts from taxation
+almost entirely all woodlands, native or planted, when kept and used for
+timber purposes only.
+
+President WALLACE—We expected until today to have a paper or address by
+Dr. Knapp of Washington, D. C., but I am very sorry to say that he cannot
+come, but the Department of Agriculture has a gentleman that can take his
+place, and I would suggest that Dr. W. J. Spillman come forward and tell
+us about the wonderful demonstration work that is going on in the South.
+
+Is Dr. Spillman in the audience? If not, we would be glad to hear from
+Mr. F. A. Guthrie, a member of the Congress representing the city of St.
+Paul, Minn. Five minutes, and then I promise you we will adjourn.
+
+Mr. GUTHRIE—As indicated in the announcement, my work is on a line
+somewhat different from almost anything that has been presented. In
+connection with charitable and correctional institutions, we have found
+that it is necessary to go to the country. This presentation this
+afternoon relates to charitable and correctional work. The dreariness of
+the country home is very important and has to do with most of that which
+we have to treat. The national conferences on this matter have come to
+the conclusion that it is necessary for leaders in the country to engage
+some person specially qualified to advance social interests, to organize
+country meetings of various kinds, or organize musical entertainments,
+organize social entertainments, and organize educational work. We present
+that to the national conference as something to which we will have to
+come in order to bring about agreeable healthy country life, a life which
+gives joy in living, as was presented by the President at the opening. I
+thank you.
+
+President WALLACE—We are ready to entertain a motion to adjourn. Ladies
+and Gentlemen, remember that the meeting is at 8 o’clock sharp. We are to
+have a great program tonight. Mrs. Moore, Dr. Wilson, and Dr. Wiley.
+
+The Congress stands adjourned until 8 o’clock this evening.
+
+
+
+
+_SIXTH SESSION._
+
+
+President WALLACE—The house will come to order. The secretary has a
+telegram to be read:
+
+    Returning from two weeks on the firing line of conservation
+    with Secretary Fisher. I send through you the accredited
+    representative of the American Civic Association hearty good
+    wishes for the great movement now being considered and promoted
+    by those who believe in a continuing and improving America.
+
+                               J. HORACE MCFARLAND,
+                               President American Civic Association.
+
+President WALLACE—We are to be privileged this evening to have an address
+on the Community Club, by Mrs. Phillip Moore, St. Louis, president of the
+General Confederation of Women’s Clubs. (Applause)
+
+Mrs. MOORE—Members of the Conservation Congress: I have already said
+to the officers of the association that we very much prefer “Community
+Center” to “Community Club.” It will cover the ground much better, as you
+will see, from my viewpoint:
+
+It may be a question in the minds of many present why this particular
+subject has been assigned to a representative of the General Federation
+of Women’s Clubs. I am glad to present the very best of reasons: because
+we have studied it for years, and have worked on the findings of such
+study.
+
+At the Second Conservation Congress in St. Paul our honored ex-president
+gave in some detail the history of the Country Life Commission in which
+he had become much interested. Economic and social questions engaged
+his attention; he had given thought to the economic strengthening and
+social elevation of the Irish farmer, in connection with the policies of
+conservation and country life in our own country.
+
+The results of the Country Life Commission were of the widest import, but
+were never made public, inasmuch as Congress did not appropriate money to
+print the findings.
+
+It was about this time that our interest was specially centered on the
+life of the women of rural communities; one of the Eastern publications
+supplemented the existing inquiries from the Government by sending out
+letters to approximately 700,000 readers. There were answers from nearly
+every state in the Union which would have required a large office force
+to read and tabulate. The majority of these letters was given to our
+general federation board members, representing through their own and
+advisory states all the community interest which we wish to bring to you
+today.
+
+The result was extraordinary—answers from a thousand women, with facts,
+feelings, hopes, ambitions, possibilities and probabilities. The bulk
+of correspondence came from women, whose letters showed that they are
+not having for one reason or another what Mr. Roosevelt called a “square
+deal.”
+
+The letters were distributed among the board members, were carefully
+read, and they frequently gave an opening for further correspondence—with
+most interesting, personal results. The letters were not illiterate; many
+of the women have been school teachers and nearly all have had a good
+education; many were eloquent in deeper modes of expression than rhetoric.
+
+The volume of data which these letters presented is of high value
+industrially, from a sociological point of view, and with reference to
+sanitary conditions; the study of public schools and country churches
+would gain largely from this material.
+
+Our board members represented, and naturally for that reason understood,
+the New England and Eastern states, the sandy shores, the Pennsylvania
+settlements, the sunny South, the mountain regions, the near West, the
+river states, the Northern plains, the prairie stretches, the Rockies and
+the Pacific shores.
+
+Only a fraction of the answers returned could we utilize to assort and
+digest; we believe it is beyond the power of any but a commission to
+recommend, and such commission might well give its entire time to the
+work.
+
+We have, however, as I said in our reports, made further inquiries, have
+come into closer personal relation, have assisted wherever possible, and
+have certainly recognized the needs of many outlying, lonely homes.
+
+You will allow me to give from the experiences of these letters through
+our members some few generalizations:
+
+Iowa and Nebraska happened to be grouped together. The eastern and
+southeastern part of Nebraska are geographically one with Iowa in
+soil, surface and products, and the two states are allied as to their
+inhabitants. Except in isolated colonies, the farmers of Iowa and
+Nebraska came from the Eastern and Central states. The foreign born
+settlers come almost exclusively from Ireland, the north European
+countries and Bohemia. The northwest portion of Nebraska, embracing the
+“big Sixth” congressional district with the far western part, is grouped
+geographically with eastern Colorado and Wyoming, and the problems of the
+farmer there differ materially from those of the farmer in the fertile
+and populous eastern division of this section.
+
+
+THE DRAWBACK TO RURAL LIFE.
+
+Everywhere the isolated and primitive character has been the greatest
+drawback to rural life. To those who have depended always upon
+companionship and society for their interests and enjoyment, this
+loneliness is intolerable. Physical conditions are changing this, the
+telephone, the rural mail delivery, the automobiles and the interurban
+are bringing the comforts and companionship of the town to the farm.
+There are farmers’ families who planned ten years ago to move to the town
+as soon as a competence had been accumulated, but who now, with more
+than the hoped for income, are content to remain on the farm, the active
+management having been turned over to a tenant or a son, and to enjoy the
+comforts of the country.
+
+In the older settled portions of these states the farms are being
+divided. The high price of land is driving the farmer to more intensive
+cultivation and this will continue to eliminate the more disagreeable
+features of rural life.
+
+Wisconsin, Minnesota, North Dakota and South Dakota were grouped and
+the interesting items were as varied as they might be in more widely
+separated regions.
+
+There is no “hard luck” tale to tell of poverty and squalor in this
+region, although the conditions differ widely from very poor to very
+good. Everyone is already familiar with the stories of the poor wives who
+have not been away from the farm for five or ten years. There are too
+many such in the Northern plains; these pitiful tales are all too true,
+but they are not the whole truth. To get at that it is necessary to know
+not only the worst, but the best conditions. The best are especially
+worthy of mention because they indicate possibilities, and are an example
+and inspiration to those not already arrived at prosperity.
+
+While there are still to be found one-room sod houses sheltering whole
+families, there are others with all the modern conveniences of steam
+heat, good plumbing, electricity for light and power, telephones, and the
+rural postal delivery bringing each day from the outside world papers,
+books and magazines. And these are the fruit of industry and frugality;
+and between these two extremes are many homes of moderate means where
+conveniences and luxuries are not yet possible, but where there is
+wholesome, normal living.
+
+The great factor in improving rural conditions is education in scientific
+farming, and in these states there are excellent educational advantages
+offered to the young men and women who wish to make this a business.
+Each state has its agricultural college, which is usually a department
+of the state university, a school where agriculture and its kindred
+subjects rank with the technical or professional courses; the tendency is
+to dignify the business of farming, to make it attractive from both the
+pleasurable and the practical standpoint. There are traveling libraries
+equipped not only with books for entertainment, but books in various
+languages for instruction on subjects of rural interest, and these
+libraries go to the very remotest corners of the state.
+
+The women who have answered the questions in the rural conditions inquiry
+are agreed that the farm presents great possibilities for happiness, if
+they could only have a little more help with the farm work, and more
+frequent chances for change and recreation. They rarely complain that
+their work is too hard, but only of its dreary monotony.
+
+Fraternal societies afford the greatest opportunities for social
+intercourse for our country people. Clubs—as we know them—are infrequent.
+The varied nationalities represented in new states present no common
+ground on which people of widely differing habits of mind and modes of
+speech can meet, and this condition and the lack of help enhance the
+difficulties of social gatherings.
+
+It is very evident that each section of this great country must present
+its own problems. In the part of the country included in “The Rockies”
+we find four types of rural life—the small town, the farm, the ranch,
+and the mining camp. Answers came from all of these. While the last is
+not, strictly speaking, a rural community, it must be so considered in
+any effort to brighten the lives of the women who are removed from the
+advantages of city life.
+
+
+THE BUILDERS OF THE WEST.
+
+These people, who are in large measure the builders of the West, have
+come from the more thickly settled states, to try their fortunes under
+greatly changed conditions; and one of the great hardships that face them
+is the fact that their means will not permit their first experiments at
+farming—either dry farming or irrigated farming—ranching, or mining to
+be a failure. And in the very nature of things, a failure is too often
+made the first year. If the family finances permit the partial loss of
+the first year’s work, and if the family adopts the methods proved to be
+successful, the after years are brighter and not shadowed by poverty.
+Poverty in the West is a removable cause.
+
+Loneliness is a second problem which is being rapidly met in these
+states by the organization of women’s clubs and the foundation of local
+libraries in the towns, and traveling libraries for those outside.
+Colorado has done especially good work with her traveling library boxes.
+
+For the most part the people are hopeful and happy. They came into this
+mountain region expecting difficulties and they have no complaints to
+make that their problems are not all solved. They had the grit to come
+into a new and unsettled country, and they desire to stay. Every letter
+from the “farm women” of Colorado, Montana and Wyoming was a happy
+letter. Such rural problems are hopeful.
+
+The North Pacific shores offer a diversity of agricultural and commercial
+interests, and the farmer here differs somewhat from the Eastern farmer
+in that he is more of a specialist. He is either a wheat, cattle, fruit
+or dairy farmer. He specializes on one thing, and does his work with the
+most improved machinery, or under the latest and most modern methods; he
+seldom attempts to derive revenue from the hundred and one little things
+that, in many districts, are made by the farmer’s wife and hauled to
+the corner store to exchange for groceries. In other words, his farming
+is more of a business than the old idea of making it a semi-domestic
+arrangement. This relieves the wife of much of the drudgery of the
+farm and puts her on the same business footing in the home, as the
+professional man’s wife.
+
+With rare exceptions, the farmers have rural mail delivery, farmers’
+telephones, and very often electricity for light and other purposes. The
+roads, as a rule, are good, and the automobile is fast displacing the
+farm horse.
+
+The schools of higher education are filled with the children from the
+rural districts, and many farmers move into town in the winter, that
+their children may have better educational advantages.
+
+In the smaller towns many farmers’ wives join the women’s clubs. While
+this is commendable, it is not necessary to the life or happiness of the
+women, for in these states the grange is a great educational factor. It
+is perhaps the only secret organization in existence where men and women
+meet on an exact equality. In it some of the best legislation originates,
+and the probe sinks deep into every proposed measure that affects the
+farmer; here the conservation of every resource is discussed, and,
+knowing that they must enter into these deliberations, the farmers’ wives
+read and keep abreast of the times. The grange meetings are all-day
+sessions, with a goodly proportion of the day given over to social
+pleasures; the young people enjoy all sorts of healthful sports, while
+their elders discuss the prospect of parcel post delivery, the threatened
+increase of postage on magazines, or the postal savings bank and many
+other things that bring comfort or enlightenment to the rural home.
+
+The suggestions that came in the letters from New England will be
+very helpful whenever needed, and have already come into some recent
+government policies.
+
+The advantages and disadvantages of farm life, in the many letters from
+the Pennsylvania settlements, would give thought to the most logical
+mind. They have been culled, however, from a more than usually large
+number of replies, and due somewhat to the fact that 180 sessions
+of farmers’ institutes were held for women in one year throughout
+Pennsylvania.
+
+I think I need not enter further into the details of all parts of the
+country, or even give recommendations, which a special committee might
+better bring to a future meeting; but there are certainly two policies
+which are closely allied—conservation and rural life. When public opinion
+is thoroughly aroused, it is but a question of time for the will to
+find a way. There must be a voluntary effort, and such volition must be
+aroused by education.
+
+One of the most vital items to those who are specially interested in the
+educational progress of a country is the awakened public opinion in the
+Middle West shown by the development of the agricultural courses in all
+of our great universities and colleges.
+
+Even public schools in some parts of this region are giving practical
+instruction to old and young. Meetings are being held upon the farms;
+lectures, experiments and demonstrations are being introduced.
+
+The church has quickly realized that there must be a combination of
+emotion and sanity; the practical and ideal have come into closer
+relationship; clubs of young men and of women, sometimes of the two
+together, are taking up all subjects pertaining to the farm life;
+and wherever these subjects are alive, and the social element is
+not forgotten, we find distance makes no barrier. At once means of
+communication are increased. The telephone is in every home; the trolley
+line goes by the farm—even the automobile becomes a necessity, and good
+roads are at once established. Distance is therefore annihilated, and the
+lonely life is a matter of the past.
+
+How short a time it is since insanity was a large concomitant of the
+farm life for women! Recently, at a session of the Charity Conference
+in Boston, there seemed to be very little reference to the need for
+prevention of insanity among isolated farm women. I found it to be
+largely a sorrow of the past; but I do not agree entirely with such
+statements, when I recall the letters, from the immense prairie farms.
+Woods Hutchinson, in speaking of the change that had come into the homes
+of all women—the removal of much of the old-time work from the home
+to the factory—says that it is a convincing proof of the stability of
+woman’s mental powers that generations of that semi-solitary confinement
+at hard labor known as “home life” have not made her a candidate for the
+insane asylum. “Man would have gone raving crazy long ago.”
+
+
+IDEAL CLUBS.
+
+A community club, as we would call a club, must be composed of men and
+women, for they must, under ordinary circumstances, go together to their
+meetings. The Farmers’ Institute is more in the line of this particular
+thought, but the community center or grange covers the ground fully.
+The institute comes but once or twice a year, while the club might be
+regularly intermittent.
+
+This must mean a central meeting point with the very best and appropriate
+reading matter pertaining to equipment of both home and farm; the
+solution of the help question (shall we ever reach this millennium?),
+certainly demonstrates in cooking and pure food, discussions as to
+education of children, and the way to obtain better lighting and heating,
+and good roads should be a part of these meetings.
+
+Where shall this center be—the school or the church?
+
+The women’s clubs of the nearby towns have attempted in an entirely
+friendly spirit to maintain rest rooms for farmers’ wives when on
+shopping bent, with a possible creche for the babies and a caretaker and
+amusements for young children. This is excellent, but will never take the
+place of the community center.
+
+A change in the attitude of public opinion towards the old question of
+town and country means some practical outcome to all this discussion.
+The interdependence of the two is real, each having its influence on
+the other, the main consideration being human rather than material. The
+town representative can talk out his grievances, political and economic;
+the farmer has a full stock of grievances, but rarely gives formal
+expression to them; and the farmer’s wife acknowledges that her social
+life is barren. The two need to bring their problems to each other; and
+a community spirit will surely lead to forms of organization for mutual
+economic and social advantage. There must be in the rural community such
+social life as shall withstand the attractions of the city, if we wish
+the farms to remain in the control of their owners, instead of in the
+hands of renters.
+
+What can be done to give the farmer’s wife a little leisure in which to
+enjoy the advantages that might be hers?
+
+The answer to this is the answer to the question which confronts every
+one who is striving to improve social conditions anywhere. It is the
+great problem of work and the “out of works,” which city and country
+are trying alike to solve, working from opposite horns of the dilemma.
+With thousands of hands begging for employment at one end, with thousands
+of jobs begging to be done at the other, it is not creditable to our
+initiative that we have not discovered some way to equalize the supply
+and demand of labor. We are already educating our country youth to stay
+on the farm; what we need further is a campaign of education to destroy
+the lure of the city, to teach men and women that there is plenty of work
+under wholesome conditions awaiting anyone who will take it, that those
+who cannot go the pace of the city can find pleasant, profitable living
+where there is time enough, and work enough for every one, if they will
+but go back to the soil.
+
+The conclusions drawn from the investigations into rural conditions,
+which I have been able to make, have changed my opinion very materially.
+Life is not so sordid and hard, poverty is not so pinching as I had
+thought. That it is narrow and unnecessarily colorless is evident, and
+that much can be done to brighten it is certain, but just what form of
+help to offer is a grave question.
+
+There is always needed a plan and the machinery to carry it through. I am
+not sure of name or method, but a central force there must be, whether of
+men or women—possibly it might be well to appeal to the woman, who makes
+the home life, to whom it is of so much importance.
+
+From all our letters we note that the women love the country life, both
+for themselves and their children. They would doubtless be ready to take
+up any coöperative plan that might be suggested. Certain I am that no
+committee should be appointed to consider ways and means that did not
+have in its membership some thoughtful, progressive farm women. Towards
+this common end should be included also representatives from all the
+agencies making the community life educational and religious.
+
+It is not difficult to draft a scheme, but it is essential that the
+elements most needed to carry it out should feel themselves vitally
+interested.
+
+Horace Plunkett suggests “an institution which shall be scientific,
+philosophic, research-making.” His arguments are so entirely to the point
+that I quote some few sentences:
+
+    Every social worker knows how the knowledge of what others are
+    doing will help him. It is strange how little the problems
+    of the rural population have entered into the study of
+    sociologists. At leading universities I have sought in vain
+    for light.... The fact is the subject must be treated as a new
+    one, and it is urgently necessary, if the work of the Country
+    Life Movement is to be based on a solid foundation of fact, to
+    make good the lack of information, which has resulted from the
+    general lack of interest.... An institute is wanted to survey
+    the field, to collect, classify and coördinate information
+    and to supplement and carry forward the work of research and
+    inquiry. The rural social worker requires as far as possible to
+    carry exact statistical methods into his work, so that he may
+    not have to depend on general statements, but may have at his
+    command evidence, the validity of which can be trusted, while
+    its significance can be measured.
+
+In agreeing with his desire for absolute data, let us not forget the
+human side, the personal evidence, which can never be obtained through
+an institute.
+
+May we hope that the Conservation Congress, which has ever shown a human
+interest in the conservation of vital force, will be the leader in
+bringing to its own the vital center of the country!
+
+President WALLACE—You will all agree with me, Ladies and Gentlemen, that
+we have had one choice treat tonight. There are two more coming. The
+Presbyterian Church of the United States has taken a very great deal of
+interest in the country church. Do you know that if the Presbyterians do
+not revive their country church there won’t be a Presbyterian church in
+the next generation, for this reason, that the town, while it can get
+all the lawyers it wants, can grow them, and all the doctors, can’t grow
+preachers enough to supply their own pulpits. (Applause) Now, we are to
+have before us here tonight Dr. Warren H. Wilson of New York City, the
+superintendent of the Board of Home Missions of the Presbyterian Church,
+and he will give us a new phase of conservation.
+
+[Dr. Wilson’s paper will be found in Supplementary Proceedings.]
+
+President WALLACE—Here endeth the second lesson. (Applause) We have been
+told about society. We have heard about the practical everyday religion
+of feeding men. And now we are going to be told by Dr. Wiley how to keep
+healthy, so that we may enjoy our religion and feed more men. (Applause)
+
+Dr. WILEY—Mr. President and Delegates of the third National Conservation
+Congress, Ladies and Gentlemen: My sermon is going to be short. I think
+a great many of these country churches were vacated by two and a quarter
+hour sermons. (Applause) I want to insist, however, that in this sermon
+I am going to preach I want to follow the steps of my illustrious
+predecessor. I have been preaching sermons for a number of years, and I
+think it is about time I was ordained. I believe in all the principles
+of conservation that you have taught this week and many previous weeks.
+I was an early and insistent and persistent conserver. I believe I have
+the honor of having delivered the first public address that ever took
+the term “conservation” as a text. In 1894 I delivered an address on
+the conservation of the fertility of the soil, and so, as well as my
+dear friends, the Presbyterians, I am a little bit conservative, too.
+(Applause) I am sorry that that condition has obtained which he described
+here, the empty country churches. But let me tell you they are no more
+empty than the country houses of this country. Everybody has been going
+to the town. They have taken the greater part of country boys who would
+have made good farmers and made pretty poor preachers out of them. On
+the whole the country boy thinks it is easier to preach once a week than
+it is to plow corn every day and feed the stock on Sunday. And naturally
+he chooses the line of least resistance to make a living. That is the
+reason that the country is becoming deserted, and just as long as it
+is easier to make a living in the city than it is in the country, the
+country is going to be empty, and all you preachers can’t fill it up,
+and the object of these meetings is to make it easier to make a living
+in the country than in the city, and then you will see the tide flow the
+other way, and not before. (Applause) One reason people ought to live in
+the country is because they can be healthier there. I would rather be
+a healthy boy in the country than a sick boy in town. If I have equal
+health, I think I would rather stay in town, for a boy has more fun in
+town. If you take fun away from the boy you deboyize the boy. Another
+thing, there is too much demanizing, and dehorning, in the country life.
+I know about this Pennsylvania Dutch people, why they are so prosperous,
+because their home life is in their life in the country. It follows the
+Pennsylvania Dutchman to the grave. It is a pleasure to go to a funeral
+in that community. (Applause) It has got to be a burden, every time I am
+invited to a funeral, I don’t want to go. When I was a boy I loved to
+go to a funeral. (Applause) They have a good custom up there among the
+Pennsylvania Dutch, too. They all go to the funeral, and nobody begins
+to cover up the grave until some neighbor goes up, takes off his hat and
+says a good word for the departed. Then they can fill up the grave. When
+old Jacob Shaffer died he was the meanest man in the community. He was
+buried on a cold, rainy day in November, when it was half rain and half
+sleet. They stood for ten or fifteen minutes, or half an hour, and nobody
+said a word. They had to stay there, and could not leave until the grave
+was filled up. Finally one neighbor, in despair, went up and took off
+his hat and said, “Well, I can say this about Jake: he wasn’t always so
+mean as he was sometimes.” (Applause) Now, I want to say this about the
+preacher. He is not always so inhuman as he is sometimes. When I heard
+this sermon tonight I almost concluded that a minister of the gospel was
+a real human being. (Applause) I want to tell you that he was not that to
+me when I was a boy. I did not look upon him as the friend that he ought
+to have been to me. And that is the reason one boy did not go to the
+country church oftener.
+
+
+CONSERVATION AND UTILIZATION.
+
+I believe in the conservation of the natural resources. I believe in
+the conservation of the coal and the forests. But conservation does not
+mean hoarding. It means utilization. I do not want to go through life
+with cold feet to save the Alaska coal and warm up somebody that is
+going to live a million years from now. (Applause) I want to get some
+of the benefit out of the coal while I am living, and out of the forest
+and out of the stream. My idea of conservation is to use the natural
+assets of this country for the benefit of the people, and not for some
+syndicate of rich men alone. (Applause) And I hope we won’t spend all
+this generation quarreling about who is going to have the coal, but that
+we will find some way to get it out and use it before it gets out of
+date. Because I want to tell you that we will not need coal much longer.
+The scientific men will find plenty of ways of finding heat and motive
+power when the coal is all gone. And if we do not use it now, it is going
+to become simply a specimen in the near future. (Applause) I want to say
+that we want to use the lumber, and use it wisely. There is no economy
+in allowing a tree to stand in the forest until it rots. We want to cut
+the old trees down just like Nature comes around and cuts down the old
+people and gets them out of the way. That is the way that science will
+provide lumber and at the same time continue to reduce the forests. Only
+the mineral resources are limited. There is just so much coal, just so
+much gold, and when they are used up, so far as I know, there is no more
+making, and they will be then gone. But do not have any fear. When the
+iron is all gone and the silver is all gone and the gold is all gone,
+there will be plenty of metals at the disposal of man, because we have
+found now how to convert clay into metal. I went into an automobile shop
+the other morning where they were making the frames out of pure aluminum.
+We have got enough clay in this country to last several years. (Applause)
+It will take the place of the steel and the iron and the gold and the
+silver and the copper. Have no fear of exhausting these supplies of
+humanity, but exhaust them for the benefit of the public. (Applause) If
+we could use one millionth part of the force of the wind we could turn
+every wheel of industry in the world, warm every house, cook every meal
+in this whole universe. And the wind and hot air shops are very abundant
+still. (Applause) There are no signs of it giving out in the near future,
+either. If the wind is going to blow and turn the wheels of commerce and
+industry, there are 24,000 wind mills with a dynamo attached to them and
+storage battery guaranteeing to the farmer all the light he wants in the
+barn, cooking stove, and turning the sewing machine and grindstone and
+engine every day of the year. Do not have any fear, ladies and gentlemen,
+that the natural powers of this world are going to be exhausted. They
+are here and here to stay, and here to be supplied by the advance of
+science in such a way that no matter how populous the world becomes in
+the future nobody is going to suffer for warmth or clothing or power in
+this world of ours, and we want to get so many people in this country
+that there won’t be any complaint of vacant country churches. And there
+is no doubt that this country can supply the food and clothing for untold
+millions of people yet unborn. We can have every foot of our country as
+densely populated as Belgium and still have plenty for everybody, because
+advancing science will supply it. The capacity of a man’s mouth is
+limited and constant, but the skill of his hands is unlimited. He has two
+hands, but only one mouth, and the advancing skill of his hand is going
+to fill the mouth.
+
+President WALLACE—Turn around that way and face the audience, please.
+(Applause)
+
+
+HEALTH, THE GREATEST ASSET.
+
+Dr. WILEY—I would just as leave say it all over again if you didn’t hear
+it. (Laughter) Now, there is one public asset of wealth that is rarely
+mentioned in these conservation congresses, and that is the public
+health. Let me tell you, ladies and gentlemen (applause), it is worth in
+money more than all the gold and all the forests and all the water power
+combined. If a man boasts of the wealth of Kansas City he speaks of the
+railroads and the packing houses and the great centers of distribution
+and the wholesale commercial houses and the value of real estate. He
+never says a word about how much a people are worth in health. I asked
+the children in the Central High School today how much each one thought
+he was worth in money. They did not know. I told them that in a year or
+two every one of them would be capable of earning $50 a month. I think
+there are lots of parents in this town that would not take $12,000 for
+a single child they have. And every single child is worth in money, if
+it is developed into a man or woman, $12,000. And if you take all of the
+people of the country and value them at $12,000 apiece, all the rest of
+the wealth of this country sinks into insignificance. And I am satisfied
+that that is the value of every man who is able to earn a dollar.
+
+Now, some people think women are worth nothing because they don’t get
+paid much for their work. Housewives do not get a monthly salary usually
+from their husbands. She ought to, but she does not. Practically all of
+them ought to get a salary every month. (Applause) But that does not
+make any difference in the earning capacity of the housewife. She is
+worth more than $50—every one. So I would say that there are 40,000,000
+of people in this country who are capable of earning $50 a month and
+do earn it. That, in my mind, will give you a good idea of the wealth
+of this country in health. But that wealth consists of health. If you
+impair the machine, the human machine, you impair the earning power of
+that machine, and thus you diminish its value. If you let the child die
+you rob the father of a great asset. And we are letting our children die
+every year. You may go into any graveyard in this country and count the
+little graves of children under five years of age, and three out of every
+five of them ought not to be there. The little body that is crumbling
+beneath that tombstone ought to be in the high school of the city or in
+the active walks of life. We let these children die and never think of
+the responsibility that rests upon us. How can we get to be healthy?
+Well, in the first place heredity. We have got to begin away back. That
+don’t do us much good, but if we pay attention to it it will do future
+generations some good. It was Oliver Wendell Holmes I believe who said,
+“You have to begin to make a man when he was a marsupial possibility.”
+We have got to go way back now to shape the careers of men and women
+unborn. Heredity, a sound body is one of the rights of every human being
+who is born. (Applause) I am glad to know that many of the states are
+already taking steps to insure that, and to forbid marriages with people
+who are physically incapable of producing healthy children. Marriage
+we regard as a sentiment, and we do not like to have anybody interfere
+with our sentiments. But I tell you marriage is an affair of the state.
+If the state has a right to demand a fee for a marriage license, and to
+prescribe how it shall be performed, and make laws by which it may be
+broken, it has the right to forbid the marriage as well as to regulate
+it. (Applause)
+
+
+CONSERVATION OF FUTURE GENERATIONS.
+
+I say then that our first work for public health is to look after the
+unborn generations and to see that they have healthy parents. That does
+not help us now, but we must look to it right now. I asked a member of
+the school board today if they had medical inspection of the school
+children here. He said a partial one. I said: “Do you have a dental
+inspection? Do you have a registered dentist come around through the
+school and see what kind of teeth the children have?” That is just as
+important as whether they come with clean clothes or not. I have no use
+for a boy or girl who loses his teeth in childhood. We must begin the
+conservation with the children of this country, of the public health.
+The time is coming when there will not be a school in our broad land
+without competent medical supervision. We demand now that our children be
+vaccinated. We also should demand that they bring to school no contagious
+disease to spread among their fellows. And there are lots of contagious
+diseases that we do not think of as contagious, such as tuberculosis for
+instance. And so by beginning with the unborn generation we may add to
+the length of human existence. Heredity then, sound bodies in which sound
+minds are and may be developed, is one of the primal basic qualifications
+for the conservation of human life.
+
+Then the next thing is, after we get healthy beings into the world, to
+see that they are properly nourished, and unless the child and the man
+and the woman have the proper food they cannot be expected to maintain
+their health. Unless you feed an engine, or boiler, good coal you cannot
+expect it to develop the maximum of power. Unless you feed a man well,
+nourish him well, you cannot expect him to be an effective machine,
+and to do his proper duty as a member of the community. The thing to
+do to secure the maximum efficiency of the machine—feed it well. What
+are we doing about that? We are making a beginning in that line. And
+the first thing we are doing is with the young child. We are saving the
+lives of the infants. I may say there has been more progress made along
+that line than in any other, and that is the place to begin. Here a few
+years ago if 125 children did not die out of every thousand that were
+born we thought something was wrong; we rather expected it. And in some
+communities a great many more than that died.
+
+In many communities the death rate has been reduced to seventy per
+thousand. There is no reason why over this whole country the death rate
+of the children, of the infants and the child under five, may not be
+reduced so as to make the death rate per thousand not very much greater
+than that of the adult, namely, thirteen or fourteen per thousand in
+a healthy community. And I do not know any reason why the children of
+this country should die at the rate of more than thirteen or fourteen
+per thousand when they are properly cared for at birth, and have proper
+fathers and mothers to give them healthy bodies. This will be a great
+addition to the wealth of the country, to save the children. And we can
+save the grown person by a wholesome diet. I am not one of those who
+believe in a starvation diet, cutting down food. There are a great many
+preachers of that doctrine in this country. That is a false doctrine.
+Nature provides that we shall have enough, and intended we shall have
+enough and then a little more. When the engineer fills up the tender with
+coal, he does not take just enough to get him into the station. No. He
+puts in a ton or two in excess. So Nature provides that when we eat to
+get strength to perform the mechanical functions of life, we shall have
+just a little more than is necessary, the factor of safety which enables
+us to go over the emergency safely.
+
+
+THE RIGHT TO NUTRITIOUS FOOD.
+
+And, therefore, it is the right of every citizen of this country to
+have nutritious food and to have plenty of it. Again, when the animal
+does feel sick, it has the right to scientific attendance with good
+food; in other words, the sick man has a right to be attended by a
+competent physician, and to have remedies administered prepared by a
+competent pharmacist and of pronounced purity. That is another thing
+we are securing for the people of this country—pure drugs to help them
+get well when they are sick. (Applause) And we are trying to keep men
+from practicing medicine who have no qualifications to do so except a
+facile pen to write an advertisement. The day is coming when a man cannot
+practice medicine in Kansas City by the newspaper as he can today. I
+looked at your newspapers. They are full of prescriptions, written by
+physicians who could not begin to pass the examination of your state
+board of health. They are quacks and fakirs, and the advertisements are
+worded cunningly to separate your money from your income. And the law
+permits it, while the regular physician cannot come to Kansas City and
+practice medicine without taking out a license from the state board of
+health, and yet you allow a fakir in any other county to come to town
+and practice medicine _ad libitum_. We are going to stop that for you
+and save your money and save your lives (applause) by securing competent
+medical supervision of the sick of the community.
+
+Then we are going to protect you from contagious diseases. We are
+building up now a cordon around this country against invasion, not from
+an armed enemy, but from one that has slain a thousand times more than
+the armed enemy would slay—the germ of contagious disease. While Europe
+has been suffering from Asiatic cholera for a year, we have succeeded
+absolutely in wiping it out of this country, except one or two sporadic
+cases, and we no longer fear yellow fever. We know it because we know
+how to handle the mosquito that spreads it, and we segregate it in the
+spots where it breaks out. We are beginning to control that most dread
+of all diseases, tuberculosis. And the day is coming when we will have
+full control of it. There are people in this house who will live to see
+tuberculosis as rare as smallpox is today, in my opinion. (Applause) Why?
+Because science has found out how that disease is conveyed, and having
+found out the cause, we can proceed to the remedy, and the day is coming
+when there will be camps of detention for tuberculosis patients, just as
+there are today for leprosy. It looks hard. It looks inhuman. But what
+we must care for is humanity, and not the single life. You remember what
+Tennyson says: “Are God and Nature then at strife, that Nature sends such
+evil dreams? So careful of the type she signs, so careless of the single
+life?”
+
+
+THE INDIVIDUAL AND THE COMMUNITY.
+
+The individual must give way to the community, and if he is afflicted
+with tuberculosis he must be segregated, so that the disease may
+be conquered and kept within bounds. And so typhoid fever will be
+conquered—all the diseases which are due to infection and contagion. And
+great progress is making along this line today, so much so that we are
+encouraged in the belief that other diseases yet unconquered may meet the
+enemy and master, like for instance pneumonia and diseases of that sort.
+And the result will be that by the advance of scientific medicine and
+by the wise control of the state, men will be spared the destruction of
+their usefulness and value in middle life. Why, how much does it mean to
+die before your time? All the years of preparation, all the money spent
+in your education, all that you have done to prepare yourself for the
+duties of life, cut off in an instant by an enemy more treacherous by far
+than any foreign invader could be, more to be feared than any armed foe
+could possibly be feared. We have no need to build sixteen-inch guns to
+protect our trade on the Panama Canal. What we have protected are the men
+who builded them. The greatest triumph of the Panama Canal is not that it
+is a wonderful cut, is not that it is protected by sixteen-inch guns, but
+that the men who build it are as healthy as you people who have stayed
+here in Kansas City. That is the great triumph of the Panama Canal.
+(Applause)
+
+Then we want to preach sanitation in the outplaces where the church ought
+to be built in the country. That is one reason that the country is not
+attractive, because there are no sanitary conveniences there. The farmers
+are living today in a state of barbarism almost in that respect. What
+we need to do is to populate the country in order to make the country
+attractive, and it can be done at little expense. There are preachers
+today who are preaching sanitation about the country school house, and to
+the country farmer, how to make himself comfortable at home. The roller
+towels have been abolished in Kansas. The Pullman Company has taken out
+its public drinking cups in the State of Illinois, and failed to give any
+other, so you can go all through Illinois without any danger of drinking
+the Pullman ice water. (Applause) The day will come some time when the
+Pullman Company will ventilate its cars. (Applause) On the train coming
+out from Washington there were at least five hundred free passengers
+called flies that came all the way and enjoyed the trip (laughter) and
+never lost a moment from sleep. (Laughter) Think of it at this modern
+day, to start a palace car from Washington that cost $20,000 full of
+flies! But we are preaching sanitation in out of the way places like
+the country home and the Pullman car, and the people are learning. And
+you will be able to travel after a while without danger of contracting
+a disease in the car where you sleep, or in the hotel where you eat.
+This gospel of sanitation goes with the gospel of the country church,
+because cleanliness is next to godliness, and sometimes it seems to me it
+comes first and godliness second, because a dirty man has a great deal
+of trouble in feeling godly. (Applause) So the gospel of sanitation is
+coming to our help. Another thing will help, and that is the gospel of
+segregation. What are we to do to prevent the influx into the city? I
+will tell you one thing that the city could do. Every city wants to have
+more people in it. They do not care what kind they are. They want more
+than their neighboring city. It is the ambition of the town to pad the
+census. Many of them are in jail for doing it today. If I lived in Kansas
+City I wouldn’t care whether we had more people than Omaha or not, but I
+would love to have, if I were in Kansas City, cleaner streets and purer
+water and more segregated houses (applause) than Omaha or any other city.
+And you ought to have them here with all your beautiful streets. You have
+the principle here of keeping the houses apart. There is plenty of ground
+in this country to build houses and have a little spot of green by them
+where they can have flowers in the garden and potatoes. That is what we
+ought to do to prevent the influx into the city.
+
+
+THE CITY NOT FOR MANUFACTURING.
+
+I would recommend as a sanitary measure that every city forbid any
+manufacturing of any kind within its limits. The city is not for
+manufacturing. The city is for exchange only, and if you would banish
+the factory you would do much for the sanitation of the city and for
+the factory workers. You would get closer to the raw material which
+the factory uses. You would save in transportation, and every workman
+could have his little cottage with his little piece of land that would
+help populate the country and help the church that was built near
+the factory, too. I say we can put the people into the country by
+legislation if in no other way in that respect, and the moment the
+factory starts the farmer is coming to raise garden truck. You will have
+growing around the factory a prosperous agricultural community with its
+church and it will be a great deal better than having a little church
+with a lonely graveyard. The most awful thing in the country is the
+graveyard, especially at night, when the boy has to go home past it. That
+is the way. We will segregate the population and thus conserve the public
+health.
+
+Last of all, we can crown the work of the gospel of sanitation by
+enacting into a law provision for a national board of health with real
+power and with real authority, whose director shall have a seat in the
+President’s cabinet and advise him in regard to the most precious of all
+the assets of our country, public health (applause), and he can guide
+and help the authorities of the state and cities, and furnish them the
+material with which to work, and that is coming after a while. We are
+going to conquer and bring together all the government authorities which
+have to do with the public health in the one grand organization which
+will conserve the health of this country and have a voice of power in the
+councils of the Nation. And then when we do this we will have instilled
+into the people the idea that there are things that are more important
+than dollars. Every movement of this kind is stopped by the dollars,
+the fear that somebody is going to lose some money, while at the same
+time it could be easily shown that every single movement of this kind is
+for the increase of our national wealth, and the day will come when the
+doctrine of graft and greed will have to give way to the doctrine of the
+sanitation of the people. (Applause) We have today our Fourth of July
+when we celebrate. In some parts of the country the colored citizens meet
+and celebrate the emancipation. So I want to live to see the day when the
+people of this country will meet together in one grand convocation to
+celebrate the emancipation from the reign of greed and graft and for the
+establishment of the principles of sanitation which keep them well and
+happy and patriotic American citizens. (Applause)
+
+President WALLACE—This Congress will now stand adjourned until tomorrow
+morning at 9 o’clock.
+
+
+
+
+_SEVENTH SESSION._
+
+
+Dr. Cyrus Northrop, President Emeritus Minnesota University, presided.
+
+Chairman NORTHROP—The Congress will be led in prayer by the Rev. Dr. S.
+M. Neel, pastor of the Central Presbyterian Church of Kansas City.
+
+
+INVOCATION.
+
+    Our Father, Who art in heaven, we recognize Thy hand in every
+    good. We are dependent upon the bounties of Thy providence, and
+    we invoke Thy blessing upon these Thy servants, as they have
+    met together to consider the best interests that manifest Thy
+    love and Thy goodness to the children of men. Thou hast taught
+    us if any man lack wisdom, let him ask of God, Who giveth
+    liberally unto all men and upbraideth not. We pray Thee that
+    Thou wilt give us wisdom to guide us in this Congress, that
+    we advise those ways and means that shall be productive of
+    the interests of our fellow men in their various avocations,
+    especially to those who are called to labor and till the soil,
+    and may Thy blessing rest upon them and Thy providence be about
+    us, sending the rain and the sunshine in season, and that men
+    may look up to Thee with thankful, grateful hearts, and serve
+    Thee honestly and sincerely, and finally meet Thee in richest
+    reward in the world to come, and the glory shall be Thine
+    forever, Amen.
+
+Chairman NORTHROP—My instructions were to start the Congress at 9
+o’clock, but it did not seem possible to do that. So I have compromised
+by starting it half way between 9 and 9:30. The regular order of business
+probably cannot be pursued at this moment. Is Mr. George W. Bailey of
+Missouri in the room?
+
+If Mr. Bailey will come to the platform he may have the ear of the
+Congress for five minutes. Mr. Bailey, Deputy State Game and Fish
+Commissioner of Missouri.
+
+Mr. BAILEY—I was highly pleased with the remarks of the gentleman Monday
+evening from New York on the conservation of wild life in that state, and
+again yesterday we enjoyed another treat from a gentleman representing
+the Audubon Society of the Empire State.
+
+The protection of song and insectivorous birds in this rich agricultural
+land of the Middle West deserves more than a passing notice from this
+great Congress.
+
+That the destruction of song and insectivorous birds means the increase
+of pests, so destructive to fruit and grain crops, is acknowledged by the
+best informed farmers of the day. And what a great pleasure it was to
+hear reports like those from the gentlemen representing the State of New
+York.
+
+Here in Missouri we have had some trouble in getting the attention of
+farmers to this important subject, but they are beginning to realize that
+the insect-destroying bird is one of the best assets to the farmer.
+
+The present Game Department of Missouri has never cost the tax payers
+of the state one penny, but the revenue for the protection of game is
+obtained from hunters’ licenses, paid into the State Treasurer’s office.
+
+In North Central Missouri I have organized districts in several counties
+for the protection of prairie chicken and quail, and in these localities
+the farmers refuse to permit the destruction of these birds out of
+season, and we have now more than fifteen hundred prairie chickens
+absolutely protected, and the farmers will remember that in many
+neighborhoods of the state during the past season the grasshoppers were
+very destructive to late corn, and, as a proof of the usefulness of
+the wild birds, there was no complaint of the grasshoppers from the
+farmers in the localities where the prairie chicken, quail and other
+insectivorous and song birds are so well protected.
+
+Through the efforts of our efficient Game and Fish Commissioner, Hon.
+Jesse A. Tolerton, the Chinese pheasant has been introduced in many
+counties of Missouri, and has proven a very great destroyer of insects,
+and especially so to the hated potato bug.
+
+Some time ago I read an article in the Dallas News saying that the boll
+weevil had cost the State of Texas $20,000,000 in the last few years,
+and the editor called attention to the fact that the boll weevil never
+appeared until after the target gun in the hands of the vicious and
+ignorant had so wantonly destroyed wild bird life in that state.
+
+Ladies and gentlemen, this is a startling statement, but true, and what
+an object lesson for the great subject of bird conservation.
+
+Chairman NORTHROP—In the absence of the gentlemen who were upon the
+regular program, will you indulge me for a moment or two while I say
+something? In the papers in the South there has been for some time
+special notice of the fact that a few years ago a small cotton crop
+yielded to the cotton planter $240,000,000 more than the larger cotton
+crop which succeeded, and the lesson sought to be taught is that the
+products shall be kept down as low as is necessary to secure the highest
+prices, and to that end if a large amount of cotton has been raised a
+considerable portion shall be kept out of the market until the prices
+rise to fifteen cents a pound, and then brought forward as fast as the
+market will take it. There is some disposition among the wheat farmers
+to keep back their wheat until the market is high enough to enable them
+to get the best prices. There is nothing wrong in the farmer doing that,
+and securing the best price he can, because the cotton and the wheat are
+not ultimately lost. At some time or other they come into human use. But
+there is another department in which the same process does not meet with
+the same results. I refer to that most important and, as it seems to me,
+growing important department, fruits of all kinds in the United States.
+We talk about the high price of living, and the price is high. Anything
+which will relieve the demand upon the most common necessaries of life
+will tend to lower the cost of living. Anything that we can introduce
+and make a common article of food for a large portion of the people to
+take the place of beefsteak is a blessing to the country, and we are
+receiving into this country hundreds of thousands of immigrants at the
+present time, many of them—perhaps most of them—coming from countries
+where the practice is to live largely on fruits—the Italians and others.
+Now, you are conserving the resources of the country, and how are we
+conserving our resources in the matter of fruits? Why, there are millions
+of dollars’ worth of fruits that are permitted to perish every year in
+order that the price of fruit may be kept up to a certain grade all over
+the country, and the consequence is that this million dollars worth of
+fruit that might feed the people, or might take the place of some other
+more important food in some way, is all lost to the country. What is the
+use of conserving the fertility of the soil if we are going to have our
+soil so fertile that we can raise $50,000,000 worth of fruit and let
+$40,000,000 perish, in order that for the ten millions we might get the
+price of the forty millions? Some way ought to be provided by which the
+fruit that is raised in this country shall be made available for food.
+I do not ask that anything will be done that will interfere with the
+prosperity of the fruit raiser. But that he shall raise a large amount of
+fruit and then have it made impossible to put upon the market more than
+a quarter of his product, and have that fruit maintain in price the same
+standard that the whole of it would, is a wrong, it seems to me, to the
+people of this country, and a detriment to its welfare. What we want is
+to feed people comfortably and at the lowest rate that is consistent with
+existing conditions.
+
+There is nothing that would contribute more to the health of our people
+in a large way than increasing to a very considerable extent the use of
+fruit. So many persons use things that are not really advantageous to
+health. Fruit would be invaluable, and we are raising millions of bushels
+of apples and kindred things that never come to the use of man, but are
+permitted to perish. The same is true of peaches in many cases, and with
+cherries in some states. It is remarkably true of apples. Those states
+on the Pacific Coast, Washington and Oregon, and the region round about
+there, are raising apples that are astonishing in quantity and quality,
+and they are preparing to produce a great many more. It will be of the
+greatest value to the people of this country if we can get them. Twenty
+years ago it was doubtful whether Minnesota could ever raise apples. We
+have apples by the thousands of bushels this year all around Minnesota.
+
+Notwithstanding, green apples in the market when I left home were $1.50
+a bushel. That is not necessary. It ought to be so that the laborer, the
+man who works with his hands, can have fruit. God has given us a country
+that will yield almost everything. It will yield fruit in tremendous
+quantities, and the people will eat it if they can get it. What is the
+trouble? Why should three-fourths of the crop rot on the ground, while
+only one-fourth gets to market and brings the price that the whole should
+command? You see my point. It is not to interfere with the man who
+raises apples. I want him to get his full reward. But it is that this
+magnificent product with which God has favored us shall be utilized for
+the needs of this country, for their good, and for the removal of the
+stress in the demand for various other products, which are now at a price
+that is not within the reach of many people. We are met for the interests
+of people in general, for the good of mankind. No man liveth to himself;
+no man dieth to himself. If there is not grass enough and food enough to
+keep alive the cattle of the country, and a man has a thousand tons of
+hay, do you think he has the right to burn up 999 tons, and then ask for
+the remaining ton the price of the thousand? Has a man a right to destroy
+what is necessary for the lives of his fellow men, when it is needed
+for those lives (cries of “no!”) simply in order that by having only a
+part he may get the reward of the whole? I say no. We have to look for
+something besides ourselves.
+
+It is not merely a matter of how much money goes into my pocket and how
+little comes out. It is a matter of whether I am doing my part in this
+world to make the world what it ought to be, and my fellow man just as
+comfortable and happy as I can. (Applause) (Good!) I have got to do it
+whether I am a farmer or anybody else. We have to so use what we have
+that it may benefit others as well as ourselves. I am not proposing
+any plan. I do not know what plan should be proposed. But, ladies and
+gentlemen, what I want is to see the products of the earth utilized for
+the support of men and women and children. And I want some way to be
+provided by which the magnificent products of our orchards may be carried
+all over the country, and the people may eat and enjoy them and live, and
+the returns to the producer of that fruit be all that they could ask. Can
+you help to secure this result in some way in the coming years? It is not
+secured as it ought to be at the present time. (Applause)
+
+I resign the chair to President Wallace.
+
+President WALLACE—I am very much obliged to Mr. Northrop for taking
+charge of the meeting in my absence. I have been down to meet Mr. Bryan.
+(Applause) I have persuaded him to put off his speech until 8 o’clock
+this evening. (Applause) Mr. Bryan will talk on a subject entirely in
+harmony with the spirit and purpose of this convention.
+
+Delegate A. W. STUBBS—I have talked with a number of delegates from
+the country and understand that many of them have made arrangements to
+leave the city before 8 o’clock this evening, and I know it would be
+exceedingly gratifying to them to have Mr. Bryan here for a few moments
+some time. Do you suppose that could be arranged?
+
+President WALLACE—Yes, sir; he will be here and you can get to see him.
+
+Delegate STUBBS—We want to hear him.
+
+President WALLACE—You may have a chance to hear him. We have a strong
+program; we keep the best to the last (applause), but we want you to
+assist us in putting through this program so that every man who comes
+here and says something can be heard. We will appreciate it, and push it
+through and just as fast as we can. Now, let me ask whether Mr. Curtis
+Hill is present? He is to address us on good roads. He is the State
+Highway Engineer of Missouri. What other matters have we to come before
+the Congress? The next speaker is Mr. White. He is not here, but he will
+be here in a little while. We will take up the call of the states. We
+do not care about resources or coal mines, but we want to know what you
+have done in your state for conservation, and what you intend to do, dead
+earnest, honor bright, what you intend to do.
+
+Recording Secretary GIPE—Oregon (no response); Texas; Utah; Vermont;
+Virginia; West Virginia; Wisconsin; Wyoming. We have a request, Mr.
+President, from the chairman of the Arkansas delegation to be heard. They
+were not here when their names were called.
+
+President WALLACE—I take pleasure in introducing to you Mr. F. M. Filson,
+president Missouri State Association of Assistant Postmasters, who will
+talk to you for five minutes.
+
+[Mr. Filson’s paper is in Supplementary Proceedings.]
+
+President WALLACE—Gentlemen: One reason for bringing this meeting to
+Kansas City was that we might get the voice from the South. Mr. Knapp,
+who has charge of the demonstration work in the South, was to be here,
+but cannot come because of illness, and his place will be taken by
+Professor W. J. Spillman of the Department of Agriculture, who will talk
+to you about fifteen or twenty minutes. Professor Spillman is engaged in
+the same work.
+
+PROF. SPILLMAN—I regret very much that Dr. Knapp could not be here
+himself.
+
+He is in charge of the farmers’ coöperative demonstration work in the
+South. It has been suggested that I take his place upon the program. I
+cannot tell you of his work. The Secretary of Agriculture has asked me
+to develop similar line of work in the Northern states, and we are now
+laying plans for its development. I want to discuss a few of the problems
+that strike me very forcibly in my study of agriculture in this country.
+
+Several years ago I spent two weeks in visiting the more successful
+farmers in the New England states. I visited ten farmers in that two
+weeks, and made a careful study of their methods. I want to say that
+while we usually speak of the worked-out, bleak hills of New England,
+that I found as good farming there on a few farms as I have found
+anywhere in the United States. And one thing which struck me very
+forcibly, indeed, was that the oldest boy or young man I saw on any of
+those ten farms was fifteen years old, and the youngest man I saw was
+forty years old. A short time after that I had the pleasure of addressing
+the Vermont State Dairymen’s Association. There were a thousand farmers
+there, and in that assembly there were six who were under forty years of
+age. I asked those people where their young men and older boys were. They
+said they had gone to the city. Why have they gone to the city? Because
+they think they can better their condition there. Is that true? “Well,
+we suppose it is. Most of them are doing better in the city than they did
+on the farm.” I said, “They are wise boys then, to go where they can do
+better.” I would advise anybody to do that. The statistics of agriculture
+in the New England states show that between 1880 and 1900, a twenty-year
+period, there was a decrease of 30.1 per cent in the area of improved
+farm land, in New England, a decrease of one-third practically. During
+the period of 1890 to 1900, there was a decrease of 10 per cent in the
+rural population in New England as a whole. Since that time there has
+been a decrease in the rural population of practically all of the states
+north of the cotton belt and east of the great plains.
+
+
+SOME STARTLING CONDITIONS.
+
+During the last ten years there was a heavy decrease in the rural
+population of the state of Missouri, which I claim as my birthplace. Why
+is that? There are several reasons. One is that farmers are using more
+farm machinery today than they used to use, and they do not need as many
+men to man the farms as they formerly needed. Another reason is, many of
+the farms are not as well managed now as they were before because of the
+scarcity of labor, and they are not so profitable. But on the whole farms
+are more profitable now than they were ten years ago. There has been a
+ten per cent increase in the yield of farm crops in the United States in
+the last ten years. These conditions have brought about a movement which
+we have heard a great deal of in the papers recently, the back to the
+farm movement. Now, I am a farmer myself. I own a beautiful little farm
+down in the southwest corner of this state. I expect to be there next
+week picking my seed corn, and I am in full sympathy with every effort to
+develop agriculture and to improve the lot of the farmer, but I am not in
+sympathy with the efforts to make a wholesale migration of city people
+to the farm. I do not believe that is the solution of the question. In
+the first place we have on the farms of this country already children
+growing up who are getting the proper training to be farmers, aside from
+the schools they go to. Unfortunately our country schools teach them
+everything except farming. And as far as the farm experience is concerned
+those are the people who ought to be our farmers of the future. The city
+man has too much to learn. It takes too long to get adjusted when he goes
+to the land. We have recently made a careful study of several hundred
+city men who have gone out to settle on ten and twenty-acre farm tracts.
+And I want to say unreservedly that these men have made failures as
+farmers, and practically every one of them has his farm for sale at less
+than he paid for it. There are a few exceptions to that, but they are
+mighty few. I believe the solution of the problem of populating our farms
+is to keep a proper proportion of our farm boys and girls on the farm.
+(Applause)
+
+I wouldn’t keep all of them on the farm. Why? Because they are not needed
+there. If they were all kept on the farm, in a short while there would
+be overproduction in agricultural products in this country. I want to see
+enough of them, and some of the very best of them, kept to man the farms
+in this country, and at the same time I want to see a small proportion,
+the proper proportion of those young men do what they have always done,
+go to the city and take the lead in every line of human activity.
+(Applause) I one time made the assertion before a body of scientists
+that there was something in the life of the farm that had a higher
+pedagogical value, higher educational value than the best city schools
+had to give. (Applause) I was called down hard for that statement, by a
+city scientist. Then I went to work to find out whether I was correct. I
+looked up the history of the Presidents of the United States, and I found
+that 92 per cent of them were born and raised on the farm; there are only
+36 per cent of our population live on the farm—a little more than their
+share of presidents. Then I wrote letters to the governors of every state
+in this Union asking them if they were brought up on the farm; 91.4 per
+cent of them wrote back and said that they were farmer boys. Why is it
+that farmer boys become governors? It is because of something in their
+early training. We know it cannot be the country school, because that is
+a thing to speak of with a blush, generally speaking. What is it then?
+I asked those men. I said, “If the country life is advantageous to the
+growing boy, tell me why you think it is.” President Lucien Tuttle, of
+the Boston & Maine Railway, New England, gave me this answer—(which
+seemed to be the answer that most of them gave)—“When I was a boy on
+the farm by the time I was 12 years of age I was buying and selling
+cattle and feeding stock and taking care of them. I learned a sense of
+responsibility, and I never forgot it.”
+
+I believe that the opportunity of putting responsibility on the farm boy
+is the most important feature of his education. I am confident that is
+correct. (Applause) We want a proper proportion of the farm boys and farm
+girls to remain on the farm and become farmers that are a credit to the
+Nation.
+
+
+THE INCREASE IN LAND VALUES.
+
+Let me tell you another reason why I want that rather than see city
+people go to the land. Land is going to become high-priced in this
+country in the very near future. The value of the land in the United
+States in the last ten years increased from twenty billion dollars to
+forty billion dollars. What made that? Was it increase in income from the
+land? No. Was it increase in the intrinsic value of that land for farming
+purposes? No. It was increase in the demand and decrease in the supply of
+free land. That is what did it. We only have to go across the Atlantic
+ocean to find farm land selling at from two to six hundred dollars an
+acre. Why? Because it is comparatively limited. There is no free land
+for sale. As long as a man could homestead 160 acres of good land in
+Missouri, Iowa, Illinois, no farm land in America could be worth more
+than $100 per acre. But that day has past. We are now to have high-priced
+land. I want to see the boys who inherit that land live on it and run it.
+(Applause) I would much rather see that than to see the boy who owns that
+farm, or will own it, go to the city and become a street car driver and
+rent his farm to some fellow who will become a tenant. I want to see the
+American farms, so far as possible, peopled by those who own the land,
+who can hold up their heads and look any man in the face and say, “I am a
+landed proprietor, a free born citizen in a free land,” a thing which the
+tenant farmer can’t always do.
+
+A Delegate—How to keep the boys on the farm is what we want to know.
+
+Prof. SPILLMAN—That is what I was coming to in just a minute. Let me
+tell you what I have to say on that subject. There are lots of men in
+this audience that have left the farm. Why did you leave it? Because you
+thought you could do better, didn’t you?
+
+A Delegate—Exactly.
+
+Prof. SPILLMAN—That is it. Now, let us face the thing as it is. You left
+the farm because you thought you could do better elsewhere. Now, there
+is only one way to keep a sensible young man on the farm. You can keep
+a blockhead there perhaps some other way, but a sensible young man can
+be kept there in only one way, and that is to make it advantageous for
+him to stay there. You insult his intelligence when you ask him to stay
+at a disadvantage. (Applause) How are we going to make it advantageous
+for that boy to stay there? Well, I think I know how that can be done.
+We have tremendous agencies in this country at work learning how farming
+ought to be done. We have agricultural colleges, teaching young men,
+but one thing I want to impress upon you is that in order for the
+agricultural college to reach and affect every farmer in America, it
+would be necessary to graduate every year in agriculture alone 4,000 men
+in every college in the country. You know that they cannot reach that,
+and the function of the agricultural college is to prepare leaders and
+teachers and as many farmers as possible, but not all farmers.
+
+The agricultural college of Kansas cannot graduate 4,000 men a year in
+agriculture. Kansas is a pretty liberal state in the matter of education,
+but I do not think she would want to go into her pocket deep enough to
+provide educational facilities at Manhattan for that many men. I would
+like to see her do it, but I do not think she can. Now, we must reach
+the farmer in other ways. These institutions have learned a tremendous
+amount. They have discovered the principles in fertilization of the soil;
+they have worked out thoroughly the principles of feeding live stock,
+so that today it is practically reduced to an exact science. They have
+worked out methods of selecting seed corn. How many farmers in Missouri
+plant carefully prepared seed corn? You ought to do it. I have just two
+minutes to tell you the gist of the scheme.
+
+The President of the United States the other night told you that he was
+willing to approve the appropriation of a million dollars to begin a work
+of carrying to the farmer what the scientists already know. Let me add to
+that, that some of the most important work these men are to do will be to
+carry to those farmers what that farmer knows. I know farmers at whose
+feet I would be willing to sit for weeks, and I have done so, and I have
+learned more from the men whose farms I have studied than I ever learned
+from anybody else. But those men had worked out the methods of putting
+into practice what the agricultural scientist knows. We propose to put in
+every county in the United States a man to carry on an investigation of
+the work of the successful farmers and find out how they do it. A man who
+will investigate local agricultural problems and become an agricultural
+adviser of the farmers in these counties. (Applause) We are going to
+take the best men we can get. Most of them will be men who cannot afford
+to take the positions, men who are already making more than $1,500 or
+$2,000 a year on their own farms. Most of them will be young men, and
+the others, who, if they were a little older, would be doing the same
+thing. Now, my time is up, and I just want to add in ten seconds that we
+propose to join the state and the county and all divide the expense of
+establishing this system all over the United States for you.
+
+President WALLACE—I will now introduce to you, and it gives me great
+pleasure, Mrs. E. R. Weeks of the National Congress of Mothers and Parent
+Teachers’ Association, who will speak to you for five minutes only.
+(Applause)
+
+Mrs. WEEKS—I told you to make it three minutes.
+
+The National Congress of Mothers reports here, not because it has a
+committee on conservation, but because it is an association organized for
+conservation, the conservation of the home and the child.
+
+When we gave the call for our first convention in 1897 a whirlwind of
+protest swept over the land, that mothers should be called from their
+homes and children to attend a convention, and the press, from one end of
+the land to the other, ridiculed us as a lot of old maids and childless
+married women.
+
+Today the press is our best friend, and we have taught the world that
+a mother can not live for her home and children in the best way unless
+she takes into her thought and work all other homes and children. The
+wives and daughters of the land have learned through us that a woman’s
+duty lies along the avenues by which she may bring into the home the
+best from the outside world. We conserve the home and child by our work
+in promoting the creation of juvenile courts, both in this country and
+abroad, and by sending to this convention as delegates our chairman
+of that committee, Judge Benjamin Lindsey. We organize parents’ and
+teachers’ meetings in city and rural schools, and to make these meetings
+possible we have a committee on good roads for country children’s welfare.
+
+As a conservation congress for child welfare, we offer you, gentlemen,
+our experience and our organization in any efforts which you may put
+forth for the betterment of childhood whether in city or country.
+(Applause)
+
+President WALLACE—I take pleasure in introducing to you Congressman Fred
+S. Jackson, former Attorney General of Kansas.
+
+MR. JACKSON—As soils may be exhausted, it is even possible to exhaust the
+conservation of soils—by discussion. We have listened to several papers,
+each of which has been not only intensely interesting but exhaustive
+on the subject of restoring and conserving exhausted soils. I may be
+pardoned, therefore, in asking your attention to another great national
+subject of conservation; that of conserving our lives and millions of
+property from loss by fire. This subject has been already partially
+discussed, before this Congress, through and by means of a report of the
+National Board of Fire Underwriters, a national organization of fire
+insurance companies.
+
+This report, though good in the main, is one-sided. It calls attention
+to the public duty of citizens in general in preventing fire losses. We
+desire by means of a national investigation under national supervision
+to remind insurance companies of certain of their own public duties,
+relative to the causes of fire losses.
+
+All agree that these losses are enormous and when compared with that of
+any other country are excessive and abnormal. In the last decade the
+amount of property insured has doubled and in spite of a campaign for
+fire prevention by the insurance companies, fire losses have also doubled.
+
+This disappointing result has led many of the best informed insurance
+experts of the country to conclude that the real “bug under the chip” in
+our fast increasing excessive and abnormal fire losses is the insurance
+rate, for which our insurance companies are responsible.
+
+I hold no brief in this matter against the insurance companies. I became
+interested in the subject merely as a state officer in an attempt to
+enforce state laws and to secure state supervision of rates in the
+interest of the public. Such laws are now in force in at least four
+states of the Union, and are sustained by our courts on the theory of the
+state’s right to protect the life and property of the citizens against
+loss from fire.
+
+
+POWELL EVANS’ VIEWS.
+
+The importance of this subject has not been better or more strongly
+stated than by Mr. Powell Evans, of Philadelphia, one of the leading
+business men of the country, who spoke before this Congress in its first
+session, in May, 1908. In a recent magazine article, Mr. Evans says:
+
+    Fire waste in the United States and Canada is about ten times
+    that of western Europe. It averages broadly $250,000,000
+    yearly with $150,000,000 added expense for protective measures
+    imperatively demanded by this great, continuous, and increasing
+    loss.
+
+    The 1910 fire waste would pay the total interest-bearing debt
+    of the country in four years; or would build the Panama Canal
+    in less than two years. In other terms, it exceeds the combined
+    cost of the United States Army and Navy and the interest on the
+    National debt; or nearly equals the combined annual failure and
+    pension payments in the United States; or exceeds the combined
+    United States gold and silver production and Post Office
+    Department receipts—these all annual figures.
+
+    It represents about 40 per cent of either the total unused
+    United States government receipts or total expenditures, or the
+    net earnings of American railways; it represents about 80 per
+    cent of either the United States Internal Revenue receipts or
+    the United States Customs or the interest paid on the railways
+    in the country. It exceeds the combined annual value of wheat,
+    hay, oats, and rye crops, and is twice that of the cotton crop.
+    It costs about $30,000 for each hour in the Year, or $500 for
+    each minute. It costs, moreover, more than 1,500 lives and
+    5,000 serious injuries annually.
+
+    If all buildings burned last year in the United States were
+    placed together on both sides of a street, they would make
+    an avenue of desolation reaching from Chicago to New York,
+    and although one seriously injured person were rescued every
+    thousand feet, at every three-quarters of a mile a man, woman,
+    or child would nevertheless be found burned to death.
+
+    This fire loss averages three dollars per capita in America
+    each year as against thirty cents in Europe. It is absolute
+    loss, and not ever transferrence of value. It positively does
+    no good to anyone. About two-thirds of this waste in life and
+    property in this country could easily be avoided by means
+    similar to those employed in western Europe, where the loss is
+    about one-tenth of ours.
+
+
+INSURANCE COMPANIES IN CONTROL.
+
+Let me now tax your attention with a consideration a little more in
+detail of the part played by the insurance system and the rate in the
+fire waste of the country.
+
+By common consent the control of fire has been left almost entirely
+to the care of the fire insurance company. The average man considers
+that the company pays the loss and suffers loss in the payment. In his
+opinion the company is impelled by fear of loss to exact a high state
+of efficiency from all engaged in stopping loss, and that it is also in
+position to know what ought to be done at any time to prevent loss or
+strengthen the forces that fight fire. From the point of view of the
+average man, to pay the insurance premium is to discharge his whole duty
+as a citizen. All else is a detail of the business of fire insurance and
+none of his business.
+
+The prevalence of this conception of the interest of the fire insurance
+company explains the apathy of the public and prominence of the company
+in all questions of public safety against fire. Nevertheless, it is a
+misconception, and until the public bestirs itself in its own behalf,
+fire waste will never be subdued. While the company pays the loss,
+payment is made out of a fund taken from the public in advance. This
+premium fund covers not only the loss but about as much more in addition
+for the use and profit of the company. Up to the limit of price that the
+public will stand for, the higher the losses, the more the premiums and
+profits to be collected by the company. Thus the doubling of the loss,
+in the face of a ten-year campaign for reduction led by underwriters, is
+not the reflection on the leadership that it seems. If losses doubled, so
+also did premiums and profits.
+
+The actual control of the situation lies with the insurance rate.
+However, the companies may protest and exhort, little will be doing
+unless their admonitions find concrete embodiment in the rate. It was
+the rate that doubled premiums during the last ten years, and it was the
+rate which maintained the conditions of risk implicated in doubling the
+losses. It is axiomatic that premiums cannot be doubled unless losses
+double, and that losses will not double unless there is hazard to produce
+them. A true rate could have been promulgated ten years ago, which would
+have sent much hazard to the discard as no longer profitable and much of
+the subsequent loss would not have transpired. But premiums would have
+suffered a like shrinkage.
+
+Mr. Evans’ address before the first Conservation Congress, to which I
+have already referred, became the basis of an official utterance by the
+National Board of Underwriters, and the public therefore must regard him
+as a creditable witness.
+
+
+INSURANCE RATES.
+
+Here is what he says of the part of the insurance companies and insurance
+rates in this great national calamity:
+
+    The world’s insurance bill is the measure of its fire waste. In
+    the United States insurance costs, on the average, about 1 per
+    cent of the policy value or one dollar per one hundred, with
+    three dollars per capita fire waste; whereas, in western Europe
+    insurance costs on the average one-tenth of one per cent of the
+    policy value or ten cents per hundred, with thirty cents per
+    capita fire waste.
+
+    The sound rule follows that, as fire waste is reduced, the cost
+    of insurance automatically falls in proportion, and from this
+    cause only. Insurance is not a commodity in the usual term; it
+    is a tax which distributes the fire waste of the country over
+    its population. It is fundamentally a nation-wide average.
+    About one-half of all insurance premiums collected are returned
+    to the insured for fire losses, and the remaining one-half
+    goes for expense and profits in the insurance business. Unduly
+    numerous or large fires, or conflagrations, swell the total
+    waste bill, and automatically rates rise everywhere within
+    the national boundaries, until the half of all collections
+    is great enough to pay these losses. Every inhabitant of the
+    country contributes an average share of these insurance bills;
+    higher rents, clothing, and food bills; and through them higher
+    credit rates and interest on loans. No one can escape. In the
+    aggregate, it can safely be said that every workman pays this
+    three dollars yearly for every member of his family, through
+    either one or all of these channels.
+
+    The insurance interests have limited influence; no power other
+    than imposing a high rate; and are in a measure, because of
+    their own commercial interest, indifferent to present fire
+    waste. It would appear to the layman at first glance that less
+    fire waste would be welcome to the insurance business, yet
+    the insurance influence is far from making a united effort to
+    reduce it. So long as an insurance company does not have to pay
+    out more than fifty per cent of its premiums for fire loss the
+    unit profit is good. Therefore one-half of a high rate nets a
+    greater final profit than the same proportion of a low one.
+    Hence the automatic yard-stick rate schedule which companies
+    apply to any property, which totals up the final rate in each
+    case—having regard to the building, contents, and location
+    (exposure hazard). This might result in a premium as low as ten
+    cents on new mills, and stores (not contents); or as high as
+    ten dollars per one hundred dollars on Southern wood-working
+    mills. Many insurance managers actually prefer the higher rate
+    and risk as making higher possible earnings for the company
+    and permitting a higher absolute payment to the broker, thus
+    enabling the manager to produce a larger net annual profit, and
+    to interest and hold a better line of brokers through whom to
+    distribute his contracts of insurance.
+
+    The broker, who gets from ten per cent to thirty per cent of
+    the premium, objects even less to the higher rate—although,
+    as we have seen, it inevitably means higher risk and more
+    chance of fire, and in fact more fire waste; so the destruction
+    continues.
+
+There’s a siamese twinship between premiums and losses that forbids
+a knockout. Packing houses afford an apt illustration of the control
+of the situation wielded by the insurance rate. Public attention was
+attracted last winter by a large loss in the Chicago stockyards which was
+accompanied by the death of many firemen. This loss involves a paradox
+which few observed. Why should appliances which would have prevented
+this loss and catastrophe be absent in the congested Chicago yards, and
+yet present in similar outlying plants owned by the same men? No spot on
+earth needs precaution against fire more than the Chicago stockyards, and
+in none is there a more profitable opening for investment in the means of
+safety.
+
+
+SAFETY NOT SOUGHT FOR ITS OWN SAKE.
+
+The answer lies in the fact that safety is not sought for its own sake by
+the average business man. From the small dealer to the board of trustees
+of a great university, no more is appropriated for safety against fire
+than will pan out profit from the insurance rate. The rate makes safety
+pay in the outlying packing house and makes hazard pay in Chicago, and
+the packers are governed accordingly. Inquiry would probably develop that
+competitive conditions made a reasonable rate possible in the locations
+where the plants have been made safe, whereas, in the Chicago yards,
+competition does not operate and the rate is made by a board having only
+commissions at stake.
+
+How is this rate, so loaded with import to life and property, made? This
+question assumed prominence when regulation of rates was undertaken by
+certain states. Inquiries conducted by these states show that rate-making
+is neither what it purports to be nor what the public imagines. What it
+purports to be is indicated by the title given to schedules promulgated
+by associated insurance companies for the formation of rates throughout
+the West, namely, an “Analytical System for the Measurement of Relative
+Fire Hazard.” It is claimed to be a system of measurement. Something
+scientific, accurate and just is indicated by this title. The public
+accepts the schedule at the valuation fixed by the title, and believes
+that back of its provisions is a great fund of digested information
+bearing upon every angle of the problem. It suggests information
+collected by the companies with infinite patience and given freely,
+so that the making of rates might be done with exact justice to all,
+charging to none the burden that rightfully should be borne by another.
+What rate-making really is may be inferred from the inquiry of Missouri
+as to the reasonableness of the important schedule filed under the rating
+law of that state for the formation of rates for fireproof buildings and
+contents. Some knowledge of premiums and losses in this class of property
+is clearly essential for the making of reasonable rates.
+
+[Illustration: Convention Hall, Kansas City, where the Third National
+Conservation Congress was held]
+
+
+WHAT WAS ASKED OF COMPANIES.
+
+The companies were first asked by the Insurance Department of Missouri to
+furnish their experience in fireproof buildings and contents. Companies
+like the Aetna, Hartford, Home and Royal replied that they had never kept
+a tabulation of this nature and were unable to furnish any information
+which would show what premiums and losses might be expected from such
+property. It was explained by these companies that it was their custom,
+in keeping track of bakeries, for example, to class together those of
+ordinary construction, improved construction and fireproof construction.
+
+No useful information could be gleaned from such a source, and the
+experts who prepared the schedule were called to the witness stand
+and requested to justify their handiwork. It appeared on examination,
+however, that the provisions of this schedule were prepared without one
+iota of information showing what premiums and losses had been experienced
+in this class of property. It was not known whether the rates formerly
+used had proved unduly profitable or unprofitable, nor was it known with
+certainty whether the new rates would increase or diminish the premium
+charge as a whole.
+
+All classes of property receive this arbitrary treatment. In none are
+statistics kept to show whether the schedule is producing too much or too
+little revenue in comparison with the losses. It is admitted that many
+classes pay too much, while others are being carried at a loss, but no
+schedule is made to rectify this abuse, although the schedule purports to
+be a system of measurement.
+
+The companies do not keep faith with the public. We are promised that
+greater care to avoid fire will reduce the loss and lead to lower rates.
+But the rating system is conducted so that the public will neither
+know its just due nor receive it, except by resort to other forms of
+insurance. When some organized industry undertakes self-insurance,
+ratemakers soon find that conditions have improved and that reductions
+are in order.
+
+It is evident, however, that the end of this system of false measurement
+is near. Four states are regulating rates under laws which call for
+rates in reasonable relation to losses, and the sustaining of the
+constitutionality of such regulation by the lower courts makes similar
+legislation certain in practically all states. There is urgent need,
+therefore, for accurate knowledge on all matters which affect the rate
+of burning in the several classes of property. This knowledge does not
+exist. It must be acquired by study of data yet to be gathered. The
+data in the hands of the companies is worthless. It has been gathered
+by plain business men engaged in the insurance business, and, whatever
+the purpose of the compilation, it certainly has had no reference to the
+formation of reasonable rates.
+
+
+NEED FOR FEDERAL INVESTIGATION.
+
+Faulty treatment, and not incurability, is indicated by the persistence
+of the high level of destruction by fire in this country. The treatment
+is vague and characterized by irresponsibility. Diagnosis is wholly
+lacking; the location of the trouble is not known, and the remedies
+are applied haphazard in ignorance of the possible effect. No person
+connected with the treatment has a definite result to produce, or is even
+asked to prove that any result has been produced. The premiums and losses
+are reported in bulk to each state. The summation of these reports into
+one huge total constitutes all that is done by the insurance company or
+the insurance rater or the public to discover the workings of this great
+waste.
+
+Such blind methods can accomplish nothing. Risks must be enumerated.
+Those in need of treatment must be singled out and something economically
+appropriate be prescribed for each. To find out where and how effort can
+be put forth to economic advantage—to define what can be done wisely
+by the class and individual to reach the low economic level of loss—to
+keep watch of results and register the efficiencies of fire alarms, fire
+patrols, fire departments and fire resistants—these are details which
+must be wrought out before fire waste can be attacked with definite aim
+and for the perfecting of which the Federal investigation and bureau is
+proposed.
+
+The states appeal to the Federal Government to standardize the schedule
+for the formation of rates so that it shall become a true measure of
+the conditions to which it is applied. Leaving this measurement to the
+dictates of the “best underwriting judgment” has proved a costly error
+to the people. The underwriter escapes the common lot; the cost of his
+“error,” with a substantial addition for his profit, is borne by the
+people.
+
+When the fog that envelops this waste shall become dispersed by the
+Federal analysis, the way to its speedy removal will become clearly
+visible to the individual states.
+
+I lay no claim to originality in the presentation of this subject. I have
+given you facts and for the most part the comparisons and expressions of
+the experts who compiled these facts. They are original only in the sense
+that the testimony of witnesses recited in a brief or argument in a trial
+are original.
+
+I have asked the assistance of the Congress of the United States to
+secure an investigation of this important subject to the end that power
+may be added to the arms of the states to restore natural conditions as
+to fire losses in our modern business world.
+
+President WALLACE—You will now hear the great highway engineer of
+Missouri, Hon. Curtis Hill, on the subject of how good roads help the
+farmer.
+
+Mr. HILL—Mr. Chairman, Ladies and Gentlemen: There is no question but
+that we have been making as much progress in road work during the last
+few years as we have and as we are in other lines of work, and still
+in many places we are not making the progress that we road-making
+enthusiasts, and I might say road cranks, would like to see made. Still I
+do not believe that we can now apply to our highways over the large part
+of the Mississippi and Missouri valleys that little poem which, or a few
+verses of which, Robert Burns is said to have written upon his arrival at
+a little town in Scotland, illustrating that the highways of Scotland at
+one time were not much better than they are today of Missouri, I might
+say. Speaking of those highways, he left two verses, which run something
+like this:
+
+    I am now arrived, thanks to the gods,
+      Over pathways rough and muddy;
+    A certain sign that making roads
+      Is not these people’s study.
+
+    And though I am not with Scripture crammed,
+      I am sure the Bible says
+    That you people shall be damned
+      Unless you mend your ways.
+
+Now, how good roads help the farmer must always include others, and it
+can be best discussed in a short discussion, in a general way under two
+heads. First, transportation systems, and the importance of our social
+conditions. Referring to Robert Burns in Scotland, you will see that the
+road question has been hammered upon for years and years. Man has been
+considering it as a means, and as one means of transportation. Now, in
+fact man has been forever trying to overcome gravitation, from the first
+load that a man carried on his back, or put upon the back of a pack
+animal, he has been endeavoring to lighten his burdens by overcoming the
+laws of gravitation. And so it has been through all history. The galley,
+the sail boat, the steamship, automobile, and air-ship. The good roads
+is one line in the endeavor to overcome the laws of gravitation and to
+make easier one method of transportation. Transportation charges have
+entered more into the cost of living than any other one item. Food,
+clothing, building material, all the staple necessities of life have had
+to pay the freight. The freight is deducted from or added to the price
+of the article which forms the basis of the price which the producer
+receives or the consumer pays. The man who produces the commodity, or
+he who settles the bill, pays the freight. Neither the producer nor the
+consumer has gained by a high cost of transportation. The question of
+good roads is therefore at the present time one of the most vital with
+which we have to deal. There is no one internal improvement so absolutely
+necessary and essential to a state’s progress and prosperity as the
+betterment of the highways. (Applause) Good highways are necessary
+to a state’s progress and prosperity, as well as that of a community,
+because they involve the transportation problem. With transportation is
+involved the problem of life, the cost and pleasures of living, exchange
+of commodities, valuation of property and the social and moral and
+educational conditions. The problem of life is a study closely linked
+with the problem of transportation.
+
+Our very existence as a social and commercial body as a state is
+dependent upon transportation to such an extent that without easy, quick
+and economic means of transportation we must rank as a second, third
+or fourth class state. The greatest assets of the most substantial
+nations are transportation and agriculture, neither one of which can be
+fully developed without the other. The transportation of the bulk of
+agricultural shipments begins at the farm when the raw material is hauled
+over the country roads. This country road is the farmer’s own road, which
+leads to the collecting points of transportation by rail and water, and
+over which he reaches his market. It is used one hundred times to every
+other time for all other means of transportation. The good road permits
+the farmer to watch his markets and not the road. Many a farmer markets
+his grain at harvest time because it is a season of good roads, at a less
+price than he would by storing the grain until the markets are better
+and less glutted, and when he would have more leisure time for hauling
+it to the market. The good road permits him to haul double the load that
+he would over a poor one, and he is thus enabled to move his crop in
+one-half the time. This, figuratively speaking, picks up the producer
+and sets him down one-half the distance closer to his market. You all
+know that distance in this age is measured in time and not in miles. The
+country road is the people’s own road, their own means of transportation,
+and it is the only transportation system that is owned, operated and
+controlled by the people themselves.
+
+It is at the same time the most neglected system of transportation
+in the United States, and the most expensive over which to transport
+our produce, owing largely to this neglect. Many a pound of freight
+originating upon a farm, or destined to a farm, moves over a common
+country road at a cost three times as high as it would be if the road
+were first class. Often the haul between the farm and the railroad
+costs more than the remainder of the journey, and the railroad or any
+other means of rail transportation cannot be expected to reach every
+man’s farm, and it becomes necessary to provide means for transporting
+the commodities to the railroad. The wagon road then becomes a system
+of transportation, just as a line of boats or a railroad is a system
+of transportation. Water and rail are the means for long distance
+transportation; highways for local exchange. The highway serves the
+purpose for local transportation, and is a connecting link for local
+traffic with the railroads. The condition of this connecting link or
+highway may make transportation reasonable or costly. Too frequently,
+as I said before, the haul over the highway is the most expensive part
+of farm transportation. It requires a tractive force of 125 pounds per
+ton upon an ordinary country earth road, and only sixty pounds upon a
+rock road. The cost of transportation by water and rail seldom exceeds
+one cent per ton mile. That upon a good road is from seven to ten cents
+per ton mile. Upon our ordinary country highway, half kept roads, it
+is from twenty cents up to anything, depending upon the condition of
+the road. The railroad will haul a bushel of your grain thirty miles as
+cheaply as the farmer can bring it one mile. If the farmer is situated a
+few miles out of town on poor roads, the railroads will haul the produce
+and the commodities to cities like Kansas City rather, and the return
+merchandise from that city as cheaply as the farmer can haul it to and
+from the railroad and to the farm. Now this high cost of transportation
+can be decreased by increasing the size of the load. This can be done
+by improving the road surface. The high cost of transportation is not
+altogether due to the railroad. Good wagon roads are just as important a
+factor in the reduction of this high cost of transportation as are low
+rates by water or rail.
+
+By social conditions, in my opening remarks, I meant the pleasures
+of community life, the exchange of visits and social courtesies,
+neighborhood gatherings, social association, fellowship, and the home,
+the school and the church. The roads should be built for some of the
+pleasures and comforts of life as well as for their pecuniary interest.
+It has been said that the pecuniary benefits of good roads sink into
+insignificance when compared with their social, moral and educational
+advantages. Man after all is only a social being, and is influenced
+by his surroundings. The maintenance of a seat of learning, or of a
+good church in and by a neighborhood has its influence upon the people
+of that community. The maintenance of anything tending towards better
+living has a good influence. The maintenance of a good road or improved
+road has a good influence by permitting easier intercourse between the
+people of country communities, between rural and urban population, and
+unifies social and commercial interests. The rural mail delivery is one
+of the greatest means of education today. Good roads facilitate rural
+mail delivery, and therefore tend to improve educational conditions. The
+improvement of our roads would also facilitate the central high school
+idea for country districts, for while our roads are not an impassable
+barrier in all of the districts, in some they are, and in many they are
+obstacles. If our country churches are to be supplied with good pastors
+and our country schools with able teachers, better libraries and other
+facilities, it must be by the support of greater wealth therefor, by
+the consolidation of the districts being possible only where good roads
+exist, where people can be easily and safely transported. The schools and
+the churches in many sections of our best land have a decayed, run-down,
+neglected appearance. Churches which are practically abandoned certain
+seasons of the year because of the condition of the roads, country
+schools not accessible in seasons of bad roads, little children plodding
+through mud and water and compelled to sit all day in the school room
+with wet feet and damp clothing—this may not apparently affect the
+children today, but for all the parents know it may be instrumental in
+undermining otherwise strong constitutions and laying up many aches and
+pains for future life. As someone has appropriately asked, “Why should
+a Christian people have heathen roads and a civilized people barbarous
+ones?” One thought which possibly you have heard brought out time and
+time again at these congresses for several years is that the trend of
+population has been from the farms to the cities and the towns. A large
+part of the best blood and sinew of the country has been trying to get
+away from the farm. If this continues, it is going to sap the farm
+industry of its best blood and its best energy. There is something wrong
+today with our country conditions, when so many of our best farmers leave
+the farms and seek homes elsewhere in order to give their families better
+social and educational advantages and when so many of the brightest
+youths from the country become discouraged with country life and endeavor
+to escape from the farm. A fair percentage of the men and women, boys
+and girls must be kept on the farm. This can be done by making farm
+life worth living. Good roads will help to do it. Will the best, most
+progressive farm ever be developed without these young men and women,
+boys and girls to grow into intelligent farmers? Will the increased
+yield per acre by means of better farming become fully effectual without
+bettering the means for marketing that yield? Can you incite better
+farming and maintain a higher order of intelligence and social conditions
+in country life without easy means of communication? Can country life be
+supplied with the necessary association and good fellowship, without good
+roads?
+
+In conclusion, Mr. Chairman, let me state that I do not contend that
+good roads is the whole solution for happiness and prosperity of country
+life, but I do contend that a very necessary and important part of it is
+the relation which our public roads bear to our social and moral and our
+educational life. The home and the school are the nucleus around which
+our social life exists, and this is especially true of country life.
+
+Neglect your public road conditions and you will not only neglect your
+transportation facilities, but you will neglect your social and your
+educational environments.
+
+The articles that we eat and wear must come from the farm, and the growth
+and the development of agriculture and the life connected therewith, no
+matter how we may view this question of the development of the farm, the
+betterment of life and the development of the country community life,
+its transportation, exchange of commodities, the basis upon which it
+rests will be found a question of good roads. No proposition for the
+betterment of country conditions, no proposition for the good country
+life is an assured success until good roads are assured. It all rests
+upon the question of transportation, and communication, and the basis of
+transportation is the public wagon road. (Applause)
+
+Professor CONDRA—I beg leave to submit the report of the committee on
+credentials.
+
+The Chair announces the appointment of the following committee on
+credentials:
+
+    Prof. Geo. E. Condra, of Nebraska.
+    Dr. H. E. Barnard, of Indiana.
+    Mr. Ralph H. Faxon, of Kansas.
+    Mr. E. T. Allen, of Oregon.
+    Mr. W. E. Barns, of Missouri.
+
+President WALLACE—If you want to get the proceedings of the Congress,
+which will be worth their weight in gold, give your name and a dollar to
+the secretary.
+
+Professor CONDRA—I move that the report be received and the committee
+discharged.
+
+President WALLACE—We will now hear the Hon. J. B. White, of Kansas City,
+who will tell us what he knows about lumber in Europe.
+
+MR. WHITE—In Europe the experience of more than a hundred years in forest
+management has resulted in a more or less scientific and practical
+policy, although it cannot be said that a well defined, universal policy
+has yet obtained. This is largely due to conditions of ownership, with
+consequent variance in ideas as applying to various local conditions,
+as well as the difference in necessities and financial ability of
+individual owners to carry out in successful practice the best approved
+methods. Hence there is a growing tendency towards greater governmental
+control, whereunder the most economic working system, suited to different
+conditions of soil, climate and kind of forestry, would be intelligently
+considered and properly installed.
+
+In the German Empire 47 per cent of the entire forest area is privately
+owned, and 32 per cent by the state, 19 per cent by institutions,
+communities and associations, and 21 per cent by the crown. Thirty-three
+per cent is hardwood and 67 per cent conifers. They are now cutting about
+their annual growth, taking an average of hardwood and conifers.
+
+Austria-Hungary exports more lumber than any other nation in the world.
+It covers 46,500,000 acres, or a little over 30 per cent of the total
+land area. In Austria the forests are composed principally of conifers,
+spruce, pine and fir, only 15 per cent of the acreage being of hardwood.
+Sixty-one per cent is in the hands of private owners, and one-half of
+this, or 30 per cent of the entire forest, in the hands of small owners.
+The state owns less than 11 per cent of the forests; the balance belongs
+to churches and communities. The average yearly growth of all the
+Austrian forests is said to be about forty-two cubic feet per acre, or
+an annual growth of about 1,100,000,000 cubic feet. They are now cutting
+annually 250,000,000 cubic feet more than this, or 20 per cent faster
+than it is growing. This excess of cut, over the growth, will in large
+measure regulate itself, as the increasing demand makes the industry more
+profitable and encourages the planting of greater forest area.
+
+In Hungary about 75 per cent of the total forest area is oak, beech,
+maple and other hardwood species, and only 25 per cent of conifers. The
+annual yield of conifers is about fifty-eight cubic feet per acre, and
+that of oak about forty-one cubic feet per acre. Thus the conifers yield
+the largest percentage of commercial lumber and are most valuable as a
+crop because of more rapid growth, and because of their larger demand
+for building purposes. Sixty per cent of the total acreage in Hungary
+is private forests, about 18 per cent is state forest, and 22 per cent
+communal and church forests. The annual cut in Hungary is estimated to be
+less than the annual growth.
+
+England has not until very recently deemed forestry profitable,
+preferring to buy her supply. Of her 3,000,000 acres of woodlands, mostly
+devoted to parks and the chase, the state only owns 2 per cent. France
+has 24,000,000 acres of forest, or 18 per cent of its land area, of which
+only 12 per cent of its wooded area belongs to the state.
+
+Switzerland has about 25 per cent of her total area under forest. The
+Zurich forest, known as the Sihlwald, containing 2,760 acres, is 85
+per cent hardwood, and is worked on a rotation period of 100 to 110
+years. The forest director claims an annual growth for the Zurich forest
+of sixty-five cubic feet per acre, while the general average of all
+the forests is only fifty cubic feet per acre. This means the entire
+growth—wood, poles, limbs and all. Only 40 per cent of the total cut is
+saw timber for building purposes. The net income from this forest for
+the past twenty-five years has been from $4.00 to $7.00 per acre, not
+including interest charges. It was $4.40 in 1890 and $7.69 in 1907. This
+forest has its own mills and saves all profits.
+
+In Switzerland one pays taxes when the crop is harvested. In Germany and
+Austria the method of taxation varies in different states, but laws are
+always favorable to encourage private forestry. In some cases one pays no
+taxes for twenty years. Then one begins to thin out the poles for use of
+telegraph and telephone companies, etc., and get a revenue, and leaving a
+stand in destructive forestry which, when sixty years old, will yield in
+many cases 20,000 feet of lumber, board measure, per acre. In fact, the
+average is 4,190 cubic feet per acre of timber and fuel, which, according
+to values prevailing in England and Germany, amounts to about $200.00 per
+acre.
+
+
+CUTTING METHODS IN EUROPE.
+
+It was pointed out to us that mixed growth or conservative forestry is
+expensive. The most economical and profitable plan is the destructive
+method. That is, a forest is planted and grown like any other crop, and
+whenever interest, carrying charges and total cost meet the market value
+at age and time of greatest profit, then trees are cut and they are all
+about of a size. The entire acreage is cut clean and the cost of logging
+is cheap. Trees are again planted and another crop grown. Under the old
+plan of conservation of mixed growth and mixed sizes, or the shelter-wood
+system, not as much can be grown per acre, and the cost of logging out
+the large trees is vastly more expensive, and damage is done to other
+timber in falling them, while in the destructive method all is taken and
+a large crop harvested. It is nice to view these stands of timber in
+strips, side by side, ranging in years from baby trees to stands of ten,
+twenty, thirty, forty, fifty and up to sixty and eighty years of age,
+when they are ready to be harvested.
+
+In growing forests in Europe, lands that are better adapted for
+agriculture are not used. The degree of utility is considered. And in
+determining the value of a forest property, one has to figure compound
+interest, as the crop may not be harvested and the capital returned for
+sixty or eighty years. Because of absolute protection from forest fires,
+capital is regarded as safe, and investors in forests are satisfied with
+a low rate. As an investment, forests require less labor than other
+crops, if one practices the most economical method of what is called
+destructive forestry. In times of temporary high prices, one can take
+advantage of the situation and harvest more than the annual growth, and
+can then wait and let the trees grow when prices are low, and this is the
+usual practice. The rate of interest generally charged to the forests,
+and compounded, is sometimes determined by rate yielded by government
+securities, which is usually about 2½ per cent.
+
+
+THE ROTATION METHOD.
+
+It has been ascertained by careful observations that Scotch pine (which
+grows rapidly, like our short leaf yellow pine) yields, on medium soil
+in every sixty-year rotation in best quality of location, 5,255 cubic
+feet per acre, of which an average of 565 cubic feet have been removed in
+thinning as the forest has been growing, figuring the thinning out being
+done on an average of about every ten years, leaving at the end of sixty
+years an average of 4,690 cubic feet per acre. If allowed to remain, this
+has increased in ten years to 5,250 cubic feet per acre, besides 536
+cubic feet that have been profitably taken out in thinning in the last
+ten years, leaving at seventy years 5,250 cubic feet. Now in the next
+ten years there will profitably be taken an average of 493 cubic feet in
+thinning as against the 536 cubic feet taken out the ten years before,
+leaving at the end of eighty years standing on each acre an average
+amount of 5,720 cubic feet per acre.
+
+These interesting results follow: With average values of lumber products
+as in the year 1910, an eighty-year rotation period with Scotch pine
+would pay 2½ per cent compound interest on soil value of $97.00 per
+acre. With a ninety-year rotation period it would pay this interest rate
+on land worth only $94.00 per acre. On a seventy-year rotation period
+it would pay such interest rate on land worth $94.60 per acre, and on
+sixty-year rotation it would pay such rate of interest on land worth
+$85.00 per acre. This shows that the maximum profits at this low rate
+of interest come from cutting the forests at eighty years’ growth. The
+greater the variation from this eighty-year period the less favorable the
+financial results. The maximum age for hardwood trees for best profit
+is said to be rotation periods of about 100 years with a low rate of
+interest suited to the safety of the investment. These statistics were
+prepared by Sir William Schlich, professor of forestry at the University
+of Oxford, and published by him this year, and are undoubtedly reliable.
+
+But it is safer to figure at a compound interest rate of 4 per cent. A
+high rate of interest demands a low value of soil, and _vice versa_.
+And as Sir William points out, the value is, however, not in inverse
+proportion to the rate of interest, as the value of the soil rises more
+rapidly than the interest falls. Under a low rate of interest, the
+expectation value of soil culminates later than under a high rate of
+interest. So that under a 2½ per cent interest rate, the timber could
+stand about eighty years; under a 3 per cent rate, about seventy years,
+and under a 4 per cent rate it should be cut every sixty years. Or, to
+further illustrate, if a party is satisfied with 2½ per cent compound
+interest on his investment in European forestry, he could pay $97.00 per
+acre for his land, and must cut it at eighty years of age.
+
+If he desires 3 per cent interest he must not pay over $55.50 per acre,
+and must cut his timber when seventy years of age. And if he demands 4
+per cent interest rate he cannot pay quite $15.00 per acre for his soil,
+and must cut his trees when sixty years old.
+
+
+PERIODS OF PINE TREE GROWTH.
+
+Now this is the best than can be done in Europe (which, according to
+statistics, is 37 per cent above the average yield), with the best
+results as to soil and favorable location, with low-priced labor, with
+most favorable consideration by the government as to taxation, and with
+the most approved economical methods, where the limbs and twigs are sold
+for fuel, and forest products are fully 50 per cent higher than they are
+in the United States. So it is fairly well established that from sixty to
+eighty years is the most profitable rotation period for growing Scotch
+pine forests in Europe. The higher the rate of interest demanded, the
+shorter the rotation.
+
+With advancing age the value of the stumpage increases so that the value
+of the soil for forestry becomes nearly positive. But in time a maximum
+is reached, and it falls again. This maximum, with 2½ per cent money, is
+eighty years growth, and with 4 per cent money only sixty years growth.
+The value of the soil under a very brief rotation would be negative, so
+that the yield might not even cover the cost of harvesting. And under a
+very long rotation, the value of the soil would again become negative,
+because it could not stand the compound interest and other expenses for
+an excessively long term of years.
+
+It follows that the expenses during the early part of the rotation
+affects the expectation value disastrously, for compound interest is
+running against this expense for a long term of years, lessened only by
+sale of the thinnings in about ten-year periods. Of course a sudden and
+heavy increase in the value of stumpage, at any given period after trees
+are large enough to cut, may create a second maximum, differing from
+the normal average because of an unexpectedly great demand, causing an
+abnormally and temporarily high price. But the cost one has to pay for
+the soil is really the true value, chiefly determined by its value for
+ordinary purposes of agriculture; and as trees will thrive on land not
+so well suited for farm crops, such lands are nearly always selected for
+forestry. But if the soil can be more profitably used for agriculture in
+the examples just mentioned, then the increased value will enter into the
+account to change the length period of rotation of forest crop. And where
+the acreage is not stocked to its full capacity (on account of poor soil,
+or for any other reason), the rotation, for which the highest probable
+value of the growing stock is obtained, can, as Sir William states, only
+be determined by experimental calculations based on these special cases.
+
+
+THE YIELD OF FORESTS.
+
+But this method of calculation is absolutely logical, and shows under
+the most normal conditions what we can expect, and it has been proved
+by experience. The abnormal conditions that may occasionally present
+themselves are governed by these same financial methods of reasoning,
+differing only in degree of application, by reason of change of basic
+conditions in each special case. A normal yield is what the forest can
+permanently be depended upon to produce. It is a permanent interest
+investment of greater or lesser rate, where the principal will never
+be returned, while the land is kept in forest crops. These figures are
+based upon the best yields in the clear cutting of destructive forest
+system, which, as has been stated, is 37 per cent above the average. But
+the principle of calculation applies equally as well in the shelter-wood
+system of different age trees; but the average volume per tree in each
+age class in the latter system has to be taken into consideration. On
+the whole, it has been admitted by the best foresters that the system of
+clear cutting, then pulling the stumps, fallowing or planting other crops
+for a couple of years, and replanting again, gives the best financial
+results.
+
+So much for European forestry. Now how will this system apply to us,
+under our conditions of taxation, high-priced labor, and low-priced
+forest products, and considering the fact that there is little or no
+demand for the thinnings until large enough for telegraph poles, and no
+market for the tops and necessary waste in manufacturing? We are lacking
+in statistics, because we have not sufficient experience along the
+lines of growing new forests, at either private or public expense. But
+we are soon to be interested in what it will cost to reforest and grow
+commercial timber in the United States. And surely our present supply
+of old growth timber from 150 to 300 years old is worth more than the
+cost of growing timber sixty to eighty years old. The United States owns
+in national forests 192,931,197 acres. The state forest reserves of
+3,253,185 acres, the national parks of 4,562,265 acres, and the Indian
+forests of approximately 10,000,000 acres, make the total of public
+forests over 210,000,000 acres. Chief Forester Graves estimates the area
+of private forests as over three times that of the public forests, and
+containing five times the timber that is on the public lands.
+
+The countries whose wood exports exceed their imports are:
+Austria-Hungary, Canada, Sweden, Russia, Finland, the United States of
+America, Norway, Bosnia-Herzgovina, Roumania, and Japan. The countries
+whose wood imports exceed their exports are: The United Kingdom, Germany,
+France, Belgium, Spain, Italy, Holland, Denmark, Switzerland, Australian
+colonies, China, Greece, West Indies, Bulgaria, Servia, and British
+possessions in Africa.
+
+
+CONDITIONS TO BE CONSIDERED.
+
+The climate and other conditions in some countries render them not so
+well adapted to growing trees as for growing other crops; and they find
+it more profitable to exchange their products for the wood products of
+other countries that either have a present surplus, or whose climate,
+soil and land values enable them to grow trees at lower cost. This is
+true with the different states in our own country. Illinois and Iowa,
+for instance, will never grow what timber they require. They can more
+profitably grow corn, and exchange for lumber products with those states
+which have low-priced and mountainous land with plenty of moisture, so
+that trees will grow twice as fast as in those prairie states where land
+is very expensive and climate not so well adapted. Trees will be grown
+here, as in Europe, where they can be grown cheapest, and they will be
+harvested at an age which will bring the greatest net profit. The market
+price of the product will be finally and surely governed by the cost of
+growth and manufacture, insurance, and risk, and the price of money used
+in the business.
+
+If the Government of the United States itself can get money at 2½ per
+cent, as it can, while private owners have to pay 5 per cent or 6 per
+cent, then it follows that the states and the Government can, for this
+very important reason alone, grow commercial trees cheaper than private
+individuals, and can remove the maximum rotation period to a more mature
+age, giving better lumber from older trees at the same cost at which
+private owners would have to furnish poorer lumber, because coming from
+younger trees. But the people pay the cost, whatever it may be, whether
+the Government or private interests grow the trees. The consumer is
+interested that they be grown as cheaply as possible. It is likely true
+here, as in Europe, that forestry will be a more general success with
+private owners, if they are in some important methods placed under the
+practical rules of government forestry. It will be found here, as over
+there, that private forests will not prove so generally productive, or,
+as a rule, so economically administered, as the government or state
+forests under the management of expert foresters. And parenthetically, is
+it not equally true that many farms and farmers would be better off if
+directed by government or state experts?
+
+In Europe they have no forest losses from fire for the reason that fires
+are prevented from starting. The railroad locomotive has been the cause
+of most forest fires in the West, and I observe that these Western roads
+are now equipping hundreds of their locomotives with spark arresters, so
+as to prevent the starting of these fires in the future. United States
+Chief Forester Graves very truly says: “Private owners do not practice
+forestry for one or more of three reasons: First, the risk of fire;
+second, burdensome taxation; third, low price of products.” Forester E.
+T. Allen has pointedly said: “Forest protection is the cheapest form of
+prosperity insurance a timbered state can buy.” It is not the present
+generation so much as it is the future generations that will be affected
+disastrously by our neglect. The principles of agriculture, horticulture,
+forestry, and the science of conservation of soil and trees, and of life
+itself, should be taught in our public schools.
+
+
+THE EXAMPLE OF DENMARK.
+
+In Denmark, a country which fifty years ago was one of the poorest in
+Europe, they have erected a statue to Captain Dalgas, who reforested
+Denmark and changed a desert heath into a rich farming country. So now
+Denmark is said to be, according to its size, one of the most prosperous
+nations in the world. It was the patriotism and inspiration of Captain
+Dalgas that enthused the citizens. He lectured to the people, and talked
+to the children in the schools, and made converts everywhere. He gave
+all he had, and begged and pleaded against doubt and opposition of the
+most discouraging character, until success crowned his efforts. He will
+be loved and his memory cherished by all the people of Denmark through
+all future years as one who saved the nation. In many vital respects, for
+energy and self-sacrifice, his work reminds us of our Gifford Pinchot.
+
+We are, as a nation, too young to understand the dangers before us; for
+we are just emerging from a condition of burning log heaps to make farms,
+from a condition of too much timber for a small population to a condition
+of too little timber for a large population. Yet we have enough if we
+will now conserve and reforest. Our ancestors did the best they could
+under conditions and the light that they had—what now seems waste, had
+then no market and was unavoidable. As a nation we are proud of our past
+and we should also be more proud of what we expect to become. As was
+said not long ago by one of our greatest statesmen, “Conservation of our
+resources does not mean that we shall become great in the present at the
+expense of the future, but that we shall show ourselves truly great by
+striving to make the Nation’s future as great as the present.” (Applause)
+
+President WALLACE—The committee on nominations is ready to make its
+report.
+
+Mr. BAKER—Pursuant to an announcement made from the stage at the opening
+of the afternoon session of the Congress this day, the members of the
+nominating committee met in room 775, Baltimore Hotel, at 3:00 p. m., and
+unanimously nominated the following officers for election for the ensuing
+year:
+
+    President, J. B. White.
+    Secretary, Thomas R. Shipp.
+    Treasurer, D. Austin Latchaw.
+    Recording Secretary, James C. Gipe.
+
+The report is signed by the following nominating committee: Mr. B. N.
+Baker, Baltimore, Md.; Major E. G. Griggs, Tacoma, Wash.; Mr. A. B.
+Farquhar, York, Pa.; Mr. H. C. Wallace, Des Moines, Ia.; Mr. Henry S.
+Graves, Washington, D. C.; Mr. G. E. Condra, Lincoln, Nebr.
+
+President WALLACE—You have heard the nominations. Is there a motion made
+to accept and approve the report of the committee?
+
+Delegate BAKER—I move that the report be accepted.
+
+Motion was duly seconded and, on being put to vote, was carried.
+
+President WALLACE—I want to thank members of the Congress for their
+kindness to me. And I am going to make a confession now. I have been
+running a bluff on you, for I never in my life presided over any
+convention or association of more than thirty persons, and it is only by
+the marvelous patience that this Congress has shown and its endurance
+that I have been enabled to carry it through. I thank you, and I want to
+say that I do not believe the mantle could have fallen on a better man
+than Mr. J. B. White. (Applause)
+
+President WHITE—I hope the election has been fair, if there has been an
+election. Has there?
+
+Mr. WALLACE—Yes, sir, there has been an election and you are president.
+
+President WHITE—Has the committee reported?
+
+Mr. WALLACE—It has, and reported in favor of you, Mr. Shipp, Mr. Latchaw
+and Mr. Gipe.
+
+President WHITE—This is a great honor, and I appreciate it very much,
+more than I can tell. I have been in politics before tonight, but not
+in this way. I will have to tell a short story. It will take less time
+to tell it than it did for the events to transpire. I have got to tell
+it straight because I see Governor Stone of Pennsylvania watching me. I
+was a candidate one time when I thought it was necessary for someone to
+represent some good principles. I published a newspaper. I owned a farm
+and a small saw mill, and I was nominated because I was a granger and
+because I had the reputation of being a laborer. I got the nomination
+of the Democratic party of my state, and the nomination of the National
+Greenback and Labor party of my county. Then the Prohibitionists met.
+They were not quite sure about me as a Prohibitionist, but they said that
+they would support me, and they would not put any ticket in the field
+against me. So that I had the endorsement of the Prohibitionists, the
+Greenbackers, the Labor party, and the Democratic party, but I did not
+have the Republican party because there was another man running in that
+party, and I had to have one opponent. The fight waxed warm. I drove all
+over the county, to every school house; I met the people, kissed all
+the babies in the county, and I was elected by a very large majority.
+It was not quite unanimous, but it was very large. This appears to be
+unanimous. And the next day after the election a gentleman came down from
+the township, I think, of Limestone, up above Warren on the Allegheny
+river. He came to see me, and said “I see you are elected.” “Yes,” I
+said, “I understand I am. It is very gratifying as it has been a very
+hard campaign.” “I came down to see Davis, the treasurer of this campaign
+fund,” he said. “Davis is in Warren,” I told him. “Well, I stopped off
+at Warren on the way down to see him and Davis was not to home. I spent
+$30.00 in this campaign and Davis said to come right down after election
+and get my money. I thought maybe you could pay it. You are elected, and
+I come down to see you.” “Let us see, what did you spend that money for?
+How did you spend it?” I asked. “Well,” he said, “I told Davis I could
+carry Limestone Township. The way I done it was that I went and bought a
+ten-gallon keg of whisky, and I got down by the ferry. The lumberman and
+tie markers from up in that township had to go across the ferry. On the
+other side I put the keg of whisky in the ferry house. Every man that
+came along I says, ‘Come on, boys,’ and they came in to get their ferry
+tickets. And I says, ‘Here, have a drink,’ and I gave them a drink, and
+I gave them your ticket. I says, ‘Here is a ticket for White; go right
+over on the other side and vote, and then when you come back come in and
+get another drink.’ They went right, every one of them, and voted, and
+they were so anxious to come back and get another drink that they never
+stopped to talk with anybody. And that is the way we carried Limestone
+Township solid for you.”
+
+I said, “Well, that is very gratifying, but you know, of course, I am
+somewhat of a candidate on the Prohibition ticket. I think you had
+better see Davis about this.” “Well, yes,” he says, “that is all right,
+I know; I knew you was a candidate also on the Democratic ticket, and
+I thought you might pay this out of Democratic money.” (Applause) So
+I think probably Davis fixed it without my knowledge. I will ask the
+retiring president to introduce to this audience Prof. Hopkins.
+
+Mr. WALLACE—Permit me to say that Prof. Hopkins has done a wonderful work
+in the State of Illinois, and I have asked him to present the results
+of that work, or to tell us about worn-out soils. If your soils out in
+Kansas are not worn out, they will be unless you mend your ways. Now
+you want to listen to Professor Cyril G. Hopkins of the University of
+Illinois. (Applause)
+
+Professor HOPKINS—As agriculture is the basis of all industry, so the
+fertility of the soil is the basic support of every form of agriculture.
+Without productive land there could be no American agriculture and no
+American prosperity. The most important material problem of the United
+States is to restore, to increase, and to permanently maintain the
+fertility and productive power of our farm lands. In comparison with this
+problem others fade almost to insignificance; and we do well to pause
+in the rush and hurry of our business life, to measure the agricultural
+record of the past and to consider the possibilities of the future.
+
+I come before this National Congress of patriotic, progressive and
+influential men and women, not to present theories or opinions, but
+facts and data, which deserve and should command your immediate serious
+consideration and your subsequent persistent and effective action.
+
+Intelligent optimism is right and admirable, but blind bigotry paraded as
+optimism is dangerous and condemnable. “Truth, crushed to earth, shall
+rise again; the eternal years of God are hers”; and this Congress has
+before it the duty and the right to uncover the facts, to face the truth,
+and to plan intelligently for the solution of this mighty problem.
+
+That vast areas of land once cultivated with profit in the original
+thirteen states now lie agriculturally abandoned is common knowledge; and
+that the farm lands of the great corn belt and wheat belt of the North
+Central states are even now undergoing the most rapid soil depletion ever
+witnessed is known to all who possess the facts.
+
+
+WHAT CROP STATISTICS SHOW.
+
+The crop statistics of the United States now cover two twenty-year
+periods, and half a decade on the next. A comparison of these two periods
+shows the average acre yield in the United States to have increased only
+one bushel for wheat and one-half bushel for rye; while corn decreased
+one and one-half bushels and potatoes decreased seven bushels per acre.
+These crops constitute the basis of our human foods, even our supply of
+meat being largely dependent upon the corn crop. Thus, in spite of the
+vast areas of new land put under cultivation during the last twenty
+years, and in spite of the improvements in dredge ditching and tile
+drainage, in seed, and in implements and methods of cultivation, the
+average acre yield shows little or no increase. In striking contrast
+the census returns show an increase in the population of contiguous
+continental United States from thirty-eight million to ninety-two million
+people during the last forty years; and in spite of the fact that to feed
+our rapidly increasing population we have extended our area of cultivated
+crops beyond the humid and far into the semi-arid regions, and in spite
+of reducing our corn exports from 213 million to thirty-eight million
+bushels and our wheat exports from thirty-four to twelve million bushels
+during the last decade, nevertheless the most common topic discussed in
+recent years is the high cost of plain living in these United States.
+
+These are American facts; and, while there need be no sensation, there
+is need for sense in their consideration. A few people can live on
+blind optimism or hot air, but something more substantial will be
+required to feed the progeny of ninety-two millions, and added millions
+of immigrants. It is said that the high civilization of the ancient
+Mediterranean countries went down into the Dark Ages with laughter—Dark
+Ages which covered the face of the earth for a thousand years and which
+still exist for most of our own Aryan race in Russia and in India, where
+more people are hungry day by day, and year by year, than the total
+population of the United States.
+
+The problem which now confronts America is nothing less than the
+maintenance of prosperity for ourselves and of civilization for our
+children; for civilization depends upon education, and only a prosperous
+nation can afford the general education of its people. Poverty is at once
+helpless, and soon ignorant and indolent. An impoverished people cannot
+have adequate schools or schooling.
+
+No greater problem ever confronted any nation than now confronts the
+United States, but the solution is plain: In a word, we must increase
+production and limit reproduction, especially the reproduction of the
+unfit. To solve half of the problem is not sufficient; and, in passing,
+I must emphasize the fact that, with the most practical scientific
+systems of farming applied to all the farm lands of the United States,
+there is still somewhere a limit to the highest possible production of
+food and clothing materials in this country; but there is no limit to
+the reproduction and increase of population except the starvation limit,
+already reached in Russia, India and China; unless the public sentiment
+of this Nation, in these times of education and general intelligence,
+will support the inauguration and enforcement of legal laws based upon
+the established natural laws of heredity.
+
+Just and adequate legislation should be enacted by the Nation for the
+better control of immigration, and by the states for preventing the
+reproduction of every form of degeneracy, whether revealed by insanity,
+criminality, idiocy, deformity, or beggary. Half of all the state revenue
+is already required in many cases for the support of the non-productive
+degenerate classes, upon whose reproduction there is still no check in
+most states.
+
+
+CROP YIELDS CAN BE DOUBLED.
+
+That we can double the crop yields of the United States is not a
+prediction, but a fact. To say that millions of acres of abandoned farm
+lands in the older states can be restored and increased in productivity
+far above the present average for the $200.00 corn belt lands is merely
+to speak the truth. To accomplish these objects requires, first of
+all, that agricultural ignorance shall be replaced with agricultural
+intelligence in the minds of the people of influence in this nation.
+
+Why should not every influential man and woman in America have a definite
+and quantitative knowledge of the basic principles that to increase
+and permanently maintain the productive power of our normal soils, in
+practical systems of farming, requires the addition to the soil and
+permanent maintenance of adequate supplies of only three important
+constituents, limestone, phosphorus, and nitrogenous organic matter?
+
+The limestone is contained in measureless deposits in almost every state.
+All it requires is that it be quarried and pulverized and transported at
+a reasonable cost.
+
+The phosphorus is contained in New York, Pennsylvania, Virginia, the
+Carolinas, Florida, Tennessee, Kentucky, Arkansas, Utah, Idaho, Wyoming
+and Montana, in the greatest deposits known to the world. All that is
+required to utilize these great stores of phosphorus for soil improvement
+in good systems of general farming is to mine and finely pulverize
+the natural rock and transport it to the farmer’s railroad station at
+reasonable cost.
+
+With abundant supplies of limestone and phosphorus thus provided, the
+nitrogenous organic matter can then be produced upon the farm by the
+growing of clover and other legume crops which have power to secure
+nitrogen from the inexhaustible supply in the air; and by plowing under
+this organic matter, either directly or in animal manures, the remaining
+essential mineral plant foods, such as potassium, can then be liberated
+and made available from the practically inexhaustible supply in the soil.
+
+The man who is willing to study this subject will find that these facts
+are as true as the fact that the earth is round.
+
+Normal land contains thirty thousand pounds of potassium in the plowed
+soil of an acre, and the air above contains seventy million pounds of
+nitrogen; and yet the most common commercial fertilizer sold to the
+general farmers in the older states contains both nitrogen and potassium,
+with a small amount of phosphorus. The average farmer who buys fertilizer
+at all merely accepts the teaching that reaches him, and as a rule this
+teaching comes through the fertilizer agents, who are now selling to
+the farmers of Indiana 900 different brands of fertilizers, and to the
+farmers of Georgia more than 2,000 different brands.
+
+The result is that the ton of fertilizer for which the farmer pays $25.00
+contains less than a hundred pounds of phosphorus, whereas he ought to
+receive and apply to his land a thousand pounds of phosphorus for the
+same money.
+
+Phosphorus is the one element we shall always need to buy—phosphorus, the
+master key to permanent agriculture, permanent industry, and permanent
+prosperity in America; phosphorus, in which we are exporting, practically
+giving away, as a nation, a value which amounts to as much every year as
+the total value of all the timber on all the Federal lands.
+
+In 1848, Sir John Lawes and Sir Henry Gilbert began at Rothamsted,
+England, an investigation to ascertain the effect of applying phosphorus
+to normal soil where a good crop rotation and a practical system of
+farming were followed. The Norfolk rotation, already well known at that
+time as one of the best rotation systems, was turnips, barley, clover and
+wheat. In these practical field experiments the turnips were fed on the
+land and the animal fertilizer thus produced returned to the soil, which
+was well supplied with limestone.
+
+
+THE USE OF PHOSPHORUS.
+
+During the next thirty-six years $29.52 worth of phosphorus was applied
+to one part of the field; and in comparison with another part of the
+field cropped and managed, the same, except that no phosphorus was
+applied, the $29.52 worth of phosphorus produced $98.02 increase in the
+value of turnips, $37.45 in barley, $48.93 in clover (and other legumes),
+and $45.99 increase in the value of the wheat. The total value of the
+crops grown on land not receiving phosphorus during the thirty-six years
+was $432.43 per acre, while on the phosphated land the crop values
+amounted to $662.82, an increase of $230.39 from an investment of $29.52
+in phosphorus. These statements summarize the results of thirty-six years
+of careful investigation in practical farming on normal soil; but not
+one American in a hundred knows, utilizes, or imparts this information.
+Meanwhile the ten-year average yield of wheat in the United States is
+fourteen bushels per acre, while Germany’s average is twenty-eight
+bushels and England’s thirty-two bushels per acre; meanwhile the United
+States continues to export annually, for the paltry sum of five million
+dollars, a million tons of our best phosphate rock, carrying away an
+amount of phosphorus which, if applied to our own depleted and depleting
+soils, would be worth not five million, but a thousand million dollars,
+for the production of food for us for the oncoming generations of
+Americans.
+
+As an average of twenty-four years of carefully conducted field
+investigations with a four-year rotation of corn, oats, wheat and clover
+on normal soil at the Pennsylvania State College, the addition of $5.04
+worth of phosphorus increased the value of the four crops from $32.55
+to $44.72; and a comparison of the two twelve-year periods reveals
+the fact that the average crop value per acre per annum decreased on
+unfertilized land under this rotation from $11.05 to $8.18, a decrease of
+26 per cent in the productive power of the land. Meanwhile the average
+farmer, and even the average business man who owns a farm, allows the
+land to be depleted and decreased in acre yield because of the erroneous
+and widespread opinion that crop rotation will maintain the fertility
+of the soil; whereas the truth, as revealed by every long continued and
+trustworthy investigation, shows that the rotation of crops will no more
+maintain the fertility of the soil than the rotation of the checkbook
+among the members of the family would maintain the bank account.
+
+The rotation of crops should, of course, be practiced, for it helps to
+avoid injurious insects and fungous diseases, and stimulates the soil
+to produce larger crops for a time, with the result, however, that the
+depletion of the essential plant food elements is even more rapid than if
+wheat were grown every year on the land.
+
+In 1897 the Ohio Agricultural Experiment Station began a field
+investigation on normal soil with a three-year rotation of corn, wheat
+and clover—and as an average of the next thirteen years, the application
+of eight tons per acre of farm manure increased the value of the three
+crops from $26.21 to $42.79, and the further addition of $1.20 worth of
+fine-ground raw rock phosphate increased the crop values from $42.79 to
+$53.28.
+
+
+WRONG FERTILIZERS.
+
+Meanwhile the farmers and landowners of Ohio continue, in the main, to
+use high-priced so-called “complete” fertilizers in the same systems of
+land ruin that led to the agricultural abandonment of much farm land in
+the older states.
+
+As an average of nineteen years, the Louisiana Agricultural Experiment
+Station applied $14.45 worth of plant food, chiefly in organic manures
+and acid phosphate, which produced an average increase of $62.25 in the
+value of the crops in a three-year rotation of cotton, corn and cowpeas,
+oats and cowpeas, grown on the typical much exhausted upland soil of the
+South.
+
+The average yield of cotton exceeded a bale to the acre for the nineteen
+years. Meanwhile the average yield for the Southern states is one-third
+of a bale per acre.
+
+I have given you some of the cream of the world’s work in soil fertility
+investigations on normal soils, which need for their improvement
+phosphorus and organic manures, and sometimes limestone. Abnormal, or
+markedly different soils, require markedly different treatment.
+
+Thus four plots of normal corn belt prairie soil in McLean County, Ill.,
+produced, in round numbers, only twenty-two, twenty-six, twenty-two, and
+twenty-seven bushels of wheat per acre in 1911, although some of them had
+received nitrogen and potassium; while four other similar adjoining or
+intervening plots, which differed from these only by having been treated
+with $2.50 worth of phosphorus, in 200 pounds of steamed bone meal per
+acre per annum, during the past ten years, produced fifty-eight, sixty,
+fifty-four, and sixty bushels, respectively, of wheat per acre.
+
+But on the peaty swamp soil of Kankakee County, with the same amount of
+phosphorus applied to several plots, the acre-yields of corn in 1903
+were seven, four, five, and four bushels, respectively, on four separate
+plots, while on four other plots, which differed from these only by
+the addition of potassium, the yields were seventy-two, seventy-one,
+seventy-three, and sixty-seven bushels of corn per acre the same season.
+
+Again, on the sand land in Tazewell County, Ill., four plots, including
+some treated with phosphorus and potassium, both singly and combined,
+produced eighteen, ten, eight, and eighteen bushels of corn per acre
+in 1906, while four other plots whose treatment differed from these
+only by the addition of nitrogen, produced the same season sixty-three,
+seventy-one, seventy-five, and sixty-six bushels per acre.
+
+It is truly gratifying to acknowledge that the State of Illinois is now
+devoting $100,000 per annum to soil and crop investigations and the
+dissemination of the information secured, even though this is less than
+one per cent of the revenue of the state, all of which come directly or
+indirectly from the soil. It is also gratifying to acknowledge that,
+according to the crop statistics reported by the Federal Government and
+confirmed by the independent crop statistics of the Illinois State Board
+of Agriculture, the last ten-year average yield of corn for the State
+of Illinois is six bushels higher than during the twenty-five years
+before the agricultural experiment station began to exert an influence
+upon our agricultural practice, and also that a similar comparison shows
+three bushels increase per acre in the Illinois wheat crop—increases
+whose aggregate value for the state now exceeds twenty million dollars a
+year; and yet I must confess to you that as an average the farm lands of
+Illinois are yielding only half a crop; that by soil enrichment alone the
+average crop yields of Illinois could be doubled even with the same seed
+as we now plant, with the same amount and methods of cultivation and with
+our normal climatic conditions.
+
+On one of our old experiment fields on the University of Illinois farm
+the latest three-year average yield of corn grown every year upon the
+same land is twenty-seven bushels, while in a crop rotation of corn,
+oats and clover the average corn yield for the same three years has been
+forty-nine bushels, and where proper soil enrichment is practiced in the
+same rotation the average yield of corn has been eighty-seven bushels per
+acre—all grown from the same seed, on the same kind of land, plowed and
+cultivated the same, warmed by the same sunshine and watered by the same
+rains.
+
+All these are examples not of theory, but of fact—examples of fact which
+should be known and emphasized by all influential men and organizations.
+We talk of conservation, but 90 per cent of all the talk during the last
+five years about the conservation of natural resources has been directed
+toward 10 per cent of the resources. On the other hand, to improve and
+to save the soils of America will require more than talk. Thought and
+action are required, and the time for thought and action is already upon
+us. Not conservation of soil fertility; but amelioration of good soils,
+restoration of worn-out soils, and then permanent preservation of all
+soils.
+
+
+WHAT REAL RECLAMATION MEANS.
+
+Our reclamation of land must be more than the continued exploitation of
+so-called dry farming and irrigation on virgin soils and the drainage of
+virgin swamp lands; we must reclaim, in the truest sense of the word, the
+millions of acres of depleted and agriculturally abandoned lands lying
+at the door of our greatest markets and already favored with an abundant
+supply of unused water in the normal rainfall of our older states.
+
+If 145 million dollars of federal funds can be wisely and profitably
+expended (and I believe they can) in providing irrigation for three
+million acres in the arid regions of the Far West, and if 300 million
+dollars can be expended annually to support our army and navy, as we are
+doing even in time of peace, then what should we do in comparison for the
+restoration or improvement of the 900 million acres of farm lands in this
+country? I would affirm and emphasize the fact that 145 million dollars,
+if wisely and economically used, would make a soil survey of every farm
+in the United States and furnish every farmer with definite and much
+needed information concerning the composition or invoice of fertility
+of every type of soil on his farm and proof of practical profitable
+methods for its improvement, and still leave an endowment whose income
+would support a permanent experiment field or demonstration farm in every
+county in every state.
+
+Private enterprise has already put twelve million acres under irrigation
+in the United States, and the Federal Government has added one million
+and has projects concerning two million more. This is doubtless all
+good work and ought to go on, but the fact still remains that as a
+nation we are penny-wise and pound-foolish, with millions of acres of
+agriculturally abandoned lands in states surrounding the national capital.
+
+The rapid investigation of the soils of every state should be
+inaugurated, and this should be accompanied by the wide dissemination of
+information by demonstration farms showing by actual field trial the most
+practical methods of soil improvement and preservation. This is local
+work and is best done by the state institutions directly responsible
+to their home people, while the Federal Government must direct and
+control the reclamation work on the federal lands. Because the revenue
+of the Federal Government is ten times the total or combined revenue of
+all the states, the federal appropriations to the state agricultural
+institutions should be largely increased for the specific purpose
+of increasing and extending the knowledge of practical methods for
+restoring and improving the fertility of the soil, and these increased
+appropriations might well be made in direct proportion to the acreage of
+farm lands in the respective states.
+
+All public schools should offer practical scientific instruction in the
+principles of soil fertility, and every man and woman of mental power
+should acquire information and exert influence toward saving the soil,
+which is second in importance only to saving the soul. But the fact is
+that not one American in a hundred knows what the soils contain or what
+the crops require. They know of the rivers of Asia and of all the kings
+of England, and perhaps of the wars of Caesar and the orations of Cicero;
+but they do not know what is required to produce a grain of wheat or
+a kernel of corn. And yet there is as much of culture and more of use
+and value and of satisfaction in a study of clover roots and plant-food
+compounds than in Greek roots and Latin compounds; and I insist that the
+study of soil fertility is so simple and easy and so interesting that any
+man or woman of ordinary education can become master of the essential
+principles by studying the subject an hour a day for a single month.
+
+President WHITE—Mr. Wallace will introduce Mr. F. D. Coburn, secretary of
+the Kansas Board of Agriculture, who will preside this afternoon.
+
+Mr. WALLACE—You people in Kansas have all heard of Coburn (applause), the
+man who adorns, advises, and advertises the State of Kansas and the state
+of the West. Mr. Coburn will preside with you this afternoon. (Applause)
+
+Mr. COBURN—President Wallace, I thank you for your kindly introduction.
+Ladies and gentlemen of the Congress, and delegates: Your temporary
+chairman will base his claims to your charitable consideration this
+afternoon on the fact that he has no speech to make, and further will go
+on the assumption that the program which is provided him and for you will
+be carried out. I thank you. (Applause)
+
+President WHITE—Ladies and gentlemen: The Missouri delegation is
+requested to meet immediately after adjournment. We will now listen to
+Dr. W J McGee, the well-known authority on soils, of the U. S. Department
+of Agriculture. (Applause)
+
+DR. MCGEE—The relation of man to the earth on which he lives forms a
+worthy theme for those who think and base action on thought. As it is
+now, so it has been in every age; every early people had a creation
+epic: the noblest of all recounts that out of the dust of the earth God
+made man in His own image. The ancients gave chief thought to beginnings
+seen vaguely at the best; moderns to current processes which may be
+seen clearly and verified by repeated observation. In this way natural
+science arose; and under the guidance of Darwin naturalists learned
+that living organisms are controlled and perpetuated chiefly by the two
+factors of heredity and environment. Into this scheme of nature man
+entered, and through mental power gradually assumed control over lower
+nature; for man differs from other organisms in that he adjusts himself
+to his surroundings largely by reconstructing them. While still retaining
+heredity as a vital factor like lower living things, man is essentially
+an environment-shaping organism, and lives by doing. The factors of his
+existence are heredity and exercise, and it is his role in nature to
+reconstruct the face of the earth, to modify all other living things
+for the welfare of his kind, and finally, by growing knowledge, to
+progressively improve his own kind and ennoble humanity.
+
+The conservation movement marks a step in human advancement; for it is a
+conscious and purposeful entering into control over nature, through the
+natural resources, for the direct benefit of mankind. In truth it means
+a revolution (arising, like all other beneficent revolutions, in clear
+thinking) against an old order of things, preparatory to the framing of
+principles on which a new order may arise; and in essence it reaches
+those fundamental relations between man and earth which have stirred deep
+thought and inspired high motives during all the generations of men.
+Conservation is no passing caprice, no fantastic whim of a day; the idea
+expressed by the term runs back to the mainsprings of human existence
+and of righteousness, and it is in no way surprising that it has already
+spread from sea to sea and found lodgment in millions of minds—albeit
+still as seed rather than in the full bloom and rich fruitage destined to
+follow as question grows into conviction and conviction into action.
+
+
+THE PRESTIGE OF THE TREE.
+
+As a vital factor in our national life, conservation began with forests
+used and destroyed several times faster than they grew. Now a tree is
+a noble object, a sacred thing; “the groves were God’s first temples”;
+the apple is the theme of earliest legend, and the vine and fig tree
+are emblems of domestic peace; the oak is the symbol of strength and
+the pine of perpetuity; the memories and affections of the happily born
+cluster about the old homestead trees under which their happiest hours
+were spent. And so the material argument for conserving forests was
+supported by deep-lying sentiment—and what obstacle can long resist the
+united assaults of profit and sentiment? Then as growing knowledge showed
+that the woods conserve the waters the force favorable to forests was
+further increased. At the critical time the prophet of the forest arose
+in Gifford Pinchot, and the gospel of conserving nature’s good for the
+Nation’s strength took form.
+
+Even before the public conscience was awakened to the woodland waste
+the farm lands available for homesteads were nearly gone out of public
+possession, and a plan to eke out the supply by irrigating arid districts
+was framed by John Wesley Powell, soldier and scientist, whose grasp of
+the relations between man and earth was stronger than any other of his
+generation. His plan was extended and carried out by Frederick Haynes
+Newell, engineer and builder, one of the live leaders of the conservation
+movement. Thus Powell planted and Newell watered, and the wilderness
+blossomed; and the aspiration for an independent home-owning citizenry
+which shaped the Nation in its infancy, and then fell into neglect, was
+revived. The Reclamation Service virtually extended the habitable and
+productive area of the country; but its best gift was a re-awakened
+desire for homes on the land, a re-kindling of that home sense which is
+the mate of patriotism and handmaid of conservation.
+
+Through genius fostered by stress of pioneering, this became a country
+of invention; and through plentitude of coal and wood and iron,
+manufacturing grew as never before, until the riches of one after another
+of the forests and coal fields and ore beds were exhausted. Meantime
+the contact of free citizens with nature—the common touch of man and
+earth—made this a country of science, and scientific surveys measured the
+mineral resources used and remaining for use. More than any other, Joseph
+Austin Holmes came up as the apostle of better things in economical
+exploitation and in the saving of human life in mine and factory, and the
+last of these stirred deeper sympathy and evoked wider appreciation than
+could the merely material considerations untouched by humane sentiment.
+
+
+THE ROOSEVELT POLICY.
+
+Though moved directly by desire for better use of the rivers, it was on
+these three pillars—forests, lands, minerals—that the original structure
+of conservation was founded by Theodore Roosevelt, humanitarian and
+statesman, no less than president. Yet—“lest we forget”—it cannot be too
+strongly emphasized that while the argument for conservation was and
+is statable in terms of board feet and acres and tons and dollars, the
+strength of the movement lies in the human feeling behind the material
+units: in love of trees, in love of home, in love of country, in love of
+family and fellow men. In truth, the material argument merely justifies
+and gives formal warrant for the sentimental outgrowth born of increasing
+intelligence coupled with increasing interdependence between man and
+earth—for even like Anteus of old, modern men gain new life by contact
+with earth.
+
+Largely after the conservation movement was under way came the
+realization that the water of the country is the primary resource,
+since on it depends that productivity without which the lands would be
+uninhabitable, the forests non-existent, and the minerals merely so much
+inert and worthless matter. Now, the material basis for appreciation of
+water has been largely worked out; the quantity has been computed more
+carefully than before; the amount required for the maintenance of life
+has been reckoned, and it has been shown that the capacity of the country
+for population is only half what it would be if the land were more
+freely watered. It has been emphasized that there is no assimilation,
+or germination, or tissue growth, or reproduction in the absence of
+water—indeed it has been shown that these vital processes are apparently
+but manifestations of properties inhering in water; but, except here and
+there in arid regions and now and then in its esthetic aspects, water
+has not yet fully found that place in sentiment which it deserves as the
+final measure of life on the land, the direct medium between man and
+earth.
+
+As the movement proceeded it was realized, even before the National
+Conservation Commission reported, that all the natural resources (as
+commonly defined) are balanced against that human life in which alone
+they find use and value; for without men to enjoy them the earth and
+the fullness thereof were as dead cosmic matter. So human efficiency
+was recognized as a sort of equation expressing the relations between
+man and earth, measured by the powers of accomplishment, the prospects
+of perpetuity, and the general welfare of mankind; and the survey was
+extended, first by Irving Fisher to the public health, considered with
+special reference to industrial capacity and viability, and later
+(through another agency headed by Liberty Hyde Bailey) to that rural
+living which may and should contribute so largely to national strength
+and spirit. Thereby the material field and much of the moral purport of
+conservation were rounded out, and the lesson of science that man is
+master over lower nature became practical and entered into the daily
+thought of millions.
+
+
+THE SCOPE OF CONSERVATION.
+
+Such, in broad outline, has been the course of conservation to date,
+that earlier course predetermining the present and future trend of the
+movement. Yet forecast or even current view would be futile without
+the fullest understanding that, despite the impressive material facts
+with which conservationists point argument and convince contemporaries,
+the conservation movement is primarily and fundamentally moral, and is
+material only in secondary and empirical aspects; the material resources
+form property, but the moral forces make men who create property at
+will. It is the quality of human knowledge to advance, not uniformly
+but per saltum. In the individual a great idea (perhaps the offspring
+of subconscious cerebration) springs full-armed—like the daughter of
+Jove—under momentary inspiration, and is gradually adjusted to the
+general fabric of thought. In the people, a great idea (conceived in some
+individual) sweeps from one to another swiftly, according to its fitness
+as a new faith, or doctrine, or cult, or means of life, until enough are
+inspired to reconstruct the old ideas and customs.
+
+Somehow, men need these inspirations; they are essential to advancement,
+are indeed the very means of mental growth; and the whole course of human
+progress is marked by great inspirations. In the unwritten past of our
+ancestry (though in the observed life of other races) the recognition of
+paternity came as a luminous idea, and the mother-right of savagery was
+shifted to the paternal kinship of barbarism, while the deific powers
+were transformed from fearsome to gracious. Within the time of written
+record, consanguineal tribes gathered into civic groups, yet civilization
+became effective only under monotheistic faith and the great inspiration
+going out from Palestine with the injunction, “Do unto others as ye would
+that others should do unto you.” Later, Luther and Loyola fired mankind
+religiously, and Cromwell politically, through inspirations influencing
+all Christendom. And then came, through resistance to attempted tyranny
+over a strong people and unparalleled weighing of human rights, the
+quickened conviction that all men are equally entitled to life, liberty,
+and the pursuit of happiness which inspired enlightenment and gave a
+new form of government already spread afar over the lands of the earth.
+With each inspiration, the moral impulse quickly rose above material
+structures and yielded better institutions on the higher plane.
+
+Now the conservation idea has spread and is still spreading as an
+inspiration for which the national mind was ripe; it crystallizes
+intuitive feeling as to eternal fitness—the feeling that the riches of
+the land belong not to the few but in due share to all, both living and
+yet unborn. So in its essence, conservation is a cult based on deep-lying
+moral sense; and, just as in the earlier stages of human progress, all
+material structures must be adjusted, albeit gradually, to the moral
+foundation. Happily, the new cult is peculiarly adapted to our country,
+not only by our plentitude of resources and our constructive genius but
+by historical association. Ever the highest human aspirations have been
+for liberty, equality, fraternity. Our Revolution was fought for liberty,
+and our Constitution was framed for equality; and the end of conservation
+is fraternity—a stricter honesty, richer patriotism, broader charity, and
+warmer philanthropy ripening in the brotherhood of man.
+
+
+MAN AND THE FOREST.
+
+Since 1776 and 1787, knowledge of the relations between man and earth
+has multiplied. Then forests were but haunts for game and obstacles
+to settlement—the waters unreckoned, coal unknown, and iron little
+used. Then but two elements of national strength were conceived:
+(1) land as both means and symbol of homes, and (2) the home-making
+people; and on this balance between lower nature and the higher nature
+residing in mankind the Nation was founded. In 1908 the several natural
+resources, waters, forests, lands, minerals, were in large use and were
+balanced against human efficiency, measured chiefly by public health
+and viability; yet in the last three years, under the inspiration of
+conservation, the spirit of citizenship has spread more than in the
+preceding century, until today it is widely recognized that the earth and
+all its riches are for all mankind, and the natural resources as a whole
+may now be balanced against human welfare in the individual, the family,
+the community, and the state, including commonwealth and Nation.
+
+In this broad view, conservation deals not merely with the sources of
+welfare found in lower nature, but in still larger degree with the
+higher powers involved in the relations among men—in human rights and
+institutions and laws, social, industrial, civil and political. For it
+is not enough for the free citizens of this new era to conserve the mere
+materials for national power and perpetuity; the Nation itself, with all
+that strength of national character which has given us the lead among
+the nations, must be conserved for ourselves, our children, and our
+children’s children! This is the chief duty of the day.
+
+While individual and family and community and state are interdependent,
+human efficiency begins in the individual. Only in the individual mind,
+howsoever warmed by association, are ideas conceived; only by individual
+aptitude, howsoever instructed, are tasks accomplished; only by
+individual conscience, howsoever quickened, is conduct guided. Individual
+standards of righteousness are higher than those of crowds of communities
+or states. In war it is the man behind the gun, and in peace the man with
+hand on tool or throttle that achieves victory. No state can be powerful
+unless its constituent individuals are efficient. Now, individual
+efficiency involves suitable food and clothing and dwelling, with health
+and sanitary surroundings assuring normal expectation of life. And in
+even higher degree it involves those inspirations of humanity; especially
+love of kind and love of country, in which incentive buds and ambition
+blossoms. These things are among the rights of the individual on which
+the strength of the state must ever rest—the rights to life, liberty,
+and the pursuit of happiness, of late expressed in the single term,
+“Opportunity.”
+
+
+THE RIGHT AND NEED OF WORK.
+
+The clearest right and most needful opportunity is for work, that
+exercise wherein men rise above lower nature, especially productive
+labor in which visible results incite the mind and invigorate the hand.
+Despite current clap-trap, there is no “inalienable right not to work”;
+none have the right to idleness, and the country owes no man a living
+unearned, for it is no less true now than of old that “they who work not,
+neither shall they eat”; and neither community nor state can conserve its
+strength without opening wide the door of opportunity to its constituent
+individuals.
+
+Within any generation, efficiency is attained by individual work—that
+exercise which combines with heredity to shape human progress. Yet it
+is only through the run of generations that heredity acts and that
+individuals, like communities and states, are perpetuated. Indeed,
+the essential human unit is neither the individual nor the social
+assemblage, but the procreative family. So the ultimate strength of any
+nation, and the progress of mankind in controlling lower nature, hinge on
+maintenance of the family triad with its vital angles of mother and child.
+
+Herein moderns may learn something from the ancients and lower races.
+When mankind commenced conquest over lower nature, mother-right
+prevailed; the mothers were priestesses and law-givers for their clans,
+and they and their daughters were esteemed as the bearers of the line
+of life. Under the patriarchial condition, the child-bearers were seen
+to measure tribal strength, and were set apart and supported, and often
+multiplied, through warfare and polygyny, though sometimes degraded into
+slaves and chattels. Under the militant motives of early civilization,
+when the strength of cities and principalities was measured by the
+fighting men, as shown by Fustel de Coulanges in “The Ancient City,” and
+Sir Henry Maine in “Ancient Law,” wives and mothers were debarred from
+councils and virtually disfranchised. Although “When Knighthood Was in
+Flower” and romance in its heyday, the prolific sex was often both cause
+and guerdon of strife; and it is only under enlightenment, with its
+broad view of general welfare, that the pendulum is swinging toward that
+equitable division of rights and duties and responsibilities between the
+sexes and ages of mankind inhering in the family.
+
+In the light of accumulated experience, it is to the interest of
+community and state to vouchsafe mother and child exceptional rights;
+the prospective mother has a right to family protection and to freedom
+of choice in mating, and the bearing mother to both material sustenance
+and the spiritual support of affection during her fruitful period. The
+child has a right to be conceived in the inspiration of love (the most
+potent force in humanity) and born to a welcome—and then to both material
+sustenance and moral sympathy during infancy and early adolescence.
+These rights may burden individuals and communities, yet the burden is
+essential to the richness of heredity and the fullness of humanity. Now
+the rights of the generation arise in the family. Conservation came up
+with the new concept of continuity, added to that of present power. It
+was first felt that each future generation is entitled equally with
+the present one to a due share of the natural resources. Yet already
+the moral light has shown that each generation in its turn is no less
+entitled to the benefits of happy birth and good breeding, to normally
+increasing numerical strength, and to the fittest laws and institutions
+within reach of the parents, for each child and each generation naturally
+inherit not merely parental traits but their share in the community
+and state. Already conservation and eugenics and righteous decrial of
+race-suicide are awakening a new sense of generational responsibility;
+and it grows clearer every day that our present power and prestige
+were of little worth unless assured of perpetuity by due regard for
+generations coming up and yet to come.
+
+
+THE GREGARIOUS INSTINCT.
+
+Under gregarious instinct and desire for strength in union, mankind is
+grouped in multifarious communities overlapping and combining in such
+wise as measurably to control the action of each individual and family,
+and shape the character and career of the state. It is the essence of the
+community that each surrenders some share of individuality for the common
+good; and the benefits usually vary with the nearness of the constituents
+in person and in interest. While endlessly protean, communities may be
+classed by purpose as (1) for public benefit, (2) for class benefit, and
+(3) for private benefit—of which the first and some of the second merge
+in the state. Now, the community may be likened to a miller’s bolt, in
+that it grades individuals according to characteristics, and in the
+overlapping communities of the country each individual falls more or less
+fairly into fit place according to the judgment of contemporaries. Yet
+the customary flexibility of the community allows the less designing and
+more generous constituents to lose position and permits the designing and
+selfish to gain undue power—and partly for this reason the communities
+for private and class benefit tend to multiply, while communities for
+public benefit tend to become subverted to the ends of shrewd and
+self-seeking leaders.
+
+Despite primary dependence on individuals and families, the power
+and continuity of the state are measured largely by the strength and
+sagacity of its communities, especially those designed for public
+benefit. Yet grave dangers lurk in that multiplication and subversion
+of communities tending to subordinate public good to private greed. Two
+current tendencies may be signalized as especially ominous: (1) through
+an insidious legal fiction certain communities for private benefit (_e.
+g._, corporations for profit) have come to be viewed as possessing the
+property rights of individuals, whereby their constituents (partners,
+stockholders, _et al_) enjoy dual privileges as actual persons and in
+the pseudo-personalities of their corporations. So that privileged
+classes are arising among us, despite a republican constitution under
+which all are equal. (2) Through a development not sanctioned by the
+constitution, and most solemnly denounced by that steady balance-wheel
+of the constitutional convention, afterward First President, the form of
+community known as “political party” grew up, and, though first designed
+for public benefit, became subverted through self-seeking leadership
+into the machine organization, diverting attention of citizens from
+the public welfare and promoting graft and bribery and worse evils,
+especially in cities—where the party “machine” is commonly a cover for
+corruption. These two unrepublican forces have not unnaturally drawn
+together, and often combine, interests in private behalf and against
+the public welfare; and in them lies the chief menace to the Republic.
+Clearly, maintenance of the integrity and power of the state demands
+due regulation of these and other community forces. Largely through
+the conservation movement, the public conscience and the spirit of
+citizenship have been awakened as never before. Citizens are entering
+on exercise of their rights as a sacred duty, and through such community
+devices as municipal commissions, direct primaries and the gradual
+adoption of initiative and referendum and recall, they are rapidly
+restoring government of the people, by the people, for the people—the
+only form of government assuring perpetuity to a great and progressive
+country.
+
+
+THE GROWTH OF ORGANIZATION.
+
+In a republic such as this, the state (including commonwealth and nation)
+merely sums the constituent individuals and families and communities,
+and—theoretically—organizes the popular will. Now, the hardest lesson of
+the long course of human progress is that of individual responsibility
+for the general welfare, a responsibility first realized by the founders
+of the Republic and fully realized today by few of our citizens. But
+those are of the salt of the earth. Fortunately, our forebears saw the
+way to develop a responsible citizenry united in popular government,
+the chief requisite being the independent family home on land producing
+the prime necessaries of life; and such was the real foundation of the
+Republic. Later, manufacturing and transportation grew until a majority
+of our electors became industrial dependents and only a minority were
+primary producers. Still later, partly through the influence of a
+great governmental department under the leadership of a great farmer
+for fifteen years, agriculture has again become respectable, and the
+tiller of the soil is once more the exemplar of that citizenship on
+which the power and prestige of the Republic must ever depend. Thus far
+the movement “back to the farm” is hardly shown in population figures,
+though clearly indicated by farm values. During the decade 1900-1910,
+the farm area increased only 4.2 per cent and the acreage of improved
+farms only 15.2 per cent, while the acre value of farm lands increased
+108.7 per cent and the aggregate value no less than 117.4 per cent. This
+increase is connected with the high cost of living, especially in cities,
+though the advance in prices has thus far benefited transportation and
+trade rather than the primary producers. In 1900 we paid our railways
+$1,650,000,000 and in 1910 about $2,750,000,000, 70 per cent of which was
+freightage—an advance of 67 per cent. Considered as a tax on improved
+land (justifiably, in that the cost of transportation limits production),
+this was $4.00 per acre in 1900 and $5.76 in 1910, an increase of 44 per
+cent, or as a per capita tax it was $21.74 in 1900 and $30.00 in 1910, an
+increase of 38 per cent—all of which ratios of increase are far higher
+than that of farm prices for farm products. Howsoever the factors of our
+recent growth are arranged, it is clear that primary production, fallen
+behind during recent decades, must be brought up—which can best be done
+by fertilizing the acres with brains, and so controlling natural forces
+and materials as to increase production both per acre and per worker.
+
+
+THE FARMER’S RESOURCES.
+
+It cannot be too strongly emphasized that if there be anything in the
+lessons of past human progress or in modern science, this is feasible.
+During the generations, natural productivity has been multiplied, and
+today the sun-power with which the farmer plays is over 1,700 horsepower
+per acre for each crop, so that the farmer has larger command over
+natural forces than any other industrian. Nor can it be too strongly
+emphasized, in the light of all human experience, that the needful
+apotheosis of agriculture will at once revive individual and family life,
+relieve the burden of living, and restore that independent citizenship
+without which the free government in which we so justly glory may hardly
+be conserved for the benefit of coming generations. Herein lies a sacred
+duty; it is the duty of the whole people forming the Republic, but
+especially of the farmer folk who furnish its strength.
+
+This vast interior, of which the like is not to be found on earth, is the
+bread basket and meat hamper of the country. The career of the Nation
+is destined to be shaped largely by the teeming crops of its acres in
+foodstuffs and clothing wares, and yet more largely by that richer crop
+produced through union of man and earth, the strong manhood and gracious
+womanhood and prepotent childhood of the highest type of humanity the
+world has seen. Yet this consummation will not come without foresight
+and effort. The resources must be developed conservatively; lower nature
+must be further subjugated; sun-power must be better directed and water
+supply better used. The spirit of free citizenship must be fostered
+and the franchise exercised fully; tendencies of communities against
+public welfare must be counteracted; transportation must be cheapened by
+regulation and by proper use of the finest natural system of waterways
+on earth. Statesmen in sympathy with the people—and in a republic he is
+not a statesman who lacks that sympathy—must be developed in lieu of
+pseudo-statesmen serving special privilege. Laws must be enacted and
+executed in behalf of all the people, and special and class legislation
+must be checked. Public utilities must be controlled in the public
+interest and their conduct kept open to the public; corporations must be
+given opportunity second only to individuals, but must not be permitted
+to invade individuality, nor must partisan issues be allowed to delude
+the unwary. These are among the requisites for the continued welfare
+of this interior and for the perpetuity of this Nation. The duty and
+the responsibility devolve directly on the people; and it is the aim of
+conservation to fan and keep aflame the moral light behind the material
+movement.
+
+President WHITE—Ladies and gentlemen, we are now ready to adjourn the
+morning session. We want you to be back here with all of your friends and
+everybody that you can get to come, at two o’clock sharp. The afternoon
+session is going to be a very interesting one. Everybody should be
+present. The Secretary of the Interior, Hon. Walter L. Fisher, will speak
+at 2:30. We stand adjourned.
+
+
+
+
+_EIGHTH SESSION._
+
+
+President WHITE—Ladies and gentlemen, delegates to the Third National
+Conservation Congress, we will now come to order. Mr. Coburn will preside
+this afternoon, and will now take the Chair. (Applause)
+
+Chairman COBURN—Ladies and gentlemen, the meeting will be opened with
+prayer by the Rev. Dr. Munro, of Kansas City.
+
+
+INVOCATION.
+
+    Our Gracious God and our Father, we thank Thee for the
+    inexhaustible resources which Thou hast placed at our command.
+    We thank Thee therefore for the infinite possibilities that
+    are at our disposal. We pray, therefore, that we may use them
+    wisely, doing those things that will serve and in themselves
+    will glorify Thee. Not only do we seek Thy glory but we seek
+    the betterment of mankind and the advancement of humanity and
+    the elevation of our much loved land. Direct us therefore in
+    all that we shall undertake to say or do this afternoon. We
+    thank Thee that in order to make the best of what we have and
+    what we are and what we possess, even our very circumstances,
+    Thou hast sent Thine own dear Son to give His life for us that
+    we might thus be able to reach the holiest heights. Bless those
+    who speak to us, and direct us in all our deliberations, we ask
+    in Christ’s name and for His sake. Amen.
+
+[Here Mr. Bryan entered the room and was received with loud cheers.]
+
+Chairman COBURN—The first number on this program as presented to the
+Chair is entitled “Practical Methods of Soil Cultivation,” to be
+treated by Professor A. M. Ten Eyck, the very capable head of the
+Kansas Experimental station at Hays. I have pleasure in presenting him.
+(Applause)
+
+[Prof. Ten Eyck’s address will be found in Supplementary Proceedings.]
+
+Prof. CONDRA—I have in mind a resolution that I think this Congress,
+representing more than 1,200 conservation delegates, would like to
+adopt. There is a man in the far Northwest who has done much, in the
+way of labor and leadership, for the cause of conservation. Let us send
+greetings to the Hon. Gifford Pinchot. (Applause)
+
+President WHITE—I second the motion.
+
+Chairman COBURN—You have heard the motion, which has been duly seconded.
+All of you in favor of its adoption please manifest it by saying aye. The
+motion is unanimously carried.
+
+Chairman COBURN—Conservation and the National Domain. We are fortunate
+that this important subject is to be discussed here this afternoon by the
+Honorable, the Secretary of the Interior, Mr. Walter L. Fisher, whom I
+now have the pleasure of presenting. (Applause)
+
+Mr. FISHER—Mr. Chairman, Ladies and Gentlemen, Delegates of the National
+Conservation Congress: I am a conservationist who realizes that many of
+the problems of conservation have not yet been rightly solved, but who
+has no apologies to make. I am here by a very strenuous effort and the
+cancellation of a number of important engagements, in order to express my
+continued adherence to the general principles upon which this movement
+is founded, and to offer my assistance, officially and unofficially, in
+carrying those principles into execution. (Applause)
+
+As I said a little while ago at another meeting, my statisticians who are
+traveling with me tell me I have covered something in the neighborhood
+of 16,000 miles in an effort to get a little better acquainted with a
+portion of the Department of the Interior. I presume that many of you
+would rather hear from me today about that country in the Far North, to
+which allusion has already been made, and upon which national attention
+has been so rightly concentrated. I refer to Alaska. However, it is my
+opinion that in that, as in all other matters, wisest conclusions will be
+reached when all the facts are known. I have spent a considerable amount
+of time in traveling through that portion of Alaska in which the most
+acute problems have arisen. I have been peculiarly fortunate in being
+able to cover much more territory than I had believed possible. And I
+think I have reached some general conclusions which, while they may be
+wrong, nevertheless are the conclusions which I expect to present to the
+President and to the Nation in proper time and form.
+
+I would be perfectly willing to present them to this audience whose
+interests in the question I recognize, were it not for the fact that
+I am waiting for two reports upon the coal situation which I have not
+yet been able to receive. One of these reports is from the geological
+survey and one from the director of the bureau of mines, who is just now
+returning from the largest and probably the most important coal field in
+that country. I have gone over these matters somewhat in detail with the
+President of the United States, and am gratified to be able to say to
+you and to the public that there are no differences of opinion between
+him and me upon those questions—that he is ready, as am I, to suggest a
+solution which will at least recognize our obligation for constructive
+recommendations upon this important matter.
+
+For I believe that the thing which is most important for conservationists
+to understand is that they cannot shirk their full share of the
+responsibility for constructive legislation. Criticism is justly levelled
+at a policy of inaction, and that criticism should be disarmed at once
+by the conscientious and sincere effort of men who are identified with
+this movement, to find a way out. (Applause) I believe that conservation
+in its last analysis means nothing but wise development, in the public
+interest. (Applause) And I believe that the first public interest is wise
+development, but that the emphasis should be put on the character of the
+development as much as upon development itself.
+
+
+MISUNDERSTOOD AND MISREPRESENTED.
+
+The difficulty with the conservation movement so far has been that it has
+been both misunderstood and misrepresented. There are those who profess
+allegiance to the principles for which you stand, and yet are quick to
+find objection to every concrete suggestion for carrying those principles
+into effect. There are those who find that the present situation presents
+many difficulties, but who content themselves with insisting merely
+upon sitting on the lid. I think the proper place for the conservation
+movement is with neither of those parties, but with the men who genuinely
+recognize that when we have worked out those principles under which
+development can go forward without danger of monopoly and for the public
+good, the conservation movement should get behind those policies and push
+them with all the strength that the public sentiment which has already
+been manifested to be behind this movement can exert. (Applause)
+
+The topic which has been assigned to me, as was first suggested, is
+“Conservation and the Public Domain.” It is a large subject, and as I
+have had no opportunity whatever to do more than to make a few casual
+notes on the train, you will have to pardon the informality and the
+inadequacy of the address which I shall present.
+
+I will probably make some mistakes in what I say; probably in the wording
+of some things I shall not be quite as accurate as I would like; but I
+reserve that right now, which I reserve at all times, to change my mind
+tomorrow morning if I see things differently then. (Applause)
+
+In the first place, the conservation movement is a thoroughly
+non-partisan movement, and it should be distinctly so understood.
+Perhaps the best evidence of that that occurs to me upon the moment
+is that when the Conservation League of America was formed, at the
+instigation of Theodore Roosevelt, then President of the United States,
+he became honorary president, and Mr. Bryan and Mr. Taft became honorary
+vice-presidents. (Applause) While the position of president fell to me,
+John Mitchell and Gustave Schwab, perhaps representing the two extremes
+of industrial interest, were vice-presidents of the organization. In
+this way I think we presented in the organization of that particular
+association a thing which I wish to bring home, so far as I can, to
+the American people, namely, that there is no partisan politics of any
+kind in this movement, neither industrial politics, nor any other kind
+of politics, but that it is the interest of the people, and the whole
+people, and of no one but the whole people, that is at stake.
+
+The national domain naturally divides itself into the great subdivisions
+of lands, minerals, forests and water. If you will pardon me for a moment
+I will undertake to present, very candidly, some views of my own upon
+each of these topics. Of course, the first to which I have referred, that
+of land, embraces the entire subject, because, broadly speaking, the
+land is supposed to include the mineral within it, the water which flows
+over it, and the forests which grow on it. Nevertheless, there are many
+problems included within the public domain which distinctly relate to
+land as land, and contradistinguished from the other main subdivisions or
+topics that I have mentioned.
+
+
+NOT A NEW POLICY.
+
+Now, there is a great hue and cry, in certain sections, that in some way
+the Nation has departed from its ancient policies, with reference to
+land. It is my personal conviction that no change has been made that has
+not been necessitated by changed or different conditions. For instance,
+when we started out in this country, the forest area as a whole was not
+particularly valuable for lumber, but on the contrary it was an obstacle
+to agricultural development. The forest had to be cleared before the land
+itself could be put under cultivation, and that related particularly to
+the most valuable land. It was covered with forests. As we got into the
+central West that particular problem began to disappear. We had less
+difficulty in removing forests. We found more prairie and upland ready
+for the plow, and the result was that the question of forestry, the
+question of the removal of the timber became of diminishing importance.
+When we got into the extreme West we found a great subdivision in the
+character of our federal domain. While we found forested areas in the
+mountains, and in the more broken country, we found that the great
+territory lying west of the Mississippi river was in the main free from
+trees. But we have only recently learned that the land which never had
+the tree upon it, which has upon it today nothing but the sage brush,
+is after all the most valuable agricultural land which the Nation has
+possessed. We have found that the great problem of today in the West is
+how to get water upon the desert so that it may blossom like the garden
+and may become the most fertile and most productive portion of our
+national domain. As a result, the relative importance of the forest from
+the agricultural point of view has diminished, and the problem in the
+West today, as I have seen it during weeks of travel through irrigation
+projects, Indian offices, land offices, is how to get the water on the
+land, and the settler to follow the water. And I think if our friends
+who are particularly concerned about excessive forest reservations would
+devote their attention, first to getting settlers on those lands, which
+are worth ten times what their forest area is worth for agricultural
+purposes, the development of the West will go forward more rapidly than
+in any other way. (Applause) There are, however, many special problems
+connected with the land question that it is necessary to solve, and I
+shall pass rapidly to some of them.
+
+Let us take the question of coal. There is a large area of coal reserved
+in the Western country from present entry. This coal land, under the
+statute which now prevails, is rapidly becoming available. There is
+considerable disappointment or disapproval of the policy of withdrawal
+of coal lands in certain portions of the West. Usually, as I have found
+by personal contact with the people of those areas, and by discussion
+at public meetings, the disapproval is on the part of the people who
+wish to exploit coal by getting it and holding it without present
+development, in expectation of reaping the unearned increment from the
+future growth of the country. Recently a letter was written to me, and
+given wide publicity by a member of Congress, to which I intend shortly
+to pay some attention, and I think perhaps at this time it would be just
+as well to discuss one or two of the features that are embodied in this
+correspondence. Congressman Mondell, of Wyoming, has written a letter in
+which he complains that the present policy of classifying public coal
+lands has resulted in increasing the price of coal to the consumer from
+fifty cents to a dollar a ton; that it has created a monopoly in the
+hands of the government, and that the prices are prohibitive.
+
+
+SOME RESOURCE FIGURES.
+
+I think that at this time, perhaps, it would be well to give some figures
+upon these various points, and I shall take this opportunity to do so.
+There are estimated to be, west of the 100th meridian, 620 billion tons
+of anthracite and bituminous coal; 650 billion tons of sub-bituminous,
+and 720 billion tons of lignite. The valuation which the Department
+of the Interior, through its geological survey, has placed upon these
+lands, is based upon the theory that the purchaser, instead of paying
+a flat rate per acre, pays by the ton for the coal which he buys at
+values graded according to the character of the coal. For instance, the
+price of land underlaid by anthracite and high grade bituminous coals
+is computed at the maximum of three cents a ton, whereas sub-bituminous
+coal of only moderate fuel value is rated at one-half cent per ton. An
+exception to the tonnage basis is made in cases of lignite in the lowest
+grades of sub-bituminous coals. These are valued at the prices fixed by
+law as the minimum prices at which coal land can be valued. No lignites
+whatever have been given values of hundreds of dollars an acre, as has
+been claimed, nor any value better than the minimum, $20, fixed by the
+statute if within fifteen miles of a railroad and $10 if at a greater
+distance. The tonnage value for coal sold in the ground, according to
+the best information obtainable, should be in general from one-fifth to
+one-half of the royalty value of the same coal if paid for as mined.
+The classification prices used by the Geological Survey are, in fact,
+lower—in some cases very much lower. It is plainly impossible that the
+result of the classification policy has been to increase the cost of coal
+to the consumer as much as fifty cents on a dollar a ton, as claimed,
+since the maximum government price is only three cents a ton.
+
+The State of Colorado charges a royalty itself of ten cents a ton for
+coal mined from the state lands regardless of the quality of the coal.
+The State of Wyoming fixes royalties for all grades of coal mined from
+state lands at from three cents to six cents per ton, depending upon
+the quality produced. Private leases in Wyoming require as high as ten
+cents, and for small local mines, much higher rates. Fifteen cents, for
+instance, is the royalty in the Mills City and Roundup districts of
+Montana, and in the Trinidad and Boulder countries in Colorado it runs
+from eight to twenty-seven and one-half cents. The government price on
+federal lands is in no case more than three cents a ton, and the great
+majority of the Western fields are being classified at from half a cent
+to two cents a ton. Now, that system of valuation results in prices of
+which only a comparatively small part are $150 or more. Great areas
+are valued at the minimum fixed by statute, and other great areas at
+comparatively low figures. Values running into the large amounts will be
+found only in the anthracite and the other high grade bituminous fields.
+
+In many of the cases the prices fixed are less than the actual market
+price of private land of the same character in the same field. For
+example, coal lands in the Rock Springs field of Wyoming are reported
+to have been sold from $100 to $430 per acre. The government prices in
+this field will run from $20 to $465, the high price being for land with
+greater tonnage than that which would be covered by the $430 price paid
+by private interests. In the Colorado Springs district of Colorado these
+private land sales are reported from $100 to $500, while the classified
+price in that district ranges from $20 to $50. Now, it is true that in
+some of the cases prices by the acre are greater than the prices fixed
+for corresponding acreage elsewhere, even in the Eastern field, but the
+reason will be found to be in all those cases that the extent of the
+coal, the thickness of the vein and the number of the veins is greater.
+Land in certain fields of Pennsylvania is selling at $2,000 an acre, on
+the other hand, whereas the highest price fixed by the government on any
+of its lands is $600 an acre.
+
+
+THE CLASSIFICATION POLICY.
+
+It has been said that these prices are prohibitive. I have had a table
+prepared showing what the results have been in the four fiscal years that
+have passed since the adoption of the classification policy as compared
+with the preceding four years, and as a result I find that the sales of
+public coal land have increased 12½ per cent in acreage and 36 per cent
+in value, as compared with the four preceding fiscal years.
+
+I am giving these figures, and discussing this somewhat dry question at
+this time because of the fact that public attention is being attracted
+to these questions, and that a certain amount of either misunderstanding
+or misrepresentation is going vigorously on. The truth of the matter is
+that the government has offered incentive to development along this line
+greater than prevails in the private field. Why has it not been more
+vigorous? May I put the question to you, whether it may not be that
+we are making the mistake which Australia and New Zealand have already
+recognized and corrected? And that we should put our coal lands where the
+conservation movement, where the National Conservation Association and
+the other conservation organizations have advocated placing it, under a
+rational leasing system? If I am right (applause) the present objections
+largely disappear.
+
+I was very much interested at the reception which was given to the
+presentation of some of these facts to the audiences that I addressed
+in Seattle and in other places, and to find that the suggestions made
+to them met with hearty concurrence so far as I could judge, when
+they clearly understood the facts, when they once clearly understood
+what had been the history in other fields where coal was put under a
+leasing system. For instance, I find the suggestion made that Canada was
+proceeding much more wisely and much more profitably and successfully in
+its coal development policy than the United States. But when I read the
+statutory law of the Yukon territory, and ascertained that every foot of
+coal land that is disposed of in that territory now is under a leasing
+system, I found that the argument went home. So it is with all of these
+other questions. There are great problems to solve, and it should be up
+to us to help solve them, although not entirely to us. The gentlemen on
+the other side, who are complaining of delay, have their share; but the
+responsibility, gentlemen, is upon us all, and we should all frankly
+recognize it.
+
+What is the ordinary history of coal lands in this country? What has
+been the history in the East and the central West? That the coal lands
+have been originally entered or acquired in one form or another by
+private owners, and that the original private owner seldom developed the
+mines. He sold or he leased to someone else. If he sold, the chances
+are that the purchaser himself leased the land; until you will find
+that a great part of the coal lands of the United States that are now
+under development, are being operated under leaseholds of one kind or
+another. So in the far West. Take the railroad mines. I had the pleasure
+of riding with the officials of some of these railroads in the West,
+who have control of the coal lands of the companies. And when I asked
+them what their policy was for the development of these lands, without
+exception thus far—there may be exceptions, although I haven’t heard of
+them—without exception this far, they stated they were developing their
+coal lands under the leasing system, and regarded it as the only proper
+way. If that is so we should at least pause long enough to consider
+whether that policy is not the right one for the Nation, and adopt it if
+right, and discard it if it is wrong.
+
+After this coal is leased what do we find? We find that unrestricted
+development, that development which is thrown open to the laws of
+commercial competition, does not always work wisely. Our coal fields now
+generally throughout the country, are largely overexploited, with the
+result that during a considerable portion of the time the coal mines are
+empty, the miners are idle and depression reigns, and we find what always
+happens—demoralization and frequently disorder; for it takes, gentlemen,
+steady work to make steady men. And you have got to get that principle in
+your coal fields if you are going to be successful with them. (Applause)
+
+
+THE HISTORY OF THE FORESTS.
+
+Take the history of the forests to which I must hastily turn. When I
+talk with the lumber interests of the country—and inquire about the real
+facts as to the condition of the lumber trade—I find that large holdings
+throughout this country are being held in private hands and undeveloped,
+uncut, although they admit that much of it is ripe and ready for the
+ax and the saw. Why? Because of conditions in the market. I find them
+complaining of the fact that large areas have been thrown open to people
+without capital who have thought that there was a way to quick and easy
+wealth, who have made their obligations to the banks, and who have to
+meet the interest charges, and the minute that the price of lumber goes
+down the only way they can meet it is by throwing upon the market more
+lumber, with the result of consequent demoralization of the trade. And
+all the while the large interests protect themselves by buying at the
+lower prices and holding out of development as much of their areas as
+they can. Now, that, it seems to me, is fundamentally unwise. We should
+wish to dispose of our national resources in such a way that development
+will be absolutely assured and that holding them for future profit will
+be absolutely prevented (Applause), because in the last analysis, all of
+this burden comes back upon the consumer’s shoulders. We never escape it.
+If we sell the coal land to the individual, and he sells to another at
+an added price, and he to another, and then finally it is leased to the
+fourth, who actually operates, we can depend upon it that the consumer is
+paying the carrying charge upon each of the profits that the first three
+have successively obtained. If we adopt the policy, as in Australia, that
+the mine holder cannot hold his lease unless he develops, that he must
+pay a fixed rental of a certain amount in any event, we will create an
+automatic check which will work largely to remedy the evil of which both
+the public and the honest dealer complain. (Applause)
+
+Now, I want to turn for a moment to the irrigation question, because no
+one can have traveled over this Western territory as I have done and
+made personal investigation of the work of the Reclamation Service, and
+of the work being carried on by private interests in the same direction,
+without being tremendously impressed with the immense public benefit
+derived from activities of this sort. And yet that service presents
+certain concrete difficulties. For instance, our reclamation law provides
+that we must divide our payments into ten annual installments, and that
+the settler does not obtain title to his land until he has paid all of
+the installments. It requires continuous residence as well as continuous
+cultivation.
+
+
+CHANGES OF LAW NEEDED.
+
+Some examination of the question has convinced me, as I now see the
+facts, that a modification should be made in both of those directions.
+I believe that the law should be so changed that the settler upon the
+irrigated lands who has cultivated his land for a certain period of time,
+who has lived upon it a sufficient period of time, to be fixed by law,
+to make sure that he is a bona fide settler, should be enabled to get
+title to his land and be enabled to borrow money upon it and develop it
+as any other individual should (Applause), subject at all times to the
+lien of the government for the unpaid installments. (Applause) I find
+that that suggestion meets one of the principal, if not the principal
+objection which has arisen in the West on the part of men who are
+enthusiastic adherents of the policy of irrigation through the government
+agencies and who still find that the law has not been completely adapted
+to their particular conditions. For instance, suppose the law required
+that a settler should continuously cultivate his land during the first
+two years, and that he should live upon it the last three years of a
+five-year period, and should then be enabled on proof of cultivation,
+continuous and progressive cultivation, and of residence for the time I
+have mentioned, that he could then acquire title subject to the lien of
+the unpaid five installments, I believe that it would be to the great
+advantages of the public and to the settler, to bring about that reform.
+What will be the result? In many instances the farmer, the settler,
+would transfer the burden of the debt from the government to the bank.
+He would go to the bank, make better terms than it would be possible
+for him to make with the government under the law with regard to the
+unpaid five installments, and the result would be that the banks would
+be carrying the burden of the indebtedness, as they should as a part of
+their legitimate function in the community; while the government would
+have released to it those installments for use in some other place where
+the settlers are crying for the advent of the Reclamation Service. These
+are some of the great questions that come up and which in very definite
+form impress me as being the most important that we can consider. I
+believe that we should undertake a solution of problems of exactly
+that character. I think when we do this that the objection which has
+been raised in many quarters to conservation as being theoretical will
+instantly disappear.
+
+
+WATER POWER.
+
+There is only one other topic on which I wish to speak, and that is the
+question of water power. I have very little to say about that. At the
+last meeting of this Congress in St. Paul, I presented in a somewhat
+brief and compact form my views upon that question. I believe that no
+solution of the water power question will be worked out in the United
+States until state and nation are working together at the problem.
+(Applause) Not only is there no necessary or natural conflict between
+state interest and federal interest, but those two interests must be
+coördinated before we reach a right solution. We find a quite general
+attempt on the part of those who have interests that may not be free
+from suspicion to arouse a feeling of state pride, of state interest,
+as against the federal government. I think that those interests can
+be properly worked out and reconciled. I believe that the natural and
+legitimate interest of the state, the locality, is in the regulation
+of the service, and of the rates at which the power is sold. I believe
+that the interest of the federal government is in the development of the
+streams as units, and that no other instrumentality can so effectively
+work out that portion of the problem. Then why not adjust the two? Why
+not adopt, as the cardinal principle in our water power development, that
+the federal government shall make the grant subject to the reservation
+that the grantee will at all times acquiesce in whatever reasonable
+regulations of service and rates may be made by the state or by any
+delegated agency of the state. There should be compensation and there
+should be periodical readjustment of the compensation paid to the federal
+government, so that every ten years, or whatever the period may be,
+there will be enforced upon the public authorities, state and national,
+an inquiry into the condition of the water power grants, and their
+development. If with this we will adopt the fundamental principle that
+every dollar of the compensation paid to the federal government, except
+that necessary for administration, should go back into the development
+of the stream, and the water shed of the stream, from which the revenue
+was derived, so far as needed for that purpose, we, in my judgment,
+will have reconciled and coördinated those two agencies so that they
+will work together like the best team that any of you men drive on any
+of your farms. (Applause) And the protection of the public interest, in
+my opinion, will to some extent be automatic. For what will happen? If
+the federal government at the end of the first ten-year period wishes
+to readjust the compensation, it will make an inquiry, and if it finds
+that that particular grantee is furnishing proper service at proper
+rates to the community, that the state or its delegated agencies have
+properly exercised their functions of regulation, there will be neither
+opportunity nor incentive to increase the compensation. But if, upon
+the other hand, the state has been derelict in its duty, if it has not
+protected the public interest, the Nation will be able, by the increase
+of the compensation, to prevent undue profits and, indeed, to make it to
+the financial interest of the grantee to see that that situation does not
+happen again. And always the legitimate interests of the grantee must be
+adequately protected.
+
+Now, these are some of the concrete questions which come up in the
+Department of the Interior with regard to the federal domain. They all
+relate to the general principle for which we stand. They all come back
+to that fundamental proposition, that the purpose of conservation is
+to secure wise development in the interest of the public as a whole.
+(Applause)
+
+Chairman COBURN—The powers that be, and over which I have no control,
+have seen fit to readjust this program, whereby Mr. Bryan, who was to
+have addressed us this evening, will speak this afternoon and again to
+this Congress tonight at eight o’clock. He is with us on the platform
+this afternoon, and I have asked him to stand up and say a word to you,
+in order that you might give him the glad hand. I take pleasure in
+introducing the Honorable William Jennings Bryan. (Applause)
+
+Mr. BRYAN—Mr. Chairman, Ladies and Gentlemen. I did not come to this
+Congress to speak as an expert. I came merely to testify to my interest
+in a great and growing subject. When they told me that the time of
+my speaking was postponed from this afternoon until this evening, I
+consented on condition that they would appoint others to assist me
+in entertaining the audience. I was afraid that I might not be able
+long to satisfy the audience assembled. So they have arranged with two
+others, with whom I shall divide the time and I know that that may be an
+inducement to you to come. (Applause)
+
+I feel that it is necessary for me to fortify my invitation with theirs.
+Now, if this were a subject upon which I had been speaking, I might make
+it a condition that no one else would be permitted to speak (Applause),
+for there are a number of subjects upon which I can speak at sufficient
+length to occupy an evening. But this is not one. I mention it at this
+time in order to emphasize the fact that as I have insisted that two
+others shall help me tonight you will understand why I do not attempt to
+divide my short speech into an afternoon and evening speech. I am afraid
+that I will have little enough to say if I put it all into one speech,
+and yet I confess to you that I do not know now how long I shall talk
+tonight.
+
+I feel the spirit of the meeting taking possession of me (Applause);
+and by night I may ask my associates to limit their time. (Applause) I
+find that every time I hear a speech on this subject the subject seems
+larger. I am gratified that I could hear the speech made this afternoon
+by the Secretary of the Interior. Whatever others may say on this
+subject, his speech must of necessity be of paramount interest, because
+most of us can only advise without any great assurance that the advice
+will be accepted, but the Secretary of the Interior acts, and we are
+all interested in knowing the lines upon which he will act. I have been
+interested in the brief outline that he has given us this afternoon—the
+conclusions which will doubtless be set forth at more length in his
+official report. Tonight I want to speak on a little broader line. He
+has covered conservation as it commenced, conservation as it relates to
+his department; conservation of land, of the forest, of the water and of
+water power. These are the things that are in his domain; but I confess
+that as I have studied the subject it reaches out until it touches all
+parts of our lives, and that is why I am so uncertain as to how long I
+will talk tonight. I know the limit of my speaking, the maximum, but I
+would not attempt to fix a minimum. (Applause) I spoke once, twenty years
+ago, and more, at a little meeting not far from Lincoln. On the train as
+I was going out to this place I met a citizen of Lincoln who said that
+he did not think a man could be interesting on any subject for more than
+one hour. Well, I was in the habit of talking more than an hour, and it
+worried me a little to think that anybody believed that I could not be
+interesting as long as I talked. (Applause) I combated the proposition,
+but he seemed so fixed in his opinion that I soon gave up the discussion.
+When I arose to speak in the afternoon he was present, and his presence
+embarrassed me, and at the end of an hour he arose and left the meeting.
+(Applause)
+
+I don’t know how many of you entertain his views, and I may hesitate to
+run beyond the hour. I heard of a man who spoke in Yale, and just before
+rising to speak he asked the chairman of the meeting how much time he
+would be permitted to occupy. He was assured that he could speak as long
+as he pleased, but the chairman said that a very careful examination of
+the records revealed the fact that no one who had ever spoken at Yale had
+said anything after the first twenty minutes. (Applause) I do not know
+how many of you have received your training at Yale. I have a general
+outline in my mind; I want to sum up some things; I want to speak of the
+phases of conservation that are most prominently presented, and then I
+desire to show how this subject is connected with every large thing,
+with these larger things that underlie civilization itself, and I am
+afraid to commence on that speech this afternoon, for fear I may become
+so interested that I will give it to you now and have nothing to say
+tonight. (Applause)
+
+Mr. WALLACE—A letter from Col. Roosevelt, Mr. Chairman, and Gentlemen of
+the Congress. We have had a great meeting, but we have not had everybody
+here that we wanted to get. We wanted Gifford Pinchot, but he had to go
+to Alaska. We wanted Mr. Page, but he was obliged to go into the hands of
+a doctor instead of starting here. We wanted James Garfield, and he was
+expected to come until the last moment, and then had to stop. We wanted
+Roosevelt; I wrote him and he declined. I wrote him that I would not
+accept his declination, and then he wrote me a letter telling why. Then I
+wrote him for permission to read that letter here, as that would be the
+next best thing to himself, and here is the letter.
+
+    DEAR MR. WALLACE:
+
+    If only you could be in my office and see the numerous letters
+    I receive requesting me to speak for matters which I regard as
+    of very great consequence to the welfare of our people, you
+    would realize, as naturally it is now impossible for you to
+    realize, that I simply cannot possibly accept the invitation
+    to speak at the Conservation Congress. I believe with all my
+    heart in conservation; I believe in the movement against
+    child labor; I believe in the movement against the white slave
+    traffic; I believe in every rational movement to promote the
+    cause of temperance; I believe in the cause of industrial
+    and agricultural education; I believe in the movement for
+    playgrounds in every great city; I believe in the movement
+    for the betterment of rural life conditions; I believe in the
+    movement to secure workmen’s compensation acts; I believe
+    in the movement for bettering tenement house conditions; I
+    believe most emphatically in something being done carefully
+    to investigate the increased cost of living, and to see just
+    how much of the increase paid by the consumer goes to the
+    producer, and how much is absorbed by the middleman, properly
+    or improperly; I believe in a very great number of similar
+    movements, all of them of very real importance. Within the
+    last month, I have had requests to speak for each one of the
+    movements I have mentioned, and for very many others; and each
+    body of men who made the requests sincerely felt that their
+    movement stood on a very different plane from any other, and
+    that while they entirely agreed with me that I ought not to
+    speak generally, and that especially I ought not to speak
+    for the other movements, yet they were perfectly sincere in
+    their belief that for their movement I must and should speak.
+    Now, my dear Mr. Wallace, I cannot speak for one unless I
+    speak for the other movements. After I came back from abroad,
+    I felt that I ought to try to show my appreciation of what
+    the American people had done for me in the only way that was
+    possible—by trying to visit each section, and if possible each
+    state, and speaking therein for some one of these causes in
+    which I believe. In different sections and different states,
+    I have spoken for all of them, and for innumerable others. In
+    particular, I have spoken again and again for the cause of
+    conservation, and as a matter of fact have spoken for it far
+    more frequently than for any other of the great social and
+    industrial movements for righteousness in which I so thoroughly
+    believe. I have found by actual experience that every speech
+    I make simply means that I am asked to make a hundred others,
+    and that (and this is notably the case as regards conservation)
+    instead of the fact that I have spoken with all my heart
+    for any movement and said all I have to say for it, being
+    accepted as a reason why I should not speak for it again, it is
+    apparently accepted as a reason why I should keep on speaking,
+    and keep on repeating these speeches I have already made. This,
+    however, is not only true of conservation. In Berkeley, last
+    year, across the bay from San Francisco, I delivered an address
+    on the three hundredth anniversary of the authorized version of
+    the Scriptures, and not only did this result in my being asked
+    to repeat the address in New York, Detroit and Memphis and a
+    number of other Eastern cities, but I was actually and in good
+    faith urged to come back, only one month later, and repeat the
+    address in San Francisco itself!
+
+    If I had gone on speaking as my good friends wished me to
+    speak, I not only should have had to abandon all thought of
+    doing anything else, and have become practically an itinerant
+    giver of free lectures, but what would be much more serious, I
+    should have lost all weight and power to do good to any cause
+    and this purely by yielding to the demand of good men who wish
+    me to speak for good causes. If I stop at all I have to stop
+    entirely—at least for the time being. Now I hate to have to
+    answer you in this way. If you will come on here to New York
+    and give me the chance to have the talk with you that I would
+    so like to have, I will show you a mass of correspondence which
+    I am sure will make you realize that I cannot answer in any
+    other way than I am now answering. I am very sorry.
+
+                          Very sincerely yours,
+
+                                                 THEODORE ROOSEVELT.
+
+Chairman COBURN—The next number on this program is by Mr. A. P. Grout, of
+Illinois, representing the National Soil Fertility League, who will talk
+to you on “The Rape of the Soil.” I may say in passing that Mr. Grout is
+one of the biggest farmers in Illinois, and this is he. (Applause)
+
+Mr. GROUT—Mr. President, Ladies and Gentlemen: I am to speak for a few
+minutes upon a subject or condition that has been developed in the soil
+management of this country. I speak to you as a farmer, one who has not
+only had experience as a farmer, but who must plead guilty to the charge
+of having been, in the no distant past, no better than the rest, for a
+due regard for truth compels me to admit that I have been something of a
+soil robber myself. In the course of time my connection and familiarity
+with the work of the Illinois College of Agriculture, the Illinois
+Farmers’ Institute, and the constant reading of Wallace’s Farmer and
+other good agricultural papers, awakened and brought me to a realization
+of some of the facts or truths regarding soil fertility.
+
+One of my first attempts at reform was with a tenant to whom I had
+rented a farm, for cash rent, for fifteen years, with full license to
+manage and farm as he pleased. On the occasion of the renewal of the
+lease after my awakening, I suggested that I have a part in directing
+how the land should be farmed, with a view of making a start toward a
+better conservation of the soil. One of the first things I mentioned was
+that the straw be put back upon the land and not burned as had been the
+practice. I was very emphatically informed by the tenant that he would
+not scatter straw on the land for any man, and so far as I know he kept
+his word. He is no longer my tenant, for having once been converted to
+the reform soil conservation movement I had no idea of turning back. From
+my own experience in farming and from a longer experience in renting
+lands and in watching the methods of many farmers and the results they
+obtained, I have formed some very positive opinions in regard to the
+subject of soil treatment.
+
+The maintenance and increase of the fertility of the soil is paramount to
+all other industrial problems, and upon our ability to solve this problem
+and the extent to which corrections can be made in the present ruinous
+and destructive methods of soil management, depend the future prosperity
+and welfare of the Nation.
+
+No country in the world has been so favored in those natural conditions
+and resources which are necessary for the maintenance of an independent
+and prosperous people. This wonderful heritage has been bequeathed to
+us, not to dissipate and destroy, but to use and enjoy and transmit
+unimpaired to our successors.
+
+We are tenants in possession of this vast estate, but the obligation to
+maintain to the end of our tenancy in as good condition as when entered
+upon has been given little or no consideration, but has been recklessly
+disregarded.
+
+We view with alarm the advent of the time when what remains of the
+forests, the coal, the iron and other valuable minerals and utilities
+shall become exhausted or come into the possession of purely selfish
+interests.
+
+
+THE FUTURE AND ITS NEEDS.
+
+We are solicitous not only regarding our own present wants, but are
+beginning to think of the future and of the results that will accrue to
+coming generations.
+
+It is not surprising, therefore, that the conservation of our natural
+resources has aroused a deep and widespread interest, but the great
+and most important and far-reaching of all our resources, namely, the
+fertility of the soil, is the last to receive recognition. While the
+situation regarding this most important resource, the very foundation
+upon which is based our national prosperity, is most alarming and fraught
+with great danger and disastrous results, it is not a new development,
+but is as old as the hills. It is the culmination of the customs and
+practices handed down to us from the earliest settlement of the country.
+
+The attempt of a few men to monopolize and profit by the undeveloped
+resources of the country is an unimportant and trifling matter compared
+with the wanton depredations of thousands and tens of thousands of soil
+robbers in every part of the broad domain who are madly striving to mine
+and forever remove from the soil those natural deposits without which our
+once rich and fertile lands must become a barren waste.
+
+We are now reaping the legitimate harvest of blindly and persistently
+following the traditional methods handed down from father to son.
+Traditions and practices based upon no scientific knowledge, but founded
+upon the belief that all of agriculture, all of the necessary knowledge
+and wisdom for its successful practice, is vouchsafed only to him who
+drives the team and follows the plow.
+
+The fertility of the soil, the most important and valuable asset of this
+or any other country, is being dissipated, squandered, stolen and carried
+away to an extent that calls for serious and thoughtful consideration.
+
+It is not an easy matter to discover or to frame an excuse for the
+dissipation of the thing that is now, and ever has been, the foundation
+of all our prosperity and upon which we are absolutely dependent for food
+and clothing as well as the comforts and luxuries of life. Perhaps the
+most charitable view of the situation is to attribute it to ignorance,
+to a lack of scientific agricultural knowledge, or to the fact that
+those who have classed themselves as farmers have been attempting to do
+business with little or no fundamental knowledge of the business in which
+they are engaged, and may be denominated only as “near farmers.”
+
+Surely it never was contemplated in the great plan of the universe that
+the provisions for the support and maintenance of millions of inhabitants
+should be gradually diminished until starvation and destitution are the
+ultimate end.
+
+
+THE WASTE OF RAW MATERIAL.
+
+Science has come to the rescue and demonstrates that the enormous waste
+and destruction of raw material, of the elements which go to make up what
+we denominate soil fertility and which should continue unimpaired for the
+benefit of future generations, is not only unnecessary but fundamentally
+and perniciously wrong. Who are the conspirators in this wholesale
+robbery, which sooner or later must result in national calamity? Contrary
+to every business principle and to every known law of compensation, and
+almost without exception, every land owner, whether he be a farmer, a
+banker, a professional or business man, all have been imbued with the
+idea that the soil is an inexhaustible asset from which they can continue
+to draw indefinitely and without replenishment.
+
+The banker is accustomed to look upon the ownership of land as a
+safe investment, and if he can rent it and make a fair per cent on
+his original investment he is content and takes no thought of any
+encroachment that may be made by the tenant farmer upon his principle,
+upon that which constitutes the real value of his land.
+
+The same is true of most business and professional men who own farms.
+They do not appreciate or understand that every crop requires that
+certain essential elements must be in the soil for its growth and
+development, and that the removal of each crop takes away a certain
+amount of those elements, and the future productive capacity of their
+farms are thereby lessened. As a rule these men do not profess to have
+very much knowledge either of the art or science of agriculture, but they
+are guided in the management of their farms by the methods and customs of
+those who claim to be farmers and make farming their business.
+
+They are led to do this on the presumption that the farmers know and
+understand the business of farming just as thoroughly and completely
+as the business man knows his specialty. They have overlooked the fact
+of the old prevailing idea that education, preparation, and even very
+much ability, is not only unnecessary, but a positive detriment to the
+business of farming.
+
+The renting of land has, by long usage and practice, been construed as a
+license to rob and pillage without fear or hindrance.
+
+The problem at this time is to combat the customs of long standing
+and introduce sane and scientific methods of farm management and
+soil treatment. The real offenders in this great wholesale scheme of
+soil robbery and dissipation are the farmers themselves. The men who
+are supposed to possess a thorough knowledge and understanding of
+the business of farming and who, above everything else, should most
+scrupulously guard, preserve and protect the thing that denominates
+and is the unquestioned and absolute measure of their success. When
+we judge of their qualifications as farmers by showing they have
+made in permitting the farms intrusted to them to deteriorate in
+productive power, the true situation reveals itself. There is no use in
+sugar-coating the situation. These men are not farmers, but soil robbers.
+I speak as a farmer or I would not dare to make such a statement. We
+have mined and shipped away the valuable constituents of the soil until
+its productive capacity has been, in a comparatively few years, reduced
+far below that of many European countries that have been farmed for a
+thousand years.
+
+
+THE BUSINESS OF FARMING.
+
+What further proof is wanted that there is urgent need of reformation in
+farm management? We cannot disguise the fact that many men have adopted
+the vocation of farming, and have thereby undertaken the conduct of a
+business which requires not only intelligence of the first rank, but more
+fundamental, scientific knowledge, better judgment and greater ability
+than any other industrial calling in the world, with few or none of the
+necessary qualifications for the business. To be more explicit, in the
+great majority of cases, the man has not made good in his calling.
+
+The business now demands a higher order of qualifications and more
+knowledge than is possessed by the majority of our farmers. I do not
+mean by this that the farmers of this country are incapable of better
+things or that they have not the ability, when properly directed, to do
+intelligent and scientific farming, but quite the contrary.
+
+The farmers of this country need and must have more education and
+scientific knowledge along the line of their special business. They must
+learn what the farmers of the older countries learned through force of
+circumstances many years ago.
+
+We have heard from this platform during this Congress that average yield
+of crops in some European countries is more than double the yield in this
+country, although their lands were originally not so rich and fertile as
+ours and they have been cultivated and cropped for a thousand years.
+
+There is one fact in connection with this statement that must not be
+overlooked. Mark it well. Those countries that are now excelling us in
+crop yields and are being referred to as proof of the assertion that all
+soils are inexhaustible and contain the necessary plant food for all time
+to come, have imported from this country millions and millions of tons of
+phosphate and applied to their lands to take the place of the phosphorus
+removed by the growing of crops and to supply in sufficient quantities
+the food necessary for plant growth, the plant food that has enabled them
+to double and even treble our yields.
+
+This importation and use of plant food has not been confined to the
+phosphate imported from this country, but they have procured and used
+whatever elements of plant food their experience has taught them was
+necessary for maximum plant growth. They have fed and not starved their
+growing crops. They have replenished what they have removed from the soil
+and made it richer instead of poorer.
+
+The importation by these countries of millions of tons of those elements
+which enrich their soil should cause us “to sit up and take notice” and
+then explain why they have been permitted to invade our shores and carry
+away such enormous quantities of phosphate when every pound is needed in
+this country and is just as valuable to us as to them. The intelligent
+use of this element, which has been allowed to get away from us, would
+have doubled the yield of our crops and proved the greatest investment on
+record. How shall these facts and the requisite knowledge be brought home
+to the farmer?
+
+
+SOIL ROBBERS.
+
+The great majority of the men who own and farm their own land fail to
+“play even” in the matter of soil fertility and must therefore be classed
+as soil robbers.
+
+The retired farmer who has moved to town and rents his farm, as a rule,
+is a soil robber of a still higher degree. The renter who meets the
+exactions of the landlord and can make a living for his family has got to
+be an expert and accomplished soil robber. If our soil is to be conserved
+and not wasted as at present, there must be a universal or nation-wide
+campaign of education that will enlighten and bring home to the people,
+including the land owner as well as the tenant, the real facts of the
+situation.
+
+The work of our colleges of agriculture, experiment stations, farmers’
+institutes and various agricultural organizations are doing a great work,
+but this work as yet is only effective in a small degree when we take the
+whole country and all of the farmers into consideration.
+
+The plan proposed by the National Soil Fertility League and others, and
+to which reference was made by President Taft in his address from this
+platform, of placing a man with scientific agricultural knowledge in
+every agricultural county in the United States, to advise, direct and
+carry on experiments in every community with the aid and coöperation of
+the farmers themselves, and where they can see and know every step and
+every process and then note the results, is a most admirable one and one
+that will hasten and finally solve the problems of soil conservation.
+
+As an illustration of what may be accomplished by actually doing
+things in a community where all other educational methods have proven
+ineffectual, I desire, briefly, to call attention to my experience in
+growing alfalfa in Illinois.
+
+It was undertaken twenty years ago, and at first without marked success.
+Later, when inoculation was found to be necessary and dirt was brought
+from Kansas to sow upon Illinois land, the climax of folly in the eyes
+of neighboring farmers was reached. The idea of sending to Kansas for
+anything to put on Illinois soil was ridiculous in the extreme, and the
+sanity of the perpetrator of such an act was called in question.
+
+Nevertheless, the study of alfalfa growing and its adaptation to Illinois
+conditions went on until this season I have harvested better than five
+tons per acre, in three cuttings, from a twenty-five-acre field, in less
+than one year from seeding. And the end is not yet, for it is still
+growing, and fear has been expressed that I may have to hay all winter.
+
+I want to serve notice upon Mr. Coburn, chairman of the meeting, that
+Kansas must look well to her laurels as an alfalfa state, for Illinois is
+going to grow alfalfa and lots of it.
+
+When I was preparing this ground for alfalfa and was applying manure,
+lime, phosphorus and inoculated soil, and when I was plowing and
+following with a subsoil plow and making a perfect seed-bed, my neighbors
+were not interested except to regard it as more folly and foolishness
+on my part, but when they saw the result and realized that the crop
+taken from one acre of that land was worth at least $100.00, and that
+it represented ten per cent interest on $1,000.00 as the value of the
+land per acre, they were compelled to take notice, and now they are,
+figuratively speaking, falling over themselves, to learn how it was done.
+There is no mistake about the effect of the demonstration. The farmers of
+that community saw the preparations; they saw the alfalfa growing; after
+it was cut; in the winrow; in the shock, and on the way to the barn. The
+lesson could not have been brought to them as effectively in any other
+way.
+
+I want to reiterate my approval of the plan proposed, of placing a
+qualified instructor in every county devoted to agriculture, to do things
+on the farms that the farmers can see and show them how to procure the
+results they read and hear about.
+
+I know that the plan is feasible and that it will bring results, for I
+have tried it.
+
+We have reached the point in the extension of agricultural knowledge
+where less talk and more demonstration work is demanded.
+
+If this Congress does nothing more than to get behind this movement and
+assist in making it the success it deserves, it will have accomplished
+more for the maintenance and increase of the fertility of the soil than
+any other agency, and helped to solve the greatest of all industrial
+problems.
+
+Chairman COBURN—The report of the committee on resolutions, Mr. Fowler,
+chairman of the committee.
+
+Mr. Fowler read the resolutions (which will be found in full at the
+beginning of this volume) to the Congress, framed and unanimously
+adopted by the following committee: Arkansas, E. N. Plank, Decatur;
+California, L. R. Glavis, San Francisco; Colorado, Dr. Hubert Work,
+Pueblo; Connecticut, Prof. J. W. Towney, Hartford; District of Columbia,
+W J McGee; Illinois, A. P. Grout, Winchester; Indiana, H. E. Barnard,
+Indianapolis; Iowa, J. R. Doran, Beaver; Kansas, Thomas Potter, Peabody;
+Louisiana, Oscar Dowling, Shreveport; Massachusetts, W. P. Wharton,
+Groton; Michigan, Henry N. Loud, Au Sable; Minnesota, A. W. Gutridge;
+Mississippi, H. L. Witfield, Columbus; Missouri, Dr. W. H. Black,
+Marshall; Montana, C. Q. O’Neil, Kalispell; Nebraska, Geo. Coupland,
+Elgin; New York, Albert B. Sheldon, Sherman; Ohio, Edmund Secrist,
+Wooster; Oklahoma, Thos. P. Smith, Muskogee; Oregon, M. J. Kinney,
+Portland; Pennsylvania, Dr. Harry S. Drinker, South Bethlehem; South
+Dakota, R. Newbanks, Pierre; Texas, W. H. Gray, Houston; Washington,
+Everitt Griggs, Tacoma; Wisconsin, Herbert Quick, Madison.
+
+Chairman COBURN—You have heard the report of the committee on resolutions.
+
+Delegate POTTER—I desire to move its adoption by this Congress of the
+able report that we have just heard read by the chairman of the committee
+on resolutions.
+
+The motion was duly seconded.
+
+Chairman COBURN—It has been regularly moved and seconded that the report
+of the committee as read be adopted. Are you ready for the question?
+
+Delegate JOHN C. SHOFFER, of Chicago—As one looks over this hall and
+compares the number of suggestions made by the committee on resolutions,
+it would seem that there are more resolutions offered than there are
+delegates here. I think it is an unfortunate thing, sir, that this
+platform or these resolutions should go out as expressing the sentiment
+of this Congress. There are too many absentees to vote on this question
+at this time. If we are going to put this forward as an expression of
+this great Congress, the delegates should be here to vote on it, and not
+be bound by the vote of the few who are here this afternoon. It is not
+fair that this should go out as an expression of this Congress when there
+are only a handful of delegates left to vote on it.
+
+Delegate CONDRA—We have a committee, one from each state. It is perfectly
+regular, and there is a pretty big handful here to vote on it.
+
+Chairman COBURN—Are you ready for the question?
+
+(Cries of question, question.)
+
+All in favor of the motion to adopt the resolution as read, signify
+the same by saying aye. Contrary no. The motion is carried and the
+resolutions as read adopted.
+
+[Resolutions will be found in front part of this volume.]
+
+Delegate A. W. STUBBS, of Kansas City, Kan.—I realize what the gentleman
+has said, that the resolutions are very long, and I am greatly
+embarrassed by the enormity of the subject taken in hand by this National
+Congress. There has been one disappointment to me, and I have embodied
+that in a resolution which I believe will be appreciated by every
+delegate present, as well as by the officers who have had to sit and
+listen to some of the addresses, well intended, on this floor, but not
+germane to the subject at hand, and I have prepared this brief resolution
+to submit now, not as a part of the platform, but more as an expression
+from the delegates to this Congress.
+
+_Resolved_, that we recommend to the executive committee of this Congress
+that in the preparation of future programs care be exercised to prevent
+the time of delegates being taken up by papers and speeches not germane
+to the purposes of the Congress, and that provision be made for brief
+discussion of papers presented by the delegates from the several states.
+
+I move the adoption of this resolution.
+
+The motion was duly seconded.
+
+Chairman COBURN—You have heard the motion. It has been moved and seconded
+that the resolution as read by the gentleman be adopted. Are you ready
+for the question?
+
+Mr. CONDRA—Will you please read the last section of that resolution?
+
+Chairman COBURN—Will the gentleman read the last, about the several
+states?
+
+Mr. STUBBS—And that provision be made for brief discussion of papers
+presented by the delegates from the several states. Many interesting
+papers have been read here, and many delegates have come hundreds
+of miles who would have been glad to say just a word perhaps, not
+any extended discussion, but express themselves from the body of the
+Congress, and expressions from a body like this would be found invaluable
+to the entire audience.
+
+Mr. CONDRA—I asked the question because I misunderstood. I thought that
+he meant representation on the program from the various states, which
+would absolutely kill this Congress.
+
+Mr. STUBBS—Oh, no.
+
+Mr. CONDRA—I hope that the matter he refers to may be taken up and by
+departments, thus giving opportunity for further discussion.
+
+Delegate POTTER—I don’t want any misunderstanding of the intent of this
+resolution. The author of it, as I understand it, does not mean to embody
+this in the general resolutions, but only as a suggestion of the desire
+of this Congress through our committee to make arrangements for the
+future.
+
+Delegate STUBBS—That is correct.
+
+Chairman COBURN—Those in favor of the adoption of the resolution as read
+say aye. Contrary no. Motion carried.
+
+Chairman COBURN—Our program for the afternoon is now concluded and a
+motion to adjourn until 8 o’clock this evening is in order.
+
+Upon motion to adjourn, duly seconded, being put, was unanimously
+carried, and Congress adjourned until 8 o’clock p. m.
+
+
+
+
+_CLOSING SESSION._
+
+
+President WHITE—Ladies and Gentlemen of the third National Conservation
+Congress will now come to order. I will introduce as the first speaker
+Prof. William Hoynes, Professor of Law at Notre Dame University.
+
+Professor HOYNES—Mr. Chairman, Ladies and Gentlemen: In the limited time
+at my disposal, aware as I am that Senator Owen and Mr. Bryan are to
+follow, I recognize the need of brevity, and though I shall contend that
+the conservation movement is but the fulfillment of a natural impulse
+or instinctive privilege as old as the human race, yet I shall do so in
+as few words as practicable. In short, what I have to say may be viewed
+in a threefold aspect, as conservation in respect to soil fertility,
+conservation in respect to waste and extravagance in the affairs of daily
+life and the utility of education as a means of furthering the efficacy
+of conservation and common sense in these matters.
+
+As viewed by many the principle of conservation is of recent origin.
+But this is a mistake. It is as old as mankind. In reality it amounts
+simply to the natural protest of reason and experience against waste and
+extravagance. It originated simultaneously with the consciousness of the
+need of food, raiment and shelter for the protection and preservation of
+life.
+
+As men struggled in the primitive ages to procure food for sustenance,
+the pelts of animals to cover their bodies and the shelter of caves or
+rudely constructed huts to protect them from the rigors of the elements
+and the incursions of prowling beasts and venomous reptiles, they at
+the same time realized the indispensableness of these things and the
+necessity and wisdom of conserving them.
+
+As in the case of our own Indians, the struggle they made to obtain the
+necessaries of life taught them to be saving of what they procured in
+that line and to be vigilant in providing for the future. They took no
+more fish from the waters of lake or river than seemed necessary for
+actual use, they did not destroy wantonly the wild creatures of the
+forest, and the denizens of the air were free from trap and arrow beyond
+the range of hunger and necessity. Thus they conserved carefully the
+sources of their food supply, and the pathetic story of a Hiawatha had
+rarely to be told.
+
+It was only on the coming of the white man, who did not specially rely
+upon such means of livelihood, that the wild creatures of the air,
+forest, prairie, plain, lake and river were heedlessly slaughtered, or
+wantonly destroyed in sport, or driven to hiding places in swamp or
+mountain.
+
+It may thus be seen that when things are deemed essential to the
+maintenance of life the lesson of care in using and conservation in
+protecting and preserving them is brought home to the comprehension and
+firmly fixed in mind and habit. But when, on the other hand, things
+appear to be measurably superfluous or easy of acquisition, the sense of
+their value becomes abated and the spur of conservation blunted.
+
+And so with the land, which to civilized man is the source of life’s
+sustenance and the basis of progress and prosperity. Heretofore in
+abundance and easily procured at moderate cost or for the mere taking
+of it under the homestead law, but little attention was bestowed upon
+the preservation of its fertility. When there came manifest and pressing
+occasion for keeping it up by the restoration of its exhausted elements
+the owners sold it for whatever it would bring and migrated to the easily
+procurable new lands of the great West. But now this movement has met
+with a decided check, for there is hardly any more arable free or cheap
+land to be had. The most desirable government land has been taken by
+settlers under the homestead law, and that which has been reclaimed under
+the irrigation system is held at comparatively startling prices. Thus
+exists a condition which is measurably responsible for the overflow of
+nearly a million of our people into the British possessions on the North,
+actuated by the lure of virgin soil and cheap lands. And even this door
+is now less ajar through the taking by first corners of the choicest
+holdings and the failure of our reciprocity negotiations.
+
+The comparatively impoverished lands sold by those who sought new homes
+in the West were usually purchased by persons who knew little about
+farming, or took them as an experiment or for speculative purposes, and
+placed tenants on them—tenants whose chief aim was, not to restore the
+fertility of the soil, but to make it yield all the profit possible with
+the least possible outlay of money and labor.
+
+But a halt has been called in this state of things, and mainly so, as
+it seems to us, through the instrumentality of the many agricultural
+boards, alliances and societies, not to mention the Grange and
+Department of Agriculture, that appear to have united or coöperated in
+the organization of this great conservation movement. There is a marked
+tendency, as observers must admit, to look backward to the neglected
+lands and abandoned farms. These are being sought again by the returning
+pioneers of the West or their descendants, and so probably to a greater
+extent relatively in the South than in the East. This counter-movement
+is unmistakable and has led to a notable and increasing advance in the
+prices of these lands during the past decade. The cause lies not alone in
+the acquisition by settlers of all the desirable free and cheap lands of
+the West, but also in the expected restoration of soil fertility in the
+South and East.
+
+To this end the deliberations of the present Conservation Congress have
+in large measure justly and wisely tended. Much has been said, and well
+said, touching the study and utilization of scientific means to restore
+soil fertility in the case of impoverished lands throughout the country.
+It is a subject of paramount importance. It points to the possibility of
+increasing at least twofold the productiveness of our present acreage.
+
+It will not be considered as digressing if I refer in this connection
+to the Agricultural Department at Washington and the state agricultural
+colleges, boards and societies as having conferred incalculable benefit
+through work in this line on the people and the country. Well would it
+be, too, if the suggestion of President Taft, made in the course of his
+address in this hall last Monday evening, could be realized and the
+Agricultural Department represented among the people by an intelligent
+and practical farmer in each county of the several states. It would bring
+directly to the notice of farming communities the most approved means of
+cultivating the soil and lead to wholesome emulation in restoring its
+fertility and insuring abundant crops.
+
+I am strongly optimistic in regard to the natural resources of the
+country and would not venture to set bounds to the possibilities of
+our soil and climate. We know historically that for thousands of years
+untold millions of people have lived on the same land in China, Japan,
+Egypt and Europe. They have treated it as a living thing, feeding it
+with the elements requisite for its productiveness. So judiciously and
+systematically has this been done that in some quarters it yields twice
+as much to the acre as the average of our own land. I venture to predict,
+however, that the present movement toward soil enrichment will not fall
+short of attaining to a like standard of productiveness.
+
+While the restoration of soil fertility has fittingly been the dominant
+theme of these proceedings, I am pleased to observe that they have
+taken a much wider range. Thus are vastly broadened the activities and
+usefulness of this body, and correspondingly is strengthened its claim
+upon the confidence, approval and coöperation of the public.
+
+So much has been said in relation to the conservation of health,
+morality, religion, municipal government, deep waterways and the public
+welfare that it would be superfluous, even if time permitted, to touch
+again upon these subjects.
+
+I may be pardoned, however, for referring somewhat specifically to
+education in the light of its saving and helpful influence. It inquires
+into, searchingly examines and intelligently determines what to do in
+the practical phases of conservation. It penetrates proposed plans and
+theories and warns against mistakes, waste and extravagance.
+
+With the diversification and expansion of labor in the industrial domain
+its products became marvelously varied in form and utility. With the
+machinery which labor invented and introduced one man could accomplish
+tenfold as much in a given time as could previously be done by hand. The
+things produced by labor were thus enormously multiplied and cheapened,
+and this very fact, as in the case of land superabundance, led to
+deplorable waste and senseless extravagance.
+
+Ignorance may appropriately be called the mother of these evils.
+Education is the antithesis of ignorance and may be depended upon
+to curb them. Ignorance is imitative rather than original, and the
+wastefulness attendant upon it grows with the expansion of luxury. The
+wage or income of unfortunates upon whom it has set its mark usually
+passes through their hands as freely as water through a conduit, often
+going for the purchase of things unnecessary and tawdry, if not actually
+harmful.
+
+But they are not alone in this regard. It happens that no matter what
+may be the income of some men it goes promptly forth again on its merry
+round, and they are as poor at the end of the month or year as they
+were at its beginning. The cause ordinarily lies in absurd vanity or
+inexcusable wastefulness and argues lack of self-control and common sense.
+
+Edison is credited with having recently stated as the result of his
+observations abroad that a French family could live comfortably on
+what an American family throws away. Other travelers have spoken to
+like effect, but with remarks applicable to Europe generally. It must
+be admitted, however, that the French rank first in this respect or
+in the practical application of domestic science and economy. They
+have evidently learned to apply the principle of conservation in the
+management of kitchen, dining room, household and purchases in the
+market. Were we to use like foresight, discrimination and economy the
+cost of living might be reduced from one-third to one-half. Would not
+this be an easily achievable and reasonably satisfactory solution of the
+harassing problem of high prices?
+
+The knowledge that creditably adorns the mind and makes for independence
+should show the wisdom of such economy and not be humiliated by betrayal
+into imitation of the reckless extravagance characterizing the vulgar
+rich in pomp, dress and prandial excesses. Intelligently and sagaciously
+inculcated along these lines, such knowledge would revolt at the
+conditions indicated. To this end education of wider scope and a more
+practical turn is needed. It should be of a nature capable of grappling
+successfully with such problems and conditions.
+
+Education, genuine and practical, is the most precious of possessions,
+surpassing in value to honorable and useful manhood all the vulgar
+hoards of selfish and pleasure-seeking wealth. True education teaches
+independence and self-respect and scorns temptation to compete with showy
+vulgarism in dress, dining and deportment. It is the key that unlocks
+the arcana of knowledge and surpasses all the dross of mine or mountain
+in bringing man into soulful communion with God. It makes clearer and
+more acceptable the duties we owe to country and to one another. It
+teaches courage in adversity and fortitude in affliction. It is a light
+that penetrates the gloom of doubt and makes plain the path of honor and
+usefulness. It illuminates in all directions the activities of this
+great movement and I congratulate you upon having recognized the fact and
+so generously acclaimed it in the proceedings of this Congress. (Applause)
+
+President WHITE—I now take pleasure in introducing to the audience United
+States Senator Robert L. Owen of Oklahoma. (Applause)
+
+Senator OWEN—Ladies and gentlemen, and delegates of the Conservation
+Congress, when called on to pay my respects to this great meeting for
+the purpose of bringing about a public sentiment which should sustain
+the conservation movement, I felt in duty bound to respond, and for that
+reason I delayed my departure from this city to spend a few moments to
+present my respects, my sympathies, and my support to this movement.
+(Applause) I believe in the conservation of our national resources, and I
+believe that no government should go beyond the sentiment of the people,
+of the Republic, in the direction of conservation, or of any other
+important progressive policy. (Applause) This audience, therefore, and
+this Congress, have a duty to perform, and that duty is to sustain public
+opinion upon these important matters, and give it a concrete form, that
+will make its impress upon the legislative and administrative branches
+of this government. I believe in the conservation of our forests; in the
+conservation of our land; the reclamation of arid lands; the reclamation
+of swamp lands; making accessible the lands that we have, by good roads
+and by the improvement of waterways. I believe in the conservation
+of our water powers, that they shall not pass into private hands for
+speculative purposes, but I believe above and beyond all in every form of
+conservation that may be well discussed. I believe in the conservation,
+above all other things, of human life and human efficiency. (Applause)
+It was for that reason that I took occasion to draft a bill, providing
+for a department of health with a secretary in the cabinet at the head
+of it. (Applause) And I was actuated to do that by the pitiful history
+which we had recorded in the last great war, the war with Spain. I
+remember so well that over 900 of our chosen young men, those who had
+offered their lives upon the altar of patriotism, those who were willing
+to fight the battles of the Republic, instead of being able to die in the
+service of their country upon the battle field, facing a hostile foe,
+were laid in their graves by a malignant disease, at Chickamauga. We
+lost nearly a thousand of our best men at Chickamauga. And why? Because
+of the gross, unspeakable ignorance of those who were charged with the
+preservation of the lives of those young men. (Applause) It is a noted
+fact that the flies came from the cesspools where the offal and waste
+of the camp was thrown, came from those cesspools, with the slime on
+their feet, with typhoid germs on their feet to poison the chosen youth
+of our land by thousands. That is not only a national tragedy, it is a
+national humiliation, and it is a disgrace to this Nation. Therefore I
+desire, together with thousands of other men, to put an end to that
+sort of thing by a department of health. I remember Herman Biggs’ map of
+lower New York where in a single house twenty-three cases of tuberculosis
+were recorded, and in the house next to it eighteen cases. So that those
+houses where the poor workmen go, without notice, were in fact nothing
+but charnal houses where they went to their death. We ought not, in a
+civilized nation, to permit that to continue. And I glory in the man
+who has been trying to preserve the health of this Nation. I glory in
+our magnificent Dr. Wiley. (Applause) And I feel a sense of personal
+happiness that the millions of microbes that move and have their being in
+impure food and drinks, did not get Wiley’s goat. (Applause)
+
+I am reminded in this connection of one of the stories of the champion
+of health, Mr. Lutz, of Indiana. It is called the story of the “Little
+Mother and the Fat Hog.” There was a little mother in Indiana. She was
+only twenty-three years old. She had three children. She began to notice
+that she was feeling ill, that the children, in whom she had had great
+happiness, were commencing to worry her, and become a care. She knew that
+she must be sick, and she went to the doctor. He looked at her and said,
+“You are all run down.” He gave a prescription in Latin. It was a little
+ginger, and a little alcohol, and a little water and some other things.
+She paid a dollar for it at the drug store, and she took it, but did not
+get well. She checked her strength out in a little while, and then one
+day she felt a sharp pain in her breast, a coughing spell came on and
+putting her handkerchief to her mouth, it became covered with blood. She
+had a hemorrhage. She sat down and wrote a letter to the secretary of
+health of Indiana: “My dear sir:—I am a little mother of Indiana. I have
+three children, I would like to raise to be good citizens of Indiana. I
+have just had a hemorrhage. Can you tell me what to do or where to go,
+so that I may get well? I do not want to die now.” He wrote her back an
+official letter right away in typewriting, and said something like this:
+“My dear madam, the state of Indiana does not make any provision for a
+case like you have described, but in case you die the state of Indiana
+will take care of your three children until some good people can be found
+who will take them from the asylum. Yours respectfully, Secretary.”
+(Applause)
+
+A fat hog squealed in the back yard of a man, and the hired man looked at
+him and he said, “He has got the cholera.” The man said, “Telegraph to
+Uncle Jimmy Wilson right away.” And he did. And a man came with a little
+black satchel marked D. V. S., with a bunch of serum in one hand and a
+syringe in the other, and he shot a load into the hog and the hog got
+well. MORAL: Be a hog and worth saving. (Applause)
+
+Now, last year as a United States Senator from Oklahoma, I had the
+opportunity and I sent out 25,000 bulletins on how to take care of the
+hog. And I didn’t have a single bulletin on how to take care of babies.
+I believe that the babies and the youth of this land ought to be given
+the preference, if necessary, over the swine family. (Applause) In New
+Zealand they have a death rate of 9.5 per thousand. In this Republic,
+where we have the fancy that we know more than other people do, and
+where it is largely a matter of fancy and not one of reality, we have
+a death rate of 16.5 to the thousand. In other words we lose by death
+from preventable causes seven persons to the thousand that we might
+save. That makes a vast army of 630,000 human beings who march to their
+graves every year from preventable causes. And we have on an average
+nearly three millions of people who are sick on an average throughout
+the United States from preventable causes. A careful calculation on a
+money basis, putting each individual as worth $1,700 apiece, and I do not
+think that is a high estimate for an American—it would make a loss of
+four thousand million to this Republic every year. And I think that is
+worth conserving. (Applause) Therefore in the few moments which I have at
+my disposal I call the attention of this great audience to its duty as
+American citizens, and I call the attention of this great Conservation
+Congress to its duty to this Republic to put on record a declaration
+in favor of a department of health. I thank you for your attention.
+(Applause)
+
+President WHITE—Ladies and gentlemen, I now take pleasure in presenting
+to you an American citizen who in all this broad land requires no
+introduction. (Applause)
+
+Mr. BRYAN—Mr. Chairman, ladies and gentlemen, I am sure that whatever
+you may think of my speech you will agree with me that I was justified
+in asking you to listen to these other speakers. (Applause) I believe
+in the Conservation Congress. The good that it does is difficult to
+calculate. How many of the thousands who are assembled tonight have given
+to the subject of conservation the thought or study that it deserves. The
+arguments that are presented at such a meeting as this help make up the
+public opinion that controls our governments, state and national. A large
+number of subjects are brought before a Congress for its attention. The
+speeches made present the subject from different points of view, and each
+one turns upon the subject the light of his intelligence, and the warmth
+of his heart. When we go from such a meeting, we go enlightened, and with
+our views enlarged. We go prepared to communicate to others something of
+the information that we have received, and to impart to them something of
+the zeal that we feel. A number of subjects have been presented here, and
+I am sure that this meeting will be worth all that it has cost those who
+have brought it about or participated in it.
+
+Take the thought, for instance, that has been presented by Senator Owen.
+I am so glad that I insisted upon his speaking, for his ability and
+public spirit are only equaled by his modesty, and if I had not insisted,
+I am afraid you would have lost the benefit of the speech that he has
+delivered. (Applause) And yet what one of us will forget the splendid
+illustration that he has given us in the story told of the difference
+we make between the human being with a priceless soul and the animal
+that can be converted into dollars and cents on demand. (Applause) We
+need to have this matter brought to our attention, and I venture the
+assertion that there is not one present in this audience that will not
+go from this meeting tonight with the conviction that our Nation could
+afford to subtract a little from its appropriations intended to prepare
+us to kill people, and spend the money in the preservation of human
+life. (Applause) Is it not strange how much more interest we can feel
+in the battleship and in the new gun than we feel in the preservation
+of the life and health of those about us? We need a speech like this to
+wake our consciences to our own neglect, and to give us a better idea of
+proportion when we look at things about us.
+
+You heard last night a speech upon public health from one who has done so
+much to arouse the Nation to the unspeakable iniquity of the adulteration
+of food. Who will estimate the benefit of such a speech as that delivered
+to an audience with such intelligence as this audience represents?
+
+
+AGRICULTURAL EXPERTS.
+
+The President presented, as I understand it, a thought that has been
+emphasized today. The idea that there should be in every agricultural
+county of the Nation a representative of the Government, an expert
+on agriculture, to assist the people of that community to a better
+and more intelligent production of the crops to which the soil and
+climate are adapted. An idea like that needs only to be presented in
+order to be accepted and approved. The fact is that what we need is
+instruction. In Leeds, England, a year ago, I was speaking at a dinner
+in the mayor’s office. I was emphasizing the fact that our difficulties
+and controversies are largely due to misunderstandings and that
+misunderstandings are largely due to a lack of acquaintance with each
+other, and there flashed into my mind that quotation from Holy Writ, the
+last prayer of our Savior: “Father, forgive them, for they know not what
+they do.” And I was impressed, as I had never been before, with the fact
+that ignorance is a large cause of sin. It is ignorance that we have to
+combat; when the people are once enlightened and understand a subject,
+you can trust their patriotism, their good intent, and their sense of
+justice. (Applause) These meetings help by instructing, and we go from
+them not only with larger information, but with a stronger determination
+to do our part in the correction of evils that need a remedy. As I sat
+tonight and listened to those who spoke before me, a thought came into my
+mind, and I venture to impart it to you. It is a proverb of Solomon’s;
+I do not know of a better motto for the conservation movement. It was
+suggested by the gentleman from Indiana that necessity compels us to
+conserve the Nation’s resources when we become aware that they are being
+impoverished, and I thought of this proverb of Solomon’s: “The wise man
+foreseeth the evil, and hideth himself, but the foolish pass on and are
+punished.” What is conservation except looking ahead, the making of
+provision against coming dangers that may be prevented? Wisdom manifests
+itself in foresight. If we had had more foresight we would not have need
+of as much energy as is required today to protect that which is being
+wasted. I suggest, therefore, as a proper motto for the conservationists
+this wise saying of Solomon, “The wise man foreseeth the evil, and hideth
+himself, but the foolish pass on and are punished.” (Applause)
+
+Let me gather up some of the scattered threads of the discussion to which
+the delegates have listened. I am not an expert in any part of this
+conservation work. I confess that I am one who has been blind, during a
+part of my life, to the needs that are now so clearly recognized. I have
+had work that has engrossed my attention; I have been busy, but not with
+matters of conservation such as have been discussed. Possibly I represent
+some in the audience who have not had their attention turned to these
+subjects. I am grateful to those who have brought me into contact with
+this information, and I shall endeavor to make up for lost time by larger
+effort along these lines. (Applause)
+
+The subject has grown upon me as I have examined it, and have listened to
+those who have spoken upon different branches of it. The first thing that
+claimed my attention was the preservation of the forest. I found that we
+were exhausting our timber supply. I found that it was a matter merely
+of calculation, a simple matter of mathematics; that we could take the
+number of acres of timber land remaining, subtract the yearly cut, and
+calculate how long it would be before it was practically destroyed, and
+then, when on the other side, we examined the amount of land planted in
+trees and compare that with the yearly destruction, it was easy to see
+we were approaching a time when our timber supply would be exhausted. I
+became interested at once, as you must be interested, in legislation that
+has for its object not only the protection of that timber which remains,
+but the replanting of such ground as can be reforested. I am interested,
+as you are, in protecting this country from exhaustion of its timber
+supply.
+
+
+THE NATION’S WATER SUPPLY.
+
+Then, my attention was next called to another reason why our timber
+should not be destroyed, and I am a little ashamed to admit to you,
+that it is not very many years ago since I first began to think of the
+protection of our water sheds. I wonder how many in this audience have
+felt, until tonight, as indifferent as I felt until a few years ago. I
+wonder how many tonight realize how serious a question it is? Two years
+ago last June I crossed the crest of the Rockies, and as I went over the
+ridge, I saw patches of timber, and then areas of naked land. I found
+that wherever there was timber there was snow; and when I came near to
+these patches of timber, I found little streams running down to make the
+brooks and rivers. But wherever the timber was gone there was no snow;
+it was perfectly dry, and then I realized, as I had not before, how God
+in His infinite wisdom had established these great reservoirs that never
+need repair, while man in his folly has been destroying them, and then
+endeavoring to replace them by building great dams, and forming great
+lakes that will in time fill up and have to be abandoned. What supreme
+folly it is to allow the water sheds to be denuded and these natural
+reservoirs destroyed, only to spend money after a while to replace them
+with inferior substitutes. What does it mean to have a Nation’s water
+supply imperiled? Have you ever been in a city that was threatened with
+a water famine? Have you ever been where they discovered the necessity
+of a larger water supply? What would it mean to the people living upon
+the slopes of the Rockies if these water sheds were destroyed, and the
+rain of the winter ran off, and left us with no reservoirs to supply
+our surface streams and the veins from which we draw through wells?
+When people tell me that the water shed question can safely be left
+to the states in which these water sheds are, I tell them that while
+I am glad to give every reasonable presumption to the state, I insist
+that the people of this Nation have, on the fundamental doctrine of
+self-preservation, the right, when necessary, to protect their water
+supply in the mountains, and I may add, I have no fear that this will
+cause a conflict between state and nation. (Applause)
+
+My observation is that you very seldom have a conflict between states and
+nation unless some private interest is attempting to ignore the rights of
+both state and nation. Back of this controversy which we sometimes hear
+suggested between the state and the Nation, you will find the interest
+of the predatory corporation that is as much an enemy to the people of
+the state as it is the enemy of the people of the Nation; whenever we
+reach the point where the people recognize that they are greater than
+any corporation which they create, the settlement of state and national
+questions will become an easy matter, for patriots can then agree.
+(Applause)
+
+After one has acquainted himself with the necessity of preserving the
+forests on the water sheds, he naturally comes to the control of the
+water that comes tumbling down the mountain side. It is a little more
+than two years since my attention was called to this subject; the facts
+were given me by one who is in a position to know, and since that time
+I have had a fixed opinion that has been freely expressed in regard to
+the control of these mountain torrents, the commercialization of these
+mountain streams.
+
+
+THE LANDLORD SYSTEM.
+
+One who has not visited the Old World cannot understand the landlord
+system there. If you ask me what I regard as the greatest burden of
+the people of Europe I reply “Landlordism.” (Applause) In some of those
+countries the people are so situated that those who till the soil
+transmit from generation to generation the right to pay rent, with no
+possibility of ownership; while a few families transmit from child to
+child the right to collect rent, with no disposition to till the soil. I
+regard that as the greatest burden of Europe, and one of the blessings
+that we enjoy in this country is freedom from such landlordism as they
+have in the Old World. I know of nothing that nearer approaches the
+system of landlordism in Europe than the proposed giving away of these
+mountain streams in perpetuity to great syndicates that through the years
+and generations to come could exact their toll from a toiling people.
+Therefore, when we consider the use of these mountain streams, the first
+thing we must decide is that there shall be no perpetual grant to a
+water power. Who can tell what that right will be worth a hundred years
+from now? Look back twenty-five years. Who could have estimated then the
+value of a water power today? Within the last quarter of a century we
+have had a development of electricity that makes it possible to carry,
+for hundreds of miles, power generated by falling water. If you visit
+Canada you will find in the Province of Ontario great towers carrying
+to the various cities the power generated at Niagara Falls. We are now
+in the very beginning of the use of electricity. No human being can
+measure the value of one of these water falls. What criminal folly, then,
+for this generation to barter away the sacred rights of posterity to
+syndicates and corporations. (Applause) So, it seems to me, that one of
+the important questions to be decided in the conservation of our natural
+resources is that the principle of monopoly shall not be permitted in
+this country under any guise or in any form. (Applause)
+
+Let us insist that wherever and whenever a franchise is granted it shall
+be granted for a term of years, and that that term shall not be so long,
+but that we can reasonably estimate today the value of it at the end of
+the term. No other principle is tenable in the discussion of this subject.
+
+But one cannot visit the mountains; one cannot consider these streams
+that we are trying to protect without thinking of the reclamation of the
+arid lands. And here I think we have a subject too that is only beginning
+to be understood. Go along a road and see on one side a desert and on the
+other side a garden, and understand that the only difference is that one
+is not watered and the other is, and then irrigation becomes a subject
+of thrilling interest. Investigate and find how large a per cent of the
+people of the world live upon lands cultivated by irrigation. Learn how
+ancient and honorable an industry it is. Visit the communities, where, by
+the use of the water under systems of irrigation, a man can make a living
+for his family on twenty, thirty or forty acres, or even less. See how
+the people are brought together; how every advantage of the city is
+brought to the farm, and then you will understand why the country has at
+last yielded to the demand that has come from the West, that some money
+should be spent in the reclamation of these lands.
+
+We have next the impounding of water, the building of storage reservoirs.
+It is in its infancy. It ought to be continued until not one drop of
+waste water is allowed to run down and flood the valleys in the spring.
+All of this water should be conserved. It ought to be spread out on the
+lands which need it, and then we can invite people from the crowded
+cities to avail themselves of the light and liberty and larger life of
+the country. (Applause)
+
+
+SOIL WASTE.
+
+But one subject leads on to another. You begin to reclaim arid lands,
+and then you ask yourself, Why should we attempt to bring land under
+cultivation at large expense while we waste the land that we have? And
+that brings us to the very interesting subject that is presented at all
+of these congresses, the conservation of the fertility of the soil. A
+farmer this afternoon spoke of some people as robbers, who robbed the
+soil of its fertility; I suppose I am one of the guilty ones, although
+I have done most of my robbing of the soil through agents rather than
+directly myself. (Applause) And yet, I had my apprenticeship upon the
+farm, and when I was farming it never occurred to me that I was wasting
+the soil. I was one who could claim pardon under the plea, “Forgive
+them for they know not what they do.” (Applause) And yet, we cannot be
+guiltless hereafter now that we understand of what we have been guilty.
+
+Here is a subject that must interest every man who owns an acre of
+ground. What right has one to impoverish the soil? As was suggested
+today, we are not owners, we are merely tenants. The life of the
+individual is short. He lives, he works, he passes away. What right has
+the tenant of today to impoverish the estate upon which generations to
+come must live? Is it not worth while to have these experts tell us? Is
+it not worth while to have this fact impressed upon our minds and our
+consciences? And when we come to the conservation of the soil on the
+farms, we then understand the importance of the agricultural college. I
+rejoice that the agricultural college has shown such wonderful growth and
+development during the last twenty-five years. The interest which has
+been manifested in these schools is wonderful, and what does it mean?
+Not merely that our farms are to be better tended; not merely that our
+crops will be increased in quality and in value; that is not all. To my
+mind two important influences will grow out of this agricultural school
+in addition to the material advantages. I expect to see more inventions;
+I expect to see a quickened interest in improved machinery; that these
+men who go out from college to till the soil will add more and more of
+brain to the muscle when they till the soil; that the character of the
+work is to be dignified and elevated just as in the factories we have
+found the character of the work constantly lifted up as larger and larger
+intelligence is brought into play in our industries. I expect to see this
+on the farm. But more than that, I expect to see the farmer a larger
+political factor in his government with the rising intelligence of the
+farmer boy. (Applause)
+
+The farmer has suffered; if you ask me why it is that we have the young
+men drifting into the city, why we have seen so many farms abandoned, or
+regarded as less desirable, I say that one of the reasons is that our
+consideration has been given to the things of the city, and not to the
+things of the country. Our laws have been made for the factory and not
+for the farm. (Applause) The men who represent industry in the city have
+been more numerously represented in the halls of legislation than the
+men who represent industry upon the farm, and one of the results of this
+higher education of our farmer boys will be, in my opinion, an increasing
+influence of the agricultural classes in all matters of legislation. I
+mention these as some of the subjects that are brought to our attention
+as we consider the various phases of this work of conservation. I am
+a believer in doing everything that can be done to make the farm an
+attractive place. It is the nursery of our great men and great women. It
+is the place where we train men in industry, in self-reliance, and in
+character. The man who comes nearest to nature has a tremendous advantage
+in the years of his youth. He deals with the works of the Almighty, while
+the boy in the town deals with the work of man. Is it strange that from
+the country and from the country life come the strength, the purity, the
+character that help to make our city strong, without which our cities
+would not be what they are today? (Applause)
+
+
+TO MAKE FARMS ATTRACTIVE.
+
+The man who lives upon the farm sees the miracle wrought about him
+constantly. The man in the city puts his eyes upon a man-made machine;
+the man upon the farm comes daily in contact with those irresistible
+forces that lie back of all the products of the farm and the orchard. It
+is a splendid training; we cannot allow it to be destroyed. Tributes for
+the farm have come from the poets of every land:
+
+    “Princes and Lords may flourish or may fade,
+    A breath can make them, as a breath has made;
+    But a bold peasant, a nation’s pride,
+    When once destroyed, can never be supplied.”
+
+Take from any nation its bold peasantry, and you have impoverished it to
+an extent that figures cease to be valuable.
+
+What will make our farms more attractive? It seems to me that just now
+there are a number of things that conspire to add to the attractiveness
+of the farm. Invention has already added largely to the comforts and
+the conveniences of the farmer. I live nearly four miles from the city.
+The telephone enables me to send and receive telegrams; it enables me to
+call the physician in a moment. I know of no one thing that hung more
+heavily on the mother than the fact when sickness came, or accident, it
+took so long to secure a physician. Today, with the telephone, we cut
+half in two, at least, the time between the accident and the relief. We
+find improvements that can be carried to the farm. Water in the house,
+light as good in the country as in the city. The light that I use in the
+country is as good as I ever had in the city, and it can now be furnished
+in small quantities, so that even the smallest house may be supplied.
+We find the rural free delivery grown until now in almost every section
+of our land the country is supplied as well as in the city. The good
+roads movement is a growing movement, and will grow because the farmers
+(applause) will not long be content to have a “mud embargo” upon their
+liberty, so large a part of the year. It is not a matter of economy
+merely. I believe the good roads movement is a social need as well as
+an economic requirement. With the good road you can have the union
+school, the community library; you can have a place for the farmers and
+their wives to meet other farmers and their wives; where you can have
+entertainment brought to them; where more light can be put into the
+life, and larger opportunity for social communion be had. Electric lines
+are bringing the country and city nearer together. All these things are
+possible. All these things are coming, and with their coming I hope to
+see the tide turn and the farm population increase rather than decrease
+in proportion to the urban population.
+
+But, my friends, I have saved for the last the suggestion that I regard
+as most important. I have mentioned some of these things that have
+contributed to the desertion of the farm, some of the things which I hope
+will accelerate the return to the farm. I am interested in everything
+that has been said by those of whose speeches I have only heard, and
+by others to whose speeches I have listened. I believe in all of these
+things, but I believe there is one thing that we cannot neglect. I am not
+sure but it is the most important factor in this whole discussion, the
+great need of the human race, less in this country than in any other,
+but a need here as well, is a proper conception of the dignity of labor.
+(Loud applause) The struggle of mankind has been to avoid work. It has
+been to put the drudgery of life on somebody else, and Tolstoi has well
+said that, as soon as we can make somebody else do the unpleasant work we
+do not want to do, we then look down upon them and regard them as of a
+different class. Lack of sympathy is the chief cause of human injustice
+and human misery. I repeat that what the world needs, and we as well as
+the rest of the world, though not so much, for we have made more progress
+here than anywhere else in the world, is a proper conception of the
+dignity of labor. (Applause) Our education is at fault if it separates
+the idea of intellectual progress from the idea of moral advancement.
+Sometimes our children are taught that they should get an education in
+order that they may escape from work that seems unpleasant. Education
+will not be a blessing to the world, but instead a curse, if it lifts man
+above the willingness to toil. (Applause)
+
+
+THE NECESSITY OF TOIL.
+
+The most important thought that can be put into the mind of any child is
+that his education is to enlarge his capacity for work, not to relieve
+him from the necessity of toiling. (Applause) We find in the cities young
+men earning small wages in a store where they can wear good clothes, keep
+their hands clean and do a work that is considered more respectable, when
+they might earn larger wages if they were willing to bear a larger share
+of the manual labor of the world. (Applause) Not only do they escape
+from manual labor, but they miss the physical development that that toil
+brings. We find young men upon the farms taught that, if they manifest a
+little brightness, if they are a little more ambitious than those about
+them, they should look to the law, to medicine, to journalism, to the
+ministry or to politics—that they must get away from the farm. I hope our
+conservation congresses will not overlook the fact that we shall make
+little progress towards making farm homes more inviting until we teach
+men that the farm with all its toil and drudgery gives them a position
+where they can be independent, and give their children an environment
+that contributes to stature and character. (Applause) I believe that we
+shall only be doing our duty to ourselves, to our fellow man, to our
+country and to posterity when we emphasize the fact that it is the idler,
+and not the man who toils, who is a disgrace to society.
+
+Here is a place where all of us can work; here is a public opinion which
+we can all join in cultivating. The mother who has a daughter approaching
+womanhood’s estate can help when she teaches that daughter that she ought
+to be more willing to link her fortunes with the fortunes of a poor
+young man, with high aspirations, education, ambition, good health and
+character, than to seek an alliance with an idle degenerate who spends
+the money somebody else has earned. (Applause) The father can do his
+duty, and can help, when he teaches the son that he is more proud of him
+when he sees him at work, trying to become a useful factor in society,
+than when he is simply waiting for some money to be left him that he may
+squander it, and be the worse for having had it. (Applause) Every member
+of society everywhere can serve in this great war upon the largest enemy
+we have to meet. The teacher in the college has his work to do; the
+preacher in the pulpit—oh, what an opportunity he has to present to his
+congregation, Sunday after Sunday, the idea that Christ Himself made a
+living reality, that greatness is to be measured by the service rendered,
+and that happiness, as well as greatness, depends on the contribution one
+makes to the world. (Applause) Here is a work that is large enough for us
+all. Here is something that invites us, an opportunity as large as we can
+crave.
+
+
+MAN AND SOCIETY.
+
+I present, therefore, as the most important thing that the conservation
+movement can consider, the raising up of an ideal of life that will give
+a man a proper conception of his relation to society. Where better than
+on the farm can a man learn God’s law? What is the Divine law of reward?
+God wrote it upon the face of the earth; He proclaimed it from the
+clouds; He burns it into us through the rays of the sun, namely, that God
+has given us the material and that in proportion as man shows industry
+and intelligence in converting natural resources into usable wealth he
+can rightfully draw from the common store of the world. That is God’s law
+of rewards. If a man lack intelligence, God punishes him by failure. If
+he lack industry, God whips him into poverty by laws that are inexorable.
+That is the Divine plan, but we have allowed the speculative craze to
+take its place, and man, instead of earning his bread in the sweat of his
+brow, rushes into the city to get some short cut to riches, and society
+has given respectability to the man who goes on the Board of Trade at
+10 o’clock and by betting on what the farmers raise makes more than he
+can make raising it, while it looks down upon the people who feed us and
+clothe us. (Applause)
+
+But, my friends, I have already talked longer than I intended to when I
+came. (Cries of Go on! Go on!)
+
+I am here because I am interested. I am here because I am a debtor to
+society. Who in all this land has been placed under greater obligations
+than I? Who is more bound in duty to contribute as best he can to any
+improvement that is possible? This is one of the great avenues of effort;
+one of the great reform movements. It enlarges as you consider it. I am
+here to testify to my interest; I am here to listen to those who speak
+that I may gather from their matured thought ideas that I can put into
+use. My part is an humble part; it is not to discuss any question at
+length; it is not to speak as an expert upon any branch of conservation;
+it is rather to come and emphasize, so far as I can, the work that others
+have done—to show you how large it is, to increase your interest in it,
+to quicken your zeal, and to have you go from here determined, as I go
+determined, to contribute more largely than in the past, not only to
+this, but to every movement that has for its object the elevation of the
+human race and the advancement of the civilization of the world.
+
+I thank you. (Continued applause)
+
+On motion of Professor Condra, duly seconded, the Congress adjourned
+subject to the call of the executive committee.
+
+
+
+
+SUPPLEMENTARY PROCEEDINGS
+
+
+LIVE STOCK FARMING AND SOIL FERTILITY.
+
+BY F. B. MUMFORD, _Of the University of Missouri_
+
+The agricultural industry has been and will continue to be the greatest
+and most fundamental industry in the economic life of the American
+nation. Not only does agriculture supply the means of livelihood to
+a larger number of people than any other calling, but because of its
+intimate relation to many other arts, it occupies a most important place
+among American industries. From reliable statistics, the materials of
+manufacture drawn from agriculture constitute 42 per cent of all the
+materials used in the manufacturing industries. Any conditions tending to
+decrease these necessary materials of manufacture will react unfavorably
+on this industry and result in hardship to great number of laborers
+engaged in this occupation.
+
+The dominant place of agriculture in the commercial and economic life
+of the Nation is indicated by the enormous aggregate wealth invested in
+agricultural enterprises. In 1910, there was invested in lands, buildings
+and equipment used in agricultural pursuits $36,703,418,000. The value
+of agricultural products for the one year of 1910, according to the
+Secretary of Agriculture, was $8,926,000,000. A sum so large that the
+human mind is unable to grasp its real significance.
+
+All this enormous wealth comes directly from the soil. Any factors which
+tend to diminish the productiveness of this fundamental resource are of
+national concern.
+
+The fertility of the soil is not inexhaustible, it is not
+self-perpetuating. Soil fertility can be mined out of the soil as coal
+can be mined out of the earth. When the fertility of soils has decreased
+beyond a certain point, then the cost of cultivation becomes too great,
+and farming becomes unprofitable and we may have abandoned farms. This
+fact has been repeatedly demonstrated in the history of ancient and
+modern agriculture.
+
+But it is also true that soil fertility can be so utilized that the
+continuous production of crops on the same land can be indefinitely
+and successfully accomplished. It is also a fact that the conditions
+of fertility are of such a nature that the natural productiveness of
+the average soil can be greatly improved and the total production of
+food crops largely increased. Improved systems of farming based on
+perfectly definite scientific principles are now being practiced, which
+are not only more profitable, but likewise maintain successfully the
+productiveness of the soil.
+
+A permanent agriculture can only be established through a rational system
+of soil conservation. The most important factor in all agriculture is
+the productiveness of the acre of land. No system of farming can endure
+which is not profitable. Any scheme of conservation which aims to benefit
+succeeding generations but fails to provide for the necessities of the
+people now living on earth will surely fail.
+
+Systems of farming which are recommended should then fulfill two
+conditions; they must maintain or improve the fertility of the land,
+and they must be profitable. The failures in agriculture in the past
+have resulted from the failure to recognize one or the other or a
+combination of these two causes. Either the productiveness of the soil
+has been exhausted by unintelligent system or the agriculture has been
+unprofitable. In fact, the exhaustion of soil is rather to be regarded as
+an economic term which means that the operations of agriculture are no
+longer carried on at a profit rather than that the elements of fertility
+have been entirely removed from a one-time fertile soil.
+
+In considering live stock farming, then, it is only necessary to
+determine first whether it is and has been successful in maintaining soil
+fertility.
+
+What is needed to maintain and improve the fertility of the soils?
+The investigations on this matter are clear. There are four things
+needed under existing conditions to supply directly or indirectly to
+agricultural lands: vegetable matter or humus, phosphorus, nitrogen and
+potash. Does live stock farming, as a system, provide these materials
+in sufficient quantity to conserve the fertility of the soil? Without
+going too much into detail, it is correct for us to say that in any
+well planned system of stock farming, the humus supply can easily be
+sustained; the nitrogen can be rapidly increased and the phosphorus and
+potash supplied either through the application of fertilizers directly or
+by the purchase of foods to be first fed to animals and the manure later
+applied to the land.
+
+In attempting to determine whether or not live stock farming is to
+be considered as a system calculated to conserve soil fertility, one
+cannot be greatly impressed with the unanimity of opinion in favor of
+animal husbandry as a means of soil improvement. When soils have become
+exhausted and unprofitable from continuous grain growing, the almost
+universal advice is to change the system of farming to stock husbandry
+and feed out all crops on the land. Nor is this advice to be regarded as
+emanating from theorists whose conclusions have been drawn alone from
+the test tube of the chemist, but more often such advice comes from men
+who are trained in farm management, and have themselves demonstrated
+that a rational system of animal husbandry will not only maintain but
+improve the fertility of the average farm located in the corn belt. Live
+stock farming carried on for the purpose of soil improvement is not an
+untried experiment. Not only individual farms but whole communities have
+been brought up from a condition of exhaustion and unprofitableness to a
+condition of productiveness by animal husbandry.
+
+Exclusive grain farming as practiced from New England westward to the
+Dakotas has left behind a trail of depleted soils and where carried on
+for too long a time ruined farms and abandoned homes have marked the way.
+
+These same soils are today being reclaimed and profitably tilled as the
+result of changing from grain farming to dairy and stock farming. This
+change has taken place in Ohio, Michigan, Wisconsin, and is now occurring
+in Minnesota. The result of profitable system of live stock farming
+on even the poorest of soils is to be seen in Holland. On thin, sandy
+lands reclaimed from the sea, dairy farming has increased the value of
+the farming lands until now they are valued at $500 to $1,000 per acre.
+Holland today supports a population twelve times as dense as Illinois,
+and yet has an annual surplus of cheese and butter for export amounting
+to more than four dollars per acre.
+
+Fifty years ago Denmark was a wheat producing country. Its soils were
+gradually being depleted of fertility and agricultural ruin was imminent.
+The system of farming was at that time radically changed to a system
+of live stock production, with the result that after forty years of
+dairy farming the agriculture of Denmark is regarded as a model of
+farm management, both from the standpoint of the conservation of soil
+fertility and profits per acre.
+
+Farmyard manure is now and always has been the greatest resource for
+maintaining soil fertility on the typical Middle West farms. Dr. C. G.
+Hopkins says that “Farm manure always has been, and without doubt always
+will be, the principal material used in maintaining the fertility of the
+soil.”
+
+Director Thorne of Ohio has pointed out that the increased fertility
+of English farms as measured in increasing wheat yields has, in his
+opinion, been due to the fact that the cattle, sheep, hogs and horses
+have increased rapidly per cultivated acre since 1865. In that year Great
+Britain was maintaining the equivalent of one cattle beast for each acre
+cultivated, while in 1900 the live stock population had increased until
+there was maintained on British farms the equivalent of one cattle beast
+for each cultivated acre.
+
+When Great Britain maintained one cattle beast for each two acres of land
+cultivated in grain, the average wheat yield was twenty-eight bushels per
+acre. When she had increased her live stock population to the equivalent
+of one cattle beast to one acre of land cultivated in grain, the yield of
+wheat had risen to thirty-two bushels per acre.
+
+The limits of this paper will not permit me to quote the opinions of all
+the leading agricultural and soil experts who have publicly expressed
+themselves on the important relations of animal husbandry to soil
+fertility. But such national authorities as Henry Wallace, President
+Waters, Dean Davenport, Dean Curtis, Governor Hoard and a host of
+others have publicly placed themselves on record as favoring live stock
+husbandry for conserving soil fertility on the American farm.
+
+The production of farmyard manure in this country now represents a value
+greater than the total value of the corn crop. The estimated annual value
+of farm manure produced in America is two and one-third billion dollars.
+All authorities agree that more than one-third of this material is
+absolutely wasted by the farmers. Here is a source of fertility ten times
+as great as all the commercial fertilizers annually sold in the whole
+United States. If this manure now wasted could be intelligently applied
+to the corn lands of America, there would be added $800,000,000 annually
+to the agricultural wealth of this country.
+
+In planning systems of live stock farming for permanent agriculture, it
+is necessary to apply the amount of phosphorus removed in the annual
+products sold, either as commercial fertilizer or by the purchase of
+supplementary foods. This amount will be comparatively small, and if
+added by the purchase of supplementary foods may be supplied at little
+or no additional cost, as the profits from feeding will pay for the
+phosphorus used.
+
+No scheme of soil conservation can be successful unless it is profitable.
+If live stock farming conserves fertility, but is unprofitable, then it
+need not be further considered. But live stock farming is profitable, and
+is more profitable than any other system of permanent agriculture which
+has been devised.
+
+The latest census figures show conclusively that the net income per acre
+is greater from stock and dairy farms than from hay and grain farms.
+
+The average annual net income from stock and dairy farms in the United
+States for the ten-year period ending with the year 1899 was $11.42,
+while the income from hay and grain farms was only $7.72 per acre.
+
+Not only was the average income in the United States as a whole greater
+from stock farms, but in some of the more strictly grain growing states
+the same increased profit from stock farms is shown. In Illinois the
+income from grain farms was $10.60 per acre; from stock farms, $12.55. In
+Missouri, the income from grain farms was $7.69, and from stock farms,
+$9.55. In Iowa the income from grain farms was $8.88, and the income
+from stock farms, $13.17 per acre. In other words the profits from stock
+farming in Illinois were 18 per cent, in Missouri 24 per cent, and in
+Iowa 48 per cent greater than from grain farms.
+
+In any ten-year period of the agricultural history of this country, the
+net income per acre from live stock farms has been greater than from
+grain crops.
+
+I think all fair minded students of farm management problems in the
+Middle West will agree that the most prosperous and best managed farms
+throughout the corn belt today are the farms where live stock is a large,
+if not the chief, factor of production.
+
+The argument that live stock farming can be profitable only on cheap land
+is fallacious. The highest priced farming lands in the world are utilized
+for stock and dairy farms.
+
+In all systems of exclusive grain farming which have been planned for
+the maintenance of soil fertility, it is recommended that considerable
+quantities of clover be plowed under and that all of the straw and
+stover likewise be added directly to the soil for keeping up the humus
+supply. While this practice unquestionably will accomplish the results
+intended it is true that from an economic point of view such materials
+are too valuable for the nutrition of animals to be thus employed. When
+we remember that at a very conservative estimate, the stover or stalks,
+leaves and stems of the corn plant contain not less than 25 per cent
+of the total feeding value of the entire plant, and that under systems
+of exclusive grain farming, all this material is so utilized that only
+its humus value is secured, we must conclude that if there is another
+method whereby this valuable feedstuff may be first converted into animal
+products, such a method is certainly to be recommended in a convention
+assembled to discuss the broad problem of conservation.
+
+Plowing under green clover likewise is to be regarded as a practice of
+doubtful economic value. At the Missouri Experiment Station, for a series
+of two years, the average income from such clover pastured off with hogs
+amounted to $34.11 per acre. This was estimating the pork product at only
+six cents per pound. As a matter of fact during the years in which this
+investigation was conducted, the pork was actually worth seven cents per
+pound, and the actual income from the clover alone amounted to $40.00 per
+acre.
+
+I submit that when an acre of clover can be so utilized through animals
+as to return to the farmer the equivalent of $40.00 in cash, that it
+is doubtful economy to use this material solely for its humus value by
+plowing under.
+
+In accomplishing the above result, it was necessary to feed an average of
+3,000 pounds of grain per acre with the clover. This grain at prevailing
+market prices was charged to the hogs at sixty cents per bushel, the
+market price, and the $40.00 per acre is therefore net income. The large
+amount of grain fed to the hogs on the clover undoubtedly returned to the
+soil as much phosphorus as was removed in the body of the animals, and
+the ultimate result of this experiment was therefore not only to secure a
+greater profit from the land by this method of utilization, but also to
+provide generously for the plant food losses incurred by the storing up
+of such materials in the bodies of the hogs.
+
+On the average Middle West farm, there are now and will continue to be
+great quantities of stover, hay, straw, grass and other materials which
+are too valuable to be used solely for manurial purposes and are yet too
+bulky to be profitably placed on the market. All such materials can be
+profitably marketed through animals, and by so doing at least 50 per cent
+of the humus value of the materials can be retained and a considerable
+profit secured from feeding to animals.
+
+The development of animal husbandry in modern farm practice is
+fundamentally important. Exclusive grain farming has never yet been
+satisfactory or permanently successful. History and present practice
+have clearly demonstrated the important relation of soil fertility to
+the keeping of animals. The productiveness of the acre of land is the
+most important factor in profitable agriculture. If it is true that the
+productiveness of the acre of land is maintained and often increased by
+the large use of domestic animals, this is a sufficient reason for large
+attention to live stock farming.
+
+Animal husbandry is more profitable than grain farming. In any ten-year
+period of American agriculture, skillful live stock farming has been more
+profitable than exclusive grain farming. It is no argument to say that
+the average stock farmer would have secured larger temporary gains by
+selling his grain instead of feeding to animals. Statistics have shown a
+larger net income per acre from live stock farms throughout the United
+States than grain farms.
+
+The highest type of farming is found in those localities where skillful
+stock farming is the rule. In Denmark, Holland, Great Britain, France,
+Canada and the United States, it is undoubtedly true that greater
+intelligence, skill and efficiency are required for the successful
+management of a live stock farm than a grain farm.
+
+The yield of wheat in England has increased in direct proportion to the
+increase of the number of animals per cultivated acre.
+
+The Middle West farmer will always produce large areas of grass, of
+corn stover, cheap hay and other products having little cash value.
+The profitable utilization of these materials involves the feeding and
+keeping of animals. The permanent prosperity of the Middle West farmers,
+and the conservation of our soil resources both require increased
+attention to successful methods of stock husbandry.
+
+
+THE CONSERVATION OF THE FARM
+
+BY EX-GOVERNOR W. D. HOARD, _Of Wisconsin_
+
+In the limited remarks I shall have to make on this subject, I wish to
+preface by saying that it seems to me that one of the crying needs of
+conservation today is to conserve conservation. There is an immense waste
+of talk and time and crude unconstructive thought on this subject. Too
+many men are crying, “Lo! salvation lies in this direction, or that.” Too
+many are talking with an ulterior purpose of personal gain in notoriety
+or politics. Forests, mines and water powers claim the principal part of
+the thought and attention, when they are not the paramount subjects of
+conservation we consider. It is too easy to generalize or denounce or set
+up impractical standards of action by men who have not a constructive,
+practical thought to offer whereby the desired things we might wish for
+may be obtained. But here stands a great necessity, a glaring mistake,
+the result of gross ignorance on the part of the farmers of the American
+nation for many generations. They have wasted their heritage; they are
+continually wasting it.
+
+Eighty-three millions of people are depending today for food on
+the wisdom, the skill, the conserving good sense of seven millions
+of farmers. By another decade a hundred million will face the same
+dependence. The cry goes up from this vast army of consumers against
+the high cost of living. The contingencies of the seasons, serious as
+they are oftentimes, are enough for producer and consumer to face. But
+we are confronted with the most serious danger of all in the wasting
+of fertility, the steady decline in the productive power of our arable
+lands. Here stands the question: An increasing demand and necessity for
+food and a steady decline in our lands of the power to produce food. How
+long shall that reproach to our intelligence continue?
+
+Before that great and overwhelming necessity all other questions of
+conservation pale into insignificance. Study the situation as it exists
+today: From the Atlantic to the Rocky Mountains the American farmer has
+blazed a pathway of destruction to fertility and forests. His is the hand
+that hath wrought this great destruction until today vast stretches of
+territory are hardly able to produce enough in an ordinary season to pay
+the cost of production.
+
+The Commissioner of Agriculture of the State of New York asserts that
+that state alone has lost a hundred and sixty-eight millions of dollars
+in thirty years in the decline of farm values. In my native county of
+Madison in that state I can buy farms today for $20 to $30 an acre that
+once sold for $100 an acre. The same is true of the famous old Western
+Reserve in Ohio, of many sections in Indiana and proportionately so
+in the southern portion of Illinois. Who hath wrought this fearful
+destruction of the original productive power of the state and Nation? The
+farmer. Why? Because of his ignorance of the principles of fertility and
+of the methods that belong to intelligent agriculture.
+
+Until very recently the forces of education, all under the control of the
+states, have done nothing to educate the farmer to a better understanding
+of his duty to himself, his calling as a farmer, and the millions who
+must depend upon him for food. The people have gone mad, so to speak, in
+the pursuit and worship of so-called higher education, and neglected the
+basic subsidiary schools where the main body of farmers must be trained,
+if trained at all, into an understanding of what they are about. You
+know, as every man knows, that the country district school is the only
+school where 90 per cent of all of the farmers of the land have received
+or will receive for many years to come the schooling they will get. The
+teachers of the state and the political forces of the state are solely
+responsible for the character of the country school. There has been but
+little vital pushing force among the teachers for the uplift of the
+country schools. The politicians have given it the go-by because as yet
+there are no votes in it as an issue. The farmers do not believe in it as
+a vital energizing principle in their midst for their own enlightenment
+and that of their children concerning the things that make for the
+betterment of agriculture.
+
+Do you for a moment suppose that all of this appalling waste of fertility
+that exists and consequent destruction of farm values would have taken
+place if the country district school had been organized to teach the
+farm children the elements of fertility as science and common sense knew
+them to exist? We must then charge upon the past and present system of
+education the responsibility for this ignorance that has wasted the
+productive power of the Nation. And the processes of ignorance and
+indifference are going on today with but little, if any, check. Our
+schools of agriculture reach but a thousandth part of the farm children
+with their corrective knowledge. The agricultural press is doing what
+it can, but not more than 50 per cent of the farmers are readers and
+students of this vital question.
+
+We flatter ourselves that we of the Middle West are to be saved from this
+tide of destruction because God has given us a soil of such marvelous
+fertility. But our farmers are just as great spendthrifts of this
+God-given heritage as were the Eastern farmers. The trouble lies in our
+lack of knowledge, real helpful knowledge. Think of the millions of acres
+of corn stalks in the great corn producing states of Illinois, Missouri,
+Kansas, Nebraska and Iowa that will stand next winter unharvested,
+and in mute reproach of the lack of a little conserving intelligence
+sufficient to store them in silos where the contents might be fed to
+cattle and sheep and so produce an abundance of meat cheaply for the
+people. An average acre of that corn in an average season, if placed in
+a silo, will yield ten tons of the finest meat and milk producing fodder
+known on earth. Thirty pounds a day with ten pounds of alfalfa hay is
+sufficient to fatten a fifteen-month-old steer to the pink of condition
+in a year. Each acre, then, and an acre of alfalfa, would suffice to
+feed two steers for the year. What a tremendous feeding power at low
+cost is here disclosed, and yet it is annually wasted and not a country
+district school or school teacher is telling the farmer and his children
+any better. Think of the thousands upon thousands of poor cows that are
+kept by the farmers of the dairy states because they do not know better.
+Think of the wasted labor to raise the feed to support those cows, the
+wasted time and effort to milk and care for them, when, by exhaustive
+research it can be shown that not half of those cows are producing enough
+to pay for their keeping. You ask: Don’t the farmers know better than to
+keep such cows? Can you believe they would continue to breed and keep
+such cows if they did know better? Everywhere is seen the appalling waste
+of our farming—in fertility, in poor live stock, in lack of breeding
+knowledge, in lack of sanitary understanding, in a lack of intelligent
+methods of farm management. The discontent of the farmer is great. Let
+us be thankful for that, for we are told that “discontent is the vice
+of noble minds.” But, likewise, everywhere is he misled by contending
+politicians to believe that his salvation lies in politics, in the tariff
+up, or the tariff down, in fighting the corporations and the trusts, in
+order that certain leaders may have place and power. And all the time
+this mighty demon of waste is getting in his work. When will the farmer
+see that he must educate himself and his children back in the country
+district school to know good from evil, to understand the conservation of
+the soil and the great economic laws that underlie his very existence?
+
+He cannot escape the demand of the millions who wait upon his hand for
+bread and meat. He is responsible to his own good citizenship not to
+waste the productive energies of the state. He owes it to himself and the
+hoped for profit of the labor of his hands that he make of this question
+of the conservation of the farm the foremost question of the age, as it
+truly is.
+
+Dairy farming, if rightly understood and conducted, has the power to
+“knit up this raveled sleeve,” to re-endow all of these wasted farms with
+their original fertility and productiveness. For, understand, the true
+dairy farmer must be a wise manipulator of the soil, of plant life as
+well as animal life. No man in the domain of agriculture is confronted
+with a greater necessity of “knowing good from evil,” at every turn
+and in more ways, than is the dairy farmer. Ignorance is at work here
+to destroy fertility and profit as well as in all other branches of
+agriculture. But there are certain natural advantages that govern here
+more than in other lines of farming.
+
+(1) The dairyman must so handle his farm as to support sufficient animal
+life to give him a living profit for his time and labor.
+
+(2) That animal life is a constant contributor to the fertility of the
+soil through the abundant manure that is made.
+
+(3) As a rule the dairy farmer is a buyer as well as grower of feed,
+particularly of nitrogenous feeds. This gives added fertilizing value to
+the manure.
+
+(4) He builds silos and so consumes the coarser roughage of the farm,
+enabling him thereby to carry a much larger stock of cattle, hogs and
+sheep than he otherwise could.
+
+(5) He is obliged to build barns and sheds, whereby the forage of the
+farm shall be stored with the least possible loss of its nutritive
+powers, and consequently this saves waste very greatly.
+
+(6) He is compelled to become a large producer of legumes, like clover,
+alfalfa, vetch, etc., whereby by natural means, nitrogen is more largely
+restored to the soil.
+
+All these are the natural and inevitable things that belong to his
+vocation if he is a man big enough to comprehend them. But there are some
+things he must do of an extra character if he handles his farm so as to
+constantly increase its fertility. He must be a liberal feeder of the
+land as well as his animals. He must comprehend that nothing can be grown
+on the farm without an expenditure of nitrogen, phosphorus and potash.
+The nitrogen, to a large extent, the legumes will evolve and deposit in
+the soil. But the phosphorus and the potash must be purchased. He must
+know something about these important elements, and he must accept it as
+one of his fixed expenses of the farm that these elements, as well as
+lime, must be yearly supplies.
+
+Certain forms of dairying, like milk shipping, cheese making and
+condensing, are wasteful of fertility, unless the farmer guards against
+such loss, by artificially supplying the lime, and phosphate potash. It
+is largely through this taking of the whole milk from the farm without
+adequate making up of the loss, that so many farms in the eastern states
+became depleted of their fertility. Whenever butter dairying was carried
+on, and consequently the skim milk was used to grow calves and pigs,
+the live stock complement of the farm was kept up and the manure supply
+greatly enhanced. Such sections like Delaware county, New York, have
+suffered much less in the depletion of the soil in the past fifty years,
+than did Herkimer, St. Lawrence, Madison, Oneida and other of the cheese
+making counties of that state. The same a depleting process has been
+going on in New England, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Ohio, and farther
+west. The wonderful growth of villages and cities calls for an enormous
+consumption of dairy products. This means taking the whole milk from
+the farm in a large degree and thereby greatly reduces the growing of
+live stock. We well remember sixty years ago how that central New York
+produced great crops of clover and a large supply of cattle, hogs and
+sheep. The tops of the hills were kept covered with the splendid forests
+that characterized that state. The springs and small streams were by that
+means maintained and we fished for trout in brooks that have not known
+a trout for the past thirty years, and which are dry most of the year.
+All this has been changed and sadly so for the worse. Had the farmers
+kept the tops of the hills covered with trees it would have conserved the
+water supply and helped maintain the side hill pastures.
+
+Fifty years ago Horace Greeley, through his Tribune, warned the farmers
+of New York against the destructive effect of stripping the forests from
+the hill tops. Dairying in all its branches of butter production, milk
+shipping, cheese making and condensing, must, of course, be kept up for
+the necessities of the great army of consumers who demand it.
+
+But the demand is just as imperative that the dairy farmer know what he
+is about and conduct his farm with an eye single to the preservation of
+its fertility. He must know more of the scientific side of his calling.
+He must be more willing to use some of his revenue in the purchase of
+fertilizers to produce against the natural waste that is constantly going
+on. He must adopt the principle that it is to his ultimate greater profit
+as well as the well-being of the state that he farm towards an increase
+rather than a decrease of the fertility of his land.
+
+These are some of the paramount problems of the day and hour that
+confront the dairy farmer. The trouble is that here as well as elsewhere
+in this broad field of agriculture, ignorance has held sway. “We all,
+like sheep, have gone astray.” The wise live teachers of agriculture are
+becoming more obsessed every day with the thought that if the future
+millions of this country are fed, the American farmer must wake up, and
+that right soon, to the fearful mistakes he has been making through his
+ignorance and indifference in destroying the productive capacity of his
+land.
+
+Every man, woman and child in the Nation is vitally interested in the
+promotion of conserving intelligence among the farmers of this country.
+
+
+BACK TO THE FARM
+
+BY HENRY IDE WILLEY.
+
+This is the slogan of our clan; too long has the farm been deemed the
+dumping ground for those whom poverty or mediocre ability has kept out of
+the professions, arts and sciences.
+
+“Anyone can farm” was the ancient idea. Not so the modern maxim. It is
+“back to the farm,” with education, intellect and experience that more
+than double the production of our soil and elevate the farmer to the same
+high plane occupied by others of equal ability and intellect in other
+callings.
+
+Back to the farm is the maxim of our chief executive as he tours our
+country in the interest of progress.
+
+It is not the aim of this article to enter into a scientific dissertation
+upon the chemical properties of all fertilizers, or to cover the entire
+ground with reference to the art of fertilization, it would prove too
+scopey a work to attempt any such a thing within the time and space that
+could be prudently allotted upon an occasion like this.
+
+All that I shall attempt to do will be to touch upon some salient
+features of the art, and deal briefly with the most important details
+to be kept in view by the progressive farmer, who seeks to get the
+maximum results from a minimum area and amount of labor. Also I want
+to warn you of the danger of being victimized by unscrupulous dealers
+in fertilizers, and suggest some basic precautions to be observed, and
+finally to convince you that there is no dearth of fertilizing material
+in the United States that should be available at a reasonable price, to
+all who may require it. A just and beneficent Deity seems to have wisely
+provided abundantly all of the factors required to enable us to equalize
+the productions of our country, only demanding that we perform a certain
+amount of prefatory labor and wisely use the brains He has endowed us
+with.
+
+Generally speaking we are required to do a dollar’s worth of work to
+obtain a dollar’s reward in all vocations. One dollar’s value in any of
+the precious metals requires a dollar’s worth of work or outlay; the same
+is true with a dollar’s worth of wheat, oats, beans, or anything else.
+
+Where rains are not abundant and opportune, there are adjacent mountains
+with their precipitating possibilities and lakes, or reservoir sites in
+which to store water to irrigate about all of the lands capable of being
+profitably watered. Just so within our area are vast deposits of calcium,
+phosphates and other fertilizing factors, only requiring a certain amount
+of labor, to enable us to place them where they will do the most good.
+
+Florida probably produces the greatest volume and best quality of calcium
+phosphates. Tennessee next. Then the Carolinas, Utah and Idaho, the
+former only needing railways to provide transportation facilities to
+provide abundant and cheap supply throughout the west.
+
+In 1889, Albert Richter, Esq., discovered these last named deposits which
+are gigantic reserves for the future.
+
+When tillage begins, other arts follow. Daniel Webster says: “The farmers
+therefore are the founders of human civilization.”
+
+Farming is as much a business as any other vocation, and primarily, the
+farmer should be a good business man to be successful. In the main he
+follows his calling for the money he can make thereby, like other prudent
+men, seeking the largest possible return from his outlay.
+
+It is not enough to raise a crop, a profit must be realized upon the
+labor and capital invested.
+
+He must understand his business, must observe needed economics, yet must
+be ever ready to spend a dollar when he can see a fair interest to be
+derivable therefrom.
+
+Farming is not only a business, but equally an art—the art of producing
+animal and plant life needful and useful to mankind.
+
+A true knowledge of agriculture and kindred occupations necessitates a
+complete grasp of the principles upon which the art is based. In this
+enlightened age such knowledge is indispensable. When our country was new
+and only the most fertile soil was tilled, “anyone could be a farmer.”
+To sow and reap were all that was required, so lavish was Dame Nature in
+giving of the fertility stored up for centuries. But this soon sapped the
+vitality of the soil, its tillage ceased to be profitable, and in many
+instances abandonment of the farms ere long would follow.
+
+This unfortunate result is greatly to be lamented, because, by
+intelligent precautions the calamity could have been averted. The farming
+of the future must be carried on by intelligent, educated men of liberal
+training.
+
+Geology, botany, zoology, chemistry and physics have already done much
+toward the conservation of the fertility of the soil, but not generally,
+as should be the case.
+
+Importance of water, as a source of plant food and a conveyor thereof,
+is one of the most important factors developed by chemical analysis. The
+enormous proportion of water entering into the composition of the plant
+and its incalculable value as a conveyor of plant food to the roots.
+Nearly 900 of 1,000 parts of the matured corn plant are water, exclusive
+of exhalations, which are considerable, or 1,000 pounds of corn during
+its growing period use about thirty tons of water. As this amount of corn
+can be raised on one-thirtieth of an acre, 900 tons, or an eighth inch
+depth layer, would be required for an acre, and about the same amount
+being lost by percolation and drainage gains as 1,800 tons of water per
+acre, thus proving the need for the conservation of the moisture of the
+soil. In fact 300 to 500 times more water in pounds is required, than dry
+matter.
+
+First, as it composes 80 per cent of the mature crop, it is the most
+essential plant food. It also furnishes the hydrogen and oxygen found in
+dry matter equal to 10 per cent more, making 90 per cent in all derived
+directly from water.
+
+Water also dissolves the plant food, facilitating its distribution.
+It stiffens, or prevents the wilting of plants to replace losses by
+evaporation, probably controls the temperature of the plants, and water
+is indispensable for the movement of food within the plant, constituting
+this the most vital single factor in determining the fertility of land,
+hence the great importance of irrigation where moisture is not abundant.
+
+Within the time and space allotted, it would be impossible to deal with
+every factor relating to question of fertilization such as carbon,
+nitrogen, etc. I will therefore proceed to treat of the most potent and
+effective fertilizing compound. Phosphoric acid, tricalcite phosphate
+of lime or calcium phosphate. This is present in normal soil, in much
+smaller quantities than potash, and experience demonstrates, is more
+likely to become exhausted. In fact in some regions no other fertilizer
+is used.
+
+The phosphates may be subdivided into two general classes, natural and
+the manufactured phosphates: The natural phosphates have two general
+sources—the bones of dead animals, and certain phosphates containing
+minerals which will be designated. Raw bone meal is made by the grinding
+of raw bones to a powder, and the finer it is, the more valuable the
+product. This contains about 22 per cent of phosphoric acid and 4 per
+cent of nitrogen. Raw bones contain a small quantity of fat also, and as
+this promotes rapid decay of the bone, the phosphoric acid and nitrogen
+are quite slowly disseminated to the crop.
+
+Most of the bone meal of commerce is made from bones previously steamed
+to remove the fat, and a portion of the nitrogen compounds. Bone so
+treated contains about 28 per cent to 30 per cent of phosphoric acid and
+1½ per cent of nitrogen. As these can be ground finer and decay more
+rapidly, they are more valuable and effective than the raw bones.
+
+Tankage is an important source of phosphoric acid in so-called animal
+politogess. When the product contains a very large proportion of bone, it
+is sometimes designated as bone tankage, and may contain 7 to 18 per cent
+of phosphoric acid.
+
+Bone black or animal charcoal is made by heating bone in air-tight
+vessels, until the volatile matter is drawn off, and is used in the
+refineries to purify sugar.
+
+After it has become spent or used by refineries, it is sold for
+fertilizing purposes. Bone black contains from 32 to 36 per cent of
+phosphoric acid. In a number of places rock deposits are found that
+contain varying percentages of phosphate of lime. These phosphates are
+usually named after the place where they are obtained, as “Carolina,”
+“Florida,” “Tennessee” phosphates.
+
+These rocks contain from 18 to 32 per cent of phosphoric acid, and differ
+from the bone products in that they contain no organic matter, and are
+purely mineral substances. Ground to a fine powder, they are sometimes
+sold under the name of “floats,” but the rock phosphates are used only to
+a limited extent in the crude condition.
+
+The phosphoric acid in all the natural phosphates described is combined
+with lime, in a form that is extremely insoluble in water. In order to
+render the phosphate soluble it is sometimes treated with sulphuric acid
+which unites with part of the lime, leaving a phosphate which contains
+only a third as much lime as the natural phosphate and is soluble in
+water.
+
+The lime and sulphuric acid make a compound which is the same as found in
+gypsum or landplaster. This combination of soluble phosphate and gypsum
+made by treating the natural phosphates with acid is called by various
+names of superphosphate—soluble phosphate, acid phosphate, acidulated
+rock, etc. For its manufacture the rock phosphates are generally
+employed, both because they are cheaper, and because the organic matter
+in the bones interferes with the use of sufficient acid to make all of
+the phosphate soluble. A good sample of phosphate contains about 16 per
+cent of phosphoric acid in a form that is soluble in water.
+
+Sometimes when insufficient acid has been used a part of the soluble
+phosphate will change into a form intermediate in solubility, between
+the natural phosphate and the acid phosphate, and this is said to
+have undergone “reversion.” The new compound being called “reverted
+phosphates.” The latter product is supposed to be more available to the
+plant than the insoluble or natural phosphate, hence, the soluble and
+reverted phosphoric acid taken together are known as the “available
+phosphoric acid.”
+
+Sometimes, bone meal is treated with a limited amount of sulphuric acid
+and the product is called “acidulated bone.” This contains a much smaller
+proportion of its phosphoric acid in soluble form, than does the rock
+superphosphate. When soluble phosphates are added to the soil, they
+combine soon with the mineral matter and are converted, first into the
+reverted phosphate, and finally into the insoluble form, such as is found
+naturally in the soil. In this way the phosphoric acid is fixed and there
+is no danger of its being lost by leaching.
+
+The soluble phosphate present in acidulated goods is generally considered
+the most favorable form of phosphoric acid for use as a fertilizer.
+
+At first sight it seems useless to go to the expense of making the
+phosphate soluble when it is again rendered insoluble by the soil, before
+the plant can make use of it. The true object in making it soluble is to
+aid in its distribution to the soil and thence to the plant.
+
+When an insoluble phosphate is applied it remains where it falls, except
+for the slight distribution it receives by cultivating. In the case of
+the soluble phosphate, on the other hand, the phosphate dissolves in the
+soil water, and is widely distributed before it becomes fixed by the
+soil. In the former, also, the roots must go to the phosphate, while in
+the latter, the phosphate is carried to the roots.
+
+It will therefore be observed that after the soluble phosphate is
+distributed throughout the soil, the individual particles must be
+very much smaller than is the case with the insoluble phosphate. The
+importance of fineness of division can not be too strongly emphasized.
+
+Too much stress cannot be laid upon the need of intelligent use of
+fertilizers. A little expense and effort in carefully analyzing the soil
+to be treated, proving its component parts and proportions, then leaving
+what should be added to result in the largest production of the crops
+desired. No guessing nor conjecture should be indulged in, it can only
+lead to disaster, whereas a little scientific investigation and analysis
+will render success certain.
+
+Analysis alone will not suffice. Actual testing of the various classes of
+soil, dividing same into small blocks and using different proportions of
+fertilizers on some, none on others, will insure the best results.
+
+Farmers are furnished with a great variety of so-called fertilizers of
+greater or less merit, and a vast variety of mixtures almost too numerous
+to classify, many of which I regret to state are not at all what they
+are represented to be, and often are worth less than one-third the price
+charged therefor. No one should under any circumstances be induced to
+purchase anything claimed to be a fertilizer, without first having had an
+analysis made of the same by some chemist of unimpeachable integrity.
+A failure or refusal to observe this precaution will be certain to
+defeat the purpose in view and result in loss, instead of the gain
+desired. There can be no good excuse given for the unfair adulteration
+of fertilizers, because the supply of basic material is abundant, cheap,
+and can be reasonably transported, leaving a good profit for all dealers,
+when an absolutely pure article. As the product is now sold it ranges
+from 1 to 3 per cent ammonia, 6 to 12 per cent phosphoric acid, 4 to 10
+per cent potash.
+
+The unit basis of purchase is a fair one to both vendor and vendee. A
+unit means 1 per cent on the basis of a ton, or twenty pounds.
+
+For example, a unit of available phosphoric acid would be twenty pounds,
+and if the quotation was $1.00 a unit, the phosphoric acid would cost
+five cents a pound. The system is applied to the sale of nitrate of
+soda, the potash salt, blood, meat, tankage, superphosphate, etc., and
+in nitrogenous goods the price is usually stated as so much a unit of
+ammonia.
+
+The number of units in the material is determined by chemical analysis.
+This system could be applied as well to mixed as unmixed goods. But home
+mixing would prove by far the wisest policy, as none of the frauds common
+to commercial fertilizers could then be perpetrated.
+
+It is little less than idiocy to buy any mixed fertilizer for any
+specific tract of land, because you may be paying for an excess of many
+elements, when the addition of some one single acid, such as sulphuric,
+for instance, would double its production. Lime, marl, muck, wood or coal
+ashes only would at times produce better results than the most perfect
+and elaborate mixed fertilizer.
+
+Apropos of this subject, permit me to call attention to a little work
+of great value to every farmer. None should be without it. _Viz._, A
+treatise on “American Manures, and Farmers’ and Planters’ Guide,” by Wm.
+H. Buckner, Analytical Consulting Chemist, and J. B. Chynoweth, Eng.,
+published in Philadelphia.
+
+The great lawyer, Theodore Cuylor, and others, give this work unqualified
+approval, and any farmer, after its perusal, is amply advised as to the
+many frauds perpetrated in the name of fertilization, and can guard
+against being victimized thereby.
+
+To attempt to deal with the fertilization question without giving ample
+scope to the question of water supply, would be a waste of effort, as
+water is the most important of all elements to be considered.
+
+Not all land is to be benefited by irrigation, but vastly more is
+improved than is generally supposed. There are few sections where
+the natural supply is precipitated at the right time, and in proper
+proportion, and wherever this is the case irrigation can be profitably
+resorted to always, providing the supply can be economically obtained and
+distributed.
+
+For example, take the rich Willamette valley in Oregon, where the
+rainfall is excessive during the entire spring, but little or none
+falls during the summer months, and it has been proven that larger or
+more frequent crops can be raised there with irrigation, even in this
+“Web-foot state.”
+
+Perfect production is only attainable when control of all the elements
+is possible, and this can be accomplished only in a hot house or
+conservatory. But the nearest approach thereto in the open, is in an
+almost rainless country, where the sunshine is constant by day, the soil
+fertile, and irrigation possible.
+
+Where these conditions prevail, as in Sinaloa, Mexico, as many as three
+crops a year can be produced upon the same area, and it is safe to state
+that there are few regions where the irrigation of the land will not
+prove beneficial. In most instances the providing of irrigation carries
+with it the necessity for a drainage system as well. It is not the
+placing of water on the land which causes the benefit, but the passage of
+the water through the soil, carrying the fertility or plant food to the
+roots, hence flow must be kept up, and often this can only be insured by
+providing a drainage system.
+
+Our country is so new, and our soil was so fertile originally, that
+abundant crops were produced thereon for many years, but this constant
+cropping of the same product, year after year, has exhausted vast areas
+and their life must be renewed.
+
+Fertilizers are abundant and accessible in the United States and can be
+laid down on any farm near to lines to transportation, and if of genuine
+character and properly applied, crops can be doubled or better each
+season.
+
+Professor Hopkins of the Illinois university more than doubled the
+production of wheat on a certain tract of land under this supervision.
+The natural yield was about twenty-four bushels; fertilized, fifty-six
+bushels per acre.
+
+Although the phosphate deposits now known to exist are of vast area, it
+was not until 1889 that the Florida deposits were accepted as valuable
+and extensive.
+
+Pebble deposits of Florida are supposed to underlie an area of about
+2,000 square miles, and are on lands about 160 feet above sea level.
+
+Over-burden:
+
+    1. Soil and subsoil, few inches to six feet.
+
+    2. A light colored sand, few inches to ten feet.
+
+    3. Stiff clay vari-colored at times, capping of sandstone color
+    brown to pure white.
+
+MATRIX 212°.
+
+    Organic matter                               2.40
+    Phosphoric acid                             15.29
+    Carbonic acid                                6.70
+    Lime                                        20.00
+    Iron and aluminum                           13.06
+    Fluoride and magnesia                         .60
+    Insoluble silica and sand                   41.95
+                                               ------
+                                               100.00
+    Equivalent to tribasic phosphate of lime    32.33
+    Equivalent to carbonate of lime             15.20
+
+Land pebbles average from 65 to 70 per cent tribasic phosphate of lime.
+
+River pebbles are of the same origin, but slightly less value, 60 per
+cent to 63 per cent phosphate of lime. The whole Peninsula of Florida
+is underlaid with white limestone of the Vicsburg age (Lower Eocene),
+according to Professor Lyall, upper middle Eocene, according to American
+geologists, which is the oldest rock in Florida. Florida was submerged
+until the end of the Eocene period, after which its elevation occurred.
+Then came the Miocene submergence followed by a second elevation, next
+the Champlain period and submergence, when it was covered with a mantle
+of sand and clay, before it arose to its present elevation.
+
+The phosphate pebbles were formed before this last submergence, and hence
+washed into the depressions of limestone and over same.
+
+ANALYSIS GRAVEL ROCK.
+
+_Many Samples._
+
+    Phosphoric acid              36.08
+    Carbonate of lime             2.17
+    Oxide of iron and aluminum    1.94
+    Silica                        4.50
+    Moisture                      2.50
+
+European Analysis of some organic matter—water.
+
+                               Voelker  Gilbert    Marat
+    Phosphoric acid              36.56    36.33    36.84
+    Lime                         52.08
+    Oxide of iron                 1.36
+    Aluminum                      1.39
+    Magnesia carb. phos           7.17
+    Insoluble                     0.85
+                                 -----
+                                100.
+    Tribasic phosphate of lime   79.81    79.31    80.43
+
+Early in this century the marl beds of New Jersey were worked and used
+for fertilization. This led to the discovery of similar deposits in
+South Carolina. One Lardue Venaxen, who made the first geological survey
+in 1826, discovered same, but no work was done until 1842, when Edward
+Ruffin of Virginia confirmed the reports of previous explorers.
+
+First carbonate of lime only was evolved; 20 per cent up to 90 per cent,
+but later from 2 per cent to 9 per cent of phosphate of lime was found by
+Dr. C. W. Sheppard and J. Lawrence Smith, Esq.
+
+During the war, nodules and strata of rock phosphate were found by Dr. N.
+A. Pratt near Ashley River.
+
+It was not until April 14, 1868, that any systematic production of
+phosphate was accomplished in South Carolina, when the first cargo was
+shipped from Charleston and the arrival of same created a veritable
+epidemic of phosphate fever in New York, Boston, Philadelphia and other
+cities.
+
+ANALYSIS.
+
+_Mean of many hundreds of samples._
+
+    [1]Phosphoric acid          from 25.0  per cent to 28.00 per cent
+    [2]Carbon acid              from  2.50 per cent to  5.00 per cent
+    Sulphuric acid              from  0.50 per cent to  2.00 per cent
+    Lime                        from 35.00 per cent to 42.   per cent
+    Magnesia                  traces
+    Aluminum                  traces
+    Sesqui oxide of iron                       1.00 to  4.00 per cent
+    Fluoride                                   1.00 to  2.00 per cent
+    Sand and silica                            4.00 to 12.00 per cent
+    Organic matter and water.
+
+[1] Equivalent to 55 to 61 per cent tribasic phosphate of lime.
+
+[2] Equivalent to 5 to 11 per cent carbonate of lime.
+
+In 8 per cent there was shipped from
+
+    Florida                250,000 tons
+    North Carolina         150,000 tons
+    South Carolina         200,000 tons
+    Alabama                125,000 tons
+    Virginia               150,000 tons
+    Mississippi             50,000 tons
+    Louisiana               25,000 tons
+    Tennessee               25,000 tons
+                           -------
+                           975,000 tons
+
+In Ontario there exists one area of from seventy-five to one hundred
+square miles, and another from fifteen to twenty-five miles wide, and 100
+miles long of commercial phosphate.
+
+It is found in many other places, but not proven.
+
+Here it occurs in flint and has been worked by farmers in a desultory
+way, costing much and yielding little profit to the operators.
+
+On the Lievre River, two and one-half miles from Highfall and twenty
+miles from Bushman, there was the famous Watt mine, where, from a
+cone-shaped mountain, a vast amount of pure apatite was mined, once
+called “Emerald.” Quite a number of deposits have been worked in Canada,
+but not any with great profit.
+
+ANALYSIS.
+
+    Phosphoric acid    40.868
+    Fluoride            3.731
+    Chloride            0.428
+    Carbonic acid       0.105
+    Lime               48.475
+    Calcium             4.168
+    Magnesia            0.158
+    Alumina             0.835
+    Sesqui oxide        0.005
+    Insoluble           1.150
+                      -------
+                      100.823
+
+        Tribasic = 89.219
+
+About the year 1880 a stratum of calcium phosphate was discovered near
+Mount Fairview, Tennessee. At first it was not believed to be of great
+extent, or good quality, but ere long both were abundantly proven, and a
+large quantity of high grade phosphates was mined.
+
+But owing to the rush of producers in every direction, without any system
+or unity of action, the crazy competitors soon glutted the market,
+forcing the price down below cost of production.
+
+Of recent years, a few big operators have gathered in most of the choice
+areas, and by introducing up-to-date methods, etc., have gradually
+brought the production down to a normal basis, and the price up to a
+profitable figure.
+
+The volume of deposit in this region is very great, extending from about
+ten miles south of Mount Pleasant to the line of the Tennessee Central
+Railway and beyond, and a width of over fifty miles.
+
+In and about Mount Pleasant the deposit lies under a very thin
+over-burden, often only the surface soil of ten feet thickness or width,
+a layer of from two to eight feet of white sandstone beneath this, the
+substratum of limestone being near the surface, and of vast thickness.
+Also somewhat uneven or undulating, making depressions of twenty-five
+feet at times, which are in turn filled with the phosphate deposit.
+
+As the topography becomes uneven the plains cease and foothills occur,
+the character of the over-burden changes and that of the phosphate
+likewise.
+
+As an elevation of 600 feet above sea level is reached, and exceeded, the
+over-burden becomes of greater thickness, and chert or flint and some
+limestone and conglomerate overlie the phosphate.
+
+In and about Mount Pleasant the deposit is mixed with sand and is soft
+and easily excavated from the surface, whereas in the higher altitude,
+the same becomes hard as stone and has to be excavated by tunneling under
+the chert, as drift mining is done.
+
+The protection of this latter deposit from atmospheric action and
+percolating waters, both, or with the compression, renders the phosphate
+of higher class. Although the stratum is not so thick as out in the
+valley, it ranges from two to six feet. Two is a fair mean. Quite an
+extensive area of this deposit has been bought or leased by a Cincinnati
+company, which plans to develop same upon an intelligent modern plan and
+gradually upon a large scale.
+
+At Mount Pleasant, Mr. John Ruhm, Jr., a college-bred man of rare
+intellect and great capacity, has devoted many years to a study and
+operation of his phosphate deposits, in the most scientific manner
+possible. He has kept in close touch with the most advanced men of the
+age, such as Prof. Hopkins of the State University of Illinois, who has
+given more time to the study and practice of fertilization than any
+man in the United States. Prof. Hopkins finds it necessary to reduce
+the phosphates to a 100-mesh fineness to enable him to obtain the best
+results, and Mr. Ruhm has for years been experimenting with the grinding
+machinery to discover the best and cheapest for this purpose. Only this
+year, in July, did he discover that the “Hardinge” tube-mill is, in all
+respects, the best machine tested. He got 90 per cent duty from over 200
+tons a day at 100-mesh, and some of this over 200-mesh fineness; 100-mesh
+is possible, grinding the same either wet or dry.
+
+I had the good fortune to witness these July tests and can confirm Mr.
+Ruhm’s claims for his process, which he does not selfishly try to keep,
+but generously gives to all who ask information.
+
+The Tennessee phosphates of commerce are not quite as high grade, and do
+not command as high a price as others, but this is entirely due to the
+careless preparation of same for market. So soon as Mr. Ruhm’s plan is
+followed, the grade will be raised, and price follow to topmost.
+
+ANALYSIS.
+
+    Phosphoric acid             36.33
+    Lime                        52.08
+    Oxide of iron                1.36
+    Aluminum                     1.39
+    Magnesia and carbonic acid   7.17
+    Insoluble                    0.85
+                                -----
+                                99.19
+
+The above represents a mean of about thirty analyses of samples taken
+from over a 10,000 acre area, principally from exposed outcrop, hence a
+test of protected product would give larger percentages.
+
+As the United States Geological Survey has not been extended over the
+area embracing a large part of these phosphate lands, one can only
+conjecture concerning their scope although it is safe to assume it to be
+very great.
+
+I believe this crude treatment of this question will suffice to suggest
+two important facts:
+
+First. That we have available in this country an abundant supply of
+phosphates to enable us to replenish the fertility of our soils at a
+reasonable cost.
+
+Second. That this feature should be carefully studied by every farmer in
+the country, and the maximum result obtained from every acre tilled and
+every day’s labor performed.
+
+In addition to the deposits of phosphate in Idaho, Utah and Wyoming,
+which only need equal transportation facilities to introduce their
+product, we must have others, as yet undiscovered, because few laymen,
+and not all engineers, recognize the deposit when found, and it is not
+always discoverable without excavation where it does exist.
+
+“A little farm well tilled” can be made to produce more abundantly, more
+profitably, than one larger and less effectively handled, hence no
+matter how rich and fertile nature may have made your farm, it is hardly
+possible that it may not be improved and reward you abundantly for it.
+
+During the summer of 1911, I had the good fortune to be employed to
+examine an area of phosphate deposit some fifty miles above Mount
+Pleasant in Tennessee, and, in order to better understand the subject,
+first visited Mount Pleasant and vicinity to note conditions, progress,
+etc., hence my data relative to this section is fresh and new.
+
+I know I am justified in asserting that there is a vast field for
+the exploitation of this valuable deposit in this region, with ample
+assurance of the development of a vast area that can be profitably worked.
+
+One thing is certain, nowhere can the deposit be more fully determined,
+and nowhere be more economically worked, hence this region should become
+the most productive of any ere long.
+
+Over an extensive area there is spread out a layer or blanket of this
+phosphate rock, lying under a huge mass of chert or flint rock and
+resting on a bed of shale or slate, which in turn rests upon a vast bed
+of limestone several hundred feet deep.
+
+The phosphate seam is from six inches to four feet in thickness and lies
+about 600 feet above sea level and about 150 feet above the valleys that
+cut through it, so that tunnels can readily be run in under the seam at
+any desired place, and the phosphate be stoped out _ad libitum_.
+
+Only a very small portion of the country has been surveyed by the United
+States Geological Survey, hence but little is known of its contents and
+characteristics.
+
+But my investigations prove that a very large area contains this deposit,
+extending for many miles east and west and north and south from Boma on
+the Tennessee Central as a center.
+
+It is therefore quite certain that there is no dearth of this commodity,
+and there is not likely to be for many years to come, as other deposits
+are likely to be discovered as the known ones are exhausted.
+
+Now! the moral of the foregoing: We have available at reasonable cost
+the elements to reënrich our soil. Hence, our farmers should first
+cultivate their minds, that they may be able to discover in what elements
+their soil is defective, or what is wanting, to enable them to get best
+results. A very liberal education should be obtained, if possible, for in
+no walk of life is a greater scope of knowledge required and profitable
+to a farmer. Then, the farmers should unite all over the country to
+endeavor to elevate and ennoble labor and the laborers, which can be done
+only by example, by acts and deeds, not by preaching.
+
+Every honor, reward and benefit of every character should be open to and
+be given the farmer and artisan laborer, and, in the degree that each
+deserves credit for work well done, the reward should follow.
+
+Why not offer prizes for workers? Why not fill all of our executive and
+administrative government bodies with the best farmers, business men,
+carpenters, etc., instead of lawyers? Just think of it. Everyone knows
+lawyers are proverbially poor business men. Yet our Nation, states,
+counties and cities all are governed principally by men who privately are
+considered as inferior business men.
+
+By compelling the lawyers by some labor, some successful work, to first
+prove their business ability and capacity, and making labor—work—the
+honest, real basis for the elevation of men and women to places of trust
+and profit, and by this course only can labor be exalted and every child
+in the land be led to look with pride and pleasure upon the laborers, who
+are the true bone and sinew of the world.
+
+Preaching that “labor is ennobling,” then bestowing honor and benefits
+upon those who never have cheerfully done a day’s hard work will not
+exalt the laborer.
+
+Let us get back to the farm and honor the farmer, that our days may be
+long in the land that the Lord has given us, and let the laborer be truly
+ennobled.
+
+If farmers “were the founders of civilization,” as Mr. Webster states,
+then are they also the main pillars supporting the same, and should be
+looked up to, be honored and rewarded as such. And far above any lawyer,
+merchant or millionaire, we can trust our workingmen and women. Let us
+try it at once, one and all of us.
+
+
+ADDRESS.
+
+BY E. G. GRIGGS, _President of the National Lumbermen’s Manufacturing
+Association_
+
+It was my pleasure to attend the Second Annual Conservation Congress
+a year ago in St. Paul. That I am here today representing a lumber
+producing delegation would intimate that my interest in these proceedings
+is at least perennial. I deplored the introduction of politics and
+regretted the delay in publication of the excellent reports submitted
+with leave to print at the Congress. Just recently I have read the many
+excellent technical reports, the discussion of which I deemed of more
+importance to the upbuilding of the conservation movement than the
+political outbursts that rankle in our breasts and tend to array class
+against class. Conservation is education, and we all have something to
+learn. The experience of the older and great states of this Union should
+profit the younger and perhaps greater.
+
+As a lumberman, conservation to me is not a theory. It is the proper
+utilization of a great heritage and the elimination of waste in the
+process of manufacturing and logging. What theory is more vital
+commercially to the lumberman than that? The establishment of values will
+determine to what extent conservation will be practiced and reforestation
+followed. When men devoted to the general welfare of these United States
+are giving liberally of their time and money and energy to protect the
+vast resources of this country from wasteful extravagance, I feel it is
+little enough to expect those who are actively engaged in commercial
+enterprises to second their efforts.
+
+The importance of sane laws and wise legislation must be apparent to all
+of us. Unless the business interests of the country heed the call and
+guide the effort, an outraged public will some day awaken to its lost
+opportunities.
+
+As an official of the National Lumber Manufacturers’ Association, I feel
+that we, as lumbermen, are vitally interested in the proceedings of this
+Congress. I come to you from a state that stands in the front rank as a
+lumber producer—a citizenship interested from its lowliest to its highest
+in the proper utilization of its wonderful forest growth. It is true
+that there is a divergence of opinion among some of our Washington state
+officials as to state and federal control—but to me, the important issue
+seems a national one. The value of our timber resources is determined
+altogether by the demand existing outside our own states. If conservation
+depends on values, then I say the price you in the Middle West must pay
+for lumber has a great deal to do with reforestation and utilization
+of our raw product. It is therefore entirely a national issue, and the
+question of supply and demand, that inexorable commercial law, concerns
+us all.
+
+I am a strong believer in the knowledge of conditions and in the benefits
+of coöperation. The final outcome of the reciprocity pact, conceived, as
+it was, in secret, emphasizes the fact that our Canadian brethren intend
+to adopt a conservative policy of their own. As a lumberman, I have never
+agreed with our honored President in the belief that the trade was a
+good one for us. To a man not concerned in politics, it seemed that our
+Canadian traders out-traded the Yankee. Why the argument for a permanent
+tariff commission, non-partisan and thoroughly competent, should apply
+on wool, cotton, steel and not on lumber, hardly appeals to me. Now that
+we know where we stand, is it not high time the tariff issues be studied
+as in foreign countries, particularly Germany, by a body of experts
+permanently engaged, that Congress hear and discuss officially its report
+and that facts be placed before the people? I am democratic enough to
+still believe in the great American people.
+
+No industry not unduly protected need fear the light or a business
+upheaval. Today a presidential year causes stagnation in business, either
+assumed or real. Our country never will settle the tariff issue right
+until business integrity governs. The revelation in accumulated wealth
+and control of millions can only be justified if our country prospers.
+Neither should the people be taxed to accumulate swollen fortunes. The
+prices at which the same commodities are sold to the people of different
+nations ought to determine the tariff issue. America is for Americans;
+let us develop our latent resources, not squander our heritage with
+prodigality. Golden opportunities or luxurious surroundings do not
+warrant idleness, but rather a higher sense of individual and national
+responsibilities. To get the best out of that which we have should
+concern us all.
+
+Our taxation problems, the methods which have prevailed so long, do not
+encourage timber holding. Lumbermen have one crop and yearly taxes, while
+the farmer has yearly taxes and annual crops. A timber investment of
+$5,000, say at $1.50 per thousand, with taxes and interest compounded, in
+twenty years will equal $7.50 per thousand, allowing no profit at all,
+nor considering the fire risk. In President Taft’s address a year ago,
+he says that “States must legislate to protect their individual holdings
+from waste and private greed.” Had the Reciprocity Agreement become a
+law, the Nation would have been responsible for an increased competition
+and uncalled for development of timber resources in no way beneficial to
+the United States, except those speculators who have invested in British
+Columbia timber. The development of Canadian timber holdings will not
+save our trees as long as growing trees are taxed, capital invested
+and timber is sold on time contracts. The more competition, the more
+will be left in the woods, as only in the higher grades will there be
+profit. Lumber is constantly rising in value because of its increasing
+inaccessibility and the distance it has to travel to market.
+
+Why deprive our great lumber producing states of the great purchasing
+power resulting from the manufacture of this resource? Over
+three-quarters of the cost at the mill of one thousand feet of lumber
+represents pay roll, and to the Western states this means outside
+capital. Of the money received for 1,000 feet of 2×4’s delivered on a
+fifty-cent rate of freight today, the railroad takes $13.00 freight
+money, leaving $7.00 to pay for logging, manufacturing, selling and
+stumpage. What your retailers charge I do not know. As manufacturers,
+we have no trust controlled product and do not control the price to the
+consumer. Suffice it to say that there is little or no margin in the
+price of common lumber today to the manufacturer. A comparison of the
+selling prices at home and abroad, with due regard for grades furnished,
+should determine the existence of a lumber trust, and the same reasoning
+applies conversely to steel and other industries. Harassed as the
+industry has been by government proceedings and investigation of alleged
+trust and monopoly, we feel that a great injustice is being done that
+should be righted. If the marketing through retailers is not legal, I
+predict a commercial upheaval is due in all lines of industry.
+
+Reforestation will come when it is profitable—when the land is more
+suitable to grow trees on than to sow annual crops or build cities.
+The methods followed in the East will not apply to the South and West.
+The character of the timber must be studied to determine how it can be
+profitably handled. Its proximity to market, and the rail and water
+haul are to be considered. This was emphasized in the Congress last
+year and is more apparent today, as the completion of the Panama Canal
+approaches. It was stated that adequate and economical transportation
+facilities are viewed among the means of conservation, and realizing that
+the growth of the country has exceeded its transportation facilities,
+I trust a comprehensive resolution will be adopted by this Congress
+regarding the Panama Canal tolls. With our coastwise shipping laws and
+regulations governing shipments from one American port to another, the
+benefits of this canal will be seriously menaced unless Congress acts
+intelligently in the matter, and with due regard to the development of
+our country. If we are to have tariff revision or free trade, let us at
+least be consistent and give to our own manufacturers access to ships on
+a competitive basis.
+
+In my judgment, it will not do to merely resolute and spread high
+sounding, well-meaning platitudes on the records; we should organize
+to actively acquaint our citizenship throughout the states with the
+prevailing conditions and the benefits to be derived through experience
+of others and knowledge of conditions. Educate the people, and a great
+public sentiment will demand improved conditions. The efforts of
+conservationists are often misjudged because considered impractical. I
+say eliminate the visionary and theoretical, get down to the practical
+and immediate remedies. We will have a movement so widespread and
+effective that the Nation will rejoice and problems undreamed of now will
+be solved by an enlightened, unprejudiced public.
+
+We should encourage men and money in the development of our resources,
+but by wise supervision control their operations. This government is
+bigger than any of its component parts, and not only have railroads and
+corporations felt its guiding hand to their betterment, but the court of
+final resort must always and forever be the people of this, our native
+land.
+
+Let us strive for the highest type of citizenship which demands the best
+that is in us, and we will play our part in the ascendency of the star of
+the greatest of empires—the American Republic.
+
+
+INCREASING THE YIELD BY PROPER CULTIVATION OF THE SOIL
+
+BY A. M. TEN EYCK, _Professor of Farm Management Kansas State
+Agricultural College and Superintendent Fort Hays Branch Experiment
+Station._
+
+How to increase the acre yield of staple crops is the important problem
+which the American farmer must solve in order that the world may not
+go hungry, and also that his own prosperity may continue. The average
+crop yields in this country are too low. It is possible to double our
+acre-yields of staple crops by adopting better farming methods.
+
+There are three principal factors which have to do with increasing crop
+yields: (1) increasing the productive power of the land by fertilizing
+the soil; (2) planting seed of high-bred and better producing varieties;
+(3) practicing proper and more thorough cultivation of the soil.
+
+The work in testing varieties and breeding crops at the Kansas Experiment
+Station has shown that it is possible to increase the average yield of
+the standard crops in this state twenty-five per cent by the single
+factor of introducing and planting pure seed of well-bred and high
+producing varieties. To illustrate,[3] one of the improved varieties
+of winter wheat grown on the Kansas Agricultural College farm actually
+produced twelve and one-half bushels more grain per acre each year,
+or a net profit of nearly $7.00 per acre per annum, as an average for
+three years, above that produced by common scrub wheat of the same type.
+Farmers all over the state who have planted this improved wheat have
+reported similar results, the increase in yield from the well-bred wheat
+being often much larger than the differences secured at the station.
+It is hard to believe that one variety of wheat, improved by breeding
+and selection, will outyield another strain of the same variety, which
+has not been improved, as much as fifty per cent; but a large number of
+reports from reliable Kansas farmers indicate that this has occurred,
+when the two strains of wheat were grown in the same field side by side.
+
+[3] See Kansas Experiment Station Bulletin 144.
+
+Corn is more susceptible to soil and climatic changes than wheat, so that
+the well-bred seed does not always give the best results from the first
+year’s planting; but breeding will tell in the corn crop, as shown by
+experiments at the Kansas Station,[4] in which the high-yielding row,
+seed has produced from ten to twenty per cent larger yields per acre, and
+twenty-five to thirty-five per cent more good seed ears than the average
+corn from which the improved strain was originated.
+
+[4] See Bulletin 147.
+
+The possibilities along this line of increasing the yield of corn by the
+planting of better seed are shown by the reports which have been received
+from Kansas farmers, reporting sixty and eighty-bushel yields where the
+average for the county was twenty or thirty bushels.
+
+The soil of our western states is abundantly fertile; but mismanagement
+and continuous cropping with corn and wheat have reduced its productive
+power. It is possible by the proper use of barnyard manure to double
+the yield of corn and increase the yield of wheat thirty-three per
+cent, as shown by the results of the experiments at the Station. A
+single experiment in manuring wheat land previous to planting to alfalfa
+increased the wheat yield thirty-three per cent, and doubled the crops of
+alfalfa for the first two years after seeding, making a total increase in
+the returns per acre of nearly $45.00 for the three years, or $15.00 net
+increase per annum.[5]
+
+[5] See Kansas Experiment Bulletin 155.
+
+It is possible by a proper rotation of crops, including alfalfa, clover
+and grasses, to double the productive capacity of thousands of acres of
+our western corn and wheat lands. This is shown by the experiments at
+the Kansas Station and by the reports of farmers. In 1906, a careful
+investigation of the corn yields of Jewell County, Kansas, made by Hon.
+J. W. Berry, formerly a member of the board of regents of the Kansas
+State Agricultural College, showed that the average yield from land
+previously in alfalfa was over eighty bushels per acre, while similar
+land on the same farm and adjoining farms, which had not been in alfalfa,
+yielded less than sixty bushels per acre on the average, and the average
+yield of corn in Jewell County for that year was less than thirty bushels
+per acre.
+
+It has been shown by the experiments carried on for the last six years
+at the Station that it is possible to increase the yield of corn ten per
+cent simply by practicing better methods of preparing the seed-bed. When
+corn has been planted with the lister, winter or early spring plowing or
+listing of the ground previous to the planting has given an increase in
+crop as an average for six years, amounting to six bushels of corn per
+acre each year, as compared with ground which received no cultivation
+previous to planting.
+
+Different methods of cultivation of corn, deep or shallow, etc., have
+not affected the yield so much as different methods of preparing the
+seed-bed, except where the cultivation of the corn was neglected. The
+lack of sufficient cultivation means greatly reduced yields or crop
+failure.
+
+It is possible to increase the wheat yield of Kansas fifty per cent by
+practicing better methods of seed-bed preparation. As an average for
+two years’ trials, 1908 and 1909, at the Station the yield of wheat due
+to preparation of seed-bed alone varied from 21.6 to 37.4 bushels per
+acre, an increase of seventy-three per cent in yield due to the better
+preparation of the seed-bed.[6]
+
+[6] See Kansas Experiment Station Circular, 2.
+
+In 1911, one of the driest years which Kansas has ever experienced, this
+experiment was repeated with remarkable results. The most poorly prepared
+seed-bed (ground disked, not plowed) yielded a little over four bushels
+of wheat per acre, while the largest yield was thirty-eight bushels per
+acre from early deep plowing, which received frequent cultivation after
+plowing until seeding time. Ordinary loose ground, plowed late, yielded
+fourteen bushels per acre, while ground cultivated early with the lister
+plow and leveled with the disk harrow gave thirty-five bushels per acre.
+The better methods of seed-bed preparation employed in these experiments
+are such as may be successfully practiced throughout the Western winter
+wheat belt.
+
+Of the three factors concerned with increasing the acre-yields, the last
+named, “Practicing Proper and More Thorough Cultivation of the Soil,”
+is the simplest and most readily applied. Probably more low yields and
+crop failures are due to insufficient or improper cultivation than to any
+other single factor over which the farmer has control in the production
+of any particular crop. With a soil of average fertility, the preparation
+of the seed-bed by the proper tillage and cultivation methods very
+largely determines the yield of the crop.
+
+There are four important objects to be accomplished by cultivating the
+soil: 1. To secure a proper physical condition of the soil favorable
+to sprouting seed and promoting plant growth. 2. To kill weeds. 3. To
+conserve soil moisture. 4. To develop or prepare plant food.
+
+The texture of the soil is nearly always more important than mere
+richness. Many “worn” lands have simply been robbed of their organic
+matter, often still containing an abundant supply of the mineral
+elements of plant food. Others have been injured in texture and hence in
+productiveness by careless or faulty management.
+
+The maintenance and improvement of soil texture are more dependent upon
+plowing than upon any other operation of tillage. A finely divided,
+mellow soil is more productive than a hard lumpy one of the same chemical
+composition, because it affords greater feeding ground and more favorable
+environment for the plant roots; absorbs and retains more moisture, has
+better aeration, and less variable extremes of temperature. Also, because
+it promotes nitrification and the development of available plant food by
+giving favorable conditions for the development of soil bacteria, and for
+the decomposition and solution of the soil minerals. In all these ways
+and others, “mellowness” renders plant food more available and affords a
+more congenial, comfortable place in which the plants may grow.
+
+Plowing, especially in the spring, tends to ventilate, warm and dry the
+seed-bed, and if properly done, lessens evaporation from the deeper soil
+by the development of a soil mulch above it.
+
+Deep plowing brings up new stores of inert plant food, enlarges the
+moisture reservoir, deepens the seed-bed, gives more root room and more
+material for the soil bacteria to work over into available plant food.
+Deep plowing or subsoiling also serves to break up the plant food, to
+break up the “furrow-sole” or “hard-pan,” thus loosening up compact,
+impervious, clayey subsoils.
+
+Plowing is an efficient means of destroying weeds and many kinds of
+injurious insects which prey on farm crops. Hard, clayey or “gumbo” soils
+are mellowed by late fall or winter plowing, and further, proper and
+timely plowing is the most efficient and practical means of preparing a
+suitable seed-bed for nearly all farm crops. Too many farmers who have
+allowed their land to become deficient in fertility seek to restore its
+productivity by application of expensive commercial fertilizers, without
+first putting it in good tilth. This is a great mistake. The way to treat
+such land is to “plow” it well, and work up a physical condition suitable
+for the best growth of crops. After all this is done, the application of
+concentrated commercial fertilizers may give profitable returns.
+
+In order to secure the ideal condition for seed germination and plant
+growth, a seed-bed for planting small seeds should not be too deep and
+loose; rather the soil should be mellow, but well pulverized only about
+as deep as the seed is planted. Below the depth at which the seed is
+planted it should be firm and well settled, making a good connection with
+the subsoil, so that the water stored therein may be drawn up into the
+surface.
+
+The firm soil below the seed, well connected with the subsoil, supplies
+the moisture to the seed, while the mellow soil above it allows
+sufficient circulation of air to supply oxygen and favors warming by
+gathering the heat of the sunshine during the day and acting as a blanket
+to conserve the soil heat, maintaining a more uniform temperature during
+the night.
+
+The mellow soil above the seed conserves the moisture, acting as a mulch
+to keep the water from reaching the surface, where it would be rapidly
+lost by evaporation. The same condition favors the upward growth of the
+young shoots into the air and sunshine.
+
+The loose, deep seed-bed is almost wholly dependent upon rains for
+sufficient moisture to germinate the seed and start the young plant.
+If the crop starts, it is very apt to be injured by short periods of
+dry weather, because of the rapid drying out of the loose surface soil.
+In such a seed-bed the crop is more apt to “burn out” in the summer,
+or “freeze out” in winter, than a crop grown in the “ideal” seed-bed
+described above.
+
+It should not be inferred from this description of the “ideal” seed-bed
+that the soil should not be plowed deeply; rather, deep plowing should
+be encouraged, but timely, so that the soil may settle and fill with
+moisture, and such cultivation should be given after plowing, so as to
+secure a favorable physical condition of the seed-bed.
+
+So far as cultivation is concerned there are three principal steps in the
+conservation of soil moisture:
+
+1. The soil must be loosened to a considerable depth in order to prepare
+a reservoir to receive the rain and carry the water downward. This may be
+accomplished by deep plowing, by listing, or by disking unplowed lands.
+
+2. The water which is carried down into the subsoil must be brought
+back again into the surface where the seed is germinating and the young
+roots are growing, and to accomplish this a good connection must be made
+between the furrow-slice and the subsoil, and this is the purpose in the
+use of the subsurface packer immediately after plowing.
+
+3. Finally, in order that the water which is drawn up again towards the
+surface may not reach the air and be wasted by evaporation, the upper two
+or three inches of the soil must be kept mellow in the form of a soil
+mulch, and this is accomplished in the growing of crops, by frequent
+cultivation, which is not so practicable with wheat, and other small
+grains, as with corn and other intertilled crops.
+
+The most important step in soil moisture conservation is to get the water
+into the soil. When this has been accomplished, the keeping it there
+and returning it gradually to the growing crop is a relatively simple
+matter. Many farmers have yet failed to learn this most important fact
+of dry farming, that the storing of the moisture is the first and great
+principle of soil moisture conservation. The firming and pulverizing to
+prepare the seed-bed, and the surface cultivation to maintain the mulch,
+are each without avail unless there has been stored in the deeper soil
+a sufficient amount of moisture to support the growing crop in time of
+drouth.
+
+Now the moisture should be stored at all times during the season, but
+especially during the interval between harvest and planting. This
+requires early plowing so that the soil may be in condition to catch the
+rain and absorb it.
+
+In order that there may be room to receive and store a heavy rain, deep
+plowing is desirable. If plowing can not be done early, the cultivation
+of the unplowed land with a disk harrow will keep the soil in good
+condition longer and favors the absorption of rain.
+
+A good rule, but it cannot always be followed, is to plow when the soil
+is in such condition that it will drop from the mold-board in a mellow,
+friable condition.
+
+Loosening the soil by deep plowing favors the absorption of moisture,
+but if rains do not come in time such land will suffer from drought more
+quickly than though it had been plowed shallow.
+
+The loose soil dries out and capillarity is broken, preventing the
+furrow-slice from receiving moisture from the subsoil rapidly enough
+to sustain the growing crop. The depth and frequency of plowing should
+vary according to the nature of the soil. A light or sandy soil requires
+less depth of plowing and less frequent plowing than a heavy, or compact
+clayey or “gumbo” soil.
+
+As a general proposition, plowing should be shallow when it precedes
+planting only a short time.
+
+Plow deep in the fall, and plow deep for summer fallow.
+
+A long interval between plowing and seeding allows the soil to settle
+sufficiently, while freezing and thawing mellow the raw, hard subsoil
+which has been brought to the surface.
+
+The relative depths of plowing may be stated as follows:
+
+    Shallow plowing    3 to 4 inches.
+    Medium plowing     5 to 6 inches.
+    Deep plowing       7 to 8 inches.
+
+Plowing deeper than eight inches with the common plow is not usually
+practicable, but the soil may be stirred twelve to eighteen inches deep
+with a tillage plow or subsoil plow, and in heavy soil with hard, compact
+subsoil, such deep stirring may occasionally be desirable.
+
+When land is allowed to lie for a considerable period after plowing
+before the crop is planted, the settling of the soil, together with the
+surface cultivation to preserve the mulch and the cementing due to rain,
+usually causes it to repack and firm up to a sufficient extent to make a
+good seed-bed.
+
+The use of the packer is most essential on late spring plowing, when the
+purpose is to plant at once. It is not so necessary to use the subsurface
+packer on fall plowing which is not intended to be planted until the
+following spring, but for sowing fall wheat, if the plowing precedes the
+sowing by a very short interval, the subsurface packer may be used very
+advantageously.
+
+The principle involved in the use of the subsurface packer is correct,
+and the lighter the soil and the greater its tendency to remain loose and
+mellow the more necessary becomes the use of the subsurface packer or
+similar implement, in order to prepare a proper seed-bed.
+
+In plowing under trash or manure, subsurface packing, by pulverizing the
+bottom of the furrow-slice, sifts the soil through the coarse trash and
+causes a better union with the subsoil below, so that the capillary water
+may be drawn up into the surface, whereas, if a heavy coat of stubble or
+manure plowed under in this way is left without packing or pulverizing,
+the furrow-slice is apt to dry out and the crop that is growing on the
+land may be injured by a short interval of dry weather.
+
+By setting the disks rather straight and weighting the harrow, a
+disc-harrow may be used as a substitute for the subsurface packer,
+resulting in a pulverizing and firming effect at the bottom of the
+furrow-slice. Very often, however, early plowing, with the proper use
+of the common harrow, may largely accomplish the results required in
+preparing a proper seed-bed. It is usually advisable to weight or ride
+the common straight-tooth harrow in order to cause it to stir and
+pulverize the soil deeper and prevent the “slicking” effect which is apt
+to result from light harrowing.
+
+The cultivation necessary, after early plowing, to destroy weeds, in
+the experience of the writer, has usually been sufficient to settle and
+pulverize the seed-bed. For the early cultivation after a good rain and
+after the weeds have started, there is no implement superior to the disk
+harrow. The double disk which gives two cultivations and leaves the
+ground level, being preferred. For late cultivation the common harrow
+or the Acme harrow should be used with the purpose of not loosening the
+ground too deeply just previous to planting or seeding.
+
+It is very essential that sufficient and proper cultivation be given to
+destroy weeds. This is more important than to maintain a soil mulch,
+since weeds exhaust both the soil moisture and the available plant
+food. If a proper mulch is maintained, however, the weeds will be kept
+in subjection. In the ideal system of culture the purpose is to keep a
+mellow soil mulch on the surface of the land all of the time, not only
+during the growing of the crop, but also in the interval between harvest
+and seeding time. Thus, after the corn is planted the land is cultivated
+with the weeder or harrow in order to break the surface crust and
+prevent the loss of moisture, and following out the same principle the
+harrowing or work with the weeder is continued after the grain or corn is
+up, and during the growing period frequent cultivation is required for
+intertilled crops.
+
+Again, after the crop is harvested, the cultivation is continued;
+the land is plowed at once or listed, or the surface of the soil is
+loosened with the disk harrow, and thus the land is kept continually
+in a condition to not only prevent the loss of water already stored in
+the soil, but also this same condition and mellow surface favors the
+absorption of rain and largely prevents the loss of water by surface
+drainage.
+
+The smooth, finely-pulverized surface left by continuous light harrowing
+really defeats the purpose of the cultivation, since soil in such
+condition will shed heavy rains, causing a waste of water which should
+have been stored, and the surface often becomes too fine and compact,
+preventing the proper aeration, and producing an unfavorable seed-bed
+condition. Thus during the interval between crops, it is often advisable
+to use the Acme harrow or the disk, or spring-tooth harrow, in order to
+keep the surface of the soil open and mellow.
+
+A new method for preparing the seed-bed is now coming into general
+practice in Western Kansas. In preparing land for wheat, the plan is to
+list the ground with the ordinary corn lister as soon after harvest as
+possible. The lister furrows are run about three to three and a half feet
+apart, very much the same as when the lister is used for planting corn.
+Later, when the weeds have started, the soil is worked back into the
+lister furrows by means of a harrow or disk cultivator.
+
+Several cultivations are usually required by the harrow, and disk harrow,
+in order to level the field and bring it into good seed-bed condition.
+Once over with the disk cultivator is usually considered sufficient,
+the further work necessary to prepare the seed-bed being given with the
+common harrow or other cultivating implement.
+
+In a dry climate this method of preparing the seed-bed has several
+advantages, as follows:
+
+The cultivation of the land soon after harvest tends to conserve the
+moisture already stored in the soil. The furrowed land is in good
+condition to catch and store the rain and the later cultivation clears
+the land of weeds and volunteer wheat and leaves a mellow soil mulch to
+conserve the moisture which has been stored in the subsoil. The early and
+continued cultivation of the soil favors the action of the bacteria and
+the development of available plant food.
+
+By practicing this method the farmer may cultivate a larger area early
+in the season when the soil is in good condition, when if it had been
+necessary to plow the whole area, some of the land might become too dry
+to plow well. Likewise the later plowing leaves the soil too loose and
+not in good seed-bed condition. In preparing land for corn, the listing
+may be done late in the fall or during the winter, or early spring. The
+usual plan being to split the ridges with the lister later in the spring
+when the corn is planted. It is advisable to harrow the listed field
+once or twice before planting to destroy weeds, or prevent soil drifting
+and to preserve a mellow soil mulch to conserve the water which has been
+stored in the subsoil. In preparing land for corn, the early listing has
+proved equal to early plowing and superior to early disking, as shown by
+the experiments at the Kansas Station.
+
+In the drier portions of the great plains area and throughout the
+mountain states, where dry farming is practiced, the annual rainfall is
+not sufficient to produce a crop every year, and it becomes necessary to
+practice a system of summer fallowing every third or fourth season, or
+in alternate years in localities of least rainfall, in order to store
+moisture and develop plant food and thus insure the production of a
+profitable crop each year.
+
+Deep plowing either in the fall or spring, and frequent surface
+cultivation as described above is the method of summer fallowing which
+has given the best results at the Montana, Western Nebraska, and Western
+Kansas Experiment Stations.
+
+The weeder is better adapted for harrowing wheat and other small grains
+than the common harrow, but the harrow may be used when the ground is
+firm. I question whether it is necessary or advisable as a rule to harrow
+wheat if due precautions have been taken in preparing the seed-bed.
+
+Under certain conditions, where heavy rains firm and puddle the soil,
+it may be advisable to harrow, but very young grain may be injured
+by harrowing, and after the wheat covers the ground, harrowing is
+unnecessary. The harrowing of wheat at regular intervals at the Kansas,
+Nebraska and Montana Experiment Stations has not resulted favorably.
+Without question, the proper preparation of seed-bed is a much more
+important factor in the growing of small grains, than the cultivation
+after seeding.
+
+While it is a disputed point among authorities whether it pays to harrow
+wheat and other sowed crops, there is no difference of opinion regarding
+the necessity or value of frequent cultivation of corn and of all other
+crops usually planted in rows. Regarding the depth and frequency of
+cultivation desirable, I favor rather deep cultivation in our drier,
+hotter climate, and after every hard rain, if possible, or at least
+sufficient to keep the weeds in check.
+
+It is not necessary or practicable to attempt to cultivate after every
+rain and there is no virtue in the admonition “Keep the Cultivator going
+in a dry time.” If the soil has been well stirred and the mulch is of
+sufficient depth, to cultivate again would be loss of time and might do
+actual harm by drying out the deeper portions of the soil mulch and also
+causing a too fine and dusty condition of the surface soil, unfavorable
+to the absorption of moisture when the rain comes.
+
+It is not necessary to have extra machinery in order to successfully
+practice the system of culture outlined above. The only implements
+required or recommended which are not in general use on every well
+equipped farm, are the subsurface packer and the weeder.
+
+The principles stated above have been known and practiced more or less
+for a long time and are mostly included in the “Campbell” system of
+culture. H. W. Campbell was among the early apostles of dry farming in
+the West, and has perhaps done more to call the attention of western
+farmers to the necessity and advantages of thorough cultivation of the
+soil than any other investigator.
+
+Scientific farming pays, everywhere. I believe in the practicability of
+thorough tillage and good cultivation on every farm, and the increase in
+crops by such farming will more than pay for the extra labor. But the
+great problem in Western agriculture today is not how to get larger crops
+out of the soil for a few years, but rather how to produce paying crops
+every year and at the same time maintain the fertility and productiveness
+of the land.
+
+Simple tillage will not maintain soil fertility. It becomes necessary
+finally to replace the plant food, exhausted by the continuous growing
+of crops, with the application of manure, or chemical fertilizers, and
+by green manuring and the rotation of crops, in which the legume crops,
+such as alfalfa and clover are introduced in order to restore again the
+nitrogen and organic matter, the supply of which has only become more
+rapidly reduced because of intensive cultivation.
+
+There is little question regarding the value and even the necessity of
+the summer fallow in the drier areas of the West. The tests at a number
+of Western stations and the general experience of farmers prove this; yet
+there are serious objections to the continued practice of bare summer
+fallowing.
+
+First, there is the tendency for the soil to waste by drifting in strong
+winds and by washing away in heavy rains.
+
+Second, summer fallowing with frequent cultivation hastens nitrification
+and decay, thus more rapidly exhausting the organic matter in the soil.
+
+It is possible for the soil to become more rapidly exhausted in fertility
+by alternate bare summer fallowing and cropping than by continuous
+cropping. At least the bare summer fallow does not add any fertility to
+the soil. In order to maintain the productivity of our Western lands, it
+will become necessary to add fertility to the soil preferably during the
+year of fallowing.
+
+I am beginning the practice of a method of green manuring and partial
+summer fallowing, which I believe to be superior to bare summer fallowing
+and which will largely overcome the objections to summer fallowing.
+
+The plan is to plant some fall crop or early spring crop and plow it
+under late in May or early in June, practicing a summer fallow with
+surface cultivation for the rest of the season, until seeding time.
+
+Certain crops adapted to the West are being tested for this purpose with
+some degree of success. The more promising are sweet clover and sand
+vetch for fall seeding and field peas for early spring seeding. These
+crops are hardy, rapid growers, and somewhat drouth resistant and may
+be used also in part for pasture, thus giving some return other than
+their fertilizing value. Some experiments have already been made at the
+Hays Station in Western Kansas and the yields of wheat secured from the
+green-manuring summer fallow compare favorably with the yields from
+the bare summer fallow. And in my judgment, this method of fallowing
+will soon be generally adopted and will solve the problem for a long
+time at least, of increasing the organic matter and maintaining the
+productiveness of our western lands.
+
+This method of green manuring and rotation of crops will largely prevent
+soil drifting, the control of which is a very serious problem in western
+agriculture. Our experience at the Station at Hays has demonstrated
+also that large areas in wheat may be protected and largely prevented
+from being injured by the drifting of soil within the field itself.
+The spreading of straw or coarse manure and packing the straw into the
+soil with the subsurface packer was the most effective means employed
+for protecting the fields from injury by winds last spring (1911). The
+subsurface packing alone helped to prevent the starting of the drifting
+soil within the field, but was not very effective in preventing the soil
+from adjacent fields from sweeping over the wheat field, but the straw
+covered area actually stopped the drifting soil, causing it to lodge, and
+thus protected the field beyond the straw barrier.
+
+It is quite as necessary, however, to prevent the drifting of adjacent
+fields, as to protect the wheat field itself. This may be done by early
+listing or disking of the fall plowed fields and corn or kaffir stubble
+fields which are almost sure to drift in a violent wind, when the soil
+is very dry at the surface. Disking or other surface cultivation will
+prevent drifting of soil for a time, until the looser portion dries out,
+then the soil can only be held by deeper cultivation as by listing or
+plowing. For putting the surface in the best condition to resist wind
+force a long time, I prefer to break the ground with a lister, forming
+deeper furrows and higher ridges than may be prepared with the disk or
+cultivator.
+
+During the season of 1911, which has been extremely dry and hot, the
+wheat on summer fallow at the Station at Hays made a larger growth and
+a much better showing in the early part of the season than other wheat,
+but before the crop matured the conditions of drouth and heat became so
+severe that the wheat was greatly injured, and the summer fallow produced
+a little larger yield but a poorer quality of grain than was secured from
+other land not summer fallowed.
+
+The yields compare approximately as follows: Summer fallowed, five
+bushels per acre. Not summer fallowed, two bushels per acre. In other
+localities in Western Kansas where the rain was greater and the condition
+less severe, the summer fallow made a better showing.
+
+It was also true last season, at the Western Kansas Station, that the
+extra cultivation in preparing the seed-bed was without beneficial
+effect, in producing a larger yield of wheat. However, in ordinary
+seasons the reverse has usually been true; summer fallow has given
+much larger yields than continuous cropping, and early plowing and
+extra cultivation have usually given a marked increase in yield in the
+comparative tests which have been carried on at the Experiment Stations,
+both at Manhattan in Eastern Kansas and also at Hays in the western third
+of the state. At the Manhattan Station the careful preparation of the
+seed-bed was very effective in increasing the yield of wheat in 1911,
+even doubling and trebling the crop. The results of much of this work are
+summarized in the succeeding pages.
+
+Three general methods of tillage for preparing the land for winter wheat
+are practiced in this state, namely: plowing, listing and disking. There
+may be variations of these three methods; as early plowing, shallow
+plowing, deep plowing, single listing, double listing, disking without
+plowing, disking before plowing, little cultivation after plowing,
+frequent cultivation after plowing, etc., and local conditions may
+determine which method is the best. That certain methods are superior
+to others may be readily shown by comparative trials which have been
+carried on at the Kansas Station during the past two years. These
+experiments include the several general methods of tillage named above
+with variations as described in Table I, which gives the yield of wheat
+per acre and other data determined by those experiments. This work was
+done at the State Experiment Station at Manhattan, located in the middle
+eastern part of the state.
+
+TABLE I.—METHODS OF PREPARING SEED-BED FOR WHEAT.[7]
+
+  -----------------------------------+------------------------------+
+                                     |    Yield per Acre, Bushels.  |
+                                     |                              |
+                                     +------+------+-------+--------+
+        Methods of Preparation.      | 1907-| 1908-| 1910- |Average |
+                                     | 1908.| 1909.| 1911. |  for   |
+                                     |      |      |       | Three  |
+                                     |      |      |       | Years. |
+  -----------------------------------+------+------+-------+--------+
+  Plowed Aug. 15, 7 inches deep      | 34.74| 40.12|  27.74| 34.20  |
+  Plowed July 15, 7 inches deep      | 28.84| 35.02|  38.36| 34.07  |
+  Plowed Aug. 15, 7 inches deep;     |      |      |       |        |
+    not worked until Sept. 15        | 30.53| 38.12|  23.62| 30.76  |
+  Listed July 15, 7 inches deep;     |      |      |       |        |
+    ridges split Aug. 15             | 28.67| 31.33|  34.35| 29.78  |
+  Listed July 15, 7 inches deep;     |      |      |       |        |
+    ridges harrowed                  | 20.02| 32.17|  35.07| 29.09  |
+  Plowed July 15, 3 inches deep      |   —  |   —  |  33.45|    —   |
+  Disked July 15, plowed Aug. 15,    |      |      |       |        |
+    7 inches deep                    |   —  |   —  |  32.68|    —   |
+  Disked July 15, plowed Sept. 15,   |      |      |       |        |
+    7 inches deep                    | 20.11| 30.56|  23.57| 24.75  |
+  Plowed Sept. 15, 3 inches deep     | 21.19| 30.76|  14.46| 22.14  |
+  Plowed Sept. 15, 7 inches deep     | 19.59| 27.98|  15.79| 21.12  |
+  Disked at intervals until seeding; |      |      |       |        |
+    not plowed                       | 14.95| 28.24|4.29[8]|  15.83 |
+  -----------------------------------+------+------+-------+--------+
+
+  -----------------------------------+----------------------------------
+                                     |          Data for 1919-11
+                                     |              Crop Only.
+                                     +------------+--------+------------
+        Methods of Preparation.      | Cost per   |Value of| Value of
+                                     | Acre for   | Crop at| Crop Less
+                                     |Preparation.| $0.80  |  Cost of
+                                     |            | per bu.|Preparation.
+  -----------------------------------+------------+--------+------------
+  Plowed Aug. 15, 7 inches deep      |   $3.90    | $22.19 |   $18.29
+  Plowed July 15, 7 inches deep      |    4.95    |  30.69 |    25.74
+  Plowed Aug. 15, 7 inches deep;     |            |        |
+    not worked until Sept. 15        |    3.55    |  18.89 |    15.34
+  Listed July 15, 7 inches deep;     |            |        |
+    ridges split Aug. 15             |    3.75    |  27.48 |    23.73
+  Listed July 15, 7 inches deep;     |            |        |
+    ridges harrowed                  |    3.70    |  28.05 |    24.35
+  Plowed July 15, 3 inches deep      |    4.45    |  26.77 |    22.32
+  Disked July 15, plowed Aug. 15,    |            |        |
+    7 inches deep                    |    4.70    |  26.14 |    21.44
+  Disked July 15, plowed Sept. 15,   |            |        |
+    7 inches deep                    |    4.35    |  18.85 |    14.50
+  Plowed Sept. 15, 3 inches deep     |    3.05    |  11.57 |     8.52
+  Plowed Sept. 15, 7 inches deep     |    3.55    |  12.63 |     9.08
+  Disked at intervals until seeding; |            |        |
+    not plowed                       |    1.95    |   3.42 |     1.47
+  -----------------------------------+------------+--------+------------
+
+[7] See Kansas Experiment Station Circular No. 2 and Bulletin No. 176.
+
+[8] Disked only once just previous to sowing wheat.
+
+Much of it was done by myself or under my direction during eight years of
+service as agronomist at that station.
+
+Observe that the largest yields have been secured, as an average for the
+three years from July and August plowing seven inches deep. The July
+listing has ranked next to early plowing, but yielding on the average
+nearly five bushels less wheat per acre than early plowing, or a decrease
+in yield of 14 per cent. The decrease in yield from listing was less in
+the dry year of 1910-11.
+
+All of the higher yielding plots were cultivated at intervals after
+plowing or listing with the harrow, disk or Acme. Thus the weeds were
+destroyed, the soil was well pulverized and well settled and put into
+excellent seed-bed condition by the first of October, when the wheat was
+planted.
+
+One or two cultivations after August plowing, at an extra cost of
+thirty-five cents to fifty cents per acre, has given an average increase
+in the yield of wheat of three and a half bushels per acre. Land disked
+before plowing, July 15, and plowed August 15, 1910, gave an increase in
+yield of five bushels per acre in 1911.
+
+Deep plowing in July, 1910, gave nearly five bushels more wheat per acre
+in 1911 than shallow plowing. As an average for the several seasons, the
+September shallow plowing has given a little larger yield than the deeper
+plowing.
+
+The beneficial effect of early plowing and of frequent cultivation after
+plowing in preparing the seed-bed for fall wheat was most marked in the
+dry season of 1910-11, when plowing a month later each time decreased the
+yield at the rate of ten and one-half to twelve bushels per acre.
+
+The preparation with the lister has proved to be a little less effective
+than early plowing, but has given better results than early disking
+followed by plowing a month later. Filling the furrows by harrowing,
+versus splitting the lister ridges and leveling with the harrow have
+given about equal results. The second listing is not necessary and
+makes the preparation somewhat more expensive. Preparing the seed-bed
+by listing and harrowing is cheaper than early plowing and frequent
+cultivation. The largest yield and largest net income, however, has been
+secured from early plowing followed by sufficient cultivation to kill
+weeds and maintain a mellow soil mulch.
+
+Preparing the seed-bed by disking has given the lowest yields and least
+income. The disked land has produced on the average each year eighteen
+bushels less wheat per acre than early plowing. That is, the well
+prepared seed-bed has given 114 per cent the greater yield, or more than
+double the yield of the poorly prepared seed-bed, and at very little
+greater cost of preparation.
+
+The next lowest yield was produced by late plowing, a week or two before
+the wheat was planted. The average decrease in yield from September
+plowing compared with July plowing was over twelve bushels per acre per
+annum, or early plowing increased the yield fifty-four per cent. In the
+drier seasons of 1910-11 the difference was greater, the early plowing
+producing more than double the yield received from the late plowing.
+
+“Disking in” wheat in the dry season resulted in an almost complete crop
+failure, giving a small yield of only four bushels per acre; compared
+with thirty-eight bushels per acre produced by deep early plowing. This
+is certainly a marked example of the value of “proper” cultivation in
+preparing the seed-bed for wheat.
+
+The seed-bed for corn should be deeper and more mellow than the seed-bed
+for wheat, and the early cultivation of the corn land previous to
+planting may cause a marked increase in yield, as shown by experiments
+which have been recently completed at the Kansas Station. These
+experiments relate to different methods of tillage which may be practiced
+during the winter or early spring in preparing the seed-bed for corn, and
+include deep and shallow plowing, double disking, and listing, namely,
+plowing land into ridges with a double mold-board plow or lister.
+
+In these experiments corn has usually been planted in listed furrows,
+except that the surface and lister methods of planting have been compared
+each year on the plowed plots. Table II gives the yield of shelled corn
+per acre secured by the continued practice of the methods described, for
+a period of six years. The average yield for three years (1906-08) and
+for six years (1903-08) is also given.
+
+TABLE II.—PREPARATION OF SEED-BED FOR CORN.
+
+  -------------+----------+-----------------------------------+-----+-----
+               |          |     Yield Per Acre in Bushels.    |  Average
+               |  Method  +-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+  3  | 6
+      Early    |    of    |     |     |     |     |     |     |Years|Years
+    Treatment. | Planting.|1903 |1904 |1905 |1906 |1907 |1908 |1906-|1903-
+               |          |     |     |     |     |     |     |1908 |1908
+  -------------+----------+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----
+  Disked twice |Listed    |68.61|55.12|34.74|70.29|41.30|73.60|61.73|57.28
+  Disked twice,|          |     |     |     |     |     |     |     |
+    harrowed   |Listed    |65.18|50.27|41.48|75.34|44.38|78.80|66.17|59.24
+  Listed       |Listed    |     |     |     |     |     |     |     |
+               |  in old  |     |     |     |     |     |     |     |
+               |  furrows |  —  |  —  |44.00|80.10|49.81|70.40|66.77|  —
+  Listed       |Listed    |     |     |     |     |     |     |     |
+               |  breaking|     |     |     |     |     |     |     |
+               |  ridges  |74.28|52.37|40.40|82.29|45.31|74.00|67.20|61.44
+  Untreated    |Listed    |64.14|58.35|38.17|68.61|40.87|72.40|60.63|57.09
+  Plowed       |          |     |     |     |     |     |     |     |
+    shallow    |Listed    |64.26|54.96|40.82|84.23|55.48|76.90|72.20|62.28
+  -------------+----------+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----
+  Average of   |          |66.69|54.21|39.94|76.81|46.19|74.35|65.78|59.47
+    listed     |          |     |     |     |     |     |     |     |
+  -------------+----------+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----
+  Plowed       |Surface   |     |     |     |     |     |     |     |
+    shallow    |  planted |  —  |  —  |42.40|71.90|46.87|68.40|62.39|  —
+  Plowed       |          |     |     |     |     |     |     |     |
+    deep       |          |73.74|70.95|41.66|81.89|51.28|75.40|69.46|65.79
+  -------------+----------+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----
+  Av. of       |          |     |     |     |     |     |     |     |
+    surface    |          |     |     |     |     |     |     |     |
+    planted    |          |73.74|70.95|42.03|76.80|49.08|71.90|65.93|65.79
+  -------------+----------+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----
+
+While the relative yields vary somewhat from year to year, it is very
+clear that the early plowing and early listing have given increased
+yields of corn, ranging from six to twelve bushels per acre for the three
+years, and four to five bushels per acre as an average for six years.
+
+As an average for three years the double disking and harrowing early in
+the spring has given an increased yield of five and one-half bushels of
+corn per acre. It will be observed that in the above comparison all of
+the corn was planted in listed furrows.
+
+Comparing the two methods of planting it appears that the highest yield
+for three years was produced by listing in the early shallow plowed land:
+The average yield for six years, however, was 3.3 bushels per acre in
+favor of the surface method of planting.
+
+The results may be explained by the fact that the seasons of 1904 and
+1905 were very wet, hence there was less necessity of conserving soil
+moisture, and the early cultivation gave little benefit, while the lister
+method of planting was placed at a disadvantage. The method of planting
+corn in listed furrows is adapted to dry climate and warm soil. Corn
+planted in the bottom of a furrow four to six inches deep develops a
+deeper root system than surface planted corn; hence listed corn is not
+readily injured by drouth. The effect on the root system is shown by the
+study of corn roots made at the Station.[9]
+
+[9] See Bulletins 127 and 147.
+
+It is quite evident that the best method of preparing the seed-bed
+for corn and the best method of planting corn will vary for different
+climatic and soil conditions. Yet it is very important that the farmer
+test these methods and determine which is the better for his particular
+conditions, since the method of seed-bed preparation and the method of
+planting may be very important factors in securing large yields.
+
+In the cultivation experiments carried on at the Station during the
+past six years the practice has been to “lay the corn by” with a final
+cultivation about the first of July. In these experiments the plan has
+been to cultivate duplicate plots by four different methods, as follows:
+shallow; deep; deep early and shallow late; shallow early and deep late.
+The shallow cultivation has been performed with the knife or gopher type
+of cultivator, while for the deep cultivation, the six-shovel cultivator
+has been used.
+
+The plan has been not to cultivate excessively deep but only medium deep,
+three to four inches. The depth of the surface cultivation has averaged
+one and one-half to two inches. The corn has usually been cultivated
+four times each season, and the practice has been to cultivate by the
+same method twice in succession those plots in which the method of
+cultivation was changed during the season, that is, certain plots were
+cultivated shallow at the first two cultivations and deep at the last two
+cultivations, and vice versa. The yield of shelled corn each year and the
+average yield for seven years, by the different methods of cultivation,
+are given in Table III.
+
+TABLE III.—CULTIVATION EXPERIMENTS WITH CORN, 1903-1909.
+
+  ----------------+-----------------------------------------+-------------
+                  |     Yield of Corn Per Acre, Bushels.    |   Average
+                  +-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+  3   |  7
+     Method of    |     |     |     |     |     |     |     |years,|years,
+    Cultivating.  |1903 |1904 |1905 |1906 |1907 |1908 |1909 |1907- |1903-
+                  |     |     |     |     |     |     |     |1909  |1909
+  ----------------+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+------+------
+  Shallow,        |51.65|57.51|45.64|56.19|41.21|75.72|35.1 |50.69 |51.86
+    1 to 2 inches |     |     |     |     |     |     |     |      |
+  Shallow, early; |52.96|57.25|49.68|51.67|42.17|87.12|34.7 |54.66 |53.56
+    deep, late    |     |     |     |     |     |     |     |      |
+  Deep,           |50.87|53.98|50.86|50.55|38.73|78.81|33.7 |56.41 |51.07
+    3 to 4 inches |     |     |     |     |     |     |     |      |
+  Deep, early;    |53.66|49.62|49.39|50.09|43.11|76.93|31.3 |50.45 |50.30
+    shallow, late |     |     |     |     |     |     |     |      |
+  Wrong time      |  —  |  —  |  —  |  —  |  —  |79.7 |44.1 |61.9  |
+  Right time      |  —  |  —  |  —  |  —  |  —  |82.9 |51.2 |67.0  |
+  ----------------+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+------+------
+
+The average yield for the seven years favors the shallow-early-deep-late
+cultivation by a little over three bushels per acre per year, when
+compared with the deep-early-shallow-late cultivation, which gave the
+lowest average yield.
+
+The variation in yield by the different methods of cultivation from year
+to year and the nearly uniform average yields for the long period of
+seven years, indicate that the method of cultivation practiced, whether
+shallow or deep, may not make much difference in the yield of the crop,
+provided the cultivation is done well and at the right time.
+
+The factors heretofore described, which have to do with seed germination
+and plant growth, are largely controlled by cultivation. There are,
+perhaps, no exact rules or methods for cultivating corn, but a farmer
+observing the crop and soil conditions, and understanding the principles
+of soil cultivation, may vary the manner and practice of cultivation
+somewhat to suit the conditions and accomplish the objects desired.
+
+It is very important to cultivate corn at the “right” time. An experiment
+which has been carried on for two years in cultivating corn at the
+“right” time and the “wrong” time, has resulted as follows:
+
+Average yield for “wrong” time cultivation, 61.9 bushels per acre.
+Average yield for “right” time cultivation, sixty-seven bushels per acre,
+or six and one-tenth bushels per acre in favor of cultivating the corn at
+the “right” time. The “right” time means soon after the rain, when the
+weeds have started and the soil is just dry enough to cultivate well; the
+wrong time is a week or ten days later, when the weeds have become larger
+and the soil is hard and dry and turns over in clods and lumps. It costs
+more to cultivate corn at the “wrong” time than at the “right” time,
+because of the slower and more difficult work and greater draft of the
+cultivator due to unfavorable soil conditions—and yet the “right” time
+cultivation increased the yield 10 per cent.
+
+It is important also to use the best implements, but doing the work well
+and at the right time is even more important than the type of cultivator
+used. No one type of cultivator can be recommended as superior to others,
+but different kinds of cultivators are useful for different work and for
+different conditions. The corn grower should have more than one kind of
+corn cultivator. I prefer at least two types, one for shallow and one for
+deep cultivation. The knife and shovel cultivators serve their purpose
+well, but the disk cultivator may be used in place of shovels, and is
+especially recommended for use during the early cultivation of listed
+corn.
+
+It is possible, as shown by the work at the Station, for the wheat farmer
+who will practice the best culture methods, to increase his yield of
+winter wheat 50 to 100 per cent by careful and proper preparation of the
+seed-bed, with practically no greater cost for cultivation (See Table I.).
+
+The skillful corn grower may readily increase his corn yields five
+bushels per acre by a little extra cultivation of the corn land early in
+the spring before planting. He may add another five bushels to the crop
+by practicing the correct method of planting, which experience has proved
+to be the most suitable to his soil and climate. And finally, by the
+simple factor of sufficient cultivation of corn at the right time and in
+the right way he may still further increase the yield at the rate of ten
+bushels per acre.
+
+Thus it is possible for the farmer who is not now doing these things
+to add 40 per cent to the average corn yield of his farm by practicing
+improved culture methods. The yield of other crops may be likewise
+increased, but the farmer should bear in mind this fact: that the
+increase in yield by better culture may be secured only by maintaining
+the fertility of the land and planting well-bred seed adapted to the soil
+and climate.
+
+
+THE CHURCH IN THE OPEN COUNTRY.
+
+BY WARREN H. WILSON, _Superintendent of the Department of Church and
+Country Life of the Board of Home Missions of the Presbyterian Church of
+the United States_.
+
+It is my purpose to answer the question, “What is the use of the
+church in the open country?” We have some people who call themselves
+“spiritual,” who do not believe there is any permanent use of a church.
+Their religion consists of an insurance against fire; and as soon as
+they get a policy from an evangelist, they have no more use of a church,
+certainly not of a strong church. I want to speak to you of the church as
+an efficient institution, the builder of rural civilization.
+
+We have other folk who are without land and without ownership of
+productive tools; they are under economic pressure; they are our American
+poor. They think they cannot afford anything that is not a necessity.
+I am here to argue that the church in the open country is a necessity,
+especially to the poor.
+
+We have also some theorists, who believe that all rural institutions
+should be assembled in towns and villages, and that ultimately the
+farmers should reside there, going out every morning to their fields. I
+hope the time will never come when American farmers will so live. And I
+wish to speak to you of the church in the open country as the conserver
+of the soil, of the social life, the family and the school in the country.
+
+The first reason for the existence of the church in the open country is
+the fact that “the soil is holy.” Already we are faced with a depleted
+soil in some of our richest agricultural states. But when the soil
+produces less, the poor will have to pay more for food and for wearing
+apparel. We have been warned that the time will come when the workingman
+cannot any longer wear wool or eat white bread. I have observed in
+the last two years that the clothes which I buy from a tailor who has
+supplied me for seventeen years do not any longer attract the moths. The
+moth turns up his nose at cotton, and cries for wool. The business of the
+farmer and of the sheep raiser is a religious business, because it is
+in the interest of the whole people. Whatever makes for the prosperity
+of the farmer will enrich and dignify all the people. The church is an
+institution essential to good farming, and it should be maintained where
+the farmer lives, out in the open fields.
+
+Religion is a valuation of life. It values some things high, and some
+low, but it is, in the opinion of a recent scholar of repute, a system of
+values. Its highest word is “holy.” The land in which the Hebrews were
+settled was called “the Holy Land,” and nowadays the teachers of modern
+farming are declaring to the young, “The land is holy.” At a recent
+summer school for country ministers a professor lectured upon “the Holy
+Land,” meaning Palestine; and a great agriculturist came also to lecture
+upon the soil of the state in which the school was held, announcing his
+theme as “The Holy Earth.” We are entering a new era in religion, in
+which the values of life will be estimated by their services to the poor.
+In this consecration of the soil to the interest of the whole people the
+church of the open country will have a great place.
+
+I know a minister in Maryland, where the soil has been exhausted by
+generations of peach-culture, and the farmers are turning to other crops
+in order to make a living. There the minister has found that his business
+is to preach scientific agriculture, and his most impressive service has
+been to raise a great crop of potatoes, with a dust mulch, the greatest
+ever raised at that time in that region. He became the leader of those
+farmers in the actual struggle for a livelihood. He helped them set their
+business on a firm footing. He preached as he worked, and his people
+responded accordingly.
+
+The second reason for the maintaining of the church in the open country
+is the fact that it is the best school by which to teach the farmers to
+give of their prosperity to the community and to the common good. Farming
+is an austere occupation. The best farmers are always economically
+austere, which is defined by an economist as “the condition in which men
+produce much and consume little.” The very definition shows that of all
+occupations farming must be the most austere. But the practice of this
+austerity makes the farmer close and often mean. He stints himself and he
+stints everybody else. He refuses to support good roads, and he declines
+to pay for better schools because he is not a spender but a producer.
+
+The church, of all institutions, makes the closest and most intimate
+appeal to the farmer. It is his school of giving. It has an agent living
+in the community, needing to be supported. The salary of the minister,
+and the supplying of his needs, are a constant education in the building
+of community utilities. The schools will be better maintained, the roads
+will be sooner reconstructed, even at greater cost, and the poor will
+be better cared for, where the church exists in the open country; to
+fertilize, with its appeals, the sour soil of the farmers’ austerity,
+with the needed ingredients for benevolence.
+
+The third reason for the church in the open country is the fact that
+the church is a family builder. The rural household, which for three
+generations was the spring of American idealism, has been dissolved, in
+the past twenty years, by speculation. The exploitation of farm lands
+has made so many families nomads, and has retired so many farmers to the
+towns, that there is need of a new era of home building in the country.
+
+The best fitted of all institutions for this service is the church. Her
+work, as she well knows, is with the young. Her membership is always made
+up largely of women, and with them lies the future of the American home
+in the country. The moving force in the exodus from the farm is too often
+the woman. The church will do more to make life worth while for her on
+the farm than all other institutions.
+
+The fourth use of the church in the open country is as a center of the
+concern for the farmer’s income. The church in the country which does
+not sanctify the livelihood of the farmer will not survive. “The most
+successful farmers in America,” says an economist, “are the Mormons,
+the Scotch Presbyterians and the Pennsylvania Dutch.” All these are
+religious farmers, and their churches are their coöperative associations
+for farming. They all idealize country life. They are organized for
+agriculture. But, mark this, in all these country churches—and their
+churches are out in the open—the church has concern for the prosperity of
+its farmers as farmers. The income is the man’s job, and when the church
+would get the men it will care for the income. The Lord Almighty cares
+more for the feeding of the whole people than for any other thing. First
+of all God is the Father of men, and He cares most for their satisfaction
+in material things than for their having books, or for their having any
+of the higher refinements. If the people have not abundance of food and
+warm clothing, all moral and religious values will suffer. Therefore the
+farmer is the Lord’s hired man; and the church’s first business in the
+open country is “to produce the spirit in which the knowledge will be
+used, which will enable the farmer to succeed.”
+
+The transition in economic affairs, through which we are passing, is
+working its effects upon the country churches. For the church is the best
+of all thermometers of the social economy. Many churches in the country
+are being closed. In the South alone, according to the Southern Baptist
+organ, sixteen hundred Baptist and Methodist country churches are closed
+every Sunday of the year. In the state of Illinois, our sociological
+surveys have shown that about seventeen hundred country churches have
+been closed and abandoned. It is the elimination of the unfit. It is
+the realignment of the religious people for greater efficiency, at new
+centers. There is no sign that country people are less religious than
+they were. But there is every indication that the churches are being
+sifted on the principle of efficiency.
+
+The churches are suffering at the farmers’ hands another process, which I
+would like to describe as dehorning. It is like the removal of the horns
+from the heads of dairy cows; and it has the same purpose. Doctrinal
+subjects which divide are being tabooed, and the churches are no longer
+to hook and horn one another, but to live together in peace and produce
+the most of the milk of human kindness, with the greatest economy in the
+fodder of doctrine.
+
+This transition is showing also in the inventing of a new type of church.
+It is appearing all over the land at the same time. I find it in all
+denominations, and it bears the marks of the same spirit everywhere. My
+friend, McNutt, at Plainfield, Illinois, has become the most eminent
+exponent of this new ideal of the pastorate, but he is far from being the
+only man who is so succeeding. He has a unique power of telling of his
+work; but many others, who cannot tell of it, can do as well. His church
+has the heart of the community; and there all the people, especially the
+young, gather for musical culture, for recreation, as well as for worship.
+
+The modern church for the open country will be a community center. It
+will bring all the people together, by serving the needs which are common
+to all. For the community has taken the place once held by the farm
+household, as the circle of the life of country people. Tradition once
+ruled farming, but its place has been taken by science. The farmer can no
+longer teach his son to farm the land, therefore the household cannot
+dominate the country, as once it did. The new ideals of country life are
+community ideals. And the churches which are succeeding in the country
+are community churches.
+
+The community center church cares for the young, for the growing boys and
+girls of the community, and for the farm hands. It is a center for the
+recreative life of the people. Music has its home in that church. Plays
+are presented under its auspices. The holidays of the year are celebrated
+at its instigation. Every needful enterprise that the country community
+requires for its development is fostered by the community church. I have
+known side paths to be made on country roads, in this manner, the whole
+countryside coming together for a “frolic” for the purpose of laying
+out these walks. I have known a country bank to be started in this way.
+There is no limit to the good that can be done in the country, in making
+country life worth while, by a church which has the community spirit.
+
+My friends, worship is the symbol of the community. The church spire out
+in the fields is the center around which the whole locality revolves.
+The common assembly, on Sunday, does more, all over the open spaces of
+this great land, to organize people in neighborhoods, and to cultivate a
+country life ideal, and to make country life worth while, than all other
+institutions combined.
+
+For there is nothing in the high price of farm land to keep the boy and
+girl on the farm. The only way for the conservation of the highest value
+of country life is to secure pastors who will live in the country, and
+churches through which they may build men into communities of farmers,
+contented, devoted to the work of a Divine Providence, and crowning the
+productive labor of the week with worship on the Lord’s Day, in the place
+where the community meets most fitly, in the church of the open country.
+
+
+THE EXTENSION OF THE POSTAL SAVINGS SYSTEM TO OUR SCHOOLS AND ITS VALUE
+TO THE PRESENT AND COMING GENERATION.
+
+BY F. A. FILSON, _President of the Missouri Association of Assistant
+Postmasters_.
+
+Of the three great forward movements which have marked the history of the
+postal service during the past dozen years the inauguration and extension
+of the postal savings system is, we believe, destined to be the greatest
+and most far-reaching in its effects on the general welfare of the great
+mass of our people. Rural delivery, the first of the three great forward
+movements, it is true, has been not only a phenomenal success but has
+been of untold value to all classes of our people and is sure to grow in
+popularity and efficiency as the years go by. And the parcels post, the
+third great movement which we believe is sure to be inaugurated will in
+a measure revolutionize many branches of business, but in the end be of
+untold blessing and value to the masses; and whatever in our country is
+of great and lasting benefit to the masses is sure to be accomplished
+notwithstanding the opposition of wealthy corporations and selfish
+personal interests.
+
+The postal savings system, like all other great forward movements, in its
+infancy met with violent opposition from many classes of our citizens,
+who for selfish reasons or lack of information violently opposed the
+enactment of the necessary legislation for its installation. Many of
+the same arguments which have been worn threadbare in the discussion of
+rural free delivery, parcels post and other progressive measures, were
+again brought into use and vociferously enunciated through the press
+and from the public platform and on the floors of Congress; but after
+mature deliberation and thorough discussion the right prevailed, as
+it generally does, and the necessary bill was enacted by Congress and
+a committee appointed who immediately got busy and laid plans for the
+inauguration of the system and adopted rules and regulations for the
+conduct of the business. Be it said to the everlasting honor and credit
+of this committee and its co-workers that the system evolved is, in the
+judgment of your humble servant, one of the very best, most comprehensive
+and practical of any system of its kind in use throughout the world. In
+fact, it is the product of the experience of all other nations plus the
+practical common sense American ideas of our illustrious chief and his
+co-workers on the committees. While our system is yet in its infancy,
+the phenomenal record it is making and the ease and celerity with which
+the machinery of the same is moving quietly along proves conclusively
+that while it may not be perfect it is founded upon correct principles
+and with a few alterations will become famous throughout the world as
+the American system of postal savings. It is with considerable pride
+that its advocates and promoters can point to the fact that every one
+of the predictions which they made before its inauguration and during
+the long campaign for the enactment of the necessary legislation has
+already been fully and conclusively demonstrated and proven beyond the
+possibility of a reasonable doubt. In fact, many of the bankers and
+those who so violently opposed the inauguration of the system have
+become fully convinced of the fact that it will be no detriment to the
+banking business of the country, but, on the other hand, will be of
+inestimable value in bringing from its hiding place the idle currency of
+the country and placing it in the banks and putting it into circulation.
+Not only has it demonstrated that it does and will do this, but it
+has, in the localities where depositories have been opened, originated
+and is continuing a sentiment favorable to creating and maintaining
+savings funds among many classes of people who have never before given
+the matter as much as a serious thought. The experience of our postal
+savings depository at Cameron is, I presume, about the same as that in
+other localities, namely, that over sixty per cent of our 300 or more
+depositors are men, women and children who never before had a bank
+account of any kind.
+
+From our standpoint we believe that the fact that the system thus induces
+such thrift and frugality will be of untold blessing to the present as
+well as coming generations, and that as a result our nation will become
+richer and greater in the coming years and its people more prosperous,
+contented and happy. While the system inaugurated by the committee in
+charge is complete and comprehensive, yet in the very beginning of our
+experience at Cameron we saw the need of a little further extension
+of the same, and after giving the matter much thought and serious
+consideration we laid plans and have inaugurated in all the schools of
+our city penny savings banks, to be operated in each room of the schools,
+under the direction and charge of the superintendent and teachers. This
+system of penny savings banks in the schools works in connection, and is
+really a part of, our postal savings depository at the post office; and
+while it is an idea of my own, yet I have submitted it to the postmaster
+general and the postal savings system committee, and hope in the near
+future to see it adopted and extended to all the schools throughout the
+country. It is very simple and easily instituted and operated, and we
+believe will be heartily and enthusiastically received by the teachers of
+a majority of the schools throughout the country.
+
+A brief explanation of the system, as we have it in Cameron, I believe
+would be of interest to all postal officials that have to do with the
+postal savings system, and I therefore take pleasure in presenting at
+this time a brief outline of the same, and would be pleased at any time
+to explain the workings more in detail or answer any questions that may
+be propounded.
+
+The extension of the postal savings system to our schools and the
+establishment of the penny savings banks therein is based upon the
+facts that many of our children do not receive as much as ten cents at
+one time for their labor or for their spending money, and that they,
+like many of their elders, find it very difficult and at times almost
+impossible to keep money in their pockets for any given length of time.
+In fact, in many cases it immediately begins to “burn their pocket,”
+and must be spent at once. Hence their pennies and nickels are spent
+before they accumulate the necessary ten cents with which to purchase
+a saving card at the Post Office. Then again, the tendency of our time
+for years has been for the youth of the land to spend all they have or
+get, be it much or little, with great rapidity and absolutely without
+any idea of its value. In the inauguration of penny savings banks in our
+schools we endeavored to impress two valuable admonitions on the minds of
+every pupil: First, that every boy and girl should, as soon as he enters
+school, make it a point to earn a small amount of money each week; and,
+second, that they should make it an invariable rule to save at least
+one-half of all the money earned and given them and place it in a savings
+fund. In giving these two admonitions we made the assertion that if those
+in the primary department would follow these rules and deposit their
+money in the postal savings banks and invest it in government bonds,
+compounding their interest by withdrawing and depositing same, that at
+the age of twenty-five years the larger majority of them would have
+amassed sufficient capital to enter into any retail business in our city.
+
+In introducing this extension I first laid the matter fully before our
+superintendent and received his unqualified endorsement of the same, and
+then arranged for a meeting with all the teachers of our schools and to
+them presented the postal savings system and our extension system for
+the schools, and after a full explanation they, with the superintendent,
+voted unanimously to place the same in our schools. Immediately after the
+opening of the schools I visited each one separately and presented the
+matter to the pupils and opened a penny savings bank, which was placed
+in charge of the teacher. I closed this feature of the work on Friday,
+September 15, and the results to date have been eminently satisfactory
+and very gratifying. I have arranged with the teachers to have them
+submit a weekly report during the two remaining weeks of this month
+showing, first the total number of depositors, second the total amount
+deposited, and third the average age of depositors. After the close of
+this month these reports will be made monthly instead of weekly.
+
+
+ADDRESS.
+
+F. C. SCHWEDTMAN, _Chairman of the Delegation of the National Association
+of Manufacturers of U. S. A._
+
+Permit me to extend to you, in the name of the great organization which
+I have the honor to represent, the good will, coöperation and support of
+thousands of progressive manufacturers from almost every state and city
+of the Union in every sane endeavor to preserve the natural resources of
+our nation.
+
+I have listened with keen interest to yesterday’s and today’s arguments
+for the conservation of coal and timber, soil and water. It seemed to
+me particularly significant to have a lumberman in the person of the
+honorable chairman of your executive committee urge the preservation of
+our forests, and it was equally fitting to hear our great farmer Governor
+of Missouri make a plea for the soil. Of course, both of these gentlemen
+spoke upon subjects nearest to their hearts. Unfortunately I am not a
+farmer, but their action gives me courage to devote a few minutes to a
+few phases of the conservation problem nearest my heart.
+
+Allow me, an employer of industrial labor, to plead for higher efficiency
+in the industries and especially for better opportunities for the
+millions of toilers, in the shops as well as upon the farm. The greatest
+nation of the future will be the nation that best understands how to
+economize and preserve human energy and happiness at home, and how to
+build up trade abroad.
+
+President Taft told us last night how, by mixing science and proper
+education, our crops per acre can be doubled and trebled. In the same way
+can the output of our mines and factories be increased tenfold in value
+by industrial education. Instead of selling steel billets to the nations
+of the world, we want to sell them sewing machines, dynamos and watch
+springs; and instead of exporting raw cotton we want to export high grade
+cotton goods. This requires government support for industrial education,
+and I urge you, in return for our aid to secure agricultural schools and
+experimental stations, you give us yours to secure scientific industrial
+training. The National Association of Manufacturers is persistently
+and systematically working to that end. And there is another phase of
+preservation even more important. Among the measures pointed out in your
+handbook to which the association will give its vigorous support, both
+legislative and administrative, I find this: “Means wisely designed
+to diminish sickness, prevent accidents, and increase the welfare and
+comfort of American life, believing that human efficiency, health and
+happiness are natural resources quite as important as forests, water,
+land and minerals.” Now, I do know something of this feature of the
+preservation movement, and after the vigorous campaigning which the
+National Association of Manufacturers has carried on in the last two
+years for “human preservation” under my supervision, I feel that it is
+not only of equal importance to soil preservation, but more so.
+
+Authorities tell us that in comparison of the vital and physical assets
+of a nation, as measured by earning power, the former are from three to
+five times as valuable as the latter. These authorities assert that there
+is as great room for improvement of our vital resources as in our lands,
+waters, minerals and forests, and that this improvement is possible
+in respect to both the length of life and to freedom from disease and
+accidental injury during life.
+
+Prof. Irving Fisher estimates (in Bulletin Number 30 of the committee
+of one hundred on national health) that $250,000,000,000 is a minimum
+estimate of the vital assets of the United States in 1907 and that of
+the estimated annual loss of three billions of dollars due to sickness,
+accident and death, one-half, or one and one-half billion dollars, is
+preventable.
+
+According to Dr. Tolman, the total number of work casualties suffered by
+our army of wage-workers is sufficient to carry on perpetually two such
+wars at the same time as the Russo-Japanese and our Civil war. According
+to the same authority, our railroads, during the year of 1906, killed and
+wounded more persons than were killed and wounded in the six bloodiest
+battles of the Civil War.
+
+In all these directions our losses are from five to ten times greater
+proportionately than those of the most progressive European nations, and
+what are we doing about it?
+
+The National Association of Manufacturers has carefully compiled facts
+and figures and has everlastingly spread the gospel of preventing these
+losses and compensating equitably the sufferers from unpreventable losses.
+
+Do not think for one moment that this is a subject that does not concern
+the farmer. I can prove by facts and figures that the percentage of
+injuries among farmers is greater than in the industries, and easier
+prevented. If you want to convince yourself go to the nearest insurance
+office. You will find the accident insurance rates for the farmer higher
+than for the carpenter or machinist.
+
+Some European countries have evolved compensation schemes by which $78
+of every $100 paid for accident insurance is paid to the injured wage
+worker. Under our liability laws, only about $30 out of every $100
+reaches the injured worker. What would you think of your neighbor if he
+were trying to run a machine with 30 per cent efficiency in competition
+with yours of 78 per cent efficiency? He would not last very long.
+
+We ask your help in establishing sound, safe and efficient schemes in
+all the states of the Union. The first part of the problem will have to
+be solved by legislation, the second by coöperation, and it can be done
+only by a combination of all the progressive elements of society. It must
+be done as quickly as possible, bearing in mind all the time that he who
+starts out well prepared for a race is in better shape to win than he
+who hurries on without due preparation. We must have facts and figures
+before us and we must select the best men in the various states to act as
+investigation commissioners.
+
+So-called reformers do not always appreciate this. A short time ago I
+addressed the governor and the legislature of one of our Middle Western
+states. The governor, a man of many fine qualities, asked me during the
+progress of my arguments why I had gathered such a mass of facts and
+figures from European sources. I asked him in return how he would settle
+it without statistics, and he replied, “We need no facts and figures, all
+we need is the right kind of a gizzard.” Of course there is no sense in
+arguing with such a man. He misunderstands the issue. Americans do not
+need, and do not want charity; they want justice.
+
+We in the United States will eventually have the best system for
+preserving the best resources of our country, the health and well-being
+of our people, the self-respect and earning capacity of our wage-workers,
+the lives and limbs of our toilers, but it will take the combined energy
+and wisdom of all of us to bring this about.
+
+
+REPORT OF THE AMERICAN HUMANE ASSOCIATION.
+
+BY WM. O. STILLMAN, _President_.
+
+The American Humane Association, during the past year, has been actively
+engaged in promoting the development of humanitarian work in the United
+States, and has also been useful in promoting a similar work in many
+foreign lands. During October, 1910, there was held under the auspices
+of this association, in the city of Washington, D. C., and under the
+Honorary Presidency of William H. Taft, the President of our country,
+the first American International Humane Conference. There were present
+representatives from thirty foreign countries. The addresses, papers and
+topics which were heard were of great value. There was also held, in
+connection with the International Conference, the first international
+exhibit of objects of humane interest. This was shown in the New United
+States National Museum building, where the conference was also held. The
+exhibition, which lasted a week, proved phenomenal in extent and interest.
+
+As a direct and acknowledged result of the Washington conference,
+there is to be held, during June, 1912, in London, England, a similar
+international congress, which it is believed will greatly assist the
+spread of work which we represent.
+
+The result of international meetings of this description is to promote
+the spread of humanitarian doctrines everywhere. Representatives
+were present at Washington from Japan, China, India, Persia, Turkey,
+Russia, Australia, and almost every section of the globe. We believe
+that the choicest asset which any nation possesses is its childhood.
+Our anti-cruelty societies are seeking all over the world to protect
+childhood from influences which are prejudicial to health or morals. This
+means a better standard and average in childhood, and the elimination of
+great masses of the youth which, under present conditions, inevitably
+become recruits of the armies of vagrancy and crime.
+
+The other great field of humane endeavor is to promote the conservation
+and protection of animal life. The livestock of a country constitutes one
+of the most valuable assets, in an intrinsic sense, which a country like
+ours can possess. As pointed out in our report last year, efforts which
+may readily be made would result in the saving of hundreds of thousands
+of horses and cattle for longer and more useful service.
+
+The American Humane Association intends to ask Congress for relief of
+transportation conditions which are responsible for great injury and loss
+of livestock, by requesting that a minimum speed bill be enacted. This
+proposition has been heartily endorsed by the Department of Agriculture
+in Washington and by humanitarians generally. Various other reforms are
+contemplated and will be pushed to a conclusion in the near future.
+
+We feel that our work is a thoroughly practical one, and that in its
+largest sense it stands for better citizenship and the promotion of the
+moral interests of the commonwealth as well as its commercial ones. We
+trust that the Third National Conservation Congress will approve of the
+work in which we are engaged, which represents a membership of much over
+one hundred thousand persons and an expenditure of more than a million
+and a half dollars annually.
+
+
+CONSERVATION OF BIRD LIFE.
+
+BY DR. GEORGE W. FIELD, _Representing the National Audubon Society_.
+
+I want to call your attention to one phase which has hardly been touched
+upon—importance of the conservation of our bird life. When you realize
+that the insect places a tax upon every one of us twice as great as we
+are called upon to pay to our towns, cities and states, a tax of at least
+five per cent on every agriculturist and consumer of food in this nation,
+we realize the work of the National Audubon Society, which is organized
+for the purpose of protecting the wild insectivorous birds. The resources
+of this association last year were about $35,000. Over against that was
+this damage to our agricultural interests of over one million dollars.
+So you can see therefore that we have been able to do but very little
+relatively. When we compare the condition in this country with that of
+Germany, where they have one hundred times as many birds to the square
+mile as we have in this country, we realize the importance of the work
+which this association is carrying on. We ask your support, every one,
+in every way, to assist the activities of this National Audubon Society.
+(Applause)
+
+I also represent the National Shell Fish Association. Now, the purpose
+of this association is to issue, so to speak, a sanitary insurance to
+every person who consumes oysters, clams, lobsters and that type of
+sea food. In other words, we want to make it possible that when you in
+Kansas, Missouri, and in the interior of the country, eat from your
+table, or in your hotels, oysters brought from the seacoast of both sides
+of this nation, to be certain that there is no chance of infection, of
+typhoid fever, or other disease. To do that we are asking every state
+in the Nation to realize the enormous waste of material in the form of
+sewage and manufacturing waste which is pouring into our streams and
+into our coastal waters. To take one concrete illustration, the city of
+Boston, in Massachusetts, spent five or six millions of dollars for the
+purpose of putting the sewage into the ocean. It did that, but when it
+did it destroyed annually the potential capacity of that water to develop
+shell fish food. In other words, it was precisely the same as if so many
+thousands of acres in your farming country were utterly destroyed forever
+for all farming purposes. It was reduced merely to a desert, whereas, if
+that material had been placed on the land, where it belonged, there would
+have been enormous benefits arising to the farm, and it would have been
+possible to cultivate that land under water for raising food. Now, we are
+demonstrating, acre for acre, that the land under water can raise more
+food—nitrogenous food, the most expensive type of food for man—at a less
+expense in time, in capital, and in labor, than the very best acres in
+your boasted river bottoms, a type of food material which can be raised
+nowhere else than on the coasts of our country, on both the Atlantic and
+Pacific and the Gulf.
+
+
+ADDRESS.
+
+BY W. J. RUSHTON, _President American Association of Refrigeration_.
+
+I desire to thank the Congress in the name of the members of the American
+Association of Refrigeration for the invitation to be represented here by
+official delegates.
+
+We consider it especially fitting that our association should participate
+in the deliberations of this Congress, because it stands for the
+conservation of the perishable foods of the people in the broadest sense.
+
+In order that those who are not already familiar with the objects of
+our Association and with the methods it employs in carrying these into
+effect, and to illustrate how well our work meshes with the purposes of
+this National Congress, I will call your attention to several statements
+taken from the statutes by which our organization is governed. Among our
+objects are:
+
+    “To institute investigations, experiments and tests for the
+    purpose of demonstrating, correct solutions of scientific,
+    technical and industrial problems pertaining to the art of
+    refrigeration.
+
+    “To inspire confidence in the public mind, and appreciation
+    of the beneficial effects of refrigeration upon perishable
+    food products, both in transit and when stored for the purpose
+    of conservation, by collecting and disseminating authentic
+    information on the subject.
+
+    “To encourage the expansion of American trade, commerce and
+    transportation of perishable agricultural products, and to
+    assist the commercial and industrial interests affected by
+    mechanical refrigeration, both at home and abroad.
+
+    “To further its purposes and extend its influence by
+    publications, meetings, conferences and courses of lectures,
+    and by encouraging the introduction in educational institutions
+    of regular courses in refrigeration.
+
+    “To coöperate with the International Association of
+    Refrigeration in the organization of international commissions
+    for the discussion of questions of international import, and in
+    the determination of correct basic data pertaining to the art
+    of refrigeration.”
+
+The conservation of the natural resources of the country is now
+recognized by all thinking persons as a vital factor in our national
+life, both as an obligation to posterity and because of its immediate
+influence on the material welfare and the health of the people.
+
+The influence of this Congress, as it is felt more generally over the
+country, must result in strongly stimulating thrift and economy as well
+as respect for law among the people. The exercise of these qualities is
+essential to the conservation of the waters, the forests, the lands and
+the minerals, as well as all of the vital resources of the country.
+
+Our people—in fact, the people of all the civilized countries of the
+world—are now confronted with serious problems due to the high prices of
+the necessaries of life, principally their food supplies.
+
+It is believed that these conditions largely grow out of neglect to
+properly conserve and market perishable foods and to lack of adequate
+means for promptly collecting and transporting them in sound condition
+from regions capable of ample production to the thickly populated
+centers; also to insufficient means for preserving such supplies from
+seasons of overproduction to periods of scarcity.
+
+It is certainly a very necessary and laudable mission, to concentrate the
+intelligence and energy of a body of men such as compose this Congress
+for the conservation of the forests, lands, waters, minerals and vital
+resources of the country. Our association is very much interested in
+all of this, because lumber, minerals and water are very necessary to
+the refrigerating industry, while the conservation of the soil is of
+paramount importance as the source of the fuel of the great human engine
+through the operation of which all of the other resources are harnessed
+to the world’s work.
+
+We are, therefore, here particularly to emphasize the necessity of
+conserving the perishable foods of the people by refrigeration, that much
+misunderstood and often misrepresented natural mode of preservation.
+
+However productive the soil may be made, and however ample the supply of
+highly nutritious food may be, unless such food is made available for use
+when and where it is needed, and where it must be supplied at prices the
+people can afford to pay, the conservation of the soil will have failed
+of extending the fullest measure of its possible benefits to the people.
+
+Our organization has made an especial study of the subject of the
+production, the transportation and the conservation of perishable
+foods, and of the laws and proposed laws applying to the subject. The
+hearings before the Senate committees on manufactures of the Sixty-first
+and Sixty-second Congresses, the reports of which are published by
+the National Government, abound in evidences of the activity of our
+committees and individual members.
+
+Therefore, if it is in order and otherwise agreeable, I would like
+to propose that, in furtherance of the purposes of this Congress,
+and in order that its opportunities for doing good may be realized
+in the fullest measure, a standing committee on food be added to the
+present standing committees. Such committee to be composed of persons
+best qualified to render the most efficient service in the study of
+the questions involved in the production, collection, transportation,
+preservation and marketing of perishable foods, and to report to the
+Fourth Congress. Such report to be made the basis of measures to conserve
+the perishable foods of the people, to improve their quality, increase
+their production, and to promote such relations between the producer
+and consumer as will bring about lower and more nearly uniform prices
+throughout each year.
+
+
+WILD LIFE PROTECTION.
+
+WILLIAM EDWARD COFFIN, _Vice-President Camp Fire Club of America,
+Chairman Committee on Game Protective Legislation and Preserves._
+
+The Camp Fire Club of America was founded as an organization of big
+game hunters, with the protection of wild life and forests as its great
+objects. Dan Beard once characterized the club as a “Society of Criminals
+for the Suppression of Crime.” Big game hunters have always been active
+in game protection, indeed in all conservation measures, and that because
+their touch with the woods keeps the problem alive.
+
+To the sportsmen of America are due nearly all the existing game
+protective laws.
+
+Among the Camp Fire Club’s members are Dr. W. T. Hornaday, whom all
+honor as the Washington of wild life protection; Ernest Thompson Seton
+and Dan Beard, who by their work with the boys are doing more for the
+future of conservation than any men living with but two exceptions:
+Irving Bacheller, A. W. Dimock, Dillon Wallace, Gifford Pinchot—God
+bless him—and many others, who with pen, time and money are laboring
+ceaselessly for the great cause of conservation which is so near your
+hearts and mine.
+
+The club may fairly claim for less than two years’ work: Yeoman service
+in the defeat of the bill permitting the sale of wild bird plumage in
+New York; the defeat of a bill authorizing spring shooting of ducks on
+Long Island; in securing the $20,000 appropriation for the starving elk
+in Wyoming; in enlarging the Waterton lake, park and game preserve now
+being formed in Southwestern Alberta.
+
+To the Camp Fire Club belongs the sole credit, outside of Congress, for
+defeating the proposed twenty-year renewal of the Fur Seal Killing lease
+on the Pribilof Islands. Much of the credit for that public opinion which
+forced the treaty stopping pelagic sealing. When the fur herd is, through
+complete protection, restored to something like its old numbers, the
+country will have the Camp Fire Club to thank for fairly snatching that
+herd from the jaws of complete annihilation.
+
+To Dr. Hornaday, our great leader, is due the famous Bayne-Blauvelt
+bill—the greatest single piece of game protective legislation ever
+enacted by any state or country. Think of it; that bill absolutely
+prohibits the sale of all wild game in the State of New York. The lion’s
+share of the campaign work incident to its passage was done by members
+of the Camp Fire Club. How well it was done you will realize when I
+state that the bill passed with only one dissenting vote in the whole
+legislature; and how it was done when I say that upwards of 30,000
+letters were written asking senators and assemblymen to support the bill.
+The passage of that bill was the turning point of the war between the
+army of destruction and the army of preservation in New York state.
+
+I must not leave this subject without a tribute to Governor Dix of New
+York, without whose hearty coöperation and steadfast support we would
+have been helpless.
+
+In spite of great pressure by selfish interests he stood like a rock and
+has fully redeemed the ante-election pledges of himself and of his party.
+Let his name be written in the Conservation Temple of Fame.
+
+So much for the past. For the future: 1st. We propose to keep everything
+we have gained. 2d. We have arranged for Gifford Pinchot and Overton
+Price to visit the Adirondack Mountains, study the situation and make
+a report which will make possible sound, seasonable legislation for
+“Scientific Fire Protection,” “Scientific Reforestation,” “Scientific
+Care of Existing Forests.” Legislation which combines sane utilization
+with sound conservation.
+
+I wish you all could have seen the cheerfulness with which Pinchot and
+Price responded to the request of the club that they undertake this work.
+
+The club is, at the request of the New York State Conservation
+Commissioners, to coöperate in a complete codification of the state game
+laws.
+
+This we hope will result in a series of stringent but reasonable laws;
+simple, plain, readily enforced. Laws which the National Conservation
+Congress will be proud of and can safely recommend as a model for other
+states.
+
+This is largely work in one state only, but it is wise to clear your own
+door yard before preaching sanitation to your neighbors, and with the
+beam removed from our own eye, we can the better see how to remove the
+mote from our brother’s.
+
+Outside of New York we propose: 1st. To push Bayne-Blauvelt bills in the
+North Atlantic states for stopping the sale of game. Thus striking at the
+root of game slaughter is far more effective than attempting to police
+the army of market hunters or any other method of trimming the branches.
+2d. We shall agitate ceaselessly for the complete protection of the fur
+seal. 3d. We shall do what we can to put life into the Migratory Bird
+Bill, which has been in congressional cold storage for so many years,
+and to promote a migratory fish bill. 4th. We propose to urge upon
+states—even upon counties—the formation of bird, game and fish refuges,
+one of the most effective methods of game protection. 5th. We shall hold
+ourselves in readiness to further any and every sound proposition for
+the conservation of this country’s natural resources, whether animal,
+vegetable or mineral.
+
+And now having finished my report, permit me a few words of indictment
+and a few words of appeal.
+
+The National Conservation Congress and Association heretofore have
+practically ignored wild life. Infinite and detailed attention has been
+given to lands, minerals, water and forests, and the Camp Fire Club is
+with you in all these, but are your halls so narrow, your boundaries
+so confined, that you have no room for the great cause of wild life
+protection?
+
+Do you realize that in New York state alone there are nearly 150,000
+active gunners; in Pennsylvania over 100,000, and that even a two shot
+gun does not satisfy them?
+
+The laws in all states are so liberal to the killers and so hard on the
+game that wild life is swiftly vanishing.
+
+The commercial interests of gun-making, game selling and feather
+working are terribly destructive influences. No wild species can
+stand exploitation for commercial purposes. In every case it spells
+extermination. Look backward at the millions of bison, fur seal,
+passenger pigeon, pinnated grouse and Florida egrets. Where are they all?
+Exterminated to fill the cash boxes of greedy men.
+
+How much longer is Christian civilization, how much longer are you going
+to stand for such things? In birds alone six species are absolutely
+extinct, thirteen more nearly so. Our states are spending millions to
+fight insect pests whose increase is due chiefly to the decrease of bird
+life. How can it be stopped? By your efforts, those of the Camp Fire Club
+and other organizations. There must be a pull, a long pull and a pull all
+together. The majority of the American people are conscientious, humane,
+just and merciful toward all creatures; once arouse that majority and it
+will right any wrong.
+
+The protection of wild life requires a campaign of education and
+publicity; given these, legislation will follow as light follows the sun.
+Congressmen and legislators will do the right thing if they are asked to
+do it often enough and hard enough by the people they represent. We do
+not appeal to this Congress as sportsmen or in the interest of sportsmen;
+but for the millions of men, women and children who love the outdoor life
+and who do not shoot at all.
+
+We therefore ask for two things: 1st. A broad definite recognition in
+your platform organization and proceedings of this great branch of
+the conservation movement. We ask a standing committee on wild life
+protection. 2d. Your coöperation, collectively and individually. Bone of
+our bone, flesh of our flesh, blood brothers, the Camp Fire Club, true of
+heart, clear of hand, eager in support of all you stand for, calls to you.
+
+Come over into Macedonia and help us.
+
+
+PREVENTABLE FIRE WASTE: CONSERVATION EFFORTS FOR ITS REDUCTION.
+
+_By a Committee of the National Board of Fire Underwriters._
+
+In each of the previous national assemblages of this character the
+National Board of Fire Underwriters has been represented and has
+earnestly endeavored to portray the enormity of the preventable fire
+waste of our country and its retarding effect on our national growth and
+prosperity.
+
+With each annual meeting of our organization, statistical information has
+been prepared and furnished to the public and press, setting forth the
+tremendous money value in property which was being annually destroyed
+by fire throughout our country. As an aid toward convincing our people
+that a vast amount of real wealth was being wiped out of existence
+annually by preventable fires, our committee on statistics and origin
+of fires, by the aid of the Federal Government, secured figures of the
+fire loss in European cities and countries, which were compared with the
+fire loss of the cities of the United States and the United States as a
+whole and reduced to a comparison of the loss per capita. These figures
+were published by the National Board of Fire Underwriters in 1906. The
+comparison was so startling as to attract very wide attention and gave
+activity to the fire conservation movement.
+
+The Geological Survey, through its technologic branch, investigated
+the fire loss and the cost of fire protection in the United States in
+1907, and published Bulletin 418, known as “The Fire Tax and Waste of
+Structural Materials in the United States”—a pamphlet most impressive in
+the facts presented and irrefutable in its arguments. We quote a section:
+
+“The investigation disclosed the fact that the total cost of fires
+in the United States in 1907 amounted to almost one-half the cost of
+new buildings constructed in the country for the year. The total cost
+of the fires, excluding that of forest fires and marine losses, but
+including excess cost of fire protection due to bad construction, and
+excess premiums over insurance paid, amounted to over $456,485,000, a
+tax on the people exceeding the total value of the gold, silver, copper,
+and petroleum produced in the United States in that year. The cost of
+building construction in forty-nine leading cities of the United States
+reporting a total population of less than 18,000,000 amounted, in 1907,
+to $661,076,286, and the cost of building construction for the entire
+country in the same year is conservatively estimated at $1,000,000,000.
+Thus it will be seen that nearly one-half the value of all the new
+buildings constructed within one year is destroyed by fire. The total
+fire cost in this country is five times as much per capita as in any
+country of Europe. This fire cost was greater than the value of the real
+property and improvements in any one of the following states: Maine, West
+Virginia, North Carolina, North Dakota, South Dakota, Alabama, Louisiana,
+Montana.
+
+“The actual fire losses due to the destruction of buildings and their
+contents amounted to $215,084,709, a per capita loss for the United
+States of $2.51. The per capita losses in the cities of the six leading
+European countries amounted to but 33 cents, or about one-eighth of the
+per capita loss sustained in the United States. In addition to this waste
+of wealth and natural resources, 1,449 persons were killed and 5,654 were
+injured in fires.
+
+“The total loss on buildings in the United States was $109,156,894 and on
+contents $105,927,815. There were fires in 36,140 brick, iron, and stone
+buildings, with a loss of $31,092,687 on the buildings and $37,332,580 on
+the contents, and in 129,117 frame buildings, with a loss of $78,064,207
+on the buildings and $68,595,235 on the contents. In cities and villages
+with a population of 1,000 or more there were 6,324 fires that extended
+beyond the building of origin, with a total exposure loss of $13,913,694.
+The loss on fires that were confined to the building of origin in the
+cities and villages amounted to $93,179,589.”
+
+The records of this board herewith subjoined show to what extent our fire
+loss has increased almost yearly since 1875.
+
+    -------+-------------
+           |  Aggregate
+     Year. |  Property
+           |    Loss.
+    -------+-------------
+     1875  | $78,102,285
+     1876  |  54,630,600
+     1877  |  68,265,800
+     1878  |  64,315,900
+     1879  |  77,703,700
+     1880  |  74,643,400
+     1881  |  81,280,900
+     1882  |  84,505,024
+     1883  | 100,149,228
+     1884  | 110,008,611
+     1885  | 102,818,796
+     1886  | 104,924,750
+     1887  | 120,283,055
+     1888  | 110,885,665
+     1889  | 123,046,833
+     1890  | 108,993,792
+     1891  | 143,764,967
+     1892  | 151,516,058
+     1893  | 167,544,370
+     1894  | 140,006,484
+     1895  | 142,110,233
+     1896  | 118,737,420
+     1897  | 116,354,575
+     1898  | 130,593,905
+     1899  | 153,597,830
+     1900  | 160,929,805
+     1901  | 165,817,810
+     1902  | 161,078,040
+     1903  | 145,302,155
+     1904  | 229,198,050
+     1905  | 165,221,650
+     1906  | 518,611,800
+     1907  | 215,084,709
+     1908  | 217,885,850
+     1909  | 188,705,150
+     1910  | 214,003,300
+    -------+-------------
+
+The fire insurance interests have carried on an aggressive campaign for
+the reduction of our discreditable fire losses and have been foremost in
+suggesting practical and reasonable remedial measures.
+
+At the First Conservation Congress a paper on “The Fire Waste in the
+United States” was presented by this board and upwards of 12,000 copies
+were distributed to state and municipal authorities and to the press. We
+quote the causes then set forth as operating to make the large fire waste
+in the United States.
+
+“First: The difference in the point of view and the responsibility of the
+inhabitants of Europe and those of the United States.
+
+“Second: The difference in the construction of buildings.
+
+“Third: The difference in the regulations governing hazards and hazardous
+materials and conditions, and in the enforcement of such regulations.”
+
+And suggested as essential means toward its reduction:
+
+“First: That the public should be brought to understand that property
+destroyed by fire is gone forever and is not replaced by the distribution
+of insurance which is a tax collected for the purpose.
+
+“Second: That the states severally adopt and enforce a building code
+which shall require a high type of safe construction, essentially
+following the code of the National Board of Fire Underwriters.
+
+“Third: That municipalities adopt ordinances governing the use and
+keeping of explosives, especially inflammable commodities and other
+special hazards, such as electric wiring, the storing of refuse, waste,
+packing material, etc., in buildings, yards or areaways, and see to the
+enforcement of such ordinances.
+
+“Fourth. That the states severally establish and support the office of
+fire marshal and confer on the fire marshal by law the right to examine
+under oath and enter premises and to make arrests, making it the duty of
+such officer to examine into the cause and origin of all fires and when
+crime has been committed requiring the facts to be submitted to the grand
+jury or proper indicting body.
+
+“Fifth: That in all cities there be a paid, well-disciplined,
+non-political fire department adequately equipped with modern apparatus.
+
+“Sixth: That an adequate water system with proper distribution and
+pressure be installed and maintained. In the larger cities a separate
+high pressure water system for fire extinguishment is an absolute
+necessity, to diminish the extreme imminence of general conflagrations.”
+
+At the Second Conservation Congress a paper on the “Conservation of
+Utilized Resources from Destruction by Fire” was presented by us and
+about 13,000 copies were widely distributed. We quote a section:
+
+“If the office of State Fire Marshal were created by every commonwealth,
+and that official and his deputies given power to enforce good fire
+prevention laws, investigate, and, if necessary, prosecute cases of arson
+or criminal carelessness in the starting or spreading of fires, ascertain
+the cause of every fire, and by the distribution of literature educate
+the citizen to the need of care and forethought in the protection of his
+property, a distinct conserving of the utilized resources in that state
+would follow.
+
+“If our municipalities will enact and enforce improved and safe methods
+of building construction and cause the removal or reconstruction of
+existing structures which constitute, because of their construction,
+a menace to adjoining properties, our cities will be freer from the
+imminent conflagration which now threatens them. Eliminate defective
+chimney flues, unprotected external and internal openings, excessive
+areas, weak walls, and combustible roofs; prohibit the storage of rubbish
+and demand the safe use and handling of dangerous inflammable liquids and
+oils; regulate the use of explosives; and the destruction of our values,
+created from the natural resources but enriched many fold by human toil,
+industry and skill, will be materially diminished.
+
+“If the citizens of a community, as members of their local civic bodies
+and boards of trade, will create in such organizations a Committee
+on Fire Prevention, whose duty it shall be to study the subject and
+awaken among their associates a realization of individual and communal
+responsibility, and if our boards of education will emulate the action of
+the State of Ohio in prescribing primal education of the school children
+as to the chemistry of fire, the causes of fires in our homes and how to
+guard against them, and how to extinguish incipient fires or hold them in
+check while awaiting the response of the fire department, a preparation
+will be made in that community which will check the constantly increasing
+fire waste.”
+
+This organization has not been alone in its efforts in this direction,
+neither has there been an entire absence of activity on the part of state
+and municipal authorities.
+
+The National Fire Protection Association, of which the National Board of
+Fire Underwriters is an active member, has through some of its members,
+but principally through its secretary, delivered forty-two addresses on
+the fire waste in thirty-one different cities. At the annual meeting of
+the association held in New York in May last, it adopted the following
+resolutions, urging upon the public the vital importance of better
+construction and protection, and of a greater care in the maintenance of
+property:
+
+“The National Fire Protection Association, with all the force at its
+command and with the absolutely united and unanimous support of its
+entire membership, wishes to place before the public in the strongest
+possible terms that the situation in connection with the fire waste is
+becoming so acute that there is necessity for action.
+
+“Action by all cities and towns in adopting proper building codes,
+which will call for improved conditions and the use of fire resisting
+construction in congested districts.
+
+“Action by the state and municipal authorities covering the regulation of
+the transportation and storage of inflammable oils and explosives.
+
+“Action by those in authority to the end that all buildings where people
+congregate, such as schools, theaters, factories, and hotels, shall be so
+constructed and equipped that the lives of the people within them may be
+safe-guarded.
+
+“Action by the proper authorities requiring the introduction of automatic
+fire extinguishing apparatus in all commercial establishments and city
+blocks.
+
+“Action by the proper authorities prohibiting the manufacture and sale
+and use of the snap match and requiring the universal adoption and use of
+the safety match.
+
+“Action by the public in bringing about a safe and intelligent
+celebration of Independence Day, and, above all,
+
+“Action by every citizen of the land in using his individual effort in
+the cause of educating the public in regard to the dangers from fire, not
+only in so far as it applies to the personal and immediate consideration,
+but also from the broader standpoint, namely: that of the welfare of our
+land.”
+
+At the same meeting the Association was honored in being addressed on
+“The Fire Waste” by the Hon. Walter L. Fisher, Secretary of the Interior,
+from whose remarks we quote:
+
+    “Indeed, I do not doubt that the average intelligent citizen of
+    the United States is aware of the fact that fires in America
+    are comparatively frequent. He undoubtedly appreciates in a
+    general way that a large percentage of our fires are from
+    preventable causes, and that the sacrifice of life and property
+    through loss by fire is, much of it, needless. What he does not
+    fully realize is his own duty, and the duty of city, state and
+    nation in the premises. He understands as yet but vaguely the
+    significance of that change of public sentiment which has made
+    of the movement for the conservation of our natural resources.
+    He glimpses but dimly how great an obstacle to human progress
+    and to human happiness is needless waste, whether it be in the
+    use we make of the products and the forces of nature, or the
+    productions and the energies of men. If the justification of
+    private property is that it tends to promote the common good
+    through increased energy and increased efficiency, which is
+    the antithesis of waste, then the broadest application of the
+    principles of conservation should extend to our created as well
+    as our natural resources, for in the last analysis the loss by
+    fire of a city building owned by an individual will be just as
+    important to the people of the United States as the loss by
+    fire of timber in the public domain. Both the building and the
+    timber are assets of the Nation. If they are destroyed these
+    assets are wiped out. No system of taxation will serve to bring
+    them back, whether this tax be collected by the constituted
+    authorities under the law, or collected by private interests
+    as premiums on policies of insurance. In either event, the
+    taxation is paid by the owners of property and it is ultimately
+    borne by the community as a whole. Reforestation costs money
+    which must be levied through taxation in some form. Rebuilding
+    a dwelling house, or a business block, or the business district
+    of a city, costs money, a large proportion of which under
+    insurance methods is assessed against property which has not
+    burned. It is the people who pay, whether they own land or
+    buildings or other things of value. It follows thus that the
+    question of fire waste is of direct pecuniary interest to every
+    citizen. Beyond the individual pecuniary interests, there
+    is also the obligation of each citizen to his fellows to so
+    protect his property and conduct his affairs as not to endanger
+    the lives and property of his neighbors.
+
+    “It is the duty of organized society to protect its members in
+    life and property. But organized society, it is clearly shown,
+    has been remiss in its duty. The obligations of municipal,
+    state and national government have not been met.
+
+    “It takes the force of public opinion to accomplish any
+    reform, and your association should receive hearty aid and
+    encouragement, for through it much of the educational work
+    which is a prerequisite to any successful agitation may be
+    accomplished. There is a real and vital necessity for teaching
+    each citizen of the United States the significance of the
+    national fire waste. The truth in regard to our national ash
+    heap should be brought home to each person having a family to
+    protect and property to preserve.
+
+    “It seems ridiculous that a people so apt and so eager to seek
+    out and destroy the mysterious and hidden enemies of mankind
+    should be so slow and sluggish in fighting a foe so plainly
+    in sight and so readily vanquished. We have led the world in
+    seeking out the causes of pestilence and removing them. We
+    are in the very vanguard of the battle against tuberculosis,
+    typhoid and yellow fever, and still we stand apart and let the
+    older nations lead the fight against an enemy much more easily
+    conquered.
+
+    “To arouse the people against the fire foe is our task. If
+    there were any dispute as to the facts, if anyone opposed a
+    movement to check the fire loss, the American people might
+    more readily become partisans of this movement which you are
+    leading. But there is no difference of opinion regarding the
+    essentials. The average American citizen would admit that
+    our fire waste is in the nature of a national disgrace. The
+    task is to make him do something to remedy conditions. You
+    must popularize your movement and create a general demand for
+    adequate laws and thorough enforcement. To relieve the people
+    of the unnecessary burden which they are now carrying, you must
+    teach them the importance and the significance of that burden.
+    You must show them the necessity for a defence against this
+    common enemy. Organized methods must be adopted for bringing
+    the significance of the fire waste before every person who will
+    read the written word or listen to the spoken one. Let the
+    people once realize the exact facts of their own negligence,
+    and they will be swift to provide the remedy.”
+
+The Western Union, an organization of insurance companies operating
+in the Middle and Central West, has carried on, by public speeches of
+some of its members and through its committee on publicity, a most
+commendable campaign to impress the public with the significance of our
+fire waste. Numerous circulars have been distributed and printed in whole
+or in part in the newspapers.
+
+Many commercial bodies and boards of trade of our cities have taken
+up the subject of the fire waste, appointed local committees on fire
+prevention and advocated and secured improvements tending to afford
+better fire protection, and lessen the great financial drain which the
+fire loss was causing in their communities.
+
+The National Association of Credit Men, which has perhaps devoted more
+time to the study of insurance and the fire waste of the country than any
+other commercial body, has been very active in acquainting business men
+with the importance of the subject and in encouraging the adoption by
+municipality and state of such remedial measures as will tend to diminish
+the steadily and rapidly increasing fire losses.
+
+The states of Ohio, Montana, Nebraska and Iowa are instructing their
+school children as to the importance of observing greater care in the
+handling and use of the ordinary fire hazards. The Fire Insurance
+Commissioners in annual convention in August last adopted the following
+resolutions:
+
+“The appalling annual loss of life and property in the United States by
+fires, due to criminal carelessness, ignorance or dishonesty, commands
+the serious attention of the American people. From present indications
+over $300,000,000 in property values will be utterly wiped out during the
+current year—a sum so vast that it must have a serious economic effect on
+the prosperity of the country. The causes for this enormous drain on the
+savings of the Nation are well known and to a large extent preventable.
+
+“The destruction of property by fire is ten times as great per capita
+in the United States as it is in Germany, France, England, and other
+countries abroad; and in addition to this needless waste of property
+there are also thousands of men, women and children burned to death or
+crippled in the various local fires and conflagrations that constantly
+occur. The chief factor responsible for this situation is general
+carelessness and the utter lack of personal responsibility for the
+removal of causes productive of fires.
+
+“We recommend a campaign of education through the governors, insurance
+commissioners and fire marshals of the various states, for the purpose of
+bringing directly to the attention of the people the causes responsible
+for the national ash heap, and the adoption of legislation which
+will safeguard the lives and property of the people by holding every
+individual responsible for carelessness resulting in fires.
+
+“We commend the suggestion unanimously adopted by the Association of
+Fire Marshals of North America, urging that the governors of the various
+states set aside one day each year to be known as ‘fire prevention day.’
+By proclamation the governor can call the attention of the citizens to
+the enormous preventable fire waste of the country, and urge the taking
+of such precautions, individual, municipal and state, as will tend to
+reduce it. Appropriate exercises can be held in the public schools,
+instruction on the common fire hazards can be given the children, and the
+day can be made the occasion of the ‘clean-up’ day, which is doing so
+much to remove hazardous conditions.
+
+“_Resolved._ That the individual members of the convention will use their
+influence to secure such action by the governors of their respective
+states, as an important, practical and educational assistance in the work
+of fire prevention.”
+
+The governors of a number of our commonwealths have already acted
+favorably on part of the foregoing suggestions and by proclamation have
+set aside a day to be known as “fire prevention day,” when the citizens
+will be called upon to clean up their several premises and provide better
+fire protection, as a part of a nation-wide study of fire waste, and the
+individual responsibility of property owners and householders.
+
+The State Fire Marshals in annual session adopted somewhat similar
+resolutions. The awakening of our people on this subject affords
+encouragement, but as yet it is only partial, incomplete, and not in
+keeping with the national importance of the subject.
+
+A number of our states enacted fire marshal laws during their last
+legislative sessions, some of which were commendable in their provisions,
+but many of them embodied the false theory that such laws are more
+beneficial to the fire insurance companies than to the public, and impose
+on the former an additional tax for its support and enforcement. In
+contrast to this policy, the Legislature of New York State, recognizing
+that the state was collecting through its insurance department vastly
+more than the expenses of the department, enacted what may be taken as a
+model fire marshal law, the provisions of which are to be carried out and
+enforced by the state at its own expense.
+
+Probably two-thirds of our fire loss is from preventable causes. Based on
+this estimate, nearly two hundred million dollars of property values are
+unnecessarily destroyed annually, reducing the wealth of the Nation in
+like measure, since insurance does not restore but merely indemnifies out
+of remaining wealth. It has truly been said that this preventable fire
+waste is a national disgrace, and we have the humiliation of knowing that
+the United States is by far the leader in this discreditable condition.
+
+Publicity has been mentioned recently as a cure, or partial cure, for
+other evils. Likewise publicity will have an advantageous effect in
+preventing fires. A special lesson to be preached and reiterated is that
+those who cause, or have, avoidable fires, injure their neighbors, their
+municipalities, their states and their country. They have created a part
+of the two hundred million yearly “national scandal.” They have destroyed
+wealth and increased taxes. They have been bad citizens.
+
+If the distinguished persons who are in attendance here will interest
+themselves in their respective communities and states and advocate
+the cause of conservation of the fire waste and the elimination of
+preventable fires, they will help, and give an impetus to, the movement
+for lessened fire losses and the saving of lives from fire. While the
+members of the National Board of Fire Underwriters have an advantage
+of contact and outlook as to the fire situation, they have no more and
+no different interest in the subject than have other citizens. Good
+citizenship demands that all, individually and collectively, should do
+their full part in inculcating principles and bringing about practices
+which will stop the ravages of the tremendous fire waste that is
+scandalous because obviously preventable.
+
+    GEO. W. BABB, New York.
+    W. N. KREMER, New York.
+    E. W. WEST, Glens Falls, N. Y.
+    E. G. RICHARDS, New York.
+    R. M. BISSELL, Hartford, Conn.
+    R. DALE BENSON, Philadelphia.
+    C. G. SMITH, New York.
+
+
+REPORT OF THE NATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF AUDUBON SOCIETIES.
+
+BY WILLIAM P. WHARTON.
+
+To cultivate in the public mind a more lively appreciation of the value
+of preserving the wild bird and animal life of America, is the object of
+the National Association of Audubon Societies for the protection of wild
+birds and animals. Backed by thirty-eight state Audubon societies, the
+National Association is directing its endeavors along certain definite
+lines of activity.
+
+Coöperating with state forest, fish and game commissions and with local
+clubs, organized for game protection, the association is an important
+factor in aiding to secure legislation looking to the protection at
+all times of the valuable non-game birds, and the preservation from
+undue killing of the various game birds and game animals with which the
+country is blessed. In forty states the Audubon law for the protection
+of non-game birds has been enacted, and in many other states Audubon
+bills for the establishment of state game warden forces, the shortening
+of seasons for killing game, the creation of game protective funds by
+requiring hunter’s licenses, limits on the number of game birds which may
+be killed in a day and other restrictive measures have been enacted.
+
+The association has always been active in advocating the passage of
+various federal laws looking to the conservation of our native wild life.
+Through its officers, agents and members large numbers of violators of
+the game laws are annually reported to the state authorities and in many
+instances prosecutions are begun and pushed by its representatives.
+
+Its continuous fight against the millinery traffic in the feathers of
+native birds is a well-known subject in contemporaneous history. To
+safeguard American water birds, the association has purchased, leased and
+in other ways secured control of numbers of islands, lakes and swamps
+where birds of this class are accustomed to congregate in great numbers
+for the purposes of laying their eggs and rearing their young. Today
+virtually all of the important breeding colonies of birds on the Atlantic
+and Gulf coasts of the United States, as well as many of those along
+the Pacific coast, are guarded in the summer by wardens employed by the
+association. Through its efforts, the United States Government has been
+interested in establishing fifty-three bird sanctuaries by making islands
+and lakes frequented by breeding birds in summer federal reservations.
+The association coöperates with the Government in paying for the services
+of wardens who guard these birds from the inroads of hunters who may
+desire to kill them for food or to secure their plumage for the feather
+markets.
+
+The association conducts a wide educational campaign by means of
+lecturers and the annual distribution of hundreds of thousands of
+pages of literature and pictures of native birds. It is pushing the
+organization of bird study classes in the schools, and as an example
+during the past year, over ten thousand Southern school children received
+systematic instructions in bird study.
+
+The association in its various fields of endeavor coöperates with the
+officials of the United States Department of Education, with the United
+States Commissioner of Education and numerous scientific societies. Its
+growth during the past few years has been almost phenomenal and the
+results achieved in rehabilitating the bird life of many sections of the
+country is a source of great encouragement.
+
+
+A LETTER.
+
+_From J. L. Van Ornum, Representing the Society for the Promotion of
+Engineering Education and the Society for Testing Materials._
+
+Had there been time for me to extend the greetings of the Society for the
+Promotion of Engineering Education to the Third Conservation Congress, I
+should have stated that:
+
+At our annual convention of fifteen years ago a paper was presented on
+the subject of “The Conservation of Government Energy Through Education
+and Research,” in which the statement is made with reference to our
+natural resources, “the Government must be possessed of large resources
+and a settled policy. Resources are not so easily commanded now as
+formerly. All sources must be guarded and everything realized must be
+successfully husbanded.”
+
+In the work of the engineering colleges, which distinctively consists in
+educating young men in those fundamental principles which particularly
+concern the direction of the great resources of materials and power in
+nature to the use and convenience of mankind, the student is trained to
+regard wastefulness as serious a fault as he does otherwise defective
+design.
+
+With this idea of the essential economy of their plans and works thus
+impressed, engineers have been filling their place in the development
+of the material resources of the Republic for more than half a century,
+until there exists a body of trained men to whom conservation is an
+ingrained trait.
+
+Having this common ground of interest, it would seem that each
+organization may be of service to the other; that which I represent
+gaining an enlarged interest in those social, economic and moral
+questions which so vitally affect human welfare, and you, perhaps,
+utilizing the trained experience available to most fully disclose
+the true conditions upon which conclusions must depend, so that the
+principles advocated may always be based upon ascertained facts.
+
+As I listened to the reading of the resolutions on the last afternoon, it
+seemed to me that if the situation referred to in my last paragraph had
+been utilized, the statement with regard to the purity of rivers would
+have been materially modified. I think that civil (sanitary) engineers
+are rapidly realizing that there is a practicable limit set by conditions
+of civilization to the absolute purity of rivers, in some cases, which
+has been theoretically deemed desirable. However, I wish to say in
+general, that it seems to me the resolutions passed by the Congress are
+excellent.
+
+
+ADDRESS.
+
+BY J. C. BAUMGARTNER _of California_.
+
+I regret exceedingly that a gentleman from our state with whom many of
+you are well acquainted, a former governor, George C. Pardee, who is the
+chairman of our State Conservation commission, is not here. I feel wholly
+incompetent to represent California upon this occasion, but have been
+asked to say just a few words.
+
+When the governor of California asked me a few days ago to take a place
+upon the state Conservation commission I was very proud and glad to do
+so. I happened to be a newspaper man by profession, and quite a number of
+papers throughout the state had little items about my appointment, and
+the heading in many instances read something like this: “Baumgartner gets
+a fat plum,” “An editor recognized,” and so on down the line. I made a
+little reply to that in this way: I said that I was very glad indeed to
+be recognized as a man who was willing and perhaps in some little measure
+competent to have a part in the great work of conservation, without
+money and without price, as you all know, and as was expressed from this
+platform this morning, this work is a work in which no individual has any
+selfish interest. It is a public-spirited work. And it is certainly one
+of the biggest and best things that is going on in this country today.
+Nothing has been done in California by the state government by way of
+recognition of this work until within the past few months. So that we
+who are here from that state are here to learn, and not to attempt to
+instruct. If we can learn our A B Cs here, we shall feel that our time
+and money have been well spent in coming here.
+
+About five or six months ago—I haven’t a recollection of the exact
+date—the Conservation commission of California was appointed and began
+its work. I have had the pleasure and the privilege of attending only
+one meeting which was held a week ago last Friday, and at that meeting
+I was prevailed upon to come to this Congress, because other members,
+more competent to represent the state, could not leave home. Accompanying
+me are other gentlemen from that state. The secretary of our state
+commission, and representatives of other phases of conservation are
+here. We have a great deal of rich agricultural land in California, and
+we are a little shy of water in some places. We have ideal conditions
+in many respects for manufacturing, but we are also a little shy on
+coal. So that we turn our attention naturally to water and power first.
+We have entered into coöperative agreements with federal employes,
+representatives of the various federal bureau departments, who are
+working in our state, especially the geological survey people, and
+the representatives of the department of agriculture, and we have men
+of our own in the field gathering data on those important phases of
+conservation in California—water resources and power resources. The work
+has only just begun, but we feel that we were fortunate in securing this
+coöperation of the National Government. It is barely possible that this
+may be a suggestion to some other state. We entered into agreements with
+these people to gather the data that we need in order to give us the
+information necessary for intelligent recommendation to the legislature
+as to the necessary legislation in our state. This work has just begun,
+and we feel that we have saved a great deal of time in not having to
+organize a complete force of our own, and also a great deal of money has
+been saved in eliminating overhead charges. These gentlemen are gathering
+for us complete data as to the amount and character of lands that can
+be irrigated, and complete data as to the water that is available for
+irrigating those lands. We also in our last legislature, in addition to
+providing for this commission, provided for a board of control of water
+power, and under that law the state has absolute control and regulation
+of water power. In California there is sufficient water power to turn
+every wheel that is now turned in the United States. It is estimated
+by federal government experts that we have in California in use and
+operation 250,000 horsepower, and that we might easily develop five
+million. It is also estimated that this five million horsepower on the
+basis of the price of coal in California is a billion dollars a year.
+So you can see how important that phase of the work is to us. We are
+accompanied here by the secretary of our commission, Mr. Louis R. Glavis,
+and during the course of the convention if there is anything that any one
+wishes to ask about our work or plans, Mr. Glavis can no doubt answer the
+questions intelligently. Very likely I could not if the questions were
+put to me.
+
+We wish to say in this same connection that we would indeed be glad to
+have the representatives and the conservation commissions in other states
+and all conservation bodies and organizations, send us any information
+they have that may be of benefit to us, and we shall be glad, indeed, to
+reciprocate that courtesy. I do not think there is anything else that I
+can say, ladies and gentlemen. We merely wanted you to know that we were
+awake, or just beginning to get awake in California on this important
+subject, and that we shall give it our best efforts, and invite your
+hearty coöperation. I thank you. (Applause)
+
+
+REPORT FROM IDAHO.
+
+BY MRS. HOLLAND C. DAY.
+
+While I am not a native of Idaho, I must say that I claim allegiance to
+the state of Missouri, and Governor Hadley is my governor. (Applause)
+But, as I spent many months in Idaho, I was appointed by the newspapers
+to speak a word for Idaho in case there was no one else here to represent
+her. Therefore that is my excuse for appearing before you.
+
+Through the Carey act Idaho has had more opportunity to be settled than
+through the general homestead act, as there is not so much time required
+to stay on the land before beginning to cultivate. Of course, you all
+know that is a sage brush country, and there is lots of grubbing to be
+done there. A few years ago I helped to plant an orchard of 167 acres.
+Eight thousand fruit trees were planted there. It is called Pasadena
+valley. From my little hut we counted sixteen settlements of school
+teachers and their wives, and young people settling in that valley,
+making a new start in life. That valley blossoms, I was going to say,
+like a rose, but I mean like an apple tree. For two years now these
+apple trees have been growing and putting out fine new shoots and they
+have been obliged to cut these twigs away in order to have the best kind
+of apples two years from now. Dr. Morrison’s orchard is situated in
+Pasadena valley: he has 167 acres there. He is a man well known in the
+State of Washington, and he took up this land for the sake of inducing
+others to come. Now, as far as the irrigation problem is concerned, you
+all know about it. I am confined to five minutes, but I want to say that
+the sooner the people of the United States, especially of the East, will
+not think so much about the productiveness of the soil as they will of
+the locality, and they think more of the locality I would say, than the
+productiveness, then the whole western country will be a Mecca for some
+of the hide-bound people of the East. (Applause)
+
+Now, I am a New Yorker myself originally. I was a New York girl up to
+thirty years ago, and now I am a Missourian, and once a Missourian always
+a Missourian. And when I went out West they did not have to show me,
+either. (Applause) But I see the people of the East do not understand the
+conservation theory as well as they might. I have talked with many, and
+you take up the New York papers, and you will find that they are very
+provincial. There is nothing outside of New York. You have to come West
+and get the western papers to find out what is going on all over the
+world, and conservation is the touch-word nowadays. I want to say that
+Idaho is heart and soul in this movement. I represent a paper that goes
+all over Idaho and is looking forward to some report from this Congress
+with a great deal of interest, and I shall be pleased to report it as
+well and effectively as only a woman can. I thank you very much, and if
+you want to plant any orchards and have them grow and make money, and
+send your apples to Europe and all over the world, come to Idaho, to
+King’s Hill or Glenn’s Ferry. I thank you. (Applause)
+
+
+REPORT FROM ILLINOIS.
+
+BY COLONEL ISHAM RANDOLPH.
+
+COL. RANDOLPH—I bring you God speed and the good will of our Governor who
+cannot be here himself. He is lying upon a bed of pain with a broken leg,
+but that is the only thing that is lame about him. He is as determined
+in spirit, and as earnest in his efforts for the good of his own people
+and for the good of the whole Nation as though he was sound in every bone
+in his body.
+
+Illinois, the sister state to Missouri, is not a novice in the
+conservation movement. She began it a long time ago. She has had her
+conservation work going on for many years, and she has learned that in
+union there is strength. In Illinois we have had for a number of years,
+the Internal Improvement commission, which joined hands with the State
+Geological Survey, with the United States Government Survey, with the
+water survey, with the fish commission, and hand in hand they have
+worked for the development of the state and the conservation of our
+resources. Something has been said about the failure of the land in the
+East. It was my good fortune to be a delegate to the first Conservation
+Congress in the White House. The president of our Illinois University,
+in the course of his remarks said, that so much was said about the
+misfortunes, of the impoverishment of the land of New England, of the
+lands of New York, of the lands of Virginia and other eastern states,
+but, he said, “My friends, I do not so regard it. The impoverishment
+of these lands has sent the sons of those states to build up the West.
+They have carried with them their energy, their brains, their character,
+and they are making the great West what it is today.” I repeated that
+to a distinguished educator in agricultural lines who is now in this
+audience, and what do you think his remark was? He said, “Did he also go
+on to say that wherever the English-speaking people had set foot they had
+robbed the soil, and given it nothing back?” Now, our universities are
+teaching our English-speaking people, and our people of all languages,
+how to give back to the soil that which has been taken from it. Our
+University of Illinois, with its experiment stations, its work on behalf
+of agriculture, has so educated its people that each year the results of
+that education is to give back to the state more than all the money that
+Illinois has ever put into this great institution. It has been said of a
+great eastern college that it is a kindergarten for hell. Not so of our
+great institutions. That is a kindergarten from which we are educating
+men to upbuild our state, to make it agriculturally and in every other
+way, what that great state should be. We have in Illinois a number of
+things to be conserved. We have our coal resources. These problems have
+been taken up by the Geological Survey, and are being handled in a way
+which still result in great good for the state. We have no arid lands in
+Illinois, but we have flooded lands, overflowed lands. We have hundreds
+of thousands of acres which we are now starting in to reclaim. It is the
+business of a commission which was appointed by the State of Illinois
+to study its streams, to look out for the interests of the state, to
+recover from all unlawful owners, unlawful seizure of lands which
+rightfully belonged to the state. It is the business of that commission
+to conserve the water power of the state. There is a great asset for
+which our Governor is making an excellent fight. The question is, shall
+Illinois own the water power of the Illinois river, and conserve it for
+all use, or shall private capital own that, and all the people use it
+by paying for it? It has been said that we have been defeated in this
+thing. Why, gentlemen, as a great leader—I believe he was a commander
+of a vessel—when called upon to surrender said, “We have just begun to
+fight.” We are going to conserve that water power for the people of the
+state and we are going to give the state and the Nation a water way.
+This is a congress to consider the conservation of the land, the soil
+development of the land, but, gentlemen, you must bear in mind that this
+country is growing by leaps and bounds, and that the railroads of our
+country cannot keep pace with the transportation demands. We must look to
+the future. It is said that our water ways are of no use today. Ah, but
+they will be of use. The time is coming when these water ways, when every
+water way that can float a boat will be required to take the produce of
+our farms to market. The time is not long past when our railroads were
+so glutted with produce that the farmers were losing their hard earnings
+because they could not put their grain into market. This occurred at a
+time when the population of the states which may be considered tributary
+to the Mississippi river were only 31.4 per square mile. The same census
+gave Great Britain a population of 312.5 to the square mile, and these
+states are so rich in soil that they will support a population equal to
+that of any other area on the face of the earth, and that population is
+coming—you cannot begin to get ready for it too soon. In 1913 at the
+present rate of progress the Panama Canal will be opened to the nations
+of the earth for business. Will the Mississippi valley be able and ready
+to float its produce down to avail that great opening, or must it go on
+forever shipping its produce by rail to some Pacific or Atlantic port, to
+be there loaded into the vessels, and go through this canal in vessels
+that ought to be loaded at your own doors, in your own city? I make this
+appeal for the water ways, and I make it brief, because my time is up,
+and I thank you for your attention. (Applause.)
+
+
+REPORT FOR INDIANA.
+
+BY HARRY EVEREST BARNARD.
+
+I represent the Indiana branch of the National conservation association.
+The state which is the center of population, the center of industrial
+activity, the center of literary activity. We believe that Indiana is
+the state most progressive in the way of constructive, conservative
+legislation of any of the states of our great country. During the last
+few years our legislature has been doing active constructive work.
+We have this last year placed upon our statute books the first cold
+storage bill passed in the United States which is really constructive
+legislation. We believe, in Indiana, that conservation means utilization,
+economic utilization, and that the manufacturers who know how to make a
+better brick out of Indiana clay; the health officer who shows us how to
+conserve and improve the health of our school children, or teaches us how
+to build a better school house; the man who can produce a new product out
+of Indiana oil, is a true conservationist. The state boards of health
+of Indiana have been devoting most of their time in the last few years
+to a study of stream pollution. We have been studying the pollution of
+the southern end of Lake Michigan, by the industrial activities at the
+northern end of our state. We have shown the citizens in that northern
+part of Indiana how they are pouring their sewage into Lake Michigan
+through one pipe and drawing water from Lake Michigan through another. At
+the present time we are studying the pollution of the Ohio river by the
+sewage of the cities of Indiana, and we have now demonstrated by a survey
+which is still in operation, but which has covered over 300 miles of the
+Ohio river, that wonderful stream of water is nothing but a stream of
+sewage its entire length, wholly unfit for drinking purposes.
+
+Indiana is regulating the propagation of the unfit, by effective
+legislation. Indiana is taking a stand in the front of all health
+organization work. It has this last year introduced compulsory medical
+inspection of school children. Within the last two years Indiana,
+although not at the present time a forest state, has become aroused to
+the necessity of work along the lines of intelligent forest conservation,
+not only because we need the lumber, and the timber and wood, but because
+we need to preserve the life of our streams. Indiana has found that
+within the last twenty years the ground water level throughout the state
+has been lowered some twenty feet, and is now realizing that without
+proper forest conservation it cannot expect to find sufficient water for
+its needs in the not distant future. (Applause.)
+
+
+REPORT FOR IOWA.
+
+BY THOMAS H. MACBRIDE.
+
+I shall say nothing about the resources of Iowa. This is an intelligent
+audience (applause) and I take it there is not a man or woman in any
+state in the United States who does not know all about the fact that
+Iowa is the most magnificent garden on the face of the earth. I shall,
+therefore, say nothing about Iowa. I do say, however, that my notion
+of this whole conservation movement is simply the devotion to an idea.
+And that idea is the right use of this world. Our problem, therefore,
+is the right use of the state of Iowa. Now, then, we have magnificent
+soil; we have streams that run riot in spring and winter and are so dry
+in summer that all the large catfish have to move away. We have lakes,
+the most beautiful perhaps of all the lakes, the small lakes, on the
+northern plains. We have some forests, and Nature put the forests in
+the right place; she put it to protect the streams. Four years ago the
+legislature of Iowa made provision for a commission which should report
+upon the proper conservation of our soils, our lakes, our streams and our
+woods. That commission did make a report. That report is available for
+the members of this Congress; it can be had. That report was presented to
+our last legislature, our latest legislature was called to the momentous
+task of choosing a senator for the senate of the United States, and in
+devotion to that tremendous problem the report of the commission was
+entirely overlooked. That report was a good one; I say so because I was
+a member of that commission, and I therefore make this apology for the
+legislature of my state, in view of the fact that I think the legislature
+overlooked the most magnificent piece of work. But in all seriousness,
+Iowa is at work. The people of Iowa are alive to these problems. We have
+there many agencies that are at work. Our whole subject is before our
+state colleges of agriculture, than which it is admitted there are none
+better. There are many men in all parts of the state who are devoted to
+this idea, and one of them has been so prominent that he stands above us
+all today as the president of this Congress (applause). It is therefore
+less necessary that I should say anything about Iowa. Mr. President, do
+you believe that hundreds of men and women would leave their homes at
+their own cost, and at the cost and sacrifice of their own business,
+for anything less than an idea? And, Mr. President, the time has come
+when that idea shall win. It must win, if we are going to use this world
+rightly, because no problem is solved until it is solved rightly. Then,
+when that time comes, you will see in Iowa, and in all these border
+states, not only the freest people on the face of the earth, but the
+happiest. (Applause.)
+
+
+REPORT FROM KANSAS.
+
+BY DEAN H. J. WATERS, _Of the State Agricultural College_.
+
+I understand that this is a report of progress in the great movement of
+conservation. I regret that Kansas, unlike Iowa, has no beautiful lakes.
+They have all long since gone dry, as has Kansas in other particulars,
+and where these lakes once were are now growing crops, great and
+bountiful crops of alfalfa, and in the places where Kansas went dry in
+other particulars there is now growing a great crop of temperate and
+stalwart men and women. (Applause.) It was said by your distinguished
+chairman this morning that Kansas was the experiment station of this
+Nation, and she pleads guilty to the charge, and is proud of it. They
+have the courage to try any experiment in government, in business, in
+farming that promises to be successful, and that promises real progress.
+
+You ask what Kansas is doing to conserve its resources? She is conserving
+her resources of men and women by having less intemperance than any
+other state in the union; by having less illiteracy than any other state
+in the union; by having empty jails and almshouses, and having full
+school houses with seven months of school in every district in Kansas
+each year; with a teacher the minimum salary of which is $50 a month.
+(Applause.) And, with a larger proportion of our sons and daughters
+in colleges, in proportion to our population, than any other state
+in the Union. (Applause.) But, speaking more specifically concerning
+the questions immediately before this Congress, what is Kansas doing
+towards the conservation of her so-called material resources? Our last
+legislature made provision for a state commission of conservation, and
+I regret exceedingly that the chairman of that committee happened to be
+absent at this particular moment, so that I might have been spared the
+embarrassment of speaking for the state on this occasion. That commission
+is actively at work, and is considering the matter of soil fertility,
+of the education of the people in the country and in the city, and
+considering all matters that would naturally be considered in connection
+with this subject.
+
+And then, what has the agricultural college been doing along this line,
+and these agricultural colleges have been the pioneers in this field of
+conservation? Last year the Kansas state agricultural college spoke to
+150,000 people in Kansas concerning the question of conservation, and at
+every farmers’ institute held in that state for the last six years the
+question of soil fertility has been discussed, and has been the topic of
+discussion at meetings, and the details of soil fertility has come to be
+a household word.
+
+There are today in the state of Kansas 340 farmers’ institutes or
+farmers’ clubs, that meet once every month, with a membership of 14,000
+heads of families, the membership representing sixty or seventy thousand
+persons. They discuss once a month the details of prosperous, progressive
+and successful farming, including soil fertility. In the great corn belt,
+on an average fully 25 per cent of our great corn crop—and the greatest
+crop we produce—is wasted for the want of a silo in which to preserve it.
+In Kansas four years ago there were 62 silos. The agricultural college
+has made a special campaign through its extension department along this
+line, and today there are 2,000 silos in Kansas, and all of them full.
+That is the only thing I know of in Kansas that is full. Within the last
+six years the area of alfalfa has been doubled; and this is in the line
+of conservation, for here is a crop that enriches the father but does not
+impoverish the son, and that is but a part of what Kansas is doing. I say
+these things not boastfully, for Kansas is not doing a quarter of what
+she ought to do in these lines, and not a quarter of what she will do in
+the very near future through the stimulus of great Congresses like this.
+(Applause.)
+
+
+REPORT FOR LOUISIANA.
+
+BY FRED L. GRACE.
+
+Just a few words about conservation from our state, Louisiana. Our very
+emblems are symbolic of conservation. Our state emblem is a pelican, the
+only bird of flight that will pull the flesh from its own breast to feed
+it to its young. Our state flower is the magnolia, whose stately trees by
+the same name grow all over our state, and whose wood is very valuable
+for furniture.
+
+At the last session of the general assembly of Louisiana, under the
+progressive administration of Governor J. Y. Sanders, there were enacted
+and made into laws twenty-nine measures relating to conservation of
+our natural resources and the preservation of the gifts so bountifully
+provided us by an all-wise Providence.
+
+Louisiana leads in the production of lumber, as well as sulphur, and
+salt, much mineral oil and gas. In fact, Louisiana leads in having the
+greatest store of natural resources.
+
+She has in pine lands, as near as I have been able to figure, about
+4,269,928 acres.
+
+In hardwoods, such as oak, gum, willow, persimmon, hickory, magnolia,
+beech, elm, sycamore and poplar, 3,338,486 acres.
+
+In cypress approximately 900,000 acres.
+
+We have, in Louisiana, two mills which alone cut daily nearly one and
+three-quarter million feet of lumber. Of these the mill of the great
+Southern lumber company of Bogalusa, La., and Fullerton, La., is the
+largest in the world.
+
+This company is putting in an alcohol plant so that utilization can be
+made of waste products and they be manufactured into alcohol. The number
+of employees at this plant and their logging operation are about 1,600
+to 1,800. Their motto is, “Utilization as well as Conservation.” They
+now make charcoal of the limbs, and paper and alcohol of the refuse wood
+and sawdust. In a short time they will begin to work the stumps, and in
+connection with this I will add that there is more turpentine in a stump
+than in any part of the tree. Utilization of the stumps will clear the
+lands for farming purposes and these soon will bloom with growing crops.
+
+Louisiana has many bayous and creeks and all of these are lined with
+mills and lumber companies which are steadily cutting on the vast supply
+at hand. Our forests are teeming with woods of all kinds and Louisiana
+has more kinds of woods than any state in the Union.
+
+The long leaf pine of Louisiana obtains preëminence over those of other
+states for its superior qualities of strength and elasticity, combined
+with comparatively light weight and ease of working, making it adaptable
+to many classes of work.
+
+Our cypress, which grows principally in the southern part of the state
+and also to some extent in the lower and swampy portions of the middle
+and northern portions, is of extremely slow growth, but is the most
+lasting of all our woods, and under water is practically indestructible.
+We ship more cross-ties of oak and cypress than any other state, a great
+many of these being creosoted and exported to foreign countries where
+they are in great demand.
+
+Another tree that is springing into prominence is the pecan. East Baton
+Rouge has a pecan orchard of 700 acres and the Parish of Iberville has
+a number of varieties of several hundred acres each. In some of the
+parishes bordering on Bayou Teche, inhabitants are going into the culture
+of this tree on a large scale. The profits in this business are large,
+each tree producing, when having attained a growth, one or more barrels
+of the pecans of which the average price is from 15 to 25 cents per pound.
+
+We are now drafting laws for the protection of timber from devastation by
+fire and from indiscriminate logging.
+
+Over in the southwestern part of Louisiana is located the plant of the
+Union Sulphur Company, engaged in the mining of sulphur by a novel
+process.
+
+The product is mined by being melted by superheated steam pumped down
+through the deposits and it is then pumped up in a molten state and
+allowed to cool and solidify in vats where it is broken up and shipped to
+market.
+
+This mine is one of the largest in the world, if not the largest, and
+its output is close to one thousand tons per day. This, I think, shoves
+Sicily hard for first place in the production of this mineral.
+
+Borings made by the company to ascertain the amount of sulphur in that
+vicinity show fully 40,000,000 tons underlying their holdings.
+
+The discovery of the famous Beaumont oil field in 1901 was the signal for
+oil exploration, both in Texas and Louisiana.
+
+Since that time Louisiana has proven to have within her borders oil
+deposits second only to the famous Pennsylvania fields. And the deposits
+of the Caddo field are generally conceded to be the greatest single field
+in the world.
+
+The depths at which oil is found varies from 500 to 2,200 feet in the
+different fields.
+
+The Welsh and Jennings fields have produced oil at from 1,000 to 2,000
+feet. And while these fields in their beginning produced gushers, they
+are now all pumpers and are producing in the neighborhood of 10,000
+barrels per day.
+
+Along with oil in the Caddo field have also been found large supplies of
+natural gas and this is now being utilized in many ways and will continue
+to be, as the supply is seemingly inexhaustible.
+
+A great waste of these valuable mineral deposits was made before pipe
+lines were built and receptacles constructed. Now the matter is being
+taken in hand and soon, under the conservation measures adopted at the
+last general assembly, control of the situation will be complete. There
+is still some work along this line to accomplish, and at the next session
+of the General Assembly these will be written in our statutes.
+
+The conservation of game and fish, as well as the other natural
+resources, is most momentous to the people of our state. Louisiana has
+adopted good and sound measures for the protection of her game and fish
+and has created a commission with a system of wardens and provides that
+hunters shall contribute to the support of the commission for protection
+by the payment of a nominal license for the privilege of hunting.
+
+Of course, changes will have to be made, but the ground work has been
+done.
+
+Louisiana has in her many streams and water courses, as well as in her
+bays and lakes, a vast supply of fish and shrimp. The shrimp and salt
+water fisheries furnish employment to a great number of persons. These
+are dependent on the supply of this valuable resource and are directly
+interested in the protection of it.
+
+The oyster industry during the past year has enjoyed a healthy and
+expansive growth, and while the general business depression has affected
+the canner, still a great many acres of water bottoms were leased for
+oyster culture and other improvements were made.
+
+There are now under lease and cultivation over 14,391.24 acres of water
+bottoms at $1.00 per acre per annum, and yielding on an average of two
+hundred barrels of oysters per acre.
+
+There are more than 2,700 boats engaged in the oyster industry and
+2,400,000 bags were caught last season with a market value of something
+over $2,000,000.
+
+The shores of Louisiana are largely indented with lakes, bayous and bays,
+where the tides ebb and flow daily, mixing the salt water of the Gulf
+of Mexico with the fresh waters of the Mississippi river and the bayous
+and small rivers leading therefrom. The area of this water surface,
+susceptible to oyster culture, is calculated to be 4,720,502 acres.
+
+There are now under cultivation slightly over 15,000 acres, producing
+about 200 barrels of oysters per acre each year, and something like
+62,740 acres, estimated, of natural reefs where oysters grow wild and
+unaided.
+
+Deducting the leased bottoms and the natural oyster reefs from the total
+area mentioned would leave about 4,660,000 acres of barren bottoms at
+present unproductive, but which, with the expenditure of labor and a
+small amount of money, could be made to yield enormous revenues and be a
+great source of food supply.
+
+The oyster industry of Louisiana offers to the people of this country one
+of the greatest fields of exploitation and development.
+
+Salt has been known to exist in Louisiana for many years, and has been
+mined commercially in one deposit, that of the Avery salt works, since
+1852. This deposit is one of pure salt rock and at the present time
+nearly a thousand tons a day are being produced. This is only one of the
+several similar mines in Louisiana and I have no doubt that there are
+many very valuable deposits of salt yet undiscovered and undeveloped.
+
+
+REPORT FROM MASSACHUSETTS.
+
+BY PROF. FRANK WILLIAM RANE, _State Forester_.
+
+Complying with the request of the officials of this association in
+reporting herewith for the state of Massachusetts, I wish to say at
+the outset that I feel certainly incompetent to undertake the task
+and to point out the numerous activities that the good old Bay State
+is fostering. Being a Massachusetts citizen by adoption only, I feel
+privileged to express myself more frankly as otherwise my report might
+seem prejudiced.
+
+We have in Massachusetts, in the first place, a conservation of the
+old-time ancestry which is not only renowned for its brilliant deeds in
+the Nation’s early history, but is still firm and abiding even after
+these many years. What state has a fairer reputation in its dissemination
+of its natural resources and still lives to enter more heartily into the
+conservation and restoration of those remaining.
+
+The historic setting and general environment of Massachusetts in the
+early days of the Nation are natural resources that constitute an
+ever-bubbling fountain. Yearly the pilgrimage to the old Bay State of
+thousands upon thousands from throughout the Nation to visit Boston,
+Concord, Lexington, Arlington, Cambridge, Salem, Plymouth and a score of
+other cities and towns goes to show what the conservation of high ideals
+and true patriotism mean.
+
+The state has always been liberal, progressive and a natural leader in
+all that stands for education, advancement and enlightenment.
+
+Many wonder at the splendid showing that Massachusetts always makes and
+seem confounded at her successful progress. The explanation is that as a
+state we do not confine our interests to state bounds, but our people are
+equally interested in promoting and developing copper and other mines or
+sheep ranches and other industries in the South or West, as much as they
+are at home. Succeeding elsewhere means also better opportunities for
+home development. In this way mutual associations and enterprises of a
+stalwart and permanent nature are established.
+
+The old biblical saying that it is more blessed to give than receive is
+literally true of the old Bay State. While she has been generous in the
+Nation’s life, yet there are few states that for their size have greater
+natural advantages and hold out better prospects for success in the
+future.
+
+Contrary to the minds of many, Massachusetts has advantages that are hard
+to surpass. I wonder how many have read the article entitled “Golden New
+England,” by Sylvester Baxter, which appeared in the Outlook in 1910.
+If not, you may be interested in doing so. The author therein portrays
+various rural industries and very entertainingly points out their
+success. One of our enterprising business houses, N. W. Harris & Co.,
+bankers, Boston, very kindly has sent out excerpts to those desiring the
+same.
+
+Massachusetts is a state with many manufacturing centers and, therefore,
+a great consumer of all kinds of resources, particularly in the raw
+material. This material is put through our factories and goes out as the
+manufactured article.
+
+Our high standard of education in literature, science and art has evolved
+men of usefulness. In the modern or applied sciences we point with pride
+to our technical, agricultural and trade schools which are already
+accomplishing results toward conservation, restoration and economic
+utilization of natural resources.
+
+Massachusetts people began to see the handwriting on the wall many
+years ago and even before this Congress was born they were agitating
+and accomplishing actual results. Our cities and towns are already well
+forearmed with generous water supplies. The great metropolitan water
+system of Boston and its suburbs, already a reality, is one of the
+greatest engineering feats yet accomplished in its line. Our metropolitan
+and municipal park systems are a credit to our people. The state highway
+system of Massachusetts needs no introduction to an intelligent audience
+like this, as its reputation has attracted road engineers from all
+over the world and many states have come to the Massachusetts highway
+commission and induced our men away. Dr. Field of the fish and game
+commission is here at the convention; hence, he will inform you of
+this field of our activity. Simply let me say that our marine natural
+resources are far greater than most people realize. Massachusetts has a
+large and important coastal boundary and were I able to tell you of the
+great possible future we have in mind even for the old historic Cape Cod
+Country, I know it would interest you. While the great fishing industries
+of Old Gloucester, Nantucket and New Bedford are not as thriving as in
+earlier times, nevertheless with the guidance of modern science to water
+farming, we have great promise of the restoration of these industries
+that will go far toward feeding the Nation in the future.
+
+Speaking of fishing and game, forestry, natural history and Appalachian
+clubs, I am frank to say that I believe there are no people on earth
+who are more in love with Nature herself, heart and soul, than our
+Massachusetts people. We have organizations galore and they are not only
+organized but bubbling full of real activity and accomplishing things.
+Were you the state forester of Massachusetts, I can guarantee that you
+could spend your whole time simply lecturing on conservation or forestry,
+as the demands are so great and the work so popular.
+
+In the development of a new nation it invariably follows that conditions
+are constantly changing, and as intercourse with other nations through
+trade and business relations progresses, the evils and blessings
+are shared. While we are greatly indebted to the various countries
+of the world for many an introduction, nevertheless now and then we
+unfortunately get an insect or fungus development that proves extremely
+disastrous.
+
+It would not be fair to Massachusetts in reporting on her conservation
+policies did I not mention the great fight that the state has waged for
+years against the gypsy and brown-tail moths. These two insects are
+indigenous to Europe and while they have their natural enemies and are
+under subjection there, upon reaching this country they find an open
+field and with no enemies become a veritable pest.
+
+Both species are destroyers of trees. The brown-tail moth devours the
+leaves of the deciduous, or hardwood trees only, while the gypsy is no
+respector of vegetation and will defoliate evergreens as well, if food
+is scarce, although it, too, prefers the deciduous. The brown-tail moths
+besides being tree destroyers, give off hairs from the larvae and moth,
+which, when brought in contact with the skin of human beings produce a
+rash that is extremely irritating. Of the two insects the gypsy moth is
+generally considered the worse. The fact that when the white pine, or our
+evergreens, are once stripped they die outright; and that the pine in
+particular is one of our most valuable species, both from the economic
+and aesthetic standpoint, make their protection from the gypsy moth
+important.
+
+I will not take time to give you the life histories of these insects, for
+should anyone be interested this information can be had by applying to
+the State Forester, Boston, Mass. We have illustrated matter in natural
+colors showing these insects.
+
+Practically all of our trees in the residential sections of the cities
+and towns, in the eastern part of the state, are sprayed annually.
+Our main travelled roadsides are sprayed each year. Individuals,
+municipalities and the state all coöperate in this work. The annual
+appropriation of the state is $315,000 a year. The total expenditure from
+all sources, within the state, up to the present time in this work is
+estimated at $6,000,000. Besides this the United States Government has
+spent in Massachusetts probably $700,000. We have had as high as 2,700
+men at work at one time in the busiest season of the year. The renewed
+North Shore, our fashionable summer resort, spends practically $100,000 a
+year to protect the trees in this section alone.
+
+The state forester’s spraying apparatus is composed of an aggregation of
+300 spraying outfits. We use in a single season over 400 tons of arsenate
+of lead, the state’s contract alone being for 250 tons a year.
+
+During the past two years the state forester’s department has made great
+improvements in power spraying equipment, the cost of spraying woodlands
+having been reduced from $30.00, or more, per acre, down to as low as
+$6.00 in some instances. Instead of its being necessary to climb trees
+as heretofore, the modern power sprayer enables us to spray directly
+over the tops of tall trees from the ground. The whole spraying problem
+has been revolutionized. It is certainly to be hoped that these insects
+may not secure a foothold elsewhere. Surely Massachusetts is doing her
+part, and I cannot urge too strongly the necessity of other states and
+the Nation realizing the importance of this work. We have introduced
+parasites from all over the world, and they are showing great promise.
+The work with disease also seems very effective, and I feel optimistic.
+It is clear that the practice of modern forestry methods, and the
+employment of highly developed mechanical devices, are doing much, and we
+trust ere long the parasites and diseases will bring about the desired
+balance.
+
+Massachusetts is enthusiastically interested in forestry and the state
+forester this past season was given an appropriation of $10,000 for
+forest fire work. We have appointed a state forest fire warden, who is
+organizing and perfecting a workable system. He is also establishing
+lookout stations, and patrol systems in different sections of the state.
+
+Our forest management, reforestation and general forestry, educational
+and demonstration work are all well established and progressing. We have
+3,000,000 trees in the state nursery for use another season. The state is
+planting 1,000 acres each year, and our lumbermen and people generally
+are showing interest, and doing more each season. Our appropriation,
+including that for forest fires this past year, was $40,000.
+
+In Massachusetts the work of restoration is even of more importance than
+conservation when applied to forestry. The annual cut of our forest
+products at present amounts to only five per cent of that used each
+year throughout the commonwealth for manufacturing, building and other
+purposes. Surely we can and ought to supply a larger amount of our own
+home grown woods. Although the state has been well cut over, even now our
+wood harvests play an important factor in the industries of many of our
+rural sections. While we believe thoroughly in conservation where it will
+apply, still the more potent force begins farther back. We need to teach
+the A B C of restoration in forestry. When our work of reforestation
+shall have begun to demonstrate its value, it will be an object lesson,
+which will mean much toward perfecting a better state forest policy.
+
+Practical forest restoration, therefore, is what Massachusetts needs
+most. If we will reconvert our hilly, rocky, mountainous, moist sandy and
+waste non-agricultural lands generally into productive forests the future
+financial success from rural sections of the commonwealth is assured.
+This is no idle dream; it can be accomplished. Massachusetts is a natural
+forest country and all that is needed is simply to assist nature, stop
+forest fires and formulate constructive policies. Then we can grow as
+fine forests as can be found anywhere. Germany and many of the countries
+of the old world have already demonstrated what can be done. Are we to
+be less thrifty and far-sighted? Americans do things, when they are once
+aroused, and it is believed that reforestation and the adopting of modern
+forestry management must be given its due consideration in this state
+from now on.
+
+I have been delighted to follow the interest that has been aroused and
+the great tendency for all our people to not only welcome and appreciate
+the new idea of “conservation,” but to even credit the term or phrase, as
+covering every phase of new endeavor.
+
+It is not my purpose to lessen the glory one whit or bedim a single gem
+in the crown of the national phrase, “Conservation of Natural Resources,”
+nor could I were it to be tried, for the heralded motto has already
+stamped itself firmly upon the Nation.
+
+As time goes on, however, it will be found that our popular phrase will
+not carry with it the whole panacea for overcoming our wasteful and
+depleting conditions, and that new and equally applicable terms, though
+perhaps never so popular, will come to express more aptly our real needs.
+
+To my mind the phrase, “Restoration of Natural Resources,” vies with
+that of “Conservation of Natural Resources,” and expresses a force to be
+aroused in the Nation for good that in many ways surpasses the present
+popular one.
+
+We have our forest reserves and minerals, what are left, and now to
+conserve them economically is a worthy undertaking, but in the older
+sections of the Nation to conserve what we have in depleted and worn-out
+lands and forests is to pick the bones of the withered and shrunken
+carcass.
+
+Let conservation apply where it may, but the force that is needed in
+Massachusetts and all of New England, yea the South, extending even well
+into the middle of the Nation, following the great depleting agricultural
+cereal and cotton crops on the one hand, and the lumberman’s axe and
+forest fires on the other, is greater than this term can begin to express.
+
+The term, “Restoration of Natural Resources,” I claim, meets our present
+needs far better and breathes greater hope and definite accomplishments
+for our children’s children in the future.
+
+
+REPORT FROM MINNESOTA.
+
+BY D. M. NEILL.
+
+To undertake to tell you of the resources of the state of Minnesota would
+be to recapitulate nearly the resources of all the states of the union.
+But I don’t understand that is what we are here for. When the governor
+of Minnesota asked me to come down here, I asked him what I was to say
+to the people who might be here at this time. He said, “You have been on
+the state conservation commission for two years, and you ought to know
+what to say,” and in addition to that he said, “Go down and tell them
+what we are trying to do in Minnesota.” That is what I will try to tell
+you about. In the first place, the men who settled Minnesota looked far
+into the future. The state had an immense amount of what was called swamp
+lands donated by the government for educational purposes. These men of
+the early days, looking to the future, passed a law whereby these lands
+could not be disposed of except at a minimum price of what then seemed to
+be a ridiculous sum entirely beyond what these lands would probably then
+be worth. But these lands are found to be among the most valuable assets
+of the state of Minnesota, and have sold at double, triple, ten times,
+and some of them for more than a thousand times the minimum price. So
+that today the state of Minnesota is next to the state of Texas, has the
+largest school fund in the United States—something over $25,000,000—and
+with the resources on hand belonging to the fund, it probably, in the
+course of time, will amount to over $250,000,000. That looks like
+conservation of our school resources.
+
+In our farm work, our agricultural college has been doing of late years
+a splendid work throughout the state. In connection with the commercial
+clubs it has established a considerable number of experimental farms
+in different localities, to give somewhat of a practical education to
+the farmers already tilling the soil. The leaders in this movement have
+felt that the ordinary processes of sending the children to school,
+giving them an agricultural education, trying to get them back to the
+farm again—to spread that education was too slow. It seemed necessary to
+do something with the parents that they may see the necessity for the
+children having an agricultural education, and for that reason the state
+agricultural college has been conducting this set of experiments through
+the experimental farm. The results are already beginning to show.
+
+The state of Minnesota has succeeded in the last few years in raising the
+number of bushels of wheat alone 3½ bushels to the acre. That is some
+of the practical conservation of the soil. Minnesota used to have the
+reputation of having the worst roads in the United States, and I think
+she fully lived up to her reputation. That condition is very rapidly
+being changed. The state wide campaign for good roads is being constantly
+conducted by the good roads commission. The last legislature, in fact the
+legislature of four years ago, took the matter in hand and levied a small
+tax for the betterment of the state roads. These roads were required to
+be built under the supervision of state engineers. If the roads were
+so built the state contributed one-third of their cost up to a certain
+maximum amount which to any one county did not exceed $2,000. That was
+the starting of the state movement. The last legislature provided for a
+tax that will raise something like $2,000,000 to be divided among the
+eighty counties of the state to aid in the work of good roads. A project
+is now on foot to build a state highway from the southern boundary to
+the northern boundary, and one across the state from the city of Duluth
+to the city of East Grand Forks. These to be great state highways, and
+all other highways radiating out from them. These experimental roads are
+built on scientific lines furnished by the state, and are conditioned
+according to the quality of the soil through which the road runs. The
+effort is first to get a system of good dirt roads. The state is not yet
+developed sufficiently to warrant us going in to macadamized roads at
+this time, except in the large cities.
+
+In the matter of our mineral wealth the state long ago provided that the
+people at large shall receive the benefit of it. No state land is now
+sold except where the mineral rights are retained and the mines already
+opened and in operation pay very large taxes toward the maintenance of
+the state government, thus contributing to the welfare of the whole
+people. These are some of the things that the state of Minnesota is
+trying to do and is doing. I do not feel that I can take the time to
+go into detail of many other things that we are just starting, the
+prevention of disease—already one or two tuberculosis institutions have
+been started in the pine woods of Minnesota—and a general campaign
+against the great white plague is constantly in progress. My time is up.
+I thank you. (Applause)
+
+
+REPORT FOR NEBRASKA.
+
+BY GEORGE COUPLAND.
+
+I have been very strongly reminded today in these remarks that I have
+heard made that the state that I represent is purely an agricultural
+state. That is about all the industries that we have. I thought perhaps
+of one manufacturing interest that we were trying to develop, that of
+furnishing presidential timber, but we had to give that up, and the
+factory is in the hands of the repairers today. (Applause.) I think
+that perhaps there is no more important factor in the development of
+a sentiment that means what it says, than such a gathering as this. I
+notice in the paper that I just picked up it is, “Back to the Land”—yes,
+I am glad that that is the story—for it is out of the land that this
+country has to maintain its position as a nation.
+
+The state that I represent, I am glad to say, recognizes the importance
+of perhaps its only industry, and how much its future was tied up in its
+development. It has had in motion for quite a number of years agencies
+that are looking forward to the betterment of life upon the land and
+the development of the natural resources, the only natural resources
+perhaps that we have. And I am glad to say that this movement had its
+inception in the hearts and minds of the men who lived upon the land in
+Nebraska. I am also glad to say that the men who lived in the cities,
+the business men, have responded in splendid manner to this idea. My
+mind runs back to that fine pioneer of my state, J. Sterling Morton,
+and the idea that he had in mind, and I want, Mr. President, to impress
+the thought that you so beautifully expressed today, that it is not the
+giving of more expert ability to exploit the soil, but it is the building
+up within the heart of the man and the boy and the woman and the girl
+who live upon the land a love for the place where they live; to love the
+tree that father planted; to love the home that father built, to love
+the farm that father homesteaded. That is what we want to cultivate. If
+along with these other agencies that we have in motion, we will see to
+it that this is emphasized in our educational system, then we will have
+a better conception of what real country life means. I like to think of
+my ancestral home, the generations that were born and died on the land.
+I was born on the land and I hope to die on the land. My children were
+born there, and I hope that they will have the same sentiment, and be
+willing and glad to die upon the land. Our state has in motion today—I
+will hurriedly tell you—I do not want to take any more of your time than
+necessary—I will tell you the agencies that we have at work. We have a
+farmers’ congress; we have a conservation congress; we have a rural life
+commission that was authorized by our last legislature, which I consider
+one of the most potent agencies for the betterment of rural conditions
+in the state of Nebraska; an affiliated agricultural society which takes
+in all the agricultural organizations. Every year our state university
+is their host, and nearly every year we have two thousand representative
+farmers of Nebraska gathered in our capital city to discuss questions
+pertaining to agriculture. Then we also have a conservation soil survey
+which is doing splendid work.
+
+There is one feature to which I want to draw your attention, that I
+think is very important, and that is the question of sanitation upon the
+farm, sanitation in the small town. And this has been taken up by our
+conservation congress. We have different divisions of this congress, and
+we have splendid men at the head of these divisions, who during the year
+take pains with the particular work that has been assigned them, and
+then each year we meet and hear their reports. We have a lot of splendid
+things that are going forward in our state, and I am sure what we have
+heard today is inspirational, and that we will go home vowed to do better
+things. I do not want to boast, but I just thought as I listened to what
+every man who has spoken for his state had to say, I must tell you this
+story.
+
+I live on a little farm in eastern Nebraska, which is typical of a large
+area of our state. If I had to go to the commercial fertilizer man and
+buy the fertilizing matter, the lime, the phosphorus, the potash, and
+nitrogen that are wrapped up in the first four feet of the soil that I
+till it would cost me $7,000 per acre. If I had to buy the same kind
+of fertilizing matter that is wrapped up in the first ten feet of the
+soil that I till, and which my alfalfa fields, when they are planted,
+supplied, it would cost me $28,000 per acre. I feel that we own pretty
+good land in Nebraska, and for that reason we are anxious to take good
+care of it. (Applause.)
+
+
+REPORT FOR NEW YORK.
+
+BY JOHN D. MOORE, _Member State Conservation Commission_.
+
+On my arrival in Kansas City this morning a man at the hotel asked me
+where I came from, and I said I came from New York. And he said, “What
+have you fellows got in New York you want to get conserved?” And I said,
+“We have the greatest conservation problem in New York of all the states
+in the Union.” In the first place, we have nine million people, over
+one-tenth of the population of the United States. It is one of our jobs
+to provide these nine million people with pure water to drink. I told
+him about the great reservoir on which the city of New York alone has
+spent upwards of two millions of dollars in order to bring into New York
+drinking water at the rate of five hundred millions of gallons per day. I
+told him furthermore that in the state of New York there were 32,000,000
+acres of land, and of that more than one-third wild forest land. I told
+him, too, that in the public parks of New York we had a conservation
+problem of our own which did not begin three years ago, or five or ten
+years ago, but began forty years ago when Governor Seymour appointed a
+commission in 1872 to investigate the matter of public parks and public
+forests.
+
+Since that time the state of New York has accumulated more than 1,600,000
+acres of the greatest parks in this Union, and of that 1,300,000 acres
+are in the Adirondacks, and in these parks any citizen of New York,
+or any other state can come and hunt and camp as freely as he will.
+Furthermore, of the timber land of that park, which is of priceless
+value, and a value which has been protected by a constitutional
+amendment adopted in 1894, and not yesterday, or the day before, but
+sixteen or seventeen years ago. This law says that these lands shall
+neither be leased or sold or exchanged nor taken by any person, or by
+any corporation, and the timber thereon shall not be removed, or cut
+or destroyed. That has placed a perpetual safeguard, the like of which
+exists in no other state in the union. (Applause.)
+
+In the reforestation we have six state nurseries. In these nurseries
+there are at the present time 15,000,000 trees. A man this morning said
+he did not believe it. I told him they were there and he could go and
+count them. (Laughter.)
+
+Last year we sold to the railroad companies, and to the lumber companies
+of the state of New York approximately two million seedlings, and
+obtained for the state of New York something upward of ten thousand
+dollars. The state law says we must sell those seedlings at cost. We
+are able to furnish to the lumbermen and the railroad interests of New
+York seedling trees at the rate of less than one-half cent apiece.
+Furthermore, the state has reforested, as an example to her citizens,
+more than 6,000 acres of its own land. Those trees are there, and
+constitute an object lesson to every visitor to the Adirondacks. This
+afternoon I heard some of our friends say what their state was doing
+for good roads. The state of New York has expended within the last five
+years upwards of $100,000,000 for its state roads. (Applause) Of that we
+have built 10,000 miles of road—not dirt road, or earth road, but the
+finest kind of macadam roads, running from sixteen to twenty-four feet
+in width. We are gridironing New York with a system of highways the like
+of which is not found under the Stars and Stripes. More than that, we
+are not devoting our attention entirely to the development of our land
+locomotion. We are equally strong with water ways.
+
+The Birch canal of the State of New York will be completed within three
+or four years. The state has appropriated money, sold bonds, and got
+the money in the treasury for $101,000,000 of Birch canal improvements
+in order that you Western gentlemen can bring your wheat on boats to
+the seaboard at the lowest possible cost of transportation. (Applause)
+Furthermore, we have a system of fish and game laws which is extremely
+rigorous and has had a marvelous tendency to improve the condition of
+the wild life of the state. I hold in the State of New York, ladies and
+gentlemen, that we must not look after only our water power and our
+forests; we must look after the wild things that live in the water and
+forest—the fish and the game. (Applause) The deer have been so thoroughly
+protected by our laws that they have increased so that last year in the
+Adirondacks there were killed 16,000 deer. Trappers tell our woodsmen
+today that never in the history of the Adirondacks have so many deer been
+seen.
+
+This may appear to you strange. It is strange, except when we consider
+that in primitive times before the settlers came with firearms wolves
+were abundant in the Adirondacks and preyed upon the deer. Now there is
+not, within the confines of the State of New York, a single wolf—not one.
+The present legislature has passed a game law which has been in effect
+since the first of September, and we take a fair view of the protection
+of wild life. We are not confined to the protection of game in New York
+State. We have extended it to every state in the Union. The game law says
+in effect this: That you cannot bring into the State of New York and sell
+in the State of New York a bird or animal which has been killed under
+the American flag. In other words, we have closed to the pot hunter and
+the market hunter, to the slaughterer of game, the richest and the most
+plentiful market which they have enjoyed in the past. We have turned
+it to good account. The law states that they may bring in from foreign
+countries outside of the United States the unplucked carcasses of birds
+and venison. Incidentally we expect to import this year 100 tons of
+venison, and we have already imported 200,000 birds, and upon the leg of
+each the state has fastened a tag, and exacted for the tag one nickel.
+So out of the 2,000,000 birds which the dealers tell us they will import
+this year the State of New York is going to exact the magnificent sum of
+$100,000 and maybe more. This game law should be a lesson to every state
+in the Union. It is not fair for a state to protect its own game and fish
+and let the state be a market for the game of its neighbors.
+
+The State of New York, gentlemen, is more prolific and a more bountiful
+spender in water power and more bountifully supplied with this power than
+almost any other state of the Union. I won’t dispute the figures of our
+friend from California who says there are 5,000,000 horsepower running
+loose there, but I do know that whereas his state has developed 250,000
+horsepower, the State of New York, outside of the St. Lawrence river and
+Niagara Falls, which are really international waters, and do not come
+under consideration, my commission has upwards of 650,000 horsepower and
+we know from actual survey which costs hundreds of thousands of dollars
+and has been in progress some eight years, that a million horsepower is
+still going to waste, but that million is to be harnessed and put to use,
+so that the State of New York can get some of the profits which have
+heretofore gone into private coffers.
+
+
+REPORT FOR OKLAHOMA.
+
+BY MILTON BROWN.
+
+As yet Oklahoma is not conserved in presidents like Ohio. We have
+conserved a lot of fads and vagaries and isms down there, but
+nevertheless notwithstanding all that, Oklahoma for the past two years
+has got down to a practical standpoint in this matter of the conservation
+of our material resources and a few of the items I want to mention in
+my five minutes are these. First, good roads. We are now constructing a
+road, beginning at the north line of Oklahoma and running almost through
+to the south, across the whole state, to be entirely of macadam. Of
+course, the Automobile Association started the matter in one sense, but
+yet all the farmers’ institutes joined in, and the two are now working
+together. Not only have we state aid in that matter, but we have aid in
+the counties. That is one item of the good roads that will make some of
+these older states ashamed of themselves when they come down to Oklahoma
+and see it. (Applause)
+
+Another proposition is that we have gone into the development of our
+water supply down there for our own consumption, not only for the farmers
+but for the cities, and that, too, without any Federal aid. Some of the
+older states have been aided by donations from the Federal Government,
+and although millions of dollars have been taken from Oklahoma by the
+sales of lands to the settlers of that state, not one penny has been
+returned to Oklahoma in the way of any particular aid in the matter of
+the conservation of these resources. Yet at the last session of our
+legislature we appropriated $45,000 for the purpose of sinking deep wells
+in the extreme northwestern part of Oklahoma to get down to the underflow
+water, so that we can irrigate the lands out there in the extreme
+Northwest. They are going ahead and now have several of those wells in
+operation.
+
+Another proposition is that these underground waters in the northwestern
+part of the state are just like the underground water in Nebraska, in
+Kansas and Colorado; they flow along with the country, with the fall
+of the country from the mountain ranges. We enacted a law at the last
+legislature to encourage any person, any firm, any corporation that will
+come in and put down wells, drains, dams or anything of that kind, and
+encourage them by exempting them from taxation for a period of five
+years. That is having its effect already. Some parties are there now
+engaged in the North Canadian and in the lower Canadian making surveys
+and putting in plants to raise this underground water by a process of
+gravity underflow and bring it out on the surface to spread it over our
+broad acres.
+
+Also we have a pure water supply for the city, keeping the sewage
+separate and apart. We have laws upon that subject and they are being
+enforced.
+
+We finally had to go into the Federal Court to have one proposition
+settled down there, so that our swamp lands could be drained under the
+law passed by our state legislature. We had a state drainage law by
+which they undertook to drain some of the lands southeast of Guthrie and
+Oklahoma City. That entrenched upon the railroads, and they set up the
+howl that the act was unconstitutional, that we could not change the
+bed of the river, that we could not change the flow of the water so as
+to bring our ditches in and drain the swamp lands. But Judge Cotterill
+of the United States Court held that law constitutional, and that big
+drainage ditch has been constructed and the swamp lands there have been
+reclaimed within the last year.
+
+You remember the Arkansas river; if you have ridden along on the Santa
+Fe railroad out in Kansas you have seen it at times when you could walk
+across it dry shod and would not get your feet wet, for the bed was as
+dry as a bone. And yet from Arkansas City south there is more water.
+Congress passed an act, and today they are working on a survey, making
+the preliminaries up as far as Muskogee, and they propose to go on up to
+Arkansas City, so as to make the bed of that river broader and run boats.
+They have run boats up as far as Arkansas City in times past, and they
+have run to Muskogee in more recent years. Now, they are going ahead on
+that proposition to make the Arkansas navigable as far as Arkansas City.
+
+
+REPORT FOR OREGON.
+
+BY JOSEPH N. TEAL, _Chairman Oregon State Conservation Committee_.
+
+On behalf of the Oregon State Conservation Commission and in response to
+your request, I herewith submit brief report of its work and activities.
+
+The first conservation commission in Oregon was appointed by Honorable
+George E. Chamberlain, Governor of the state, on May 23, 1908. It was a
+semi-official organization and consisted of fifteen members. All funds
+were secured through voluntary subscription.
+
+As the most pressing subject demanding legislation then was the use and
+conservation of water resources, a water code was prepared and submitted
+to the legislature for its consideration and action. The bill was
+adopted substantially as prepared. The act is elastic and practicable.
+It provides: (1) A simple, inexpensive method of determining and fixing
+rights initiated under earlier statutes; (2) a precise and definite
+procedure for initiating and perfecting new rights, beneficial use always
+being the basis thereof; (3) an elastic administrative board, to insure
+the enforcement of water right decrees and its own decisions.
+
+The cost of administration is borne by those benefited. Water power
+franchises are limited to forty years with a preference right of renewal.
+
+While it was not expected the fees provided for would produce excess
+revenue, the operation of the law has been very satisfactory and more
+than self-sustaining under the intelligent and careful administration of
+the State Engineer, John H. Lewis. The beneficial results following its
+enactment are conceded and are set forth in the official reports of the
+State Engineer. Since its enactment some minor changes have been made
+respecting practice and procedure, but none as to principle.
+
+We are now engaged in a careful study of its workings in order to
+recommend such further changes as experience may show wise or necessary.
+That changes will be necessary is not to be doubted, but I feel I am safe
+in saying we have the foundation and framework of a water code based on
+right principles.
+
+The legislature of 1909 also passed an act creating a state conservation
+commission of seven members, to be appointed by the Governor, carrying an
+appropriation of $1,000. Upon the enactment of this measure the original
+commission discontinued its work and Hon. F. W. Benson, then Governor,
+appointed another commission, the membership of which was selected from
+the original commission.
+
+During the year 1909 the commission offered money prizes to students in
+the various educational institutions of the state covering the following
+topics: The Forests in Oregon; Irrigation Institutions in Oregon; Soils;
+Dry Land Farming in Oregon; Roads in Oregon; Fish in Oregon.
+
+The prizes were awarded and paid according to announcement. The money for
+this purpose, as well as for other uses by the commission, was secured
+through voluntary contributions, no public money being used for this
+purpose.
+
+In 1909 Mr. C. B. Watson, one of the members of the commission, called
+the attention of the commission to the beauty and grandeur of the
+Josephine County caves and asked that steps be taken to preserve and keep
+them in their original beauty as a national monument. The commission
+took up the matter with Mr. Gifford Pinchot, then Forester of the
+United States, and on July 12, 1909, the caves were, by proclamation of
+President Taft, duly set apart as a national monument by an act approved
+June 8, 1906, under the name “Oregon Caves.” These caves are under the
+immediate care of the Forest Service, being in a national forest. They
+are of great beauty and will be preserved as a public monument forever.
+
+During the year 1910 the work of educating the public to the necessity of
+action in the protection of our forests from fire and other destructive
+agencies was carried on. In coöperation with other organizations a law
+was framed to submit to the legislature for action. The legislature of
+1911 adopted this measure, and it was passed with but few amendments, and
+in connection with the bill an appropriation of $60,000 was made.
+
+We submitted to the same legislature a bill for coöperation between the
+state and federal agencies engaged in gathering physical data of the
+state’s resources and in disseminating the information so gathered.
+This bill carried with it an appropriation of $20,000 in addition to
+the $5,000 provided by the Act of 1905, conditioned upon the Federal
+Government appropriating an equal amount. The legislature passed this
+measure with substantial unanimity.
+
+The commission has prepared and circulated annual reports for the years
+1908, 1909 and 1910; also a special report during the years 1908 and
+1910 on the rivers and harbors in Oregon, setting forth their needs and
+requirements for improvement and justification therefor. In conjunction
+with the Forest Service and other associations, the commission also aided
+in the preparation of a pamphlet for general distribution on the use of
+Oregon woods.
+
+The only appropriation the commission has received from the state was the
+one made in 1909 of $1,000.
+
+To insure prosperity to the agriculturist, the tiller of the soil, the
+producer, should be our constant aim. His well-being is the measure of
+the well-being of the country. The commission has therefore undertaken
+to aid and further better agricultural methods throughout the farming
+sections of the state, particularly in the semi-arid regions of eastern
+Oregon. It is its desire to encourage improved methods, wise selection
+of products, diversity of crops and increased animal productions.
+It is operating in close and sympathetic affiliation with the State
+Agricultural College, the railroads and others taking an active interest
+in this work. It is proposed to offer prizes, employ an expert farmer
+to live in the particular section in question during the coming harvest
+year, to encourage the holding of district fairs, and in every way
+possible awaken an active interest in better farming methods. It seems to
+us that a more fruitful field for the principles of conservation cannot
+be found. It is practical and shows that conservation is a real vital
+force with a definite object and aim.
+
+It is hoped something can be accomplished toward encouraging the
+development of this industry in the state. One of the members of the
+commission is especially qualified for this task, and he has it in hand.
+
+While Oregon is a great agricultural state, it also has large mineral
+resources. The state, however, has not given the encouragement to this
+industry that it deserves.
+
+The laws for the protection of game birds and other fowl and food fish
+are constantly being improved. A very excellent game commission has
+been appointed with a game warden of national reputation who has the
+keenest sympathy with animal and bird life, who does not believe in
+extermination, and who will, we believe, enforce the law.
+
+It has been suggested that the national resources in the various states,
+and heretofore undisposed of, be turned over to the respective states
+by the National Government. Personally, I do not think this would be
+the wise course to pursue. Those of us—and there are many—who were born
+and raised in the West understand how little regard has been paid in
+the past to the public interest in the disposition of public resources
+by both state and Nation. We know that it is not necessary for the
+rapid development of the West that every valuable right and resource
+now belonging to the public should irrevocably pass from the public
+to be monopolized by the few. It is my conviction that in every state
+on the Pacific Coast the great mass of the people is in favor of the
+conservation of the public resources in the interest of the people as a
+whole. I do not believe the methods of the past appeal to them. Their
+face is toward the rising sun. The conservation in which they believe is
+that which secures the greatest, widest and wisest use. They believe in
+equal opportunities now, and, what is of more importance, opportunity for
+their children hereafter. They are not alarmed at national conservation
+where necessary or proper. They realize that many of the public resources
+are the property of the Nation and not that of the state. That there
+must be a wise and sympathetic coördination of purpose and effort.
+The Nation has its duties and functions; the state has its duties and
+functions; and the individual has his. They must all unite in a common
+cause, under a common banner, for the common good. No matter by what name
+conservation may be called, conservation has come to stay. No more will
+the great resources of this country, either public or private, be treated
+or allowed to be treated as they have been in the past. An enlightened
+public opinion and a growing one will in itself prevent it. A much higher
+standard in viewing this matter now prevails than formerly. Money and
+material prosperity are not everything. Patriotism and good citizenship
+are much more important. We look at things now from a different point of
+view than we did formerly. Those who are primarily responsible for this
+great movement builded more wisely than they knew and their work will
+endure forever. No one need feel in the least discouraged—the old ways
+are gone forever. All that is needed from now on is a wise, prudent,
+conservative policy, meeting the problems as they arise and allowing for
+the greatest possible use, without unnecessary waste, of every resource.
+The principles are understood. It is in their wise application that
+wholesome results will be secured.
+
+
+REPORT FOR PENNSYLVANIA AND PHILADELPHIA.
+
+BY EMIL GUNTHER.
+
+As a concrete example of what conservation has done, I desire to cite
+the County of Lancaster, which, according to its area, occupies the
+distinction of being the leading county in agricultural wealth in this
+country. I am also informed that the children in the public schools are
+taught the importance of each planting at least two trees each year.
+
+The campaigns inaugurated throughout the states for the conservation of
+the national resources of our country have secured the attention of the
+whole Nation. To some it may seem that the East has looked supinely upon
+the movement which has received the most practical endorsement of the
+western half of our continent. The City of Philadelphia, however, which
+I have the honor to represent, may justly claim to have been a pioneer
+in questions of conservation, nor is there any state more alive to the
+importance of this matter than the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania.
+
+Philadelphia’s place in the history of this movement may not be known
+to all, but it is interesting to note that as early as 1868 there was
+organized in our city a national board of trade largely under the
+initiative of our local board of trade of the Executive Council, of
+which I have the honor to be a member. That this board has taken an
+early interest in such matters permit me to quote from an address lately
+delivered by Mr. George H. Maxwell at the annual meeting of the National
+Board of Trade.
+
+    “I should like to say for Philadelphia that its local board of
+    trade was among the first to recognize by official utterance
+    its deep interest in the question of national irrigation. It
+    expressed in its petitions and memorials the view that the
+    national control of this important subject was of the deepest
+    interest to the whole Nation, independent of locality. It
+    has likewise strongly urged upon the National Government the
+    improvement of all navigable rivers and harbors, believing that
+    such improvements must inure greatly to the prosperity of our
+    whole country and to place our manufacturers and producers in a
+    position successfully to compete with foreign trade.”
+
+It is hardly necessary for me to call to your attention the place which
+Philadelphia holds in the manufacturing world due to its position upon
+the banks of the Delaware and Schuylkill rivers. Nor have these waterways
+alone been put to commercial use; they have also afforded to the
+inhabitants of Philadelphia opportunities of real recreative value.
+
+Philadelphia has recognized that true conservation is to put to proper
+and immediate use those resources which are peculiarly its own. From the
+days of the proprietors large areas have been set aside and improved
+for the enjoyment of the people; under the Fairmount Park Commission
+has been developed the largest—and it would seem to many of us the most
+beautiful—park of its kind in the world. Thirty-five hundred acres
+abounding in streams and woodlands, with formal gardens and wild ravines,
+are always open to the use of our citizens. There have been organized,
+not only under municipal control but also through the instrumentality of
+private citizens, many associations to conserve those resources which are
+our heritage.
+
+Therefore, it is with pleasure that on behalf of the city of Philadelphia
+I bring to this Congress a word of greeting and assure you that our
+interest in all that pertains to conservation is both practical and
+sincere.
+
+
+ORGANIZATION OF THE CONSERVATION MOVEMENT IN PENNSYLVANIA.
+
+BY A. B. FARQUHAR, _President of the State Branch of the N. C. A. of
+Pennsylvania_.
+
+Our movement is nowhere a thing of yesterday and least of all in
+Pennsylvania, where work of the highest value for conservation in certain
+particular directions has for a number of years been conducted. Only
+within three months, however, has the cause of conservation in general
+progressed so far as to have an organization especially devoted to it,
+and it was on the 23d of last June that the Pennsylvania state branch of
+the National Conservation Association was formed in Harrisburg. It is of
+and for that branch that I speak.
+
+The aims and purposes of the branch which I shall first set before
+you are in ten sections, designated by Bishop Darlington, one of the
+conferees, as “_The Ten Commandments of Conservation_.”
+
+    “1. _A Purified Water Supply._ Since the physical, mental
+    and moral health of our people is the most important of all
+    national resources, and since stream pollution by sewage and
+    by factory wastes is a menace to the health as well as to
+    the comfort of all citizens, the state should continue and
+    extend its systematic investigation of the extent, sources and
+    effects of stream pollution to the extreme headwaters of every
+    stream in the commonwealth, where danger is often the greatest
+    because least suspected, in order to discover the facts and to
+    propose adequate remedial measures. Any further legislation
+    required should be promptly enacted into law, under conditions
+    which would continue, strengthen and fully enforce the present
+    admirable work of the Department of Health, under Dr. Dixon and
+    his assistants.
+
+    “2. _Forest Fire Protection._ The state authorities should
+    have power in dry and dangerous seasons to establish, in such
+    localities as need protection, efficient patrols for the
+    prevention of forest fires. The expense of such fire-patrol
+    service should be assessed upon the forest lands protected
+    thereby. Lumbermen should be required, under adequate
+    inspection, to burn or otherwise dispose of all inflammable
+    debris, at times and under conditions to be prescribed by
+    the State Forestry Reservation Commission. The use of fire
+    in or near woodlands in dry and dangerous seasons should be
+    prohibited, except under stringent regulation and upon written
+    permit from a responsible officer of the forest service or fire
+    patrol; and the governor should have power to designate, upon
+    suggestion to that effect from the Commissioner of Forestry,
+    periods of peculiar danger within which the carrying of
+    firearms, the carrying and use of matches, and the setting of
+    fires for any purpose in public or private woodlands, should be
+    forbidden by law.
+
+    “3. _Just Taxation of Forest Lands._ To encourage reforestation
+    and the growth of timber on land chiefly valuable for that
+    purpose, timber land which the owners are willing to treat
+    upon modern reproductive forest methods should be classified
+    separately from other real property, with the levy of a nominal
+    annual tax until the trees are cut at the proper stage,
+    under regulation or with knowledge of the State Forestry
+    Commissioner, when a higher rate of tax should be imposed
+    either per acre or per thousand feet.
+
+    “4. _Watercourses as a Public Resource._ The waters of the
+    state are one of its most important assets. They should be
+    systematically mapped and considered, and eventually developed
+    and utilized for the equal benefit of all citizens. In such
+    development every stream should be considered as a unit, from
+    its source to its mouth. Domestic and municipal water-supply
+    should be recognized as the highest use, and consideration of
+    the value of the stream as a potential source of attracting
+    revenue by reason of its scenic beauty and for its educational
+    worth should rank as equal in importance with its potential
+    value in respect to navigation and the production of power; and
+    preference rights should be recognized and granted in order of
+    the above uses in all cases where projects for two or more of
+    these uses conflict. There should be every endeavor to combine
+    these various uses in so far as such combination may be found
+    practicable. For these ends the coöperation of the Federal
+    Government may require to be sought. Existing private rights in
+    waters and riparian lands should not be enlarged, except upon
+    conditions adequate to insure full public control.
+
+    “5. _Supervision of Use of Water by Corporations._ Private
+    projects for water-power development seeking state aid in the
+    form of a corporate franchise carrying the right to condemn
+    property, to use land or water rights belonging to the public,
+    to obstruct navigable rivers, or otherwise, should be subjected
+    to careful consideration and to strict regulation, in order
+    to secure prompt, complete and orderly development; efficient
+    service at fair prices and on equal terms to all consumers
+    in like conditions; full public information as to costs and
+    profits; honest capitalization on the basis of cost; and fair
+    rentals for public property used within the franchises granted.
+    No water-power franchises or privileges should be granted for a
+    longer period than from thirty to fifty years, with a provision
+    for a readjustment of the compensation or terms at least each
+    ten years, and any assignment of the right or privilege should
+    require the approval of the proper state authorities to be
+    legal.
+
+    “6. _Wild Life in the Forest and Stream._ A prompt recognition
+    of the remaining wild life in the forest and in the stream as
+    a valuable natural resource is desirable, through uniform game
+    laws for its effective protection, and the present game laws
+    of Pennsylvania should be revised and extended as required to
+    properly protect such wild life for its beneficient value to
+    the state.
+
+    “7. _Economy of Mineral Resources._ Mining is the most
+    important industry of Pennsylvania. It is now accompanied by a
+    culpable waste of human life and of minerals, especially coal.
+    There should be promptly applied preventive measures reducing
+    materially the loss of life through mine accidents, and
+    requiring careful economy in the exploitation of our remaining
+    mineral wealth. The state should take the position that, in
+    respect to these unreplaceable natural resources, the temporary
+    owner of the land has no right so to treat his property as to
+    work injury to all.
+
+    “8. _Agricultural Resources._ Since cultivated land is the
+    foundation of the Nation’s prosperity, the proper use and
+    continued improvement of the soil should everywhere receive
+    especial care; and in order that agricultural and horticultural
+    products may reach the best markets with the least loss of time
+    and at the least expense, we most heartily favor the present
+    policy of Pennsylvania in the development of improved highways,
+    and urge their rapid and efficient extension, with due economy
+    and under capable and expert engineering supervision.
+
+    “9. _The Value of Natural Scenery._ We hold that the beauty of
+    the land is one of the main sources of that love of country
+    which is at the very basis of patriotism, and that natural
+    scenery is an economic asset of great value yet unconsidered
+    and undeveloped. With the rapid disappearance of the great
+    primeval forest which once covered two-thirds of the area of
+    the state; with the mutilation of wide areas in the careless
+    abstraction of mineral wealth; with the pollution and
+    restriction of streams for private benefit, and the laying
+    waste of areas of arable lands through preventable floods, this
+    great and potentially valuable resource is being constantly and
+    ruthlessly destroyed. We insist that it should be considered
+    as of great economic importance, and we point, in support of
+    this attitude, to the scenic travel income of many millions of
+    dollars contributed each year to Europe by Americans, who leave
+    at home, unnoted and in process of destruction, many natural
+    scenic advantages of at least equal merit.
+
+    “We further assert that it is not only in the interest of
+    the state to foster and encourage the provision of adequate
+    breathing places and playgrounds for the relief of our
+    congested population, but that it is equally important that the
+    state shall open and adequately maintain in suitable forest
+    reserves public camping-grounds, available especially to those
+    of our population who cannot otherwise obtain access to the
+    restorative and uplifting influences of an intimate association
+    with Nature. We insist that it is the part of wisdom for the
+    state to intelligently promote public parks in all their
+    forms—municipal, county and state—in order that every citizen
+    may have easy opportunity to receive the material and definite
+    benefits attendant upon their proper use.
+
+    “10. _Education in Conservation._ In order that the rising
+    generation may know of the actual basis of the prosperity of
+    the state which makes life here possible, and of its rapid and
+    serious depletion through senseless and unconsidered waste,
+    we urge that an accurate statement of the remaining natural
+    resources of the state be prepared in such form as to make it
+    available for public school instruction. We favor all proper
+    methods of inculcating in the youth of the state that care for
+    its prosperity which alone can prevent the state from becoming
+    a barren waste, resembling like areas in foreign lands in which
+    selfishness, neglect and ignorance have accomplished their
+    destructive work.”
+
+It is not claimed that our “ten commandments” cover the whole of the
+moral law, on our subject, although the endeavor was to include in them
+the points that most urgently needed attention in the campaign for
+conservation in Pennsylvania. The principles as stated in the development
+of a “commandment” are often of a wider generality than as set forth in
+the heading; in the opening sentence, for example, to which attention
+will be called further on, and in the third paragraph also, where the
+principle of encouraging the care of forests appears in the text, while
+the heading alludes only to forest taxation. Care for the forests is
+itself but a special application of the still broader principle of saving
+where we are now wasting, of which this national association is the great
+exponent.
+
+The civilized man, as President Roosevelt reminded us, looks beyond
+present needs and provides for those to come. He seeks to leave his
+children, who will be in a few years all that is left to represent him,
+as good a patrimony as he received from his forefathers. He would provide
+for the greatest good to the greatest number for the longest time. He
+therefore necessarily interests himself in the conservation of natural
+resources. For conservation does not mean, as has been too hastily
+inferred, locking up something valuable so that it will be of no service
+to anybody; it means using and safeguarding the resources of ourselves
+and posterity in the way that will best serve both. It means use without
+waste.
+
+That there has been waste, and shameful waste, of natural resources no
+rational man will deny. It is an abuse of many centuries standing, as
+witness Persia, The Euphrates valley, Syria, and much of Asia Minor,
+and the once fertile valleys of China, where the sites of a teeming
+population are now deserts. When the forests disappear, the water no
+longer remains in the soil; there is alternation of dry stream-bed,
+and flood-torrent carrying away the soil itself. Vegetation, requiring
+a steady water supply, can no longer exist; and man cannot outlive
+vegetation. This may be the history of the destroyed woodlands of
+Pennsylvania. The disappearance of trout streams has been but a symptom;
+the real evil is the sacrifice of our woodland, of which all belonging
+to our state were until a generation ago sold without discrimination at
+twenty-seven cents an acre. The same land, denuded of timber, the state
+is now buying back, though at a much higher price, and endeavoring to
+reforest it. A million acres have already been so purchased, and it is
+hoped that the replanting will proceed rapidly and uninterruptedly so
+that our children’s heritage may yet be saved for them.
+
+The preservation of our woodlands, it has already been admitted, is
+only one way of stopping waste. There is the waste of war, of recovery
+from war as counted in our annual pension roll, and of preparation for
+war for which we are now paying, in these years of profound peace, more
+than three hundred millions annually. The most terrible of all wastes,
+doubtless, is that of disease, especially when we include with it the
+Nation’s drink bill, of which the first cost of the liquor, huge though
+that is the country over, is the smaller part; the greater, all a dead
+waste, being the impairment of physical, mental and moral vigor and of
+productive capacity to which that baleful appetite leads, and the cost of
+the crimes of which it is the constant cause. We should no less include
+the costs in money and in deterioration of body, mind and soul, that are
+incurred by disregard or defiance of sex-hygiene. To these two points,
+particularly the last, the tenth of our Pennsylvania Conservation
+Commandments, on “Education in Conservation,” particularly applies. On
+nothing, not even “the remaining natural resources” of our commonwealth,
+is it more vitally necessary that education should lay stress than the
+conditions of bodily and moral health. Conservation of human life is
+the most important element in the conservation problem, for without man
+everything else would be valueless.
+
+The public health is most evidently a public concern, and its furtherance
+has now become, by general consent, a recognized part of the duties of
+government. For a generation and more, a board of health has been one
+of the most important branches of our city government; county health
+boards are now found to be requisite for similar reasons; the services of
+state boards, bureaus or departments of health, are coming more and more
+in demand; and there is by this time an imperative call for a national
+bureau or department with similar functions and wider authority. That
+is a call that cannot long be resisted. The several agencies now under
+federal control, among which its care for health has heretofore been
+scattered—those pertaining to the army, the navy, the revenue marine
+service, and the “pure food” office of the Agricultural Department—have
+severally done some very good work, despite their limited separate
+responsibility; and their work could not but be more effective for
+good if brought all under one direction, and granted appropriations
+correspondingly ample. There would be the same increase in efficiency
+through combination, that has so often been noted in consolidations of
+railways, combinations of industries, forming a federal army out of
+promiscuous state militias, and welding a bunch of geological “surveys”
+into a well-disciplined, compact bureau. It is a reform demanded by the
+interests of sound government, and by the people’s needs: and it must
+come.
+
+Testimony to the good work that can be done in a few years by the Health
+Department of our state, I am enabled to give by the favor of a highly
+capable member of that department in Harrisburg, Chief Medical Inspector
+Royer, as follows:
+
+In the creation of the Department of Health of this commonwealth and in
+the very liberal provision of funds for its organization and maintenance,
+Pennsylvania took her first great step forward in the conservation of
+human life.
+
+The bill which when enacted created the Department of Health of
+Pennsylvania was drawn by Dr. Charles B. Penrose of the University of
+Pennsylvania, and carried with it an appropriation of $400,000 for its
+organization and maintenance and $50,000 for emergency work. The governor
+was slow to make his selection of the commissioner, Dr. Dixon, who was
+appointed in June, 1904, during an epidemic of smallpox. The emergency
+work was carried on with the organization which was completed January 1,
+1906, when the work assumed its great systematic battle against disease.
+This police department had to be handled with exceeding care, as the
+people in our representative form of government had not been used to the
+observation of health laws.
+
+So rapidly did the work grow that the 1907 legislature appropriated
+$1,000,000 for general health work and $1,000,000 for the purpose of
+organizing a campaign against tuberculosis, $600,000 of which was
+specifically set aside for state sanatoria and $400,000 for dispensaries
+and additional work.
+
+The commissioner was permitted to take over the small tuberculosis camp
+already organized by the Forestry Department, and he almost immediately
+enlarged it by the addition of tents to accommodate more than one hundred
+additional patients and at once planned a great sanatorium to be built on
+the site near Mont Alto.
+
+The legislature of 1909 repeated the appropriation of $1,000,000 for
+general health work, including sanitary engineering, and gave the
+unprecedented sum of $2,000,000 for extending the tuberculosis campaign,
+both by increased facilities offered through the dispensaries already
+organized and by further extension of state sanatoria.
+
+The legislature of 1911 still further increased the appropriations for
+the department so that a total of $3,701,360 was provided for furthering
+public health work, including $2,653,248 for fighting tuberculosis.
+
+In the first organization of the Department of Health a broad and liberal
+educational campaign was started, on a comprehensive plan through seven
+important executive divisions and two auxiliary divisions, whose chiefs
+reported directly to the central authority, the Commissioner of Health.
+In a very short time the vital statistics of this commonwealth were so
+thoroughly gathered that the census office included the state in the
+“registration area.”
+
+The division of medical inspection, in a comprehensive way, covered
+all the quarantinable diseases in the second-class townships of the
+commonwealth, the reports being gathered from the health officers in the
+720 sanitary districts under the general supervision of sixty-six county
+medical inspectors. By these officers quarantining and disinfecting is
+performed.
+
+The division of sanitary engineering, through seven subdivisions,
+undertook the important work of protecting the stream from pollution and
+the supervision of the plans for water works and sewerage works.
+
+The sanatorium division took charge of operating the hospitals.
+
+A dispensary division with 115 dispensaries, one in each large center of
+population, rendered great assistance to the indigent poor afflicted with
+tuberculosis, and supervised the work done by a corps of 110 nurses.
+
+The division of distribution of biological products had the disposition
+of diphtheria antitoxin from 650 distributing stations and of tetanus
+antitoxin from sixty-seven.
+
+The auxiliary division of accounting, auditing and purchasing looked out
+for important business and office details.
+
+A division of supplies arranged for prompt distribution of everything
+needed for record work and field work and through each of these
+important divisions forwarded daily, weekly and monthly reports to the
+commissioner’s office, a record of its work and accomplishment. All of
+which was transmitted to the public by means of monthly bulletins, weekly
+newspaper talks, and oral addresses. Educational leaflets showing the
+methods of prevention of all of the different diseases were distributed
+in large numbers throughout the commonwealth, and a scheme of education
+was organized, giving to the public through some 900 newspapers all of
+the facts gleaned by careful study.
+
+A traveling tuberculosis and sanitary exhibit is sent to all the large
+centers of population throughout the state, papers are prepared and read
+before scientific societies, charitable organizations, boards of trade,
+civic clubs, teachers’ institutes and the various bodies interested in
+saving human life. Lantern slides are furnished ministers and educators
+to promote the public health interest, and not only does the state do
+this important educational work, but through its dispensaries a very
+important sociological work is carried on, which not only protects those
+in their homes against tuberculosis and secures much needed charitable
+aid, but assists in protecting against every disease due to unsanitary
+conditions.
+
+The department is preparing to comply with the new school code and make
+medical inspection of all school children in districts of the fourth
+class. This one agency must have a far-reaching influence in conserving
+health.
+
+Quoting from a recent published report of the department, a few of the
+things that have been accomplished may thus be referred to:
+
+    From June 1, 1907, to August 1, 1911, 5,819 patients have been
+    admitted to the State Sanatorium for Tuberculosis at Mont Alto.
+    Many of these patients have been discharged with the disease
+    arrested; hundreds have been benefited and have gone back to
+    their homes disciples of fresh air and right methods of living;
+    many more whose cases were too far advanced to hope for much
+    aid have been made comfortable and happy and provided with a
+    good home where they would not be a source of danger to others.
+
+    From July 22, 1907, when the first dispensary was opened, to
+    June 30, 1911, 41,792 poor tuberculosis sufferers received
+    skilled medical aid and the attention of trained nurses which
+    the department’s 115 dispensaries provide.
+
+    The death rate from tuberculosis in Pennsylvania had fallen
+    from 134 to 119.6 per one hundred thousand of population
+    in five years, this meaning a saving of one thousand lives
+    annually.
+
+    From October, 1905, when the state began its free distribution
+    of diphtheria antitoxin among the poor, to the end of December,
+    1910, 27,318 cases of diphtheria, mostly little children,
+    were treated for cure, with diphtheria antitoxin. We know by
+    statistics that without antitoxin forty-two out of every 100
+    of these children, or 11,476 in all, would probably have died;
+    but with the aid of antitoxin furnished by the department, only
+    2,324 died, and the death rate among these little sufferers was
+    reduced to eight and five-tenths per cent. Diphtheria antitoxin
+    was given for immunizing purposes to 20,294 cases. The computed
+    saving of child life resulting from the free distribution of
+    antitoxin since 1905 is 9,152.
+
+    Throughout Pennsylvania the streams are slowly becoming freed
+    of pollution: not so slowly either, when records show that up
+    to August 1, 1911, 34,481 private sources of stream pollution
+    have been abated upon notice from the department, not to speak
+    of the thousands more that have been stopped through the moral
+    influence of this work. Eighty-nine modern sewage disposal
+    plants either have been built or are in process of construction
+    as approved by the department. Two hundred and eighty-four
+    municipalities and private sewerage corporations are building
+    comprehensive sewerage systems in accordance with plans for
+    such work, details of which must be approved by the department.
+    Already eighty-six modern filtration plants have been approved
+    and begun accordingly.
+
+    And what of typhoid fever in view of all this work for pure
+    water? In 1906, 56.5 out of every 100,000 people died from this
+    disease; in 1907, 50.3; in 1908, 34.4; in 1909, 23.4, and in
+    1910, 25.7. That is, there are now living 2,448 inhabitants of
+    Pennsylvania who, had the death rate of 1906 prevailed in 1910,
+    would have died from typhoid fever.
+
+    In 1906 the death rate from all causes, per 1000 population,
+    was 16.5; in 1908, it had dropped to 15.7; and in 1910 to 15.6.
+    At first glance this saving of life may not seem a remarkable
+    diminution, but with Pennsylvania’s 7,655,000 population, is a
+    great gain. This appears when one figures precisely what this
+    slight numerical drop means in the actual saving of lives. Had
+    the rate of 1906 prevailed in 1908, some 6,000 more people
+    would have died than actually succumbed. Had this same rate
+    applied in 1910 instead of the decreased rate recorded by the
+    Department of Health, just 6,889 men, women and children now
+    living and presumably in average health and spirits would have
+    died. In other words, these matter-or-fact statistics, when
+    interpreted in their real relation to the welfare and happiness
+    of the state, mean the saving to the state of 20,000 lives in
+    three years.
+
+    And the fight is only fairly well begun.
+
+In the semi-official summary I have just read, the subject of “a purified
+water supply” was treated in a single paragraph, as a subordinate part of
+the general work of the State Health Department for the conservation of
+human life. If an apology is due for what appears a straying from my main
+topic, the declaration of purposes of the Pennsylvania state branch, I am
+ready to make the apology; but I cannot believe any excuse is needed for
+giving to conservation of life and health an importance far ahead of all
+other conservation.
+
+The curse of forest fires still hangs over us, and prohibits the planting
+of vast areas which should be growing timber. It is comforting that
+these fires are less destructive than formerly, but it is nevertheless
+a disgrace to our civilization, or lack of civilization, that they must
+occur at all. Education of our people and condign punishment of those
+whose carelessness or malice causes them will eventually make these
+annual holocausts a thing of the past. To this end liberal appropriations
+should be made by the state, rewards or prizes being offered to those who
+prove most efficient in checking fires.
+
+Nothing is more vital to forestry than the total suppression of these
+fires. No attempt need be made to replant vast treeless areas, or no
+expense incurred in protecting the young growth upon them until the fires
+are prevented. In the year 1908 the cash value of timber destroyed by
+forest fires in New York was estimated at $780,164. For the same period
+in Pennsylvania the estimate was $688,980. The loss of humus and general
+forest litter was even more serious than the loss of timber because of
+wasted fertility and increase of surface wash during heavy rains. Each
+successive fire leaves the ground more exposed and less productive, the
+end of which is a desert condition. It is safe to say that at this hour
+our state has thousands of square miles which are unproductive because
+of forest fires. A radical change of policy in this matter is needed.
+Attention should be given to prevention rather than to suppression of the
+forest fires, and sufficient force and funds provided to accomplish this
+end, which is essential to the continued prosperity of the state.
+
+Taxation of forest lands under our present system leads the state to
+impoverish itself, by premature destruction of its timber resources,
+and the industries depending upon them, and by increasing the areas of
+stripped lands, which, because of their unprotected condition, become
+year by year less and less fit for agriculture when an increasing
+population requires their occupation for home and farm sites. The
+law wisely requires that our engineers, physicians and lawyers shall
+have received proper training before entering upon duties intimately
+associated with the welfare and safety of others. It is to be regretted
+that prospective legislators and commissioners cannot be required to show
+some fitness for the work expected from them, before coming before the
+people as candidates.
+
+It is notorious that the taxes imposed lead to the destruction of growing
+trees which are each year earning their right to stand by the benefit
+they confer upon the public. The only exclusive privilege which the owner
+enjoys from them is that of paying taxes for a seldom-accorded protection
+against fire, and depredation.
+
+Timber should be taxed only when cut and then at a rate per thousand
+feet proportionate to the income received from it, but sufficient to
+make good, in a measure, the loss of tax during the growing period. This
+conclusion seems to have been reached by every disinterested person who
+has fairly considered the problem in all of its aspects. Bills leading to
+such a system of taxation have been defeated in the last three sessions
+of our legislature, but that is not the last of them, for the ultimate
+adoption of a proper system of forest taxation is beyond question.
+Pennsylvania has done and is doing too much in behalf of forest-growing,
+to hesitate at an expedient so necessary and so simple.
+
+The state has practically a million of acres, distributed over twenty-six
+counties, in its forest reserve system. There are two admirable schools
+of forestry, one of which is intended solely to prepare men for the
+forest service of the state.
+
+Three extensive nurseries produce seedling forest trees for planting on
+the state’s land and for distribution to our citizens at nominal cost,
+on assurance that they will be properly planted and cared for. In 1909
+there were set out in permanent position 750,318 young trees, mostly on
+abandoned farms which had come, by purchase, into the possession of the
+commonwealth. We are rapidly increasing the output of these nurseries and
+expect at an early date to plant at least ten to twenty million trees
+annually. We are fortunate in having no laws which prevent scientific
+forestry. A tree, or a forest, may be cut when it is in the interest of
+the state to do so.
+
+Water courses as a source of power are considered apart from water
+supply for domestic purposes, the latter being, in Pennsylvania, mainly
+controlled by the Department of Health.
+
+Many water powers were purchased or seized, by those who anticipated
+their value, under our earlier lax laws, before their importance was
+generally recognized. They have thus passed too far out of state control
+to be available under existing laws as a source of public revenue.
+But in constituting the Water Power Commission it was provided that
+future letters patent “will not be issued to any water, or water-power
+company, nor will any such company be allowed to merge and consolidate,
+or to purchase the property and franchise of any other such company
+until the application for the charter, or the agreement of merger and
+consolidation, or the purchase and sale has been first submitted to
+and received the approval of a majority of the commission. Nor will
+any person, corporation or municipality be allowed to construct, erect
+or build any dam or other obstruction in any river or stream without
+the approval of the commission.” No franchise whatever in the interest
+of any individual or corporation, should be granted without adequate
+compensation to the state, nor should any obstruction be allowed place
+in any navigable stream unless locks of liberal size are provided for
+passing it. In the near future every important river in the state will
+probably be converted into a lake system capable of dead water navigation
+up to head waters, as an accompaniment of the dams erected for power
+purposes.
+
+Better protection of wild life in forest and stream can readily be
+provided by taxing, as is the usage in most of the states, those who
+enjoy the privilege of hunting and fishing. A license fee of one dollar
+a year from each sportsman would pay for a much more efficient system of
+forest and stream protection than we have ever had. This would exempt
+those who have no interest in the sport and place the slight burden where
+it belongs, upon those who hunt and fish.
+
+Conservation means use without waste, and is sound doctrine whether our
+mineral resources are to last for fifty, or for five thousand years. That
+there has been waste, not all unavoidable, is attested by the constant
+endeavor of our best mining engineers to discover more economical methods.
+
+It is gratifying to be assured that their investigations have borne
+fruit, and that the loss of good coal in anthracite mining has within
+recent years been reduced so that “at present the recovery will average
+about sixty per cent and loss about forty per cent.” Not long ago these
+proportions were exactly reversed.
+
+The numbers annually killed and crippled by serious injuries among the
+coal miners of this state are still appalling. The annual report of the
+department of Mines in Pennsylvania for 1909 says:
+
+    “In producing the output for the year 567 persons were killed
+    in the anthracite region and 1034 were injured. In the
+    bituminous region 506 were killed and 1126 were injured.”
+
+From the same report we learn that these casualties, though exceeding
+the dead and wounded in many famous battles, are yet slightly less
+per million tons mined than were suffered the same year in the deep
+collieries of England; but the difference is hardly enough to bring us
+much comfort.
+
+In mining, as in every other industry, we may look to education as a most
+hopeful factor in reducing the number of accidents. Christian sympathy
+is another factor; to that we owe it that children under fourteen years
+of age are by law excluded as laborers from our mines. We must love our
+brother even when begrimed with coal dust.
+
+The ease with which land could at first be obtained in Pennsylvania led
+to neglect of conservative principles in agriculture. It was cheaper, for
+a time, to abandon a worn-out farm than to restore it to a productive
+condition. The result is seen in thousands of acres of barren, neglected
+hillsides. The average production per acre in Pennsylvania was, twenty
+years ago, so much below the possibilities as to be discreditable to the
+commonwealth.
+
+This negligence is fast giving way to more modern methods, and the yield
+of our acres is on a rapid ascent. The struggle for existence has no
+doubt contributed somewhat to this, though education through the agency
+of improved schools, of the Grange, farmers’ clubs and institutes, and
+more easy access to markets have been more potent. The former isolation
+of the farmer was against him. His land hunger kept him from seeing that
+there was more money in fifty acres of well-tilled land than in one
+hundred acres of starved soil. Experience is bringing wisdom to him, and
+to the rest of us. We must have better roads, more improved machinery,
+more social intercourse and more fertilization of the soil, to keep the
+lad on the farm and to bring our yield per acre up to that of England and
+Belgium.
+
+The Water Gap of the Delaware River, the Horse Shoe Curve in the
+Alleghanies, the Blue Ridge near the Mason and Dixon line, the environs
+of Mauch Chunk, are admired every year by thousands, a very large
+proportion of whom live outside the limits of our state. Pennsylvania
+values these scenic attractions as sources of revenue to railroads and
+resort keepers. It is a pity, but it is true, that our people have
+not yet awakened to the educational and uplifting influences of the
+beauties of our river and mountain scenery. We lack the inborn love for
+the landscape that characterizes the dweller on the heaths of Scotland,
+or under the shadow of the Alps, and in so far we fail to attach their
+just value to some of the noblest and most precious possessions of our
+state. These possessions should be zealously protected before they are
+hopelessly ruined, or given over to less important uses.
+
+The gospel of fresh air, for the physical salvation of the people is
+sweeping the land. “It is cheaper, wiser, and more humane to prevent
+disease than to cure it.” Within recent years, largely by the efforts of
+the secretary of our state conservation branch, it has become possible
+for a municipality to own and care for parks, which may become not only
+beauty-spots, but outing-grounds, and lumber-producers as well. It is
+hard to limit the possibilities of such a law, for good, and it is in the
+direction of public desires.
+
+Education in conservation means education in citizenship. Every child not
+only should know, but is entitled to know, what our national resources
+are and how they may be preserved. He is a partner in ownership of this
+stock in trade, out of which his living is to come. He should have full
+access to the inventory, and should know how long it will last, where it
+may be distributed to best advantage, and where the next supply is to
+come from. This is even more important to him and to the country than
+all involved in allegiance to any particular political party. It would
+be well for every family to have a copy of “The Land We Live In,” a new
+book by Overton W. Price, vice-president of the National Conservation
+Association, published by Small, Maynard & Co., of Boston. It was written
+especially for boys, but contains a vast fund of valuable information
+compiled in an attractive form which would interest everyone. The natural
+laws upon which our continued productive capacity depends should be
+taught in every school and to every pupil; for violation of those laws
+brings punishment which is as certain as it is bitter.
+
+This commentary on the Pennsylvania statement of purposes, or “ten
+commandments,” has called for some condensation, for the amount
+that might be said, and well said, on each of these points could be
+indefinitely extended. It is largely the work of Dr. Rothrock, one of my
+colleagues, a veteran in the conservation cause. I think it may be an
+encouragement to this Congress to have a clear and full statement of the
+work in furtherance of its aims, now done or undertaken in our state;
+and, without making or suggesting a comparison with the achievements
+of any other state, I may add that Pennsylvania is not ashamed of the
+beginning it has made.
+
+
+REPORT FOR SOUTH CAROLINA.
+
+BY DR. M. W. TWITCHELL.
+
+I shall carry out the advice given to the speaker of experience who has
+told us to say our best things first and then stop. I have only a few
+things to say. I represent a state quite a little distance from the
+state of Missouri. I came as the representative of the Governor of South
+Carolina, as a member of the conservation commission, and just want
+to say one or two of the things which South Carolina is doing to help
+on the cause of conservation. First, in regard to the conservation of
+human life, and the prevention of disease. There is one thing just being
+done down there which is new in this respect; that we have a pure food
+commission which is doing something, in that it is inspecting the food
+products which are coming into the State of South Carolina, particularly
+the corn products. We are confiscating diseased corn, taking possession
+of it, and insisting upon that the corn products which are brought into
+South Carolina shall be pure and healthful.
+
+Another thing which we are doing is in regard to the drainage of our
+swamp lands. Today we heard of the importance of this movement with
+regard to the swamp lands of the Mississippi valley. We have swamp lands,
+as you know, along the Atlantic coast, thousands of acres of them, and
+we want them made available for cultivation. They will then be amongst
+the richest lands of our country, and we are actually going at it. We
+find that we cannot afford to wait for national aid of a direct type, so
+we are organizing drainage districts under a state law, which permits
+organization of districts, coöperating with the government, and actually
+draining certain portions of the swamp lands. So far we have had three
+drainage districts organized, and over two thousand acres of land in one
+district, and about three thousand acres in another have already been
+drained by this new method under a swamp land drainage law. We are going
+ahead along that line, and in the future you will hear of many thousands
+of acres of this swamp land that will be made garden spots, truck lands,
+similar to those that we already have in the vicinity of Charleston. Just
+a word in regard to the conservation of the soil. We have no law, there
+is no special state move in this respect, but the State of South Carolina
+produced last year 1,200,000 tons of commercial fertilizer, and the
+largest part of that immense product was used within the state of South
+Carolina itself. Now, that is conserving the soil. That is doing the
+thing that many of the people of the West will have to come to in view
+of the lost fertility by rotation of crops upon the same land year after
+year.
+
+Just a final word in regard to the work in the improvement of rural
+life conditions. The State of South Carolina is a leader in that we
+have appointed a state inspector of rural schools. He is an educational
+engineer and travels all over the state. He visits rural school after
+rural school. He studies the conditions there, and he makes reports
+to the state board of education, and conditions are improved, and the
+state has made appropriations for the aid of these rural schools as the
+educational engineer reports along these lines. We are interested in the
+conservation movement. We think it is a grand movement for the benefit
+not only of the present day, but of the generations to come. I thank you.
+(Applause)
+
+
+
+
+NATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS REPRESENTED AT THE THIRD NATIONAL CONSERVATION
+CONGRESS.
+
+
+    National Conservation Association.
+    National Business League.
+    National Dairy Union.
+    National Implement and Vehicle Association.
+    National Association of American Chemical Societies.
+    National Rivers and Harbors Congress.
+    American Society of Engineering Draftsmen.
+    American Sunday School Association.
+    General Federation of Women’s Clubs.
+    American Economic Association.
+    National Rivers and Lakes Commission.
+    American Chemical Society.
+    National Fire Protective Association.
+    American Association State Geological Department.
+    National Farmers’ Institute.
+    Concatenated Order of Hoo-Hoo.
+    National Council of Women.
+    American Poultry Association.
+    National Association Audubon Societies.
+    American Bison Society.
+    American Society Civil Engineers.
+    American Society II. and V. Engineers.
+    League of American Sportsmen.
+    American Shorthorn Association.
+    Women’s National Rivers and Harbors Congress.
+    National Nut Growers’ Association.
+    Farmers’ National Congress.
+    Society for Promoting Engineering Education.
+    American Pomological Society.
+    Collegiate Alumni Association.
+    American Railway Engineers’ Association.
+    American Society of Mechanical Engineers.
+    National Columbian Wyandotte Club.
+    American Association of Refrigeration.
+    National Irrigation Congress.
+    National Educational Association.
+    National Association Daughters American Revolution.
+    National Brotherhood Locomotive Firemen and Engineers.
+    North American Fish and Game Association.
+    American Mining Congress.
+    International Dry Farming Congress.
+    National Mothers’ Congress.
+    American Medical Association.
+    United States Department of Agriculture.
+    United States Weather Bureau.
+    United States Forestry Service.
+    American Association for the Advancement of Science.
+    National Fertilizer Association.
+    National Soil Fertility League.
+    National Irrigation Congress.
+    American Civic Association.
+    National Municipal League.
+    National Humane Society.
+    Society of American Florists.
+    American Carnation Society.
+    American Institute of Electrical Engineering.
+    Cattle Raisers’ Association.
+    United Daughters of the Confederacy.
+    American Academy of Political and Social Science.
+    National Association of Manufacturers.
+    American Society for Testing Materials.
+    National Partridge and Wyandotte Club.
+    National Board of Fire Underwriters.
+    American Society of Refining Engineers.
+    American Electrochemical Society.
+    American Waterworks Association.
+    American Hereford Cattle Breeders’ Association.
+    German-American Alliance.
+    Russian Government Agricultural Commission.
+    National Wholesale Lumber Dealers’ Association.
+    National Lumber Manufacturers’ Association.
+    Lakes-to-the-Gulf Deep Waterways Association.
+    National Shell Fish Association.
+    National Garment Manufacturers’ Association.
+    National Dealers’ Association.
+    National Fertilizers’ Association.
+
+
+
+
+LIST OF REGISTERED DELEGATES TO THIRD NATIONAL CONSERVATION CONGRESS.
+
+
+    _Alabama._
+
+    LeFevre, E. R.                    Gadsden
+    Miller, J. M.                     Cordova
+    Rushton, W. J.                 Birmingham
+
+    _Arizona._
+
+    Foote, Geo. A.                    Safford
+    Fowler, B. A.                     Phoenix
+
+    _Arkansas._
+
+    Brusee, Geo.                      Decatur
+    Cook, Geo. B.                 Little Rock
+    Dotson, J. Alfred                  Rogers
+    Higinbotham, Mrs. H. G.        Pine Bluff
+    Lewis, F. W.                         Mena
+    Morris, Mrs. C. D.                 Rogers
+    Plank, E. N.                      Decatur
+    Spaulding, H. G.               Fort Smith
+    Stroud, J. W.                      Rogers
+    Toland, H. L.                     Ashdown
+
+    _California._
+
+    Baumgartner, J. P.              Santa Ana
+    Beard, W. M.                   Sacramento
+    Glavis, Louis R.            San Francisco
+    Simons, D. P.                   Los Gatos
+    Turner, J. A.                   Santa Ana
+
+    _Canada._
+
+    Armstrong, L. O.                 Montreal
+
+    _Colorado._
+
+    Bruce, Geo. W.                      Delta
+    Callbreath, J. F.                  Denver
+    Dunning, W. S.           Colorado Springs
+    Eddy, H. H.                        Denver
+    Gregg. J. S. F.                    Golden
+    Hickman, R. S.                      Delta
+    Meservey, Albert B.      Colorado Springs
+    Lindsey, Ben B.                    Denver
+    Wilder, Chas. T.         Colorado Springs
+    Work, Dr. Hubert                   Pueblo
+
+    _Connecticut._
+
+    Towney, Jas. W.                  Hartford
+
+    _District of Columbia._
+
+    Chilcott, E. C.                Washington
+    Cameron, Frank L.              Washington
+    Cobb, M. A.                    Washington
+    Frankenfield, H. C.            Washington
+    Graves, H. L.                  Washington
+    McGee, W J                     Washington
+    Marbut, Curtis F.              Washington
+    Shipp, Thomas R.               Washington
+    Spillman, W. J.                Washington
+    Wiley, H. W.                   Washington
+
+    _Florida._
+
+    Campbell, T. J.           West Palm Beach
+    Cromer, J. M.             West Palm Beach
+
+    _Georgia._
+
+    Worsham, E. Lee                   Atlanta
+    Worsham, Mrs. E. Lee              Atlanta
+
+    _Idaho._
+
+    Shepperd, John W.                Caldwell
+    Witson, Wm.                        Driggs
+    Woods, M. H.                         Arco
+    Yancey, Cyrus                   Blackfoot
+
+    _Illinois._
+
+    Abbott, A. N.                    Morrison
+    Aull, J. L.                    Belleville
+    Bartow, Edw.                       Urbana
+    Bell, Henry Y.                    Chicago
+    Bligh, L. L.                      Chicago
+    Block, Mrs. Fred’k           West Chicago
+    Bradish, A. C.                     Ottawa
+    Braiden, Mrs. Clara V.           Rochelle
+    Brooks, Morgan                     Urbana
+    Burgett, Scott                     Newman
+    Burgett, Thomas P.                 Newman
+    Burroughs, E. W.             Edwardsville
+    Campbell, Murdock                 Chicago
+    Charles, A. W.                     Carrni
+    Christine, W. T.                  Chicago
+    Clapp, F. H.                        Mazon
+    DeWolf, Frank W.                   Urbana
+    Duncan, J. R.                     Tuscola
+    Dunn, Ballard                     Chicago
+    Eisenhart, Henry                 Waterloo
+    Elliott, J. T.                  Armington
+    Evans, W. A.                      Chicago
+    Franklin, G. W.                   Nenault
+    Giffhorn, Henry                  Columbia
+    Gossett, M. B.                     Newman
+    Gross, Howard H.                  Chicago
+    Grout, A. P.                   Winchester
+    Hays, Dudley Grant                Chicago
+    Hill, A. H.                        Ottawa
+    Hooker, Arthur                    Chicago
+    Hopkins, Cyril G.                  Urbana
+    Jewell, H. L.                    Monmouth
+    Johnson, B. A.                    Chicago
+    Jones, Loyd Z.                      Galva
+    Marlin, D. M.                 Norris City
+    Mueller, Sr., Peter              Valmeyer
+    Myers, O. V.                       Newman
+    Myers, M. R.                      Chicago
+    Nickerson, J. F.                  Chicago
+    Noyes, La Verne                   Chicago
+    Noyes, Mrs. La Verne              Chicago
+    Osborn, F. W.                      Quincy
+    Pur Khizer, Edw. G.               Chicago
+    Randolph, Isham                   Chicago
+    Rutherford, Cyrus                  Newman
+    Sconce, H. J.                      Sidell
+    Shoffer, John C.                  Chicago
+    Stufflebeam, O. F.              Rossville
+    Syster, Mrs. J. C.                 Oregon
+    Tatgl, Gustavus                   Chicago
+    Taylor, Thomas A.                  Catlin
+    Thompson, Mrs. C. H.              Chicago
+    Vrooman, Mrs. Carl            Bloomington
+    Vrooman, Carl S.              Bloomington
+    Wallbaum, F. C.                   Ashland
+    Walker, J. A.                     Chicago
+    Wolcott, H. K.                    Batavia
+    Woodbury, A. G.                  Danville
+    Young, W. M.                       Newman
+
+    _Indiana._
+
+    Barnard, H. E.               Indianapolis
+    Barrett, Edward              Indianapolis
+    Blatchley, W. S.             Indianapolis
+    Breeze, Fred J.                 Lafayette
+    Breeze, Geo. D.                    Delphi
+    Dinwiddie, Oscar                   Lowell
+    Ford, Charles                 New Harmony
+    Hamilton, John C.            Indianapolis
+    Hoynes, Prof. William          Notre Dame
+    Knapp, Mrs. Edwin A.          Winona Lake
+    Neizer, Maurice C.              Ft. Wayne
+    Reisenberg, Henry            Indianapolis
+    Whitehead, J. W.              New Harmony
+    Woods, Sam B.                 Crown Point
+
+    _Iowa._
+
+    Allred, W. P.                     Corydon
+    Ashby, Mrs. Harriett W.        Des Moines
+    Ball, F. D.                       Creston
+    Bishop, E. C.                        Ames
+    Bliss, J. A.                     Diagonal
+    Bogie, S. R.                      Waverly
+    Brown, Nelson C.                     Ames
+    Chandler, W. R.                  Blacktan
+    Cleveland, O. S.             Webster City
+    Corrie, S. M.                   Ida Grove
+    Curtiss, Chas. F.                    Ames
+    Davis, F. M.                      Corning
+    Donald, G. B. Mac                    Ames
+    Doran, Justin R.                   Beaver
+    Doty, James J.                 Shenandoah
+    Dunn, E. G.                    Mason City
+    Durrell, Geo. O.              Pilot Mound
+    Elk, M. M.                          Galva
+    Elder, Orville                 Washington
+    Fry, Joseph                         Weyer
+    Hathaway, B.                     Kingsley
+    Haynes, E. C.                 Centerville
+    Hazard, T. R.                  Des Moines
+    Holden, P. G.                        Ames
+    Holman, R. A.                    Rockwell
+    Hunt, C. W.                         Logan
+    Hunter, Edward H.              Des Moines
+    Hutchins, C. B.                    Algona
+    Hutchinson, S. T.               Lake City
+    Ives, A. P.                     Irvington
+    Kamrar, J. S.                Webster City
+    Kelmartin, A. P.                  Malvern
+    Kaufman, Chas. C.         Wilton Junction
+    Keating, C. R.                    Mt. Ayr
+    Kirkham, G. A.                   Diagonal
+    Kissack, John                 Farmer City
+    Knight, O. N.                       Salem
+    Latta, W. W.                        Logan
+    Leas, J. E.                         Galva
+    Leffler, Geo. V.                Stockport
+    Lockwood, B. A.                Des Moines
+    Macbride, Thomas H.             Iowa City
+    McCulloch, Fred              Belle Plains
+    McWhorter, Ellis             Burt Kossuth
+    Menton, J. A.                       Boone
+    Miller, A. C.                  Des Moines
+    Miller, C. W.                     Waverly
+    Miller, O. W.                     Waverly
+    Milner, E. P.                     Red Oak
+    Nichols, Warren                   Minerva
+    Nichols, Mrs. Warren              Minerva
+    Noble, Mrs. Lucy Seward          Waterloo
+    Parrott, H.                       Waverly
+    Parrott, Mrs. Jane                Waverly
+    Packels, Theo.                    Waverly
+    Plummer, A. L.                    Altoona
+    Rubel, H. F.                      Waverly
+    Russell, J. W.                       Adel
+    Ranels, S. C.                  Des Moines
+    Schenk, Myron                      Algona
+    Shimek, B.                      Iowa City
+    Smith, Ed. H.                Cedar Rapids
+    Soper, E. B.                   Emmetsburg
+    Soper, E. H.                   Emmetsburg
+    Spencer, A. P.                  Oskaloosa
+    Stanton, E. W.                       Ames
+    Steen, F. D.                 West Liberty
+    Sykes, A.                      Des Moines
+    Sykes, Mrs. A.                 Des Moines
+    Tabur, Frank                      Waverly
+    Tomlinson, H. E.               New Market
+    Turner, Asa                        Ferrar
+    Vail, Dr. A. M.               Rock Rapids
+    Van Slyke, Mrs. C. B.          Des Moines
+    Wagner, Henry                      Ankeny
+    Wallace, H. C.                 Des Moines
+    Welch, E. S.                   Shenandoah
+    Weller, Miss Mame E.               Nashua
+    Wells, Joseph                  Des Moines
+    Whealan, Geo. B.                    Galva
+    Wisdom, Frank                     Bedford
+
+    _Kansas._
+
+    Adam, Henry                     Wakefield
+    Allen, R. N.                      Chanute
+    Alexander, B. J.                 Hiawatha
+    Andrews, Robert                 Powhattan
+    Anderson, Thos. J.               Gas City
+    Atkinson, Mrs. W. D.              Parsons
+    Austin, W. A.                      Sylvia
+    Avery, H. W.                    Wakefield
+    Ayres, E. S.                     Edgerton
+    Ayres, Hy.                         Howard
+    Babcock, W. M.                Philipsburg
+    Bailey, E. H. S.                 Lawrence
+    Baird, E. J                    Wellsville
+    Baker, John M.                        Gas
+    Barber, John F.                 Centralia
+    Barker, G. H.                      Girard
+    Barteider, F. W.                 Lawrence
+    Batdorf, D. W.                 Wellsville
+    Bean, Frank K.                  McPherson
+    Beardsley, J. W.            Overland Park
+    Beauchamp, William                 Olathe
+    Beck, W. T.                        Holton
+    Beckley, Maj. Thomas H.        Wellington
+    Bell, W. M.                   Garden City
+    Bennetzen, H. C.              Kansas City
+    Benton O. M. S.                   Oberlin
+    Beery, C. F.                        Paola
+    Black, Francis M.                 Kincaid
+    Blackman, F. W.                  Lawrence
+    Blair, Edw.                   Spring Hill
+    Blevins, J. C.                  Oskaloosa
+    Boggs, H. C.                      Beattie
+    Bowersock, J. D.                 Lawrence
+    Bollinger, C. A.                     Iola
+    Bone, Roy L.                       Topeka
+    Boone, W. M.                     Highland
+    Bauer, W. F.                     Highland
+    Bosworth, G. G.                Wellsville
+    Bowman, Wm.                        Sibley
+    Boyd, C. H.                    Blue Mound
+    Boickel, W. H., Jr.           Kansas City
+    Brown, Frances L., Miss         Manhattan
+    Brown, Loyd.                       Oswego
+    Bruce, H. E.                    Marquette
+    Budd, P. W.                       Basehoe
+    Bulmer, Joseph            Michigan Valley
+    Boyce, D. M.                       Galena
+    Cain, Victor A.               Leavenworth
+    Call, G. E.                     Manhattan
+    Carey, C. W.                      Wichita
+    Carlbert, C. F.                 Lindsborg
+    Carroll, Edw.                 Leavenworth
+    Carter, W. O.                 Garden City
+    Carter, E. L.                   Oskaloosa
+    Cassin, J. H.                      Girard
+    Chapin, Archibald, Mrs.       Kansas City
+    Clarke, W. D.                       Paola
+    Clark, Edw. C.                     Oswego
+    Cole, J. A.                        Topeka
+    Coleman, D. S.                     Oneida
+    Collier, John                  Overbrooke
+    Collins, Geo. W.               Belleville
+    Collins, John                     Scammon
+    Collins, H. D.                   Eminence
+    Connet, Frank B.              Kansas City
+    Condon, S. D.                       Paloa
+    Cooper, R. L.                      Salina
+    Corbet, J. D.                      Topeka
+    Cox, E. H.                     Tonganoxie
+    Cunningham, A. N.                Humboldt
+    Currier, Harold                   Garnett
+    Currey, A. A., Mrs.                Joplin
+    Carpenter, J. W.                  Bolivar
+    Coughlin, R. E.                     Paloa
+    Crawford, L. M.                  Winfield
+    Davis, C. D.                   Winchester
+    Davis, J. A.                    McPherson
+    Davidson, C. L.                   Wichita
+    Detrick, E. A.                   Caldwell
+    Dickson, W. T.                 Carbondale
+    Ditzen, Paul H.               Kansas City
+    Dix, E. E.                      Ft. Scott
+    Donahoe, J. F.                      Paola
+    Dorst, O. H.                      Gardner
+    Dunham, Ed.                         Paola
+    Duncan, K. S.                      Salina
+    Dyche, L. L.                     Lawrence
+    Eby, A. F.                         Howard
+    Edwards, John A.                   Eureka
+    Edwards, L. S.                     Oswego
+    Edwards, Matt.                    McLouth
+    Ellis, F. S.                  Kansas City
+    Eldridge, Chas. E.                 Topeka
+    Engle, J. H.                      Abilene
+    Evans, U. J.                         Iola
+    Faxon, R. H.                  Garden City
+    Fair, D. J.                      Sterling
+    Fairchild, E. T.                   Topeka
+    Fosse, A.                       Wakefield
+    Faulkner, W. K.               Leavenworth
+    Ferguson, R. M.            Bonner Springs
+    Finley, G. E.            Cottonwood Falls
+    Ford, W. B.                     Oskaloosa
+    Francis, A. J.                      Lucas
+    Francisco, Hiram                   Oswego
+    Friend, Wm.                      Sedgwick
+    Frizell, E. E.                   Lawrence
+    Flory, F. C.                       Howard
+    Frienmuth, Otto                Tonganoxie
+    Finney, L. H.                  Wellington
+    French, Ed. W.                     Hudson
+    Funk, F. J.                        Marion
+    Furst, T. I.                      Peabody
+    Garlinghouse, O. L., Dr.             Iola
+    Garrison, Chas. W.                Garnett
+    Garrison, J. W.                   Garnett
+    Gaylord, Frank M.                  Axtell
+    Gearhart, W. L.                 Manhattan
+    Gibbons, J. B.                      Pratt
+    Gibbs, J. M.                    Oskaloosa
+    Gilliland, W. H.                  Denison
+    Gilman, J. M.                 Leavenworth
+    Gilmore, T. S.                     Oneida
+    Gragg, Frank.                     Denison
+    Greenman, Sara Judd, Mrs.     Kansas City
+    Greer, E. P.                     Winfield
+    Greason, W. D.                      Paola
+    Griffin, Samuel            Medicine Lodge
+    Griffiths, F. J.                  Peabody
+    Griesa, T. C.                    Lawrence
+    Groves, Chas. A.             Edwardsville
+    Grand, Fred P.                     Girard
+    Guernsey, George, Mrs.       Independence
+    Gurnea, J. C.                  Belleville
+    Guyer, U. S.                  Kansas City
+    Haines, L. J.                      Galena
+    Hageman, F.                        Salina
+    Halloway, H. M.                    Larned
+    Harmon, G. E.                Valley Falls
+    Harrison, Wm.                     Whiting
+    Hartley, F. M.                    Baldwin
+    Hastings, J. F.                  Edgerton
+    Hamilton, M. C.                    Oswego
+    Harrell, W. W.                 Osawatomie
+    Haskin, M. H.                   Frankfort
+    Hatfield, F. P.                    Olathe
+    Hatfield, Thomas             Valley Falls
+    Haworth, Erasmus              Leavenworth
+    Hays, D. W.                    Osawatomie
+    Hazlett, Robert S.              El Dorado
+    Helmers, W. I., Sr.           Leavenworth
+    Hemphill, Chas. W.                   Reno
+    Higgie, F. B.                      Girard
+    Henshaw, W. H.                     Sylvia
+    Hoad, W. C.                      Lawrence
+    Hodgson, R. W.                    Kingman
+    Hodgson, H. J.                     Eureka
+    Hoffman, C. A., Mrs.           Enterprise
+    Holloway, M. L.                    Topeka
+    Holman, E. J.                 Leavenworth
+    Holman, L. Carl               Leavenworth
+    Holmes, G. L.                 Golden City
+    Holsinger, Geo. W.               Rosedale
+    Holsinger, G. L.                 Rosedale
+    Holton, Edwin L.                Manhattan
+    Hopkins, J. C.                 Tonganoxie
+    Hopkins, J. C., Mrs.           Tonganoxie
+    Hopper, C. A.                       Pratt
+    Hoskinson, J. W.                  Liberal
+    Honsh, F. T.                    Oskaloosa
+    Houston, J. D.                    Wichita
+    Hougland, D. P.                    Olathe
+    Hovey, W. A., Mrs.            Kansas City
+    Hull, Wm.                      Overbrooke
+    Humphrey, C. P.                   Denison
+    Hurst, Frank J.                   Garnett
+    Hunter, Senator Geo. H.        Wellington
+    Insley, F. B.                   Oskaloosa
+    Irwin, J. C.                     Richmond
+    Isely, Charles C.                Cimarron
+    Ives, Charles                     Baldwin
+    Jackson, Cong. Fred S.             Eureka
+    Jardine, W. M.                  Manhattan
+    Jenkins, Emos                 Kansas City
+    Jewett, O. P.                     Dighton
+    Judy, D. D.                       Garnett
+    Karnes, L. F.                  Overbrooke
+    Kaufman, W. S.                       Iola
+    Kelsey, Scott                      Topeka
+    Kennedy, E.                      Edgerton
+    Keohane, T. J.                    Baldwin
+    Kennett, Homer                  Concordia
+    Kiebler, Thomas                   Mankato
+    Kincaid, C. C.                 Cherryvale
+    King, E. D.                    Burlington
+    Klein, Paul                          Iola
+    Knapp, Fred W.                     Beloit
+    Koelzer, J. P.                     Seneca
+    Koff, Wm.                      Carbondale
+    Kohler, J. P.                    La Harpe
+    Kraus, E. M.                     St. Paul
+    Kufahl, H. F.                     Wheaton
+    Kyle, J. C.                         Manko
+    Ladtler, W. A.                   Atchison
+    Lanver, D. M.                       Paola
+    Lease, R. W.                     Redfield
+    Le Van, E. P.                      Topeka
+    Lidikay, N. W.                 Wellsville
+    Livermore, H. C.                   Olathe
+    Longnecker, D. H.                   Paola
+    Loomis, Elmer                      Girard
+    Lowry, Dr. A. D.             Valley Falls
+    Luman, E. M.                      Lansing
+    McAuliffe, M.                      Salina
+    McCain, F. O.                  Wellsville
+    McCarty, C. C.                       Iola
+    McCarthy, F. M.                  Edgerton
+    McClellan, M. A.                  Wichita
+    McComb, S. W.                    Stafford
+    McDonald, S. P.                   Peabody
+    McKaig, A. E.                      Olathe
+    McKee, Mrs. Milo D.                Newton
+    McLachlin, A. F.                    Paola
+    McLean, B. F.                     Wichita
+    McLeod, H. K.                       Ellis
+    McKurdey, G. W.                  Lone Elm
+    Macgregor, C. F.              Kansas City
+    Mains, James                    Oskaloosa
+    Mantey, A. H.                  Mound City
+    Marberg, J. W.                     Oswego
+    Marvin, F. O.                    Lawrence
+    Maxwell, H.                     McPherson
+    Meade, J. M.                       Topeka
+    Miller, A. L.                  Belleville
+    Miller, C. W.                        Hays
+    Miller, J. H.                  Cherryvale
+    Mills, J. H.                    Manhattan
+    Mingenbach, C. F.               McPherson
+    Moffet, A. H.                      Larned
+    Moore, H. S.                  Kansas City
+    Moore, Mrs. Ida Wilson            Abilene
+    Moore, C. B.              Michigan Valley
+    Moses, E. R.                   Great Bend
+    Morgan, P. W.                 Kansas City
+    Mosse, Arthur                 Leavenworth
+    Munzenmayer, W. F.          Junction City
+    Myter, E. W.                         Iola
+    Needham, H. V.                 Tonganoxie
+    Nichols, Mrs. C. C.           Leavenworth
+    Nicholsen, F. C.                     Iola
+    Nichoken, John C.                  Newton
+    Nee, H. L.                      Hill City
+    Northrup, L. L.                      Iola
+    Norton, H. T.                      Olathe
+    Odell, T. B.                     Berryton
+    Oliger, A. L.                     Emporia
+    O’Neal, Chas.                    Berryton
+    Osborn, Dr. W. F.                 Baldwin
+    Osburn, F. M.                        Erie
+    Ostlind, John, Jr.              McPherson
+    Parker, Dr. I. B.               Hill City
+    Parker, J. W.                      Olathe
+    Paxton, Sam                        Oswego
+    Paulen, J. W.                    Fredonia
+    Pearson, M. E.                Kansas City
+    Peet, John C.                    Tecumseh
+    Peiker, F. O.                       Paola
+    Pendleton, E. P.                   Ottawa
+    Perkins, J. W.                   Edgerton
+    Pierce, F. D.                      Topeka
+    Philip, Alex                         Hays
+    Platts, G. O.                    Winfield
+    Pomeroy, Frank                     Holton
+    Potter, Thos. M.                  Peabody
+    Powell, John S.                   Wichita
+    Powers, John                       Marion
+    Pringle, Robert                   Tribune
+    Quincy, Fred H.                    Salina
+    Reardon, A. P.                    McLouth
+    Reed, Geo. W.                      Axtell
+    Rees, Cong. R. R.             Minneapolis
+    Reiber, B. F.                    Lone Elm
+    Replogle, O. E.                   Meriden
+    Rhoades, W. J.                     Olathe
+    Rich, Cecil                      Syracuse
+    Ricksecker, T. L.                Rosedale
+    Rigney, W. L.                       Paola
+    Ritter, Chris S.                     Iola
+    Robinson, George W.               Wichita
+    Robinson, J. W.                    Olathe
+    Robertson, J. R.               Finney Co.
+    Rogler, Albert                     Bazaar
+    Romine, D. S.                      Oswego
+    Rose, Wm.                     Kansas City
+    Roseberg, Victor                McPherson
+    Rule, Elbert S.                    Sharon
+    Ruthrauff, J. B.                 Hiawatha
+    Saunders, P. S.                    Oswego
+    Sanford, L. V.                     Oneida
+    Sarsensen, Anders               McPherson
+    Schaeffer, Oscar W.                Girard
+    Schlot, Henry                      Natoma
+    Scott, Adam, Jr.             Westmoreland
+    Scott, Chas. H.                 Manhattan
+    Scott, Miss Minnie A.        Westmoreland
+    Sears, John G.                    Calista
+    Seyster, O. B.                  Concordia
+    Shaad, Geo. C.                   Lawrence
+    Shallcross, Wm. J.               Highland
+    Sharpe, Homer                      Eureka
+    Sharpe, James               Council Grove
+    Shearer, A.                      Columbus
+    Simons, A. M.                      Girard
+    Skalle, John                  Blue Rapids
+    Smith, E. D.                        Meade
+    Smith, W. S.                      Ashland
+    Smithmeyer, F. H.                Lawrence
+    Soice, John                       Kinsley
+    Siochla, F. J.                     Wilson
+    Steiner, D. R.                     Olathe
+    Stephens, Mrs. H. T.          Kansas City
+    Steven, J. L.                    Stockton
+    Stewart, James                Kansas City
+    Stich, A. C.                 Independence
+    Stover, H. J.                      Salina
+    Strickler, J. N.               Cherryvale
+    Stubbs, A. W.                 Kansas City
+    Swobode, A.                   Leavenworth
+    Talbott, I. F.                  McPherson
+    Tanner, C. A.                     Wichita
+    Taylor, Edwin                Edwardsville
+    Ten Eyck, A. M.                      Hays
+    Thompson, C. W.                    Marion
+    Thrall, E. W.                      Eureka
+    Tod, Wm. J.                    Maple Hill
+    True, J. F.                        Topeka
+    Troxell, M. F.                   Atchison
+    Turner, R. W.                     Mankato
+    Van Hoozer, W. H.                Mulberry
+    Van Tuyl, Mrs. Effie H.       Leavenworth
+    Vincent, M. G.                     Girard
+    Voigts, E. E.                     Merriam
+    Vrooman, L. L.                     Topeka
+    Waggenseller, A. L.         Junction City
+    Wakefield, J. E.                 Humboldt
+    Walker, D. R.                      Oswego
+    Walker, H. B.                   Manhattan
+    Walker, O. E.                      Topeka
+    Wallace, H. H.                     Topeka
+    Wallace, Mrs. Lena Hartzell   Kansas City
+    Warner, Frank              Bonner Springs
+    Watkins, J. B.                   Lawrence
+    Watson, C. M.                     Merriam
+    Watson, J. M.                   Frankfort
+    Watson, W. W.                      Salina
+    Waters, H. J.                   Manhattan
+    Watson, Miss Grace                Merriam
+    Wear, Jos.                        Barnard
+    Weaver, John H.                   Baldwin
+    Webster, Ed. H.                 Manhattan
+    Wedd, A. E.                        Lenexa
+    Weekes, E. E.                     Parsons
+    Welch, W. M.                 Independence
+    Wells, Abijah                      Seneca
+    Wells, Carl D.                    Sabetha
+    Whiting, O. F.               North Topeka
+    Wiggam, John H.                   Emporia
+    Wilcox, Mrs. F. A.                Abilene
+    Wilfong, J. E.                  Concordia
+    Williams, J. C.               Kansas City
+    Williams, M. B.                 McAlister
+    Williams, J. S.               Kansas City
+    Windbigler, J. L.                  Oswego
+    Winkler, William                   Seneca
+    Witwer, W. D.                   Ft. Scott
+    Wood, Frank                          Iola
+    Woodford, A. L.                Burlington
+    Wright, J. D.                 Kansas City
+    Wright, L. J.                       Hoxie
+    Wulfekubler, Louis H.         Leavenworth
+    Zumwalt, Imri              Bonner Springs
+
+    _Kentucky._
+
+    Barnes, Mrs. C. P.             Louisville
+    Crump, Malcolm H.           Bowling Green
+    Grider, W. U.               Bowling Green
+
+    _Louisiana._
+
+    Dowling, Dr. Oscar             Shreveport
+    Gipe, James C.                     Clarks
+    Grace, Fred J.                Baton Rouge
+    Gerrans, A. T.                      Houma
+    Hamilton, Alexander                Clarks
+
+    _Maine._
+
+    Harriman, D. S.              West Lebanon
+
+    _Maryland._
+
+    Baker, Bernard N.               Baltimore
+    Barnard, H. E.               Indianapolis
+
+    _Massachusetts._
+
+    Field, Geo. W.                     Boston
+    Moon, F. N.                       Amherst
+    Rane, F. W.                        Boston
+    Wharton, Wm. P.                    Groton
+
+    _Michigan._
+
+    Lord, Henry Nelson               Au Sable
+    Haskel, Fred                      Detroit
+    Sharp, Mrs. John C.               Jackson
+    Williams, Gardner S.            Ann Arbor
+    Yoke, A. J.                        Adrain
+
+    _Minnesota._
+
+    Bennett, J. W.                   St. Paul
+    Eliason, G.                    Montevideo
+    Erney, Mrs. C. F.             Minneapolis
+    Neill, D. M.                     Red Wing
+    Northrop, Cyrus               Minneapolis
+    Rhodes, J. E.                    St. Paul
+    Steenerson, Elias               Crookston
+    Wallace, Dan A.                  St. Paul
+
+    _Mississippi._
+
+    Lowe, E. N.                       Jackson
+    Travis, S. E.                 Hattiesburg
+    Whitfield, H. L.                 Columbus
+
+    _Missouri._
+
+    Adams, J. W.                       Holden
+    Adams, T. Lee                 Kansas City
+    Addison, Mrs. G. W.           Kansas City
+    Adems, A. O.                   Smithville
+    Alexander, Rees              Independence
+    Allen, Ford A.                Kansas City
+    Anderson, J. N.                 St. Louis
+    Anderson, J. N.               Kansas City
+    Andrews, Mrs. L. B.           Kansas City
+    Ashworth, G. J.                    Neosho
+    Axtell, F. M.                   Amsterdam
+    Bailey, Geo. W.                Brookfield
+    Bailey, Mrs. Geo. W.           Brookfield
+    Baird, W. T.                   Kirksville
+    Baird, Mrs. Leslie            Kansas City
+    Baird, Henry L.                 Louisiana
+    Bannister, F. J.              Kansas City
+    Baldridge, Lenny                    Milan
+    Barber, H. A.                     Windsor
+    Barham, G. L.                     Braymer
+    Barnes, Clarence A.                Mexico
+    Barnett, Mrs. Fred P.         Kansas City
+    Barns, H. N.                       Joplin
+    Barns, W. E.                    St. Louis
+    Barton, Dante                 Kansas City
+    Bates, R. L.            Excelsior Springs
+    Bell, M. C.                        Holden
+    Bender, Louis                 Kansas City
+    Bovard, John H.               Kansas City
+    Bertrand, P. A.            Jefferson City
+    Black, Wm. H.                 Kansas City
+    Black, Wm. H.                    Marshall
+    Blanchard, Mrs. Ben           Kansas City
+    Blevins, John N.                   Linden
+    Boisseau, O. F.                    Holden
+    Bolen, James A.               Kansas City
+    Borland, Cong. Wm. P.         Kansas City
+    Bowin, S. B.                 Lee’s Summit
+    Brockway, James H.            Kansas City
+    Briggs, Russell T.                 Joplin
+    Brigham, Mrs. E. T.           Kansas City
+    Broadhurst, J. J.                Gashland
+    Brodnax, T. J.                Kansas City
+    Brown, F. F.                  Kansas City
+    Bryant, W. L.                Independence
+    Buchanan, Mrs. Andrew         Kansas City
+    Buffum, F. W.                   Louisiana
+    Burnet, P. B.                 Kansas City
+    Burnham, C. N.                    Cameron
+    Burns, Clinton S.             Kansas City
+    Burton, Mrs. Chester L.       Kansas City
+    Bushnell, L. S.               Kansas City
+    Cooke, Chas. M.               Kansas City
+    Carlisle, Chas. D.            Kansas City
+    Carter, C. J.                 Kansas City
+    Chandler, Mrs. Asa               Randolph
+    Chatten, Wm. K.                    Adrain
+    Chipman, L. L.                Kansas City
+    Church, Mrs. Willard Q.       Kansas City
+    Claggett, Mrs. William S.     Kansas City
+    Cleveland, H. H.                  Cameron
+    Cobb, B. F.                   Kansas City
+    Cochran, James                Kansas City
+    Coe, Willard L.               Kansas City
+    Coffman, Mrs. Chas.           Kansas City
+    Cole, James D.                Kansas City
+    Colpitts, Walter W.           Kansas City
+    Connor, P.                    Kansas City
+    Conover, John A.              Kansas City
+    Cook, Miss Ellen              Kansas City
+    Cook, F. L.                   Kansas City
+    Cook, H. G.                        Butler
+    Corbett, Wm.                       Turner
+    Cornell, Dr. H. L.               Hannibal
+    Cox, D. K.                         Weston
+    Crabbs, Mrs. Franklin D.      Kansas City
+    Crews, Mrs. Swepson           Kansas City
+    Craig, A. B.                       Tarkio
+    Croft, Miss Jennie H.         Kansas City
+    Crause, H. S.                 Kansas City
+    Culver, Paul M.                  Edgerton
+    Curry, Dr. E. R.              Kansas City
+    Dallmeyer, R.              Jefferson City
+    Davidson, Dr. S. C.            Grant City
+    Davis, Bert C.                Kansas City
+    Davis, Dr. Geo. W.            Kansas City
+    Dean, H. A.                     Parkville
+    Deaver, M. Clyde            Harrisonville
+    Dille, A. B.                  Kansas City
+    Dodson, Bruce                 Kansas City
+    Douglass, A. W.                 St. Louis
+    Doty, D. E.                      Anderson
+    Droll, G. A.                  Kansas City
+    Duncan, H. C.                      Osborn
+    Dungan, F. C.                      Oregon
+    Durrill, Milton                   Sedalia
+    Dutcher, C. H.                Warrensburg
+    Dutton, H. D.                 Kansas City
+    Eckel, Rev. Edward H.          St. Joseph
+    Edwards, Mrs. John A.         Kansas City
+    Ellis, Mrs. E. C.             Kansas City
+    Ellison, Mrs. Garrett         Kansas City
+    Ettlinger, Mrs. Victor P.     Kansas City
+    Evans, S. L.                      Cameron
+    Evans, Wm. P.              Jefferson City
+    Everard, I. N.                   Marshall
+    Faeth, Mrs. Maud              Kansas City
+    Fair, Eugene                   Kirksville
+    Faxon, H. D.                  Kansas City
+    Ferguson, W. M.               Kansas City
+    Fetter, F. J.                 Kansas City
+    Filson, F. M.                     Cameron
+    Findlay, M. C.                  Parkville
+    Fisher, Miss Jennie M.        Kansas City
+    Flaugh, C. L.                 Kansas City
+    Fleming, I. M.                Kansas City
+    Fleming, W. C.                   Fillmore
+    Florance, F. C.              Independence
+    Flournoy, W. T.               Marionville
+    Forbis, J. B., Jr.            Kansas City
+    Fordyce, Mrs. W. Grant        Kansas City
+    Forseman, J. H.               Kansas City
+    Forsee, Geo. H.               Kansas City
+    Fox, S. Waters                Kansas City
+    Frank, Harry A.                 St. Louis
+    Fratt, F. W.                  Kansas City
+    Freeman, Elmer E.             Kansas City
+    Frerichs, Dr. F. W.             St. Louis
+    Fuller, James                 Kansas City
+    Fulton, Mrs. J. M.            Kansas City
+    Gantz, A. T.                      Cameron
+    Garden, John S.               Kansas City
+    Garetson, James S.              St. Louis
+    Gash, Theo. K.                    Palmyra
+    Gatchell, Miss Rosamond       Kansas City
+    Gees, R. W.                   Kansas City
+    Gentry, Miss Elizabeth B.     Kansas City
+    Gentry, H. H.                     Sedalia
+    George, Harry L.               St. Joseph
+    George, Mrs. Todd M.         Lee’s Summit
+    Gilday, Miss Anna C.          Kansas City
+    Gill, Mrs. Turner A.          Kansas City
+    Gillespie, John                    Holden
+    Gilman, F. L.                 Kansas City
+    Glass, W. C.                  Kansas City
+    Gorsuch, Harry A.             Kansas City
+    Goodman, Chas. W.             Kansas City
+    Goodman, L. A.                Kansas City
+    Goodman, Miss Marie L.        Kansas City
+    Goodwin, Dr. E. J.              St. Louis
+    Goodrich, N. S.                   Cameron
+    Grant, E. H.                  Kansas City
+    Green, J. P.                      Liberty
+    Green, Mrs. J. J.             Kansas City
+    Greene, Miss Mabel E.           Clarendon
+    Greenwood, Prof. James M.     Kansas City
+    Gutridge, A. W.               Kansas City
+    Griffith, Elmer C.                Liberty
+    Griffith, Thos. J.            Kansas City
+    Hadley, Pirse                      Easton
+    Hale, James                     Lexington
+    Hall, Dr. C. Lester           Kansas City
+    Hall, Mrs. Geo. T.            Kansas City
+    Hamilton, Mrs. G. Harley      Kansas City
+    Hanna, John V.                Kansas City
+    Hanley, Mrs. P. M.            Kansas City
+    Hardenburg, C. M.             Kansas City
+    Hare, S. Herbert              Kansas City
+    Harrington, John Lyle         Kansas City
+    Harris, E. T.                     Cameron
+    Harper, John S.                    Butler
+    Hayman, F. C.                     Houston
+    Heath, Edwin Ruthven          Kansas City
+    Heldorfer, George             Kansas City
+    Hemingway, Mrs. A. F.         Kansas City
+    Henderson, Mrs. Wm. B.        Kansas City
+    Herring, L. H.                  Brunswick
+    Henermann, Mrs. H. W.         Kansas City
+    Higgins, H. A.                      Milan
+    Hill, Curtis                     Columbia
+    Hill, W. A.                    Grand View
+    Hill, Wm. B.                  Kansas City
+    Hine, Willis                     Savannah
+    Hisey, Joseph C.              Kansas City
+    Hockins, W. J.                Warrensburg
+    Hoefer, Chas.                Higginsville
+    Holmes, R. L.                      Easton
+    Holzham, W. L.                Kansas City
+    Hoover, S. A.                 Warrensburg
+    Hull, James                   Platte City
+    Hunt, E. S.                       Liberty
+    Huselton, Howard E.           Kansas City
+    Isham, W. V.                  Kansas City
+    Ismert, T. F.                 Kansas City
+    Jacobs, Floyd E.              Kansas City
+    Jacques, W. R.                Kansas City
+    James, H. G.                 Independence
+    James, H. L.                   Carrollton
+    James, W. K.                   St. Joseph
+    Jensen, A.                   Independence
+    Jones, Llewellyn             Independence
+    Jones, R. Harry               Kansas City
+    Kapp, W. C.                   Warrensburg
+    Kaufman, F. L.                Kansas City
+    Keiser, Edward H.               St. Louis
+    Keith, Mrs. Richard           Kansas City
+    Kelley, J. R.                 Kansas City
+    Kemper, C. L.                     Cameron
+    Kendall, Mrs. Elmer E.        Kansas City
+    Kent, James M.                Kansas City
+    Kerr, John A.                Independence
+    Kerns, Willis N.                   Easton
+    Kirshner, Chas. H.            Kansas City
+    Kidder, R. E.                 Kansas City
+    Kiersted, Wynkoop             Kansas City
+    Kinzer, R. J.                 Kansas City
+    Kirn, Gottfried               Kansas City
+    Kirk, John R.                  Kirksville
+    Kirkland, E. E.                   Liberty
+    Knoop, Chas. E.                   Cameron
+    Knox, C. W.                      Smithton
+    Kryshtofovich, Theo.            St. Louis
+    Kyle, Harry G.                Kansas City
+    Kyle, Mrs. H. G.              Kansas City
+    Land, Frank S.                Kansas City
+    Latchaw, D. Austin            Kansas City
+    Latz, Mrs. Samuel             Kansas City
+    Laughlin, J. A.                  Marshall
+    Laurence, John A.                 Bolivar
+    Lawrence, J. H.                 Parkville
+    Lennon, L. A.                 Kansas City
+    Lewis, John S.          Excelsior Springs
+    Lester, Mrs. John C.          Kansas City
+    Liepsner, F. W.               Kansas City
+    Logan, Geo. B.                  St. Louis
+    Logan, Dr. James E.           Kansas City
+    Long, Newton                     Sheridan
+    Long, R. A.                   Kansas City
+    Lonsdale, C. W.               Kansas City
+    Lott, Frank E.                Kansas City
+    Loumiller, Daniel               Parkville
+    Lowe, J. M.                   Kansas City
+    Luebemann, Geo. E. W.           St. Louis
+    Lugbey, John R.               Kansas City
+    Macfarlane, Mrs. G. B.           Columbia
+    MacKesson, Mrs. J. E.             Lebanon
+    MacKay, Malcolm               Kansas City
+    McBlair, Geo.                   St. Louis
+    McCleary, C. G.               Kansas City
+    McClure, Mrs. H. H.           Kansas City
+    McClure, M. S.                Kansas City
+    McCormick, Mrs. S. K.         Kansas City
+    McCoun, C. T.                 Kansas City
+    McCoy, Mrs. James R.          Kansas City
+    McCune, H. L.                 Kansas City
+    McDonell, Mrs. N. I.          Kansas City
+    McKee, R. L.                       Perrin
+    McLain, J. K.           Excelsior Springs
+    McKullen, Geo. M.                  Odessa
+    McMullen, O. E.               Kansas City
+    McWilliams, E.                 Plattsburg
+    Maennes, L. T.                  St. Louis
+    Maitland, Alexander              Richmond
+    Marshall, J. A.               Kansas City
+    Martin, J. I.                   St. Louis
+    Martin, Joseph               Lee’s Summit
+    Marty, A. P.                  Kansas City
+    Matthews, C. E.                 Webb City
+    Mayes, Fred                     St. Louis
+    Mayer, Morris                   St. Louis
+    Melcher, Geo.              Jefferson City
+    Merine, Mrs. J. C.            Kansas City
+    Merriwether, Hunter M.        Kansas City
+    Merriwether, Mrs. H. M.       Kansas City
+    Middlebrook, Robert B.        Kansas City
+    Middleton, Tom                    Lathrop
+    Miller, H. D.                     Liberty
+    Miller, Mrs. Hugh             Kansas City
+    Miller, J. Z., Jr.            Kansas City
+    Miller, Jo Zach III           Kansas City
+    Miller, R. E.                 Springfield
+    Miller, William                    Dexter
+    Mohr, Lewis S.                Kansas City
+    Montgomery, J. T.                 Sedalia
+    Moore, Miss Annette           Kansas City
+    Moore, Rev. Chas. W.          Kansas City
+    Moore, Mrs. Philip N.           St. Louis
+    Morgan, Mrs. Jacques          Kansas City
+    Morton, John F.                  Richmond
+    Mosely, Geo. B.               Kansas City
+    Mosely, Robert K.             Kansas City
+    Mosher, Mrs. Geo. Clark       Kansas City
+    Mosher, Dr. Geo.              Kansas City
+    Moss, Mrs. Alice W.           Kansas City
+    Mratz, Joe                      St. Louis
+    Mumford, F. B.                   Columbia
+    Munson, Fred S.                   Osceola
+    Murray, Samuel                Kansas City
+    Muhlfeld, John E.             Kansas City
+    Nalley, Miss Anna               Louisiana
+    Nelson, C. B.                 Kansas City
+    Nickels, Mrs. W. B.           Kansas City
+    Nichols, A. P.                Kansas City
+    Noel, Mrs. George H.         Lee’s Summit
+    Norris, Mrs. E. A.                 Joplin
+    O’Fallon, Samuel F.                Oregon
+    Ohaus, Mrs. Henry             Kansas City
+    Ohaus, Mrs. Rose M.           Kansas City
+    Olmstead, Rev. Edwin B.       Kansas City
+    Otto, Geo. Henry               Washington
+    Ousley, Mrs. J. W.            Kansas City
+    Overhoker, Dr. M. P.               Nevada
+    Ozias, E. J.                   Centerview
+    Parry, Mrs. Thos. Wood        Kansas City
+    Parker, Mrs. J. W.            Kansas City
+    Parker, Miss Louise           Kansas City
+    Paule, Herman                   St. Louis
+    Peet, Mrs. P. F.              Kansas City
+    Peltzer, Theo. C.             Kansas City
+    Peppard, J. G.                Kansas City
+    Perry, J. W.                  Kansas City
+    Peters, James W. S.           Kansas City
+    Phillips, E. D.               Kansas City
+    Phillips, Mrs. E. T.          Kansas City
+    Phipps, W. H.                Independence
+    Pierce, Mrs. D. M.            Kansas City
+    Pierson, Mrs. Kate E.         Kansas City
+    Poland, J. W.                     Cameron
+    Pollack, Wm.                       Mexico
+    Pollord, John B.              Kansas City
+    Porter, Pierre R.             Kansas City
+    Porterfield, E. E.            Kansas City
+    Prewitt, J. Allen            Independence
+    Proctor, C. O.                  Strasburg
+    Purdon, C. D.                   St. Louis
+    Ram, W. F.                         Tarkio
+    Ratliff, Louis                    Moberly
+    Rand, R. W.                       Lathrop
+    Raupp, W. A.                  Pierce City
+    Rawlings, R. C.               Kansas City
+    Reineke, Miss E. Blanche      Kansas City
+    Reinnie, J. G.                 Stotesbury
+    Richardson, E. E.             Kansas City
+    Richmond, Prof. H. M.             Liberty
+    Ridge, Mrs. I. M.             Kansas City
+    Risley, C. A.                     Cameron
+    Risley, D. C. H.                  Cameron
+    Robb, Judge James W.              Liberty
+    Robinson, J. M.               Kansas City
+    Robinson, Mrs. Mary F.             Joplin
+    Robinson, T. M.                      Noel
+    Rock, Wm. L.                  Kansas City
+    Roeder, Geo. F.                  Kirkwood
+    Roever, Wm. H.                  St. Louis
+    Rolfes, Henry G.                St. Louis
+    Root, W. C.                   Kansas City
+    Rose, Mrs. C. E.              Kansas City
+    Ross, Mrs. John A.            Kansas City
+    Rudder, J. F.                   St. Louis
+    Russell, J. B.                    Cameron
+    Russell, Joe J.                Charleston
+    Sachs, Chas.                  Kansas City
+    Sanders, S. F.                 Grant City
+    Sankey, S. R.                      Holden
+    Schauffler, E. W.             Kansas City
+    Schrenck, Herman von            St. Louis
+    Schwedtman, Ferd C.             St. Louis
+    Seeley, Mrs. H. J. S.         Kansas City
+    Seibel, Louis L.              Kansas City
+    Semans, Miss Gertrude         Kansas City
+    Selber, Mitchell L.           Kansas City
+    Shannon, E. W.                Kansas City
+    Sharp, Judge C.                    Weston
+    Sharp, W. E.                      Liberty
+    Shelby, O. J.                      Joplin
+    Shelton, Mrs. Theo              St. Louis
+    Simpson, C. L.                Kansas City
+    Slater, J. Harvey                Richmond
+    Smart, Fletcher             Harrisonville
+    Smith, Frederick M.          Independence
+    Smith, John T.                Kansas City
+    Smith, M. R.                  Kansas City
+    Smith, W. B.                  Kansas City
+    Sneed, W. S.                      Sedalia
+    Stauber, R. O.                 St. Joseph
+    Steele, Wm.                        Holden
+    Sterling, Robt. E.            Kansas City
+    Stewart, R. M.                Kansas City
+    Storey, J. E.                 Kansas City
+    Storms, Roy L.                     Laredo
+    Stowe, Mrs. J.                Kansas City
+    Sullivan, Michael L.        Pleasant Hill
+    Sumner, Chas. A.              Kansas City
+    Sweeney, E. R.                Kansas City
+    Sweet, Mrs. C. B.             Kansas City
+    Sweetman, M. M.               Kansas City
+    Taylor, Rev. Carl R.          Kansas City
+    Taylor, Isaac                 Kansas City
+    Teasdale, F. X.                 Louisiana
+    Temple, Chris                Higginsville
+    Tharp, Mrs. F. D.             Kansas City
+    Thayer, Mrs. W. B.            Kansas City
+    Tibbe, A. A.                  Kansas City
+    Tippin, Geo. T.                   Nichols
+    Todd, Mrs. Gertrude T.        Kansas City
+    Todhunter, Mrs. Ryland          Lexington
+    Tucker, R. S.           Excelsior Springs
+    Turner, F. H.                 Kansas City
+    Turpin, Rees                  Kansas City
+    Twichell, Jerome              Kansas City
+    Van Brunt, John               Kansas City
+    Van Brunt, Mrs. John          Kansas City
+    Van Ornum, J. L.                St. Louis
+    Wagoner, J. T.                     Odessa
+    Wagner, J. W.                 Kansas City
+    Walker, Mrs. John R.          Kansas City
+    Walker, T. J.               Harrisonville
+    Wall, E. E.                       Calhoun
+    Walmsley, Harry R.            Kansas City
+    Walton, Mrs. W. E.                 Butler
+    Walton, Wm. E.                     Butler
+    Waller, Joe B.                 Smithville
+    Warren, Walter                    Sedalia
+    Wayland, Mrs. J. T.           Kansas City
+    Weeks, D. M. F.               Kansas City
+    Weeks, Edwin R.               Kansas City
+    Weeks, Mrs. Edwin R.          Kansas City
+    Welch, Mrs. Milton            Kansas City
+    Welch, W. B.                     Marshall
+    Welsh, Mrs. J. B.             Kansas City
+    Werkmeister, Geo.           Webster Grove
+    Weyer, Sophia F.              Kansas City
+    Wheeler, W. W.                    Clinton
+    White, D. F.                       Tarkio
+    White, J. B.                  Kansas City
+    Wilcox, Edw. D.           Burlington Jct.
+    Wiles, John H.                Kansas City
+    Williams, Lee                      Dexter
+    Williams, James                   Cameron
+    Williams, W. T.                  Gashland
+    Willison, Miss Nan            Kansas City
+    Wilson, J. W.                 Kansas City
+    Wilson, Mrs. Richard E.       Kansas City
+    Wingfield, J. C.                  Windsor
+    Withers, Mrs. R. S.               Liberty
+    Wolf, Arthur L.                 Parkville
+    Wood, N. P.                  Independence
+    Woods, John B.                 Smithville
+    Woodson, Mrs. Blake L.        Kansas City
+    Woodson, S. C.                Kansas City
+    Woodson, A. P.                Kansas City
+    Woodson, S. H.               Independence
+    Wornall, Mrs. Roma            Kansas City
+    Wright, Mrs. H. P.            Kansas City
+    Write, James C.                Smithville
+    Ziegenheim, Henry                 Cameron
+
+    _Montana._
+
+    Lake, James                     Kalispell
+    O’Neil, C. I.                   Kalispell
+
+    _Nebraska._
+
+    Burnett, E. A.                    Lincoln
+    Condra, G. E.                     Lincoln
+    Coupland, George                    Elgin
+    Covell, H. G.                   Plainview
+    Dalby, J. G.                     Superior
+    Garrett, E. O.                    Fremont
+    Gault, Mrs. A. K.                   Omaha
+    Grinstead, R. E.                    Salem
+    Grosvenor, H.                      Aurora
+    Herron, L. S.                     Lincoln
+    Hill, E. C., Sr.                   Dawson
+    Kay, David                           Loup
+    Keefe, Mrs. Harry L.             Walthill
+    Lyford, V. G.                  Falls City
+    McBrien, J. S.                    Lincoln
+    McCoun, L. B.                       Omaha
+    Mayhew, J. M.                     Lincoln
+    Miller, Fred A.                    Aurora
+    Mudge, W. E.                       Dillen
+    Munn, H. M.                    Falls City
+    Nichols, M. V.                   Beatrice
+    Nichols, Mrs. M. V.              Beatrice
+    Oleson, Miss M. Crowell               Ord
+    Paine, Clarence S.                Lincoln
+    Price, Thos. P.                    Dillen
+    Schoenauer, A. B.               Plainview
+    Stark, U. L.                       Aurora
+    Stephens, E. F.                     Crete
+    Tanner, T.                       Superior
+    Tyler, A. A.                     Bellevue
+    Weeks, Chas. R.                      Peru
+
+    _New Jersey._
+
+    Libbey, Mrs. Wm.                Princeton
+    Stevens, E. A.                    Hoboken
+
+    _New York._
+
+    Coffin, Wm. Edward               New York
+    Mallalieu, W. E.                 New York
+    Moore, John D.              New York City
+    Sevena, Joseph H.              Kruka Park
+    Sheldon, A. B.                    Sherman
+    Taylor, Edw. R.                   Pen Yan
+    Van Vleck, A. A.                 Jameston
+    Wadsworth, J. W.               Mt. Morris
+    Wilson, Warren A.           New York City
+    Willey, Henry Ide           New York City
+
+    _Ohio._
+
+    Adams, A. E.                   Youngstown
+    Allen, C. H.                     Paulding
+    Courtright, John                 Ashville
+    Dyar, C. P.                      Marietta
+    Fordyce, Geo. L.               Youngstown
+    Goddard, T. H.                    Wooster
+    Lawrence, Mrs. Elmer G.        Cincinnati
+    Porter, W. C.                       Xenia
+    Rogers, H. C.               Mechanicsburg
+    Secrest, Edmund                   Wooster
+    Talbot, Rev. Winthrop           Cleveland
+    Underwood, R. A.                 Marietta
+
+    _Oklahoma._
+
+    Ban, Archibald                  Claremore
+    Beaty, W. E.                    McAlester
+    Beard, J. T.                      Wagoner
+    Brown, Milton                     Guthrie
+    Burke, J. J.                       Norman
+    Casaver, J. C.                    Wagoner
+    Davenport, Dr. R. G.        Oklahoma City
+    Elliott, James                  McAlister
+    Fink, D. N.                      Muskogee
+    Harrice, T. C.                    Wagoner
+    Harrice, Mrs. T. C.               Wagoner
+    Harris, James A.                  Wagoner
+    Hudson, Kenneth                   Ardmore
+    Larsh, D. L.                       Norman
+    Mullen, J. S.                     Ardmore
+    Price, H. D.                        Keota
+    Price, J. F.                        Keota
+    Ramsay, Asa E.                   Muskogee
+    Robbins, Clay                    Chouteau
+    Roberts, O. T.                      Welch
+    Robertson, Alice M.              Muskogee
+    Robinson, J. W.                     Keota
+    Rush, Frank                         Cache
+    Shinn, T. J.                      Wagoner
+    Smith, Thomas                    Muskogee
+    Thompson, Joe                     Sapulpa
+    Trumbo, A. C.                    Muskogee
+    Watts, Jess W.                    Wagoner
+    Watts, Mrs. Jess W.               Wagoner
+    Wicks, John C.                    Guthrie
+
+    _Oregon._
+
+    Allen, E. T.                     Portland
+    Kinney, M. J.                    Portland
+
+    _Pennsylvania._
+
+    Baker, Hugh Potter          State College
+    Cook, A. W.                     Cooksburg
+    Drinker, Henry Sturgis             Lehigh
+    Farquhar, A. W.                      York
+    Guenther, Emil               Philadelphia
+    McCreight, M. I.                  Du Bois
+    Oursler, Howard B.              Pittsburg
+    Sterling, E. A.              Philadelphia
+    Stone, Chas. W.                    Warren
+
+    _South Carolina._
+
+    Twitchell, M. W.                 Columbia
+
+    _South Dakota._
+
+    Culbertson, R. G.                Mitchell
+    Heglin, Fred                  Centerville
+    Johnson, C. A.                    Fairfax
+    Newbanks, N.                       Pierre
+    Wentzy, Harry                  Rapid City
+
+    _Tennessee._
+
+    Fisher, J. W.                     Newport
+    Moore, Herbert                    Memphis
+    Winslow, Mrs. H. M.              Harriman
+
+    _Texas._
+
+    Gray, W. H.                       Houston
+    Jones, W. Goodrich                 Temple
+    Landergin, P. H.                     Vega
+    Shackelford, Dr. S. S.             Austin
+    Smith, J. A.                      El Paso
+    Spiller, E. B.                  Ft. Worth
+    Turner, Arry                     Amarillo
+
+    _Utah._
+
+    Belliston, Wilford                  Nephi
+    Bennion, S. O.                  Salt Lake
+    Broadbent, Sylvester                Heber
+    Hemphill, Geo. E.               Salt Lake
+    Jones, T. Vernon              Payson City
+    Mackay, Walter S.               Salt Lake
+    McAlister, W. L.                Salt Lake
+    Shumway, R. F.                     Tropic
+
+    _Vermont._
+
+    Bailey, Geo. C.                Montpelier
+    Goss, Frank K.                 Montpelier
+
+    _Washington._
+
+    Llewelling, A. L.                 Spokane
+    Griggs, Everett G.                 Tacoma
+
+    _Wisconsin._
+
+    Caples, Mrs. Byron M.            Waukesha
+    Douglass, C. S.                   Fontana
+    Vilter, Theo. O.                Milwaukee
+
+
+
+
+INDEX
+
+
+  ADAMS, REV. CLAIR S., Tribute to His Work, 76
+
+  Agricultural College, How It Meets the Needs of the Farmer’s Wife, 128
+
+  Agricultural College, Kansas, 247
+
+  Agriculture, Commissioner of New York, Statement, 235
+
+  Agriculture, Government Expert in Every County, 221
+
+  —, Tolls on, 95
+
+  Agriculture, U. S. Dept of, Endorsed and Commended, xvi
+
+  Alaska Coal Fields, on Leasing System, Urged, xv
+
+  Alfalfa, Experience in Growing, 210
+
+  ALLEN, E. T., Report by, 114
+
+  Animal Husbandry, 234
+
+  ASHBY, MRS. HARRIET WALLACE, “The Farmer’s Wife.”, 121
+
+  Audubon Societies, Report of the National Association, 272
+
+
+  BACHELOR, IRVING, Cited, 265
+
+  “Back to the Farm”, 237
+
+  BAILEY, GEORGE W., Address by, 148
+
+  BAKER, BERNARD N., Introduced, 30
+
+  —, Address by, 50
+
+  BARBER, O. C., Telegram from, 109
+
+  BARNARD, HARRY EVEREST, Introduced, 28
+
+  —, Report by, 277
+
+  BAUMGARTNER, J. T., Announcement, 22
+
+  BAUMGARTNER, J. C., of California, Address by, 274
+
+  BAXTER, SYLVESTER, Author of “Golden New England”, 281
+
+  Bayne-Blauvelt Bill, Credit for its Enactment, 266
+
+  —, Bills to be Pushed, 266
+
+  BEARD, DAN, Reference to, 265
+
+  BEARD. W. A., Made Temporary Chairman, 68
+
+  —, Address by, 78
+
+  BENSON, HON. F. W., Reference to Work of, 289
+
+  Birch Canal, Its Completion in Sight, 286
+
+  Bird Life, Importance of Conserving, 263
+
+  Birds, American Water, to Safeguard, 272
+
+  —, Breeding Sanctuaries on Government Reservations, 273
+
+  —, Educational, Campaign Among Southern Children, 273
+
+  —, Important Breeding Colonies, 273
+
+  —, Wild Insectivorous, Importance of Protecting, 263
+
+  Bone Meal of Commerce, 238
+
+  Boys and Girls and the Farm, 17
+
+  Boys, Place for, 40
+
+  Boy Scouts, Reference to, 75
+
+  BREEZE, FRED J., Move by, 30
+
+  BROWN, MAYOR DARIUS A., Address by, 1
+
+  BROWN, MILTON, Introduced, 68
+
+  —, Report by, 287
+
+  BROWN, MISS FRANCES, on Organizations of Farmers’ Wives, 128
+
+  BRYAN, W. J., Telegram from, 64
+
+  —, Entrance Greeted with Cheers, 193
+
+  —, Remarks by, 203
+
+  —, Address by, 220
+
+
+  California Fruit Growers’ Exchange, 83
+
+  —, Report from, 274
+
+  Camp Fire Club of America, Represented by W. E. Coffin, 116
+
+  —, By its Vice-President, 265
+
+  CAMPBELL, H. W., Apostle of Dry Farming Cited, 252
+
+  Charcoal, Animal, 239
+
+  Charity Conference in Boston, Reference to, 136
+
+  Children’s Bill, in England, 42
+
+  Children, the Biggest Crop, 32
+
+  —, Versus Animals, 41
+
+  Child Labor Law Fallacy Exploded, 38
+
+  Child, the, and the Community, 36
+
+  Child Welfare Bureau Urged, xviii
+
+  Church, Country, Its Effect on Economic Affairs, 258
+
+  —, in open Country, Best School for Farmers, 257
+
+  —, in the Open Country, 257
+
+  Cities, Instinct to Flock to, 35
+
+  City, Movement to, 13
+
+  CLENDENING, E. M., Courtesies Acknowledged by Resolutions Committee,
+      xx
+
+  Clubs, the Ideal Kind, 137
+
+  Coal, Are Prices Prohibitive, 198
+
+  —, Fields, Early Opening Recommended, xv
+
+  —, Lands, Policy of Withdrawal, 197
+
+  —, Royalties per ton Exacted by Colorado and Wyoming, 198
+
+  COBURN, F. D., Assumes the Chair, 183
+
+  COFFIN, WM. E., Introduced, 116
+
+  —, Address by, 265
+
+  Coöperation, Failures in, 86
+
+  Coöperation, Talk by W. A. Beard, 78
+
+  —, Twenty Years of, 82
+
+  —, Leads to Large Success, 79
+
+  —, National Trait, 80
+
+  —, Recommended by Resolutions Committee, xvi
+
+  —, Rise of in America, 81
+
+  Coöperative Banks of Europe, 79
+
+  Coöperative Society, What It Is Not, 85
+
+  COMBS, REV. DR. GEO. HAMILTON, Invocation by, 111
+
+  Commercial Club, Escort to President Taft, 54
+
+  —, Especially Thanked by Resolutions Committee, xx
+
+  Community Center Church, Its Scope, 259
+
+  Community Club, 132
+
+  Community Life, Its Pleasures, 165
+
+  CONDRA, E. A., Address by, 49
+
+  —, Temporary Chairman, 45
+
+  Congestion Problems, 32
+
+  Congress, More Liberality Urged, xiii
+
+  Congress, International, of Humane Associations in London, Eng., 263
+
+  Conservation and the National Domain, 193
+
+  Conservation and Utilization, 140
+
+  Conservation, as Exemplified in Education, 216
+
+  Conservation, As Old as Mankind, 214
+
+  Conservation Commission in Oregon, When Appointed, 288
+
+  Conservation Commission of California, a Report of Its Work, 274
+
+  Conservation Commission of New York, Report of, 286
+
+  Conservation Commission, Urged for Each Commonwealth, xvi
+
+  Conservation, Education in, 293
+
+  Conservation Movement, Its Organization in Pennsylvania, 291
+
+  —, Misunderstood and Misrepresented, 195
+
+  —, A Help in Showing Relation to Society, 229
+
+  Conservation, Not a Theory, 245
+
+  —, in New York Parks, 286
+
+  —, Its Scope, 186
+
+  —, in the Public Schools, 118
+
+  —, in South Dakota, 111
+
+  —, of Bird Life, 263
+
+  —, of Future Generations, 143
+
+  —, of Old Time Ancestry in Massachusetts, 281
+
+  —, of Material Resources in Kansas, 278
+
+  —, of the Farm, 234
+
+  —, of the Soil, 58
+
+  —, Pennsylvania State Branch, When Formed, 291
+
+  —, the Ten Commandments of, 291
+
+  —, What It Is Doing in Georgia, 25
+
+  Constitution, Amendments to, 129, 130
+
+  —, as Amended, ix
+
+  Constitution of the Congress, ix
+
+  Constructive Statesmanship, Call for, 85
+
+  Contagious Diseases, 144
+
+  Contents, Table of, v
+
+  Corn, Deep and Shallow Cultivation, 248
+
+  —, Preparation of Seed Bed, 255
+
+  —, Susceptible to Climatic Changes, 247
+
+  Corporation, Development of, 14
+
+  Country and City Boys, 34
+
+  Country Child vs. the City Child, 31
+
+  Country Women’s Clubs, Work for, 123
+
+  Country Life Commission, Tribute to, 76
+
+  —, Discussed, 132
+
+  COUPLAND, HON. GEO., Representative of Nebraska, 43
+
+  —, Report by, 285
+
+  Credentials Committee, Appointment of, 21
+
+  —, Report, 167
+
+  Crop Statistics, Not Encouraging, 176
+
+  —, Doubling Yield, 178
+
+  —, European Yield Double, 209
+
+  —, Possibilities of Rotation, 247
+
+  CRUMP, COL. M. H., Remarks by, 29
+
+  Dairying, Certain Forms Wasteful of Fertility, 236
+
+  DARLINGTON, BISHOP, Cited, 291
+
+  Daughters American Rev. Represented, 117
+
+  DAY, MRS. HOLLAND C., Introduced, 28
+
+  —, Report of, 275
+
+  Deaths From Preventable Causes, 220
+
+  Delegates Registered, List of, 303
+
+  Delinquent Children, Report of, 37
+
+  Deer, in the Adirondacks Protected by Law, 286
+
+  DENEEN, GOVERNOR, the Congress Sends Greetings to, 28
+
+  —, Message from, 275
+
+  Denmark, Reforestation in, 173
+
+  DILLON C. J., Remarks by, 127
+
+  DIMOCK, A. W., Reference to, 265
+
+  DIX, GOVERNOR OF NEW YORK, Tribute to, 266
+
+  DRAPER, MRS. AMOS, Complimentary Reference to, 117
+
+  DRINKER, DR. HENRY S., Resolutions Committeeman from Pennsylvania, 63
+
+  —, Address by, 68
+
+  DYAR, C. P., Address on Ohio, 68
+
+  EDISON, Quoted on Economy of French Menage, 217
+
+  Education, the Most Precious Possession, 217
+
+  Efficiency, Increased Through Combination, 294
+
+  Electrochemical Society of America, 116
+
+  Engineering Education, Society for the Promotion of, 273
+
+  Executive Report, 129
+
+  Experiment Station, Fort Hays, 247
+
+  Experiment Station, Missouri, Cited, 233
+
+  EVANS, POWELL, Quoted, 158
+
+  “Farm and Fireside,” Represented, 88
+
+  Farm Children, Anxious for Useful Training, 74
+
+  —, How to Keep Sensible Young Men on, 155
+
+  —, Organization, 60, 124
+
+  —, Production, Cost of, 57
+
+  —, Sanitation on, 285
+
+  —, Social Life of, 71
+
+  —, to Make Attractive, 226
+
+  Farmer, Day’s Work of the, 122
+
+  —, His Comforts and Conveniences, 227
+
+  —, the Resources of, 192
+
+  Farmer’s Coöperative Demonstration, 152
+
+  Farmers’ Institutes, in Kansas, 278
+
+  Farmer’s Wife, 110, 126
+
+  Farmer, Wisdom to be Learned at His Feet, 156
+
+  Farmers’ Revolt, Greatest in History, 81
+
+  Farming, Appalling Waste in Essentials, 235
+
+  —, the Business of, 208
+
+  FARQUHAR, A. B., Speaks for Pennsylvania, 68
+
+  —, Address by, 291
+
+  Federal Forest Service Commended, xiii
+
+  Fertilizer, Commercial, Produced, 299
+
+  —, Importation of, 102
+
+  —, Importance of Analysis by Reliable, Chemist, 239
+
+  —, Stress Laid on Intelligent Use of, 239
+
+  —, the Wrong Kind, 180
+
+  FIELD, DR. GEO. W., Introduced, 116
+
+  —, Address by, 263
+
+  FIELD, MISS JESSIE, Tribute to, 76
+
+  FILSON, F. M., Introduced, 152
+
+  —, Address by, 259
+
+  Fire Losses, in Life and Property, 157
+
+  —, Need of Federal investigation, 162
+
+  —, Total on Buildings, 268
+
+  —, Records of the Board, 268
+
+  Fire Marshal, State Creation of Office Urged, 269
+
+  Fire Prevention, A Day to Be Set Aside, 271
+
+  —, Waste, Conservation Efforts for Its Reduction, 267
+
+  —, Waste, Remarks of Walter L. Fisher on, 270
+
+  FISHER, WALTER L., “Conservation and the National Domain”, 193
+
+  —, Cited on Fire Waste, 270
+
+  FISHER, PROF. IRVING, Quoted, 262
+
+  Food, President Wallace on How to Produce Cheaply, 16
+
+  —, Standing Committee on Urged on the Congress, 265
+
+  —, Supplies, High Price of, 264
+
+  Forest Fires of 1910, 115
+
+  —, Protection, 291
+
+  Forest Lands, Just Taxation For, 292
+
+  —, Taxation, Leads to State Impoverishment, 296
+
+  Forest Service, Reference to, 116
+
+  Forests, History of, 200
+
+  —, Practical Methods of Restoration, 283
+
+  —, Yields in Europe, 171
+
+  Forestry Department, Its Tuberculosis Camp, 294
+
+  Forestry, What Massachusetts is Doing, 283
+
+  FOWLER, B. A., Made Chairman of Committee on Resolutions, 43
+
+  —, on Work of Resolutions Committee, 63
+
+  —, Chairman Committee on Resolutions, 211
+
+  Franchise, Terms on Which It Should Be Granted, 224
+
+  Fresh Air, the Gospel of, 298
+
+  Fruit, Waste of, 150
+
+  Game Laws, Not Evasive in New York, 287
+
+  Game Protective Legislation and Preserves, 265
+
+  Geological Survey, Investigation of Fire Loss, 267
+
+  GIGAULT, G. A., Quoted, 73
+
+  GIPE, JAMES C., Re-elected Recording Secretary, 174
+
+  GLAVIS, LOUIS R., Cited, 274
+
+  Good Roads, Extension of Movement Urged, xv
+
+  —, in Oklahoma, 287
+
+  —, Movement in Minnesota, 284
+
+  GOULD, JAY, Reference to, 91
+
+  GRACE, FRED J., Introduced, 30
+
+  —, Address on Louisiana, 279
+
+  Grange, Agency of, 298
+
+  —, and the Farmer’s Club, 72
+
+  —, National, 71
+
+  Gravel Rock, Analysis, 241
+
+  GREGG, EVERITT, on Resolutions Committee for Washington, 63
+
+  GREENWOOD, PROF. J. M., Appointed to Represent National Educational
+      Association, 120
+
+  GRIGGS, E. G., President Nat’l Lumbermen’s Manufacturers Association,
+      Address by, 245
+
+  —, Report for N. L. M. Association, 113
+
+  GROSS, HOWARD H., Address by, 47
+
+  GROUT, A. P., “The Rape of the Soil”, 205
+
+  GUNTHER, EMIL, Introduced, 46
+
+  —, Report by, 290
+
+  GUTHRIE, F. A., Address by, 131
+
+  GUTHRIDGE, A. W., Resolutions Committeeman from Minnesota, 63
+
+  GREELEY, HORACE, Cited on Stripping Forests, 236
+
+  HADLEY, GOVERNOR HERBERT S., Address, 5
+
+  —, Presiding officer, 23
+
+  HANSEN, FRED, Tribute to His Work, 76
+
+  Harrowing Wheat, Use of the Weeder, 251
+
+  HAYS, DR. C. W., Quoted, 70
+
+  Health, Department of, the First Step in Conservation, 294
+
+  —, Owen Bill Favors Cabinet Member at Its Head, 218
+
+  Health, the Great Asset, 142
+
+  HENDRIX, RT. REV. E. R., invocation, 62
+
+  Highways, Necessary to a State’s Progress, 164
+
+  HILL, CURTIS, Address on Good Roads, 163
+
+  HILL, JAMES J., Reference to, 47
+
+  Historic Aphorism, 91
+
+  HOARD, EX-GOV. W. D., of Wisconsin, Address by, 234
+
+  Hook Worm Commission, Work of Approved, xviii
+
+  HOLDEN, B. G., Address, 71
+
+  HOLMES, JOSEPH AUSTIN, Compliment to, 185
+
+  Homestead Law, Commutation Clause, xiv
+
+  HOPKINS, PROF. CYRIL G., “Worn-out Soils”, 176
+
+  —, Quoted, 232
+
+  HORNADAY, DR. W. T., Reference to, 265
+
+  HOYNES, PROF. WM., Address by, 214
+
+  HUEBNER, Quoted on German Freight Policy, 96
+
+  Humane Association, Report of, 262
+
+
+  Idaho, Report From, 275
+
+  Idleness, Danger of, 39
+
+  Illinois, Report From, 275
+
+  —, What the State is Doing in Soil Investigation, 181
+
+  Indiana, Report From, 277
+
+  Individuals, Value of, 220
+
+  Insanity Fading in the Lives of Farm Women, 136
+
+  Insurance Companies Control, 158
+
+  —, Rates and Fire Losses, 159
+
+  —, Sanitary for the Eaters of Sea Foods, 263
+
+  International Institute of Agriculture, Reference to, 83
+
+  Iowa, Report From, 277
+
+  Irrigation, as Demonstrated by the Work of the Reclamation Service,
+      200
+
+
+  JACKSON, FRED S., Address by, 157
+
+
+  Kansas, Agricultural College Represented, 278
+
+  —, Congressman From, 157
+
+  —, Intemperance Lessened, 278
+
+  —, Its Great Corn Crop, 279
+
+  —, Lack of Silos a Cause of Waste in Corn, 279
+
+  —, Report From, 278
+
+  —, Work of the Experiment Stations, 247
+
+  KERR, REV. DR. R. M., Invocation by, 23
+
+  KINNEY, F. J., Resolutions Committeeman from Oregon, 63
+
+
+  Labor A Proper Conception of Its Dignity, 227
+
+  Land, Changes in the Law for Settlers Urged, 201
+
+  —, No Change in the Nation’s Policy, 196
+
+  —, Values, Increase in, 154
+
+  Landlord System, 223
+
+  LATCHAW, D. AUSTIN, Re-elected Treasurer, 174
+
+  Lead, Arsenate of, Powerful Insecticide for Tree Pests, 282
+
+  Lehigh University, Represented by Its President, 69
+
+  LESTER, JOHN C., Address of Welcome, 4
+
+  —, Thanked by Resolutions Committee, xx
+
+  LEWIS, JOHN H., His Work as State Engineer Endorsed, 288
+
+  LILLIS, BISHOP, Invocation by, 1
+
+  Lime, Value of, 103
+
+  LINDSAY, HON. BEN. B., Address, 31
+
+  Little Mother and the Fat Hog, Story of, 219
+
+  Live Stock Farming, 231
+
+  LOGAN, GEO. B., Address by, 64
+
+  LONG, R. A., Address by, 76
+
+  Louisiana, Wealth in Woods, 279
+
+  —, Report For, 279
+
+  Lumber Dealers, Wholesale, 76
+
+  LYLES, REV. C. S., Tribute to His Work, 76
+
+
+  MACBRIDE, THOMAS H., Introduced, 29
+
+  —, Report of, 277
+
+  MCFARLAND, J. HORACE, Telegram from, 131
+
+  MCGEE, DR. W J, Address by, 183
+
+  MCNUTT, REV. M. B., Reference to His Work, 76
+
+  Machinery, Evolution of, 15
+
+  Mammoth Cave of Kentucky Cited as Example, xiv
+
+  MARTIN, COL. JOHN I., Elected Sergeant-at-Arms, 21
+
+  —, Sergeant-at-Arms Receives Thanks of Resolutions Committee, xx
+
+  Massachusetts, Its Coastal Boundary, 282
+
+  —, Its Natural Advantages, 281
+
+  —, One of Its Metropolitan Water Systems, 281
+
+  —, Report by State Forester, 281
+
+  Mexican Ambassador, Telegram From, 28
+
+  Middle West, Its Awakened Public Opinion, 136
+
+  Missouri, Animal Husbandry Recommended, 234
+
+  —, Experiment Station, Some Results, 233
+
+  —, Live Stock Husbandry, 232
+
+  —, Its Farmer Governor, 6
+
+  —, Pioneer in Civilization, 6
+
+  —, Undeveloped Resources, 7
+
+  —, Waterways Commission, Report by Its Secretary, 64
+
+  Mines, Accidents in, Less as Education Spreads, 297
+
+  Mineral Resources, Economy of, 292
+
+  Mineral Rights, Retained In Minnesota, 284
+
+  Minister’s Duty, in Life Work of the People, 75
+
+  Minnesota, on Record for Good Roads, 284
+
+  —, Report From, 284
+
+  —, What is Being Done in Conservation, 284
+
+  MOORE, JOHN D., Introduced, 46
+
+  —, Report by, 286
+
+  MOORE, MRS. PHILIP N., “Community Center”, 132
+
+  MORTON, J. STERLING, Tribute to, 285
+
+  Mosquito, Purveyor of Yellow Fever, 53
+
+  Moths, the Gypsy and Brown-Tail, Fight Against, 282
+
+  MULLIN, W. E., Report for National Board of Fire Underwriters, 113
+
+  MUMFORD, DR. FREDERICK B., Introduced, 121
+
+  —, Dean of the University of Missouri, Address by, 231
+
+  MUNRO, THE REV. DR. DONALD, Invocation, 193
+
+
+  National Association of Credit Men, Quoted on Fire Waste, 271
+
+  National Association of Manufacturers, 261
+
+  National Audubon Society, Represented by Dr. Geo. W. Field, 116
+
+  —, Report of, 263
+
+  National Board of Fire Underwriters, by Its Committee, 267
+
+  —, Board of Health Urged, 147
+
+  —, Congress of Mothers and Parent Teachers’ Association, Report of,
+      156
+
+  —, Conservation Congress, Urged to Greater Interest in Wild Life, 266
+
+  —, Educational Association, 120
+
+  —, Fire Protection Association, Some of Its Work, 269
+
+  —, Organizations at the Congress, List of, 301
+
+  —, Resources, Knowledge of, A Part of Educational System, 298
+
+  National Shell Fish Association, 263
+
+  National Soil Fertility League, 48
+
+  —, Soil Fertility League, Represented, 47
+
+  —, Soil Fertility League, the Plan of, 210
+
+  Nation, Earning Power of, Its Vital and Physical Assets, 261
+
+  —, the, Its Motto “Conservation”, 283
+
+  Natural Scenery, Value of, 292
+
+  Navigation, an Economical Means of Transportation, xvii
+
+  —, and Water Power, 66
+
+  Nebraska, Achievement of Rural Commission and Farm Congress, 285
+
+  —, Report From, 285
+
+  NEEL, DR. S. M., Invocation, 148
+
+  NEILL, D. M., Introduced, 43
+
+  —, Report by, 284
+
+  New England Agriculture, Decline of, 100
+
+  New York, Report From, 286
+
+  —, the State Gridironed by Its Highway System, 286
+
+  Nitrogen, Phosphorus and Potash, Essentials of Successful Farming, 236
+
+  Nominations, Committee on Appointed, 110
+
+  —, Report of, 174
+
+  NORTHROP, DR. CYRUS, Chairman, 147
+
+  —, Address by, 149
+
+  Nutritious Food, the Right to, 144
+
+
+  Officers and Committees, i
+
+  Ohio, Agricultural Experiment Station Cited, 180
+
+  —, Represented by C. P. Dyar, 68
+
+  Oklahoma, A Water Supply Without Federal Aid, 287
+
+  —, Practical Good Roads Spirit, 287
+
+  —, Report for, 287
+
+  —, Taxless Method of Dealing with Underground Water, 287
+
+  Oregon, Caves in Josephine County as National Monument, 289
+
+  —, Mineral Resources of, 289
+
+  —, Report for, 288
+
+  Organization, Growth of, 191
+
+  OWEN, SENATOR ROBERT L., Address by, 218
+
+  Ozark Regions, Conserver of Pasture, 7
+
+
+  Panama Canal, 50
+
+  —, Health Its Greatest Triumph, 145
+
+  Parcels Post, as a Means to Reduce Cost of Living Recommended, xvi
+
+  Pelagic Sealing, Some Credit for Its Stoppage, 266
+
+  Pennsylvania, Achievements of Its Department of Health, 294
+
+  —, and Philadelphia, Report of, 290
+
+  —, Dutch, Some Characteristics of, 140
+
+  —, Its Scenic Attractions Sources of Revenue, 298
+
+  —, State College, Reference to, 179
+
+  PENROSE, DR. CHAS. B., Work of, 294
+
+  Pension Roll, Evidence of Waste of Resources, 293
+
+  Permanent Committees, Scope Extended, 130
+
+  Pheasant, Chinese, Insect Destroyer, 149
+
+  Philadelphia, Its Commercial and Social Importance, 291
+
+  Phosphate, Analysis, 242
+
+  —, Deposits, to be Safe Guarded, xiv
+
+  —, Iniquitous Exportation, 209
+
+  —, Resources, 105
+
+  —, Tennessee, Analysis, 243
+
+  —, Florida Produces Best, 237
+
+  —, Subdivided into Classes, 238
+
+  Phosphorus, a Lack of Infertile Soil, 104
+
+  —, its Use, 179
+
+  Piedro Miguel Locks of Panama Canal, 52
+
+  PINCHOT, GIFFORD, Appreciation of, 265
+
+  —, Prophet of the Forest, 184
+
+  —, Reminders of His Work While Forester, 289
+
+  —, Telegram to from the Congress, 193
+
+  Plowing, Experiments at Many Stations, 251
+
+  —, Good Rule for, 249
+
+  —, Relative Depths of, 250
+
+  —, Under Green Clover Doubtful Economy, 233
+
+  —, Value of Deep, 248
+
+  PLUNKETT, HORACE, Cited on Social Work, 138
+
+  Poor Preachers Out of Good Farmers, 139
+
+  Pollution, Stream, Value in Filtration Plants, 295
+
+  Population, Drift of, 12
+
+  —, Increase of, 56
+
+  Postal Savings System, 260
+
+  —, Its Extension to Our Schools and Its Value, 259
+
+  Postmasters, Assistant, Missouri Association of, 259
+
+  POTTER, THOS. W., Elected on Resolutions Committee from Kansas, 62
+
+  Practical Experiments in Child Help, 42
+
+  Presbyterian Board of Home Missions, 139
+
+  Press Thanked by Resolutions Committee, xxi
+
+  PRICE, OVERTON W., New Book by, 298
+
+  Proceedings of the Congress, Supplementary, 231
+
+  Production, Adequate, Problem of, 9
+
+  —, Per Acre, 16
+
+  Program, Resolution to Change Future, Offered, 212
+
+  Public Health, a Public and Federal Obligation, 294
+
+  —, Land for Scenic Purposes Approved, xiv
+
+  —, Withdrawal of for Classification, xiv
+
+
+  QUICK, HERBERT, Address by, 88
+
+
+  RANDOLPH, COL. ISHAM, Introduced, 28
+
+  —, Report of, 275
+
+  RANE, PROF. F. W., Introduced, 44
+
+  —, Report of, 281
+
+  Railroads and the Farmer, Relations Between, 88
+
+  —, and Population, 107
+
+  —, Casualties Greater Than Civil War, 262
+
+  —, How They Learned, 89
+
+  Railway Folly, the Greatest, 109
+
+  Railways, Inimical to Agricultural Development, 94
+
+  —, Property, Appraisement of by the Government Urged, xv
+
+  Rates and Fertilizers, 107
+
+  —, and Living Cost, 92
+
+  —, Tapering, 97
+
+  —, Texas System of, 99
+
+  Reception for Mrs. Matthew T. Scott by D. A. R. Announced, 22
+
+  Reclamation Service, Endorsed, xv
+
+  —, What the Real Thing Means, 182
+
+  —, Work of in Irrigation, 200
+
+  Reforestation, New York’s Six State Nurseries, 286
+
+  —, Will Come When Profitable, 246
+
+  Religion, a Valuation of Life, 257
+
+  —, Forward Movement, 77
+
+  Resolutions, Adopted by the Third Congress, xiii
+
+  —, Committee, Expresses Appreciation, xx
+
+  —, Committee, Members of, 211
+
+  —, Report, Adoption of, 212
+
+  Resources, Agricultural, 292
+
+  Restoration of Natural Resources, an Ally of Conservation, 283
+
+  RICHTER, ALBERT, Quoted, 237
+
+  Rochdale Society of England, 80
+
+  ROOSEVELT, Humanitarian and Statesman, 185
+
+  —, Colonel, Letter Accounting for Absence from the Congress, 205
+
+  —, President, quoted, 70, 72
+
+  —, Theodore, letter from, 113
+
+  ROYER, Chief Medical Inspector, Quoted on Department of Health, 294
+
+  Rural Clubs, Plan of, 73
+
+  Rural Communities, Women of, 132
+
+  —, Life, Modern Conveniences of, 134
+
+  —, Life, Drawbacks to, 133
+
+  —, Society, 76
+
+  RUSHTON, W. J., Introduced, 113
+
+  —, President American Association Refrigeration, Address by, 264
+
+
+  SANDERS, GOVERNOR J. Y., of Louisiana, Reference to, 279
+
+  Sanitation, Under Federal Direction Approved, xvii
+
+  Schools, Plea for the Basic Subsidiary, 235
+
+  SCHWEDTMAN, FERDINAND G., Introduced, 116
+
+  —, Chairman N. A. M., Address by, 261
+
+  SCOTT, MRS. MATTHEW T., Address by, 125
+
+  Seed Bed, New Method of Preparing, 251
+
+  —, Preparing by Disking, 254
+
+  SETON, ERNEST THOMPSON, Reference to, 265
+
+  Sewage, Dumping into Streams Deplored, xviii
+
+  —, Its Menace and Its Wasted Values, 263
+
+  —, What Boston Paid to Put it in the Ocean, 264
+
+  SHEPPARD, DR. C. W., Cited, 241
+
+  SHIPP, THOMAS R., Reëlected Secretary, 174
+
+  —, Secretary, Appreciation of Expressed, xx
+
+  SHOFFER, JOHN C., Remarks by, 212
+
+  SMITH, J. B., on Resolutions Committee for Texas, 63
+
+  SMITH, J. LAWRENCE, Cited, 241
+
+  Soil, Analysis, 241
+
+  —, Conservation, Rational System of, 231
+
+  —, Conservation, Not Successful Unless Profitable, 233
+
+  —, Depletion, 101
+
+  —, Erosion, Its Remedy, xv
+
+  —, Exhausted by Generation of Peach Culture, 257
+
+  —, Fertility, 231
+
+  —, Increasing Yield by Proper Cultivation, 247
+
+  —, Its Maintenance, 206
+
+  —, Its Robbers, 210
+
+  —, Rape of, 205
+
+  —, Reaping the Harvest of Blind Persistence in Tradition, 207
+
+  —, Reclaimed and Made Profitable, 232
+
+  —, Waste of Raw Material, 207
+
+  —, Waste, 220
+
+  Soils, Worn Out, 170
+
+  Song Dedicated to President Taft by Dr. Hiner, 54
+
+  South Carolina, Drainage of Its Swamp Lands, 299
+
+  —, How it is Helping Conservation, 299
+
+  —, Improvements in Rural Life, 299
+
+  —, Report of, 299
+
+  Spanish War, Some Tragic Phases of, 218
+
+  SPILLMAN, PROF. W. J., Address by, 152
+
+  State and Nation, Conflict Between, 223
+
+  States, Roll Call of, 63
+
+  STEVENS, EDWARD A., Address by, 44
+
+  STILLMAN, WM. O., Address by, 262
+
+  STUBBS, A. W., Remarks of, 29
+
+  —, Resolution offered, 212
+
+  Sulphur, Mined by Novel Process, 280
+
+  Swamp Land Reclamation, Need of, 8
+
+
+  TAFT, President, Address by, 55
+
+  —, Message to Congress Quoted, 70
+
+  —, Quoted on Anti-Trust Law, 70
+
+  Tariff Issues, Settled Only When Business Integrity Governs, 245
+
+  TAYLOR, EDWARD R., Introduced, 116
+
+  Taxation, a Foe to Timber Holding, 245
+
+  TEN EYCK, PROFESSOR A. M., “Practical Methods of Soil Cultivation”,
+      193
+
+  —, of Kansas Agricultural College, Address by, 247
+
+  TEAL, JOSEPH N., Address by, 288
+
+  Testing Materials, Society for, Represented, 273
+
+  TOLERTON, Honorable JESSE A., Complimentary Reference to, 149
+
+  Timber Cutting in Europe, 168
+
+  —, Resources, Value of, 245
+
+  —, Should be Taxed Only When Cut, 296
+
+  Toll, the Necessity for, 228
+
+  TOLSTOI, Quoted on Labor, 227
+
+  Tonnage, Dominance of, 90
+
+  Transportation, Value of Easy, 93
+
+  Tree Planting by Rotation, 169
+
+  Trees, Modern Power Spraying, 282
+
+  Tuberculosis, Its Segregation, 145
+
+  —, State Sanitorium for at Mont Alto, 295
+
+  TWITCHELL, Dr. M. W., Introduced, 47
+
+  —, Report by, 296
+
+  Typhoid Fever vs. Pure Water, 299
+
+
+  VAN ORNUM, J. L., Letter from, 273
+
+  VESSEY, Governor R. S., Made Chairman, Address by, 111
+
+  VROOMAN, Mrs. CARL, Address by, 117
+
+
+  University of Missouri, Represented by Its Dean, Dr. MUMFORD, 121
+
+
+  WALLACE, President, Address by, 11
+
+  —, Thanks the Congress, 174
+
+  —, ex-President, Thanked by Resolutions Committee, xx
+
+  WALLACE, DILLON, Reference to, 265
+
+  Water and Power, Resources in California, 274
+
+  —, Importance of as Plant Food, 238
+
+  —, Its Impounding, 225
+
+  Water Power, 201
+
+  —, Sacrificed to Lax Laws, 297
+
+  Water, Supervision of Its Use by Corporations, 292
+
+  —, Supply and Agriculture, 65
+
+  —, Supply, the Nation’s, 222
+
+  —, Supply, Purified, 291
+
+  —, the Important Problem, 196
+
+  Watercourses, as a Public Resource, 292
+
+  Waters, Belong to All the People, xvii
+
+  WATERS, Dean H. J., Elected President of Kansas Delegation, 29
+
+  —, of the State Agricultural College, Report of, 278
+
+  WEEKS, Mrs. E. R., Address by, 136
+
+  WELLER, Miss MAME E., Talk on Federation of Iowa Women’s Clubs, 130
+
+  Western Forestry and Conservation Association, 114
+
+  WHARTON, WM. P., Report of, 272
+
+  —, Resolutions Committeeman from Massachusetts, 63
+
+  Wheat, How to Prepare Seed Bed, 253
+
+  —, Its Protection From Adjacent Fields, 252
+
+  WHITE, Honorable JOHN B., Address by, 17
+
+  —, Chairman Executive Committee, 19
+
+  —, Assumes Chair, 87
+
+  —, Report of Executive Committee, 129
+
+  —, “Lumber in Europe”, 167
+
+  —, Elected President, 174
+
+  —, Address of, 175
+
+  Wild Bird Plumage, Campaign Against Sale of, 266
+
+  —, Life Depletion, More Stringent Measures Urged, xix
+
+  —, Life, in Forest and Stream, 292
+
+  —, Life Protection, 265
+
+  WILLEY, HENRY IDE, of New York, Address by, 237
+
+  WILEY, Dr. H. W., Address by, 139
+
+  WILSON, WARREN H., Introduced, 139
+
+  —, Superintendent Board of Home Missions, Address by, 257
+
+  WILSON, Secretary, Quoted, 92
+
+  WOLFE, HENRY W., Quoted, 79
+
+  WORSHAM, Professor E. L., Report by, 24
+
+
+  Yellow Pine Manufacturers, 76
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+    R. A. LONG, Pres. and Gen’l Mgr.
+    C. B. SWEET, Vice Pres. and Asst Gen’l Mgr.
+    F. J. BANNISTER, Secretary-Treasurer
+    M. B. NELSON, Gen’l Sales Manager
+
+The Long-Bell Lumber Co.
+
+General Offices: 8th and 9th Floors R. A. Long Building
+
+Kansas City, Mo.
+
+Manufacturers of
+
+LONG AND SHORT LEAF
+
+YELLOW PINE LUMBER
+
+Annual Capacity, 550,000,000 Feet
+
+    Eleven Modern Saw Mills
+
+    Located at
+
+        YELLOW PINE, LA.
+        DE RIDDER, LA.
+        LUFKIN, TEXAS
+        WOODWORTH, LA.
+        BONAMI, LA.
+        DOUCETTE, TEX.
+        LONGVILLE, LA.
+        NEW WILLARD, TEX.
+        LAKE CHARLES, LA.
+        TRINITY, TEX.
+        PINE BLUFF, ARK.
+
+    Equipped with 23 Bands, 8 Gangs, 2 Circulars.
+
+    Planing Mill Capacity to take care of entire product of sawmills
+
+    100,000,000 feet mixed Yard Stock in Pile.
+
+Railroad Material. We can surface timbers 4 sides up to 20″×30″, making
+a specialty of Stringers, Caps, Ties, Guard Rails, Siding, Lining and
+Roofing.
+
+Export Material. We are large producers of 1×4″ and 6″ Prime Floorings,
+1×4″ Heart Rift Ship Decking and Crown and Prime schedules for the
+European market.
+
+Coast Products. We solicit inquiries for all grades of the best Red Cedar
+Shingles and Siding, Fir Timbers and Yard Stock, also Spruce Lumber.
+Shingles in transit for prompt delivery at all times. We Ship the Product
+of Our Own Mills Only.
+
+Yellow Pine Box Shook Factory, Bonami, La. and Pine Bluff, Ark.
+
+                    W. M. BEEBE, Mgr. Y. P. Sales Dept.
+                    L. R. FIFER, Mgr. P. S. Sales Dept.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Missouri and Louisiana Pine
+
+from LOUISIANA MILLS, at
+
+  Louisiana Long Leaf Lumber Co., Fisher, La.,   } Ships over Kansas City
+  Louisiana Long Leaf Lumber Co., Victoria, La., } Southern & Tex. Pacific
+  Louisiana Central Lumber Co., Clarks, La.,   } Ships over St. Louis,
+  Louisiana Central Lumber Co., Standard, La., } Iron Mountain & South’n
+
+and MISSOURI MILLS
+
+  Missouri Lumber & Mining Co., West Eminence, Mo.,    } Ships over
+  Ozark Land & Lumber Co., Winona, Mo.                 } Frisco Lines
+
+NINE MILLS
+
+250,000,000 FEET ANNUAL CAPACITY
+
+OUR FISHER, LOUISIANA, MILL HAS
+
+Excellent Facilities For Shipping Their
+
+End Matched
+
+Hollow Backed
+
+Bored and Bundled
+
+Oak flooring
+
+Diamond ◆ Brand
+
+It is carefully and accurately worked. Thoroughly kiln-dried. Bundled and
+tied with a patent wire BALING TIE THAT CANNOT SLIP OFF.
+
+The product of a High Class Modern Oak Flooring Mill.
+
+We Will Ship Our Oak Flooring in Straight Cars or Mixed With Our Yellow
+Pine.
+
+Address all communications to
+
+                    Missouri Lumber & Land Exchange Co.
+               1107 to 1112 Long Building, Kansas City, Mo.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Southern Yellow Pine—successfully fulfills more building requirements
+than any other wood
+
+For Residences of All Classes, City and Country Houses, Bungalows.
+
+The peer of any wood used for interior trim or flooring. Handsome in
+appearance, easily finished at minimum cost; painted or enameled.
+
+The most economical wood in price as well as in service.
+
+Durable Weatherboarding, House, Garage or Barn
+
+Wears Well, Costs Less, Holds Paint to Entire Satisfaction
+
+Cost and Adaptability to the intended use govern the amount and kind
+of lumber, therefore as a framing or dimension lumber, or for use in
+store or factory construction, no other wood excels it in strength,
+availability or cost. Essential in every modern home.
+
+Its appearance stands comparison with selected oak, and other hard woods,
+and gives as good service.
+
+Farm Use.
+
+For posts, fencing, sheds, barns, silos, tanks, shingles, floors,
+planking.
+
+A good, sound timber—free from defects—hard, dense, flexible, straight in
+the grain. There is every good reason for its use in buildings of every
+class.
+
+Write and tell us your needs. We will tell you what to ask for and where
+to get it.
+
+                  Yellow Pine Manufacturers’ Association
+                      707 Wright Bldg. St. Louis, Mo.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Central Coal & Coke Co.
+
+LUMBER Department
+
+ANNUAL CAPACITY 200,000,000 FEET
+
+LONG LEAF
+
+from our mills at
+
+Neame and Carson, La.
+
+SHORT LEAF
+
+from our mills at
+
+Ratcliff, Tex. Boleyn, La.
+
+    GENERAL SALES OFFICE:
+    Keith & Perry Building,
+    KANSAS CITY, MISSOURI
+
+    Eastern Sales Office:
+    INDIANAPOLIS, IND.
+
+    Southwestern Sales Office:
+    HOUSTON, TEXAS.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+    EDWARD HINES, President
+    L. L. BARTH, Vice-President
+    C. F. WIEHE, Secretary
+    M. W. TEUFEL, Ass’t to President
+    T. F. TOOMEY, Ass’t to Vice-President
+    EDWARD H. THOMAS, Ass’t Treasurer
+
+EDWARD HINES LUMBER COMPANY,
+
+LINCOLN STREET, SOUTH OF BLUE ISLAND AVENUE, CHICAGO.
+
+HEADQUARTERS FOR EVERY THING IN LUMBER
+
+LARGEST LUMBER YARDS IN THE WORLD
+
+[Illustration: BIRD’S EYE VIEW OF THE LARGEST LUMBER YARD IN THE WORLD
+
+Bird’s-eye view taken from tower 200 feet high, showing our three large
+yards, covering over 45 acres and a water frontage of over one mile. The
+piling shown just opposite locomotive (over 1000 in number) are 60 feet
+long and appear like a bundle of matches, giving you a comparative idea
+of the enormous size of our plant.]
+
+Timbers in stock up to 20×20-100 ft. Shingles and Lath in mixed cars
+from Chicago or full cars direct from our Northern mills. Inch and two
+inch Hard Maple for Warehouse Driveways, Coal Yards, Lumber Yards, Grain
+Elevators, etc., also for Crating and Packing purposes.
+
+           Western Union and Postal Wires direct to our office.
+                          PROMPT SERVICE ASSURED.
+                          TELEPHONE “CANAL” 349.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+HE WHO USES CYPRESS BUILDS BUT ONCE
+
+[Illustration: CYPRESS “THE WOOD ETERNAL”]
+
+[Illustration: CYPRESS DEFIES DECAY]
+
+[Illustration: CYPRESS AVERTS REPAIR BILLS]
+
+You know the ancient fame of CYPRESS but do you know its uses _today_,
+and their significance to _you_?
+
+CYPRESS is _the_ wood of Scriptural history, and of romance; CYPRESS
+was the mystic wood of mythology—and it was the reliance of the sturdy
+builders of early America; CYPRESS always has been a magnet for those
+who have wrought sentiment and beauty into useful things—and CYPRESS is
+_today_ the _staple wood_ of the hard-headed calculating buyer who seeks
+the most _lasting_ values for his lumber-money.
+
+This concerns _YOU_—if you like to avoid repair bills on anything made of
+wood.
+
+It was of CYPRESS, according to Pliny, that the famous statue of Jupiter
+was carved; it existed more than six centuries without a sign of decay.
+
+The historic Gates of Constantinople were of CYPRESS; they were on duty
+for eleven centuries without a furlough.
+
+The CYPRESS doors of ancient St. Peter’s, in Rome, were in a state of
+perfect preservation when removed by Eugenius IV; they had been swinging
+on the faithful for twelve centuries.
+
+The only Egyptian mummies that survive intact and unblemished are those
+whose executors filed them in CYPRESS receptacles.
+
+To bring the record nearer home—there was Thomas Lyon, who in 1640 built
+him a house in Greenwich, Connecticut. He put CYPRESS shingles on its
+roof and sides. With no exterior repairs of consequence, this house is
+today occupied as a residence.
+
+THIS WAS AMERICAN CYPRESS—the kind we own and cut and are selling you.
+
+CYPRESS is in truth “the wood eternal.” He who uses Cypress builds but
+once.
+
+If you are putting up a palace or a pasture-fence, and want to build it
+“for keeps”—USE CYPRESS.
+
+There is a liberal education (and a wonderful INVESTMENT value for you)
+in the CYPRESS advertising—and in the detailed information and reliable
+counsel to be had promptly, WITHOUT COST, if you will WRITE US YOUR OWN
+NEEDS (big or little), and ASK YOUR OWN QUESTIONS of the “All-round Helps
+Department” of the
+
+                Southern Cypress Manufacturers’ Association
+               1219 HIBERNIA BANK BUILDING, NEW ORLEANS, LA.
+
+[Illustration: CYPRESS “THE WOOD ETERNAL”
+
+CYPRESS DEFIES DECAY
+
+CYPRESS AVERTS REPAIR BILLS
+
+CYPRESS LASTS PRACTICALLY FOREVER
+
+CYPRESS “THE WOOD ETERNAL”]
+
+Probably your lumber man sells CYPRESS; if not, _WRITE US_, and we will
+tell you the dealer handiest to you
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+RED GUM
+
+AMERICA’S FINEST HARDWOOD
+
+Three years ago the architect or builder would have had a hard time to
+find any building of importance in the United States in which the owner
+had been courageous enough to use RED GUM trim.
+
+Today there are thousands of apartment houses, banks, hotels, office
+buildings and fine residences from New York to Frisco in which RED GUM
+has been deliberately chosen for the trim because of its great beauty and
+_entire practicability_.
+
+RED GUM is no longer a competing wood for luxurious interiors.
+
+RED GUM is now _FIRST CHOICE_ with people of _selective taste_.
+
+_SAP_ GUM
+
+Where White Enamel trim is required, SAP GUM is _the ideal material_.
+Not only does it _take_ and _hold_ white enamel _better than any other
+wood_, but it is possible to get good SAP GUM cheaper than any other wood
+hitherto used for white enamel woodwork.
+
+SAP GUM presents remarkable qualities where moderate priced trim of
+good appearance is desired. Another field in which SAP GUM has reached
+supremacy is in the manufacture of porch columns.
+
+SAP GUM takes stains and wood dyes beautifully, and all the popular
+finishes are easily reproduced in SAP GUM.
+
+_Write any firm below for Samples of Red Gum and Sap Gum both rough and
+finished, and for market prices of selected Gum Lumber._
+
+    Himmelberger-Harrison Lumber Company,    Cape Girardeau, Missouri
+    Charles F. Luehrmann Hardwood Lumber Co.,     St. Louis, Missouri
+    Carrier Lumber & Mfg. Company                 Sardis, Mississippi
+    Three States Lumber Company                    Memphis, Tennessee
+    Lamb-Fish Lumber Company                  Charleston, Mississippi
+    Baker Lumber Co.                                Turrell, Arkansas
+    Anderson-Tully Co.                             Memphis, Tennessee
+
+                                 PRESS OF
+                       F. P. BURNAP STA. & PTG. CO.
+                             KANSAS CITY, MO.
+
+*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 78622 ***
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+<body>
+<div style='text-align:center'>*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 78622 ***</div>
+
+
+<p class="titlepage larger">Proceedings<br>
+<span class="smaller">of the</span><br>
+Third<br>
+National Conservation Congress</p>
+
+<p class="titlepage"><span class="smaller">at</span><br>
+Kansas City, Missouri<br>
+September 25, 26 and 27, 1911</p>
+
+<figure class="figcenter titlepage illowp100" style="max-width: 2.1875em;">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/deco.jpg" alt="">
+</figure>
+
+<p class="titlepage">“<i>Let us conserve the foundations of our prosperity</i>”<br>
+<span class="smaller">(Declaration of the Governors, 1908)</span></p>
+
+<figure class="figcenter titlepage illowp100" style="max-width: 2.1875em;">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/deco.jpg" alt="">
+</figure>
+
+<p class="titlepage">Kansas City, Missouri<br>
+National Conservation Congress<br>
+1912</p>
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_i">[i]</span></p>
+
+<figure class="figcenter illowp50" id="illus1" style="max-width: 29.6875em;">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/illus1.jpg" alt="">
+  <figcaption>
+    <p><span class="smcap">Hon. J. B. White</span>, President</p>
+  </figcaption>
+</figure>
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+
+<div class="chapter">
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_ii">[ii]</span></p>
+
+<h2 class="nobreak" id="OFFICERS_AND_COMMITTEES_1910">OFFICERS AND COMMITTEES<br>
+FOR 1910-11</h2>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="max40">
+
+<p class="center"><i>President</i><br>
+<span class="smcap">Henry Wallace</span>, Des Moines</p>
+
+<p class="center"><i>Executive Secretary</i><br>
+<span class="smcap">Thomas R. Shipp</span>, Washington, D. C.</p>
+
+<p class="center"><i>Treasurer</i><br>
+<span class="smcap">D. Austin Latchaw</span>, Kansas City, Mo.</p>
+
+<p class="center"><i>Recording Secretary</i><br>
+<span class="smcap">James C. Gipe</span>, Clarks, La.</p>
+
+<p class="center"><i>Executive Committee</i></p>
+
+<ul>
+  <li><span class="smcap">J. B. White</span>, Kansas City, Mo., <i>Chairman</i></li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">B. N. Baker</span>, Baltimore</li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">L. H. Bailey</span>, Ithaca</li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">James R. Garfield</span>, Cleveland</li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Frank C. Goudy</span>, Denver</li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">W. A. Fleming Jones</span>, Las Cruces</li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Mrs. Philip N. Moore</span>, Saint Louis</li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Walter H. Page</span>, New York</li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">George C. Pardee</span>, Oakland, Cal.</li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Gifford Pinchot</span>, Washington, D. C.</li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">J. N. Teal</span>, Portland, Ore.</li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">E. L. Worsham</span>, Atlanta</li>
+</ul>
+
+<p class="center"><i>Vice-Presidents</i></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Alabama</span>, Hon. Albert P. Bush, Mobile; <span class="smcap">Alaska</span>, Hon. James Wickersham, Fairbanks;
+<span class="smcap">Arizona</span>, B. A. Fowler, Phenix; <span class="smcap">Arkansas</span>, A. H. Purdue, Fayetteville; <span class="smcap">California</span>, E. H.
+Cox, San Francisco; <span class="smcap">Colorado</span>, Murdo Mackenzie, Trinidad; <span class="smcap">Columbia</span> (District of), W J
+McGee, Washington; <span class="smcap">Connecticut</span>, Rollin S. Woodruff, Hartford; <span class="smcap">Delaware</span>, Hon. George
+Gray, Wilmington; <span class="smcap">Florida</span>, Cromwell Gibbons, Jacksonville; <span class="smcap">Georgia</span>, Hon. Jno. C. Hart,
+Union Point; <span class="smcap">Hawaii</span>, Mrs. Margaret R. Knudsen, Kauai; <span class="smcap">Idaho</span>, James A. McLean,
+University of Idaho; <span class="smcap">Illinois</span>, Julius Rosenwald, Chicago; <span class="smcap">Indiana</span>, F. J. Breeze, Lafayette;
+<span class="smcap">Iowa</span>, Carl Leopold, Burlington; <span class="smcap">Kansas</span>, W. R. Stubbs, Topeka; <span class="smcap">Kentucky</span>, James
+K. Patterson, Lexington; <span class="smcap">Louisiana</span>, Newton C. Blanchard, Shreveport; <span class="smcap">Maine</span>, Bert M.
+Fernald, Augusta; <span class="smcap">Maryland</span>, William Bullock Clark, Baltimore; <span class="smcap">Massachusetts</span>, Frank
+W. Rane, Boston; <span class="smcap">Michigan</span>, J. L. Snyder, Lansing; <span class="smcap">Minnesota</span>, Ambrose Tighe, Saint
+Paul; <span class="smcap">Mississippi</span>, A. W. Shands, Sardis; <span class="smcap">Missouri</span>, Hermann Von Schrenk, Saint Louis;
+<span class="smcap">Montana</span>, E. L. Norris, Helena; <span class="smcap">Nebraska</span>, Dr. F. A. Long, Madison; <span class="smcap">Nevada</span>, Senator
+Francis G. Newlands, Reno; <span class="smcap">New Hampshire</span>, George B. Leighton, Monadnock; <span class="smcap">New
+Jersey</span>, Charles Lathrop Pack, Lakewood; <span class="smcap">New Mexico</span>, W. A. Fleming Jones, Las Cruces;
+<span class="smcap">New York</span>, R. A. Pearson, Albany; <span class="smcap">North Carolina</span>, T. Gilbert Pearson, Greensboro;
+<span class="smcap">North Dakota</span>, U. G. Larimore, Larimore; <span class="smcap">Ohio</span>, James R. Garfield, Cleveland; <span class="smcap">Oklahoma</span>,
+Benj. Martin, Jr., Muskogee; <span class="smcap">Oregon</span>, J. N. Teal, Portland; <span class="smcap">Pennsylvania</span>, William
+S. Harvey, Philadelphia; <span class="smcap">Philippine Islands</span>, Maj. George P. Ahern, Manila; <span class="smcap">Porto Rico</span>,
+Hon. Walter K. Landis, San Juan; <span class="smcap">Rhode Island</span>, Henry A. Barker, Providence; <span class="smcap">South
+Carolina</span>, E. J. Watson, Columbia; <span class="smcap">South Dakota</span>, Ellwood C. Perisho, Vermillion;
+<span class="smcap">Tennessee</span>, Herman Suter, Nashville; <span class="smcap">Texas</span>, W. Goodrich Jones, Temple; <span class="smcap">Utah</span>, Harden
+Bennion, Salt Lake City; <span class="smcap">Vermont</span>, Fletcher D. Proctor, Proctor; <span class="smcap">Virginia</span>, A. R. Turnbull,
+Norfolk; <span class="smcap">Washington</span>, M. E. Hay, Olympia; <span class="smcap">West Virginia</span>, A. B. Fleming, Fairmont;
+<span class="smcap">Wisconsin</span>, Charles R. Van Hise, Madison; <span class="smcap">Wyoming</span>, Bryant B. Brooks, Cheyenne;
+<span class="smcap">National Conservation Association</span>, Gifford Pinchot, Washington.</p>
+
+<p class="center"><i>Standing Committees</i></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Forests</span>—H. S. Graves, U. S. Forester, Washington, D. C., <i>Chairman</i>; E. M. Griffith,
+Madison, Wis.; E. T. Allen, Portland, Ore.; J. Lewis Thompson, Houston.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Lands</span>—Governor W. R. Stubbs, Topeka; <i>Chairman</i>; Dwight B. Heard, Phenix; J. L.
+Snyder, Lansing; Murdo Mackenzie, Trinidad; Charles S. Barrett, Union City, Ga.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Waters</span>—W J McGee, Washington, D. C., <i>Chairman</i>; E. A. Smith, Spokane; Henry A.
+Barker, Providence; J. N. Teal, Portland, Ore.; Herbert Knox Smith, Washington, D. C.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Minerals</span>—Charles R. Van Hise, Madison, <i>Chairman</i>; Joseph A. Holmes, Washington,
+D. C.; D. W. Brunton, Denver; John Mitchell, New York; I. C. White, Morgantown,
+W. Va.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Vital Resources</span>—Dr. William H. Welch, Baltimore, <i>Chairman</i>; Professor Irving
+Fisher, New Haven; Dr. H. W. Wiley, Washington, D. C.; Dr. J. H. Kellogg, Battle Creek,
+Mich.; Walter H. Page, New York.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+
+<div class="chapter">
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_iii">[iii]</span></p>
+
+<h2 class="nobreak" id="OFFICERS_AND_COMMITTEES_1911">OFFICERS AND COMMITTEES<br>
+FOR 1911-12.</h2>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="max40">
+
+<p class="center"><i>President</i><br>
+<span class="smcap">John B. White</span>, Kansas City, Mo.</p>
+
+<p class="center"><i>Executive Secretary</i><br>
+<span class="smcap">Thomas R. Shipp</span>, Washington, D. C.</p>
+
+<p class="center"><i>Treasurer</i><br>
+<span class="smcap">D. Austin Latchaw</span>, Kansas City, Mo.</p>
+
+<p class="center"><i>Recording Secretary</i><br>
+<span class="smcap">James C. Gipe</span>, Clarks, La.</p>
+
+<p class="center"><i>Executive Committee.</i></p>
+
+<ul>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Prof. E. Lee Worsham</span>, Atlanta, Ga., <i>Chairman</i>.</li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">J. Lewis Thompson</span>, Houston, Tex.</li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">W. A. Fleming Jones</span>, Las Cruces, N. M.</li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Walter H. Page</span>, New York.</li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Ex-Gov. George C. Pardee</span>, Oakland, Cal.</li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Dr. H. E. Barnard</span>, Indianapolis, Ind.</li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Mrs. Philip N. Moore</span>, St. Louis, Mo.</li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Bernard N. Baker</span>, Baltimore, Md.</li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Dr. Henry C. Wallace</span>, Des Moines, Ia.</li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Gifford Pinchot</span>, Washington, D. C.</li>
+</ul>
+
+<p class="center"><i>Vice-Presidents.</i></p>
+
+<ul>
+  <li><i>Arkansas</i>, <span class="smcap">E. N. Plank</span>, Decatur.</li>
+  <li><i>California</i>, <span class="smcap">Francis Cuttle</span>, Riverside.</li>
+  <li><i>Colorado</i>, <span class="smcap">I. S. T. Gregg</span>, Golden.</li>
+  <li><i>Connecticut</i>, <span class="smcap">Prof. J. W. Towney</span>, Hartford.</li>
+  <li><i>District of Columbia</i>, <span class="smcap">Dr. H. W. Wiley</span>.</li>
+  <li><i>Florida</i>, <span class="smcap">T. J. Campbell</span>, West Palm Beach.</li>
+  <li><i>Georgia</i>, <span class="smcap">Senator L. R. Akin</span>.</li>
+  <li><i>Illinois</i>, <span class="smcap">Ballard Dunn</span>, Chicago.</li>
+  <li><i>Iowa</i>, <span class="smcap">Prof. P. G. Holden</span>, Ames.</li>
+  <li><i>Louisiana</i>, <span class="smcap">Hon. Henry E. Hardtner</span>, Urania.</li>
+  <li><i>Massachusetts</i>, <span class="smcap">Prof. F. W. Rane</span>, Boston.</li>
+  <li><i>Missouri</i>, <span class="smcap">Herman von Schrenk</span>, St. Louis.</li>
+  <li><i>Nebraska</i>, <span class="smcap">Prof. E. A. Burnett</span>, Lincoln.</li>
+  <li><i>New Jersey</i>, <span class="smcap">E. A. Stevens</span>, Hoboken.</li>
+  <li><i>New York</i>, <span class="smcap">Dr. W. T. Hornaday</span>, New York City.</li>
+  <li><i>Ohio</i>, <span class="smcap">J. C. Rodgers</span>, Mechanicsburg.</li>
+  <li><i>Oklahoma</i>, <span class="smcap">Thomas C. Harrice</span>, Wagoner.</li>
+  <li><i>South Carolina</i>, <span class="smcap">Prof. M. W. Twitchell</span>, Columbia.</li>
+  <li><i>South Dakota</i>, <span class="smcap">Gov. R. S. Vessey</span>, Pierre.</li>
+  <li><i>Texas</i>, <span class="smcap">W. Goodrich Jones</span>, Temple.</li>
+  <li><i>Washington</i>, <span class="smcap">A. L. Flewelling</span>, Spokane.</li>
+  <li><i>Wisconsin</i>, <span class="smcap">Herbert Quick</span>, Madison.</li>
+</ul>
+
+<p><i>Local Board of Managers for Kansas City Congress Representing Commercial
+Club</i>—<span class="smcap">J. C. Lester</span>, <i>President</i>; <span class="smcap">E. M. Clendening</span>, <i>Secretary</i>; <span class="smcap">F. P. Neal</span>, <i>Chairman</i>;
+<span class="smcap">F. A. Faxon</span>, <span class="smcap">F. L. Hall</span>, <span class="smcap">W. B. Hill</span>, <span class="smcap">F. J. Moss</span>, <span class="smcap">J. C. Swift</span>,
+    <span class="smcap">R. A. Long</span>.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+
+<div class="chapter">
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_iv">[iv]</span></p>
+
+<h2 class="nobreak" id="STANDING_COMMITTEES">STANDING COMMITTEES.<br>
+1911-12.</h2>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="max40">
+
+<p><i>Forests</i>—<span class="smcap">H. S. Graves</span>, Washington, D. C., <i>Chairman</i>; <span class="smcap">E. T. Allen</span>, Portland,
+Ore.; Major <span class="smcap">E. G. Griggs</span>, Tacoma, Wash.; <span class="smcap">William Irvine</span>, Chippewa Falls, Wis.;
+<span class="smcap">George K. Smith</span>, St. Louis.</p>
+
+<p><i>Minerals</i>—Dr. <span class="smcap">Joseph A. Holmes</span>, Washington, D. C., <i>Chairman</i>; Dr. <span class="smcap">Charles
+R. Van Hise</span>, Madison, Wis.; Dr. <span class="smcap">I. C. White</span>, Morgantown, W. Va.; <span class="smcap">C. W.
+Brunton</span>, Denver, Col.; <span class="smcap">John Mitchell</span>, New York City.</p>
+
+<p><i>Lands and Agriculture</i>—Prof. <span class="smcap">L. H. Bailey</span>, Cornell University, <i>Chairman</i>;
+Prof. <span class="smcap">George E. Condra</span>, Nebraska; Prof. <span class="smcap">J. L. Snyder</span>, Lansing, Mich.; <span class="smcap">F. D.
+Coburn</span>, Kansas; <span class="smcap">Charles S. Barrett</span>, Union City, Ga.</p>
+
+<p><i>Education</i>—Dr. <span class="smcap">C. E. Bessey</span>, Lincoln, Neb., <i>Chairman</i>; Dr. <span class="smcap">David Starr Jordan</span>,
+Leland Stanford University, Oakland, Cal.; Dr. <span class="smcap">Edward E. Alderman</span>, University
+Of Virginia, Charlotteville; Dr. <span class="smcap">E. C. Craighead</span>, Tulane University, New Orleans,
+La.; Prof. <span class="smcap">Fairchild</span>, Topeka, Kas.</p>
+
+<p><i>Vital Resources</i>—Dr. <span class="smcap">William H. Welch</span>, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore,
+Md., <i>Chairman</i>; Prof. <span class="smcap">Irving Fisher</span>, Yale University, New Haven, Conn.; Dr. <span class="smcap">J. N.
+Hurty</span>, Indianapolis, Ind.; Hon. <span class="smcap">A. B. Farquhar</span>, York, Pa.; Dr. <span class="smcap">Oscar Dowling</span>,
+Shreveport, La.</p>
+
+<p><i>Homes</i>—Mrs. <span class="smcap">Matthew T. Scott</span>, Washington, <i>Chairman</i>; Mrs. <span class="smcap">Harriet
+Wallace Ashby</span>, Des Moines, Ia.; Mrs. <span class="smcap">J. E. Rhodes</span>, St. Paul, Minn.; Mrs. <span class="smcap">Sarah
+S. Platt-Decker</span>, Denver, Col.; Mrs. <span class="smcap">Amos F. Draper</span>, Washington, D. C.</p>
+
+<p><i>Child Life</i>—Hon. <span class="smcap">Benjamin B. Lindsay</span>, Denver, Col., <i>Chairman</i>; Dr. <span class="smcap">Samuel
+M. Lindsay</span>, New York City; Judge <span class="smcap">Henry L. McCune</span>, Kansas City, Mo.; Mrs.
+<span class="smcap">Carl Vrooman</span>, Bloomington, Ill.; Dr. <span class="smcap">Anna Louise Strong</span>, Seattle, Wash.</p>
+
+<p><i>Food</i>—Dr. <span class="smcap">Harvey W. Wiley</span>, Washington, D. C., <i>Chairman</i>; <span class="smcap">F. G. Urner</span>, New
+York; Prof. <span class="smcap">F. Spencer Baldwin</span>, Boston, Mass.; <span class="smcap">J. F. Nickerson</span>, Chicago, Ill.;
+<span class="smcap">Lucius P. Brown</span>, Nashville, Tenn.; <span class="smcap">E. H. Jenkins</span>, New Haven, Conn.; <span class="smcap">M. A.
+Scovelle</span>, Lexington, Ky.; Prof. <span class="smcap">Geo. A. Loveland</span>, Lincoln, Neb.</p>
+
+<p><i>Civics</i>—<span class="smcap">Ralph Easley</span>, New York, <i>Chairman</i>; Judge <span class="smcap">Albert Hall Whitfield</span>,
+Jackson, Miss.; <span class="smcap">B. A. Fowler</span>, Phoenix, Ariz.; Hon. <span class="smcap">H. M. Beardsley</span>, Kansas
+City, Mo.; Hon. <span class="smcap">Francis J. Heney</span>, San Francisco, Cal.</p>
+
+<p><i>General</i> (<i>Including Domestic Animals and Wild Life</i>)—Dr. <span class="smcap">W. T. Hornaday</span>,
+New York, <i>Chairman</i>; Dr. <span class="smcap">J. O. Howard</span>, Washington, D. C.; Mrs. <span class="smcap">Minnie Maddern
+Fiske</span>, New York City; Dr. <span class="smcap">John Muir</span>, Martinez, Cal.; <span class="smcap">D. Austin Latchaw</span>, Kansas
+City, Mo.; Prof. <span class="smcap">Geo. A. Loveland</span>, Lincoln, Neb.</p>
+
+<p><i>Waters</i>—Hon. <span class="smcap">J. N. Teal</span>, Portland, Ore., <i>Chairman</i>; Hon. <span class="smcap">Joseph E. Ransdell</span>,
+Lake Providence, La.; <span class="smcap">Walter S. Dickey</span>, Kansas City, Mo.; Hon. <span class="smcap">Herbert Knox
+Smith</span>, Washington, D. C.; <span class="smcap">W. K. Kavanaugh</span>, St. Louis, Mo.; Dr. <span class="smcap">W J McGee</span>,
+Washington, D. C.; Prof. <span class="smcap">Geo. F. Swain</span>, Harvard University.</p>
+
+<p><i>National Parks</i> (<i>to include Mammoth Cave, Ky., and Adjacent Lands</i>)—Dr.
+<span class="smcap">W J McGee</span>, Washington, D. C.; Dr. <span class="smcap">Henry F. Drinker</span>, South Bethlehem, Pa.;
+Hon. <span class="smcap">William P. Borland</span>, Kansas City, Mo.; Hon. <span class="smcap">Gifford Pinchot</span>, Washington,
+D. C.; Col. <span class="smcap">W. H. Crump</span>, Bowling Green, Ky.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+
+<div class="chapter">
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_v">[v]</span></p>
+
+<h2 class="nobreak" id="CONTENTS">CONTENTS.</h2>
+
+</div>
+
+<table>
+  <tr>
+    <td>CONSTITUTION</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"><a href="#CONSTITUTION"><span class="allsmcap">IX</span></a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>RESOLUTIONS</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"><a href="#RESOLUTIONS"><span class="allsmcap">XIII</span></a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>OPENING SESSION</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"><a href="#OPENING_SESSION">1</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="sub">Invocation by <span class="smcap">Bishop Lillis</span></td>
+    <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_1">1</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="sub">Welcome by <span class="smcap">Mayor Brown</span></td>
+    <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_1">1</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="sub">Address of Welcome by <span class="smcap">President Lester</span> for Commercial Club</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_4">4</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="sub">Address by <span class="smcap">Governor Hadley</span></td>
+    <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_5">5</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="sub">Address by <span class="smcap">President Wallace</span></td>
+    <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_11">11</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="sub">Address by <span class="smcap">Honorable J. B. White</span></td>
+    <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_19">19</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="sub">Appointment of Credentials Committee</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_21">21</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="sub">Announcements by <span class="smcap">President Wallace</span></td>
+    <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_21">21</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="sub">Announcement by <span class="smcap">Secretary Shipp</span></td>
+    <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_21">21</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="sub">Announcement by <span class="smcap">Recording Secretary Gipe</span></td>
+    <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_22">22</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="sub">Request by <span class="smcap">Delegate Baumgartner</span></td>
+    <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_22">22</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>SECOND SESSION</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"><a href="#SECOND_SESSION">22</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="sub">Invocation by the <span class="smcap">Rev. Dr. Kerr</span></td>
+    <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_22">22</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="sub"><span class="smcap">Governor Hadley</span> Made Chairman</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_23">23</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="sub">Remarks by <span class="smcap">Governor Hadley</span></td>
+    <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_23">23</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="sub">Call of States</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_24">24</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="sub">Address by <span class="smcap">Mr. J. C. Baumgartner</span> of California</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_24">24</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="sub">Address by <span class="smcap">Professor Worsham</span> of Georgia</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_24">24</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="sub">Address by <span class="smcap">Mrs. Holland C. Day</span></td>
+    <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_28">28</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="sub">Address by <span class="smcap">Col. Isham Randolph</span> of Illinois</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_28">28</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="sub">Address by <span class="smcap">Mr. Harry Everest Barnard</span> of Indiana</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_28">28</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="sub">Message from <span class="smcap">Mexican Ambassador</span></td>
+    <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_28">28</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="sub">Address by <span class="smcap">Mr. Thomas H. MacBride</span> of Iowa</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_29">29</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="sub">Remarks by <span class="smcap">Mr. A. W. Stubbs</span> of Kansas City, Kansas</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_29">29</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="sub">Address of <span class="smcap">Dean Waters</span> of Kansas</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_29">29</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="sub">Address by <span class="smcap">Col. Crump</span> of Bowling Green, Ky.</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_29">29</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="sub">Address by <span class="smcap">Mr. Fred J. Grace</span> of Louisiana</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_30">30</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="sub">Introduction of <span class="smcap">ex-President B. N. Baker</span></td>
+    <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_30">30</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="sub">Motion by <span class="smcap">Mr. Breeze</span> of Indiana</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_30">30</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="sub">Remarks by <span class="smcap">Chairman Hadley</span></td>
+    <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_30">30</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="sub">Address by <span class="smcap">Judge Lindsay</span> of Colorado</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_31">31</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="sub">Address by <span class="smcap">Mr. D. M. Neill</span> of Minnesota</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_43">43</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="sub">Address by <span class="smcap">Honorable George Coupland</span> of Nebraska</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_43">43</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="sub">Announcement by <span class="smcap">Professor Condra</span></td>
+    <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_43">43</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="sub">Address by <span class="smcap">Honorable E. A. Stevens</span>, Commissioner of Public Roads</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_44">44</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="sub">Address by <span class="smcap">Professor Rane</span> of Massachusetts</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_44">44</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>THIRD SESSION</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"><a href="#THIRD_SESSION">45</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="sub">Announcements by <span class="smcap">Acting Chairman Condra</span></td>
+    <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_45">45</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="sub">Remarks by <span class="smcap">Mr. Emil Gunther</span></td>
+    <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_46">46</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="sub">Address by <span class="smcap">State Commissioner John D. Moore</span></td>
+    <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_46">46</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="sub">Address by <span class="smcap">Dr. Twitchell</span> of South Carolina</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_47">47</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="sub">Address by <span class="smcap">Mr. Gross</span>, President of National Soil Fertility League</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_47">47</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="sub">Address by <span class="smcap">Chairman Condra</span></td>
+    <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_49">49</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="sub">Address by <span class="smcap">ex-President Baker</span></td>
+    <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_50">50</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="sub">Address by <span class="smcap">President Taft</span></td>
+    <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_54">54</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td><span class="pagenum" id="Page_vi">[vi]</span>FOURTH SESSION</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"><a href="#FOURTH_SESSION">62</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="sub">Invocation by <span class="smcap">Bishop Hendrix</span></td>
+    <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_62">62</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="sub">Roll Call of States Resumed</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_62">62</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="sub">Announcement by <span class="smcap">Chairman Fowler</span> of Resolutions Committee</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_63">63</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="sub">Announcement by <span class="smcap">Sergeant-at-Arms</span></td>
+    <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_64">64</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="sub">Address of <span class="smcap">Mr. Logan</span> of the Missouri Waterways Commission</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_64">64</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="sub">Remarks of <span class="smcap">Mr. C. P. Dyar</span> of Ohio</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_68">68</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="sub">Address by <span class="smcap">Mr. Milton Brown</span> of Oklahoma</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_68">68</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="sub">Address by <span class="smcap">Mr. A. B. Farquhar</span></td>
+    <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_68">68</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="sub">Address by <span class="smcap">Dr. Drinker</span> of Lehigh University</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_68">68</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="sub">Remarks by <span class="smcap">President Wallace</span></td>
+    <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_71">71</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="sub">Address by <span class="smcap">Mr. B. G. Holden</span> of Iowa</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_71">71</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="sub">Address by <span class="smcap">Mr. R. A. Long</span></td>
+    <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_76">76</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="sub">Address by <span class="smcap">Honorable W. A. Beard</span> of California</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_78">78</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="sub">Chair Assumed by <span class="smcap">Honorable J. B. White</span></td>
+    <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_87">87</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="sub">Announcement by <span class="smcap">Chairman Fowler</span> of Resolutions Committee</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_87">87</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="sub">Address by <span class="smcap">Mr. Herbert Quick</span></td>
+    <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_88">88</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="sub">Reading of Telegram</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_109">109</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="sub">Appointment of Committee on Nominations</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_110">110</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>FIFTH SESSION</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"><a href="#FIFTH_SESSION">111</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="sub">Invocation by the <span class="smcap">Rev. Dr. Combs</span></td>
+    <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_111">111</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="sub">Announcement by <span class="smcap">Recording Secretary Gipe</span></td>
+    <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_111">111</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="sub">Introduction of <span class="smcap">Governor Vessey</span> as Chairman</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_111">111</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="sub">Address by <span class="smcap">Governor Vessey</span></td>
+    <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_111">111</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="sub">Reading of Letter from <span class="smcap">Colonel Roosevelt</span></td>
+    <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_112">112</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="sub">Reports from National Organizations</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_113">113</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="sub">Report by <span class="smcap">Mr. Mullin</span></td>
+    <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_113">113</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="sub">Report by <span class="smcap">Major Griggs</span></td>
+    <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_113">113</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="sub">Report by <span class="smcap">Mr. Rushton</span></td>
+    <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_113">113</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="sub">Report by <span class="smcap">Honorable E. T. Allen</span></td>
+    <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_114">114</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="sub">Report by <span class="smcap">Mr. Schwedtman</span>, of St. Louis</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_116">116</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="sub">Report by <span class="smcap">Mr. Coffin</span>, of New York</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_116">116</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="sub">Report by <span class="smcap">Dr. Field</span>, of the Audubon Society</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_116">116</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="sub">Report by <span class="smcap">Mr. E. R. Taylor</span></td>
+    <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_116">116</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="sub">Address by <span class="smcap">Mrs. Vrooman</span></td>
+    <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_117">117</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="sub">Vote of Thanks by <span class="smcap">Delegate Baumgartner</span></td>
+    <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_119">119</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="sub">Remarks by <span class="smcap">Mr. McBrien</span></td>
+    <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_120">120</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="sub">Address by <span class="smcap">Professor Greenwood</span></td>
+    <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_120">120</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="sub">Address by <span class="smcap">Dean Mumford</span>, of Missouri</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_121">121</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="sub">Address by <span class="smcap">Mrs. Ashby</span>, of Des Moines</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_121">121</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="sub">Address by <span class="smcap">Mrs. Scott</span>, President General, Daughters American Revolution</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_125">125</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="sub">Address by <span class="smcap">Miss Frances Brown</span></td>
+    <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_128">128</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="sub">Report of Executive Committee by <span class="smcap">Chairman White</span></td>
+    <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_129">129</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="sub">Amendments to the Constitution</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_129">129</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="sub">Adoption of Amendments</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_130">130</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="sub">Address by <span class="smcap">Miss Weller</span>, of the Iowa Federation of Women’s Clubs</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_130">130</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="sub">Address by <span class="smcap">Mr. Guthrie</span>, of St. Paul</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_131">131</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>SIXTH SESSION</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"><a href="#SIXTH_SESSION">131</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="sub">Address by <span class="smcap">Mrs. Moore</span>, President General, Confederation Women Clubs</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_132">132</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="sub">Address by <span class="smcap">Dr. Wilson</span>, of Presbyterian Church</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_139">139</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="sub">Address by <span class="smcap">Dr. Wiley</span></td>
+    <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_139">139</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>SEVENTH SESSION</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"><a href="#SEVENTH_SESSION">147</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="sub">Induction of <span class="smcap">Dr. Northrop</span> as Chairman</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_147">147</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="sub">Invocation by <span class="smcap">The Rev. Dr. Neel</span></td>
+    <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_148">148</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="sub">Address by <span class="smcap">Mr. Bailey</span></td>
+    <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_148">148</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="sub">Remarks by <span class="smcap">Delegate Stubbs</span></td>
+    <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_151">151</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="sub"><span class="pagenum" id="Page_vii">[vii]</span>Discussion by <span class="smcap">President Wallace</span></td>
+    <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_151">151</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="sub">Call of States Resumed</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_152">152</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="sub">Report by <span class="smcap">Mr. Filson</span></td>
+    <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_152">152</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="sub">Address by <span class="smcap">Professor Spillman</span>, of the Department of Agriculture</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_152">152</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="sub">Address by <span class="smcap">Mrs. Weeks</span>, of the National Congress of Mothers</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_156">156</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="sub">Address by <span class="smcap">Congressman F. S. Jackson</span></td>
+    <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_157">157</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="sub">Address by <span class="smcap">Honorable Curtis Hill</span>, of Missouri</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_163">163</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="sub">Report of Committee on Credentials</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_167">167</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="sub">Address by <span class="smcap">Honorable J. B. White</span></td>
+    <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_167">167</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="sub">Report of Committee on Nominations</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_174">174</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="sub">Address by <span class="smcap">President White</span></td>
+    <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_175">175</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="sub">Address by <span class="smcap">Professor Hopkins</span>, of University of Illinois</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_176">176</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="sub">Remarks by <span class="smcap">Secretary Coburn</span>, of Kansas</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_183">183</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="sub">Address by <span class="smcap">Dr. McGee</span>, of the Department of Agriculture</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_183">183</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>EIGHTH SESSION</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"><a href="#EIGHTH_SESSION">193</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="sub">Invocation by the <span class="smcap">Rev. Dr. Monroe</span></td>
+    <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_193">193</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="sub">Entrance of <span class="smcap">Mr. Bryan</span></td>
+    <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_193">193</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="sub">Address by <span class="smcap">Professor Ten Eyck</span></td>
+    <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_193">193</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="sub">Resolution Complimenting <span class="smcap">Gifford Pinchot</span></td>
+    <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_193">193</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="sub">Address by <span class="smcap">Honorable Walter L. Fisher</span>, Secretary of the Interior</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_194">194</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="sub">Remarks by <span class="smcap">Mr. Bryan</span></td>
+    <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_203">203</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="sub">Letter from <span class="smcap">Colonel Roosevelt</span></td>
+    <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_204">204</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="sub">Address by <span class="smcap">Mr. Grout</span>, of Illinois</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_205">205</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="sub">Report of Committee on Resolutions</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_211">211</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="sub">Personnel of Committee on Resolutions</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_211">211</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="sub">Remarks by <span class="smcap">Delegate Shoffer</span></td>
+    <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_212">212</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="sub">Resolution by <span class="smcap">Delegate Stubbs</span></td>
+    <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_212">212</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>CLOSING SESSION</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"><a href="#CLOSING_SESSION">214</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="sub">Address by <span class="smcap">Professor Hoynes</span>, of Notre Dame University</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_214">214</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="sub">Address by <span class="smcap">Senator Owen</span>, of Oklahoma</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_218">218</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="sub">Address by <span class="smcap">Mr. Bryan</span></td>
+    <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_220">220</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>SUPPLEMENTARY PROCEEDINGS</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"><a href="#SUPPLEMENTARY_PROCEEDINGS">231</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="sub">Address by <span class="smcap">Dean Mumford</span>, of the University of Missouri</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_231">231</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="sub">Address by <span class="smcap">ex-Governor Hoard</span>, of Wisconsin</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_234">234</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="sub">Address by <span class="smcap">Henry I. Willey</span>, of New York</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_237">237</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="sub">Address by <span class="smcap">Mr. Griggs</span>, of Washington</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_245">245</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="sub">Address by <span class="smcap">Professor Ten Eyck</span></td>
+    <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_247">247</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="sub">Address by the <span class="smcap">Rev. Dr. Wilson</span></td>
+    <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_257">257</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="sub">Address by <span class="smcap">F. A. Filson</span></td>
+    <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_259">259</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="sub">Address by <span class="smcap">Mr. Schwedtman</span></td>
+    <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_261">261</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="sub">Report of <span class="smcap">President Stillman</span></td>
+    <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_262">262</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="sub">Report of <span class="smcap">Dr. Field</span></td>
+    <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_263">263</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="sub">Address by <span class="smcap">Mr. Rushton</span></td>
+    <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_264">264</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="sub">Report of the Camp Fire Club</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_265">265</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="sub">Report by Committee of National Board of Fire Underwriters</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_267">267</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="sub">Report of National Association of Audubon Societies</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_272">272</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="sub">Letter from <span class="smcap">Mr. van Ornum</span></td>
+    <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_273">273</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="sub">Address by <span class="smcap">Mr. Baumgartner</span></td>
+    <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_274">274</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="sub">Report for Idaho by <span class="smcap">Mrs. Day</span></td>
+    <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_275">275</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="sub">Report for Illinois by <span class="smcap">Colonel Randolph</span></td>
+    <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_275">275</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="sub">Report for Indiana by <span class="smcap">Mr. Barnard</span></td>
+    <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_277">277</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="sub">Report for Iowa by <span class="smcap">Mr. MacBride</span></td>
+    <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_277">277</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="sub">Report for Kansas by <span class="smcap">Dean Waters</span></td>
+    <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_278">278</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="sub">Report for Louisiana by <span class="smcap">Mr. Grace</span></td>
+    <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_278">278</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="sub">Report for Massachusetts by <span class="smcap">Professor Rane</span></td>
+    <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_281">281</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="sub">Report for Minnesota by <span class="smcap">Mr. Neill</span></td>
+    <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_284">284</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="sub"><span class="pagenum" id="Page_viii">[viii]</span>Report for Nebraska by <span class="smcap">Mr. Coupland</span></td>
+    <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_285">285</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="sub">Report for New York by <span class="smcap">Mr. Moore</span></td>
+    <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_286">286</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="sub">Report for Oklahoma by <span class="smcap">Mr. Brown</span></td>
+    <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_287">287</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="sub">Report for Oregon by <span class="smcap">Mr. Teal</span></td>
+    <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_288">288</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="sub">Report for Pennsylvania and Philadelphia by <span class="smcap">Mr. Gunther</span></td>
+    <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_290">290</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="sub">Report of Conservation Movement by <span class="smcap">Mr. Farquhar</span></td>
+    <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_291">291</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="sub">Report for South Carolina by <span class="smcap">Dr. Twitchell</span></td>
+    <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_299">299</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>National Organizations Represented at the Congress</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_301">301</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>List of Registered Delegates</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_303">303</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Index</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"><a href="#INDEX">315</a></td>
+  </tr>
+</table>
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+
+<div class="chapter">
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_ix">[ix]</span></p>
+
+<h2 class="nobreak" id="CONSTITUTION">CONSTITUTION<br>
+<span class="smaller">OF THE</span><br>
+NATIONAL CONSERVATION CONGRESS<br>
+<span class="smaller"><i>As Amended by the Third Congress.</i></span></h2>
+
+</div>
+
+<h3><span class="smcap">Article 1—Name.</span></h3>
+
+<p>This organization shall be known as the National Conservation Congress.</p>
+
+<h3><span class="smcap">Article 2—Object.</span></h3>
+
+<p>The object of the National Conservation Congress shall be: (1) to
+provide a forum for discussion of the resources of the United States as
+the foundation for the prosperity of the people, (2) to furnish definite
+information concerning the resources and their utilization, and (3) to
+afford an agency through which the people of the country may frame
+policies and principles affecting the wise and practical development, conservation
+and utilization of the resources to be put into effect by their
+representatives in state and federal governments.</p>
+
+<h3><span class="smcap">Article 3—Meetings.</span></h3>
+
+<p><i>Section 1.</i> Regular annual meetings shall be held at such time and
+place as may be determined by the executive committee.</p>
+
+<p><i>Section 2.</i> Special meetings of the Congress, or its officers, committees
+or boards, may be held subject to the call of the president of the
+Congress or the chairman of the executive committee.</p>
+
+<h3><span class="smcap">Article 4—Officers.</span></h3>
+
+<p><i>Section 1.</i> The officers of the Congress shall consist of a president,
+to be elected by the Congress; a vice-president from each state, to
+be chosen by the respective state delegations; and from the National
+Conservation Association; an executive secretary, a recording secretary,
+and a treasurer.</p>
+
+<p><i>Section 2.</i> The duties of these officers may at any time be prescribed
+by formal action of the Congress or executive committee. In
+the absence of such action their duties shall be those implied by their
+designations and established by custom. In addition, it shall be the
+duty of the vice-presidents to receive from the state conservations commissions,
+and other organizations concerned in conservation, suggestions
+and recommendations and report them to the executive committee
+of the Congress.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_x">[x]</span></p>
+
+<p><i>Section 3.</i> The officers shall serve for one year, or until their successors
+are elected and qualify.</p>
+
+<h3><span class="smcap">Article 5—Committees and Boards.</span></h3>
+
+<p><i>Section 1.</i> An executive committee of seven, in addition to which
+the president of the National Conservation Association and all ex-presidents
+of the Congress shall be members, ex officio, shall be appointed by
+the president during each regular annual session to act for the ensuing
+year; its membership shall be drawn from different states, and not more
+than one of the appointed members shall be from any one state. The
+executive committee shall act for the Congress and shall be empowered
+to initiate action and meet emergencies. It shall report to each regular
+annual session.</p>
+
+<p><i>Section 2.</i> A board of managers shall be created in each city in
+which the next ensuing session of the Congress is to be held, preferably
+by leading organizations of citizens. The board of managers shall have
+power to raise and expend funds, to incur obligations of its own responsibility,
+to appoint subordinate boards and committees, all with the approval
+of the executive committee of the Congress. It shall report to
+the executive committee at least two days before the opening of the ensuing
+session, and at such other times as the Congress or the executive committee
+may direct.</p>
+
+<p><i>Section 3.</i> An advisory board, consisting of one person from each
+national organization having a conservation committee, shall be created
+to serve during that Congress and during the interval before the next
+succeeding Congress. The board shall report to and coöperate with the
+executive committee.</p>
+
+<p><i>Section 4.</i> A committee on credentials shall be appointed, consisting
+of five (5) members, by the president of the Congress not later
+than on the second day of each session of the Congress. It shall determine
+all questions raised by delegates as to representation, and shall
+report to the Congress from time to time as required by the president
+of the Congress.</p>
+
+<p><i>Section 5.</i> A committee on resolutions shall be created for each annual
+meeting of the Congress. A chairman shall be appointed by the
+president. One member of the committee shall be selected by each state
+represented in the Congress. The committee shall report to the Congress
+not later than the morning of the last day of each annual meeting.</p>
+
+<p><i>Section 6.</i> Permanent committees, consisting of five members each,
+on each of the following five divisions of conservation: forests, waters,
+lands, minerals and vital resources, shall be appointed by the president
+of the Congress. The committee on vital resources is to consist of six
+subordinate committees as follows: food, homes, child life, education,
+civics (including wild life, domesticated animals, and cultivated plants).
+These committees shall, during the intervals between the annual meetings
+of the Congress, inquire into these respective subjects and prepare
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_xi">[xi]</span>reports to be submitted on the request of the executive committee, and
+render such other assistance to the Congress as the executive committee
+may direct.</p>
+
+<p><i>Section 7.</i> By direction of the Congress, standing and special committees
+may be appointed by the president.</p>
+
+<p><i>Section 8.</i> The president shall be a member, ex officio, of every
+committee of the Congress.</p>
+
+<h3><span class="smcap">Article 6—Arrangements for Sessions.</span></h3>
+
+<p><i>Section 1.</i> The program for the session of each annual meeting
+of the Congress, including a list of speakers, shall be arranged by the
+executive committee. The entire program, including allotments of time
+to speakers and hours for daily sessions and all other arrangements concerning
+the program, shall be made by the executive committee.</p>
+
+<p><i>Section 2.</i> Unless otherwise ordered, the rules adopted for the
+guidance of the preceding Congress shall continue in force.</p>
+
+<h3><span class="smcap">Article 7—Membership.</span></h3>
+
+<p><i>Section 1.</i> The personnel of the National Conservation Congress
+shall be as follows:</p>
+
+<h4>OFFICERS AND DELEGATES.</h4>
+
+<p>Officers of the National Conservation Congress.</p>
+
+<p>Fifteen delegates appointed by the governor of each state and territory.</p>
+
+<p>Five delegates appointed by the mayor of each city with a population
+of 25,000 or more.</p>
+
+<p>Two delegates appointed by the mayor of each city with a population
+of less than 25,000.</p>
+
+<p>Two delegates appointed by each board of county commissioners.</p>
+
+<p>Five delegates appointed by each national organization concerned
+in the work of conservation.</p>
+
+<p>Five delegates appointed by each state or interstate organization
+concerned in the work of conservation.</p>
+
+<p>Three delegates appointed by each chamber of commerce, board of
+trade, commercial club, or other local organization concerned in the work
+of conservation.</p>
+
+<p>Two delegates appointed by each state, or other university, or college,
+and by each agricultural college, or experiment station.</p>
+
+<h4>HONORARY MEMBERS.</h4>
+
+<p>The President of the United States.</p>
+
+<p>The Vice-President of the United States.</p>
+
+<p>The Speaker of the House of Representatives.</p>
+
+<p>The Cabinet.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_xii">[xii]</span></p>
+
+<p>The United States Senate and House of Representatives.</p>
+
+<p>The Supreme Court of the United States.</p>
+
+<p>The representatives of foreign countries.</p>
+
+<p>The governors of the states and territories.</p>
+
+<p>The lieutenant-governors of the states and territories.</p>
+
+<p>The speakers of state houses of representatives.</p>
+
+<p>The state officers.</p>
+
+<p>The mayors of cities.</p>
+
+<p>The county commissioners.</p>
+
+<p>The presidents of state and other universities and colleges.</p>
+
+<p>The officers and members of the National Conservation Association.</p>
+
+<p>The officers and members of the National Conservation Commission.</p>
+
+<p>The officers and members of the state conservation commissions and
+associations.</p>
+
+<h3><span class="smcap">Article 8—Delegations and State Officers.</span></h3>
+
+<p><i>Section 1.</i> The several delegates from each state in attendance
+at any Congress shall assemble at the earliest practicable time and organize
+by choosing a chairman and a secretary. These delegates, when
+approved by the committee on credentials, shall constitute the delegation
+from that state.</p>
+
+<h3><span class="smcap">Article 9—Voting.</span></h3>
+
+<p><i>Section 1.</i> Each member of the Congress shall be entitled to one
+vote on all actions taken <i>viva voce</i>.</p>
+
+<p><i>Section 2.</i> A division or call of states may be demanded on any action,
+by a state delegation. On division, each delegate shall be entitled
+to one vote; provided (1) that no state shall have more than twenty
+votes; and provided (2) that when a state is represented by less than
+ten delegates, said delegates may cast ten votes for each state.</p>
+
+<p><i>Section 3.</i> The term “state” as used herein is to be construed to
+mean either state, territory, or insular possession.</p>
+
+<h3><span class="smcap">Article 10—Amendments.</span></h3>
+
+<p>This Constitution may be amended by a two-thirds vote of the Congress
+during any regular session, provided notice of the proposed amendment
+has been given from the Chair not less than one day or more than
+two days preceding; or by unanimous vote without such notice.</p>
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+
+<div class="chapter">
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_xiii">[xiii]</span></p>
+
+<h2 class="nobreak" id="RESOLUTIONS">RESOLUTIONS<br>
+<span class="smaller">OF THE</span><br>
+THIRD NATIONAL CONSERVATION CONGRESS.</h2>
+
+</div>
+
+<p>The third National Conservation Congress, made up of delegates
+from all sections and nearly every state and territory of the United
+States, met at the call of a great moral issue, now in session assembled
+in the city of Kansas City and State of Missouri, does hereby adopt and
+solemnly declare the following platform of opinion and conclusion concerning
+the inherent rights of the people of the United States:</p>
+
+<p>Heartily accepting the spirit and intent of the Constitution and adhering
+to the principles laid down by Washington and Lincoln, we declare
+our conviction that we live under a government of the people, by
+the people, and for the people; and we repudiate any and all special or
+local interests or platforms or policies in conflict with the inherent rights
+and sovereign will of our people.</p>
+
+<p>Recognizing the natural resources of the country as the prime bases
+of property and opportunity, we hold the rights of the people in these
+resources to be natural and inherent, and justly inalienable and indefeasible;
+and we insist that the resources should and shall be developed,
+used, and conserved in ways consistent both with current welfare and
+with the perpetuity of our people.</p>
+
+<p>We commend the efficient work of the federal forest service, and
+particularly urge upon Congress the need for more liberal financial provision
+for protection of the national forests from fire, and the desirability
+of making the army available without delay whenever needed
+to supplement such protection.</p>
+
+<p>We also appreciate the forestry progress being made by many states,
+believing it not only the function, but the duty of the state to safeguard
+its forest resources by liberal appropriation for fire prevention;
+by acquisition and conservative management of state owned forest lands;
+by encouraging the practice of private forestry on timber lands and
+wood lots in every way, especially through reform in forest taxation;
+and by providing for the educational work necessary to secure all these
+ends.</p>
+
+<p>We commend the increasing effort at better forest management
+and protection by timber owners themselves, and urge upon all such the
+study and emulation of the several coöperative systems for this purpose.</p>
+
+<p>We urge the coöperation of public and private educational authorities
+in instilling the principles of forest economics in the minds of the
+young of today, who will be the doers of tomorrow.</p>
+
+<p>We are in sympathy with the policy of establishing public parks
+to be used for the benefit of the people forever, including localities of
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_xiv">[xiv]</span>scenic, scientific or historic interest, by states and by the National Government,
+and we cite as an example the Mammoth Cave of Kentucky,
+one of the wonders of the world; we recommend this policy to obviate
+the danger of such national heirlooms being held permanently in private
+ownership and subordinated to private interest rather than the public
+good.</p>
+
+<p>Recognizing the 900,000,000 acres of well-watered arable land in
+this country as the chief source of food and clothing for our people,
+we hold that these lands should be guarded as a natural heritage to be
+kept in sacred trust for our children and our children’s children; that
+they should be safe-guarded from loss through natural agencies and
+negligent or thriftless use; that they should be protected from monopoly
+and private or corporate rapacity; that they should be so cultivated and
+improved that they may pass to each coming generation with increased
+fertility and productivity; and that they should forever be used as sites
+for homes in which the strength and spirit of the Nation may be conserved
+for the general welfare of mankind.</p>
+
+<p>Approving the withdrawal of public lands pending classification, and
+the separation of surface rights from mineral, forests, and water rights,
+including water-power sites, we recommend legislation for the classification
+and leasing for grazing purposes all unreserved lands suitable chiefly
+for this purpose, subject to the rights of homesteaders and settlers,
+or the acquisition thereof under the land laws of the United States;
+and we hold that arid and non-irrigable public grazing lands should be
+administered by the Government in the interest of small stockmen and
+homeseekers until they have passed into the possession of actual settlers.</p>
+
+<p>We favor the repeal of the commutation clause of the Homestead
+Law, and the disallowance of homestead entries on land chiefly valuable
+for its timber at time of filing.</p>
+
+<p>We hold that mineral deposits underlying public lands should be
+transferred to private ownership only by long-time leases with revaluation
+at stated periods, such leases to be in amounts and subject to such
+regulations as to prevent monopoly and needless waste; and that in case
+of doubt as to the availability of such mineral deposits, or while they
+are waiting exploitation, surface rights to the land should be transferred
+by lease only under such conditions as to promote development and protect
+public interest.</p>
+
+<p>Since all successful conservation effort must follow ascertained fact,
+we agree (1) that there should be in each commonwealth an active conservation
+commission or equivalent organization; and (2) that such commission
+should use, and strive ever to coördinate, all agencies, state or
+national, which have for their object the discovery of exact data and
+the ascertainment of scientific information in reference to all natural
+resources and conditions in each of the several states and in the country
+at large.</p>
+
+<p>We hold that phosphate deposits underlying the public lands should
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_xv">[xv]</span>be safe-guarded for the American people by appropriate legislation, and
+that export of phosphates and other natural and manufactured fertilizing
+material should be limited and regulated by law.</p>
+
+<p>Realizing that the productivity of our soil depends on water supply;
+that one of the chief losses to the farm is destructive soil erosion;
+that the freshets and floods due to storm and thaw waters are destructive
+of property and even of life; and knowing through experience in
+this and other countries that the waste and destruction due to unregulated
+run-off are largely susceptible to control by appropriate agricultural
+methods, we hold that the aim of every farmer should be to make
+his farm take care of the water naturally reaching it; we also hold that
+allowing ordinary storm waters to carry silt and sand from farms into
+neighboring streams and rivers works a public injury which may be prevented
+by appropriate legislation.</p>
+
+<p>Realizing that the strength of the Nation will ever lie in the multiplication
+of homes on the land up to its full capacity, we approve the
+successful efforts of the Federal Government to provide for such homes
+through irrigation of the more arid portions of the country; we endorse
+and commend the Reclamation Service, and urge its continuance with
+such increased means as may be found needful; and we urge the immediate
+extension of the same policy to the drainage of swamp and
+overflow lands, to be carried forward so far as appropriate through coöperation
+between state and federal agencies.</p>
+
+<p>We recommend the early opening of the coal fields and other resources
+of Alaska belonging to the people of the United States, for industrial
+and commercial purposes, on a system of leasing, national ownership
+to be retained pending such development of that portion of our
+territory as to permit the creation of states within its area; and as a
+means of promoting industry and commerce in Alaska we approve the
+construction of necessary highways, railways, and terminal facilities by
+the National Government.</p>
+
+<p>Realizing that the prosperity of the country and its suitability for
+homes must always depend largely on transportation facilities, we
+recommend extension of the good roads movement until every community
+is provided with safe and easy ways to schools, churches and
+markets; and in developing the necessary road systems, we favor coöperation
+between townships, counties, states, and the federal government
+in such manner as to secure the greatest benefits to the entire
+country at the minimum cost.</p>
+
+<p>Realizing that the current cost of railway transportation is apparently
+exorbitant, amounting to about $2,750,000,000 annually, equivalent
+to a tax of $150 per family (or one-third the cost of living) or an
+impost of over $5 on each acre of improved land in the United States,
+we urge on the Federal Government appraisal of railway property and
+such investigation and supervision of railway business as will insure
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_xvi">[xvi]</span>protection of the public interests; and to this end we recommend enlargement
+of the powers of the Interstate Commerce Commission.</p>
+
+<p>As a means of reducing the cost of living and promoting the general
+welfare, we favor the establishment of a parcels post.</p>
+
+<p>Realizing that products of the soil on which our people depend for
+food and clothing are sometimes diverted from the most direct lines
+leading from producer to consumer for speculative purposes, and that
+they are made the basis for gambling transactions, we hold that all
+dealing in futures and gambling operations involving foodstuffs and
+materials for clothing are a public injury, and recommend investigation
+of the matter by authority of the Federal Congress; and in case our
+judgment is sustained by such investigation, we demand the enactment
+of law by the Federal Congress prohibiting the sale of these necessaries
+of life by men or interests who do not own them at the time of such
+sale, under penalties including imprisonment at least for any second
+offense.</p>
+
+<p>Since noxious insects and plants, including weeds, are a source of
+public injury, we urge appropriate state and federal legislation tending
+to their extermination; and we commend the development of that public
+spirit finding expression from time to time in communities and states
+in crusades against insect and plant pests in the public interest.</p>
+
+<p>Recognizing in coöperative enterprises an effective means of conserving
+human energy and increasing the efficiency of our soils in feeding
+our people cheaply, and thereby affording means for the development
+of equal opportunity for all, we approve and commend such coöperative
+organization among our producers and consumers as will tend
+to promote economy and prevent waste in handling the necessaries of
+life.</p>
+
+<p>Realizing that the interests of our citizens, our states, and our Nation
+are identical, and impressed by the success which has attended coöperation
+between state institutions and the Federal Government, we favor continuation
+and extension of such coöperation as a highly efficient means
+of promoting the general welfare.</p>
+
+<p>Impressed by immeasurable benefits derived by our people from
+the work of the United States Department of Agriculture in promoting
+the use and conservation of our soil and its products, we endorse and
+commend that department; we strongly urge on Congress increased appropriation
+for its necessary work; and we recommend the enactment
+of such state and federal legislation as will enable the state colleges of
+agriculture and experiment stations to maintain in every agricultural
+county a capable field demonstrator to aid farmers in practical application
+of newly acquired agricultural knowledge.</p>
+
+<p>Since all successful conservation effort must follow ascertained
+fact, we agree (1) that there should be in each commonwealth an active
+conservation commission or equivalent organization; and (2) that such
+commission should use and strive ever to coördinate all agencies, state
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_xvii">[xvii]</span>or national, which have for their object the discovery of exact data
+and the ascertainment of scientific information in reference to all natural
+resources and conditions in each of the several states and in the country
+at large.</p>
+
+<p>Recognizing the waters of the country as a great national resource,
+we approve and endorse the opinion that all the waters belong to all
+the people, and hold that they should be administered in the interests
+of all the people.</p>
+
+<p>Realizing that all parts of each drainage basin are related and interdependent,
+we hold that each stream should be regarded and treated
+as a unit from its source to its mouth; and since the waters are essentially
+mobile and transitory and are generally interstate, we hold that in
+all cases of divided or doubtful jurisdiction the waters should be administered
+by coöperation between state and federal agencies.</p>
+
+<p>Recognizing the interdependence of the various uses of the waters
+of the country, we hold that the primary uses are for domestic supply
+and for agriculture through irrigation or otherwise, and that the uses
+for navigation and for power, in which water is not consumed, are secondary;
+and we commend the modern view that each use of the waters
+should be made with reference to all other uses for the public welfare
+in accordance with the principle of the greatest good to the greatest
+number for the longest time.</p>
+
+<p>Viewing adequate and economical transportation facilities as among
+the means of conservation, and realizing that the growth of the country
+has exceeded the development of transportation facilities, we approve
+the prompt adoption of a comprehensive plan for developing navigation
+throughout the rivers and lakes of the United States, proceeding in the
+order of their magnitude and commercial importance.</p>
+
+<p>Recognizing the vast economic benefits to the people of water power
+derived largely from interstate and source streams no less than from
+navigable rivers, we favor public control of water power development;
+we deny the right of state or federal governments to continue alienating
+or conveying water by granting franchises for the use thereof in
+perpetuity; and we demand that the use of water rights be permitted
+only for limited periods, with just compensation in the interests of the
+people.</p>
+
+<p>We demand the maintenance of a federal commission empowered
+to deal with all uses of the waters and to coördinate these uses for the
+public welfare in coöperation with similar commissions or other agencies
+maintained by the states.</p>
+
+<p>We recognize the great service that has been, and can be, rendered
+in the conservation of our mineral resources, by developing and mining
+in large units with adequate capital, and approve the encouragement
+of such development under proper regulation.</p>
+
+<p>We heartily approve of the work of the United States Government
+in improving sanitary conditions and in lowering the death rates of
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_xviii">[xviii]</span>Cuba, the Philippine Islands, and the Canal Zone. We are especially
+pleased that in 1911 the National Government, through its wise provisions
+for the maneuver division of the United States Army operating
+in western Texas, demonstrated that the achievements in health and
+life security found possible in Cuba, the Philippine Islands, and the Canal
+Zone, are possible with Americans on American soil. We therefore call
+on our municipal, state, and national governments, to accomplish these
+same results for the people of the United States.</p>
+
+<p>Our National Government in the Canal Zone of Panama has demonstrated
+that Caucasians, properly directed, can work in the tropics
+without loss of efficiency, and we express our opinion that this is one
+of the monumental discoveries of the age.</p>
+
+<p>The Hook Worm Commission is demonstrating another possibility
+in increasing efficiency; and we endorse the efforts of this commission,
+and all other efforts, governmental and extra-governmental, for increasing
+human efficiency through promotion of physical welfare, and call on
+our governments—municipal, state, and national—to increase their activities
+along these lines.</p>
+
+<p>We favor a child welfare bureau under, and as a part of, each municipal
+and state government.</p>
+
+<p>Inasmuch as nearly all the states and most of the cities have health
+departments as coördinate branches of administrative work, we endorse
+the plan of bringing together as a department of health the various
+human health activities of the United States Government as a coördinate
+branch of its administrative work, divorced from the impediment
+of being a part of other administrative work of entirely different character
+and conducted for entirely different purposes; this in order that
+the efficiency of the service may be increased to a point in some degree
+commensurate with its importance.</p>
+
+<p>We protest against the present neglect of health, life security, and
+work for physical efficiency by the municipal, state and national governments,
+and we ask that they be given that study and care that have
+proven so broad an economy in the case of live stock and farm crops.</p>
+
+<p>We are of opinion that municipal, state, and national governments
+should pass proper laws, and provide proper means of enforcement of
+such laws that there may be prevented, (1) blindness, (2) birth accidents,
+(3) infant mortality, (4) labor by immature children, (5) communicable
+diseases of children, (6) occupational diseases, (7) occupational
+accidents, and especially mine and transportation accidents, (8)
+communicable diseases of adults, (9) bad ventilation, and (10) physical
+inefficiency.</p>
+
+<p>We deplore the practice of disposing of sewage and manufacturing
+waste by dumping it into the streams, lakes, and coastal waters of
+the Nation, thereby polluting the chief sources of water for drinking and
+domestic purposes, destroying fish and crustacean life, rendering the
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_xix">[xix]</span>waters obnoxious to sight and smell, and losing beyond hope of recovery
+vast quantities of elements essential to plant life.</p>
+
+<p>We earnestly advocate the employment by communities and manufacturing
+concerns of such methods of sewage disposal as will render
+their waste products innocuous to health and utilize them in the restoration
+of soil fertility, and to this end we urge the enactment by states of
+stream-pollution laws, and by the Federal Government of such legislation
+as will prevent the pollution of interstate and coastal waters.</p>
+
+<p>Deeply concerned at the rapid disappearance of wild life from the
+continent of North America and the large economic loss that the continued
+destruction of that life is bound to entail, we call upon the people
+of America to adopt more stringent measures to stop the excessive killing
+of birds, quadrupeds and fish, and to enact more drastic and far-reaching
+laws for the protection of the remnant from the extermination that
+threatens it.</p>
+
+<p>We realize that the tremendous importance of our fishery resources
+is underestimated, and that this great asset is threatened with serious
+diminution. We urge upon Congress and the states to provide more
+liberally for fish propagation and preservation, in the interest of the
+conservation of this food source so important at present and vital for
+the future.</p>
+
+<p>The problem of the preservation of migratory birds, fishes and
+quadrupeds is interstate; therefore, we emphatically endorse the resolution
+of the second National Conservation Congress to the effect that
+the National Government supplement the laws of the states with comprehensive
+national laws for the protection of migratory animals.</p>
+
+<p>The losses of life and property from fire in the United States are
+enormous and abnormal, amounting to 1,500 human lives annually, and
+with the cost of prevention to nearly $400,000,000 of property, or ten
+times that of any other civilized country of the world. Such losses may
+be largely prevented by economical treatment, and we recommend to the
+Congress of the United States a national investigation of this subject
+under government supervision, the collection, classification and analysis
+of data concerning the causes of such fire losses, and the relation of fire
+insurance rates thereto, to the end that a permanent department of government
+be established to collect and furnish to the United States and
+the people thereof reliable information in relation to life and property
+losses and practical means for their prevention.</p>
+
+<p>The children of the United States are recognized as the most precious
+resource of this Nation, and the Federal Bureau of Education as the
+best agency for collecting, publishing and distributing educational information
+throughout the country. We therefore urge that national appropriations
+for studying problems involving the welfare of the Nation’s
+school children be made comparable in amount with those annually made
+for studying problems involving the welfare and conservation of the
+Nation’s material resources.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_xx">[xx]</span></p>
+
+<p>In a system of free schools all the children should be trained for
+good citizenship and for the useful industries; owing to the rapidly
+changing and increasingly complex social and economic condition in all
+sections of the Union, our public schools should make ample provision
+for instructing the youth of the land in the more important occupations
+in which our people are engaged, and the parents and teachers should
+counsel together to determine if possible for what vocation each child
+is best adapted. We recommend that the schools should be so organized
+and conducted that the great purposes for which this Congress exists may
+be realized through the work and lives of men and women who have
+been trained in health, home-making, citizenship, and industry.</p>
+
+<p>We urge upon all who are concerned with the actual work of conservation,
+whether in the state or Nation, that they secure quickly as
+possible through unprejudiced scientific investigation exact knowledge
+concerning our various resources and the conditions which affect their
+development, and we urge that all constructive conservation policies be
+based upon such exact information.</p>
+
+<p>As this notable Congress draws to a close we, the delegates, desire
+to express our hearty appreciation of the many courtesies and the warm
+hospitality extended to us by the citizens of the city and state in which
+we are assembled. We desire, especially, to proffer warm thanks to His
+Excellency Herbert S. Hadley, Governor of Missouri, and to Honorable
+Darius A. Brown, Mayor of Kansas City, for their words of welcome,
+borne out later by actions.</p>
+
+<p>We desire also to express a special acknowledgment of the courtesy,
+energy and ability and good will of the Commercial Club of Kansas City,
+as manifested particularly by its accomplished president, Mr. J. C. Lester,
+and its highly capable secretary, Mr. E. M. Clendening. We appreciate
+our obligation, too, to the local board of managers, and to Chairman
+Neal, for their efficient service.</p>
+
+<p>We also acknowledge a debt to the clergy of Kansas City for their
+coöperation in several sessions and for the spirit emanating from them
+which has done so much to temper and ennoble the deliberations of the
+Congress.</p>
+
+<p>We, the delegates, desire also to express appreciation of the devotion,
+eminent fairness, tireless energy, and endless good humor of retiring
+President Wallace; we acknowledge no less indebtedness to the highly
+efficient chairman of the executive committee, Mr. John B. White, now
+president of the Congress.</p>
+
+<p>We also note our debt to the efficient executive secretary of the
+Congress, Mr. Thomas R. Shipp, without whose untiring efforts the Congress
+would have fallen short in the accomplishment of duty; and we appreciate,
+too, the efficiency of Recording Secretary Gipe.</p>
+
+<p>We desire to signalize our appreciation of the notably efficient service
+of our worthy sergeant-at-arms, Colonel John I. Martin, who has
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_xxi">[xxi]</span>not only maintained perfect order under trying circumstances, but has
+smoothed the practical working of the Congress by his courtesy and good
+humor.</p>
+
+<p>Finally, we acknowledge a special obligation to the press of Kansas
+City for the notably full and fair reports of our proceedings from
+day to day, and in equal degree for the preliminary publicity which contributed
+so much to the success of this Congress.</p>
+
+<figure class="figcenter illowp56" id="illus2" style="max-width: 32.8125em;">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/illus2.jpg" alt="">
+  <figcaption>
+    <p><span class="smcap">Dr. Henry Wallace</span>, President 1910-11</p>
+  </figcaption>
+</figure>
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+
+<div class="chapter">
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_1">[1]</span></p>
+
+<h1>THIRD NATIONAL CONSERVATION CONGRESS</h1>
+
+<h2 class="nobreak" id="OPENING_SESSION"><i>OPENING SESSION.</i></h2>
+
+</div>
+
+<p>The Congress convened in Convention Hall, Kansas City, Missouri,
+on the morning of September 25, 1911, President Henry W. Wallace in
+the chair.</p>
+
+<p class="mt2">President <span class="smcap">Wallace</span>—The convention will come to order and will
+be opened with an invocation by the Rt. Rev. Thomas F. Lillis, Bishop
+of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Kansas City.</p>
+
+<h3>INVOCATION.</h3>
+
+<p><i>In the name of the Father, and of the Son, and of the Holy Ghost,
+Amen. Our Father, Who art in Heaven, hallowed be Thy name; Thy
+Kingdom come, Thy will be done on earth as it is in Heaven; give us
+this day our daily bread, and forgive us our trespasses as we forgive
+those who trespass against us. Lead us not into temptation, but deliver
+us from evil. Amen.</i></p>
+
+<p class="mt2">President <span class="smcap">Wallace</span>—An address of welcome will now be delivered
+on behalf of Kansas City by its Mayor, the Honorable Darius A. Brown.
+(Applause)</p>
+
+<p class="mt2">Mayor <span class="smcap">Brown</span>—Mr. President, Ladies and Gentlemen: In the very
+brief time in which I have to speak to you, if there is one fact of which
+I want to convince you it is that I am absolutely not responsible for the
+condition of the weather this morning. Convention Hall, the walls of
+it, have probably enclosed many important conventions and congresses,
+but I do not believe in the entire history of the institution, or of Kansas
+City, that there has ever gathered here a congress or convention whose
+deliberations and conclusions are of such vital importance to the great
+mass of people as that which will soon convene here this morning. We
+have had all sorts of conventions for the purpose of discussing ways
+and means of pursuing their public avocations, and how to best carry
+on the business in which they are engaged, but this is a Congress which
+is not gathered for the purpose of determining how it is best to make
+money or to carry on business, but for the purpose of solving some of
+the great problems which are necessary to be solved in order that we
+should go forward in the way in which this Nation should go forward.</p>
+
+<p>Beginning with a strong desire to prevent waste of some of the lands
+and natural resources of this country, the principle of conservation has
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_2">[2]</span>been so extended and its scope so widened that today it is only limited
+by the bonds of human activity, and this principle of conservation is
+certainly of vital importance to the great cities of this country, and it
+has lately come to be given a practical application in the saving and
+preventing from waste of the valuable rights which the people of great
+cities have in their streets and public thoroughfares. For a long time
+past when private individuals sought certain valuable rights in the streets
+and thoroughfares of our great cities it has been the custom to give them
+for the asking, but now has come a time when the minds of the people
+are turned to the principles which demand that none of these things
+should be wasted or granted away unless there is a fair and just return
+to the people for the rights which are granted. There is another application
+of this principle of conservation in the life of our great cities.
+Conditions have arisen and exist today, and have existed, the cause of
+which has not yet been definitely determined, whereby the lives and the
+health and the morals of the people are being wasted; and so the thinking
+patriotic people of every city in this country are directing their minds,
+not so much to anything that is the result of these conditions as to get
+directly at the cause and prevent the results which are flowing from the
+causes which have existed. And the officers of this Congress have
+become so saturated and so imbued with this principle of conservation
+that the secretary, in sending out his notices to those who have been
+selected to deliver these addresses of welcome this morning, inserted
+therein a clause wherein he said there will be five addresses for the
+morning session, and therefore all of them will necessarily have to be
+brief; and the secretary was right. And it is absolutely right that it
+should be so, for many reasons, particularly two: Because there will
+assemble here this morning and during the days of these sessions some
+of the most distinguished, able and learned men of the United States,
+men who have shown their right to speak authoritatively on these great
+subjects; men who have devoted their time, energy, their lifetime, to the
+study of the proper solution of the great problems of American life;
+men who are coming here with a message to deliver to the people of
+this Congress and to the people of this great country; and therefore it
+is not right and proper that their time and the time of the people who
+have come here to listen should be wasted by an address of welcome.</p>
+
+<p>And it has been suggested that on account of the fact that possibly
+some of those who are to deliver these addresses of welcome have caused
+considerable delay, that they ought to be abolished altogether. There is
+another reason why no time should be wasted in hearing addresses of
+welcome. I do not know why this custom has grown up in this country
+that when any considerable body of citizens of one part of the country
+gathers in another part that it is necessary for some high dignitary or
+executive of the city to deliver an address of welcome. Perhaps it came
+from the older countries of the world, where the provinces and the municipalities
+and states were clutching at each other’s throats, and they built
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_3">[3]</span>great walls around the city, and when one man wanted to visit another
+community it was necessary for him to go to the gate and rap on it
+and have some high dignitary bid him enter. In this great country of
+ours we have been drawn so closely together by the influence of the
+newspapers, the magazines, the railroads, telephone and telegraph that
+today we are one great common people, actuated by the same great
+motives and inspired by the same high ideals, and so a citizen of one
+portion of this country today is just as welcome in another portion of
+the country as the rising sun in the morning. (Applause) And so I
+say it is not necessary for any representative of the city to say to this
+gathering that they are welcome in Kansas City, or to say that the arms
+of the people of Kansas City are extended in a hearty welcome, because
+we believe that the result of the deliberations which you will hold here
+and the conclusions which you will reach will not only be of lasting and
+vital benefit to the people of this city, but to the people all over this
+country. And it is an encouraging sign of the times that in every
+branch of human endeavor the people are gathering periodically, yearly
+or monthly, or biennially, for the purpose of discussing the questions
+which affect them in their peculiar avocations. It has been said a great
+many times that perhaps democracy is a failure, that the people all have
+shown themselves incapable of governing themselves. But the most prolific
+cause of that opinion has been that in the past the public servants
+have been selected and the public questions have been solved by a small
+body of men, sometimes too many of which are actuated only by a desire
+for their personal aggrandizement.</p>
+
+<p>And the great rank and file of the citizenship, the individual citizen,
+has not seen fit to devote any of his time to a study of any of those
+problems, but has left the whole government of the people to be
+done by this small coterie of men. The people are awakening to their
+responsibility as citizens of this country: they are beginning to ally
+themselves with some such organization as this, which has for its purpose
+the study and solution of these problems, and day by day, more
+and more, by enactment of Congress, amendments of constitution,
+state legislative action, amendments of city charters, more and more
+of these great questions are being submitted directly to the people for
+solution, and so I say, when the time comes through this awakening
+which we have seen, when the individual citizen will come to a full
+appreciation of his responsibility, and these problems are submitted to
+them, they will all be solved right and properly. And I want to say
+in conclusion that I hope, and I express the hope of every good citizen
+of Kansas City, that this Congress will achieve great things, will do
+more than has ever been done before to solve these great problems
+that are clamoring for solution. I thank you. (Applause)</p>
+
+<p class="mt2">President <span class="smcap">Wallace</span>—On behalf of the Commercial Club of this
+city an address of welcome will be delivered by Mr. John C. Lester,
+its honored president.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_4">[4]</span></p>
+
+<p class="mt2">Mr. Lester spoke as follows:</p>
+
+<p>Mr. President and Members of the National Conservation Congress:
+I bear to you the greetings of the Commercial Club and the
+other industrial and civic organizations of Kansas City. We find
+nothing in our annals which is a greater source of pride than our part
+in bringing this Congress to Kansas City. We are proud to welcome an
+assembly of men and women who are devoted to the idea of the salvation
+of the physical resources of the nation, which means the physical salvation
+of our part of the race. The moral benefit to ourselves of trying
+to do something for others, is taught in an age-old lesson. What
+better way of illustrating that principle, and securing that good than by
+teaching that the spendthrift energies of this generation must be curbed
+in order that more be left for the vital sustenance of the next. What
+more inspiring sight than this great audience, drawn from the four
+quarters of the Nation with minds intent on that one principle? We
+easily recognize the great impulses and movements for the good of the
+race. They stand out in history like mile-stones. Among them the
+cause of your meeting, the cause of conservation is a pillar of fire. You
+are rightfully appalled by waste and are fighting it as sin. You are fully
+conscious from the story of life on this earth, of what a proper use of
+his resources means to man. You are fully conscious of the folly of destroying
+today what will be needed to save life tomorrow.</p>
+
+<p>Your theme is Conservation. You tremble at conditions and seek
+a remedy. To you the glory of the harvest, the wealth of the mine, the
+roar of the falling water, the shadows of the forests, the flow of the
+streams, means more than the happiness of today: you would also have
+them the joy of tomorrow. If the world heeds your advice the day of
+the last man will be put off for countless ages.</p>
+
+<p>The products of the soil and the forest, in seeking a market, seek
+the sea and its highways as naturally as do the waters of the streams.
+In obedience to this law, this community is now engaged in an effort
+to solve one of the great practical problems of conservation—that is, the
+conservation of power in transportation. We are devoted to the idea
+of the practical use of the Missouri River as a freight carrier. You
+have taught us that saving coal means saving life. You have also taught
+us that the same power required to move 8 tons on steel rails will move
+34 tons on water; hence who dares say that our ambition to reach the
+sea by water with our products is an idle dream, or that the immutable
+laws of Nature are not on our side? Our critics are fighting the eternal
+verities! They might as well fulminate against the law of gravitation!
+The Missouri River is and will be navigated. In this effort we claim
+kinship with all the sons and daughters of Conservation.</p>
+
+<p>As that eminent Frenchman and conservator of peace, Baron Destournelles,
+recently our guest, in writing a short time ago about this
+city and its relation to the Missouri River, pointed out, the river and
+the railroads have their separate burdens to bear, one class of freight will
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_5">[5]</span>always seek the quicker transit of the rails, another class will always
+seek the vastly cheaper transportation afforded by a water channel.</p>
+
+<p>But I must not anticipate a possible subject of your deliberations.
+Pardon me, if I feel impelled when addressing conservationists to prove
+a strong local bond of sympathy!</p>
+
+<p>As apostles of conversation-conservation, you, at your third annual
+meeting, have made a splendid beginning. You have supported precept
+by example in that you have selected a place for your Congress, just
+125 miles east of the geographical center of the United States. You
+have thus conserved both the time and money of your members in
+meeting at Kansas City!—a most excellent centre from which easily
+radiate all influences for good, either moral or commercial!</p>
+
+<p>It is my part, however, on behalf of all our civic organizations, to
+supplement and, if possible, strengthen your official welcome. You are
+thrice welcomed; first, because we are proud to honor as great a nucleus
+of brains and character as ever assembled under Convention Hall;
+second, because we know your purpose and your work and believe in
+them; and, third, because we expect to learn from you how to conserve
+the health of our children, how to conserve the purity of the streams
+from which we must drink, how to conserve the fertility of our soil
+from the exhausting wastes of ignorance, how to conserve the happiness
+of the country home, and turn the tide back from the cities—all save
+this one perhaps—and in all things to live in and enjoy this world so
+that the generations that come after will bless us and the great doctrines
+of conservation.</p>
+
+<p>We are honored by your presence.</p>
+
+<p>May we all follow the banner bearing your motto, “The greatest
+good for the greatest number for the longest time.”</p>
+
+<p class="mt2">President <span class="smcap">Wallace</span>—An address of welcome will now be delivered
+by the Honorable Herbert S. Hadley, Governor of Missouri, on behalf
+of that great state. Governor Hadley. (Applause)</p>
+
+<p class="mt2">Governor <span class="smcap">Hadley</span>—Mr. Chairman, Ladies and Gentlemen: His
+Honor, the Mayor, and the President of the Commercial Club have
+made welcoming on my part a work of supererogation. I know, of
+course, that you are welcome, and you know are welcome, or you would
+not be here. The President of the Commercial Club has referred to
+you and to himself as apostles of conversation as well as apostles of
+Conservation. And so it is upon that suggestion, I suppose, that in
+making speeches of welcome, we are making speeches in discussion of
+the subject that has brought them here. I take it, however, the explanation
+of my presence on the program this morning, is not for the purpose
+of welcoming you here to the State of Missouri, because you were
+welcomed here when you decided to come. I am here among these
+apostles of conservation and apostles of conversation simply for the
+purpose of giving a little variety to the program. It seemed well to
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_6">[6]</span>those who were managing this Congress that on an occasion when the
+people gathered together from all the states in the Union to consider
+the important question of a proper conservation of the soil, that it
+would be well to have at least one farmer among those who were gathered
+together for the purposes of that discussion. (Applause) And
+so they came down to Jefferson City to ask me to turn aside from my
+executive and agricultural pursuits long enough to come up here and
+lend a little variety to the program this morning, because to those who
+come from other states it may be necessary to impart that although I
+have been regarded and referred to upon various occasions as something
+of a political curiosity, I am far more than that in that I am the first
+farmer Governor of the State of Missouri in over a half a century, and
+I think the first Governor in the entire history of the state who became
+a farmer after he became Governor. (Laughter and applause). So
+consequently I represent in and of myself both the principles of conversation
+and the principles of Conservation. Consequently, what I
+have to say to you this morning will be along the line of congratulation
+that you have come to a state that has such a splendid example, not
+only of the necessity, but of the practical results of the application of
+that great national policy that you are gathered here to consider. As
+has been suggested by the remarks of the Mayor, and the President of
+the Commercial Club, this question of conservation is a question which
+has so many sides, and has so many practical and important applications
+that you have, Mr. Chairman, to come to a great state like the State
+of Missouri, with its diversified interests and resources, in order to see
+just exactly how great a question you are dealing with. (Laughter)
+So I congratulate you upon the wisdom that you have displayed in
+selecting your place of meeting. I say this advisedly, because Missouri,
+which is the oldest of those states lying wholly west of the
+Mississippi to have been admitted to the Union, is one of the youngest
+or most undeveloped states between the Mississippi and the Pacific.</p>
+
+<p>Even before the territory where we meet today had become a part
+of the American Republic, the hardy pioneers, hunters, trappers and
+traders who had carried English civilization across the Alleghanies and
+into the valley of the Mississippi had pushed westward even to the
+banks of the Missouri. Following the acquisition of the Territory of
+Louisiana and our organization as a territory and admission as a state,
+Missouri stood for forty years as an outpost of civilization, reaching
+out to the unknown and the undiscovered West. And from her borders
+stretched those two great highways of commerce, the Oregon Trail,
+and the Santa Fe Trail, along which, in turn, were to march the soldiers,
+hunters, trappers and traders who were to bind the Trans-Mississippi
+country to the United States by ties stronger than those of treaties and
+of laws. The Missourian became the pioneer of the West. And in
+practically every state that lies in that vast empire between the Mississippi
+and the Pacific the sons of Missouri have felled the forests, dug
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_7">[7]</span>the mines, cultivated the soil, written the constitutions and laws, held the
+offices and directed the commercial and industrial activities.</p>
+
+<p class="center">MISSOURI’S UNDEVELOPED RESOURCES.</p>
+
+<p>So bounteously, in fact, has Missouri contributed of her citizenship
+to the development of other states and territories that she has left
+undeveloped many of her own natural resources and uncultivated almost
+one-half of her soil. Of the 44 millions of acres which constitute the
+State of Missouri, little more than one-half has ever been touched by
+a plowshare; and of her 20 millions of acres of uncultivated soil, there
+are 17,500,000 acres of woodland awaiting the stroke of the woodman’s
+axe. Of lead and zinc, we produce more than any state in the Union,
+yes, more than all of the states of the Union combined, or any nation
+in the world. And yet the geologists tell us that greater stores of mineral
+wealth lie beneath the surface of our soil than have even been discovered
+by the drill of the miner or the pick of the prospector. We have
+within and along our borders 6,000 miles of navigable rivers, a larger
+number of miles of navigable waterways than any inland state in the
+Union. By the cultivation of one-half of our 44 millions of acres we
+produce over 100 million dollars worth of corn each year, nearly 1 million
+dollars in value of this product for every county in the state. Missouri
+lies in the very center of the American corn belt, and there are
+no corn lands superior to those found in this state. One farmer in Missouri
+grows more corn each year on his farm than is grown in the nine
+States of Utah, Oregon, Washington, Arizona, Idaho, Montana, Rhode
+Island, Wyoming and Nevada combined. Three counties in Missouri
+grow more corn than nineteen other states, in which is included all of
+New England. These three counties grow more corn than do the
+states of New York, Maryland or West Virginia. Three times as much
+corn is produced in Missouri each year as is produced in all of South
+America, three-fifths as much as in all of Europe and nearly one-half
+as much as is produced in the whole world outside of the United States.
+The average yield of corn in Missouri per acre is forty bushels, a higher
+average yield than in any state in the Union, and yet by the proper application
+of the principle of conservation in the use and cultivation of
+the soil, this production could doubtless be increased 25 per cent. And
+by the proper use of the uncultivated corn lands of the state, our production
+could be made greater than any state in the United States, and
+probably greater than the entire corn production of Europe.</p>
+
+<p>The same thing is true as to our other important crops. Our average
+wheat crop sells for 30 millions of dollars, which is also the average
+value of our crop of hay which is sold upon the markets, not including
+the immense acreage of blue grass, clover and timothy pastures.</p>
+
+<p class="center">THE OZARK REGION.</p>
+
+<p>The character of our soil, as well as of our climate, is peculiarly
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_8">[8]</span>favorable for the growing of grass. Grass is not only the greatest of
+all agricultural products, but its production under most favorable conditions
+is an indication of the most desirable place of habitation for man.
+One of the early travelers who investigated the conditions in the Trans-Mississippi
+country, who was also much of a philosopher, made the statement
+that the best place for human habitation is in that country farthest
+south where grass grows well. And the country farthest south
+where grass grows well is to be found in the Ozark region of Missouri.
+When the first Spanish explorers crossed the Mississippi, they found the
+largest herds of buffalo, elk, deer and antelope feeding upon the splendid
+pastures of blue stem and of blue grass in what is now the southern half
+of Missouri. Prior to the coming of the white man, this region was a
+vast upland prairie, noted for its splendid growth of grass and favorable
+hunting ground. And so long as the Indians remained, the growth of
+trees, except along the rivers and the streams, was prevented by the
+burning of the grass each year. But with the coming of the white man
+and the driving out of the Indian, the growth of the timber extended
+back from the rivers and the streams, and what was once the greatest
+pasture in the country is now covered by a growth of timber.</p>
+
+<p>Through the proper application of the principles of conservation,
+this timber can be cleared in such a manner as to restore the growth of
+blue grass and of blue stem to make this region the most favorable for
+dairying and the raising of live stock that the country affords, and at
+the same time preserve enough of the trees to give the natural commercial
+advantages to be derived therefrom.</p>
+
+<p>Of our 20 millions of acres of uncultivated soil, three and one-half
+million consist of swamp and overflowed lands to be found in the valleys
+of our great rivers. If this land were reclaimed by the application
+of the principles of conservation, so as to produce a certain annual harvest,
+it would produce enough of agricultural wealth each year to feed
+all of the people of Missouri, and leave the balance of our 23 millions
+of acres for the production of surplus products.</p>
+
+<p>In support of this statement, let me refer you to facts of history,
+for Egypt, during the palmiest days of her civilization, never had under
+cultivation to exceed six millions of acres in the Valley of the Nile. And
+yet these six millions of acres supported a population of 10 millions of
+people. Holland reclaimed from the sea two and one-half millions of
+acres of land which supported a population of 8 millions of people. And
+yet the swamp and flooded lands of Missouri are as rich as the reclaimed
+lands of Holland or the Valley of the Nile.</p>
+
+<p class="center">THE NEED OF SWAMP LAND RECLAMATION.</p>
+
+<p>The reason why these lands do not now produce a certain annual
+harvest is largely due to the fact that the National Government does not
+keep within their banks the waters of its navigable rivers. During
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_9">[9]</span>the course of the last ten years, the National Government has spent 125
+millions of dollars to put water on to three and one-half millions of arid
+lands in the West. I am confident that there is no one present here today
+who objects to the policy that has been followed by our National Government
+for the reclamation of the arid lands of the West by the conservation
+of our waters for the purpose of irrigation. Though mistakes
+may have been made in isolated cases, the general policy meets
+with national approval. But I feel that the time will come; in fact, I
+believe it has come, when the national government should be willing to
+spend at least a small portion of the money that it uses to put water
+on the arid lands of the West to keep the water of its navigable rivers
+off of the rich lowlands of the Missouri and the Mississippi rivers. It
+takes an expense of from $25 to $40 an acre to put water on to the arid
+lands of the West, and yet it is the estimate of engineers that by an
+expense of not to exceed $5.00 an acre the water of the navigable rivers
+can be kept off of the lowlands adjacent thereto.</p>
+
+<p>This question is of importance not only to the people of Missouri,
+but to the people of the entire country. There are in the Mississippi
+and Missouri river valleys over 20 millions of acres of the richest lands
+in the world, which are now impaired for the purpose of cultivation by
+reason of swamps and overflows. If this land were reclaimed and made
+to yield a certain annual harvest, it would almost double the agricultural
+production of the Mississippi Valley. And the reason why it is not so
+productive is, as I have said, because the national government does not
+keep the waters of its navigable rivers within their banks. By doing
+so the reclamation of this swamp and flooded land would not only be
+made possible, but by such a policy our navigable rivers would be improved
+and made more dependable as a means of inland transportation.
+And it little profits us to increase the production of our fertile fields
+unless that production can be carried from the farms to the market in
+such a way and for such a charge as will adequately compensate for the
+labor thereby expended.</p>
+
+<p>And if the principles of conservation were given a practical and
+effective application in improving our rivers by the keeping of their
+waters within their banks, by using in a proper and a scientific way our
+uncultivated soil, the railroads would be unequal to the task of carrying
+such an immensely increased agricultural production from the farm
+to the market. Then the question of water transportation would become
+a necessity and, in my judgment, a satisfactory progress in the improvement
+of our inland waterways for the purposes of transportation
+will not be made until our agricultural production is increased to such an
+extent that existing railroads are unequal to its transportation.</p>
+
+<p class="center">THE PROBLEM OF ADEQUATE PRODUCTION.</p>
+
+<p>I have outlined to you, in a most general way, some of the important
+phases of the question of conservation which find a practical
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_10">[10]</span>application to the conditions existing today in the State of Missouri.
+Experts tell us that over 40 per cent of our farm lands are being cultivated
+in a way which tends to decrease, rather than to increase, their
+productivity. Such a policy must inevitably result in the impoverishment
+of the Nation; because when you destroy the productivity of the
+soil, then do you strike at the very foundation of national prosperity and
+happiness. Agriculture, the oldest of occupations, is clearly the most
+important. The value of that which is produced from the soil exceeds
+the value of all other products of human labor. Up to the present time
+in this country, we have been peculiarly fortunate in that our production
+has exceeded consumption and the supply has always been greater
+than the demand. The result has been that the American people alone,
+of all the people of the world, have eaten the same kind of food. And
+no stronger influence could exist as against the creation of classes and
+castes in our population than for all of the people to eat the same kind
+of food.</p>
+
+<p>But with the consumption increasing more rapidly than production,
+and the consequent increase in the cost of the necessities of life,
+there shall come a time when many will not be able to secure the same
+kind of food that is enjoyed by others. Then will there come a disturbing
+and dangerous influence which will threaten our society and our institutions.
+Statistics tell us of a constantly decreasing surplus of production.
+Our balance of trade is rapidly becoming confined to the exports
+of cotton. And if the present tendency continues, in a few years
+we will consume all of the products of our grain and of our live stock
+and have none to sell in other lands. And when this condition is followed
+by a time that it will be necessary to import the necessities of
+life, then will exist conditions which will be the cause of concern, as
+well as a reflection upon the American people for their capacity to use
+in a proper manner the great natural resources with which nature has
+endowed them.</p>
+
+<p>I feel, however, that the American people have demonstrated most
+impressively their capacity for self-government by the effective manner
+in which they have taken up this important question of conservation.
+Ten years ago, the term was hardly known outside of the laboratory of
+the scientist and the class-room of the agricultural college. Today it is
+almost a household term. Under the inspiring leadership of that great
+American, Theodore Roosevelt, the American people have taken up the
+consideration and the practical application of this important national
+policy. And this splendid Congress today, assembled in this progressive
+and developing city, is an evidence of the fact that the interest in this
+question is by no means subsiding.</p>
+
+<p>I welcome you to Missouri and voice the sentiment of her people
+when I say we hope that your deliberations and discussions will contribute
+to the practical and effective application of that great public policy
+that you are gathered here to consider.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_11">[11]</span></p>
+
+<p class="mt2">President <span class="smcap">Wallace</span>—This is a right good looking audience. We
+want it to go down in history, and if you will just be quiet, we will have
+a flashlight picture taken before I respond to this eloquent address to
+which you have just listened.</p>
+
+<p>[After the flash light picture was taken the Congress proceeded.]</p>
+
+<p class="mt2">President <span class="smcap">Wallace</span>—I assure you that it is a great privilege as
+well as pleasure to respond in behalf of this Congress to the cordial
+address of welcome of the Governor of the great State of Missouri, the
+Mayor of Kansas City and the President of the Commercial Club. The
+people of the West generally know Kansas City only as they see it from
+the stations, and have no proper conception of the magnificence of its
+buildings, the beauty of its streets and surroundings, and still less of
+the remarkable enterprise of its citizens. I confess that all this was a
+great surprise to me on a recent visit here.</p>
+
+<p>The real greatness of your city lies in the agricultural resources.
+With the great State of Kansas on the west, with the great State of
+Missouri on the east, with Oklahoma and Arkansas with their undeveloped
+resources on the south, its future greatness must be largely
+measured by the development of agriculture in these great states, in the
+great corn state lying farther north and in the great cotton states farther
+south. Kansas City can lay its hand on more possible agricultural
+wealth than any other city on the map of the United States. Hence
+it was early recognized by the officers of this Congress as the best possible
+place to inaugurate a campaign for better farming, better business
+and better living on the farm.</p>
+
+<p>The actual prosperity of any city is largely measured by the foresight,
+the breadth of vision and energy of its commercial club. A modern
+city may have vast resources; it may have a form of government
+almost ideal; and that government may be acceptable to the people and
+free from any breath of scandal; but if it does not have an organization
+of its ablest and best business men, who can make a careful study
+of these resources, who work together—and that, too, often at great
+personal and pecuniary sacrifice—for the good of the city as a whole,
+these resources are likely to remain undeveloped. The citizens of your
+city and the whole state may well be proud of your Commercial Club.
+Its members are the eyes through which the citizen sees the possible,
+and the hands through which the possible becomes the actual. They
+are the ears that recognize the unspoken needs and aspirations of the
+busy masses, and the voice that gives them authoritative expression.
+Without an active Commercial Club, such as you have, in which the
+masses of the city have perfect confidence, you could not realize your
+possibilities.</p>
+
+<p>I am no less glad to respond to the cordial greeting of the Governor
+of Missouri, a state of magnificent resources of soil, in mineral
+wealth of several kinds, and in climate. As “no man liveth to himself,”
+no state liveth to itself; but Missouri could better afford to be fenced
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_12">[12]</span>off by itself than any other state in the Union. It could feed itself,
+clothe itself and enjoy itself, and all from its own resources in field,
+forest and mine, “without the aid or consent of any other nation on the
+face of the earth.” Its Governor and its citizens may well be proud
+of its advance in educational lines and in the development of its many
+and varied resources. Kansas City, Missouri, is therefore a fitting place
+for the conservationists of the United States to meet and discuss the
+greatest of all present problems; how to conserve the greatest of the
+resources of the Nation, the fertility of the soil and the life of the people
+who live in the open country. I am sure I voice the sentiment of this
+Congress as a whole when I return its most heartfelt thanks and full
+appreciation of the hearty welcome given by the Mayor of Kansas City,
+the President of its Commercial Club, and the Governor of the State of
+Missouri.</p>
+
+<p class="center">THE DRIFT OF POPULATION.</p>
+
+<p>It will be my object in this address not to discuss any phase of the
+conservation movement exhaustively, but to outline briefly two drifts
+of population: the drift from the farm to the city and the drift from the
+city toward the land, and the work of this Congress as related thereto.</p>
+
+<p>Even before the daily press had begun the crusade “back to the
+land,” the movement toward the land had already set in. When Oklahoma
+was opened to settlement the land seekers stood, serried ranks of
+horsemen, waiting for the signal gun; and that great state of undulating
+prairie, heretofore only a great pasture, was converted in a few weeks
+into a state of farm homes. Congress did not dare to repeat the experiment;
+but when other Indian reservations were opened, provided for
+the distribution of land by lot, giving the prize to the lucky man rather
+than to the one with the swiftest horse and most accurate knowledge
+of the country. Every opening since reveals the fact that only one in a
+few can gain the coveted prize, so great is the land hunger of the
+American people.</p>
+
+<p>This land hunger is not peculiar to any class of people nor to any
+state. The merchant, the banker, the railroad official of New York and
+Boston, each longs for a farm, possibly only as a summer home, but is
+willing to pay for it in investment, in improvements and cost of management,
+more than it is worth in dollars or ever will be. He, too, is
+bitten by land hunger. Many small business men of our cities, who
+cannot hope to secure a farm and live on it, invest greedily in acreage
+in the suburbs. The workman in the factory aims to secure two or three
+acres on which he can build himself a home, have a garden or cow pasture
+or place for poultry, or at least a playground for his children.</p>
+
+<p>The growth of large cities has ceased to be in the business or even
+in the old residence sections, and is entirely in the suburbs. The same
+holds true abroad. According to the census for 1909, London in the ten
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_13">[13]</span>years previous increased about three-quarters of a million. Yet the population
+of the old town, “Old Londontown,” decreased very heavily; the
+administrative district just outside that did not quite hold its own; and
+the entire growth and twenty thousand more was made in the outer
+circle or the suburbs. If men cannot have country life in the country,
+they are constantly aiming at “<i>rus in urbe</i>,” in other words, to get as
+much as possible of the country in the city.</p>
+
+<p>As interurbans stretch out from the cities, farm after farm on their
+lines is divided up into acreage; and thus while the steam railroads tend
+to concentrate population, as they have from the beginning, the trolley
+lines tend to lure the people back toward the country. Even our foreign
+population, the men who dig our coal, mine our ores and swelter
+in our furnaces, aim to have a few acres which they can call their own,
+where they may live cheaply and die in peace and quiet, when the great
+interests have used up their best days and cast them off.</p>
+
+<p>In fact, latent in the heart of nearly every man, be he man of business,
+clerk or other employe, or laboring with his hands, there is a
+yearning desire to have a piece of land to call his own. Perhaps they
+do not consciously reason it out. It may be a revival of the instinct
+of the primitive man, or it may be an instinctive fear of industrial wrath
+to come and a feeling that, should it come, should our whole industrial
+system be shaken to its very foundation, the family that has a few acres
+of its own can at least live in comparative comfort and safety.</p>
+
+<p class="center">THE MOVEMENT TO THE CITY.</p>
+
+<p>Alongside of this movement, back toward, if not always to the
+farm, the counter-movement from the farm to the town, which has been
+going on for fifty years, continues with increasing and accelerated force.
+Farmers all over the older West move in great numbers or retire to the
+country towns; and notwithstanding all this constant influx of population,
+these towns, as the late census reveals, have barely held their own and
+often have lost population, the natural increase of the towns themselves
+pouring into the larger towns and cities, in which the majority live with
+less comfort than the farmers who remain on their farms. Vast numbers
+of boys and girls fall a prey to the alluring vices of the city; and many
+of them eventually take their places with “the down and out.” Comparatively
+few succeed and become well-to-do. The children of these
+few become wealthy; their grandchildren usually spend gaily the fortunes
+they never earned; and naturally the family dies out, at least, so
+far as force and power are concerned, in another generation or at most
+two or three. The city uses up men and families as it uses up horses.
+And this is true not only in this, but in the older countries as well.
+All Ireland, for example, except Dublin and Belfast, has lost population
+in the last ten years, as has also nearly all of Wales and Scotland.</p>
+
+<p>I regard it as important that you should understand as clearly as
+possible the conditions that have caused this world-wide movement from
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_14">[14]</span>the farm to the city, as only in this way shall we be able to foresee and
+describe the conditions that will cause and are even now causing a return
+flow or movement back toward the land.</p>
+
+<p>This movement townward began with the use of improved machinery,
+or the application of science to the operations of manufacturing
+and distributing the things necessary for the supply of our ever-increasing
+human wants. It has increased in proportion to the success
+of the inventions and discoveries. The power loom put all other looms
+out of business. The spinning jenny sent the spinning wheel to the
+attic. The small industries—the wagon shops, the blacksmith shops,
+the grist mills and carding mills found in and around the county seats
+and smaller towns fifty years ago—“folded their tents like the Arab and
+silently stole away,” when it was found that a large plant and improved
+machinery, coupled with transportation facilities, could supply human
+wants at less cost.</p>
+
+<p class="center">THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE CORPORATION.</p>
+
+<p>What followed? Large capital was required for the larger plants.
+The individual gave place to the firm; the firm eventually became a
+corporation, and finally a trust. At last the workman could no longer
+own his own tools, and became an employe. Large numbers of employes
+were soon necessary, and for self-protection they formed the union.
+The organization of labor followed logically the organization of capital
+and gave us one of the greatest and most difficult of modern problems,
+that of labor unions.</p>
+
+<p>In the factory we no longer aim to supply local demands, but state,
+interstate, national and even international. For this there must be
+transportation, and therefore we have now a railroad problem closely
+intertwined with the labor problem, intimately connected with the whole
+process of manufacturing and distribution. The products of these great
+factories must be used by consumers living at long distances. Hence
+we have the problem of distribution, or the problem of the middleman,
+and all the direct results of the application of science to industry. Since
+the world began the like has never been seen before. We have gone into
+this troubled sea without chart or compass. Problems are evolved, for
+the solution of which we have neither precedent nor guide.</p>
+
+<p>While all this was going on, an empire of virgin soil, the counterpart
+of which exists in such mass nowhere else in the world, was opened
+for immediate settlement, and that settlement was powerfully stimulated
+by the homestead law and immense railroad grants. As a result
+the Old World and the New were literally sluched with food for man
+and beast at the bare cost of mining the soil fertility, the storage of unnumbered
+centuries. Had this Mississippi Valley been covered with forests
+like Pennsylvania and Ohio, and opened slowly as the world needed
+food, our history would have been written differently, and the problems
+to be met would have been of an entirely different character.</p>
+
+<p>With corn at from 20 to 25 cents, wheat 50 cents, oats 15 cents, the
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_15">[15]</span>manufacturer could afford to pay higher wages than the farmer and
+give shorter hours. The city could furnish plank walks, then cement,
+paved streets, light, amusement, society—the joy of living. Is it any
+wonder that the farm boy and girls fled to the cities, away from the
+old-time isolation of the farm, from bad roads, from lack of society,
+when offered better pay and shorter hours? Better pay; shorter hours;
+larger life; amusements for all, whatever their tastes might be; what
+boy or girl could resist all this?</p>
+
+<p class="center">THE EVOLUTION OF MACHINERY.</p>
+
+<p>The farm itself finally began to use improved machinery. The
+farmer hung his scythe in a tree and bought a mower; hung up his
+cradle and bought a binder. He used more horses, better tools, and
+grew more crops with less than half the labor. All this was natural,
+logical, inevitable. The older farming sections do not have so dense a
+population as of old, simply because they do not need it as they did
+when farming under old conditions. They could not use it with profit
+when they had to compete with town wages and town hours.</p>
+
+<p>What then followed? Inevitably, soil impoverishment. The nineteenth
+century farmer was, speaking generally, no farmer at all, but a
+miner, a soil robber. There was a good farmer here and there, a good
+settlement here and there; but, speaking generally, there was no farming,
+nothing but mining. The nineteenth century farmer sold the stored
+fertility of ages at the bare cost of mining it. With his gang-plow and
+his four to eight-section harrow, he could do more soil robbing in five
+years than his grandfather could do in his whole lifetime. The evidence
+of it: The now general use of commercial fertilizers from the Atlantic
+to the Pacific, which means that the farmer of today is paying good
+round sums for the fertility his father literally gave away; and the disappearance
+of crops which grow during a short season, and therefore
+must have fertile land. Our flax crop, for instance, is now disappearing
+up into Canada, spring wheat closely following, and our oats crop
+preparing to follow.</p>
+
+<p>We are now nearing a point where we will need practically all our
+grains to provide for the wants of our own population. Our export of
+corn is merely a dribble; in our last census year 100 million bushels less
+than the average ten years before. Our exports of meats and dairy
+products have shrunk in ten years over 50 per cent. We sent abroad last
+year only about one-third the number of cattle we sent ten years ago.
+There is not the slightest indication that this decline will be checked.
+If checked at all, it will be but temporarily, due to an industrial crisis.
+Were it not for over 500 million dollars’ worth of cotton that we send
+abroad each year, the country would be drained of its precious metals
+to settle our foreign obligations, and we would be on the verge of
+national bankruptcy.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_16">[16]</span></p>
+
+<p class="center">THE PRODUCTION PER ACRE.</p>
+
+<p>Is it not amazing that, mainly since our Declaration of Independence,
+135 years ago, we have been able to so waste our fertility that we produce
+less wheat per acre than any people of the Eastern Hemisphere,
+except Russia and India? Lands in England that have been farmed for
+more than a thousand years produce more than twice as much wheat
+per acre on the average as we do in the naturally better lands of the
+Mississippi Valley. That demonstrates the difference between farming
+and merely mining the soil fertility.</p>
+
+<p>This condition has been greatly hastened by our statesmen. The
+gift of an empire of land to railroads to enable them to furnish speedy
+and cheap transportation for a vast continent, together with the enactment
+of the homestead law, so excessively stimulated agricultural production
+that the farmer was often, and in fact generally until about
+twelve years ago, forced to sell his products at and often under the cost
+of production. This gave the world cheaper food than it will ever see
+again, and made possible the wonderful growth of great cities the world
+over.</p>
+
+<p>The anxiety of the farmer to find a home market instead of having
+his prices fixed in a foreign market under competition led to the continuance
+of the system of high tariffs long after the reason for it had
+ceased to exist, thus wonderfully stimulating the growth of the cities
+of our own land, cities which with all our boasted ability we have never
+been able to govern decently. When this undue stimulus is removed,
+as it will and must be sooner or later, our manufacturers will have to
+take the same medicine which sickened the farmers in the 70’s, 80’s and
+early 90’s.</p>
+
+<p>Inasmuch as there are no more Mississippi valleys to be opened,
+we are now nearing the turning of the lane. We must from henceforth
+learn how to farm. We cannot greatly increase our acreage;
+will, in fact, be compelled by the return of normal climatic conditions
+over our western territory to reduce it. The only thing left to do is to
+grow more grain per acre, better stock in greater numbers per quarter
+section. Only in this way can we reduce the cost of living.</p>
+
+<p class="center">HOW TO PRODUCE FOOD CHEAPLY.</p>
+
+<p>Our great problem, as I said to this Congress a year ago, is how
+to produce food for our own people at prices which they can afford
+to pay. But how? Partly by putting more brains into our farming.
+There is a great deal of agricultural labor wasted simply because many
+farmers do not have even an elementary knowledge of the forces with
+which they have to work. It is hard to convince them that the fertility
+of the soil is not inexhaustible. Farmers of this class have been
+soil robbers too long, and they continue to grow the same crop year
+after year, trusting to luck. It is hard to get the farmers of this class
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_17">[17]</span>to understand the philosophy of crop rotation, of the natural movement
+of water in the soil, or of the ideal seed-bed, or the fitness of certain
+soils for certain crops; in short, of the requirements of plant or animal
+life, or to persuade them to active coöperation with each other, or to
+get them in actual touch and sympathy with the new agriculture. This is
+an educational process, and therefore slow, even when there is a disposition
+to acquire the knowledge. Many farmers have more faith in
+moon signs than in agricultural colleges and experimental stations; more
+faith in ordinary politicians than in college professors and scientists;
+more faith in yellow journals than in the best agricultural papers.</p>
+
+<p>For this reason we now grow on an average two-thirds of a pound
+of corn to the hill; whereas the good farmer often grows on no better
+land originally two pounds per hill of three stalks, and three pounds are
+possible. We grow fourteen bushels of wheat per acre (this year but
+twelve and a half), while on land no better naturally, and often not so
+good, England grows thirty-two and Germany twenty-eight bushels.
+We are now passing through a stage through which English farmers
+passed when they grew but twelve and a half bushels of wheat per acre.
+The new agriculture has lifted the English and the Danish farmer out
+of the rut. It will lift us when we begin to use our brains. Before
+this Congress adjourns we will have some illuminating discourses on this
+branch of the subject, addresses by men of national reputation, who
+have devoted their lives to some particular phase of the problem of
+conserving and restoring soil fertility. I would not, even if I could,
+anticipate what they will say and say so well.</p>
+
+<p>The farmer complains that he cannot employ labor necessary to grow
+full crops on his land, and therefore that he cannot now engage in intensive
+farming. There is just ground for his complaint. The factory,
+the store, the railroad, the trolley line outbid him for the labor,
+even that which is farm born and farm bred. He cannot use the cheap
+labor of Southern Europe, nor the hobo or tramp, nor the ne’er-do-well
+of the city, because the farm with its improved machinery and its live
+stock requires skilled labor, and a kind of skill that can be acquired
+only on the farm. He can use Russian and the Japanese in the beet
+fields. He can use the emigrant from Southern Europe in the vegetable
+garden, in digging ditches or making roads; but he cannot use this labor
+in modern farming operations. He dare not employ an unskilled man
+in milking, nor in feeding his cattle, nor entrust to his care the management
+of either improved machinery or team.</p>
+
+<p class="center">BOYS AND GIRLS AND THE FARM.</p>
+
+<p>Therefore the very root and kernel of our modern farm problem
+is how to retain on the farm all the boys and girls born there, who are
+fit to be farmers or farmers’ wives. This can be done only by making
+farm life worth living. Making money or owning a farm is not all of
+farm life. We have but one life to live on this earth, and we should
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_18">[18]</span>get out of it all that is possible. In many sections in the country, with
+bad roads, poor schools, poor churches and no social life, farm life is
+not worth living. That proof of this is seen in the fact that farm boys
+and girls flee from it, and the farmer himself, as soon as he thinks he is
+able to live in town.</p>
+
+<p>The farmer himself is to blame for much of this. He has played
+on the roads under pretense of working them. He has hired the school
+teacher at the lowest wage and starved the preacher. He has accepted
+the town ideal of life, regarding himself as “only a farmer.” His school
+has not been a rural school at all, but a poor kind of city school moved
+out into the country; and its teacher gaining at his expense the years
+of experience, while teaching farm children in terms of the town instead
+of the farm and in the spirit of the farm, that will enable her to
+get a position in the city. His preacher has been hoping he would get
+a call to a city church. If the farmer has got on in the world, his wife,
+if she is very foolish indeed, is inclined to boast that her society is not
+in the country, but the town. He allows the politician in the city to fix
+up a slate and tell him how he must vote.</p>
+
+<p>All that is needed to convert the farmers of the West into peasants
+is to continue this policy for another generation. Fortunately this policy
+will not continue. All over the country there is the beginning of a
+great social and industrial awakening. The farmer is beginning to “magnify
+his office,” to cut loose from partisan bias, to do his own thinking
+and act for himself. He is paying better salaries to his school teachers,
+and insisting that the teaching have some relation to the life of the
+farm. He is buying his own automobiles, and paying cash for them.
+He is beginning to realize that farm life is essentially different from the
+life of the town. The man who steps high because accustomed to walking
+over clods and has the far away look of one who studies the clouds,
+is a different type of man altogether from the man who glides along the
+pavement and to whom the weather is a matter of little or no immediate
+concern. The man who glances over the headlines of his daily paper
+while he sips his coffee is a different character from the man who reads
+and studies the editorial of his weekly paper. This farmer’s wife is now
+organizing her own clubs and giving her town sisters lessons in club
+work. The movement to organize life clubs is spreading. The boys and
+girls are organizing for games. The country church is beginning to realize
+its mission, and in several states country preachers are taking short
+courses in agricultural colleges in order that they may teach morals and
+religion to farmers in terms of their daily life.</p>
+
+<p>The conservation of the life of the farmer, using the word in its
+broadest sense, is essential to the conservation of the fertility of the
+soil; and for that reason the executive committee of this Congress has
+invited some of the leaders, men whose hearts are in this work, to discuss
+before you its various phases. You have a real treat before you.</p>
+
+<p>In conclusion, permit me to say that the ultimate prosperity of the
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_19">[19]</span>city, its ability to govern itself wisely and well, depend on the development
+of rural manhood. More than that, the very permanence of our
+republic will depend on the development of the manhood of the farm.
+Rome ceased to be a republic shortly after the farmers moved to town
+and left their lands to be tilled by mere hirelings and slaves.</p>
+
+<p>We keep the best wine to the last always, and the last address
+of this morning will be a response by Hon. J. B. White, of Kansas City,
+chairman of the executive committee of the National Conservation Congress.
+Mr. White. (Applause)</p>
+
+<p class="mt2">Mr. <span class="smcap">White</span>—Mr. Chairman, Ladies and Gentlemen of this Congress:
+It is not necessary that I should reply to the address of welcome,
+the ground has been so fully covered by the President of this
+Association. I feel like endorsing from my heart everything he has said,
+but as a matter of form, because it is expected that the chairman of
+the executive committee will have something to say, I want to join as
+a private citizen of Kansas City in welcoming the farmers and the conservationists
+of the entire country here today, and as the chairman of
+the executive committee I want to thank the good people of Kansas
+City for the admirable and perfect preparation that they have made.
+I want to thank the board of local managers. I want to thank the
+Secretary of the Commercial Club, Secretary Clendening, personally,
+and the organization of which he is the main worker. I want to thank him
+for the great work which they have done in making this Conservation
+Congress possible. The Commercial Club of Kansas City has been well
+spoken of as the eye and the ear of the people of Kansas City, and it is
+truly so.</p>
+
+<p>Now, this Conservation Congress was called here because it was
+thought there ought to be special attention given to conservation of
+farms—to the conservation of soil. And it was thought that Kansas
+City was in the center of the greatest agricultural district in the world.
+I suppose, going two hundred miles in either direction from Kansas
+City, another piece of ground naturally so fertile is not to be found in
+the world. It takes in a part of Iowa, and it takes in the State of Kansas,
+a large part of it, and nowhere is there a better. If it were formed
+into one state it would be the greatest state agriculturally in the world.
+I am a farmer and a lumberman, and there was a time not long ago
+when conservation was thought to apply only to forestry, and that the
+lumberman was the great and ruthless destroyer of the forest. It was
+a matter of sentiment that went all over the country, and they thought
+conservation ought to begin by saving the trees. Now, we have passed
+beyond that. The lumbermen of the State of Missouri paid thousands
+of dollars to help endow a chair of Forestry in Yale College. I see before
+me one gentleman here who paid $4,000 toward that cause, and my
+company has paid a great deal of money towards a chair of Forestry,
+and we have done everything that we could. We invited the students
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_20">[20]</span>of forestry of Yale College into our forests. One season I had forty
+for two or three months, and thirty-five for another season in my forests.
+We built them cabins and furnished them men and horses, and
+everything we could do to help them study forest conditions was done.
+We began it in Missouri over twenty years ago, and later, as lumbermen,
+we have taken the greatest interest in practical forestry and the
+conservation of the forest, but we found it true that conservation of
+the soil must come first, because it is of the greater importance. There
+are substitutes for wood for the purpose of shelter, but there are no
+substitutes for food, and he that make two blades of grass grow where
+one grew before is doing his utmost for this and future generations. I
+notice that my friend, Mr. Wallace, touched on politics. Now, I am
+not certain whether it was politics, because the line drawn is so fine.
+It is so hard to draw a line between conservation economics and real
+good politics. I remember I got my foot into it one time; I used to
+belong to the Grange—thirty-five years ago. In order to organize a
+grange you have to have at least fifteen members, and four of them
+must be women, because it was supposed that in any like proportion,
+four women to eleven men, gives the women the majority, and wherever
+four women, or of that proportion, get into a convention they are
+always in the majority. I got up, under the good of the order, addressed
+the master of the Grange, and began to tell how I thought benefit
+might accrue to the members of the Grange. I stated some of the
+benefits that we were then enjoying; that we had 6 cents a pound protection
+on lumber, and 6 cents a pound protection on cheese, $4.00 a ton
+on hay, and $1.50 protection on straw, and 15 cents a pound protection
+on butter. And then I had a complaint, because just then they
+had taken the tariff off of lumber, and I said, “I own a saw mill and
+I don’t think it is fair to let in lumber free.” (They did it at that time,
+back in 1878.) One sister got up and replied, “We can stand 6 cents a
+pound on butter, and 6 cents a pound on cheese, and $4.00 a ton on hay,
+and 15 cents a bushel on potatoes, but, Good Lord, we ought to have
+something free, and I think it ought to be lumber.” And they ruled I
+was talking politics and I could not go any farther. That was the
+situation. It summed up a good deal like this, that we want protection
+on everything we produce, and we want everything to come in free
+that we have to buy, and I think that is good economics. That would
+not be politics.</p>
+
+<p>Brother Wallace sees a great deal of good in everything, and he
+can draw his lesson and illustration to prove conclusively any point he
+entertains. I found that out. Why, I did not know that Samson was
+a saint until I attended a church here in Kansas City four weeks ago
+yesterday, and I listened to one of the best sermons I ever heard. It
+was shown conclusively that Samson was a saint, and that it was so
+recorded in the Scriptures. There were good reasons for his being a
+saint; the chief of these reasons was that he was the best material they
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_21">[21]</span>had at that time to make saints of. My friend, Uncle Henry Wallace,
+delivered that sermon, and it is the only sermon that I ever heard where
+politics and religion were not touched upon at all. And I am sure that
+he will preside at this Congress with that same justice; that there will
+be no complaint that there has been any offensive politics entertained
+upon the floor. I want to thank you again that you are here. And I
+want to say before I sit down, that a session of the executive committee,
+of which I am chairman, will meet at room 1111 Long Building
+tomorrow morning at 9 o’clock. We will get here at 10 o’clock, having
+an hour to confer and pass some important resolutions and make some
+suggestions as to matters that will be presented to this Congress.
+(Applause)</p>
+
+<p class="mt2">President <span class="smcap">Wallace</span>—Please be seated just a moment. I wish to
+announce the appointment of the following committee on credentials:
+Prof. George E. Condra, of Nebraska; Dr. H. E. Barnard, of Indiana;
+Mr. Ralph H. Faxon, of Kansas; Mr. E. T. Allen, of Oregon, and Mr.
+W. E. Barnes, of Missouri.</p>
+
+<p>Col. John I. Martin, of St. Louis, representing the City of St.
+Louis, Lakes-to-the-Gulf-Deepwaterway Association, and the National
+Rivers and Harbors Congress, has been selected as the sergeant-at-arms
+for this Conservation Congress. He has accepted the office and is now
+in charge of its affairs, and you will do just what he says, and do it with
+great pleasure, and with great profit to yourselves.</p>
+
+<p>The secretary has some announcements to make. Before he makes
+them let me say that the meeting this afternoon will be at 2 o’clock,
+which is sixty minutes past one and sixty minutes before three. This
+afternoon’s meeting will be a conference of governors of states and their
+representatives, and the presiding officer will be Honorable Herbert S.
+Hadley, and tonight we shall hear the President of the United States.
+(Applause)</p>
+
+<p class="mt2">Secretary <span class="smcap">Shipp</span>—All delegates or committees that have any announcements
+to make are requested to send them in writing to the secretary,
+so that they can be read from the platform, and posted at the
+information bureau.</p>
+
+<p>The delegates from each state are requested to meet immediately
+upon the adjournment of the morning session, and organize by selecting
+from each state delegation a chairman and secretary, and a member
+of the committee on resolutions, and a vice-president to represent the
+state at the next Conservation Congress. The names of those selected
+should be handed in writing to the secretary at registration headquarters
+at the south entrance of the hall, or on the platform.</p>
+
+<p>All state conservation commissions, and other state conservation
+organizations that have reports to make to the Congress, are requested
+to be ready to report this afternoon. The reports will be made as the
+roll of the states is called. In view of the number of reports to be presented,
+it is suggested that no report be more than ten minutes in length.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_22">[22]</span></p>
+
+<p>The delegates from all national organizations represented at the
+Congress are requested to assemble at some time during the day and
+organize by the selection of a chairman and a secretary, and choose a
+representative for membership on the proposed advisatory board of
+the Congress. If only one representative of a national organization is
+present, that representative should send in his name to the secretary.</p>
+
+<p>Reports from national organizations are to be the first order of
+business Tuesday forenoon. In order that proper provision may be
+made for these reports all national organizations that have reports are
+requested to notify the secretary, either at registration headquarters, or
+on the platform, giving the name and address of the representative who is
+to make the report.</p>
+
+<p>All delegates or committees that have announcements to make are
+requested to send them in writing to the secretary so that they may
+be made from the platform, and posted on the bulletin board at the information
+bureau.</p>
+
+<p class="mt2">President <span class="smcap">Wallace</span>—I forgot to mention one of the greatest
+features of this afternoon will be an address by the Honorable Ben B.
+Lindsay, of Denver, Colorado, on the “Country Child versus the City
+Child.”</p>
+
+<p class="mt2">Recording Secretary <span class="smcap">Gipe</span>—The chapters of the Daughters of the
+American Revolution of Kansas City will give a reception in honor of
+Mrs. Matthew T. Scott, president general and the vice-president, from
+four to six this afternoon at the Coates House. All visiting and resident
+Daughters of the American Revolution are invited.</p>
+
+<p>The club women of Kansas City have established a rest room within
+the convention building, to which all women delegates and visitors are
+cordially invited.</p>
+
+<p class="mt2">Delegate <span class="smcap">J. T. Baumgartner</span> (of California)—In addition to the
+announcements that have been made, I wish to ask the California delegates
+to meet at the Standard immediately upon adjournment.</p>
+
+<p class="mt2">President <span class="smcap">Wallace</span>—The Congress is now adjourned to meet at this
+place at 2 o’clock this afternoon.</p>
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+
+<div class="chapter">
+
+<h2 class="nobreak" id="SECOND_SESSION"><i>SECOND SESSION.</i></h2>
+
+</div>
+
+<p>At 2 o’clock in the afternoon President Wallace called the Congress
+to order.</p>
+
+<p class="mt2">President <span class="smcap">Wallace</span>—The Congress will come to order, and the
+Divine blessing will be invoked by Rev. Dr. R. M. Kerr, pastor First
+United Presbyterian church of Kansas City.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_23">[23]</span></p>
+
+<h3>INVOCATION.</h3>
+
+<p><i>Our Father and our God, we pause at the opening of this meeting
+this afternoon to ask Thy blessing upon the National Conservation
+Congress in this and its other sessions, in all of its undertakings. We
+are asking of Thee the wisdom that is beyond the mind of man, and we
+come only to Thee. We are dealing with affairs of national interest
+and import, and we dare not come to any one but Thee, because we believe
+that in Thy power this land has been made, and in Thy Providence
+it has been discovered. And that our forefathers in Thy fear have established
+a nation which has often realized Thy signal blessing. We would
+recognize Thee as the God, and the giver of every good and perfect gift.
+Thou hast locked up in the mountains, hidden away in the soil of this
+country those elements that have made possible our material welfare
+and prosperity. We ask Thee this afternoon that Thou wilt grant unto
+the officers of this Congress, unto these its delegates and all of the people
+in this land interested in these problems the wisdom that will rightly
+enable us to appreciate Thy gifts, and rightly conserve them, to use them
+for the greatest good of the greatest number concerned. And we ask
+for Thy blessing to be upon our President, and his cabinet; upon the
+legislative bodies, state and national, upon all the courts of this land,
+that as the people of this country through these officers are striving to
+enact and execute just laws, they may do so in Thy fear, and that the
+righteousness of a Christian civilization may become more and more a
+reality. We would pray today that Thy material blessings to us have
+chief value in relation to human life and human deeds, and human development,
+and may the conservation movement that is on foot in this
+country always be broad enough and high enough to include the conservation
+of human life, the integrity of manhood, the virtue of womanhood,
+and the beauty and the innocence and the true worth of child life.
+We believe that these blessings will mean the highest good to our beloved
+country, and mean the advancement of Thy kingdom here in this
+earth, and we ask these favors through Jesus Christ, our Lord. Amen.</i></p>
+
+<p class="mt2">President <span class="smcap">Wallace</span>—I take great pleasure, Ladies and Gentlemen,
+in announcing Governor Hadley of Missouri as the presiding officer this
+afternoon. Governor Hadley. (Applause)</p>
+
+<p class="mt2">Governor <span class="smcap">Hadley</span>—Mr. Chairman and Members Of the Congress:
+I was selected to preside this afternoon in the expectation that this afternoon
+would be distinguished by a conference of governors. I say
+distinguished advisedly, because nowadays when governors confer there
+is distinction to be passed around on all present, and some for others.
+However, there were a number of governors here yesterday who were
+unexpectedly called out of the city, but who will return during the
+sessions of the Congress. There are some who will be present who
+have not yet arrived, and consequently it has been decided by the officers
+in charge of this Congress that upon this afternoon prior to
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_24">[24]</span>the address of Judge Lindsay, there will be a call of the states, upon
+which call the representatives of the various states who are here, other
+than the governors, will speak for a few moments in reference to the
+general question of conservation in their respective states, and the conference
+of the governors will be held later. After this call of the
+states you will have the pleasure, I understand, of listening to the address
+by Judge Lindsay. In calling for the representatives of the several
+states, those who are here representing the governor, or those who
+may have been selected by the delegates from any one of the states to
+speak in reference to the situation in their state relating to the general
+policy of conservation will arise, and either speak from the floor, or
+come forward to the platform. The representatives of the press, whose
+requests are always entitled to consideration, if not to be followed, request
+that the representatives come forward so that their names and
+their remarks can both be heard and preserved. I will now ask the secretary
+to proceed with the call of the roll.</p>
+
+<p class="mt2">Recording Secretary <span class="smcap">Gipe</span>—Alabama. Is there a representative
+from Alabama present? (No response) Arizona. (No response) Arkansas.
+(No response) California.</p>
+
+<p class="mt2">Chairman <span class="smcap">Hadley</span>—Mr. J. C. Baumgartner of the State of California
+will speak for that state.</p>
+
+<p class="mt2">[Mr. Baumgartner’s speech will be found in the supplementary proceedings
+at back of book.]</p>
+
+<p class="mt2">Chairman <span class="smcap">Hadley</span>—I am certain we are all glad to know that
+though California may be a little short upon water, it is not short on
+good society, the possibility of good development. The secretary will
+proceed with the call of the states. The secretary calls my attention
+to the fact that the number of the states makes it necessary to somewhat
+limit the statements from each, and they will be limited to five
+minutes. The chairman, however, has a slow watch, so govern yourselves
+accordingly.</p>
+
+<p class="mt2">Recording Secretary <span class="smcap">Gipe</span>—The next state on the roll is Colorado.</p>
+
+<p class="mt2">Chairman <span class="smcap">Hadley</span>—Is the State of Colorado represented here?</p>
+
+<p class="mt2">Recording Secretary <span class="smcap">Gipe</span>—Connecticut. (No response) Delaware.
+(No response) District of Columbia. (No response) Florida.</p>
+
+<p class="mt2">Chairman <span class="smcap">Hadley</span>—Is the representative of the State of Florida
+in the hall? Go ahead.</p>
+
+<p class="mt2">Recording Secretary <span class="smcap">Gipe</span>—Georgia.</p>
+
+<p class="mt2">Professor <span class="smcap">E. L. Worsham</span>, of Georgia—I am not the speaking
+representative from Georgia, but I will make a brief report as to what
+conservation is doing in that section of the United States, or what we
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_25">[25]</span>are doing along conservation lines. I regret very much indeed to see
+so many vacant seats in the audience from the states to the far south.
+This is a very busy time with the people in the south, as most of you
+know, and there are a great many conservationists who would like
+very much indeed to be present at this meeting, and I think it is safe
+to say that the fact that they are not here does not mean that the
+South is not interested in conservation, and that they are not doing
+something along those lines. Mr. Chairman, and gentlemen, it is true,
+however, that the people of the southern states are not quite as active
+in the conservation movement as the people of the North and West,
+and why, I cannot see, because there is no doubt but that in the beginning
+God smiled more sweetly on this section than on any other
+section of the American continent. He did more for those people
+than all the rest. He endowed us with resources more wonderful than
+those of any of the other sections of the United States. Those good
+people have gone on from time to time not realizing what these resources
+meant, until they are gradually passing out of their hands. I cannot
+speak for other states, but for Georgia, Mr. President, I want to say
+that we have enough water to supply California, and a good many
+other Western states. That is the least of all of our troubles. As
+to water power, we have water power enough running waste to run
+every spindle in the southern states. It is simply awaiting the hand
+of the developer, and we want to see it properly developed, and not
+gobbled up as it has been done in many of the western states. This
+is one of the big problems that the State of Georgia has on its hands
+today. It is a natural section for manufacturing interests of all kinds,
+and you can get the cheapest power on earth on account of this wonderful
+water power that is stored up in its mountains.</p>
+
+<p>We have coal enough to run Georgia and California a thousand years.
+We have rich stores of iron that run higher in per cent of iron than
+those of the Birmingham district, and very few people know its value.
+I understand the State of Georgia supplies three-fourths of the asbestos
+output of the United States. Our marble speaks for itself in monuments
+like that beautiful capital of Minnesota. Our granite speaks
+for itself in buildings like the federal building in San Antonio, Texas,
+and other buildings which I could point out. Our rich stores of bauxite
+many of you know about, but, there are numerous other things of
+this kind, Mr. Chairman, which I could mention, but I don’t care to
+dwell on them at this time. The main thing that we are here to discuss
+is the conservation of soil fertility, the conservation of agricultural
+resources. We of the South are an agricultural section. You
+take away from us our agriculture, and while we are rich in minerals
+and various other things, in a measure we would be helpless. It is
+the only spot on earth, you might say, that has a monopoly on the
+greatest crop on earth, and that is the cotton crop. This I consider
+by far the most interesting, the most valuable phase of conservation.
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_26">[26]</span>The people of the South, while their soil is extremely fertile, or was
+in the beginning, have allowed the rain to wash it down in the valleys,
+and it has washed into the sea. They had thousands and thousands of
+acres of land that would produce anywhere from 25 to 100 bushels
+of corn per acre, and from one to four bales of cotton per acre, if it
+was simply cared for in a proper way. I have visited the spot which
+holds the record for the greatest cotton yield on earth, which produced
+four bales per acre. In the beginning it was the poorest, reddest soil
+you ever saw in your life. It was taken over by a man who knew
+his business, and in the course of three or four years he had it up to
+a point where it produced almost anything. And there is another thing,
+Mr. Chairman, we have a section there that will produce almost anything
+under the sun in the way of crops. There is only one other
+state in the union that can compare with Georgia in that respect, and
+that is California, and, as the gentleman has just stated, they have not
+water. Our sections, from blue grass to oranges, will produce all of
+the various things in between.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Chairman, we of the South have got the biggest problem on
+earth to solve, as I see the problem. The problem of conservation of
+soil fertility, the conservation of agricultural resources in general, are
+undoubtedly among the important questions confronting this Congress,
+but we have the biggest part of that problem. Why? It is because of
+the much discussed negro problem of the South. There are a thousand
+and one solutions of this offered, but the question remains unsolved,
+and will pass on to future generations. As long as we have the negro
+we are deprived of having other classes of labor, which you have here
+in the North. (Applause) Because of his presence, we, of the South,
+are dependent on the negro, and he knows it. We have got to get
+along in the very best way we can, but we need a better class of labor.
+I don’t know what we are going to do. That is the reason that this
+is such a grave matter to the people of the South. Mr. Chairman,
+I see I am taking up too much time here, but I do want to get back
+to Georgia, and the part she is playing in conservation. (Cries of Go
+on. Go on.)</p>
+
+<p>Since the Congress met one year ago, at St. Paul, the South has
+had a conservation congress, and I think I can say that it was a success.
+There are a number of speakers on this program that were there
+and noted the interest that was manifest in this meeting. Following
+that meeting the Georgia Conservation Association was organized, and
+it is taking up a number of these problems which we are so anxious
+to solve. The president is a distinguished man in Georgia, Judge John
+C. Hart. He is a man who went before the Supreme Court of the
+United States and presented on behalf of the State of Georgia one
+of the most famous cases in its history. The State of Georgia filed
+an injunction against an immense copper plant in the northern part of
+the state, which was responsible for a great deal of destruction of property,
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_27">[27]</span>of vegetation in general. This company had, at an expense of
+millions of dollars, put in this plant, and I understand it is the largest
+of its kind in the world. At that time copper was the plant’s main output
+and the state filed an injunction requiring these people to consume
+the fumes that were destroying vegetation. The case was carried to
+the Supreme court, and the injunction sustained, and at a cost of five
+millions of dollars the Ducktown copper plant put in a consumer from
+which they produced sulphuric acid, and, today, it is one of the largest
+sulphuric acid plants in the world. There is one of the solutions to
+the problem which your able president presented this morning in the
+fact that you have, throughout the West, as well as the South, to fertilize.
+Georgia, as a result of that injunction, saved two million dollars
+last year in its fertilizer bill. The representative of the State of Georgia
+Conservation Association framed a bill creating a state conservation
+board, not a commission, but a board that was to be created by special
+act, taking up all lines of conservation. This bill was unanimously
+passed by the senate, and unanimously recommended by the committee
+of the house, and will come up for passage at the next session of the
+legislature.</p>
+
+<p>We passed a bill protecting bird life, and wild life generally in
+the state, a very strict law, which we have needed for many years. The
+state, as a result of the conservation work, has enacted a drainage bill,
+which, I think, will result in great good to the people in the southeastern
+part, in the drainage of swamp lands, which will make perhaps
+the greatest agricultural land on earth.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Chairman, I cannot go into details on any of these problems.
+Other states in the union, every state in the union has agencies working
+for conservation. In the first plant, the United States Department
+of Agriculture is working wonderful results in the different states, along
+lines of agriculture. The state colleges of agriculture are doing great
+work; the experiment stations are doing great work; the various state
+departments of agriculture are doing great work, but there is a certain
+class of work which these agencies cannot do. There is a great work
+for the independent organizations, such as the State Conservation Association
+in the different states, and I would urge each state that has
+not organized to get busy at once, and begin to take up these problems.
+(Applause)</p>
+
+<p class="mt2">Chairman <span class="smcap">Hadley</span>—Instead of a statement of the resources and
+developments in the various states, I would suggest that this call of
+the roll is particularly designed to accomplish a statement of what is
+being done by public or official organizations in dealing with the question
+of conservation in the several states. I think it is a very satisfactory
+indication of the modern trend of conservation that this work
+is now being done by the people of the several states instead of the
+national government. It is an indication that the people do not intend
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_28">[28]</span>that their state governments shall sink to a lower level of efficiency.
+They intend to exercise every power which they possess under the
+federal constitution.</p>
+
+<p class="mt2">Recording Secretary <span class="smcap">Gipe</span>—Idaho.</p>
+
+<p class="mt2">Chairman <span class="smcap">Hadley</span>—I have the pleasure to introduce to you Mrs.
+Holland C. Day, who will speak for and represent Idaho.</p>
+
+<p class="mt2">[Mrs. Day’s paper will be found in Supplementary Proceedings.]</p>
+
+<p class="mt2">Chairman <span class="smcap">Hadley</span>—I am very glad indeed in listening to the interesting
+speech of Mrs. Day to note what a serious attraction a state
+might have for a woman by reason of having woman suffrage and
+caused her to transfer her allegiance to the Governor of Idaho. I would
+suggest, however, that she should not, in her enthusiasm for the horticultural
+possibilities of the State of Idaho, forget that she still belongs
+to a state that is distinguished as the state of the “Big Red Apple.”</p>
+
+<p class="mt2"><span class="smcap">Mrs. Day</span>—I will also say that the female suffrage movement is
+going right straight along in Missouri. (Applause)</p>
+
+<p class="mt2">Chairman <span class="smcap">Hadley</span>—I do not want to start a discussion right now.
+This, being a conservation congress, is a peace conference. I will now
+call on Col. Isham Randolph, who will speak for the State of Illinois.</p>
+
+<p class="mt2">[Col. Randolph’s speech will be found in Supplementary Proceedings.]</p>
+
+<p class="mt2">Chairman <span class="smcap">Hadley</span>—I am certain that every person interested in the
+general question of Conservation, and particularly the state ownership of
+its water power, is interested in Colonel Randolph’s statement as to what
+they are doing in the State of Illinois. And I know that all of you, and
+all other friends of Conservation, will be glad to have Colonel Randolph
+convey to Governor Deneen the best wishes of the Congress. I would
+suggest that on account of the fact that there are a number of speakers,
+and Judge Lindsay, whom you are all anxious to hear, that the speakers
+will please confine their statements to the official activities of their various
+states in dealing with this question of Conservation.</p>
+
+<p class="mt2">Recording Secretary <span class="smcap">Gipe</span>—Indiana.</p>
+
+<p class="mt2">Chairman <span class="smcap">Hadley</span>—Mr. Harry Everitt Barnard, chemist Indiana
+state board of health and state food commissioner, will speak for Indiana.
+I now have the pleasure of introducing to you Mr. Barnard.</p>
+
+<p class="mt2">[Mr. Barnard’s speech will be found in Supplementary Proceedings.]</p>
+
+<p class="mt2">Recording Secretary <span class="smcap">Gipe</span>—I have a telegram from the Mexican
+Ambassador:</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_29">[29]</span></p>
+
+<blockquote>
+
+<p>“Washington, D. C.—Accept sincere thanks for kind invitation. Regret
+exceedingly that official duties here prevent me from accepting hospitality;
+would thank you greatly for minutes of meeting. Gilberto Crespo, Mexican
+Ambassador.”</p>
+
+</blockquote>
+
+<p>The next state is Iowa.</p>
+
+<p class="mt2">Chairman <span class="smcap">Hadley</span>—I would suggest that the representatives of the
+several states yet to be called come up on the platform.</p>
+
+<p>I have the pleasure of introducing to you Mr. Thomas H. MacBride,
+who will speak for the state of Iowa. Mr. MacBride. (Applause)</p>
+
+<p class="mt2">[Mr. MacBride’s paper is to be found in Supplementary Proceedings.]</p>
+
+<p class="mt2">Chairman <span class="smcap">Hadley</span>—I am certain that the representatives of all of
+the states present appreciate Mr. MacBride’s not speaking of the resources
+of the state he represents; although he did plead guilty to having
+a legislature up there, which practically all the representatives of
+the other states have to plead guilty to.</p>
+
+<p class="mt2">Recording Secretary <span class="smcap">Gipe</span>—Kansas.</p>
+
+<p class="mt2"><span class="smcap">A. W. Stubbs</span> (Kansas City, Kansas)—Missouri has elected from
+our state, a native of our state as its mayor, and has also elected a
+native of our state as its governor, and Kansas has therefore as its representative,
+to speak for it, a most distinguished educator, formerly of
+Missouri, now president of the state agricultural college. Kansas has
+elected today Professor Waters as representative of that delegation,
+as president. And we would like to hear from him.</p>
+
+<p class="mt2">Chairman <span class="smcap">Hadley</span>—During the sessions of this convention you will
+have the pleasure of listening at length to a paper by Dr. Waters, but
+at this time, on the call of the roll of the states, Kansas has selected
+him to speak for her, and I am advised that during his short residence
+of a little over one year in that state he has learned to speak the Kansas
+language. (Applause)</p>
+
+<p class="mt2">[Dean Water’s paper will be found in Supplementary Proceedings.]</p>
+
+<p class="mt2">Chairman <span class="smcap">Hadley</span>—I am glad to see that Dean Waters with a
+few slight and one noticeable amendments is able to effectively use the
+speech he used to use about the State of Missouri when he lived here,
+and spoke to the State of Kansas.</p>
+
+<p class="mt2">Recording Secretary <span class="smcap">Gipe</span>—Kentucky.</p>
+
+<p class="mt2">Chairman <span class="smcap">Hadley</span>—I have the pleasure to introduce to you Col.
+M. H. Crump, of Bowling Green, Kentucky.</p>
+
+<p class="mt2"><span class="smcap">Col. Crump</span>—Mr. Chairman. I am simply here this evening to
+say that the president of the University of Kentucky is not here. He
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_30">[30]</span>will be here tonight, and I will state that he will tell you tomorrow
+what we are attempting to do in Kentucky. We started the conservation
+movement there some thirty years ago with Professor Shaler of
+Harvard, when he was state geologist. He wrote the first paper I
+know of in attempting to take care of forestry. It is found in his report
+of 1873, about the time I came to the state. We are, through the
+university, through the state colleges, and through the geological survey,
+making some efforts along that line, and we are doing all the
+state can do in that way. But there is a subject there that we think
+is too large for the state to undertake. I picked up a circular when I
+came in here, which says that an effort is being made to take care of and
+preserve the forests, and the soil at the head of the Green river. This
+paper states that some 32,000 acres of timber land, 2,000 of which
+is virgin forest, the last of a great forest which once covered the Green
+river, and in the center of which is Mammoth Cave, we ask that the
+Nation come forward and help to take care of that, because it is too
+large for Kentucky, and heretofore nothing has been too large for
+Kentucky to do. (Applause) That is all I have to say. (Applause)</p>
+
+<p class="mt2">Recording Secretary <span class="smcap">Gipe</span>—Louisiana.</p>
+
+<p class="mt2">Chairman <span class="smcap">Hadley</span>—Mr. Fred J. Grace will speak for Louisiana.</p>
+
+<p class="mt2">[Mr. Grace’s paper is to be found in Supplementary Proceedings.]</p>
+
+<p class="mt2">Chairman <span class="smcap">Hadley</span>—I know that all true conservationists will be
+glad to know that Louisiana is looking after the conservation of her
+shrimps and oysters, and we will all be glad to hear whether Maryland
+is interested in her terrapin and canvas backs.</p>
+
+<p class="mt2">Secretary <span class="smcap">Gipe</span>—The next state is Maryland.</p>
+
+<p class="mt2">Chairman <span class="smcap">Hadley</span>—I have the pleasure of introducing Hon. Bernard
+N. Baker, president of the first Conservation Congress. (Applause)</p>
+
+<p class="mt2"><span class="smcap">Mr. Baker</span>—Fellow delegates. I will only detain you a few minutes.
+I know you are all waiting to hear Judge Lindsay. The governor
+limited us to what we were doing to preserve the oyster. Maryland
+is doing her duty in that respect, and if you will do your part, we
+shall all enjoy them in using the oyster when it is opened. I know you
+want to hear Judge Lindsay, and I am going to only speak a word. I
+thank you for this, and we will wait for Judge Lindsay.</p>
+
+<p class="mt2"><span class="smcap">Fred J. Breeze</span> of Indiana—I move that the report on the call of
+the states be laid over until tomorrow.</p>
+
+<p>The motion was duly seconded.</p>
+
+<p class="mt2">Chairman <span class="smcap">Hadley</span>—I think the Chair will declare that motion carried,
+and on tomorrow morning where there is an order on the program
+for the response of chairmen of organizations concerned in conservation
+there will be statements of the representatives of the several
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_31">[31]</span>states. It is important in the consideration of this question that we
+should not lose sight of the fact that conservation is a means and not
+an end, and the real end is the formation and promotion of the happiness
+and welfare and prosperity of the people. Consequently the most
+important question of conservation is the question of the conservation
+of human health and life. There are various phases of this question
+before the American people today that are of commanding importance;
+the immense toll that modern industry makes upon its workers amounts
+to ten every sixty seconds; the number of deaths from unhealthful
+occupations has presented a record as tragic as any that was ever written
+in times of war. There is another phase of this question, of conservation
+of human life, in the manner in which society deals with its
+deficient and dependents. Any system devised for the prosecution of
+crime and the protection of society against its enemies that deals only
+with the question of punishment and revenge is a mistaken system, and
+does not accomplish anything of permanent results in its benefits to
+society. They talk of the system in the conduct of penitentiaries and
+jails and eleemosynary institutes, but unless they send those they heal
+out into the world better men, women or children, physically, intellectually
+or morally than when they received them, that system is a mistaken
+and misguided one. One of the most distinguished representatives
+of a modern system in the enforcement of our criminal law for
+the conservation of human life and character is a man who I now have
+the pleasure of introducing to you, Judge Ben Lindsay, of the State
+of Colorado, and of the City of Denver, (Applause) who will speak
+on the subject of the “Country Child vs. the City Child.” Hon. Ben
+B. Lindsay.</p>
+
+<p class="mt2"><span class="smcap">Judge Lindsay</span>—Governor Hadley and delegates, ladies and gentlemen:
+I am sure it is a great honor to have the privilege of appearing
+here at this National Conservation Congress to consider some phases
+of the problem of the child. I do not know whether at past congresses
+the subject of the child has had a part in the program, but I do know
+that upon this occasion I feel a great deal as I think a particular boy
+friend of mine must have felt once in a little episode that happened
+in my own court nearly ten years ago. We found that when we made
+an appeal to the loyalty, even of the street boy, the state might find
+a helper and defender instead of an enemy. I recall when a certain
+policeman could not capture a certain little rascal of the streets. He
+went by the nickname of “Moochy.” He came in one day to say to me
+that another little imp of Satan, as he was supposed to be, by the name
+of “Mickey,” knew where “Moochy” was, and if he could enlist the
+services of “Mickey” in the capture of “Moochy” he thought he might
+save this little citizen. It was with some difficulty that I had to explain
+to “Mickey” that we were trying to save “Moochy,” in order to get
+him to tell me where “Moochy” was. When he found we had come
+to save, to help, and not to hurt, that loyalty for his chum turned to
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_32">[32]</span>loyalty to the state, and he said, “Judge, I know where the kid is, and
+I will get him.” In about fifteen minutes down in the wing of a cheap
+theater in our town there was a howl and a growl that somewhat disconcerted
+the audience. And when they investigated they found it was
+“Micky” pinching “Moochey,” as he called it. With some difficulty
+my little gamin friend succeeded in getting the delinquent to the court
+house, coming in to say to me with more or less disgust, “that the kid
+didn’t seem to want to be saved nohow.” A newspaper reporter happened
+to come along to write a story based upon this episode, to be
+called “The Pinching of Moochey by Mickey.” It was not complete,
+in his estimation, without a picture of the two, and he lined them up
+outside to take their pictures, when “Mickey” balked. He would not
+stand to have his picture taken. And I was somewhat puzzled, for
+I rather feared the outcome of this situation when “Mickey” came in
+followed by the newspaper reporter, to explain. He said, “Do you
+tinks I want to get my pictur took wid de little giek,” as he pointed
+to “Moochy” outside? “No,” he said, “I don’t; I got out of his class
+two years ago.” Then he said, as he pointed to the newspaper man,
+“If that guy wants to take my picture let him take it alongside of you,
+put both in together, and I don’t kick.”</p>
+
+<p class="center">CHILDREN, THE BIGGEST CROP.</p>
+
+<p>When the Conservation Congress wanted to put the child in its work
+I am certain I am not going to kick, but I am here to avail myself, as
+best I can of this honor and this privilege. For after all this conference
+has needed no apologies for including in its proceedings the problem of
+the child, for there is not any problem that does not, in a measure, have
+some bearing, some relation to the home and the child in the home.
+These children are our best and our biggest crop. Without a proper
+conservation of their welfare there will never be anything else worth
+conserving.</p>
+
+<p>There should be a bond of sympathy between the problem of the
+child and the conservation of our natural resources because of the
+rather interesting fact that the systematic work being developed for
+both has had most of its growth and development during the past decade,
+and when the history of the first ten years of the twentieth century
+shall be finally written the two great revivals recorded will be
+those concerning conservation and the child. It becomes more apparent
+each year that the children are the most important factors in whatever
+the future may hold in store for us.</p>
+
+<p>Another significant fact is that the growth of popular interest in
+the problems of the children has been almost identical with the amazing
+growth of urban population for the past two decades.</p>
+
+<figure class="figcenter illowp53" id="illus3" style="max-width: 31.25em;">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/illus3.jpg" alt="">
+  <figcaption>
+    <p><span class="smcap">Prof. E. Lee Worsham</span>, Chairman of the Executive Committee</p>
+  </figcaption>
+</figure>
+
+<p class="center">CONGESTION PROBLEMS.</p>
+
+<p>The cry of “Back to the soil”; the stimulus given by the conservation
+movement and the various activities that have grown out of it
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_33">[33]</span>to promote the pleasures, advantages and opportunities of farm life
+together with all the modern inventions, telephones, electric light, rural
+mail delivery, the trolley, good roads and the automobile, I am sorry
+to say have not served to check the onward march to the cities. The
+proportion of our people living in rural districts declined from 63.9
+per cent in 1890 to 53.7 per cent in 1910, and our experts in social economy
+assure us that in all probability much more than half of our population
+will be residents of urban communities before 1920. In many
+of the older states beyond the eastern center of population more than
+90 per cent of all the people live in cities and towns with a population
+of more than 2,500. During the past decade alone, according to
+the census of 1910, the increase in the urban population of the entire
+country has been at the rate of 34.9 per cent as against only 11.1 per
+cent of the rural population. In six states this increase of urban population
+as against rural population has been over 100 per cent, and while
+not one state has failed to show a large increase of urban population,
+the increase of rural population has been negligible in many states and
+has actually shown a considerable decrease in seven states. Unless
+some new and unexpected change shall come it is reasonable to assume
+that the next generation will find more than half the children of this
+country in urban communities. There is a temptation to follow that
+diversity afforded by a subject like that assigned me, which may lead
+us more into the pleasantries that are supposed to be a part of the life
+of all country boys. The field, the farm, the orchard, the meadows,
+the babbling brooks; those recollections recalled in the rhymes of a
+Riley from the jam and the pies over to old Aunt Mary’s, to the joys
+of the old swimming hole or of these fall days when the frost is on
+the pumpkin and the fodder’s in the shock. The pity of it is that most
+of these legends of the country boy are too much legend and too little
+reality. If it were not so we can scarcely account for the growing
+disposition of country boys to flock to the city. I regret to say that I
+believe that the call to the city that is reaching the country boys of
+the Nation will prove to be more effective than any call to the country
+or “back to the soil” movement that has so far been inaugurated. One
+of the chief complaints we hear on every hand among the farmers of
+this country is the difficulty of the problem of farm labor and the
+indisposition of the boys and young men in any such numbers as there
+should be to become interested in the farm. I remember listening to
+the almost pathetic story of one farmer of the Northwest, who told
+me that every one of his five sons had gone to the city, and he had been
+unable to induce one of them to remain. He said they either complained
+of the hardships and the lack of opportunity, or pined for the
+excitement, pleasure and possibilities of the city. The very advantages
+that we had hoped would make farm life more attractive to the
+youth of the Nation is also proving to be one of the factors that would
+seem to emphasize its monotony. The daily newspapers, the magazines,
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_34">[34]</span>the trolley cars and automobiles and good roads are bringing the youth
+in such complete touch with the city that instead of promoting that
+satisfaction and contentment with the country as we had expected these
+city advantages would do, it often has just the reverse effect. I am
+not prepared to say that these modern conveniences upon which we
+depended so much in the “back to the soil” movement will not in the
+end increase rather than decrease the numbers of country boys. I recently
+visited a city of about three thousand population in one of the
+most rural of states. What did I find? It has its moving picture shows
+along its Great White Way, limited to two or three blocks, with a
+roller skating rink, dance hall, and other forms of excitement and
+amusement—almost a perfect miniature of the larger city. The fact
+that the youth of the farming community, through trolley cars and
+automobiles, had convenient access to the city, where before it would
+have been more difficult, I was assured only whetted the desire in the
+country boy for the city life. It would seem then that we are booked
+for disappointment in the hope that the extension of city conveniences
+to the farm is going to increase the rural population and therefore the
+number of country children.</p>
+
+<p class="center">COUNTRY AND CITY BOYS.</p>
+
+<p>But except as it shall present difficulties in the growth and evolution
+of modern civilization, I am not sure whether this condition, if
+it be the condition, need be viewed with any great alarm. There is a
+gregarious and sheep-like tendency in mankind to flock together. The
+phenomenon presented by urban and rural growth must be a natural
+one or it would not be so. It is simply presenting in the course of
+its natural growth an occasional difficulty in the body politic as we
+have an occasional disease in the growing body of the individual. It
+becomes our duty then, in the one case just as much as in the other, to
+remedy the difficulty, to direct the growth along natural and wholesome
+lines, and this calls for work and coöperation among those factors
+that have to do with the life of the city or country boy—home,
+school, neighborhood, church and state.</p>
+
+<p>It follows then that our difficulties, as they must develop from
+time to time, will be with the city rather than the country boy. This
+is not because the country boy is inherently any different from the city
+boy—don’t forget that—any better or any worse, nor in my judgment
+because he is capable of greater possibilities. It is rather because of
+the environment and condition under which a great number of our boys
+must in the future development of this country necessarily be reared.
+I once attended a powwow of some Indian chiefs in North Dakota.
+There was present old John Grass, the successor of Sitting Bull, and
+Red Tomahawk, the slayer of the same old chief. I asked these Indian
+chiefs about Indian children in their primitive days, in the days of the
+real country and the wilderness. Did they lie? Did they steal? These
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_35">[35]</span>chiefs assured me that such things were practically unknown among
+Indian boys in the days of their own childhood which was before the
+white man came. “But,” said one of the chiefs, “when white man
+come Indian boy he steal, lie just like white boy.”</p>
+
+<p>I asked one of these Indian chiefs why it was that in their primitive
+state stealing was unknown among Indian boys—and surely they
+were the original country boys. The old chief grunted and a smile
+actually lit up that otherwise stolid Indian face as he replied: “It is
+very simple, there wasn’t anything to steal. The child’s wants were
+few and he had what he wanted.” Neither was there any poverty, any
+crime. This virtue of the original country boy in America was acclaimed
+without a taint of pharisaism. For it was admitted that the
+honest little savage was no better than his dishonest little progeny. It
+was rather a problem of condition, of occasion, of environment, than
+one of inherent viciousness. The wants of the little savage were few
+and generously supplied by nature. There was no temptation, no occasion
+to steal.</p>
+
+<p>This fact no more favors savagery than it disproves the advantages
+of civilization. It is the law of nature that men should multiply
+and populate the earth, and the instinct among the greater numbers
+to flock together in cities is precisely the same as it was in the days
+of savagery when smaller numbers flocked together in smaller groups
+more widely distributed. We must meet the change by doing two
+things:</p>
+
+<p class="center">HOW TO MEET THE CHANGES.</p>
+
+<p>First. Perfect our system of education. We need to improve our
+methods of moral training. We must more and more develop heart
+and conscience that our children may be equipped for moral as well
+as industrial efficiency. Boys need strength, but most of all the
+strength that comes from within; self-control, self-restraint; a yielding
+of more obedience to authority and respect for law and the rights of
+others.</p>
+
+<p>Second. The application of a system of real justice among men
+which means an industrial, social and economic world in which every
+man shall really have an opportunity to develop the best that is in him,
+and be assured that he shall reap the joys, rewards and profits to be
+derived from his own honest toil.</p>
+
+<p>This means that the boy to keep pace with our modern civilization
+must be better supplied with certain opportunities that are now largely
+denied him.</p>
+
+<p>New conditions necessarily create new problems. It is the law
+of growth and development. Since these new conditions are to be
+found principally in the cities, and since most of the boys who need
+our attention and interest are in the cities, it follows that the problem
+of the child is largely the problem of the city. But as the country
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_36">[36]</span>becomes more closely in touch with the city and many of its difficulties
+reach into the life of the country boy, we will also in time find the difficulties
+of the one are the difficulties of the other.</p>
+
+<p>Whatever the city does for the child is done for the community
+as a whole, for the child cannot profit without equal profit directly or
+indirectly inuring to the entire community. It is difficult to put any
+limit on the duty of the community to the child. It is coextensive with
+that of the parent, if there be no parent, or if the parent be helpless,
+or the child suffers from the parent’s neglect. This duty of the community,
+once recognized and accepted, is bound to be extended until
+indeed the community shall become one great family possessing some
+of the attributes, duties and responsibilities for the child that in original
+country life were limited to the particular family or family group
+of the child. The first general and accepted duty of the community
+towards the child was its education. Then came the demand for playgrounds,
+natatoriums, baths, trade schools, recreation centers, medical
+inspection, visiting nurses, dental clinics, and finally the school free
+restaurant. That is as sure to come within the next ten years as the
+playground and the recreation center has come in the past ten years.
+In a word, there is absolutely nothing that the child needs which the
+parent for any fair reason cannot furnish, which it is not the duty of
+the community to supply. This is so because it is simply the struggle
+of the state for itself. The child is the state; when the child is neglected
+the state is neglected; when the child suffers the state suffers;
+when the child is lost the state is lost. To say that the child is the
+chief asset of the state is undoubtedly true, but it is short of the real
+truth. The child is the state. It is, therefore, futile to oppose the
+movement going on in this country for the conservation of childhood
+on the ground that it is paternal. If there is anything in the scriptural
+injunction that “A little child shall lead them,” it is surely making
+itself felt at this period of our civilization. If we would conserve the
+real interests of the children of the Nation, we have simply got to be
+paternal. The state has got to be the over-parent. It cannot escape
+if it would; it would not escape if it could.</p>
+
+<p class="center">PALLIATIVES AND CURES.</p>
+
+<p>The last decade of agitation in behalf of the boys of the city was
+for what is becoming more and more to be regarded as the palliatives.
+We first asked for playgrounds only in certain bad neighborhoods, on
+the theory that the children in that neighborhood were bad. We know
+now that the children were no different from other children, and if
+they need playgrounds, then all children need playgrounds, whether
+they be country children or city children. The play instinct needs to
+be wisely directed as much in one child as in another—in the country
+as truly as in the city.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_37">[37]</span></p>
+
+<p>We first asked for child labor law forbidding children to work
+in certain industries, and we are realizing more and more that it is
+not a good thing for the Nation to draw on the manhood of tomorrow
+by sacrificing the childhood of today. (Applause) The recent report
+of the National Bureau of Labor on juvenile delinquency and its relation
+to employment makes perfectly clear the extra hazards and dangers
+to which children are subjected from being too early forced into economic
+competition with men. It demonstrates the necessity for not
+only more stringent child labor laws, but the better enforcement of
+those we have. It explodes the idea that the working boy and girl under
+16 years of age is freer from dangers of delinquency than the non-working
+child. It would seem indeed that the playing child in the street
+is much less likely to go wrong there than while engaged in those occupations
+in which they are mostly employed.</p>
+
+<p>From what is undoubtedly a very thorough investigation and study
+of 4,839 cases of delinquents (of whom 561 were girls and 4,278 were
+boys), we have carefully worked out for us interesting tables showing
+2,416 working as against 1,862 non-working delinquent boys, and 251
+working as against 210 non-working delinquent girls, or a total number
+of 2,767 working delinquent children as against 2,072 non-working delinquent
+children. Added to these interesting figures is the further
+fact that the ratio of working delinquents is very much larger than the
+non-working in all these cities, varying in different cities from three to
+ten times as great as the non-working, with the disproportion even
+more striking among the girls, making it perfectly clear, as one chapter
+of the report concludes, “that putting children to work prematurely
+is not an effective method of training them for good citizenship.”</p>
+
+<p class="center">THE VALUE OF THE REPORT.</p>
+
+<p>Another interesting fact brought out by the report is that the
+repeaters or recidivists (those apprehended for the second to the tenth
+offense as carefully tabulated in the report) are to be found mostly
+among the working children with the proportions much larger among
+the younger working children between 9 and 14 years of age. Up to
+this point the scale in this respect constantly ascends, beginning to
+descend as the working age approaches maturity.</p>
+
+<p>The report is unusually fair in making every possible concession
+to a variety of details and difficulties that might discredit its conclusions;
+but even with all such concessions there isn’t any room to dispute its
+final demonstration that working children not only contribute more in
+actual numbers but in an alarmingly larger proportion than do the non-workers
+to the criminal classes, and among repeaters or recidivists the
+same condition is even more marked. No such interesting or reliable
+set of tables has ever yet been added to the literature on this subject.
+It forces upon us the idea that the virtues necessary to good citizenship
+are not so much inherited as they are to be acquired. It follows that
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_38">[38]</span>we are doing hideous injustice to our children in unnecessarily subjecting
+them to temptations which their untrained, immature souls are not
+yet able to withstand. These temptations naturally enough are greatest
+among the six groups of working boys who furnish the most delinquents.
+They are well known to juvenile court officers. These six
+groups represent the six classes of occupations yielding the greatest
+number of delinquents out of the total number investigated. Proportionately
+they are, delivery and errand boys 491, or 20.3 per cent; news-boys
+and bootblacks 449, or 18.6 per cent; office boys 46, or 1.9 per
+cent; street vendors 66, or 2.7 per cent; telegraph messengers 73, or 3
+per cent; employed in amusement resorts 51, or 2.1 per cent; or a total of
+2,416, more than one-half of the total number of 4,278 cases of delinquent
+boys investigated. The greatest proportion of offenses among
+the boys are of course larceny. This one offense constitutes more than
+half of all the offenses reported. Putting these immature souls to work
+simply violates the supplication of the Christian’s prayer “lead us not
+into temptation, but deliver us from evil.” The temptation of dishonesty
+constantly besets the working child, much more than the non-working
+child. The results shown are rather to be expected. The
+next in order of popular offenses are incorrigibility and disorderly
+conduct, terms so indefinite as to frequently include larceny. Truancy
+appears only in the cases of 185, and begging in the cases of only seven.
+Every juvenile officer will appreciate the more than probable accuracy
+of these tables, for, with one or two exceptions of minor importance,
+they are confirmed by their common experience, for which heretofore
+reliable tables are rather scarce.</p>
+
+<p class="center">A FALLACY EXPLODED.</p>
+
+<p>The tabulations concerning the parental condition of the delinquents
+show equally creditable work. They are interesting as exploding
+another popular fallacy (which indeed was long since exploded by Miss
+Jane Addams and other champions of child labor laws) that most of
+the working children were sons and daughters of widows. Only 419
+boys or 17.3 per cent of the entire number investigated were sons of
+widows, and only 185, or 8.7 per cent, were orphans; while 1,318, or
+more than one-half of the entire number, had both parents living. And
+again, curiously enough, the tables show that proportionately the great
+majority of these delinquent boys, employed or unemployed, came from
+average good homes. Seventy-six and two-tenths per cent of the delinquent
+working boys are recorded as coming from “fair or good homes,”
+and 71.6 per cent of the working and non-working boys (that is, of
+the total number of delinquents) enjoy the same favorable conditions
+in so far as their homes are concerned. The results seem to prove
+what has often been emphasized by juvenile officers, that a good home
+is not as complete a guarantee of a good boy or girl as it would
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_39">[39]</span>seem we ought to be entitled to expect. The influences of the home—while
+of course the most important influence and the one that counts
+most—is by no means the only influence under which a child is placed,
+especially in that kind of city life that has come to this country only
+in the past fifty years and which in every particular is to become more
+terrific in the next fifty years, unless there be some unexpected changes.
+It is furnishing in many respects a new kind of environment under
+which most of our children are expected to be reared. It means we
+have got to make war against the street, the conditions, the environment,
+the causes, if we are to perform our full measure of duty to our
+children.</p>
+
+<p>Forty-four and seven-tenths per cent of the delinquent boys are
+children of native born parents as against fifty-five and three-tenths per
+cent of foreign born parents. Considering the far greater ratio of native
+born parents, this clearly indicates that there is less control over their
+children by foreign than by native parents.</p>
+
+<p>But I do not wish to be misunderstood. I firmly believe in work
+even in childhood. By this, I mean the right kind of work. It is not
+so much a question of work as the amount of work, the kind of work
+and the conditions under which that work is performed. This need
+not lessen our belief in happiness in childhood. I want to say very
+candidly, that there are a great number of children in this country from
+fourteen years of age upward about whom I feel more alarmed at their
+failure to do or to know how to do any kind of useful work than of
+any possibility of their being overworked.</p>
+
+<p class="center">THE DANGER OF IDLENESS.</p>
+
+<p>In our zeal for the protection of our boys subjected to extreme or
+unnatural conditions, we must not lose sight of the dangers and difficulties
+of idleness. There are thousands of boys in the cities of this
+country who, if not employed at some useful thing, are generally on
+the streets or in the alleys in the downtown public pool rooms and
+bowling alleys, engaged not always in wholesome play, but too often in
+idling, cigarette smoking and dirty story telling, with absolutely no
+thought of work or the serious side of life. They are too constantly
+occupied with thoughts of “having a good time,” and some rather perverted
+notions of what a good time is. Too many of our boys especially
+reach the age of moral and legal responsibility without the slightest conception
+of work. They are too often more concerned as to how much
+they earn than how well they do their work. In dealing with a certain
+class of youth in the juvenile court, I say without hesitation that
+the most hopeless fellow in the world is the boy who will not work—the
+boy who has not learned how to work, or the value and importance
+of work. There is always hope for the boy who works, especially the
+boy who likes to work. I believe in the “strenuous life,” and I think
+its importance should be taught our boys and girls at an early age. There
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_40">[40]</span>are too many young people in this country looking for “the life of ignoble
+ease.” I can say all of this to persons sincerely interested in the
+protection of the children from degradation or unnatural labor, and
+yet not be understood as depreciating the importance of wise child labor
+laws and their rigid enforcement for the protection of the children of
+the Union. But we must be careful, in doing this, never to underestimate
+the importance of work—the right kind of work, a certain amount
+of work—in the life of every child, and especially that teaching which
+inculcates good impressions in the life of every child as to the necessity
+and importance of labor. On the other hand, my experience is that
+most boys will work if given any kind of an encouraging opportunity.
+The lack of a chance is often responsible for idleness. At least 90
+per cent of our boys and girls are forced out of the grammar school
+to fight the battles of life. They must have a chance to earn a living
+under such reasonably favorable conditions as not to destroy all chance
+of happiness or else they must become idlers and loafers. My own
+experience is that our common school education too often fails to equip
+them for earning more than the most scanty wages. An opportunity
+between the sixth and eighth grades in our city schools for children of
+the toiling masses to learn some kind of useful trade or valuable work
+with the hands—to learn to do what their fathers do—is a reform in
+our educational system which the champions of child labor must, in
+my opinion, espouse if they would round out a systematic and consistent
+plan of battle in this fight for the salvation of the children.</p>
+
+<p class="center">PLACES FOR THE BOYS.</p>
+
+<p>I want to see the time come in this country when a boy of fourteen
+years of age up may be a valuable help to the plumber, the carpenter
+or the printer at a decent wage, instead of going to the messenger
+service and the street. I do not believe that juvenile labor should
+trespass upon the legitimate occupations of men and women, but we
+must equip these children for some kind of industrial efficiency and
+usefulness, or enlarge our reformatories and prisons for their care
+and maintenance. One of the saddest things in my experience as judge
+of the juvenile court has been the little fellows who have requested
+me to send them to the reform school in order that they might learn
+a trade. The principal of a school once said to me: “Judge, why don’t
+you send that boy to the reform school so that he can learn a trade?”
+On behalf of the boy, I replied: “In God’s name, why don’t you people
+on the Board of Education give him an opportunity to learn a trade at
+home?”</p>
+
+<p>I ask you, is it fair, just or decent that in most of the cities of this
+country an American boy has no opportunity to learn a trade, to capacitate
+himself for joyous, useful work with his hands, unless he commits
+a crime? And yet, I am compelled to say to you, that such is the condition
+in a very large section of this country.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_41">[41]</span></p>
+
+<p>But there are wonderful changes just ahead of us in our educational
+system. These changes are bound to come if we are to make
+progress, and we are making progress.</p>
+
+<p>If the Nation is to do its real duty to its boys—whether they
+be city boys or country boys, its children, city children or country children—it
+should pass the bill that has for the last six years been repeatedly
+offered in Congress providing for the establishment of a children’s
+bureau in the Department of Commerce and Labor.</p>
+
+<p class="center">CHILDREN VERSUS ANIMALS.</p>
+
+<p>It is a kind of protection that is sadly needed in this country, and
+especially from the government we need a systematic scheme of national
+investigation of all matters pertaining to the welfare of children
+and child life. It would in no manner interfere with the activities and
+agencies provided by the states but, on the contrary, through the help
+and assistance that would come from the national government, do much
+to strengthen all such agencies. Such a bureau would be of equal if
+not superior importance to those now existing in several of the departments.
+For instance, the Department of Agriculture, where we have
+a bureau of animal industry, plant industry, of soils, of chemistry, and
+the like. The Government spends annually millions of dollars investigating
+the diseases of animals, the inspection of cattle, hogs, sheep, etc.,
+and the results obtained by the able experts are published and circulated
+generously to the farmers and stock raisers of the country. The work
+of these bureaus has more than justified the expenditure of money by
+the Government. If we have a somewhat analogous bureau dealing with
+the welfare of the child life of the Nation, it would be doing no more
+for them than we are now doing for cattle and hogs. We have no
+right to neglect the child crop of this country. It is scarcely necessary
+to repeat that it is our most valuable crop, for there are born every
+year in this country over two million children. What the state is, what
+the Nation is ten, twenty, or thirty years from now depends not so
+much on our business, our ranches, our great industries, as upon the
+kind of men we have directing the great industries, the business, the
+farms, the ranches of this country, and what these men are then depends
+upon how well we care for our children now. If there are diseases
+among the cattle of the Nation, or decrease in some of the staple
+cereal crops of the Nation, the Government immediately becomes interested
+and its investigators and experts are busy everywhere to ascertain
+the causes, to furnish the remedies, to coöperate with the people
+for the protection of the material wealth of the Nation. Now, the child
+crop of the Nation is not to be measured in dollars and cents for as
+important as such a standard may be it is insufficient to furnish a scale
+for measuring the value of soul stuff. Yet if there is a large increase
+in infant mortality, of the dependency or delinquency of the childhood
+of the Nation, there is no bureau under the Federal Government that
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_42">[42]</span>is even required to become interested in the matter. And, indeed, there
+are very few states that provide sufficient and adequate agencies to
+carry on the work that must be done if we are true to our children.
+It is freely admitted that of the 300,000 little children—out of the
+2,000,000 born annually—that die annually, one-half of the deaths are
+preventable by the knowledge and application of preventive measures.
+If through the dissemination of proper information about children, such
+as is disseminated concerning cattle, an appreciable per cent of these
+children could be saved as they certainly would be saved, such a bureau
+would more than justify its establishment.</p>
+
+<p class="center">SOME PRACTICAL EXPERIMENTS.</p>
+
+<p>I remember recently, when the Children’s bill in England was being
+considered, receiving a letter, I think, from one of the under secretaries,
+to get certain facts, and it was simply impossible to provide the information
+that was needed and expected that this Government could
+furnish; and I, as a judge of one of the courts of this country dealing
+with children, felt very much embarrassed that we could not say that
+our Government was able to furnish such information.</p>
+
+<p>We have found, in our efforts to help these 100,000 children annually
+that are dependent or delinquent, that nothing is so important
+as facts. In my humble judgment—I may be wrong, and that is just
+why we want a bureau of this kind, in order that I may know and you
+may know whether I am right or wrong—in my judgment there are
+100,000 children, dependent and delinquent, coming to the courts of
+this country every year, and that means 1,600,000 children coming to
+the courts of this Nation in every generation of childhood. Is this
+great government of ours, with sufficient facts already gathered in
+this imperfect way to demonstrate the necessity, going to neglect this
+opportunity of spreading useful information concerning the children of
+this country?</p>
+
+<p>I recall a certain city in which I asked the chief of police how
+many children had been in jail that year. He said 100. When we
+investigated the records, we found there were 650 boys alone brought
+to the jail in that city of less than 200,000 people. In another city I
+asked the jailer how many boys had been in jail, he said five or six
+hundred. When we investigated the records, we found there were
+4,000 arrests in that city among the boys alone under twenty years of
+age and over 2,000 brought to the jail were under seventeen years of
+age.</p>
+
+<p>But finally any work for children of the city or country must bring
+us face to face with many of the social, economic, industrial and
+political conditions that concern us as a people. There is no real
+problem of the child that is not also the problem of the parent. We
+cannot do our duty toward the children of this Nation without attacking
+the conditions that deform the lives of the children. This must
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_43">[43]</span>take us so far afield that I do not dare attempt to follow now lest it
+take me so far beyond the immediate scope of this paper as to find
+for it no satisfactory ending.</p>
+
+<p>The fight for the childhood of today is the fight for the parenthood
+of tomorrow, the manhood of tomorrow; it is after all the supreme
+battle for the country, the city, the state, for justice for all men and
+women, and that means a day of better things, a happier country, a
+more perfect civilization; the dawn of a tomorrow, a new day, a new
+time in which the scriptural promise shall be more than fulfilled, for the
+little child shall lead, shall teach, shall save the world.</p>
+
+<p class="mt2">Chairman <span class="smcap">Hadley</span>—The audience will remain seated a moment.
+There are a few more of the states that will be called, and as it is
+necessary for me to attend to some official duties, President Wallace
+will now take charge of the meeting.</p>
+
+<p class="mt2">President <span class="smcap">Wallace</span>—The Congress is not yet adjourned, and we
+have some good things in store. Please come to order as soon as possible.
+I wish to announce Hon. B. A. Fowler, president of the National
+Irrigation Congress, of Phoenix, Arizona, as chairman of the
+committee on resolutions. Now, we want every state that has not
+appointed a committeeman on resolutions to do so at once, and report
+to the clerk, and Mr. Fowler will announce when and where that committee
+will meet.</p>
+
+<p>Another thing. Any of you that have resolutions will please turn
+them in to that committee at the time and place of meeting. The committee
+will consider the resolutions and present them and their final
+report on next Wednesday. It is to be regretted that many of the
+governors could not be here this afternoon, but some of them have sent
+representatives.</p>
+
+<p class="mt2">President <span class="smcap">Wallace</span>—I have the pleasure of introducing to you
+Mr. D. M. Neill, representing the governor of Minnesota.</p>
+
+<p class="mt2">[Mr. Neill’s paper will be found in Supplementary Proceedings.]</p>
+
+<p class="mt2">President <span class="smcap">Wallace</span>—The Honorable George Coupland of Nebraska
+is here as its representative, and has been asked to speak next. Mr.
+Coupland.</p>
+
+<p class="mt2">[Mr. Coupland’s paper is to be found in Supplementary Proceedings.]</p>
+
+<p class="mt2">President <span class="smcap">Wallace</span>—When this meeting adjourns, which will be
+at 5 o’clock sharp, it will adjourn to meet at 8 this evening, and will be
+presided over by Hon. B. A. Fowler, the president of the National Irrigation
+Congress. Mr. Condra has an announcement to make.</p>
+
+<p class="mt2">Professor <span class="smcap">Condra</span>—I wish to announce a meeting of the credential
+committee as soon as I leave the stage about ten minutes to 5. Another
+announcement: There are about a hundred state conservation commissioners
+present, and they will meet in the white room at the Baltimore
+Hotel tomorrow morning at 9 o’clock for a conference.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_44">[44]</span></p>
+
+<p class="mt2">President <span class="smcap">Wallace</span>—This Congress intended to get Hon. Woodrow
+Wilson of New Jersey to address us. He was unable to come, but has
+sent a representative, Mr. Edward A. Stevens, Commissioner of Public
+Roads, and he will be heard as soon as the secretary makes some
+announcements, which will close the program for this afternoon.</p>
+
+<p>After announcements by Secretary Gipe, President <span class="smcap">Wallace</span> continued:
+We will now hear from the representative of Hon. Woodrow
+Wilson, Mr. Stevens. (Applause)</p>
+
+<p class="mt2">Mr. <span class="smcap">Stevens</span>—Mr. Chairman, Ladies and Gentlemen: I did not
+come prepared to represent the Governor of New Jersey, or to make a
+speech. That had been entrusted, I believe, to somebody better fitted
+than myself. I find in the West the State of New Jersey is considered
+and known for its mitigation of corporations which do not meet the
+approval of the United States Supreme Court. But it is not that industry
+I wish to interest you in, or in fact any New Jersey industry. All I can
+do today is to give a slight enumeration of the work being done in one
+of the smallest and most densely populated states of the Union. We
+have commissions or officers in charge of the following branches of conservation
+work: Forestry; the oyster industry; the conservation of
+flowing water; the geological survey of the state (which is one of the
+most complete and most accurate yet carried out by any state of the
+Union); of agriculture; of public roads; of inland waterways; the regulation
+of public utilities; the watching over health by the State Board
+of Health, and also special institutions for the care of tuberculosis, of
+epileptic and feeble-minded children. We have a fish and game commission,
+because with us the ocean furnishes a vast source of wealth
+in its fisheries. We have besides that a commission for the regulation
+of factory labor, and especially for the regulation of child labor, for
+children in New Jersey cannot enter into work without passing an examination
+and without special permits. I am sorry that I cannot do much
+more than merely enumerate the branches of activity which the state
+is undertaking. I am only familiar with one of them, that is public
+road building. If I can be of any service in that technical line to this
+Congress I hope I will be considered at its disposal. (Applause)</p>
+
+<p class="mt2">President <span class="smcap">Wallace</span>—Prof. F. W. Rane, State Forester, will speak
+for the State of Massachusetts.</p>
+
+<p class="mt2">[Prof. Rane’s paper is to be found in Supplementary Proceedings.]</p>
+
+<p class="mt2">President <span class="smcap">Wallace</span>—The Congress now stands adjourned until 8
+o’clock, when the conference of the states will be resumed. We will
+meet tomorrow morning at 9:30 promptly.</p>
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+
+<div class="chapter">
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_45">[45]</span></p>
+
+<h2 class="nobreak" id="THIRD_SESSION"><i>THIRD SESSION.</i></h2>
+
+</div>
+
+<p>In the absence of President Wallace, who was attending the dinner
+given to the President of the United States, Prof. Condra acted as chairman
+of the meeting.</p>
+
+<p class="mt2">Professor <span class="smcap">Condra</span>—Ladies and Gentlemen, your attention: We
+will continue the program this evening from 8 o’clock until the arrival
+of the President and his party. We will have reports from a number of
+the states. The states which are represented should send their representatives
+to the platform. If I understand it, we are now to hear from
+Michigan, Montana, New York and a number of other states, and in
+addition to that we will have a short talk which will please you I am
+sure. The first thing on the program is a flashlight picture.</p>
+
+<p>After the flashlight picture was taken, the Congress continued as
+follows:</p>
+
+<p class="mt2">Professor <span class="smcap">Condra</span>—Are there any announcements to be made by
+the members of the different committees? Has the chairman of the
+committee on resolutions an announcement to make?</p>
+
+<p>I wish to announce that there are a good many scientific men present
+who are representing various bodies and they are going to hold a number
+of important meetings. One of these will be held in the Coates House,
+room 244, at 8:30 tomorrow morning. The question is, “What should
+be the relation of Conservation to Science, to the Discovery of Truth?”
+We must not divorce the two departments. They are identical when
+we understand the two. All chemists, geologists, agriculturists, and
+others who are ready to assist in this work and wish to meet with the
+scientists are invited to do so tomorrow morning. I understand Dr.
+Shinnick of Iowa is to preside at that meeting. He represents the American
+Association for the Advancement of Science.</p>
+
+<p>Another announcement: We have gathered here about one hundred
+state conservation commissioners. The conservation commissions of the
+various states are not political bodies, neither are they partisan, but they
+are men and women who are studying the truth underlying conservation.
+The conservation commissioners, together with the various scientists,
+namely, geologists, agriculturists, chemists and others, will hold meetings
+tomorrow. I ask you to take notice. And representing these various
+scientific bodies, the meeting of the conservation commissioners and the
+friends of that kind of work; those who want to get at the details of
+state conserving, including what we should investigate and give to the
+people as the basis of conservation activity, how we shall do soil survey,
+geological survey, what kind of maps must be prepared, what is the truth
+of dry farming, what is true drainage, how shall we make up the various
+inventories, what kind of forest study should be made in the state—in
+other words, in what manner are we to coöperate in the various states,
+and in what manner are we to coöperate with the Federal Government
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_46">[46]</span>in getting at the conservation facts? We ask all of you interested in
+these subjects to join us in the white room at the Baltimore Hotel tomorrow.
+We will have talks by such men as Prof. Holden, Dr. Hawarth,
+W. J. Spillman, of the Department of Agriculture, and I might name a
+number of others, men practically engaged in this line of work. I would
+like to know whether there is anyone to speak for Michigan?</p>
+
+<p>At the meeting of last year there was not full opportunity to hear
+from the men representing the states. We want these men to come
+forward and tell us what they are doing. Michigan has not responded.
+Is Montana represented? Is New York? New Mexico? We ask that
+you will come here to the platform. Will the representative of Pennsylvania
+please come to the platform? I ask those of you who are scattered
+here and there in this great building to be as quiet as you can,
+because there may be some who are not used to speaking before so many
+persons and it is rather difficult to speak from this position. Mr. Emil
+Gunther, representing Pennsylvania, and Philadelphia in particular.</p>
+
+<p class="mt2">Mr. <span class="smcap">Gunther</span>—The chairman has just announced I may have five
+minutes. Realizing the importance of time, I wrote out my remarks so
+that I could not speak more than five minutes if I wanted to.</p>
+
+<p class="mt2">[Mr. Gunther’s paper will be found in Supplementary Proceedings.]</p>
+
+<p class="mt2">Chairman <span class="smcap">Condra</span>—It is quite possible that the people throughout
+this Middle Western country and all of the western part of the United
+States may fail to realize the different phases of activity that are maintained
+in the great empire state of New York. That state has recently
+established a conservation commission, with three scientists as members,
+paying those men $10,000 a year for the difficult task of organizing the
+various lines of conservation activity in the state. I have the pleasure
+of introducing one of the state commissioners of New York, Mr. John
+D. Moore.</p>
+
+<p class="mt2">[Mr. Moore’s address is in Supplementary Proceedings.]</p>
+
+<p class="mt2">Chairman <span class="smcap">Condra</span>—Is the representative of South Carolina, Dr.
+M. W. Twitchell, present?</p>
+
+<p class="mt2">A <span class="smcap">Delegate</span> from Kansas—We have tried to hear two speakers
+from the East, but in Kansas City, half way across the continent, we
+have been unable to hear them. If you have any more Eastern speakers,
+California, perhaps, in the rear end of the hall, would like to hear something
+they say.</p>
+
+<p class="mt2">Chairman <span class="smcap">Condra</span>—I would call attention to the fact that people
+are coming in. I know that those who are here are as quiet as you can
+be, and I ask that those in the rear on this first floor will call the attention
+of the ushers to this fact so they may request people to enter more
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_47">[47]</span>quietly. We realize that this is a very large building, and you ought not
+to require every man to speak to all of you. They haven’t all got lungs
+strong enough to make everyone hear, but we hope Dr. Twitchell has.</p>
+
+<p class="mt2">[Dr. Twitchell’s address is in Supplementary Proceedings.]</p>
+
+<p class="mt2">Chairman <span class="smcap">Condra</span>—We will postpone the reports from the states
+until tomorrow. The first speaker represents the National Soil Fertility
+League, who will speak for ten minutes. After that we will have a talk
+by Bernard Baker, our old conservation friend, the man who was the
+president of the Congress at St. Paul during its last Congress. If President
+Taft should enter during either one of these speeches, I ask that
+the band may start up “America.” I think it would be appropriate to
+sing “America” when the President of this great country enters such a
+great hall filled with such an audience. (Applause) I understand that
+the gentleman who is to speak is able to talk to the uttermost parts of
+the gallery. I now introduce Howard H. Gross, president of the National
+Soil Fertility League. Mr. Gross, of Chicago.</p>
+
+<p class="mt2">Mr. <span class="smcap">Gross</span>—Mr. Chairman, Ladies and Gentlemen: I want to thank
+you kindly for the applause, for it may be the only occasion when it
+would be proper. (Applause) I want to say as president of the National
+Soil Fertility League that it is an organization formed to do a specific
+definite work, and to work with this great Congress, and all who are
+striving for a better agriculture. I have been doing considerable institute
+work, and I made this observation: that the farmer was very quick to
+see and demonstrate how some of these half-baked theories that he was
+asked to subscribe to did not appeal to him, or, in other words, that we
+are all from Missouri, and it was necessary to be shown. (Applause)
+We know that we are not getting out of our farms what we ought to
+get. We know that Europe is getting two or three times as much per
+acre as we are. So, in the organization of the National Soil Fertility
+League I felt that two or three things were necessary: First, we must
+have an organization that would command the respect of the people, and
+when I give you the names of the gentlemen who make up the advisory
+committee I believe you will agree with me that they have been wisely
+chosen, and we are under obligations to them, all of us, for joining in
+a great work of this kind. On the advisory committee are Mr. James
+J. Hill of St. Paul, whom I regard as one of the greatest men who it
+has ever been my privilege to meet; the next is our most distinguished,
+our first citizen, William Howard Taft (applause); Franklin MacVeigh;
+Missouri’s great son, Champ Clark (applause)—gentlemen, this is not a
+political convention. Dr. James, of the University of Illinois; William
+Jennings Bryan (applause)—now, gentlemen, it would not do for me
+to read the other names if you are going to break over like this. It is
+against the rules. Mr. F. D. Coburn, Secretary of Agriculture of the
+State of Kansas (applause); Benjamin Franklin Yoakum; William
+George, banker and farmer; Samuel Gompers, president of the Federation
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_48">[48]</span>of Labor (applause); Alvin H. Saunders of the Breeders’ Gazette;
+J. M. Studebaker, of wagon fame; Samuel Allerton; Henry Wallace,
+you all know (applause), and W. D. Howard is no less distinguished.
+The speaker is the only cheap skate in the crowd. (Applause)</p>
+
+<p>Now, gentlemen, the National Soil Fertility League was formed
+for a definite purpose. It will have a paid organization. We will be
+Johnny-on-the-spot every minute during the year, doing business. What
+we propose to do is this: to supplement the great work that is being done
+by the agricultural colleges, and insist that the state and the nation shall
+recognize these great institutions with adequate contributions, so that they
+may do extension work and reach every community in the land from
+Maine to California. (Applause) We mean to have Congress appropriate
+a million dollars to start with, and increase it to eight or nine or
+ten millions if necessary, and every man who has anything to say in
+Washington is committed to this proposition from top to bottom, and
+we are going to get the money. Then we propose to have bills introduced
+at the next meeting of the Legislature in forty-four states, and get the
+people back of those bills, to the end that the money will be forthcoming
+to enable the college of agriculture to take up this great work and
+carry it forward. The plan will be to take a soil chemist, a skilled agriculturist,
+and put one in every county in the state. That man is responsible
+to the state university of where the county is situated. He will help
+the farmer solve the problems of a larger field, coöperating with him,
+studying the local conditions, to the end that we may establish a permanent
+agricultural college, and get the largest returns possible and maintain
+soil fertility. In Europe where they have been farming for a thousand
+or fifteen hundred years they are raising two or three times what
+we get, and our land originally was better than theirs. Now there are
+several problems that are collateral to this. Let me know, Mr. Chairman,
+when my time is up—and one is farm labor, how to keep the boy on the
+farm. The new agriculture showing the boy that we can use his brain
+as well as his brawn, that farming is profitable, far more than he thinks,
+that he can make dollars out of dimes by proper manipulation, and so
+he will see that the largest field of opportunity for a man of brawn and
+brain is in treating with the soil. Show him also that it is a high and
+noble and splendid business avocation. Also we must have better schools
+in the country. (Applause)</p>
+
+<p>There is no reason why the boy and the girl on the farm should not
+have as good educational advantages as those in the city schools. The
+greatest product that we have on our farm is not cattle, hogs and alfalfa,
+wheat and oats, but the boy and the girl in the farm home. (Applause)
+Upon them depends the future of this great country. So let us realize
+the personal equation and take care of the boys and the girls; give them
+the education that they want and let them get it at home instead of going
+to town. Home life is a great deal more pleasant. You must have good
+roads, consolidated schools, fill your homes with the best there is in the
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_49">[49]</span>land, and there is no place on God’s green earth where society and civilization
+can reach a higher plane and a better one than upon the great plain
+of Illinois and Michigan, Missouri, Kansas, and all these great states.
+But let the young men realize that they can learn something from the
+green leaves of the field, as well as from the yellow leaves of the library.
+When we get to doing business, and we are doing it now, we want you
+all to help us get the legislation that is necessary, so that we can provide
+abundant and cheap food supply for the country, and have plenty to ship
+abroad, without impairing one single dollar of the farmer’s income, but
+make it twice what it is today. (Applause)</p>
+
+<p class="mt2">Chairman <span class="smcap">Condra</span>—I wonder if you really believe what this gentleman
+has said? (Sure we do. Yes.)</p>
+
+<p>In the course of my work I have run on a few individuals who have
+an idea that it is not necessary for the state to be concerned with the
+materials of conservation, or with the conditions that obtain in those
+states. I hope that the time will come when the people on the farm, in
+the factory, all the citizens in the state will realize that an American
+state that does not have a full survey of its climate, its topography, its
+structure, its drainage, its resources, is behind the times. I want you
+people to pledge me, though not orally, that you will go home, return
+to your places, and stand by the men like Professor Holden, like Dr.
+Hawarth, like Dr. DeWolf, and those men who are farmer boys who
+have gone to the land to study the real value that they may give of their
+knowledge of farm management. Do you believe that? (Sure. Yes,
+sir. You bet.) Well, suppose as delegates we might bring in a resolution
+which says that conservation in these states must be based on that
+basis, on the material, on the conditions, would you vote it down? Would
+you believe that these men are sincere? Would you think those men
+are put in a glass case, that they represent a museum curiosity, or would
+you think that those men that are huskies, those men of brawn, would
+you think that those men are your friends, that they mean what they
+say and they know what they are talking about? They are the ones who
+have seen this thing from the practical side, and they must work with
+you. Let me sound this note: I make the plea that you may, in the
+conservation of the various states, stand for conservation based on fact,
+not on conservation based on dogma without foundation. Will you stand
+for that? (Applause) I wish to assure all now I am not now making
+an argument for the man who does the geological survey, the agricultural
+survey, the nursery survey, the industrial survey; I am making an
+argument to the people for the people who ought to have the truth of
+the situation, the benefit of those surveys. We have seen too many concerns
+floated without basis. We have seen altogether too much promotion
+without basis. The time is when our agriculture will flourish according
+to the conditions that obtain. We will not misrepresent for the purpose
+of drawing a population from one section of our great country to
+an unfavorable place in another section. We are going to take the land
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_50">[50]</span>as it is. We will take the climate as it is. We will take the resources
+through and through as they are. And the state will place its stamp of
+approval, based on the fruits, and the people can go here and there
+according to the light that is found. And we condemn any concern in
+the state that goes into another state and misrepresents things to the
+people, taking them to a place for which they are not fitted, and to land
+which they do not understand. I do not want to discourage you, and
+here let me clear up a thought. We stand as conservationists for reclamation.
+We intend to make more of these dry lands, those sandy lands,
+those wet lands, and the various other kinds, and we want to get more
+out of these trees, out of that coal, out of that gold, out of that iron.</p>
+
+<p>Let us stand on the basis of truth. Let us stand against misrepresentation.
+May I sound another warning? There never was a
+state that misrepresented industrial facts and attracted factories to
+those unfavorable places, or attracted people to an unfavorable locality,
+which they did not understand, there never was a state that permitted
+that but suffered for the same sooner or later. We must take
+truth as it is. We must abide by the facts. We must, as people of the
+state, loyal to our state and our country, put our forces against all kinds
+of misrepresentation, because they end up badly. (Applause) Now
+you don’t understand that, all of you. The farmer gets occasionally
+into some one of these concerns that ends badly. Then he objects to all
+kinds of business, and he objects to the railroads, and he objects to the
+men in the factory, and he thinks all business is illegitimate. We have
+reached a time in the conservation of our states when we will base our
+industry on investigation and reliable report, made by one who will not
+pad the facts.</p>
+
+<p>I ask Mr. Baker to tell us a little about the Panama Canal.</p>
+
+<p class="mt2">Mr. <span class="smcap">Baker</span>—Mr. Chairman, Ladies and Gentlemen: The subject
+is not one as Prof. Condra said, that covers the subject of conservation
+to most people, but to me it means a great deal. It means that your
+government, your people are spending today some four hundred millions
+of dollars for the purpose of conserving the interests of transportation
+between the east and the west coast of the United States of all this great
+country, the enormous commerce that has been absolutely and almost
+entirely in the control of the railroads for so many years. So serious
+has this control been that for nineteen years the transcontinental railway
+pool paid to the owners of the Panama Railroad Company $1,080,000
+a year for nineteen years to induce them not to do business. Think
+what that means. Not only that, but for many years they paid the United
+States of Colombia, which formerly and originally was under the Republic
+of Panama before it seceded, $10,000 a year to prevent the extension
+of that line, to deepwater, so as they could utilize that route to develop
+the commerce of the United States. Your Government, you people, are
+paying for that. I am going to tell you a little, while we are waiting
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_51">[51]</span>for the President. I have just had the honor of being with him at
+dinner. He was unfortunately detained, but I expect him every moment,
+and it is not necessary for me to say that when he appears I shall retire.</p>
+
+<p>They started out with that wonderful enterprise—the Panama Canal—by
+meeting the opposition of all the railroad interests that were determined
+that it should not be completed. Many, many times able
+articles, which many of you have read in the magazines, were written
+and paid for by the most eminent engineers to prove how totally impracticable
+the building of the Panama Canal was. It was a dream. A long
+dream, they used to say. It began in the early days of Spain when
+Columbus came to the Panama Canal. He was the first one to visit it.
+There was located on the west side of the canal what is known as the
+Treasure House of Spain. When our Government took hold of it, and
+employed the engineers to make a thorough survey, the question came
+up of building an open waterway free right down to sea level. When
+it was suggested that they build lock canals—and as many of you farmers
+to whom I am speaking may not understand that, I take a few minutes
+to explain exactly how they work. You come in on the level of the
+Caribbean sea, and the ship is elevated about thirty feet by sliding into
+a lock, the water pouring from the upper lock, sixty feet above, into
+this lower lock, thirty feet, and on this the ship rises. That occurs three
+times, until they bring the ship up to a level of eighty feet above the
+Caribbean sea. There is very little rise or fall in the tide of the Caribbean
+sea, only about eighteen inches, maximum and minimum. Then
+it enters into what is going to be—and now when I was there in November,
+had about twenty-eight to forty feet of water in it—a most beautiful
+fresh water lake some twenty-nine miles wide and some thirty long,
+bordered with the most beautiful mountain ranges. The ship will sail
+through that lake and will come into what you have all heard about, the
+wonderful Culebra cut, a cut straight through the mountains. One of
+the greatest difficulties, one that you have heard so much of, is the slides,
+the land constantly sliding down into that cut, was due to the character
+of the soil, it being a volcanic ash.</p>
+
+<p>Now, the most wonderful thing has happened, due to modern invention,
+which has brought to work what is known as the cement gun, a
+gun that will fire cement into those banks and make them practically
+solid and prevent sliding. So they can go on and dig the canal without
+further interruption. There is no question whatever that the waterway
+will be opened to the people of the United States by the shortest possible
+route, saving 7,000 miles of water distance between the Atlantic and
+Pacific oceans, all the way around the Straits of Magellan, by June,
+1913. (Applause) Not only have they made the cement gun, but they
+have made the cement boat. I am an old steamship man of many years’
+experience. I can remember some years ago when they talked about
+iron boxes floating as being impossible. Then they came to a steel box
+floating. Now, ladies and gentlemen, they are floating a stone box there,
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_52">[52]</span>and putting on this stone box the gun which will fire the cement. It is
+made of cement. The steamer will proceed through that large cut, which
+is covered with the most wonderful vegetation that ever was written
+about, right in the tropics, within eight degrees of the equator. The
+ladies here—all ought to go to Panama and see the wonderful flowers,
+blooms—things that we see here in our greenhouses—there growing as
+trees—magnificent, wonderful—and the parrots playing through the
+woods. If you go a little way off you can also see the monkeys playing
+in the woods. All those things will be open to travel, and there will be
+the big fine passenger steamers going through there.</p>
+
+<p>When you get over to the other side of the canal you meet first
+what is called the Piedro Miguel Locks. Peter McGill was an Irishman,
+but they called him, in Spanish, Piedro Miguel. A number of things
+down there are named after him. A short distance below you come
+to two more locks, lowering you to the level of the Pacific Ocean, which
+has a rise and fall of nearly eighteen feet. That is known as the Miraflores
+Lock, or many flowers. Now you have reached the Pacific Ocean.
+I want to go back just a moment, however, and tell you why it was necessary
+to make this lock canal. An old steamship man’s ideal way is
+simply to sail through without any destination whatever, but there is
+a river down there, you know, the Chagres river. Up to the time I was
+last down there they never had yet found the source of the river. The
+vegetation was so rank it was almost impossible to get through. That
+river has been known to rise sixty feet in forty-eight hours, and yet I have
+seen it when you could almost walk across the river bed. Imagine that
+kind of a flood being taken care of in an open waterway constituting a
+ship canal. I would not like to be on the ship that undertook to go
+through a canal that might possibly meet that condition of floods in
+Panama. I want to tell you another thing that to me is the most wonderful
+work I have ever seen, and that is the way everything is managed
+and controlled by one man, Col. Gilfos. He is a wonder. You can go
+among the engineers, the laboring men, constituting all the nationalities
+of that part of the country, a great many of them Jamaicans and West
+Indians, Spaniards, and everywhere you will hear, “We are working for
+Col. Gilfos.” No mistakes of any importance have been made. They
+all live there in the most perfect socialism, if I may call it in the true
+idea of socialism, the brotherhood of man, having everything in common.</p>
+
+<p>When a lady wishes to give a dinner, she asks by telephone—Government
+telephone—for a carriage to be sent. It is a mule wagon generally,
+by the way. But now they are getting some automobiles. It
+takes her down to the commissary headquarters. She picks out what
+she wants to entertain her friends with, and she uses no money. It all
+comes up promptly just at the hour, and many times at prices which it
+would be impossible today to duplicate in some of our Western and Eastern
+cities. When the baby is sick she sends for the Government doctor.
+Everything is done in that way by the United States Government. Why,
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_53">[53]</span>they even run the most wonderful hotel in the most wonderful way, the
+Hotel Tivoli. It is a beautiful place, a marvelous place, and a remarkable
+arrangement they have there. If you stay one week it is a fixed
+price per week. If you stay two weeks it is at proportionate reduction,
+and three weeks again a reduction, so as to encourage people to
+come there and stay in the hotel. They are now adding to the Tivoli a
+very large $500,000 addition, just to accommodate travelers, and everything
+is run by the Government. You never hear a word of complaint,
+never any differences. There seem to be no social bickerings or differences
+among the people. One goes everywhere and finds absolute social
+enjoyment. I never in my life have seen such a marvelous community.
+There is where we ought to raise our children. Little figures running
+about with very little on them, there is so much bright sunshine and
+beautiful weather they do not need clothes, and they seem to be perfectly
+healthy. When you think of it, an old saying used to be that when they
+built the railroad across there every tie cost a human life. Disease was
+terrible. For five years there has never been a case of fever—yellow
+fever—and it is the statistical record that it is one of the healthiest places
+today in the United States.</p>
+
+<p>Of course it is not in the United States, but compared with any
+place in the United States. There was, by the way, one death, I understand,
+in Panama that was due to the curiosity of one of our dear women.
+She came down as a nurse, a trained nurse from New York, and did
+not believe that the mosquito could possibly convey fever. In the physical
+laboratory of the hospital at Ancon were a number of them in a glass
+case for experimental purposes. Talking to some of the other nurses
+when the doctors were not about, she put her finger in and allowed one of
+the mosquitoes to bite her. She was bitten all right. In five days she died
+of fever, proving beyond any question that the mosquito was the one
+thing that made all this unhealthfulness in the past. But not satisfied
+with that, the Government has drained in the most effectual way all the
+entire canal zone of some fifty miles long and ten miles wide. At the
+head of every small stream where there is any possibility of drainage
+or stagnant water producing mosquitoes, they place a small barrel of oil,
+with a drip. That drip is regulated just in proportion to the flow of
+water. Now today it is one of the most pleasant places in fair weather
+I ever saw. There are few or no flies on account of this strict sanitation,
+which includes also the removal of garbage. Everything of that
+kind is done by the Government in the most sanitary and most effective
+way. All the houses belong to the Government—they have single men’s
+apartments, and married men’s apartments, and houses for the different
+officers. There is provided a special can for the removal of all the garbage
+and refuse from the houses. If anyone leaves that open they are
+fined very promptly. No one does. An inspection officer is going about.
+So today I know of no more pleasant place in the world to spend a
+month or so than at the Hotel Tivoli, Panama.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_54">[54]</span></p>
+
+<p>Another curious thing may possibly interest you. The first time I
+went over to Ancon, which is on the west, the Pacific side—and I might
+explain about Ancon—there are three towns. There is the town of
+Panama, which stands on the Bay of Panama; a little distance off and
+connected with it, you can hardly tell where, is the American town of
+Ancon, and then across over a big hill is Balboa, the part in which the
+United States is making all its improvements—getting ready to take care
+of the transportation question. Now when I got down there, and I
+arrived rather early in the evening, I had a beautiful room assigned me.
+All the rooms have balconies. I went out and sat on the porch and
+looked at the Pacific Ocean. What, to my surprise, did I see? I didn’t
+know what had happened, but I saw the moon rising out of the Pacific
+Ocean. Now take that in if you can. It was in the east—the Pacific
+Ocean was to the southeast of Panama, and the moon was rising out
+of the Pacific Ocean, as the sun did the next morning. I was completely
+turned around. The Isthmus of Panama almost describes the letter “S.”
+We do not realize that unless we take an atlas and put it before us. If
+you ever see a drawing or illustration of the great work going on down
+there you will see how they always place Panama on the right-hand side
+of the map as you look at it. It seems all wrong. It ought not to be
+there. It did to me when I first saw it. I think I have talked about
+Panama long enough, and you must be tired, and I am quite sure the
+President will be here in the next few minutes. He is trying to get here
+as rapidly as possible. What he will tell you about conservation will be
+so much more than I can do. I thank you very much. (Applause)</p>
+
+<p class="mt2">Chairman <span class="smcap">Condra</span>—I have a note from the director of the band
+saying that they can sing a certain song to be dedicated to the President.
+Dr. Hiner, have you the soloist there? Can you favor us with the song?
+It is to be sung next Saturday at Sedalia, I believe, and it has been dedicated
+to the President by his permission.</p>
+
+<p>After the singing of the song, the President entered, accompanied
+by his official party and members of the Commercial Club and others,
+the audience rising and singing “America,” after which long and loud
+cheering took place for several minutes.</p>
+
+<p class="mt2">President <span class="smcap">Wallace</span>—Ladies and Gentlemen, Members of the Conservation
+Congress: It is my high privilege and duty to introduce to
+you tonight, Hon. William H. Taft, President of the United States.
+(Loud applause and cheers)</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_55">[55]</span></p>
+
+<h3>ADDRESS BY THE PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES.</h3>
+
+<p>President <span class="smcap">Taft</span>—Your distinguished President, Dr. Wallace, a month
+or two ago wrote me and asked me to come before this Congress and
+advocate and talk about the conservation of the soil. If that subject
+does not address itself to you as a proper one in this Congress, you
+must blame your president. If what I say is not orthodox, you must
+blame him, because he called on me. But I am going to read you the
+best view that I can make from the consideration of the best authorities
+that I can find on that subject. And if you will bear with me, I will
+promise not to keep you long, for the reason that my knowledge on the
+subject will not consume a great deal of time.</p>
+
+<p>At last year’s convention of this Congress I had the honor and pleasure
+of delivering an address on the subject of conservation of our
+national resources, and therein attempted to state what the terms “conservation
+of our natural resources” meant, what were the statutes affecting
+and enforcing such conservation, classified the different public lands
+to which it would apply, and suggested what I thought was the proper
+method of disposing of each class of lands. Nothing has been done on
+this subject by Congress since that time, but it is hoped that the present
+Congress at its regular session will take up the question of the conservation
+of government land containing coal and phosphates or of furnishing
+water power, adopt some laws that will permit the use and development
+of these lands in Alaska and in continental United States, and
+evolve a system by which the Government shall retain proper ultimate
+control of the lands, and at the same time offer to private investment
+sufficient returns to induce the outlay of capital needed to make the lands
+useful to the public. The discussion did not invoke the consideration
+of any question which directly concerned the production of food.</p>
+
+<p>Tonight, however, I wish to consider in a summary way another
+aspect of conservation far more important than that of preserving for
+the public interests public lands, that is, the conservation of the soil
+with a view to the continued production of food in this country sufficient
+to feed our growing population.</p>
+
+<p>We have in continental United States about 1,900,000,000 acres.
+Of this the Agricultural Department, through its correspondents, estimate
+that 950,000,000 acres of this are capable of cultivation. Of this,
+873,729,000 acres are now in farms. The remainder, about 1,000,000,000
+acres, is land which is untillable. It is reasonably certain that substantially
+all the virgin soil of a character to produce crops has been taken
+up. It is doubtful how much of the part not included in farms can be
+brought into a condition where tillage will be profitable.</p>
+
+<p>The total acreage of farms in the last ten years, although the pressure
+for increased acreage by reason of high farm prices was great, was
+only about four per cent, or about 32,000,000. There are upwards of
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_56">[56]</span>25,000,000 acres that will be brought in under our irrigation system, and
+perhaps more, and the amount of lands which can be drained and made
+useful for agriculture will amount to about 70,000,000 acres.</p>
+
+<p>The total improved farm lands in the United States amount to
+477,448,000 acres, which is an increase in the last ten years of 62,949,000,
+or fifteen and two-tenths per cent. The product per acre actually cultivated
+increased in the last ten years one per cent a year, or ten per cent.
+The total product increased in ten years nearly twenty per cent.</p>
+
+<h4>INCREASE OF POPULATION.</h4>
+
+<p>The population in this same time increased twenty-one per cent.
+If the population continues to increase at its present rate, we shall have
+in fifty years double the number of people we now have. It is necessary
+then that not only our acreage but our product per acre must increase
+proportionately so that our people may be fed. We must realize that
+the best land and easiest land to cultivate has been taken up and cultivated
+and that the additions to improved lands and to total acreage in
+the future must be of land much more expensive to prepare for tillage.
+The increase per acre of the product, too, must be steady each year, and
+each year an increase is more difficult. Still, even in the face of these
+facts, there is no occasion for discouragement. We are going to remain
+as a self-supporting country and raise food enough within our borders
+to feed our people. When we think that in Germany and Great Britain
+crops are raised from land which has been in cultivation for one thousand
+years, and that these lands are made to produce over two and three
+times per acre what the comparatively fresh lands in this country produce
+in the best states, it becomes very apparent that we shall be able to meet
+the exigency by better systems of farming and more intense and careful
+and industrious cultivation. The theory seems to have been in times
+past that soils became exhausted by constant cultivation, but the result
+in Europe, by which acres under constant use for producing crops for
+ten centuries are made now to produce crops three times those of this
+country, shows that there is nothing in this theory, and that successful
+farming can be continued on land long in use and great crops raised and
+garnered from it if only it be treated scientifically and in accordance
+with its necessity. There is nothing peculiar about soils in Europe that
+give the great yield per acre there and prevent its possibility in the United
+States. On the contrary, there is every reason to believe that the application
+of the same methods would produce just as large crops here as
+abroad.</p>
+
+<p>One of the great reasons for discouragement felt by many who
+have written on this subject is found in the movement of the population
+from farm to city. This has reached such a point that the urban population
+is now forty-six per cent of the total, while the rural population
+is but fifty-three per cent, counting as urban all who live in cities exceeding
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_57">[57]</span>2,500 inhabitants. This movement has been persistent, and has made
+it very difficult for the farmers to secure adequate agricultural labor,
+with an increase in the price of labor which naturally follows such a
+condition. Still we ought to realize that enormous advances in the
+machinery used on the farm have reduced the necessity for a great number
+of farm hands on each farm.</p>
+
+<h4>THE COST OF FARM PRODUCTION.</h4>
+
+<p>Mr. Holmes, of the Department of Agriculture, in the Yearbook
+of that Department of 1899, points out that between the years 1855
+and 1894, the time of human labor required to produce one bushel of
+corn on an average declined from four hours and thirty-four minutes
+to forty-one minutes, and the cost of the human labor to produce this
+bushel declined from thirty-five and three-fourths cents to ten and one-half
+cents. Between 1830 and 1896 the time of human labor required
+for the production of a bushel of wheat was reduced from three hours
+to ten minutes, while the price of the labor required for this purpose
+declined from seventeen and three-fourths cents to three and one-half
+cents. Between 1860 and 1894 the time of human labor required for
+the production of a ton of hay was reduced from thirty-five and one-half
+hours to eleven hours and thirty-four minutes, and the cost of labor
+per ton was reduced from $3.06 to $1.29.</p>
+
+<p>In 1899, the calculation made with respect to the reduction in the
+cost of labor for the production of seven crops of that year over the
+old-time manner of production in the fifties and sixties, shows it to have
+been $681,000,000 for one year. But while it is possible to say that there
+may be in the future improvements in machinery which will reduce the
+number of necessary hands on the farm, it is quite certain that in this
+regard the prospect of economy in labor for the future is not to be compared
+with that which has been effected in the last thirty years. Hence
+we must regard the question of available population and available labor
+in that population for the cultivation of the fields as an important consideration.
+My impression from an examination of the figures is that
+the change in this last decade from farm to city has not been as great
+in its percentage as it was in previous decades, and if this be true, it
+indicates that there is in the present situation an element that will help
+to cure the difficulty. Farm prices are increasing so rapidly and the
+profits of farming are becoming apparently much more certain and
+substantial. While the acreage of the improved land only increased
+65,000,000, or fifteen per cent, and the total acreage only four per cent,
+the value of the farms in money increased from $20,000,000,000 to
+$40,000,000,000 in ten years—an enormous advance. This, of course,
+was due somewhat to the investment of additional money in the improvement
+of land, and somewhat to the increase in the supply of gold which
+had the effect of advancing all prices, but the chief cause for the advance
+is in the increase in the price of farm products at the farm. So great
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_58">[58]</span>is this increase that the value of the average farm has now gone from
+$3,562 to $6,440, while the average value per acre has increased from
+$19.81 to $39.09. In addition to this, comfort of farm life has been
+so greatly added to in the last ten years by the rural free delivery, the
+suburban electric railway, the telephone and the automobile, that there
+is likely in the next ten years to be a halt in this change toward the city,
+and more people in proportion are likely to engage in gainful occupation
+on the farm than has heretofore been the case. Such an effect would
+be the natural result of the actual economic operation of the increase in
+the value of the farm product, and the increase in the certainty of farming
+profits. It is the business of the country, insofar as it can direct
+the matter, to furnish the means by which this economic force shall exert
+itself along the lines of easiest and best increase of production. Of
+course the Government by furnishing assistance in irrigation increases
+the amount of tillable land, and the states, if they undertake the drainage
+of swamp lands, will do the same thing. The cost of such improvements
+will be considerable, and will affect the farming profit, but the
+result generally in such cases is to yield such great crops per acre that
+the farmer can well afford to pay interest on the increased investment.
+Increased acreage from any other source is likely to be, however, in more
+stubborn land, calling for greater effort in tillage and producing less per
+acre. We may reasonably infer from the high prices of the decade
+immediately passed that everything was done by those who owned land
+to enlarge the acreage where that was easy, or practical, and that what
+is yet to be brought in as tillable land presents greater difficulties and
+greater expense. The way in which the states can help to meet future
+increased demand is by investigation and research into the science of
+agriculture, and by giving to the farming community a knowledge which
+shall enable them better to develop the soil, and by educating those who
+are coming into the profession of farming. It is now almost a learned
+profession.</p>
+
+<h4>CONSERVATION OF THE SOIL.</h4>
+
+<p>The first great step that has to be taken in reformed agriculture is
+the conservation of the soil. Under our present system the loss to the
+farms in this country by the erosion of the soil is hardly to be calculated.
+Engineers have shown how much is carried down the great rivers of
+the country and is deposited as silt each year at their mouths. The
+number of cubic yards staggers the imagination. The question is how
+this can be prevented as it must be because the soil which is carried off
+by this erosion is generally the richest and the best soil of the farms
+which are thus denuded.</p>
+
+<p>Of the rain or snow which falls on the land, a part evaporates into
+the air; a second part flows down the slopes to the streams and is called
+the run-off. The third part soaks into the soil and subsoil, and thence
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_59">[59]</span>into underlying rocks, perhaps to reappear in springs or seepage into
+streams. This is called ground water. The fourth part is absorbed by
+organisms, chiefly by trees, grasses and crop plants, either directly through
+the tissues or indirectly through the roots penetrating the moistened soil.
+Erosion is due to the run-off, and its quantity is dependent on the slope
+of the farm and also the nature of the soil and its products. Any
+reasonable slope, and any full cover of forest or grass with an abundant
+mulch, or a close crop on a deeply broken soil, or a friable furrow-slice
+kept loose by suitable cultivation, will absorb rain and curtail the run-off,
+or even reduce it to slow seepage through the surface soil which is the
+ideal condition. Now the ground water is the most essential constituent
+of the soil, because solution, circulation and organic assimilation are
+dependent on water. All the organisms and tissues are made up of this
+solvent of water, and it constitutes a large percentage of the bodies and
+food of men and animals. The question of the amount or ratio of ground
+water in the soil is a vital one. If it is excessive it makes a sodden mass,
+sticky when wet, but baked when dry, so that there is no possible absorption
+further into it, and it sends on the water that falls on it to erode
+easy slopes.</p>
+
+<p>The erosion begins on the farm and should be remedied there. Deep
+cultivation tends to absorb the product of each rainfall and to reduce
+the run-off. Deep cultivation brings up fresh earth salts to the shorter
+rootlets, but carries down the humus and mulch to thicken the soil and
+feed the deepest roots. In flat lying fields and tenacious soils, tile drainage
+is the best method of relieving the farm from the danger of too
+great run-off. Deep drainage permits both soil and subsoil to crumble
+and disintegrate and through mechanical and chemical changes to become
+friable and capable of taking on and holding the right amount of moisture
+for plant growth, while the water which runs out through the drain is
+clear without carrying the soil with it, and therefore without erosion.
+Of course different farms require different treatments. Certain farms
+require what is called contour cultivation, by which each furrow is to
+be run in such a way as to level and to hold the water. On hilly lands,
+strips of grass land are grown, called balks or breaks, separating zones
+of plow land, and they should curve with the slopes, and the soil being
+carried by the water will be caught by them and constitute them a kind
+of terrace without effort. The use of forests, of course, in foothills
+and deeply broken country is essential and should be combined with
+grazing. They will prevent the formation of torrents by making the
+mulch and soil deep and spongy. Of course over all mountain divides,
+the retention of forests greatly helps to prevent the carrying off of the
+good soil to the valleys below. The proper selection of crops has much
+to do with the stopping of erosion.</p>
+
+<p>I gather these facts from the reports of the Secretary of Agriculture
+as to the best method of preventing erosion. They are simple and
+easily understood, but they need to be impressed upon the farmers by
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_60">[60]</span>education and by reiteration. Then the productivity of the soils might
+very well be increased by more careful use of commercial fertilizers.
+In 1907 $100,000,000 was expended in fertilizers, but the Agricultural
+Department is of opinion that one-third of this was wasted for lack of
+knowledge as to how to use it.</p>
+
+<p>Careful crop rotation is essential because it has been found that the
+remains of one crop has a poisonous effect upon the next crop if it is
+of the same plant, but such remains do not interfere with the normal
+production of a different plant. Then a kind of crop should be selected
+to follow which will renew that element in the soil which the first crop
+exhausted.</p>
+
+<h4>FARM ORGANIZATION.</h4>
+
+<p>Then there is the organization of the farm on plain business principles
+by which the buildings and the machinery are so arranged as to
+make the movement of crops and food and animals as easy and economical
+as possible. A study as to the character of the soil and the crops best
+adapted to the soil; the crops to be used in rotation for the purpose of
+strengthening the soil—all these are questions that address themselves to
+a scientific and professional agriculturist, and which all farmers are bound
+to know if the product per acre is to be properly increased. We have
+every reason to hope, from the forces now making toward the education
+and information of the farmer, as to the latest results in scientific
+agriculture, that the country will have the advantage of improvement in
+our farming along the proper lines. Further agricultural development
+is to be found in the breeding of proper plants for the making of the
+best crops, while the growth of live stock is made much more profitable
+both to the owner and to the public by improving the breed and the
+infusion of the blood of the best stock.</p>
+
+<p>The improvement in agricultural education goes on apace. All the
+states are engaged in spending money to educate the coming farmer,
+and this system is being extended so that now we have the consolidated
+rural school, the farmers’ high school, and the agricultural college, and
+one who intends to become a farmer is introduced to his profession soon
+after he learns to read and write, and he continues his study of it until
+he graduates from his college and applies for a place upon the farm.</p>
+
+<p>The land-grant colleges established by the Federal Government have
+vindicated the policy in making the grant. Now the department employs
+eleven thousand persons, many of whom are engaged in conducting
+experiment stations and spreading information all over the country. The
+coöperation between the state agricultural school system and the Federal
+Government’s publicity bureau and experimental work is as close and
+fine as we could ask. It is difficult to justify the expenditure of money
+for agricultural purposes in the Agricultural Department with a view to
+its publication for use of the farmers, or to make grants to schools for
+farmers on any constitutional theory that will not justify the Government
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_61">[61]</span>in spending money for any kind of education the country over;
+but the welfare of the people is so dependent on improved agricultural
+conditions that it seems wise to use the welfare clause of the Constitution
+to authorize the expenditure of money for the improvement in agricultural
+education, and leave to the states and to private enterprise general
+and other vocational education. The attitude of the Government
+in all this matter must be merely advisory. It owns no land of sufficient
+importance to justify its maintenance of so large a department or of its
+sending into all states agents to carry the news of recent discoveries in
+the science of agriculture. The $50,000,000 which has been spent in the
+department, however, has come back many fold to the people of the
+United States, and all parties unite in the necessity for maintaining those
+appropriations and increasing them as the demand shall increase.</p>
+
+<h4>EXPERIMENTS FOR EACH COUNTY.</h4>
+
+<p>It is now proposed to organize a force of 3,000 men, one to every
+county in the United States, who shall conduct experiments within the
+county for the edification and education of the present farmers and of
+the young embryo farmers who are being educated. It is proposed that
+these men shall be paid partly by the county, partly by the state, and
+partly by the Federal Government, and it is hoped that the actual demonstration
+on farms in the county—not at agricultural stations or schools
+somewhere in the state, but in the county itself—will bring home to the
+farmers what it is possible to do with the very soil that they themselves
+are cultivating. I understand this to be the object of an association
+organized for the improvement of agriculture in the country, and I do
+not think we could have a more practical method than this. It is ordinarily
+not wise to unite administration between the county and state and
+federal governments, but this subject is one so all-compelling, it is one
+in which all people are so much interested, that coöperation seems easy
+and the expenditure of money to good purpose so free from difficulty
+that we may properly welcome the plan and try it. On the whole, therefore,
+I think our agricultural future is hopeful. I do not share the pessimistic
+views of many gentlemen whose statistics differ somewhat from
+mine, and who look forward to a strong probability of failure of self-support
+in food within the lives of persons now living. It is true that
+we shall have to continue the improvement in agriculture so as to make
+our addition to the product per acre one per cent of the crop each year,
+or ten per cent each decade; but considering what is done in Europe,
+this is not either impossible or improbable. The addition to the acreage
+in drainage and in irrigable lands will go on—must go on. The profit
+to the state or to the enterprise which irrigates or drains these lands
+will become sufficient to make it not only probable but necessary to carry
+through the project, and we may look forward to the middle of this
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_62">[62]</span>century when 200,000,000 of people will swear fealty to the starry flag
+as a time when America will still continue to feed her millions and feed
+them well out of her own soil.</p>
+
+<p class="mt2">At the conclusion of the President’s address, President Wallace
+declared the Congress adjourned until tomorrow morning, 9:30 o’clock.</p>
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+
+<div class="chapter">
+
+<h2 class="nobreak" id="FOURTH_SESSION"><i>FOURTH SESSION.</i></h2>
+
+</div>
+
+<p class="mt2">President <span class="smcap">Wallace</span>—The Congress will come to order and be opened
+with prayer by the Rt. Rev. Dr. E. R. Hendrix, of Kansas City, Bishop
+of the Methodist Episcopal Church (South).</p>
+
+<h3>INVOCATION.</h3>
+
+<p><i>Let us pray. Oh, God, our Heavenly Father, we bless Thee that
+Thou hast been made known unto us as a God that works, and that Thy
+Son coming into the world, declared, “My Father worketh even until
+now, and I work.” We know that the gods of the heathen do not work.
+They idle, they quarrel, they dishonor the very name of a god, and a
+decent man is better than any of the false gods. But our God is revealed
+to us as one ever employed, active mind, best and highest motives,
+noblest, most wide-reaching plans, and honors man greatly by making
+him a fellow worker. Grant unto us the wisdom to work together with
+God. Give breadth of view, give clearness of perception of what needs
+to be done. Give responsibility to the best motives, and give plans that
+are as wide-reaching as the great plans of God. Upon this Congress,
+upon all its methods and its plans, grant Thy richest blessing, our Father.
+We ask in the name of Christ our Savior. Amen.</i></p>
+
+<p class="mt2">Recording Secretary <span class="smcap">Gipe</span>—A great number of states have not yet
+reported their members to the committee on resolutions. I ask for the
+names of the various states now, and let the chairman of the delegation
+kindly rise, and give me the name, as I call the state in order that
+the chairman of that committee may immediately assemble these gentlemen
+to get to work at once. Alabama; Arizona; Arkansas; Delaware;
+Florida——this is for the committee on resolutions. There is a delegate
+here from Florida. Georgia; Idaho; Indiana——</p>
+
+<p class="mt2"><span class="smcap">H. E. Barnard</span> of Lafayette—I have not the report from Kansas.</p>
+
+<p class="mt2">Delegate <span class="smcap">Potter</span>—Kansas is here in force, but her officers are out
+on committees. As they come in we will see that you have the names.</p>
+
+<p class="mt2">Recording Secretary <span class="smcap">Gipe</span>—Do you know who was elected as a
+member of the resolution committee from Kansas?</p>
+
+<p class="mt2">Delegate <span class="smcap">Potter</span>—I was—Thos. W. Potter from Peabody.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_63">[63]</span></p>
+
+<p class="mt2">Recording Secretary <span class="smcap">Gipe</span>—Kentucky is here. Louisiana; Maine;
+Maryland; Massachusetts.</p>
+
+<p class="mt2">A <span class="smcap">Delegate</span>—William P. Wharton, of Massachusetts.</p>
+
+<p class="mt2">Recording Secretary <span class="smcap">Gipe</span>—Michigan—Is Michigan here? This is
+the committee on resolutions; we want your member from Michigan,
+please.</p>
+
+<p class="mt2">A <span class="smcap">Delegate</span>—He has not turned up yet.</p>
+
+<p class="mt2">Recording Secretary <span class="smcap">Gipe</span>—Will you not kindly see that the Michigan
+delegation meets at once and names its member for the committee
+on resolutions? The next is Minnesota.</p>
+
+<p class="mt2">A. W. Guthridge, Minnesota.</p>
+
+<p class="mt2">Recording Secretary <span class="smcap">Gipe</span>—Missouri; Montana; Nevada; New
+Hampshire; New Jersey—New Jersey is represented. New Mexico;
+New York; North Carolina—they are represented. North Dakota;
+Oregon.</p>
+
+<p class="mt2">F. J. Kinney, Oregon.</p>
+
+<p class="mt2">Pennsylvania—Dr. Henry S. Drinker, president of the University
+of Pennsylvania, and delegate from Pennsylvania.</p>
+
+<p class="mt2">Recording Secretary <span class="smcap">Gipe</span>—Rhode Island; South Carolina; South
+Dakota; Tennessee; Texas—J. B. Smith, of Texas. Utah; Vermont;
+Virginia; Washington—Everitt Gregg. West Virginia; Wisconsin;
+Wyoming.</p>
+
+<p class="mt2">President <span class="smcap">Wallace</span>—Mr. Fowler, the chairman of the committee
+on resolutions, would like to make an announcement.</p>
+
+<p class="mt2">Mr. <span class="smcap">Fowler</span>—Mr. President and Delegates: I hope you all realize
+what the work of the committee on resolutions may be. Many states
+have been called here this morning and no names have been given and no
+one has responded. This is a conservation congress. There are representatives
+here from these states, from every state I trust in the Union,
+and there is not a state in the Union that is not interested in the question
+of conservation. I hope then that the delegates from every state
+will see to it that a good man is upon this committee on resolutions.
+The committee is not near full. Many states are not represented, and
+you must remember, my friends, that the work of the committee on resolutions
+is the crystallization of the work of this Congress, and the resolutions
+speak for the Congress, and speak for all the states of this great
+Union; hence, we must have some one represent every state. I have
+had some experience with resolution committees in other congresses, and
+many of you have had the same, and you know that it is a working
+committee. It is the committee that is compelled to sacrifice about everything
+else after the work of the committee begins. Consequently, we
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_64">[64]</span>want working men upon this committee on resolutions, men who are
+willing to give their time and make a few sacrifices of their own pleasures
+and own enjoyment during the rest of the sessions of the Congress
+until the work of the committee is done and the resolutions presented
+to the Congress. (Applause)</p>
+
+<p class="mt2">Recording Secretary <span class="smcap">Gipe</span>—Is Prof. Condra of Nebraska here? If
+so, he will kindly come to the platform.</p>
+
+<p class="mt2">Sergeant-at-arms—Ladies and Gentlemen: President Wallace desires
+me to make this announcement: “Cincinnati, Ohio, September 26,
+1911. President Conservation Congress, Kansas City, Missouri. Will
+arrive on Alton, 7:45 tomorrow morning.—W. J. Bryan.” (Applause)</p>
+
+<p class="mt2">President <span class="smcap">Wallace</span>—I would like to make one suggestion. We are
+going to be very short of time. We are now coming to the call of
+states. We want every state to be heard from, but we want you to confine
+yourselves to five minutes, and to tell us, not what your resources
+are, not what you are going to do (applause), but tell us what you
+actually are doing in the way of conservation. If you have a conservation
+association, as you ought to have in every state, tell us about it,
+or anything that bears upon it. Boil it down to five minutes. We will
+ring the bell on you if you don’t stop at the end of five minutes.</p>
+
+<p class="mt2">Recording Secretary <span class="smcap">Gipe</span>—I understand that some of the states
+reported last night while you were at the dinner given to the President,
+and I hope, that since I do not have the names of those states,
+that the gentlemen will advise me when I call the roll. We do not
+want any duplicates. The next state is Maine. The next is Mississippi.
+Is Dr. Lowe in the room to respond for Mississippi? Missouri?</p>
+
+<p class="mt2">President <span class="smcap">Wallace</span>—I now introduce to you Mr. George B. Logan,
+secretary of the Missouri Waterways Commission, who will speak for
+Missouri. We will hear from him for five minutes.</p>
+
+<p class="mt2">Mr. <span class="smcap">Logan</span>—The Missouri Waterways Commission was created by
+an act of the General Assembly in 1909. This act provided for a commission
+of five members, who were to investigate “the various problems
+associated with the navigable waterways of the state and the reclamation
+of land subject to overflow; the construction of levees; the benefits to
+be derived from proposed navigable waterways, and the reclamation of
+lands subject to overflow or inundation.” The result of these investigations,
+together with all obtainable statistics, was to be reported to the
+succeeding General Assembly. The commission was allowed $5,000 as
+expenses. None of the members were to be compensated for their services.</p>
+
+<p>At the time the Missouri Waterways Commission presented its statement
+to the Second Annual Conservation Congress, the report which was
+last January submitted to our legislature had been prepared. The commission
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_65">[65]</span>was very successful in obtaining information of a detailed nature
+pertaining to conservation of the state’s resources, and from this information
+extremely valuable statistics have been compiled and were included
+in the report transmitted to the General Assembly.</p>
+
+<p>Because of the small amount of funds, the commission was forced
+to do almost all of its investigating by correspondence, inasmuch as original
+research was not possible, and they were gratified to find a widespread
+interest in the state which caused its correspondents to answer
+promptly and fully. The investigations were conducted under four
+heads into which the subject of water conservation in this state seems to
+be naturally divided. The uses of the water being in the order of importance:
+First, water supply in which the water is consumed in maintaining
+life; second, agriculture in which the water is consumed in the
+growing of the crops yielding food and other necessaries of life; third,
+power in which the water is employed in aid of, or as a substitute for,
+human labor, and is not consumed; and fourth, navigation in which the
+water is used for commerce and is not consumed.</p>
+
+<figure class="figcenter illowp56" id="illus4" style="max-width: 32.8125em;">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/illus4.jpg" alt="">
+  <figcaption>
+    <p><span class="smcap">Hon. Herbert S. Hadley</span>, Governor of Missouri</p>
+    <p>Strauss Studio, St. Louis. Mo.</p>
+  </figcaption>
+</figure>
+
+<p class="center">WATER SUPPLY.</p>
+
+<p>Under the first head the commission delved deeply into the sources
+of the state’s water supply, consisting of rainfall and watershed drainage.
+From this point of beginning, the commission went into the question
+of water supply of the various municipalities, considering the
+character of the water used, the state in which it was used, and the
+available quantity.</p>
+
+<p>In the conservation of human life, which is the ultimate end of all
+conservation, the commission felt that nothing was more important than
+the securing of a permanent and proper water supply for the inhabitants
+of the state. Sixty-five communities in the state have been investigated,
+and from the findings presented to the General Assembly the
+commission hopes that much needed and beneficial legislation will result.
+As was to be expected, the investigations of these communities
+showed conclusively that the community water supply is nearly everywhere
+closely involved with community sewage disposal. The legislature
+will be asked to pass such laws as will encourage or compel
+municipalities to dispose of their sewage as not to endanger the lives
+of their own inhabitants, or of those who by geographical location are
+forced to have the same source of water supply.</p>
+
+<p class="center">AGRICULTURE.</p>
+
+<p>While the quantity of rainfall remains approximately the same from
+year to year, the effects on the soil, and the subsequent benefits resulting
+to the soil from the rainfall, change materially. By improper
+methods of agriculture, hillsides and slopes have been denuded of trees
+and pasturage with the result that the soil on the hillsides is no longer
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_66">[66]</span>absorptive, and the rain falling thereon is lost to it. This is especially
+true in this climate where a very large percentage of the annual rainfall
+comes in hard or excessive rains, taxing the absorptive capacity of any
+soil to its fullest extent. By proper education and agitation it is hoped
+that this natural fact will be borne in mind by the agriculturists of the
+state who have it in their power to be leaders in this work of conservation.</p>
+
+<p>The converse of the problem of too little water is found in Southeast
+Missouri, where a very great area is burdened with an excess of
+water. The solution of this problem has been drainage which is being
+accomplished by drainage districts organized either in the county or
+circuit courts. Already 1,271,470 acres have been thoroughly drained and
+will be valuable agricultural land as soon as the heavy timber is cleared
+off. The average cost of drainage has been approximately $5.00 per
+acre, which is paid in small annual installments. The increase of the
+value of the land thus drained has been many hundred per cent, while
+the benefit to the health conditions has been great. Drainage is being
+fostered and encouraged by the state authorities, and as fast as the
+necessity for working laws is shown, these laws are forthcoming from
+the General Assembly. There is need for further drainage, but the
+energy and enterprise of the people in the communities where it is needed
+will probably suffice for the solving of this problem in the future as it
+has in the past.</p>
+
+<p class="center">NAVIGATION.</p>
+
+<p>Missouri is blessed with magnificent opportunities for vast conservation
+of transportation cost, by reason of the presence on and within
+her borders, of the two greatest rivers of this country. Accepting the
+figures of unofficial investigators, the commission has estimated that the
+demand for water traffic indicates that the through freight movements
+between St. Louis and Kansas City alone would amount to four hundred
+and sixty-eight thousand tons annually, while that through the Mississippi
+in and out of St. Louis would reach a million or more tons. The
+surplus products of the soil and mines of this state aggregate fully ten
+million tons. If even forty per cent of these products could be moved
+by water at the large water cost of one-quarter that of rail transportation,
+the aggregate saving to the producers would amount to $11,250,000.00.
+This saving, or the adding to the wealth of the state, is too important
+to be disregarded.</p>
+
+<p>The commission feels that the sentiment among this state’s law-makers
+is already strongly in favor of coöperating with the National
+Government in any systematic effort to permanently improve our waterways.</p>
+
+<p class="center">WATER POWER.</p>
+
+<p>From the investigations conducted under this head the commission
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_67">[67]</span>believes that herein lies one of the greatest and least understood
+of the state’s natural resources. Only ninety-nine water power sites
+are in use, and one hundred and twenty-three formerly in use have been
+abandoned. The abandonment is due chiefly to two causes: First,
+economic conditions in agriculture have so changed that there is no
+longer need of a manufacturing or consuming point at the place of production.
+It is more profitable to ship the products of the soil and buy
+whatever flour, meal and sugar is necessary than to have these small
+quantities ground at local mills. Hence, grist mills and sugar cane mills
+have disappeared. The second cause for abandonment of water power
+sites is the failure of the streams, due, as mentioned above, to the
+changed soil conditions. However, the advance in electro-mechanical
+appliances has created new uses and put a new value on water power
+sites. The point of application of the power may now be many miles
+from its point of generation. Sites abandoned years ago have “come
+back” and have greatly enhanced in value. Properly exploited, the value
+of resources in this state is incalculable. One of the chiefest aims of
+the commission in its present work is to sufficiently impress upon the
+people and upon the General Assembly the great value of this natural
+resource. While more expensive to produce, undoubtedly the greatest
+latent power in the state is in the Missouri River. The commission has
+planned to investigate in detail some site on the river which has the
+most natural advantages and using this as an illustration to demonstrate
+what can be done in this state.</p>
+
+<p>At the recent session of our Legislature the report of the commission
+covering these topics, giving in detail the information meagerly outlined
+above, was presented to the General Assembly and copies of this
+report were widely distributed throughout the state. The $5,000 appropriation
+for four years has increased to $17,000 for two years. The
+resignation of members and political differences arising outside of the
+commission have temporarily impaired and hindered the work of the
+commission.</p>
+
+<p>However, since the presenting of its last report the commission
+has put in the time of its executives in bringing up to date and supplementing
+the statistics gathered the preceding year. Practically nothing
+is now lacking in the figures concerning community water supply, water
+works and sewage disposal. Pending the beginning of actual engineering
+investigation of a water power site, the commission has studied the
+water power laws of all the states of the Union to the end that accurate
+information may be presented to the General Assembly when
+legislation in this state on these subjects is asked for. The delays and
+petty hindrances touched upon are undoubtedly temporary, and with
+the very recent completion of the personnel of the commission we have
+great hopes and expectations for the work which may be done in the
+cause of conservation during the coming year.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_68">[68]</span></p>
+
+<p class="mt2">During the reading of a list of telegrams, Mr. W. A. Beard of Sacramento,
+California, assumed the Chair as temporary chairman.</p>
+
+<p class="mt2">Temporary Chairman <span class="smcap">Beard</span>—The secretary will continue the call
+of the roll of states.</p>
+
+<p class="mt2">Recording Secretary <span class="smcap">Gipe</span>—Montana; Nevada; New Hampshire;
+New Mexico; New York; North Carolina; North Dakota; Ohio.</p>
+
+<p class="mt2">President <span class="smcap">Wallace</span>—I now introduce to you Mr. C. P. Dyar of
+Marietta, Ohio, who will speak for Ohio.</p>
+
+<p class="mt2">Mr. <span class="smcap">Dyar</span>—I have no speech to make. Ohio simply sends greetings
+to this Congress, and wishes it Godspeed and a large measure of
+success in the work before it. Ohio has always been a great conservation
+state throughout its entire history; it has had presidential, gubernatorial
+and senatorial timber, and other minor political timber, sufficient
+for the entire consumption of the United States. Ohio felicitates
+her sister states on the scope and energy of this movement and she voices
+the hope that has been expressed in this meeting, that the lesson of the
+parable of the talents shall not be forgotten, that conservation shall not
+be interpreted to mean simply to save, but development through wise use,
+which creates wealth, not only for the present, but future generations.</p>
+
+<p class="mt2">Recording Secretary <span class="smcap">Gipe</span>—Oklahoma.</p>
+
+<p class="mt2">President <span class="smcap">Wallace</span>—I have the pleasure of introducing Mr. Milton
+Brown, who will speak for Oklahoma.</p>
+
+<p class="mt2">[Mr. Brown’s paper will be found in Supplementary Proceedings.]</p>
+
+<p class="mt2">Chairman <span class="smcap">Beard</span>—We are getting down to business this morning,
+and I think we are getting the meat out of the cocoanut. These addresses
+have been directly to the point. I now have the pleasure of introducing
+a representative of the State of Pennsylvania, Mr. A. B. Farquhar.</p>
+
+<p class="mt2">Mr. <span class="smcap">Farquhar</span>—Pennsylvania is a state of such gigantic resources
+it would take all the rest of our session to begin to describe them, a
+good portion of it, and tell what we are trying to do to conserve them.
+It is only within the last month or two we created a state branch of the
+National Conservation Association, and they wanted me to be its president,
+I suppose because I have been interested in conservation for about
+twenty years past, and was a director in the National Association.</p>
+
+<p class="mt2">[Mr. Farquhar’s paper is in the Supplementary Proceedings.]</p>
+
+<p class="mt2">Chairman <span class="smcap">Beard</span>—We will now listen to Dr. Henry S. Drinker,
+president of Lehigh University.</p>
+
+<p class="mt2">Dr. <span class="smcap">Drinker</span>—It would seem that this third National Conservation
+Congress in ordering its deliberations cannot do so more wisely than in
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_69">[69]</span>giving heed to the closing words of President Taft’s luminous address at
+St. Paul last year, when he said:</p>
+
+<p>“I am bound to say that the time has come for a halt in general
+rhapsodies over conservation, making the word mean every known good
+in the world; for after the public attention has been aroused, such appeals
+are of doubtful utility and do not direct the public to the specific
+course that the people should take, or have their legislators take, in order
+to promote the cause of conservation. The rousing of emotions on a
+subject like this, which has only dim outlines in the minds of the people
+affected, after a while ceases to be useful, and the whole movement will,
+if promoted on these lines, die for want of practical direction and of
+demonstration to the people that practical reforms are intended....
+I beg of you, therefore, in your deliberations and in your informal discussions,
+when men come forward to suggest evils that the promotion of
+conservation is to remedy that you invite them to point out the specific
+evils and the specific remedies; that you invite them to come down to
+details in order that their discussions may flow into channels that shall
+be useful rather than into periods that shall be eloquent and entertaining
+without shedding real light on the subject. The people should be
+shown exactly what is needed in order that they make their representatives
+in Congress and the State Legislatures do their intelligent bidding.”</p>
+
+<p>It would seem well for us here to take account of stock of what has
+been done, of the agencies that have been utilized and of those that have
+been neglected, as well as to exchange views as to what we think that
+others, or the interests we individually represent, should do.</p>
+
+<p>I have the honor of representing Pennsylvania as a state, and the
+Lehigh University as an educational organization deeply interested in the
+promotion of the cause of forestry and of conservation in general. We
+have an efficient and active forestry association. Pennsylvania, as we
+all know, has been, and is, famed for her deposits of iron and coal,
+and for her pre-eminence in the iron and steel industries. The resources
+in these directions are so great that it would be wearying to attempt even
+to inflict on you a summary of them in these short talks, but what the
+state has learned in conservation of mineral resources is of direct and
+pregnant interest. Forty years ago the movement for stopping the waste
+in coal was begun at the organization at Wilkes-Barre, Pennsylvania, in
+1871, of the American Institute of Mining Engineers, an institution
+whose membership now runs into the thousands and whose influence
+for good is world-wide. As a young engineer I had the privilege of attending
+that meeting. Among the things done a committee was appointed
+to study the question of waste in the mining, preparation and transportation
+of coal. This committee was followed by, and, in fact, incited the
+appointment by the Pennsylvania Legislature of a coal waste commission,
+which made a valuable and exhaustive report, and we thus see
+that in one phase of conservation, and a very important one, that of
+mining, our engineers have been doing their duty, and that forty years
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_70">[70]</span>ago work in conservation was being done to which the public is only
+just awakening. Our government officials are doing most intelligent and
+good work in pointing out the way.</p>
+
+<p>Perhaps one of the best summaries of this great conservation question
+now before our people, and in which the engineering profession is
+so interested, and in regard to which our mining profession has so great
+a duty to perform, was given by Dr. C. W. Hayes, Chief Geologist of
+the United States Geological Survey, in an address some time ago at the
+University of Chicago, when he defined conservation as “Utilization with
+a maximum efficiency and a minimum waste,” and said:</p>
+
+<blockquote>
+
+<p>The reform that is needed throughout the country as a whole must gain its
+motive power not from sporadic instances where true business methods prevail, or
+from the well-intentioned enthusiasm of the few, but from the well-informed intelligence
+of the many. The campaign for conservation must be one of education.</p>
+
+<p>There appears to be an unfortunate confusion in the minds of certain advocates
+of conservation. They have apparently confused conservation of natural resources
+with destruction of the trusts, and the mixture has resulted in pure demagoguery....
+Anyone who has studied conditions attending the development of mineral
+deposits must have been impressed by the fact that those deposits held by large
+companies are being developed and utilized with a view to prevention of waste, in
+accordance with the principles of conservation, to a much greater extent than are
+the deposits held by small companies or by individuals.</p>
+
+</blockquote>
+
+<p>I was much struck, as I think we all were yesterday, by the statement
+of our President followed by that of the chairman of the executive
+committee, that at this Congress we were to discuss conservation
+without any infusion of politics, and I take it that we use the word
+“politics” in its broadest sense, and are to see how we can best use
+capital and labor, and intelligently directed industry, all to the common
+end of the promotion of conservation; and that we can and will recognize
+what I have quoted above from the Chief Geologist of the United
+States Geological Survey in regard to the proper recognition and utilization
+of capital in conservation as highly important.</p>
+
+<p>In the report of the National Conservation Commission, made
+through President Roosevelt to Congress in January, 1909, Mr. J. A.
+Holmes (now director of the United States Bureau of Mines), in reporting
+on our mineral resources, said:</p>
+
+<blockquote>
+
+<p>In considering the conservation of resources, it should be held in mind that:</p>
+
+<p>(1) The present generation has the power and the right to use efficiently so
+much of these resources as it needs.</p>
+
+<p>(2) The Nation’s needs will not be curtailed; these needs will increase with
+the extent and diversity of its industries, and more rapidly than its population.</p>
+
+<p>(3) The men of this generation will not mine, extract, or use, these resources
+in such manner as to entail continuous financial loss to themselves in order that
+something be left for the future. There will be no mineral industry without profits.</p>
+
+</blockquote>
+
+<p>In his message to Congress, 1910, President Taft, speaking of the
+anti-trust law, said:</p>
+
+<blockquote>
+
+<p>It was not to interfere with a great volume of capital which, concentrated under
+one organization, reduced the cost of production, and made its profit thereby, and
+took no advantage of its size by methods akin to duress to stifle competition with
+it. I wish to make this distinction as emphatic as possible, because I conceive that
+nothing could happen more destructive to the prosperity of this country than the
+loss of that great economy in production which has been and will be effected in all
+manufacturing lines by the employment of large capital under one management. I
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_71">[71]</span>do not mean to say that there is not a limit beyond which the economy of management
+by the enlargement of plant ceases; and where this happens and combination
+continues beyond this point the very fact shows intent to monopolize and not to
+economize.</p>
+
+</blockquote>
+
+<p>Let us consider these questions as business men, weighing the good
+as well as the evil that the different powers can afford that bear on
+conservation, and utilizing and encouraging all that will promote the great
+ends which the conservation movement was started to serve.</p>
+
+<p class="mt2">President <span class="smcap">Wallace</span>—It was expected that the National Grange
+would be represented on this platform. Neither the president nor the
+gentleman whom he recommended could come. I have therefore taken
+the privilege of appointing Mr. B. G. Holden of Iowa, who will give us
+an address this morning, not on the Grange itself, but on the Grange
+and other movements that tend to the uplift that we stand for. We will
+now hear Mr. Holden, who is the evangel of the corn gospel in all these
+inner states. We will hear him for half an hour.</p>
+
+<p class="mt2">Mr. <span class="smcap">Holden</span>—Mr. Chairman, Ladies and Gentlemen, Members of
+this Congress: You came here to listen to the great people of this
+country, and you are anxious to hear them, so I will take just as little
+time as possible, for I have already been warned by the president that
+I must be brief. I have laid my paper upon the table, and I
+am going to forget all I can and say the rest to you. I am going to be
+something like the Irishman who was painting a fence. He was working
+as hard as he could putting on the paint. A neighbor Irishman
+came along down the street and said, “Pat, what are you hurrying so
+for?” Pat kept right on putting on the paint. And he said, “Begorra,
+I am trying to get my job done before my paint runs out.” I am trying
+to get through before my paint runs out this morning.</p>
+
+<p class="center">SOCIAL LIFE ON THE FARM.</p>
+
+<p>To conserve humanity—to make humanity worth more to itself; to
+direct human forces so that each person wastes the least possible energy,
+and accomplishes the greatest good for himself and for others—this is
+the most vital problem before our country today.</p>
+
+<p>No nation can long remain great whose rural people are oppressed,
+or for any reason have degenerated.</p>
+
+<p>It was Goldsmith who said:</p>
+
+<div class="poetry-container">
+  <div class="poetry">
+    <div class="stanza">
+      <div class="verse indent0">Ill fares the land to hastening ills a prey,</div>
+      <div class="verse indent0">Where wealth accumulates and men decay;</div>
+      <div class="verse indent0">A bold peasantry, their country’s pride,</div>
+      <div class="verse indent0">When once destroyed can never be supplied.</div>
+    </div>
+  </div>
+</div>
+
+<p>It is not that country life on the farm is bad in the United States,
+for it is not, but it can be greatly improved, and in my opinion it is the
+greatest question before the Nation today. I am sure that when history
+is finally written it will place foremost among the many good things that
+President Roosevelt did, the inaugurating of the Country Life Movement.
+Three things are necessary: First, and most essential, is an
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_72">[72]</span>awakened and serious interest on the part of the rural people themselves;
+second, there must be encouragement by both the nation and the
+states in the way of better laws and financial aid; third, there must be
+leadership—men and women who are willing to devote their lives to
+this great work.</p>
+
+<p>Just how is this work of bettering country life to be worked out?
+In my opinion it must be done largely by the following agencies now in
+existence:</p>
+
+<p>First. The church, and allied organizations, such as Y. M. C. A.,
+Boy Scouts, etc. Second. The schools, libraries and county superintendents.
+Third. The Grange, farmers’ clubs, and other organizations
+of the kind which have for their main object the betterment of farm
+life educationally and socially.</p>
+
+<p class="center">THE GRANGE AND THE FARMERS’ CLUB.</p>
+
+<p>The president has asked me to put particular emphasis on the Grange
+and farmers’ clubs as factors in the improvement of the social life of
+the farm. It is my opinion that one of the most important steps in this
+great forward movement, especially in the corn belt, is the organization
+of granges and farmers’ clubs in every community. There is need of a
+tremendous awakening to the importance of organization as a means
+of agricultural advancement. The effect of these organizations on the
+community is most remarkable. Men and women in such communities
+grow up with strong attachments not only for the business of farming
+and home-making, but for the people of the community in which they
+live. They remain on the farm instead of moving into town or out of
+the state. But these organizations do more than this. They furnish exactly
+the social and educational advantages so much needed by the rural
+communities. They enable young men and women to discover themselves
+and their powers of usefulness to humanity.</p>
+
+<p>Michigan has nearly nine hundred such organizations, most of them
+granges, with a membership of 70,000. In each of the forty agricultural
+counties there is an average of twenty-five live, active organizations.
+New York granges have a total membership of 90,000. Quebec has
+nearly six hundred clubs with more than 55,000 members. In strong
+contrast to this, the corn belt, peculiarly and above all else agricultural,
+has but a few dozen such organizations scattered throughout the entire
+area.</p>
+
+<p>President Roosevelt, in his address at the Michigan Agricultural
+College, said:</p>
+
+<blockquote>
+
+<p>Farmers must learn the vital need of coöperation with one another. It is only
+through such combination that American farmers can develop to the full their
+economic and social power. Combination of this kind has in Denmark, for instance,
+resulted in bringing the people back to the land, and has enabled the Danish
+peasant to compete, in extraordinary fashion, not only at home but in foreign
+countries, with all rivals.</p>
+
+</blockquote>
+
+<p>Few people in the West realize what a tremendous influence the
+grange and agricultural clubs of the eastern and middle states have exercised
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_73">[73]</span>on national legislation directly affecting the agricultural and social
+conditions of farmers. As an illustration, attention is called to the following
+laws which either had their origin in the granges and clubs or
+were enacted largely through their initiative: The Department of Agriculture;
+the position of Secretary of Agriculture in the cabinet was created;
+the state experiment stations established; free rural mail delivery
+provided for; the Grout Pure Food Bill, the Sherman anti-trust regulations,
+the Interstate Commerce Act, the Denatured Alcohol Bill and the
+Postal Savings Bank Bills all now enacted into laws.</p>
+
+<p>These organizations through their lecturers, legislative and promotional
+committees are exerting a tremendous influence in moulding public
+opinion and crystallizing it into definite form for new laws.</p>
+
+<p>These associations are now urging the election of United States
+senators by popular vote, national aid for establishing agricultural high
+schools and the introduction of agricultural and domestic science into
+the rural schools; the establishment of the parcels post, postal telegraph
+and telephone service; and national and state aid for highway improvement.</p>
+
+<p>While these influences have been great beyond calculation, yet by
+far the greatest effect has been in the betterment of the social and intellectual
+conditions in the home and in the community.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. G. A. Gigault, the Minister of Agriculture, Province of Quebec,
+in a letter to the writer makes the following statement:</p>
+
+<blockquote>
+
+<p>The Province has today 591 farmers’ clubs. Among the members of these
+associations are to be found the persons the most devoted to and interested in the
+development of our agricultural resources. Most of the agricultural improvements
+of such locality are due to the initiative of the officers and members of the
+clubs. In every new locality where farmers’ clubs have been organized, a butter or
+cheese factory has been erected and other improvements have been made. This
+organization causes progressive ideas to pervade everywhere, as well as contributing
+towards the betterment of agricultural methods.</p>
+
+</blockquote>
+
+<p>The movement will undoubtedly assume widely different forms in
+different communities, ranging from local institutes, men’s clubs, women’s
+study clubs and reading circles on the one hand, to agricultural clubs
+and granges on the other. It is to be hoped that this latter form of
+organization (granges and clubs) will predominate, for it is only when
+the entire home is represented that we find the highest standards and
+the greatest progress in the community.</p>
+
+<p class="center">THE PLAN OF RURAL CLUBS.</p>
+
+<p>The plan of operation with which I am most familiar is as follows:
+The membership is made up of twelve to fifteen families. The meetings
+are generally held every two weeks in the homes of the various
+members of the organization or in halls built for this purpose. During
+the winter months the meetings are held during the day, the program
+beginning about 10 A. M. At 12:30 tables of planks or boards are prepared
+on which the lunch is spread. Every family brings a basket of
+provisions. The family in whose home the meeting is held is not allowed
+under any circumstances to prepare a dinner, excepting to possibly
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_74">[74]</span>furnish some coffee, popcorn, etc., as this would be a serious burden.
+When the picnic lunch is over, some of the little tots are boosted
+up on a box or chair, or on the table, to speak a piece or sing a song;
+thus every member of the family has a part in the meeting.</p>
+
+<p>These organizations are nerve centers of progress. They develop,
+they educate, they push their members out of the old into the new and
+better ways. They set their members, young and old alike, to studying
+their business. This means interest in the daily work, a love for the
+farm life and the home life. This means a useful and happy life. It
+means intelligence. It means freedom from drudgery, for drudgery is
+“labor without thought.”</p>
+
+<p>This meeting together, talking together, working together, and acting
+together for mutual protection and improvement brings us nearer to
+the great law of “loving our neighbors as ourselves.” To know that
+others are depending upon us, have faith in us, love us, and hope for
+us, is a tower of strength, of courage and of happiness.</p>
+
+<p>It is not my purpose to criticise our school system. However, our
+rural schools can and must be improved and redirected. They do not
+meet rural needs. They do not interest the boy and girl in the things of
+the farm and home. Frequently the teachers are town girls without
+farm experience or sympathy. The farm children must either go without
+high school training or get it in the town or city. Our present system
+educates away from the business of agriculture instead of towards
+it.</p>
+
+<p class="center">THE PRACTICAL SIDE OF THINGS.</p>
+
+<p>The following axioms will aid us in a clearer understanding of the
+failures of the present system and the remedies:</p>
+
+<p>1. Education is that which trains or fits for the duties of life. To
+illustrate, let me ask what are to be the duties of our girls? Ninety-nine
+per cent of them must make homes, cook, sew, scrub and nurse.
+How much are our rural schools doing to equip our girls for this greatest
+of all duties, home-making?</p>
+
+<p>2. The whole boy should be trained, not simply his head.</p>
+
+<p>3. We should teach in terms of the child’s life and surroundings—things
+that concern him and his home. He will then be interested and
+will like his work, will put the best he has into his work. But instead
+of teaching in terms of the boy’s lifework, our schools teach in terms of
+brick pavement, bank notes, yards of cloth, foreign exchange, partial
+payments, etc., etc.</p>
+
+<p>4. Boys and girls should be taught to think in terms of action, of
+accomplishment. There is a more or less well founded prejudice that
+our high school and college graduates are impractical and theoretical.
+They have not been dealing with the real problems of life. At any rate,
+few of these graduates return to the farm. The agricultural colleges
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_75">[75]</span>are helping some through their short course schools, farmers’ institutes,
+literature sent out, etc., but it is a mere drop in the bucket. What we
+really need is a system of schools suited to rural conditions. We must
+pay better prices for teachers. This will be done gladly when the school
+sends back each night to the home boys and girls better fitted for their
+work and interested in it. Teachers must be especially trained for the
+rural schools. They must live in the community and be a part of it,
+helping Saturdays and Sundays to guide, direct and stimulate. Not only
+this, but the farm boys and girls must get their high school work under
+agriculture and not city conditions and surroundings. In other words,
+we must have rural high schools within the reach of every boy and girl
+on the farm. These schools should become the social and educational
+center of the rural community.</p>
+
+<p>It is true that the rural church has exercised great influence upon
+the people of the country socially and morally, helping to create and
+maintain good standards of life, but it has not kept pace with progress
+in other lines. It does not measure up to its great opportunity. There
+must be put into it not only more vitality and life, but there must be a
+new and broader attitude towards life. The rural church must be as
+broad as the rural community in which it exists, interesting itself in
+every question which concerns the life of the people.</p>
+
+<p class="center">THE MINISTER’S DUTY.</p>
+
+<p>The minister, like the teacher, must teach in terms of the life work
+of the people. The minister should be interested in agriculture, not only
+<i>interested</i> in agriculture, but should really know something about it
+as well as other questions which concern the community. The minister
+of the future will be required to take a course in agriculture along with
+his theological work. He must, like the teacher, be specially trained for
+his rural work. The field and opportunity of the rural minister is as
+broad as humanity itself. The minister should help the teacher in her
+work. He should help organize granges and farmers’ clubs and be an
+active member. He should help with their short courses and farmers’
+institutes. He should help with the county Y. M. C. A. work and the
+Boy Scouts’ work.</p>
+
+<p>Think of the service a minister can render a rural community, by
+organizing and directing the amusements and sports of the neighborhood.
+If he could not direct them in person he could help the boys select
+a capable, wholesome leader. He could develop or work out in time
+a plan by which, during a part of the year at least, the boys would be
+given one-half day every two weeks for baseball and other sports.</p>
+
+<p>As it now is the country boys have no intelligent leadership. While
+the pastor is preaching a sermon to a small audience in the church the
+boys have joined the little clique and are taking their first lessons in
+card playing, smoking, etc.</p>
+
+<p>The pastor must be a leader or he will accomplish but little. One
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_76">[76]</span>of the things he should do is to clean up around the church, mow the
+weeds, repair the fence, set out shade trees and put some pictures on the
+walls of the church. The pastor should live in the community and become
+a part of it in every way.</p>
+
+<p>What we need is a rural society that belongs distinctly to the country.
+Its schools, its churches, its clubs and its amusements must be so
+directed and organized as to meet the real needs of the people who live
+in the country.</p>
+
+<p>Many illustrations can be given of the splendid work now being
+done in various localities and sections of the United States. I wish I
+might tell you of the work which some of our ministers and their country
+churches are doing. Men like Rev. M. B. McNutt of Plainfield,
+Ill., Rev. Clair S. Adams of Bement, Ill., Rev. C. S. Lyles of Logan,
+Iowa, and many others.</p>
+
+<p>It is remarkable what some of our county superintendents like Miss
+Jessie Field of Page County, Iowa, have done and are doing through the
+schools for better agriculture, better homes and better citizenship.
+There are the rural high schools such as the one at Albert Lea, Minn.
+How I wish I could tell you of the county Y. M. C. A. work which Mr.
+Fred Hansen of Iowa is doing with the boys; how he has organized
+them into clubs and is directing not only their religious work, but also
+their amusements and sports, and even has them studying corn, stock
+and other agricultural subjects.</p>
+
+<p>The Country Life Commission has done a great work, but the
+movement has only begun. We must have more state “Country Life
+Commissions.” There must be national and state aid so that the commissions
+can bring to the people the knowledge of what has been accomplished
+in the various localities throughout the country.</p>
+
+<p class="mt2">President <span class="smcap">Wallace</span>—Be patient a moment, and please come to order.
+We have two splendid speeches to be delivered this morning and
+I am very sorry to announce that Mr. Barrett of the Farmers’ Union,
+who intended to be here, cannot be here on account of sickness in his
+family. We will hear a gentleman for five minutes who is about to
+leave for Europe and must speak now or not at all.</p>
+
+<p class="mt2">Recording Secretary <span class="smcap">Gipe</span>—I would like to announce that Mr. R. A.
+Long will speak as the representative of the wholesale lumber dealers
+and yellow pine manufacturers.</p>
+
+<p class="mt2">Mr. <span class="smcap">Long</span>—I understand that Mr. Wallace said that I expected
+to leave for Europe. I am not going to Europe and have no thought
+of going to Europe. Permit me to suggest this: it is rather an imposition
+upon you and embarrassing to me to be called on so short a notice
+to speak in the midst of men who have carefully prepared papers, and
+yet I want to suggest to you some thoughts that occurred to me, that
+were put into my mind by the last speaker. We are having many important
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_77">[77]</span>problems before us at this time. The problems before this Congress
+are certainly most important and have to do with the people of
+today and of the future. We are to have in this city within a few
+weeks another convention not pertaining to the conservation of the soil
+or water, or the forest, but to a conservation that has to do with men,
+and I am wondering whether or not this audience is going to place more
+stress upon the problems that are involved in this Congress, or the
+problems that are involved in the one to be held a few weeks hence.
+That problem has to do with men and religion, and in my judgment no
+problem on the face of the earth will have more to do with the conservation
+of all the problems of life, this man and religion forward
+movement, and I trust that the men and women—(applause) I only
+have five minutes, don’t disturb me—and I trust that the men and
+women involved in these problems will see to it that these teams which
+commence the first of October and continue throughout the winter until
+May of next year are supported with their means and with their presence.
+The gentleman who just took his seat stated that he would like
+to preach a sermon on what the preacher ought to do with reference
+to the child life. I would like to have each of you assembled here this
+morning ask yourself the question, and answer it if you please, what
+are you doing in your own home. What are you doing, what is the
+example that you are setting your children? Sunday morning I imagine
+the large majority of you, instead of going to the Sunday School and
+setting an example to your children in order that they may follow out
+the life this gentlemen speaks of that you ought to live, are remaining
+at home and reading your newspapers. Bear in mind, my dear friends,
+fathers and mothers, the school teacher or preacher cannot do that which
+you ought to do for yourselves. And I want to speak this word on behalf
+the preachers of our land: when they stand up in the pulpit, when they
+beseech us to do the things we ought to do, and then we fail to rally
+to their support, ought we to censure them? Ought we rather not engage
+with him arm in arm in this great conflict, that has to do with
+the elevation of mankind, rather than stand aloof and say we want
+to preach to the preachers? I want you to ask yourselves that question,
+whether or not you stand arm in arm with your preachers, and carry
+on that conflict that has to do with the uplift of mankind all over the
+world. How much time have I got? I cannot take the time to talk
+about the other problems which I had in mind, connected with the timber
+interests of this country. But I want to say this to you, that the forests
+of this country ought to be taken care of better than they are. The reason
+why the forests are not being conserved better than they are is because
+of the extremely low price of lumber compelling us who manufacture
+lumber to leave twenty per cent of the trees in the woods because
+we cannot get price enough out of it to pay for the labor to produce
+it, and the transportation, to say nothing about the logs. And so
+long as we have intense legislation, leading almost to persecution
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_78">[78]</span>against the interests, even getting together and talking over the problems
+pertaining to their industry, so long will the price of lumber be so low
+as to prevent us from bringing in at least twenty per cent of these trees,
+thereby prolonging our forests to an almost indefinite period.</p>
+
+<p class="mt2">President <span class="smcap">Wallace</span>—We will now have an address by the Hon.
+W. A. Beard of Sacramento, California. I have asked him to prepare
+an address on the subject of “Coöperation,” one of the most important
+subjects that can secure our attention. He will speak a half hour and
+no more.</p>
+
+<p class="mt2">Mr. <span class="smcap">Beard</span>—Coöperation, as your chairman has said, is a very
+hard term. It is so hard that I have found it difficult to determine the
+particular phase of the subject which should be presented for your consideration.
+I believe I was expected to talk on coöperation among
+farmers, but upon careful consideration I was impressed with the fact
+that coöperation among farmers is fundamentally the same thing as
+among persons engaged in any other pursuit.</p>
+
+<p>It has seemed to me that what should come out of this Congress
+is not an exhortation, addressed either to farmers or to any other class
+of citizens, but a careful and complete statement of the facts—a review
+of the progress made in coöperative development and a discussion
+of the principles underlying successful coöperation. I shall speak,
+therefore, of this movement.</p>
+
+<p>I refer, of course, to coöperation in business. By this term, I
+mean the growth of coöperative societies in which individuals are associated
+for mutual benefits and mutual profit. The ideal society is one
+in which the benefits and profits are distributed equitably among the
+members in proportion to their respective interests.</p>
+
+<p>Coöperation is little understood by the great majority of our citizens;
+the full measure of its possibilities is comprehended by comparatively
+few. Because there have been many and conspicuous failures,
+and because abuses have marked the administration of some so-called
+coöperative societies, the average citizen is disposed to regard coöperation
+as an impractical dream, and in consequence, the really excellent
+progress is being made in the face of distrust that should be removed.</p>
+
+<p>A knowledge of the facts will dispel this impression. Coöperation
+is a demonstrated success. The movement is a world movement. Coöperative
+societies are doing business successfully in every civilized
+country on earth. In this country they are doing business in almost
+every state. Everywhere the coöperative society, properly conducted,
+contributes to the material welfare of its members; in most places it is
+an important factor in social and moral advancement.</p>
+
+<p>The modern coöperative movement commenced less than a century
+ago and began to assume importance about 1840. The earliest beginnings
+of coöperative business enterprises as we know them were the establishment
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_79">[79]</span>of a little store at Rochdale, England, in 1844, and the founding
+of a coöperative credit society in Germany in 1849. The pioneer in
+agricultural coöperation was the rural credit society of Germany, the
+first of which was organized in 1862.</p>
+
+<p>I mention these dates because they were the starting points from
+which has grown, in the comparatively brief period of sixty-five years,
+a vast web of coöperative enterprises encircling the earth.</p>
+
+<p class="center">SMALL BEGINNINGS LEAD TO LARGE SUCCESSES.</p>
+
+<p>Each of the movements began in the smallest way. The German
+credit societies, both rural and urban, were founded for the purpose of
+providing credit to men who had no security to offer beyond their collective
+honesty, industry and business ability. The purpose was to help
+the very poor, and the success attained is attested by the comparative
+prosperity of German artisans and farmers, and by the present vast extent
+of the coöperative banking system. The Rochdale society was organized
+by ten poor weavers with a cash capital of twenty-eight pounds
+sterling, and from it has grown the great system of coöperative distribution
+of Great Britain.</p>
+
+<p class="center">THE COÖPERATIVE BANKS OF EUROPE.</p>
+
+<p>The coöperative credit society, or bank, is the most common form
+of coöperation on the continent of Europe. Following the success of
+the system in Germany, it has been introduced, in varying forms and
+with varying degrees of success, in nearly all of the countries of continental
+Europe, rural banks usually preponderating in numbers and in
+importance. There are coöperative rural banks in Italy, France, Russia,
+Switzerland, Belgium, Holland, Austria and the Balkan states, also
+in Ireland, India and Japan. They have been introduced into Canada,
+and one such bank has recently been established in the United States.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Henry W. Wolff, in “People’s Banks,” says, “The year 1849
+saw opened two vastly different roads to wealth—the California gold
+fields and the principles of coöperative banking.”</p>
+
+<p>The advantages of the coöperative bank lie in the fact that it is
+operated in the interest of the borrowers and its sole purpose is to provide
+cheap credit. The members are the managers, the borrowers and
+the recipients of the profits.</p>
+
+<p>It is estimated by competent authority that there are forty thousand
+of these banks in existence, with a total of more than three million
+members and assets worth more than a billion dollars.</p>
+
+<p>In Germany more than one-half of the independent agriculturists
+are members of these banks.</p>
+
+<p>Altogether there are 24,000 coöperative agricultural societies in Germany,
+of which about eighty per cent are federated in one great organization,
+and all of which are closely associated with the rural coöperative
+banks to which they owe their origin.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_80">[80]</span></p>
+
+<p class="center">THE ROCHDALE SOCIETY OF ENGLAND.</p>
+
+<p>The society formed at Rochdale, England, was wholly different from
+the credit organizations of Germany, which it preceded. Its purpose was
+not to provide credit, but to furnish the necessaries of life at low cost.
+Unlike the German societies, which were started by philanthropists for
+the benefit of the poor, the Rochdale society was started by the poor
+themselves. The mite of capital employed at the outset was secured
+by saving of two pence weekly from a starvation wage. Even this small
+saving meant sacrifice to the Rochdale pioneers, but it paid, for out of
+it has grown a great system that provides the British workman of today
+with all he requires at wholesale and manufacturer’s prices.</p>
+
+<p class="center">LARGEST BUSINESS IN THE WORLD.</p>
+
+<p>The Coöperative Wholesale Societies Limited, of London, England,
+is said to be the largest business concern in the world. In 1908
+it did a business of 570 million dollars. It is the central federation of
+the coöperative retail associations, one of which is in almost every village
+and town in England. It is a producer, manufacturer and shipper,
+as well as merchant. It owns plantations in various parts of the world;
+it sails its own ships; its chain of purchasing depots encircles the globe;
+it manufactures almost every article of household use and supplies the
+wants of more than eight million people. It is purely coöperative, all
+of its profits being distributed among the consumers in proportion to
+their purchases.</p>
+
+<p>We of America pride ourselves on the giant enterprises on this side
+of the Atlantic. Even while we condemn the systems which have made
+them possible, we marvel at the genius of the captains of industry and
+finance who have built them. Yet here is a concern, said to do a business
+four times greater than the Steel Trust, which is without a captain
+of industry, a great financier or a merchant prince. It is a product of a
+system, one of the best features of which is that it does not concentrate
+great wealth in the hands of a few.</p>
+
+<p class="center">WHERE COÖPERATION IS A NATIONAL TRAIT.</p>
+
+<p>Agricultural coöperation finds its most complete development in
+Denmark. Almost every Danish farmer is a member of one or more
+coöperative societies. Coöperation is almost a national trait. So general
+is the use of coöperative methods in Denmark that some one has
+said when a Dane wishes to buy or sell anything his first impulse is to
+form a society to do it.</p>
+
+<p>Yet coöperation is of comparatively recent growth in Denmark.
+There have been coöperative stores since 1866, but it was not until
+1881 that the first coöperative dairy was established, while bacon curing
+and egg societies date from 1887 and 1895, respectively.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_81">[81]</span></p>
+
+<p>There are more than a thousand coöperative dairies in Denmark;
+there are five hundred egg societies, and numerous other coöperative
+producing and selling price associations. Eighty-three per cent of the
+cows milked in 1909 were in coöperative dairies; 66 per cent of the
+bacon was cured in coöperative factories.</p>
+
+<p>The coöperative societies are thoroughly organized into federations,
+and the whole business of production and sale is systematized.
+The federations exercise the closest supervision over production. High
+standards of excellence are required and long lists of rules are rigidly
+enforced. A bad egg is occasion for a fine in a Danish egg society—and
+there are no bad eggs in Denmark.</p>
+
+<p>In the twenty-five years from 1881 to 1906, Danish exports increased
+from $11,840,000 to $77,800,000. Behind these figures is a story
+of a nation’s progress from poverty to prosperity, a progress in which
+coöperation has been the principal and dominating factor.</p>
+
+<p class="center">THE COÖPERATIVE PRINCIPLE AMPLY DEMONSTRATED.</p>
+
+<p>To tell, even in merest outline, of the successful coöperative movements
+of Europe would require more time than is at my disposal. I
+have cited these because they are the most conspicuous and far-reaching,
+and because they afford three wholly separate and distinct and entirely
+different demonstrations of the correctness of the coöperative
+principle. Coöperation in Europe has been in most cases the resort
+of dire necessity. It does not follow, however, that coöperation can be
+successful only under circumstances of poverty and want. If it will
+raise men from poverty to a competence, it will add to the prosperity of
+the already prosperous.</p>
+
+<p class="center">RISE OF COÖPERATION IN AMERICA.</p>
+
+<p>The coöperative movement in this country began to assume importance
+about 1850. Prior to this time there had been many associations
+for the advancement of various interests, but these were, as a rule,
+educational in purpose. Real progress in business coöperation began
+after the close of the Civil War, and may best be described as a series
+of great movements in which the farmers were usually the principal
+actors. These culminated in the Grange movement of the early seventies
+in which millions of farmers, united in a great national society, undertook
+to revolutionize the existing economic system by taking over to
+themselves the functions of middleman, merchant, baker and manufacturer,
+and to form a great agricultural trust that would dictate the
+price of farm products and combat growing railroad and other monopolies.</p>
+
+<p class="center">THE GREATEST REVOLT IN HISTORY.</p>
+
+<p>This was probably the greatest revolt of farmers in the history of
+the world. It is simply astounding to read of the enterprises, colossal
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_82">[82]</span>in the aggregate, that were launched. Millions were invested in banks,
+stores, warehouses, implement and other factories, railroads and selling
+agencies, nearly all of which collapsed within a few years leaving
+only experience and deficits behind. Of those that survived, the greater
+part soon adopted the methods, aims and purposes of ordinary corporations.
+Here and there, however, a coöperative enterprise continued to
+live, and some of these are doing business to this day.</p>
+
+<p>Following the Grange movement came a number of state, interstate,
+and national organizations, which grew steadily more political in
+their aims until they culminated in the Farmers’ Alliance and People’s
+Party. The adoption of the main planks of these by then older political
+organizations marked the close of an epoch in agricultural agitation and
+opened the way for a more strictly economic development of the coöperative
+idea.</p>
+
+<p class="center">THE FIRST GUN IN A GREAT FIGHT.</p>
+
+<p>While the great movements of the twenty-year period between 1870
+and 1890 did not accomplish all that was expected of them, they did
+accomplish much. They were the pioneers in organized opposition to
+the growth of monopoly in this country. The organization of the Grange
+was the firing of the first big gun in the fight against special privilege,
+a fight which will go on until equal privilege prevails.</p>
+
+<p>The Grange has never ceased to be an active factor in agricultural
+affairs. It has been a principal agent in the development of agricultural
+education and in the improvement of agricultural practice, a strong
+local force in country life, and a constant factor in the later growth of
+coöperative endeavor.</p>
+
+<p class="center">PROGRESS OF PAST TWENTY YEARS.</p>
+
+<p>Since the period of great organizations, the coöperative movement
+has attracted less attention, but has accomplished more in the world of
+business. The results are manifested principally in three classes of coöperative
+enterprise, stores, marketing associations, building and loan
+associations. Other forms of these societies that are making progress
+include industrial plants, supply societies and insurance associations. The
+coöperative credit society that has attained such proportions in Europe
+is practically unknown here, but there seems to be an excellent field for
+it, especially in the South.</p>
+
+<p>In all branches of coöperative activity in this country there is a
+lamentable lack of coördination. The stores are as a rule isolated from
+each other or associated in small groups, and they lose the advantage
+gained by the British societies from the concentration of their wholesale
+business. The marketing associations are for the most part separate,
+although there has been some movement toward federation in certain
+lines.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_83">[83]</span></p>
+
+<p class="center">MOVING ALONG RIGHT LINES.</p>
+
+<p>While federation would, in most cases, work to mutual advantage
+if well managed, the fact that such federations are rare does not argue
+against the associations or the movement of which they are a part. On
+the contrary, it is to the advantage of the coöperative movement that
+it is developing for the most part in small units, each of which must
+learn to stand on its own bottom. Federation, with its great advantages,
+will come when coöperation in this country is ripe for it.</p>
+
+<p>According to a recent bulletin of the International Institute of Agriculture,
+this country leads all others in coöperative marketing. Coöperative
+dairies exist in every state where dairying is an important industry;
+there are six hundred in Minnesota, three hundred in Wisconsin. There
+are about sixteen hundred warehouses in the grain belt. There are marketing
+associations in almost every important fruit district. There are
+insurance societies in many states, coöperative associations for handling
+cotton and tobacco. Coöperative irrigation has proven so successful in
+the West that Uncle Sam is building irrigation systems to be operated
+coöperatively and private capital is doing likewise, some of the largest
+private projects selling the water system with the land with coöperative
+ownership and operation by the farmers as the ultimate aim.</p>
+
+<p>The largest and most comprehensive farmers’ society is the Farmers
+Educational and Coöperative Union, a national organization which follows
+more nearly than any other now in active existence the early idea
+of development by propaganda. It has branches in twenty-five states
+and a total membership of about 3,000,000 persons. It is especially
+strong in the South, where it operates 2,000 cotton warehouses and 6,000
+cotton gins. In other sections it owns and operates large numbers of
+grain warehouses, also fruit handling and marketing agencies, coal mines,
+fertilizer factories and numerous other enterprises.</p>
+
+<p class="center">THE CALIFORNIA FRUIT GROWERS’ EXCHANGE.</p>
+
+<p>We have in California what is probably the largest and most successful
+coöperative association of producers engaged in marketing a
+single line of production. This is the California Fruit Growers’ Exchange.
+It maintains what is said to be the most efficient selling organization
+in the world, having agents in all of the principal cities and many
+of the smaller points of the United States, also at important centers in
+Europe. It handles now about 75 per cent of the orange and lemon
+crop of California and returns to its members, after deducting all expenses,
+more than $20,000,000 a year. It has been in business several
+years and is a demonstrated success in every particular. It has standardized
+the fruit pack of the state, reducing packing and marketing costs
+and increased selling values to the growers, and freed the citrus fruit
+growers from the exactions of the fruit marketing companies.</p>
+
+<p>The exchange is purely coöperative. It is organized under the
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_84">[84]</span>corporation laws of California with a capital stock of $10,000, but no
+dividends are paid on this stock and no assessments levied. Money for
+operating expenses is secured by levying an assessment on the growers
+at the beginning of the season in proportion to the estimated crop of
+each. When the crop is sold the proceeds, less the expenses actually
+incurred and paid, are paid to the growers.</p>
+
+<p>The organization consists of a central exchange, which is the marketing
+concern, sixteen district exchanges and 104 local associations. The
+locals elect the directors of the district exchanges, which in turn elect
+the directors of the central body. The fruit is gathered and packed
+by the local associations, which are independent units and usually own
+their packing houses. It is shipped through the district exchange. The
+routing and sale is in the hands of the central exchange.</p>
+
+<p>It is worthy of especial note that the California Fruit Growers’ Exchange
+has succeeded by the merit of its business methods. It does
+not now and it never has had a monopoly of the California crop. It
+began with less than a third of the crop, and for some years handled
+less than half of it. It now ships about 75 per cent of the oranges and
+lemons grown in the state.</p>
+
+<p>It should also be stated in this connection that there are a large
+number of men in the business of growing fruit in California, who have
+had extensive business experience before becoming tillers of the soil.
+They were not afraid to unite, not afraid to adopt modern business
+methods, not afraid to pay large salaries for the skill necessary to succeed.
+I understand that the manager’s salary is upward of $10,000 a
+year.</p>
+
+<p>Viewed in the large, the coöperative movement in America is making
+rapid strides. It is handicapped by lack of knowledge of coöperative
+methods, and by lack of adequate laws governing the organization
+and conduct of societies.</p>
+
+<p>The most crying need is a more widespread knowledge among coöperators
+themselves of the true principles of coöperation. There are
+hundreds of so-called societies in which coöperation is by the many for
+the benefit of the few. In some instances they are actually controlled
+by the concerns which buy their products; in many more an excessive
+profit is secured by a small coterie, usually in the form of dividends on
+stock.</p>
+
+<p>Stock dividends are the rock on which many promising coöperative
+efforts come to grief. It has been customary in many states to organize
+under the corporation laws, the members taking stock. Where no restrictions
+are placed upon the number of shares which one person may
+hold, or upon the dividends that may be paid, the tendency is for the
+stock to concentrate in a few hands, when dividends on stock are likely
+to be more sought than profits for members. I know of instances where
+so-called coöperative enterprises have paid as high as thirty per cent
+per annum in dividends to a small ring of stockholders.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_85">[85]</span></p>
+
+<p class="center">A CALL FOR CONSTRUCTIVE STATESMANSHIP.</p>
+
+<p>Where special statutes are enacted providing for the formation of
+coöperative societies, there is often a lack of wise restrictions in the
+interests of the average member. The laws are sometimes excellent
+in what they permit coöperators to do but inadequate in what they
+require them to do. The enactment of laws adequately fostering coöperative
+enterprises and safeguarding the interests of the coöperators
+calls for the best constructive statesmanship of the Nation.</p>
+
+<p>Among the provisions that should be inserted in every state law
+authorizing the formation of coöperative associations are the following:</p>
+
+<blockquote>
+
+<p>That no person shall hold more than a stated number of shares of a stated
+aggregate value.</p>
+
+<p>That dividends on stock shall be limited to a fair interest return.</p>
+
+<p>That all profits, in excess of interest on capital and such reserve as is deemed
+necessary, shall be distributed equitably among members in accordance with business
+done or work performed.</p>
+
+<p>That an annual report be made to the Secretary of State showing the nominal
+and paid-up capital, the assets and liabilities, the dividends paid on stock, the profits
+and how they are distributed.</p>
+
+<p>That the word “coöperative” shall be made a part of the name of any concern
+licensed to do business under the provisions of this act.</p>
+
+<p>That all concerns doing business in the state at time of this enactment which
+use the word “coöperative” in their titles shall be required to reorganize under this
+act or change their name.</p>
+
+</blockquote>
+
+<p>A great stride forward will have been made when in every state
+of the Union there are laws requiring the equitable distribution of the
+profits of coöperative endeavor, control of societies by members, publicity
+of all important acts, and confining the use of the word “Coöperative”
+to concerns that meet these requirements.</p>
+
+<p>Good laws alone will not solve the problem. Some associations
+are eminently successful under the ordinary corporation laws, some will
+fail under any legal system that can be devised. The successful conduct
+of a coöperative society requires intelligence, business capacity
+and honesty. I know of no plan of coöperation that is “fool proof”
+nor do I know of any legal safeguards that will render it safe from
+those whose methods are of the dark lantern and the jimmy.</p>
+
+<p class="center">WHAT A COÖPERATIVE SOCIETY IS NOT.</p>
+
+<p>The coöperative society in its best sense is not a revolt against
+oppression or unjust exactions. It is a business system. Its purpose
+is the promotion of the three big “Es”: economy, efficiency and elimination
+of waste.</p>
+
+<p>Coöperation is not a cure-all; it will not solve every problem; it
+will not solve any problem unless it is handled properly and wisely.</p>
+
+<p>Successful coöperation does not mean monopoly. Few attempts
+by coöperators to monopolize their product have been successful; I
+know of none that have been successful for an extended period.</p>
+
+<p>Coöperation is not communism. It does not mean collective ownership
+of property, but collective activity by individual owners of property.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_86">[86]</span></p>
+
+<p>A coöperative society resembles a corporation in that the capital
+and services of a number of persons are united for the purpose of
+carrying on a business. It differs from the corporation in two very
+important particulars as follows: First, the recruit in a coöperative
+enterprise is the man and not the dollar; second, the purpose of the
+coöperative society is not to build a profitable business, but to add to
+the profit of the individual businesses of its members.</p>
+
+<p class="center">CAUSES OF FAILURE.</p>
+
+<p>Failures in coöperative enterprises have usually been due to too
+much confidence and too little actual knowledge of the business undertaken.
+Men engaged in production have undertaken the business of
+distribution on a large scale without any previous knowledge of distributive
+methods. In many cases coöperators have expected too much
+and have been dissatisfied with moderate returns; in others there have
+been no returns because the business was neither well conceived nor well
+conducted. In many instances success at the outset has led to unwarranted
+expansion that spelled disaster. Personal likes and dislikes
+and petty jealousies have led to disruption; a good manager has been
+discharged to make room for a favorite of a dominant faction, or a
+poor manager has been retained because the membership did not know
+he was a failure. There is a strong tendency among coöperators to
+resent high salaries, and low grade managers are often the result. Members
+are frequently disloyal and weaken the society by doing a portion
+or all of their business with its rivals. Members of marketing associations
+frequently coöperate as some men pray—only in times of impending
+disaster.</p>
+
+<p>A coöperative enterprise, to be successful, must be one for which
+there is a place and an opportunity. Sound business judgment must
+characterize its management. There must be a responsible head and a
+definite policy. The manager must be capable and experienced and the
+one test of his work must be the results he is able to show. There
+must be a system of accounting that will show these results in detail.
+Dependence for success must be upon the merits of the methods employed,
+never upon the mere right of coöperators to do their own business
+in their own way. Most important of all, the membership must
+be intelligent and willing, on occasion, to suffer temporary loss for the
+greater gain to be secured by loyalty to the concern. It must be borne
+in mind that a coöperative enterprise in entering a competitive field
+has got to compete, and its strength lies in the loyalty of its membership.</p>
+
+<p class="center">SHOULD BE TAUGHT IN THE SCHOOLS.</p>
+
+<p>The American people need to be educated regarding the principle
+and practice of coöperation. It should be taught in the schools, especially
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_87">[87]</span>in the agricultural schools, as it is now in some of the agricultural
+schools of Europe. There should be state and national conventions
+for the discussion of coöperative principles and methods. There should
+be organizations of coöperators for the consideration of mutual problems
+and mutual interests. Every great library contains the history of all of
+the coöperative movements down to the present time, and the experience
+of the world is available to those who will use it.</p>
+
+<p>What Americans most need is the coöperative point of view. We
+are accustomed to extravagance and speculation, but the time is at hand
+when we must practice the virtues of economy. We have been a nation
+of individualists, each sufficient unto himself; we must learn to unite
+with our fellows and consider their welfare as a part of our own.</p>
+
+<p>Do we need coöperation? Consider the wide margin between the
+price on the farm and at the kitchen door! Consider the difference
+in cost between the boot at the factory and on your foot! Consider the
+enormous wastes and duplications of our system of distribution! Consider
+the fortunes that have been amassed by the concentration of profits
+that would have been widely diffused under coöperation!</p>
+
+<p>We complain of the concentration of capital in the hands of a
+few; here is a system of business that will keep the profits of the people’s
+business in the people’s pockets where they belong.</p>
+
+<p>We are concerned about the resources of Alaska lest they pass
+into the control of trusts and syndicates and serve to enrich a few
+at the expense of the many, as well we may be; but here is a wealth
+more vast, a tangible, visible, present wealth, many times greater than
+that of all the mines and forests of the Territory of Alaska, that is
+slipping through our fingers day by day and accumulating in the coffers
+of those who already have too much. The American citizen everywhere
+is paying a tribute from which there is but one avenue of escape—the
+adoption of coöperative methods of doing business.</p>
+
+<p class="mt2">During the reading of Mr. Beard’s paper Mr. J. B. White assumed
+the Chair.</p>
+
+<p class="mt2">Chairman <span class="smcap">White</span>—Mr. B. A. Fowler, chairman of the resolution
+committee, desires to make an announcement.</p>
+
+<p class="mt2">Mr. <span class="smcap">Fowler</span>—Members of the resolutions committee having been
+selected, the first meeting of the committee will now be held, and I
+invite the members selected for that committee to meet in the room
+back of the platform. This meeting will be for the organization of
+the committee, and I suggest to the chairman that if nothing has been
+said on that particular point, this a working committee, and you
+get results. Those of you who have resolutions to present should
+present them at the earliest possible moment. I will leave to you the
+lateness of the hour when they may be presented, but it would seem
+as if they all ought to come in to the committee some time today.
+I also suggest that anybody who desires to present a resolution should
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_88">[88]</span>not send it up to the committee unsigned, and in the crudest sort of way;
+but that you prepare your resolution as you would like to have it presented,
+sign your name and send it to the committee.</p>
+
+<p class="mt2">President <span class="smcap">Wallace</span>—If I were the chairman of the committee I
+would not consider any resolution offered after this evening. It is
+unfair to the committee to throw resolutions at them at the last moment.
+Now, we must have a report of this committee the first thing after
+dinner tomorrow. Therefore, get your resolutions in.</p>
+
+<p>We want the members of the committee on resolutions to go up to
+this room at once.</p>
+
+<p>Gentlemen, we will now hear an address from Mr. Herbert Quick,
+of Madison, Wisconsin, editor of the Farm and Fireside of Springfield,
+Mass., on the subject, “The Farmer and the Railroads.”</p>
+
+<p class="mt2">Mr. <span class="smcap">Herbert Quick</span>—Ladies and Gentlemen of the Congress: It
+is rather a difficult task which has been assigned to me, that of following
+such men as have spoken in the last two or three addresses, and that,
+too, at a time of day when the imperative calls of bodily sustenance
+begin to make themselves manifest. I cannot undertake to emulate in
+the matter of interest, in the matter of inspiration, any of these gentlemen
+who have just preceded me and addressed you. It is utterly impossible
+to be very interesting with reference to the subject of the railroads
+and the farmer unless you trench on the subject of politics, and
+they are barred here; therefore, ladies and gentlemen, I beg leave to
+be dull in my talk to you today, very dull indeed. I am, however, hopeful
+of giving you something to think about with reference to the very
+important matters of the relation between the railroad and the farmer.</p>
+
+<p>The relations between the farmers and the railroads are not always
+amicable, but they are always close. When capital was first solicited
+for the building of our railways the capital that responded was in large
+measure that of the farmers. Enterprise came from the cities, but
+before it could successfully appeal to the bond market, it was obliged
+to show something in the way of local aid. The history of railway
+exploitation in the Mississippi Valley, and in the whole country at the
+period of most rapid development in railway building has not yet, so
+far as I am aware, been adequately written. When it is written, it
+will show an astonishing array of facts relating to the extent to which
+the farmers of the land really built the railways—by stock subscriptions,
+by votes of aid, by donations of right-of-way, and by outright
+gifts of cash. And a depressing phase of the story will be the tales
+of bonds issued and upheld by the courts, although no railway was ever
+built, and of the almost automatic manner in which the farmer’s interests
+were closed out by receiverships. During the time when investments
+in railway buildings were uncertain, donations of public lands,
+gifts of rights-of-way, and votes of bond issues in the way of local
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_89">[89]</span>aid gave them standing in the money markets. So to a great extent,
+the farmers built the railways—and were then neatly beaten out of
+their interests.</p>
+
+<p>That, however, is not the story of the farmers of today and the
+railways of today. It belongs to the past. Our task relates to the
+future. In that future, the relations between the railways and the
+farmers must continue to be close, whether they are amicable or not.
+The two parties belong to each other. One cannot exist without the
+other. When the farmers succeed in wresting a good crop from the
+earth, stocks go up in Wall street. A hot wind in Montana affects
+Great Northern and Northern Pacific on ’Change; and when the railway
+fails to furnish cars for the carrying of the crop, that failure
+affects the notes of the farmer at the bank. For better or for worse,
+the farmers and the railways are irrevocably wedded. A little careful
+and dispassionate consideration of their marital relations may assist
+in the maintenance of that peace which is necessary to happiness—and
+as a mere outline of the broader principles governing such consideration,
+this address has been prepared.</p>
+
+<p>The great railway men of the United States have always felt the
+burden of a duty towards the farmers, even when denying any legal
+claim back of it. Fifteen years or so ago an enthusiastic believer in
+the semi-arid West worked out a plan for moisture-conserving farming—one
+of the greatest steps in conservation ever taken in this country.
+The management of the Northern Pacific helped him educate the
+farmers in the principles of his science. The managements of the Chicago,
+Milwaukee and St. Paul, the Soo Line and the B. &amp; M. in Nebraska
+also gave him assistance. They foresaw the development which
+would come to Montana, Nebraska, the Dakotas and all the semi-arid
+country if “dry farming”, as it has come to be called, could be made
+to succeed. They saw a duty to the stockholders—saw it clearly; and
+I believe there was not lacking to their vision a glimpse of the duty
+they owed to the Nation through ministration to the prosperity of its
+farmers.</p>
+
+<p class="center">HOW THE RAILROADS LEARNED.</p>
+
+<p>The management of the Great Northern, though since enthusiastic,
+could at that early time see nothing in the Campbell method of farming
+to enlist its sympathy or its dollars, nor could the Northwestern line,
+though both of these systems ran through hundreds of miles since reduced
+to the settled state through dry farming. But at that very time Mr.
+Hill was showing his interest in agriculture through the introduction
+of improved breeds of livestock along the lines of his system. And
+the Northwestern officials withheld their aid from Campbell, because
+it was believed on their part that it was better to leave the semi-arid
+regions in the condition of unbroken prairie from which they might
+receive trainloads of cattle, than to encourage its opening to an agriculture
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_90">[90]</span>which was likely to be unsuccessful. Perhaps that was the
+controlling opinion in Great Northern circles, too. In any case, the
+railways were exerting an almost monarchical power over farming in
+their spheres of influence. Nothing, it seems to me, more clearly shows
+the power of the railways over farms and farming, than these instances
+of both action and inaction at the critical stage of development. We
+do not see it so plainly in regions long settled and in agricultural equilibrium,
+but the power is always there and always exerted for all that.</p>
+
+<p>Beginning, so far as I am informed, with Mr. Hill’s livestock activities,
+and the aid of Mr. J. W. Kendrick to the great dry farming
+movement, railway aid to agriculture has grown to a fashion. The
+Pennsylvania maintains its demonstration farms on Long Island; the
+New York Central strives to bring back to their old-time headship in
+farming the Empire State’s half-abandoned farms. Scarcely a railway
+system can be mentioned which has not run its educational trains for
+the purpose of bringing agricultural science into touch with the farmers
+along its line. “Dairy specials,” “corn specials,” “bacon specials,”
+“fruit specials,” and dozens of other special trains have moved leisurely
+from station to station with agricultural lecturers aboard and cars fitted
+up as laboratories and auditoriums for the farmers. These are sure
+to be increasingly frequent as the demand grows on the part of farmers
+for accurate and authoritative teaching, and as the railway officials come
+to understand that the most profitable thing to sow along the line is
+knowledge, and that nothing gives such profitable crops as science. The
+great Burlington system now hires one of the noted agricultural experts
+of the world to work with the farmers, and another eminent agricultural
+college professor has gone into the service of that system which,
+while it may not reign, rules over the industrial destinies of “The Rock
+Island States of America.” The railroads everywhere, are doing excellent
+work in educating the farmers. This work is wise, and is sure
+to bring the results the railroads desire. The introduction of good agricultural
+methods, like the implanting of truth in any form, is one of
+those germinal acts that go on of their own accord when once the initial
+impulse is given. Dry farming will be practiced centuries hence better
+than now, and the Northern Pacific will carry its tonnage.</p>
+
+<p class="center">THE DOMINANCE OF TONNAGE.</p>
+
+<p>But all these fine things have been done and are still being done
+with a eye single to tonnage. The railway officials who are doing them
+would strenuously deny any other motive than that of filling trains
+with agricultural produce. “What justification,” says the old-fashioned
+stockholder at the annual meeting, “can be given for using money of
+the railway for such new-fangled flub-dub as this special train filled
+with college professors and farmers?” “It’s a cold business proposition,”
+says the general manager. “If we can get the farmers to grow
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_91">[91]</span>steers that will weigh a ton as against the present ones that weigh a
+thousand pounds, our livestock tonnage is doubled, and at the expense
+of a few special trains and an agricultural department, we obtain on
+the present lines all the results of a greater mileage. Better agriculture
+means more freight. That’s the justification, and the only one. It’s
+a plain business proposition!”</p>
+
+<p>We may trust the enlightened selfishness of good business to push
+this sort of activity to the limit of its profit; and it is a fine thing to
+think that the railways cannot benefit themselves by spreading the light
+of agricultural science without benefiting the farmers and the whole
+nation. Favors of this sort bless him that receives quite as much as
+him that gives. But does the duty of the railway end with tonnage?
+Can we ask the railways to do anything for the farms and the farmers
+beyond the things which mediately or immediately will fill trains of cars
+with profitable freight? In the great task of conservation do the railways
+owe any duty to the farms beyond what they are now performing?
+This phase of the subject has yet to be worked out.</p>
+
+<p class="center">SOME HISTORIC PHRASES.</p>
+
+<p>A few striking phrases have thrown on the screen of history the
+views of the generation of railway men who denied, and some of them
+still deny, anything in the way of duty of the sort hinted at. Some
+of these may be apocryphal utterances, but they tell the truth for all
+that. It is recorded that a Louisville &amp; Nashville official, on being asked
+whether or not the people on his lines had any alternative other than to
+pay what the railway exacted, answered, “Yes! They can walk!” The
+historic Vanderbilt aphorism is “The public be damned!” It has been
+related of Jay Gould that his cynical rule for the making of rates on
+agricultural produce was that the farmers should always be allowed
+to retain enough for seed. Such opinions as these were the prevailing
+ones until recently. They were based on the view that the railways
+were purely private things. Under their sway railway men claimed
+the right to decide what cities should flourish and what decline, where
+towns should be built and where not, what shippers should be prosperous
+and what fail. They claimed these rights and they exercised
+them. To men of that school the things I shall say will seem like nonsense.
+They do not see that the control of the highways of a nation
+carries with it the rulership of the people; or if they do see it, they
+refuse to recognize the right of the people to say how that rulership
+shall be exercised, how long it shall continue, and when it shall end.
+And this is the lesson of the present and the immediate future for the
+railroads of America. A railway official is of right a public official,
+and he is nothing else. His duties to his stockholders are important
+and call upon him for scrupulous fidelity, but they are subject to his
+duties to the public. For on the highways depend the welfare of the
+whole people; the stockholders are a part only of the people; and the
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_92">[92]</span>whole is greater than any part. In the last analysis, the stockholders
+and bondholders of the railways must come to a realization of the fact
+that they have placed their interests in the keeping of the people of
+the Nation, and that their profits must depend on the sense of justice
+of that people. Fortunately, there is no reason to expect from the people
+the slightest failure to respect the real rights of capital. But that modifications
+of railway policy are likely to be insisted upon, is not only
+likely, but inevitable. These modifications will be along the line of
+revisions of rates, the adoption of the principle that the railway must
+be used as a tool in the development of the Nation along rational and
+just lines, and not arbitrary ones, and in the conservation of the national
+resources—among which one of the most important, if not the most
+important, is the fertility of the soil.</p>
+
+<p class="center">RATES AND LIVING COST.</p>
+
+<p>First, as to rates. There has been a good deal written of late for
+the purpose of securing for the railways an acquittal of every charge
+that has been or ever can be brought against them of having anything
+to do with the increased cost of living. Inasmuch as the cost of transportation
+is a part of the cost of every article consumed, freight rates
+may, and doubtless do, conceal much that makes for high prices. A
+Johns Hopkins professor says: “The claim of the railroads that the
+rates on foodstuffs are not high enough to enter as a factor in fixing
+the selling price is fully substantiated by the dealers in such products.”
+And again the same authority says: “The average weight of a carload
+of food products is 30,000 pounds. If the freight on such a carload
+be $300 the rate per pound would be only one cent, and there is scarcely
+a commodity upon which a freight rate of one cent per pound makes
+any difference in the selling price.”</p>
+
+<p>When one considers the staples on which a cent a pound constitutes
+from six to twenty per cent of the selling price, these extremely sweeping
+statements must be admitted to need a lot of verification. Those
+who feel most keenly the pinch of high prices live mostly on things
+which sell at from four to twenty cents a pound—of which price an
+average of a cent a pound freight is a considerable increase. But the
+efforts mentioned have not been confined to arguments of the sort above
+quoted. We are called upon to believe not only that no appreciable
+freight charge is added to the burdens of the consumer, but that nothing
+worth mentioning is deducted as freight from the prices to the producer.
+We thus have the great incomes of the railroads very neatly
+palmed and effectually concealed somewhere between the professor of
+economics and the Secretary of Agriculture. For Secretary Wilson asserts
+that:</p>
+
+<blockquote>
+
+<p>With approximate accuracy it has been determined that when the farmer receives
+50 per cent of the consumer’s price, the freight charge on butter is about
+0.5 of 1 per cent of the consumer’s price; eggs, 0.6 of 1 per cent; apples, 6.8 per
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_93">[93]</span>cent; beans, 2.4 per cent; potatoes, 7.4 per cent; grains of all sorts, 3.8 per cent;
+hay, 7.4 per cent; cattle and hogs, 1.2 per cent; live poultry, 2.2 per cent; wool, 0.3
+of 1 per cent.</p>
+
+</blockquote>
+
+<p>These things are very convincing. And they are, no doubt, reliable
+as to averages. The trouble with them is that they are averages, and
+that they have the merits and defects of averages. One of the defects
+is that they do not tell the real truth. I have in mind a farmer living
+at New Rockford, North Dakota. He grows wheat as his staple crop,
+and about the only crop upon which it is at all safe to depend. His
+task is to help feed the world. As this is written, his wheat is worth in
+New York, if for export, a dollar a bushel, if for milling in this country
+two cents more. In addition to the cost of handling, the New Rockford
+farmer must submit to a deduction of twenty-four cents per bushel
+in price for freight to New York if for export, and of twenty-six cents
+if for domestic use. Something like 35 to 40 per cent of his returns is
+deducted for freight. It may satisfy the city consumer of bread to be
+told that this freight does not add “materially” to the cost of his living,
+but the New Rockford farmer is stubborn, and merely because his freight
+charge is a third or more of his returns, he is not mollified by Secretary
+Wilson’s statement that all grains “on the average” get to market
+with a deduction for transportation of three and eight-tenths per cent.
+In Johns Hopkins and at Washington, the freight charge may not amount
+to much. It is far otherwise at New Rockford.</p>
+
+<p>A North Dakota station and a low grade staple are selected for
+the purpose of putting a finger on the point where the railways and
+the farmers clash crucially. They clash thus in the heart of the continent
+where distances to market are long, where there has been no
+rate structure fixed under competition, and where the farm produces
+in the main cheap and heavy staples. Whether grain, hay, root crops,
+or live stock, the case is the same—prices at the railway station are reduced
+to the point of vanishing profits by freight charges; and the cost
+of living on the farm is proportionately increased by the same agency.</p>
+
+<p class="center">HOW TO DEVELOP THE REMOTE PARTS.</p>
+
+<p>The greatest transportation fact faced by the American people is
+the problem of developing the remote parts of the continent under
+conditions which are new to the experience of the human race. In the
+past mankind has been content to develop its great civilization near
+waterways. The sites of Egypt, Greece, Rome, Phoenicia and Carthage
+were determined by ease of transportation. Whether or not it is possible
+for the interior of the North American continent to be fully developed
+industrially by land carriage only is a question which is as yet
+an open one. It is safe to say that such development cannot take place
+without the adoption by the railways of some new transportation principles,
+applied for the express purpose of national welfare. And if
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_94">[94]</span>the only alternative—the building of a national system of waterways—be
+resorted to, the aid of the railways must still be demanded if success
+is to be attained.</p>
+
+<p>Rates as a deduction from the income of the farmer are even on
+the face of the averages quoted, considerable; but in the interior and
+on things produced at a close margin of profit, they are decisive of the
+matter of agricultural prosperity. On butter they are so inconsiderable
+as a proportion that the output of Dakota creameries has not infrequently
+gone on the market under conditions which enabled the Western butter-maker
+to pay his entire freight bill with the difference in his favor in
+the matter of quality. On eggs the burden of freight is similarly light.
+But on potatoes the freight is, according to the figures of the Secretary
+of Agriculture, 7.4 per cent of the consumer’s price, or about fifteen
+per cent of the farmers’ returns, as a national average. It is quite clear
+that the Montana or Nebraska potato grower must often find the freight,
+over the great distances to market, decisive of the question of profit
+or no profit. An acre of onions takes the labor of two or three persons
+a good part of the season. The cultivation is largely done with hand
+tools manipulated while the worker kneels and bends his body to the
+ground. His produce should be about a carload. If on this he pays
+the railways $300 freight it is a not inconsiderable contribution on the
+part of one gardener and one acre of land to the transportation system
+of the Nation.</p>
+
+<p>Just what is included in these professorial and secretarial calculations
+is not quite clear. The word “freight” may or may not include
+such items as the charges for refrigeration and of refrigerator car
+companies, fast freight lines and the like, and until we know as to these
+items, we are unable to decide on the worth of the statistics. But one
+item of expense which through the policy of the railway companies the
+farmers are obliged to pay is clearly not included—I refer to the charges
+of the express companies.</p>
+
+<p>The railways of the United States have enormously retarded the
+agricultural development of the country, and added to the expense of
+living, by permitting the lodgment in our transportation system of that
+industrial parasite, the express company. Just what are the financial
+inter-relations which have contributed to the willingness of the railways
+to allow parcels carriage to pass from their hands, while sufficiently
+obvious in a general way, cannot now be detailed. The glaring fact is
+that the express companies, save for certain services which they have,
+in violation of the criminal law, usurped from the postal system, perform
+absolutely no functions which do not properly belong to the railways,
+and no functions which the railways of other lands do not assume.
+Every dollar of the huge profits which the express companies make is
+a burden upon industry which is unnecessary and unjust. But instead
+of seeking to remedy or lessen this burden, the railways pursue the
+policy of making it greater. They practically abandon the field of
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_95">[95]</span>parcels carriage to the express companies. They allow their agents
+everywhere to work for the express companies on commission, so that
+their wages are increased as express business increases, while their
+interest in the growth of railway business is reduced to a minimum by
+the receipt from the railway of only a small fixed salary. Thus the
+railways not only turn over to the express companies the parcels business,
+but saddle on that business, and on the shippers by express, a
+good deal of the burden of their own payroll.</p>
+
+<p class="center">THE TOLLS ASSESSED ON AGRICULTURE.</p>
+
+<p>The effect of this policy on agriculture is not to be measured by
+the amount of express tolls paid on shipments made. That is a great
+burden, but it is inconsiderable as compared with its injury to the farmers
+and to the Nation by reason of the immense volume of potential
+traffic that does not move at all. Under the paternal governments of
+the Australasian colonies of Great Britain, agriculture is fostered by
+low railway rates and a carefully studied policy of encouragement to
+the small shipper. Packages of poultry, eggs, meats and other farm
+products are collected on the remote railway lines, brought to concentration
+points, refrigerated, shipped to the world’s markets, sold and remitted
+for to the great benefit of the remote farmers, who otherwise
+would have no way of marketing their little shipments. But here the
+trucker and poultryman and the fruit-grower are in most localities relegated
+by the railways to a third party—the express company—who seems
+to have no office but the exaction of tolls which the railway itself could
+not charge, but which it divides with the railway. This is unjust and
+is rapidly becoming intolerable. The farmer must be placed in such
+position that he can work up trade in the city and ship in small packages
+direct to the consumer at just rates. The head of one of our great
+railway systems has delivered several powerful addresses recently, in
+which he has asserted that the farmers, and not the railways, are to
+blame for the spread of from 30 to 75 per cent between the price received
+by the producer of food products and that paid by the consumer.
+He advises farmers to “cut out the middleman.” Good counsel, but
+let him follow his own advice. Let him, and let all railways cut out
+the express middlemen, the private car middlemen, the fast freight line
+middlemen, and the ordinary farmer will be placed in better position
+for taking his advice. These agencies have no place in a rational system
+of transportation. They are parasites, which suck blood and confer
+no benefit. Transportation by rail should be a simple transaction between
+the railway and the shipper, and with no third party whatsoever.
+Whatever there may be in the way of parcels transportation which does
+not properly belong to the railways should be assumed by the government
+in the form of a general parcels post.</p>
+
+<p>With the way cleared to simple relations between shipper and railroad,
+the matter of rate-making in the interests of national development
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_96">[96]</span>may be taken up, and the railroads enlisted in such policies as
+may be dictated by patriotism. In these the farmers are entitled to
+so much of special consideration as is commanded by the importance
+of agriculture as the basic industry of the world—no more, no less. In
+many schedules the railroads have favored agricultural development.
+These instances are those in which farming interests have been controlling
+in the matter of dividends. Perhaps we should expect nothing
+more of the purely individualistic philosophy of the past, but of the
+future we must demand much more.</p>
+
+<p class="center">RATES AND DEVELOPMENT.</p>
+
+<p>Instances of the influence of railway policies on agriculture may
+be found in almost every country of the world. The beet sugar industry
+of Austria has been built up through the adjustment of railway
+rates. Huebner says of the German policy in this regard:</p>
+
+<blockquote>
+
+<p>With the deliberate purpose of regulating industry and commerce through the
+powerful medium of freight rates, 63 per cent of the traffic is given rates generally
+about half as high as classified rates and seemingly unusually low as compared
+with rates enforced in neighboring countries. These rates are given to build
+up particular industries, to promote specified districts, to protect German railways
+against foreign competition, to overcome emergencies, to build up German sea-ports,
+to promote German export trade, and discourage the entry of specified imports.</p>
+
+</blockquote>
+
+<p>We have been told over and over again that the acquisition of the
+railroads of Germany by the government has been dictated by consideration
+of military strategy; but the world is just awakening to the
+fact that it is rather industrial strategy which has impelled the Germans
+to government ownership. The time is coming when the German railways
+will be freed from the fixed charges of both bonds and stocks,
+and German agricultural products will go to market, with her manufactures,
+at rates based on actual cost of service. The fostering uses
+of properly adjusted rates as applied to remote agricultural districts
+in Australia and New Zealand have been known to the world for years.
+Protection to home industries through tariffs has failed to benefit our
+farmers in any direct way, and the policy of attempting longer to maintain
+such tariffs seems to be in process of abandonment; but Van Wagenen
+has pointed out that agriculture may be stimulated and fostered
+through railway rates, and given all the benefits which clearly accrue
+to protected industries through tariffs. It might be no more than fair
+to the farmers if some of the taxes exacted from them through tariffs
+in the interests of manufacturers, were returned to them in such freight
+rates as would develop their agriculture along the intensive lines made
+possible by nearness to market; but it might be unfair to ask privately-owned
+railways to do it.</p>
+
+<p>The whole structure of rates as they now exist is devised to favor
+the long line to and from market, and made up with reference to the
+demands of certain trade centers, and certain powerful financial interests,
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_97">[97]</span>some of which are closely allied to the ownership of the control
+of railways. A striking instance of this is to be found in the history
+of the rates on the border line between the Gulf trade basin, and the
+territory of the railways running to Chicago and the Atlantic ports.
+From Kansas and Oklahoma points the distance to tidewater on the
+Gulf is only from a quarter to a half the distance to the Atlantic. The
+farmers of that region, and of a great part of Nebraska, Colorado, and
+much other territory, are entitled to an outlet by way of the Gulf. It
+is nearer. It is over cheaper track. It is on easier grades. It should
+be in every way more economical. But when the battle between the
+old lines and the new began with the building of the roads to the Gulf,
+it was fought out, not along lines of what was best for the Nation, not
+along lines of what was best for the farmers whose stake in the controversy
+was the right to a fair price for their grain, but with sole reference
+to the interests of the railways themselves, and of the grain trade
+with which the railways have always maintained so intimate a friendship.
+Such agreements were made that grain would be as likely to
+go from Kansas City to the Atlantic as to the Gulf. In other words,
+the building of the Gulf lines was robbed of its benefits to the farmer.
+Rates were so adjusted, and still are, as to make the Gulf lines as bad
+for the farmer as the Atlantic lines, instead of making the old lines
+as good as the new should be. This is equivalent, as an economic
+futility, to the plan of handicapping the binder so as to restrict its
+work to the amount done by the same force in the old days of hand
+binding. Financially it may be wise—for the elevator trade, and the
+railway community of interest—but it is an economic crime as much
+as the breaking of the power looms by the old weavers. The present
+railway situation is full of such anomalies. One could spend days in
+their discussion. They are familiar to the shippers of the nation. They
+are apologized for by the wise men who write great tomes on transportation.
+But they must sometime be so corrected that trade will go
+on the railroad which can perform the transportation task most economically,
+without regard to the historic channels of traffic and the
+private interests concerned in the use thereof.</p>
+
+<figure class="figcenter illowp53" id="illus5" style="max-width: 31.25em;">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/illus5.jpg" alt="">
+  <figcaption>
+    <p><span class="smcap">Darius A. Brown</span>, Mayor of Kansas City</p>
+  </figcaption>
+</figure>
+
+<p class="center">“TAPERING RATES.”</p>
+
+<p>I have spoken of the difficulties which confront the people of the
+deep interior of the continent in working out their complete industrial
+development. By complete industrial development, I mean that full
+growth in industry which has come to such seaboard locations as Great
+Britain, the Netherlands, our Eastern seaboard, our lake regions and the
+like. One can scarcely conceive such complete development in Iowa,
+Nebraska, the Dakotas, or Oklahoma. And yet it is merely a question
+of transportation. The problem of the future relates to the question
+of the ability of land carriage of any kind to furnish it. If it cannot
+be accomplished by land carriage, the Nation will have recourse to waterways.
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_98">[98]</span>New Rockford and her sister hamlets will reach the sea, either
+by the way of the railroads, or by the Missouri river. If the railways
+are to give New Rockford—and in her I typify all the interior—what
+it must have if it is to develope completely, they must find some way
+to compensate the place by means of rates for its remoteness from the
+sea.</p>
+
+<p>This may be done by what is called “tapering rates”—that is, by
+rates which increase not with the distance, but on some basis which
+gives the remote point a less tariff per ton a mile than the nearby point.
+The railroads have made such rates always when the demands of profit
+called for them; and their policy has resulted in great benefit to the
+interior; but the diverse ownership of the different lines and restrictive
+laws, as well as the lack of a national policy in rate-making, conspire
+to prevent the full application of the principle. Congressman D. J.
+Lewis of Maryland has laid down the principle that rates along a line
+should increase with the square root of the distance, instead of with
+the distance. Thus, if the proper rate per hundredweight for twenty-five
+miles is ten cents, for 625 miles the rate should be not $2.50, which
+would be the increase directly with the distance, but twenty-five cents,
+the increase over ten cents according to the square root of the distance.
+The value of this formula may lie principally in the emphasis of the
+economic justice, as well as the necessity, of tapering rates for long
+hauls. As it is, rates taper from New York to Chicago, not according
+to the square root formula, but in a manner not very much at odds with
+it; but then they are increased by the fresh start from Chicago as a
+basing point. Under a national policy in rate-making, these rates would
+continue to taper to the point at which it would be more economical
+to ship in some other direction—to the Pacific, or to the Gulf.</p>
+
+<p>The influence of tapering rates on the industrial development of
+a people may be seen strikingly manifested in Texas, which has long
+had a rate system peculiar to itself. This system is said to be the fruit
+of the statesmanship of Judge Reagan, and was devised expressly in
+the interests of a population deemed to be permanently agricultural. It
+is exactly the opposite of the general policy which has built up a few
+great cities at the expense of the rest of the country, and the best or
+worst example of which is perhaps the case of Chicago. Chicago is
+fed by livestock shipments which sweep past the very doors of packing
+houses quite as well equipped to slaughter the stock as any in the Windy
+City, and the livestock rates are only a sample of the system of tariffs
+that keep in Chicago’s hands the headship in commerce to which in the
+natural development of things she would not be entitled. Railroad
+rates keep the great centers great by decreeing that the primary products
+shall be sold there, and that the supplies of goods ready for consumption
+shall be bought there. This is done by depriving other trade
+centers of the natural advantages over Chicago, of their nearness to
+the farms, while leaving them handicapped by their remoteness from
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_99">[99]</span>water transportation. And wherever a great city is found in the United
+States, the same sort of rate structure is found. The economic result
+is that long hauls are favored for the railroads, with greater profits
+to them perhaps; but the farmers are deprived of the benefits of the
+home markets which nearby large cities afford. The state of Iowa is
+Chicago’s back field; and Iowa’s population is shrinking. This fact alone
+is enough to condemn the rate system which permits it. And Iowa’s
+case is glaring merely because she is an almost purely agricultural state.
+The farm populations of the other states on Chicago’s back fields are
+shrinking, also. And while I do not think it fair to attribute all this
+to rate mal-adjustments, I feel sure that if the Texas system of rates
+had been in effect in the Chicago-St. Louis basin, the phenomenon of
+decreasing population would have been long postponed, and might never
+have appeared.</p>
+
+<p class="center">THE TEXAS SYSTEM OF RATES.</p>
+
+<p>The Texas system, as perfected by the Texas State Railway Commission,
+is based on the theory that many medium sized towns and cities
+are to be preferred, for the agricultural welfare of the state, to one or
+two overgrown municipalities with rates made to stimulate their growths
+at the expense of the rest. This has been accomplished by the establishment
+of a maximum freight charge, above which there can be no
+increase, no matter what the distance—with the exception of certain
+remote points in the cases of which additions are made, not according
+to the entire length of haul, but according to their distance beyond the
+limits of the zone which is established about every shipping point. Thus
+merchandise taking the class rates pays a tariff from any shipping point
+according to distance, up to 245 miles, beyond which the rate for 245
+miles is paid no matter what the distance. The maximum rate on
+cotton is reached at 160 miles from any station; on flour, grain and
+hay at 140 miles; on coal, 790 miles; on fruits, vegetables and melons,
+180 miles, and thus for all shipments. The result is that the remote
+truck farmer is as close, so far as rates are concerned, to the city 500
+miles away, as to the one 180 miles off—and the principle is applied
+to all producers, with variations as to distance. This gives him a wide
+choice in markets and rates, which equalizes conditions so far as rates
+can do so, between the interior and the coast. And it fosters the small
+and new city by enabling it to compete in jobbing and manufacturing
+with the large and old one. Thus, while such places as Galveston, Houston,
+Dallas, Fort Worth and Waco are among the most prosperous
+towns of their size in the country, they are constantly meeting the competition
+of that numerous class of smaller Texan cities the unsuspected
+presence of which in the interior is such a constant surprise to the
+traveler from the North. Business is decentralized to an extent nowhere
+else seen in the United States in an agricultural community. And
+decentralization, while opposed to the immediate interests of the railways,
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_100">[100]</span>is clearly profitable to the farmers, better for the people in general,
+and in all probability will prove in the end better for the railways themselves.
+For after all, railroad prosperity must depend on national prosperity.</p>
+
+<p>It may be said that the Texas system has been tried out on a small
+and a state scale only. On a state scale, truly, but not on a small
+scale by any means. From El Paso to Texarkana the distance is almost
+exactly that from New York to Chicago, and from Brownsville to Texline
+is as far as from Kansas City to Winnipeg. Moreover, Texas has
+most of the problems which confront the Nation itself in working out
+a national system of rate-making—a coast well settled and old in development
+with all the wealth and power that the conditions imply—a hinterland
+ranging in conditions from fine farming land like that of Iowa,
+through semi-arid to desert. The Texas rate system may not be the
+last word in rate-making, and probably is not; but it seems to work
+well, and is certainly worth study. As will be seen at a glance, it is a
+modification of the systems of tapering rates suggested above—in which
+rates taper to a point where a maximum is reached, and then cease to
+increase at all. It is also a modification of the zone system in effect
+on certain foreign railways, under which within certain territorial limits
+railway rates are flat, like postage. The economic basis for such rates
+lies in considerations of national welfare, coupled with the well-known
+transportation principle that the terminal charge which makes up so
+large a portion of most shipments, is the same for a long haul as a
+short one.</p>
+
+<p class="center">THE DECLINE OF NEW ENGLAND AGRICULTURE.</p>
+
+<p>For purposes relating to the fostering of such interests as seemed
+necessary to the welfare of New England and New England’s tonnage,
+the railroads have themselves put in effect with reference to that section
+a system of rates which in some ways resembles the zone system of
+Europe, or the maximum distance tariff of Texas. Cut off by the tariff
+on imports from her natural hinterland, Canada, the decline of New
+England’s agriculture under the competition of the prairie lands would
+have brought to her a permanent industrial decline, had she not turned
+her attention to manufacturing. And even as to that, she was placed
+at a disadvantage as soon as the development of the Middle States and
+Middle West brought that great region to the manufacturing stage. For
+New England’s manufactures had to go to market through New York,
+and most of her raw materials had to be imported from the West and
+the South. The railways used their powers of rulership in the interests
+of this whole group of states, as they are constantly doing in the case
+of cities—they decreed prosperity to New England’s manufacturers
+through a rate system. They made of New England a flat-rate zone
+for raw materials, with the same rate to all points, and practically the
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_101">[101]</span>same as the rate to New York. This applies to all raw materials coming
+from west of a line drawn from Buffalo to Pittsburg through Wheeling.
+For out-going shipments, they gave all New England points a flat
+uniform rate to all points west of a line drawn from Cleveland to the
+Ohio river. That the wage earners of New England might be favored
+in cost of living—a feature reflected in low wages—the food products
+from the West are given a rate practically the same as that to New York—and
+thus the ruin of the old New England agriculture, already probable,
+was made certain. Had it not been for these imperial measures, New
+England’s headship in manufacturing would have been lost, first to
+the Middle States, and then, perhaps, to the Middle West. The expedient
+differs from the Texas system in the fact that it is applied partially
+and in the interests of manufactures, with New York as a center, while
+the Texas system is applied for the purpose of decentralizing business
+by making every shipping point the center of its own flat-rate zone.</p>
+
+<p>But the most striking illustration of the power of the railroads to
+foster or to blight industry, lies perhaps after all in the field of agriculture.
+And it so happens that it is also the instance of the application
+on the broadest scale of the zone principle in which all rates are
+the same to all points within certain territorial limits. I refer to the
+rate structure which has been built up for the transportation of the
+citrus and other fruits and vegetables of the Pacific coast and the Pacific
+Northwest to the markets of the eastern half of the continent.
+While the principle is applied with more or less completeness to shipments
+of deciduous fruits and truck, it is best studied in its relation to
+citrus fruits. Oranges and lemons go to all points east of Denver at
+a flat rate. From Cheyenne, Wyoming, to Eastport, Maine, the rate
+on citrus fruit is the same. The effect has been most beneficial to the
+agriculture of the Western quarter of the United States, to the people
+at large, and to the railways. Whether or not the rates are just, the
+principle upon which they are made is conducive to the development of
+agriculture and is, perhaps, essential to such development, when the industry
+is hampered by land carriage over great distances. And nothing
+need be said in addition to citing these instances of the determinative
+effects of our railway rates on the course of prosperity, in spite of the
+averages which seem to show the economic unimportance of rates.</p>
+
+<p class="center">SOIL DEPLETION.</p>
+
+<p>Thus far, I have discussed the influence of railroad policies upon
+the farmer as a man engaged in one of the many industries which
+make up the sum of industrial activities. But there are certain respects
+in which the farmer represents the everlasting welfare of the race, and
+certain demands which he may legitimately make on the transportation
+agencies of the land which are based on every man’s heritage in the
+soil, and interest in its continued fertility. The depletion of the soil
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_102">[102]</span>by cropping is largely accomplished through transportation, and its
+restoration to fertility must be accomplished, where such restoration is
+necessary, in large measure, through the same agencies.</p>
+
+<p>The soil is a reservoir of plant food. Most of the dozen or so
+elements used by plants in building themselves up from the soil are
+found in it in such great abundance that we need take little care for
+their conservation. Only three—or possibly four—are so scarce as to
+call for anxiety. These three are nitrogen, potash and phosphorus.</p>
+
+<p>Potash is ordinarily found in soils in such quantities as to render
+its application unnecessary and yet there exist localities in almost every
+state where a marked poverty exists in this element. Peaty soils are
+always deficient in potash, and as the swamps of the Nation are drained
+the potash problem will grow in importance. Commercial potash is
+mostly imported from Germany, where the government’s conservation
+measures have already brought its export into the field of somewhat
+vexing diplomacy. The German supply would seem adequate for the
+world’s demands for many centuries. The deposit underlies more than
+a million acres, and in the Strassfurt district, where it was discovered
+some fifty years ago, the total thickness of the potassium-bearing strata
+amounts to the astonishing depth of 5,000 feet. It is estimated that
+this wonderful supply at the present rate of mining will last 190,000
+years. It should be remembered, however, that reclamation activities
+are likely more and more to be directed to swamps as the arid regions
+are brought under irrigation, and that the drain on the German potash
+deposits is likely to increase in a geometrical ratio. Our Government
+does well, therefore, to push diligently the search for potash deposits
+at home, which it is doing with some prospects of success. In any case,
+we are not dependent on the German deposits as an ultimate fact; for
+the waters of the sea are the source from which these great deposits
+originally came, and there seems no reason to doubt the ultimate feasibility
+of obtaining potash for all future time from that inexhaustible
+source, if the geological deposits fail or are denied us. But the matter
+of getting potash to the land, from whatever source it comes, is a railroad
+problem in most cases.</p>
+
+<p class="center">IMPORTING FERTILIZERS.</p>
+
+<p>Since the guano deposits of the Pacific islands, and the nitrate deposits
+of Chili were opened to the agriculture of the world, the carriage
+of nitrogen to the soil has been a great transportation feature. For
+nitrogen is often the limiting element in the soil. It exists in the earth
+in small quantities only, and though all cultivated plants are bathed
+in a limitless sea of it in the atmosphere, they have not the power of
+using any except that which is fixed in the soil. They starve for nitrogen,
+while blown about by winds filled with it. Not all plants, however,
+are so helpless in the matter of taking nitrogen from the air. The plants
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_103">[103]</span>grown as crops are utterly unable to help themselves to the plentiful
+atmospheric supply, but certain minute plants called bacteria have the
+power denied to those of higher organization, and it is certain that
+almost all of the fixed nitrogen in the earth’s crust, in the guano beds,
+in the nitrate deposits of Chili and elsewhere, has been taken from
+the air by these bacteria, aided perhaps by certain fungi which grow
+about the roots of plants like the oak, and by the negligible fixation of
+nitrogen by lightning. These bacteria are coöperators with certain plants
+of the bean family—clovers, alfalfa, vetches, sweet clover, beans, peas,
+velvet beans, cowpeas and the like. The microscopic plants grow on
+the roots of these legumes—and to some extent free, or associated with
+non-leguminous plants—on the basis of mutual aid. The bacteria reach
+out into the soil and fix nitrogen for the legumes, and the legumes
+furnish a host on which the bacteria live, just as we furnish a host for
+the bacteria of disease. And when a crop of any legume is plowed down
+into the soil, it is found to have added to the land nitrates to the value,
+sometimes, of more than twenty-five dollars per acre. Thus by setting
+in motion the forces of nature, the farmer may draw nitrogen from the
+very heavens above his farm, without money and without price. This
+is perhaps the most vital agricultural discovery of the ages.</p>
+
+<p>But how, you may say, is the nitrogen supply a matter of concern
+to the railroads, if nitrates may be drawn from the air? Unfortunately,
+there is work for them to do in assisting the farmer to adapt conditions
+in his soil to the needs of these bacteria. For some reasons, the
+bacteria of the clovers and their leguminous cousins will not do well
+in a soil that is acid; and soils tend to become acid through cultivation.
+Acidity is the bane of the older farms of the United States. When
+acid phosphates are applied for the purpose of furnishing phosphorus
+to the crops, the very process of fertilization tends to produce acidity.
+Most of the prairie soils were originally alkaline, and finely adapted to
+the growth of the favoring bacteria of the legumes, but plants that
+thrive on acid soils—especially the sorrel—are appearing in the prairie
+states of the Mississippi Valley, and wherever they appear, clovers cease
+to thrive.</p>
+
+<p class="center">THE VALUE OF LIME.</p>
+
+<p>Nature’s remedy for acidity in the soil is lime. The basis of the
+great alfalfa industry in the West and Southwest is the high percentage
+of lime in the arid soils, which have retained this precious element
+through that very dryness which, until irrigation redeemed it, made
+some of it a desert. Now lime is needed over a great part of the United
+States east of the Mississippi. Even where the soil is of limestone
+origin, it may have become acid by the dissolving of the lime out of the
+surface soil. In Wisconsin a great area of otherwise good land has been
+found to be acid, though a stratum of limestone lies only a few feet
+below the grass roots. The abandoned farms of New England need
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_104">[104]</span>lime. The old farms of New York and Pennsylvania, and all the South,
+need lime. Wherever the legumes fail to arrive, lime is a prime need.
+Carbonate of lime is the basis of legume culture, and successful agriculture
+everywhere—in China, in Japan, in India, in the highly cultivated
+nations of Europe—is based on leguminous crops. The supply of nitrogen
+to these states of ours in which agriculture has languished must be
+restored through lime in the soil and rotations in which legumes shall
+have large part. And the supply of lime is essentially a transportation
+question.</p>
+
+<p>Lime is one of the most plentiful of the elements necessary to agriculture.
+Its application to the land has in some periods achieved such
+bad repute that there is a maxim among farmers that lime makes the
+children rich but the grandchildren poor. The evils referred to, however,
+arise, I believe, from the application of caustic lime, and are not
+necessary to the use of lime. It has now been determined, I believe it
+is safe to say, that raw ground limestone is the best form of lime in
+which it can be given to the soil. It may be applied in any amount without
+injury. If raw ground limestone could be spread an inch deep over
+the farms east of the Mississippi (and in many localities west of it) it
+would bring about a condition which would soon swamp the railroads
+with tonnage; and while there are some favored soils to which it would
+do no good, it would nowhere do any harm. It would put the East on
+a parity with the alfalfa lands of the West in the matter of the production
+of legumes, and would bring hope to the discouraged farmers who
+strive against the obscure evils of increasing soil acidity.</p>
+
+<p>Limestone occurs along the lines of every railway. It is almost
+as common and cheap as gravel. It can be ground cheaply, and cheaply
+shipped. It should be furnished to the farms at gravel prices. Burned
+lime is sold at almost prohibitive prices, and thousands of farmers who
+know their needs are deterred from satisfying them because of poverty.
+This is a problem which enlightened statesmanship should solve in the
+interests of the Nation, and one to the solution of which a railroad system
+operated in the interests of the national welfare would surely address
+itself.</p>
+
+<p class="center">PHOSPHORUS.</p>
+
+<p>Phosphorus is the element which is perhaps most commonly lacking
+when a soil is infertile. A good soil should contain not less than 2,000
+pounds of it in the top foot of ground. Many so-called exhausted soils
+are reduced to less than a sixth of this amount. A crop of corn of a
+hundred bushels to the acre takes from the soil of each acre twenty-three
+pounds of phosphorus; a fifty-bushel wheat crop takes sixteen pounds,
+a two-bale cotton crop takes thirty pounds, and other crops in like manner
+subtract from the phosphorus supply. Only about one per cent of
+the supply is available to the crop of any one year—that is, in their hunt
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_105">[105]</span>for phosphorus the rootlets are unable to find more than one atom in a
+hundred. Thus we see that a good soil provided with 2,000 pounds of
+phosphorus to the acre within reach of the roots cannot produce a 100-bushel
+crop of corn. Such a crop must have twenty-three pounds of phosphorus,
+and the roots can find only twenty—and the next year the supply
+will be reduced to 1,980 pounds, and the roots will be able to find but
+nineteen and eight-tenths per cent of phosphorus for the dwindling crop.
+The 2,000 pounds of phosphorus would be quite adequate to the needs
+of the fifty-bushel wheat crop, but it would fall short by one-third of
+meeting the demands of the two-bale cotton crop. As so of all crops.
+They draw on the supply of a limiting element, and as successive croppings
+reduce this supply, the crop falls off until we have the four-bushel
+wheat crop, the ten-bushel corn crop, the third-of-a-bale cotton crop,
+which marks the ruin of the farmer—and the railway.</p>
+
+<p>There is no way to supply phosphorus to the soil save by carrying
+it upon the land and applying it. It is not found, like nitrogen in the
+air. It may be brought back in manure and the bones of slaughtered
+animals, and the process of depletion retarded, but this game is inevitably
+a losing one like those gambling games in which there is always
+a percentage in favor of the house. The fertility flushed into the waters
+of the earth through sewers, the waste of manure, the leaching of soil
+by rains—all these are the percentages in favor of the house, and against
+the players. The players are we—the human race—and the house is
+the massed forces of nature. There seems to be no way to play this
+game of life without losing. If the earth ever becomes unable to sustain
+human life, there is good reason to believe that our doom will reach
+us through failure of the supply of phosphorus in the soil.</p>
+
+<p>There is no phosphorus in the air, and in the waters the supply is
+negligible. It is an element, and until we discover the secret of the transmutation
+of elements we cannot make it. As it disappears from the
+soil there is no source of replenishment of the supply, except in the
+phosphate rocks of the earth. And while the failure of the soil to give
+its increase, and the depopulation of the earth through the exhaustion
+of this element of plant food may seem remote and speculative, the necessity
+of transporting the phosphate rocks from the quarries to the farms
+is an actual and present one. And it is a matter which lies within the
+relations between the railroads and the farmers.</p>
+
+<p class="center">PHOSPHATE RESOURCES.</p>
+
+<p>Fortunately for the permanent agriculture of the United States,
+the largest known deposits of phosphorus in nature are within her boundaries.
+Guano, which is merely the manure accumulated on rainless
+islands where seabirds congregate, is of very limited importance in the
+long run, though for so long the source from which most of the world’s
+commercial phosphates were derived. The phosphate rocks of the world
+are, so far as known, preponderantly in the United States. All the
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_106">[106]</span>phosphate rock now mined, I believe, comes from the three states of
+South Carolina, Florida and Tennessee—whence the rock is now shipped
+at a rate which will exhaust them about the year 1930. On three Pacific
+islands are known deposits of high grade rock of about the same amount
+as that still remaining unmined in these three states—about 60,000,000
+tons in each case. These rocks contain from sixty to eighty per cent
+of calcium phosphate. As they fall off in output, and the need for phosphorus
+becomes more bitter, the farmers must use rock of lower and
+lower grade, and the task of transporting it will become proportionately
+greater.</p>
+
+<p>Indeed, the task of transportation will begin to increase long before
+it becomes necessary to resort to the low grade rock. For far from the
+depleted lands, in Utah, Idaho and Wyoming, are the greatest high grade
+phosphate beds in the world—something like half a billion tons of rock
+practically in sight (according to Van Hise), and averaging over seventy
+per cent tricalcium phosphate. The existence of these great deposits,
+and of the low grade beds known to exist elsewhere, together with the
+probability that other beds will be discovered, justifies the highest optimism
+as to the future of agriculture—if transportation facilities can be
+afforded which will place the phosphates on the ground on terms tolerable
+to the farmers and profitable to them. This is a railway problem.
+As a mere matter of tonnage it is potentially greater than any other transportation
+item, save the one of supplying the fields with lime.</p>
+
+<p>At present this sole supply of available phosphate rock is being carried
+off to Europe as fast as the mills can grind and the railways carry
+it to the ships. Nothing is being done to conserve the supply, so far as
+I am aware, in emulation of Germany’s statesmanship in conserving her
+potash beds. It would be unfair to blame the railways which only act
+as common carriers in these shipments. But it might not be too much
+to expect of the patriotism of the men who have these great interests
+in hand to ask them to reverse the policy which they have adopted as
+to many other commodities, and to make higher rates for export on
+phosphate rock than for home consumption. The real remedy for the
+drain of phosphorus lies, of course, with the Government. We are forbidden
+by the Constitution to stop shipments abroad by means of an
+export duty, but we have the right to stop exports entirely, or to limit
+them. Our ethical right to refuse to divide the phosphate treasures with
+the needy agriculture of the world may be open to question; but we
+might surely demand that the foreign deposits be worked first for the
+foreign demand. The shipment of our phosphates abroad, with the certainty
+confronting us that at some future time we shall have to re-import
+the same commodity, involves an economic waste to which the world
+should not be subjected. And the railroads ought, in their own interests,
+to adopt every policy legally open to them to keep the phosphate
+rock for the use of the farms within their own transportation territory.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_107">[107]</span></p>
+
+<p class="center">RATES AND FERTILIZERS.</p>
+
+<p>It has just been suggested that the railways might discriminate in
+their rates on fertilizers, in favor of the home market, and against the
+foreign. Most railway men are probably unaware of the extent to which
+they are contributing to the exhaustion of our soils by their discrimination
+against the American milling of American grains and in favor of
+the export of the whole grains instead of the milled product. For generations
+we have had a tariff on wheat, ostensibly for the protection of
+the American farmer; and all the time the railways have made rates for
+export wheat lower than for domestic milling. Flour is largely denied
+the benefits of water transportation on the lakes, in part because it must
+go to market over the docks which are to a greater and greater degree
+controlled by the railways, while the great elevator companies with their
+terminal houses standing at the water’s edge, and many of them provided
+with their own lines of boats, send wheat and other grains to tide water
+so cheaply as to make the shipment of flour a thing practically under
+the control of themselves and of the railways with which they have been
+traditionally closely affiliated in business interest. The result has been
+that, while there are mills enough in America to grind all our grain, most
+of our exports go unground.</p>
+
+<p>This will be intolerable to public opinion when once enlightened
+upon the subject. The export of flour, of course, constitutes a drain
+of fertility; but the phosphorus content of the grain is largely concentrated
+in the bran and shorts. In the bran of every bushel of wheat
+exported goes phosphorus in its most readily available form of the value,
+at the ordinary rates paid by farmers for phosphates, of from twenty-five
+to thirty cents. A system of transportation based on considerations
+of national welfare would sedulously seek to retain that fertility for
+our depleted farms. Where grain is milled there grows up a large local
+use for bran, shorts and middlings—the by-products of milling. These
+are used in the feeding of dairy cattle and other live stock, furnishing
+what is needed in animal nutrition to balance the corn ration. Farms
+to which they are carried for feeding increase in fertility. The fertility
+of the prairie states has been sapped by fifty years of grain shipments.
+This era should be succeeded by the golden age of American milling.
+The wheat fields of Canada stand ready to send us fertility to replace
+that which we have shipped to Europe; and our transportation system
+should be used to the end that it should be retained here. The Hudson
+Bay basin would thus, during its period of soil exploitation, return to
+the Mississippi Valley what we have sent to the hungry soils of the old
+world.</p>
+
+<p class="center">RAILROADS AND POPULATION.</p>
+
+<p>The existence of overgrown cities is to a large extent attributable
+to the policies of the railroads with reference to them. The Texas system
+has, I believe, shown the power of transportation influences to
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_108">[108]</span>decentralize population, just as the history of Chicago, Kansas City, the
+Twin Cities, New York and almost every large city proves their power
+in the direction of centralization. As a farming factor, the large city
+is a drain on fertility. These great towns are flushing out through their
+sewers the goodness of the Nation’s farms. In the carriage of lime,
+phosphates, potash, cottonseed meal, bone meal, and of all the fertilizers
+of commerce, the railways as national tools of right living should be
+used to restore to the lands the fertility of which they have inevitably,
+in some instances, mistakenly in others, deprived them. But in considering
+the so-called commercial fertilizers, the coarser manures should
+not be forgotten. The enormous waste of manure about the great cities
+should be stopped. A German farmer of my acquaintance told me the
+other day that he had never sold a load of hay or straw from his farm
+in all his life. “Often,” said he, “I have had more than I needed, but
+I have held it over, even when the price was high and I needed money.
+It seemed to me as if that hay and straw didn’t belong to me, but to
+the farm.” Under the renting customs of many British and other
+European localities the tenant agrees that whenever he hauls hay or
+straw to market he will haul back to the farm an equal quantity of
+manure.</p>
+
+<p>This custom is based on the highest wisdom. The German farmer
+was right—that hay and straw do not belong to the farmer, but to the
+farm. And whenever hay or straw, or any of the vegetable substances
+which are made into manure, are taken to the city, they should be considered
+as lent, not sold. Getting them out to the farms—not the identical
+farms, of course, but the farms—is a railway problem. And it
+should rest on the conscience of the people and of the railways, as did
+the similar problem on the conscience of my German friend.</p>
+
+<p>I am aware that the railways of the country are not entirely oblivious
+to the wisdom of the policies here urged upon them. In some places
+they are making commendable efforts to get the manure of the cities out
+to the farms. In other instances, they are making what they probably
+regard as very low rates on fertilizers and lime. Just recently a railway
+in Virginia has made a rate of from one-half to three-fourths of a cent
+per ton mile on lime. But I do not find that they have anywhere made
+any such heroic efforts to cut down the cost of carriage of fertilizers
+and manures for the farms, as they have in the case of coal from the
+mines to the docks on Lake Erie, or grain from the elevators at the foot
+of the lake to New York, or ore from lake ports to Pittsburgh, or packing
+house products from Missouri river points to Chicago. In my opinion,
+true national welfare demands that the fertility of our farms be
+sustained at all costs, and that no freight is entitled to rates as low as
+ground phosphate rock, ground limestone, and manures.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_109">[109]</span></p>
+
+<p class="center">THE GREATEST RAILWAY FOLLY.</p>
+
+<p>The demands made here upon the railways may be regarded in some
+quarters as unwarranted. I am quite aware of their scope and character
+as innovations. They go deeper than the relations between the railroads
+and the farmers, and rise to the point of an outline for a national rate
+policy for our railways. In what I have said I have regarded the railways
+as public utilities in the strictest sense of the word. I have scarcely
+more than alluded to the rights of investors in railway properties, and
+I mention them now for the sole purpose of stating that in my opinion
+no demands will ever be made in the interests of the public welfare, or
+should be made, inimical to the rights of investors to a proper return
+on their investment made for the purpose of serving the transportation
+needs of the Nation. None of the things which I suggest are at variance
+with these principles. The railways may properly adopt the policy of
+hauling, or may properly be forced to haul certain public necessities at
+or for less than cost, so long as on the whole job of transportation they
+are allowed to earn legitimate profits. I do not believe that in the long
+run the profits on the fertilizer traffic should be made directly out of
+their haulage. I do believe that the time will come when no transportation
+folly will rank as greater in the eyes of our railway managers
+than that of allowing rolling stock to remain idle, while there is a chance
+to get loads of ground lime, ground phosphate rock or manure at almost
+any rate. I am not unaware of the various private interests which would
+demand and secure monopoly prices if the railways should transport
+these things at low rates or even gratis, if that were possible; but this
+is not the time for the discussion of these things. They must be dealt
+with by the statesmanship of the future. Institutions must be gradually
+moulded to the end that the agriculture of the Nation may be enabled to
+flourish; for on its agriculture and the status of its agricultural population
+rests in the last analysis the welfare of the Nation and its railroads.
+It may be urged that the present railway system of the land will not
+permit of the exercise of the beneficent functions outlined here. If that
+be so, it is no affair of mine. My task is to follow truth as I see it, wherever
+it may lead. If the railway system under which we happen to be
+doing business be at variance with the final demands of national welfare,
+there is ground for optimism in the historic fact that nothing changes
+more readily than railway systems. They have been almost revolutionized
+in the past decade—and these considerations of national welfare
+of which I am here privileged to speak will take many decades in coming
+to a final decision.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Quick closed by reading the following telegram from O. C.
+Barber of Akron, Ohio:</p>
+
+<blockquote>
+
+<p>Regret exceedingly my inability to attend Conservation Congress. I note from
+several different programs there will be distinguished speakers on the question
+from all over the states. I hope as a result of the meeting something more than
+speeches will be accomplished in conservation of the equities of all American citizens.
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_110">[110]</span>Things vital for their comfort have been transferred to corporate power by unjust
+legislation, without adequate legal restraint on corporate power compelling fair
+play and justice to all interested. A special interest should be elicited to compel
+a rate of freight on all fertilizers for land from which we all derive our sustenance.
+Not more than four-tenths of a cent per ton mile should be permitted for
+long hauls, nor five-tenths of a cent per ton mile for short hauls. Any well managed
+railroad could haul fertilizer for that price at a profit—referring to all kinds of
+fertilizer, lime, phosphate, rock, etc. If you would take such action as would
+accomplish this one thing, you would do more for the good of mankind than all
+the conservation efforts have accomplished to date. Wishing you great success,
+I am sincerely,</p>
+
+<p class="right"><span class="smcap">O. C. Barber</span>.</p>
+
+</blockquote>
+
+<p class="mt2">President <span class="smcap">Wallace</span>—I have appointed the following committee on
+nominations: C. E. Condra, E. G. Griggs, A. B. Farquhar and H. C.
+Wallace, and B. N. Baker, Chairman.</p>
+
+<p>Get together and be ready to report nominations promptly tomorrow.
+Remember, we will have a very busy Congress. I want you to be here
+at 2 o’clock promptly, because we will commence at 2 o’clock if there
+is anybody here, and some of you will be. This afternoon, I am very
+sorry to say, we will not have the privilege of hearing Brother W. H.
+Page. I have a letter stating that sickness prevents his attendance.
+Instead of that we will take up the report from conservation committees,
+and as far as possible from the states. Let me urge you to cut your
+speeches down to five minutes, or I will shut every man off after five
+minutes, no matter who he is. Don’t tell us about your resources. We
+know about them. Tell us what you are doing. Make it specific and
+to the point, and then this Congress will hear you patiently, but they
+won’t hear you after that, and I won’t either. We must come down
+to business. This afternoon we are to have Professor Mumford on the
+subject of live stock and soil fertility, a matter of immense importance.
+The ladies will come in after that, and I hope you will all bring your
+wives and sisters and cousins and aunts. We will have an address on
+the “Farmer’s Wife,” who you have heard is the most important person
+on the farm and the one who bears the greatest burden—by Mrs. Ashby
+of Iowa, followed by Mrs. J. N. Lewis of Kansas. Tonight we are to
+have a great treat. Mrs. Moore of the General Federation of Women’s
+Clubs; then the “Church and the Open Country,” by Dr. Warren H. Wilson,
+New York City, superintendent of home missions of the Presbyterian
+Church, and then finally, to round up, an address by Dr. Harvey W.
+Wiley, Washington, D. C., Chief of the Bureau of Chemistry, United
+States Department of Agriculture, of whom you have all probably heard.
+That will be the closing address this evening. Be here promptly at 2
+o’clock. The Congress will now stand adjourned until 2 o’clock.</p>
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+
+<div class="chapter">
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_111">[111]</span></p>
+
+<h2 class="nobreak" id="FIFTH_SESSION"><i>FIFTH SESSION.</i></h2>
+
+</div>
+
+<p class="mt2">Recording Secretary <span class="smcap">Gipe</span>—Will the Congress please come to order.
+The Rev. Dr. George Hamilton Combs will pronounce the invocation.</p>
+
+<h3>INVOCATION.</h3>
+
+<p>Almighty God, our Heavenly Father, we thank Thee for this world in which we
+live; for its beauty, for its adaptation to our needs, for the skies that arch it over,
+for the grass beneath our feet, for the seasons with their lessons, for all the wonderful
+stories of life. Thou hast made it for man and Thou art in it now. Help
+us to realize that this world is instinct with Thy life, and may we see and hear
+God, not only in the skies and in the singing of the stars, but in the humbler things
+beneath us, and in that stiller music of all growing things. May we seek this priceless
+heritage, may we preserve this good world unimpaired, handing it down enriched
+and beautified, to our children, those who shall come after. We thank Thee for
+this Congress and for the great purposes and ideals for which it stands, and upon
+the men and women gathered here we pray Thy blessing, upon their homes while
+they are absent, that their children, their wives, their all, may be defended from
+harm. Upon them, in their deliberations here, grant that in wisdom they may plan
+and in strength they may execute, and that they may have a vision, not only of the
+day, but of the years that shall come after. We thank Thee for this good work,
+and oh, do Thou help us that we forget not that while in the pursuit of this material
+good we do err; that after all and that above all the riches of our people are not
+in the mines, in its fertile fields, in its forests, but in its men and in its women, and
+so send us the greater harvest, not merely of corn and wheat, but of charity, of
+goodness, of the great and patient fidelities of life, and help us all to live that we
+shall have advanced at least a little the coming of the day when righteousness shall
+cover the earth even as the waters cover the sea. And so upon this earth of ours
+may God’s sovereign will be done even as it is in Heaven. Amen.</p>
+
+<p class="mt2">Recording Secretary <span class="smcap">Gipe</span>—I am asked by Mr. Baker, the chairman
+of the committee on nominations, to announce that a meeting of that
+committee will be held at 3 o’clock this afternoon at room 775 of the
+Baltimore Hotel. I now have the honor to present Governor R. S. Vessey
+of South Dakota, who will address the Congress and remain in the Chair
+after he has finished that address. Governor Vessey of South Dakota.
+(Applause)</p>
+
+<p class="mt2">Governor <span class="smcap">Vessey</span>—Mr. Chairman, Ladies and Gentlemen of the
+Conservation Congress: I have no set speech to make this afternoon,
+and I think, if I remember aright, the president said we would be permitted
+to talk five minutes on what we have done in our state in regard
+to conservation. So I just want to enumerate a few things that we have
+done up in our new state, practically only of age, twenty-one years old,
+in the past half a dozen years. We have reclaimed, by drainage, several
+hundred thousand acres, and we are reclaiming by irrigation something
+like a quarter of a million of acres, and nearly one-half of that is a
+Federal enterprise. We are in all parts of the western part of the state
+planting newer and similar individual irrigation plants that will develop
+a large part of the state. We have in the past been endeavoring to
+conserve the fertility of our soils. We are endeavoring to conserve
+manhood and womanhood by making them more efficient in the great
+agricultural work, by sending out into their community and out in their
+neighborhoods teachers along the line of agricultural and domestic science,
+and other matters pertaining to make the home more efficient and more
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_112">[112]</span>modern. We believe that the time is coming, and that very soon, when
+every rural district will have a social and educational center for the
+upbuilding of that community. And when that is done, I look to see
+the day when the people will not, as soon as they have accumulated some
+wealth, move into the city for the purpose of giving their children an
+education, largely so they may enter vocations in life other than the
+farm life. We believe also that the heart should be educated the same
+as the mind. A committee of educators in our state has reported, not
+only along this line, favorably, but they have compiled a text-book and
+are introducing it into our schools, and we expect that our teachers will
+be trained along the lines of giving to our students ethical as well as
+material education. So that we can, at the same time we are improving
+the mind, build a character that will mean more to us in the future than
+the accumulation of dollars and cents. We have, I think, a progressive
+state, and we want to create conditions so that people from the further
+East and the more congested centers of population will find a haven
+of rest and a place where they can come and not only better their
+financial condition but better their social condition as well. I appreciate
+very much indeed having this opportunity of saying these few words
+in the interest of the conservation of our resources. I think that we
+have been looking so long upon the land that has been turned over to
+us by the United States Government, as something that is only for use
+for our own material well-being. We are beginning to learn that we
+are only here for a short time, and that if we are going to be honest
+with those that are coming after us, that it is our duty not to rob that
+soil, but to turn that soil over to our children, and from them to their
+children’s children, in just as good a state of fertility as it comes to us
+in its virgin state. And when we do not do this, we are robbing our
+posterity of something future generations are entitled to, that they are
+just as much entitled to as they are to our good name. And this, I
+believe, is a wonderful revelation. And it seems to be taking all over
+the country, to know that in farming a section of land that I have an
+obligation to those who may farm it a hundred years from now, and that
+it should be my intention, that it is my duty, and I am under obligations
+to keep that in just as good state of fertility when I leave it as it is
+when I take the responsibility of taking the products that are needed
+to sustain life from that land. It is a pleasure to meet the people of
+this Congress, the Third Conservation Congress. Now we will listen
+to the further program by the secretary.</p>
+
+<p class="mt2">President <span class="smcap">Wallace</span>—I have great pleasure in reading to this Congress
+a letter from a man you have heard about, commonly known as
+“Teddy.” (Applause. Hurrah for Teddy.) I wrote him a month ago
+and asked him to address this Congress. He declined to do so, but I
+would not accept his declination. Then I had a letter from him, a personal
+letter, which I did not care to read to this Congress without his
+permission. Unfortunately, I do not have it here, but expect to get it
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_113">[113]</span>this afternoon or tomorrow from my office in Des Moines. So I will
+simply read you the letter giving permission to read another letter which
+I do not have, but you shall have if I get it in time. Here is the letter:</p>
+
+<blockquote>
+
+<p>My Dear Mr. Wallace: I greatly wish I could attend the Congress. You are
+very welcome to read as much of my letter as you desire, or as much of this letter
+as you desire. I most emphatically believe that there is no movement in our country
+at the present time of such importance as the developing of a higher country
+life. This was the object of the Country Life Commission which I established.
+What we need most is good citizenship; that is, a good family life, a high quality
+of individual manhood and womanhood; and above all things, we need these in the
+country districts, for in the long run every nation’s welfare must primarily depend
+upon the welfare of those who till the soil. The man is greater than his work.
+The farm can only be made what it should be by paying chief attention to the
+securing of the right man and woman on the farm. To develop soil fertility, we
+must develop rural manhood and rural womanhood. We must have a social life
+on the farm far better worth living than such life has been in the immediate past.
+Pray accept my heartiest sympathy and good will. Very sincerely yours,</p>
+
+<p class="right"><span class="smcap">Theodore Roosevelt</span>.</p>
+
+</blockquote>
+
+<p>(Applause)</p>
+
+<p class="mt2">Recording Secretary <span class="smcap">Gipe</span>—We are now going to have brief reports
+from some of the national organizations. Mr. W. E. Mullin of New
+York will report for the National Board of Fire Underwriters.</p>
+
+<p class="mt2">Mr. <span class="smcap">Mullin</span>—Mr. Chairman, Ladies and Gentlemen: The National
+Board of Fire Underwriters has been interested for many years in every
+element of conservation. They believe in the conservation of the soil,
+the conservation of the waterways, the conservation of the mines, the
+conservation of childhood and the conservation of our homes. We
+believe in everything that savors of practical conservation, but they are
+specially concerned in the conservation of our utilized forces.</p>
+
+<p class="mt2">[Mr. Mullin’s paper in full will be found in Supplementary Proceedings.]</p>
+
+<p class="mt2">President <span class="smcap">Wallace</span>—I must ask a favor. I will not ask the Congress
+to listen to more than three-minute speeches on these reports, and
+I wish all the speakers to understand that when that bell rings it is time
+for them to quit. They must learn to boil down. (Applause) As I
+said before, we do not care about the resources of your states. We can
+read that in books. We want to know what you have done in the way
+of conservation. You can say all you ought to say in three minutes.
+Moody used to say that a man had no business to pray more than three
+minutes, that he could ask the Lord all he really wanted in three minutes,
+and then it was time to quit. (Applause)</p>
+
+<p>I take pleasure now in introducing Major E. G. Griggs, president
+of the National Lumbermen’s Manufacturers’ Association, who will give
+the report for that association.</p>
+
+<p class="mt2">[Mr. Griggs’ paper is in Supplementary Proceedings.]</p>
+
+<p class="mt2">Chairman <span class="smcap">Vessey</span>—We will now hear from Mr. W. J. Rushton,
+of the American Association of Refrigeration. I have pleasure in introducing
+him to you.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_114">[114]</span></p>
+
+<p class="mt2">[Mr. Rushton’s paper will be found in Supplementary Proceedings.]</p>
+
+<p class="mt2">Chairman <span class="smcap">Vessey</span>—We will now hear a report from Hon. E. T.
+Allen, Forester for Western Forestry and Conservation Association, entitled,
+“Private Conservation on the Pacific Coast.”</p>
+
+<p class="mt2">Mr. <span class="smcap">Allen</span>—The Western Forestry and Conservation Association,
+for which I report, is a league or alliance of a dozen coöperative forest
+fire associations maintained by timber owners in the Pacific forest states:
+Montana, Idaho, Washington, Oregon and California.</p>
+
+<p>These five states contain over half the standing timber in the United
+States. Already furnishing a fifth of the Nation’s lumber, they constitute
+its great remaining storehouse of future supply. In other words,
+they contain the mature timber which must bear the burden of bridging
+national shortage until an adequate new crop is ripe. Because of climatic
+conditions and rapid growing species, they also contain the deforested
+land which, by reason of adaptability, most demands encouragement
+to produce this new crop, to which you must turn in the future
+for timber as you do to this region for iron and to the South for cotton.
+This is why you are directly and vitally interested in what every agency
+is doing to protect and foster these forests of the West.</p>
+
+<p>Believe as you may concerning division of responsibility between
+state and nation, or policies of controlling the development of natural
+resources; but never forget that the forest ranger is actually on the job,
+saving the forests for the rest of us to talk about. If he had not been
+there for the last ten years, the national forests would be mostly old
+burns not worth arguing about. We want more, not fewer, of him, and
+we want Congress to spend more money to hire him and build trails
+for him to use.</p>
+
+<p>The states, too, are waking up, but progress in this direction seems
+slow when we consider that of the tremendously important forest resources
+in the West the majority is in private hands, and that it is the
+attitude of the commonwealth that governs the ability of the private
+owner to manage it to best advantage for all concerned.</p>
+
+<p>All these conditions I have hinted at—failure by Congress to give
+the forest service adequate funds, slow awakening of state responsibility,
+and realization that the Pacific Coast is both the last and the most
+promising field of forest industry—have inspired the most vigorous and
+efficient private movement for forest conservation ever known—the allied
+coöperative associations of timber owners in the Pacific Northwest.
+They fully realize that the control of such a stupendous community
+resource entails grave responsibilities; that their ownership is largely
+a public trust and that they must account for their stewardship. They
+also know that no new fields remain and that this is by no means inexhaustible;
+that to avoid heavy loss they must guard the forests they have,
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_115">[115]</span>and to perpetuate their business they must have new ones coming on.
+Self-interest, more potent than philanthropy, demands abandonment of
+the wasteful methods prevalent in the past history of their industry.</p>
+
+<p>With this new point of view, the Northwestern lumberman, far
+from being an element requiring regulation by the public in the interest
+of forest preservation, has become the leader in reform. It has been
+chiefly through his aggressive campaigning that state laws have been
+improved, bearing as rigidly on the careless member of his own brotherhood
+as upon anyone else. He gives his financial support to educational
+work directed at both lumbermen and public. He hires professional
+foresters to help him try such better management as conditions will permit.
+But particularly, through coöperative associations, he has taken
+the lead in fire prevention. And admitting his motive to be largely
+selfish, the benefit to the consumer is none the less. To the man who
+needs lumber, to keep it from burning up is conservation that counts.</p>
+
+<p>After so much preamble you may wonder what we have actually
+to report; what we can offer in the way of results. Here are some of
+them: Last year was one of the worst for forest fires in American
+history. Loss of life and property was terrific. But the private protective
+systems allied with the Western Forestry and Conservation Association
+carried safely through the season fully 16,000,000 acres of forest,
+containing at least the stupendous amount of 300 billion feet of timber.
+They kept the loss of private timber in Idaho, Washington and Oregon,
+the three states hardest hit, down to one-fourth of one per cent. How
+did they do this? By raising and spending $700,000 for patrol and fire
+fighting, and actually extinguishing 5,580 fires.</p>
+
+<p>It was a telegram from the president of the Western Forestry and
+Conservation Association, with the standing of our work behind it, that
+caused the ordering out of the United States Army to assist the undermanned
+forest service on the national forests.</p>
+
+<p>This year’s records are not compiled, but will be quite as interesting.
+Through their alliance the associations turned to account every
+lesson each learned in 1910, and spread increased patrols equipped with
+new advantages of perfected organization, telephone and trail systems,
+supply storage, and automobile and motorcycles where these could be
+used. Organization permitted close and systematic coöperation with state
+and federal forces. Every association ranger served as a police officer
+and one Washington association alone got over thirty convictions. Offending
+lumbermen were made the first examples. Hundreds of fires
+were extinguished but not one was allowed to become serious in 1911.</p>
+
+<p>Our association serves as the one and only common meeting ground
+for all agencies for forest protection, including state and federal as well
+as private fire officials, and employs a trained forester to collect and
+disseminate for all information that will assist in solving problems of
+reforestation, legislation, education and like matters demanding expert
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_116">[116]</span>knowledge or central facilities. It thus had the chief responsibility for
+forest legislation in several Western states last winter and did more
+than had been done in all preceding Legislatures.</p>
+
+<p>It has published the first comprehensive book on reforestation and
+forest management in the West ever issued, now used as a text-book
+by the Forest Service and forestry schools.</p>
+
+<p>It furnishes all newspapers in the Northwest with regular bulletins
+throughout the fire season, not only giving reliable news but keeping the
+necessity and method of precautionary measures before the public.</p>
+
+<p>It issues hundreds of thousands of fire circulars and stickers, with
+a highly perfected system for putting them where they will count. This
+year, with the aid of state authorities, it put an illustrated folder with
+simple questions and answers on forest protection in the hands of every
+school child in the Pacific Northwest, an enterprise requiring the printing
+and complicated distribution of thousands of pounds of material.</p>
+
+<p>It furnishes state officials and others with practically all the mottoes
+and catchy material used for posters and other publicity matter in the
+West. It has even placed this kind of thing in the time folders of every
+railroad traversing our forest regions.</p>
+
+<p>I cannot take your time to recite the many other activities of our
+coöperative movement, but these will indicate its scope and method. The
+Northwestern timber owner is doing his part to protect your resources
+that he holds in trust. If Congress, state and public will do as much,
+you have little to fear.</p>
+
+<p class="mt2">Chairman <span class="smcap">Vessey</span>—I now take pleasure in introducing Mr. Ferdinand
+G. Schwedtman of St. Louis, chairman of the delegation of manufacturers
+of the U. S. A. I have the honor to present him to you.</p>
+
+<p class="mt2">[Mr. Schwedtman’s paper is to be found in Supplementary Proceedings.]</p>
+
+<p class="mt2">Chairman <span class="smcap">Vessey</span>—The next speaker is William Edward Coffin of
+New York, vice-president of the Camp Fire Club of America.</p>
+
+<p class="mt2">[Mr. Coffin’s paper is in Supplementary Proceedings.]</p>
+
+<p class="mt2">Chairman <span class="smcap">Vessey</span>—I wish to introduce Dr. George W. Field, representing
+the National Audubon Society.</p>
+
+<p class="mt2">[Dr. Field’s paper will be found in Supplementary Proceedings.]</p>
+
+<p class="mt2">Chairman <span class="smcap">Vessey</span>—Is Mr. McBrien, representing the National Educational
+Association, here?</p>
+
+<p>Is Mr. Edward R. Taylor, representative of the Electrochemical
+Society, here?</p>
+
+<p class="mt2">Mr. <span class="smcap">Taylor</span>—It is my pleasure to represent the American Electrochemical
+Society. There are ten thousand chemists in the United States.
+They are largely concerned in the working out of economic problems
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_117">[117]</span>and the best utilization of all substances capable of adding to our material
+prosperity. Many of these chemists are members of the American
+Chemical Society, the American Electrochemical Society, the American
+Institute of Chemical Engineers, and the Society of Chemical Industry,
+all of which societies are deeply interested in the best conservation of
+our natural resources and are in full sympathy with the objects of this
+Congress.</p>
+
+<p class="mt2">Chairman <span class="smcap">Vessey</span>—We will next hear the president of the Iowa
+Federation of Women’s Clubs. Is Mrs. M. H. Weller present? Those
+who have papers that will take five or ten minutes to read can just speak
+on a short synopsis of their papers, and have the papers filed. They will
+be able to say more, so that the people will understand it better than if
+they only read part of the paper.</p>
+
+<p class="mt2">Mrs. Weller was not present.</p>
+
+<p class="mt2">Chairman <span class="smcap">Vessey</span>—Is Mrs. Carl Vrooman, representing the D. A.
+R., here?</p>
+
+<p>I am very much pleased to present her to you. (Applause)</p>
+
+<p class="mt2">Mrs. <span class="smcap">Vrooman</span>—Mr. President, Ladies and Gentlemen: I feel
+weighted with a heavy weight of responsibility, as I am here to represent
+77,000 Daughters of the American Revolution in general, but the
+chairman of the conservation committee of this organization in particular—a
+woman who has, I venture to say, done more for the cause of
+conservation than any other woman of our day—I was about to say
+than almost any man—since she is the very proud mother of Mr. Gifford
+Pinchot.</p>
+
+<p>This society of women, “federated and organized”—to quote Mr.
+Pinchot, “spells only another name for the highest form of conservation,
+that of vital force and intellectual energy.” These 77,000 women do
+indeed represent a perfect Niagara of splendid ability and force—enough,
+if intelligently harnessed and directed, to furnish the motive power to
+keep revolving all the wheels of progress in this country.</p>
+
+<p>But to revert from what we might do and ought to do in general,
+to what we have done and intend to do in particular, for conservation,
+a remark made by the Right Honorable John Burns of England, concerning
+the American people, might apply perhaps with equal force to
+our two-year-old conservation committee: “The American people,” said
+Mr. Burns, “is a very young colt in a very large field.”</p>
+
+<p>The very able first chairman of this committee, Mrs. Amos Draper,
+inaugurated and carried on during the first year a most energetic campaign,
+a report of which you had submitted at the last Conservation
+Congress in St. Paul. The next year, however, illness compelled her
+resignation, when Mrs. Orton, of Cleveland, O., whose work in behalf
+of children is well known, took the chairmanship for the ensuing six
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_118">[118]</span>months, during which time the committee concentrated its chief energies
+in efforts to help secure legislation for the protection and conservation
+of that greatest asset the Nation has—its children.</p>
+
+<p>Now that we are standing well on our feet, a committee with Mrs.
+Pinchot at our head, with over one hundred women on the National
+Committee, representing each state, and a state chairman for every state,
+with every chapter represented on the state conservation committee, we
+hope we have the country well honeycombed with women who will take
+an active and intelligent interest in conservation. And aided and abetted
+by the National Conservation Association, which has promised to furnish
+us with all the ammunition we need, we intend to carry on an aggressive
+warfare, or, to speak less militantly, an active campaign of education.
+For we feel, in the words of our President General, that women
+today—even without any articulate voice in the councils of state—without
+the vote that so many are striving for, and think is essential—women
+today, when thoroughly aroused and awake to their present unquestioned
+opportunities and responsibilities, as well as to their problematical rights,
+can wield an incalculable influence, and become most potent and resistless
+factors for good in helping create a healthy public sentiment—in
+stimulating to higher activity that organ of the body politic (so often
+prone to paralysis) known as the civic conscience.</p>
+
+<p>But since education, like charity, should begin at home, we intend,
+first of all, to educate ourselves. And, for this purpose, a number of
+our members have come from different parts of the country to attend
+this Congress and learn all we can about this problem of conservation.</p>
+
+<p>We are glad to know that an officer of this association has written
+such a capital book on conservation, and we shall make it a point to
+advertise Mr. Price’s book, “The Land We Live In,” among the women
+of the country.</p>
+
+<p>We hope soon to have a department on current conservation news
+in our D. A. R. Magazine, giving every month items of conservation
+interest, which can be supplied later to the local papers.</p>
+
+<p>We expect also to have something to say about the importance of
+teaching conservation in the public schools—not necessarily as a part of
+the curriculum, for children are fairly swamped these days with a surfeit
+of extra studies—but we do feel that conservation as opposed to
+wastefulness everywhere (especially in the form of domestic economy)
+should be emphasized and inculcated as are other virtues—such as truth,
+patriotism, obedience.</p>
+
+<p>Conservation in the kitchen is one of the most important problems
+in American life, and I believe I am safe in saying that that modern
+knight errant, Dr. Wiley, and his board of conservation of human health
+by means of pure food, has the enthusiastic and whole-hearted support
+of every one of our 77,000 daughters to a unit.</p>
+
+<p>I should like to say in passing that another man we are behind—heart
+and soul in his fearless fight with the beast in our modern jungle—is
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_119">[119]</span>that man who has made it his business and his mission to reclaim
+not waste lands, but waste lives—that great-hearted champion of the
+children, and of the people—Judge Ben Lindsey, first citizen of Denver
+and one of the first citizens of the United States.</p>
+
+<p>I am aware that this is far from being an orthodox report, as it is
+more prospective than retrospective, and deals rather with what we intend
+to do than what we have already done, but we are drinking in so much
+inspiration here, and getting so many new ideas, that next year you may
+expect from us a <i>bona fide</i> report, fairly bristling with businesslike facts
+and statistics.</p>
+
+<p>May I say just one more word? In addition to this definite program
+of tangible things we want to carry out, we pledge you something else,
+which, although it cannot be weighed and measured and appraised at its
+face value, after all may be as worth while as the sum total of what
+we actually achieve in a concrete way, and that is our unswerving loyalty
+to the spirit of what this association stands for—to put it rather pompously—our
+moral backing and support in this business you have undertaken
+to help conserve the best interests of our country—a business in
+which we have no intention of being altogether “silent partners,” although
+we are women!</p>
+
+<p>We may not, it is true, formulate any new policies for you, or launch
+any issues, or make any very original contributions to your program,
+but there is one thing women can bring into a movement of this kind,
+and that is—to use a very much overworked word—“atmosphere.” Even
+if women don’t dig down into the earth—even if we daughters don’t
+actually dig down into the earth, like you horny-handed sons of toil—women
+may yet bring with them, when they put their hearts, as well
+as their hands, into a thing, an atmosphere that, like the air and sunshine,
+is absolutely indispensable to a good crop, to a bountiful harvest,
+an atmosphere that makes ideas sprout and grow, and ideals expand
+and develop and take deeper root in the subsoil of the masculine mind!</p>
+
+<p>So, then, we bring today to this Congress our heartfelt sympathy
+with its ideals—a sympathy that is born of a certain intuitive perception
+we have—not by any means of all the intricate problems involved in
+this question of conservation—but a perception of the principles which
+are at stake, and we promise you our whole-hearted allegiance to those
+principles, as well as our contagious enthusiasm, in this splendid crusade,
+to conserve not only the vast natural resources of this country, on which
+depends our national prosperity, but those ideals of public as well as of
+private morality, which we realize we must sacrifice for, and defend
+and conserve and make to prevail, if, in the words of the Athenians,
+which might well be the motto of the Apostles of American Conservation,
+“we would transmit our fatherland not only not less but better
+and greater than it was transmitted to us.”</p>
+
+<p class="mt2">Delegate <span class="smcap">Baumgartner</span> of California—I want to extend a vote of
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_120">[120]</span>thanks on behalf of the entire audience by your leave, to the Lord High
+Chancellor of the Bell for not having rung it on the last speaker. All
+in favor of the motion say aye. Carried unanimously.</p>
+
+<p class="mt2">Mr. <span class="smcap">T. L. McBrien</span>—A while ago my name was called to speak for
+the committee representing the National Educational Association. I
+would like to say that the committee of five representing the National
+Educational Association met and unanimously selected Professor J. M.
+Greenwood to speak for our association. We want to call attention to
+the fact that he is the senior in educational work, having been thirty-eight
+years at the head of the Kansas City schools, and there is no other who
+has such a record.</p>
+
+<p class="mt2">Chairman <span class="smcap">Vessey</span>—We have a request from the National Educational
+Association that it be represented by Mr. Greenwood. Shall we hear
+from Prof. Greenwood now, or go on with the program?</p>
+
+<p class="mt2">(Cries of “Hear him now.”)</p>
+
+<p class="mt2">Chairman <span class="smcap">Vessey</span>—Prof. Greenwood.</p>
+
+<p class="mt2">Professor <span class="smcap">Greenwood</span>—I would suggest you go on with the regular
+order of business.</p>
+
+<p class="mt2">(Cries of “Greenwood! Greenwood!”)</p>
+
+<p class="mt2">Professor <span class="smcap">Greenwood</span>—Ladies and Gentlemen: The National Educational
+Association of the United States is the largest educational association
+in the world. The last session held in San Francisco enrolled 18,000
+teachers from all parts of our country, and at the Boston session in
+1905 there were 35,000 teachers in attendance. This organization represents
+in the broadest way the interests of the children of our country,
+and for more than fifty years it has been endeavoring to solve the great
+problems confronting our people. It represents the people of the South,
+of the North, of the East and of the West, and it has been one of the
+most important factors in bringing our people closely together when
+they were divided, not only by armies facing each other when homes
+were destroyed, but sadness was at every fireside. This was the organization
+that immediately after the Civil war brought our men and women
+who are working for the interests of our entire Nation together. This
+organization is represented here by a representative from the State of
+Arkansas, and by one from the State of Nebraska, and by one from the
+great State of Iowa, and by another one from the State of Kansas, and
+by another from the State of Missouri, and we have got to be shown.
+Mr. President, we will draft and submit a resolution to your committee
+at the proper time. There are just three things, it seems to me, that a
+public speaker who comes upon the platform ought to know—what to
+say, how to say it, and when to quit. (Applause)</p>
+
+<p class="mt2">Chairman <span class="smcap">Vessey</span>—We will now present on the regular program
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_121">[121]</span>Dr. Frederick B. Mumford, dean of the University of Missouri, at
+Columbia.</p>
+
+<p class="mt2">Dr. <span class="smcap">Mumford</span>—Ladies and Gentlemen: The limits of the time
+allowed for this subject are such that I shall have no time for the general
+subject of conservation. I hope, therefore, you will bear with me
+through this paper. I will confine myself somewhat closely to it, because
+in so doing I will say what I want to say in the shortest possible time.</p>
+
+<p class="mt2">[Dr. Mumford’s paper will be found in Supplementary Proceedings.]</p>
+
+<p class="mt2">Chairman <span class="smcap">Vessey</span>—Next on the program is Mrs. Harriet Wallace
+Ashby of Des Moines, on the subject, “The Farmer’s Wife.” I have
+the pleasure of presenting to you Mrs. Ashby. (Applause)</p>
+
+<p class="mt2">Mrs. <span class="smcap">Ashby</span>—The conservation movement, of which this National
+Conservation Congress is the exponent, has for its object the transmission
+of our natural resources, unimpaired, to posterity.</p>
+
+<p>Any movement for the promotion of the farmer’s interest must, if
+it is to be a success, receive the support not only of the farmer, but also
+of the farmer’s wife. The first problem of the farmer is how to increase
+farm products through better farming; the first problem of the farmer’s
+wife is how to improve the condition of the farm home. The mistakes
+of the husband in his sphere during one season may be corrected in the
+next; the mistakes made by the wife in rearing her children are never
+entirely corrected.</p>
+
+<p>Believing as I do, that the great problems of farm life as they pertain
+to us wives and mothers can only be solved through coöperation and
+organized effort, I wish to advocate the union of farmers’ wives in country
+women’s clubs with the object of breaking up the monotonous routine
+of farm life and for the discussion of anything and everything pertaining
+to the betterment of farm home.</p>
+
+<p>The salvation of most families depends on the mother; she is the
+one who does so much to make for the happiness, health and long life
+of her family. The health of any mother is liable to fail under her
+responsibilities; the farm mother is especially subject to physical breakdown,
+for she not only bears the responsibility of rearing her family, but
+she also shares the anxieties of her husband if, as should always be the
+case, the farmer’s wife is his business partner and assistant farm manager.</p>
+
+<p>The farmer’s wife is a most important factor in the conservation of
+the soil, for she will in a large measure determine the efficiency of the
+farmer. Then, too, the attitude of the wife towards the farm, and her
+success in making a happy farm home largely determine whether or not
+the country boy remains on the farm.</p>
+
+<p>The average country boy is devoted to his mother. How that mother
+would like to clear the obstacles from his track, and to give him the best
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_122">[122]</span>the world affords. If the mother feels that the farm offers no future
+for her boy, the chances are the farm will lose the boy. The training
+which the boy reared in the city must secure before he can be an efficient
+farm worker, and for which he must spend time, money and enthusiasm,
+is the very training which the country boy absorbs from his infancy, and
+which makes him the most valuable tiller of the soil.</p>
+
+<p>The farmer’s wife has for so many years taken no thought for herself
+that her now misguided conscience reproaches her if she leaves home
+when there is work to be done, to attend a club meeting, or if she spends
+ever so small a sum of money to save herself. A neighborhood club
+with its exchange of experiences with labor saving tools will teach the
+folly of expending strength and energy when by spending a little money
+to secure convenience and ease in work, the farm mother may be conserved
+to her family, and continue to be a help in the busy world. All
+farm women have, in a large degree, the same experiences, and therefore
+they can and should help each other. They should meet to discuss
+problems of mutual interest; they should organize country clubs with
+the object of securing the best conditions in their home life; of broadening
+the outlook of the home; of encouraging a social spirit and of elevating
+the character of farm life.</p>
+
+<p class="center">THE FARMER’S DAY’S WORK.</p>
+
+<p>One of the most vital problems with which the farmer’s wife has
+to do is how to shorten the farmer’s workday. The practice of working
+from sun up to nightfall and afterwards doing the chores is driving
+the boys from the farm. If all the farmers in a neighborhood would
+quit work in time for a 6 o’clock supper, a long stride would be taken
+towards making the farm home an ideal home. Most business men’s
+work closes with the day, but how about the farmer and his family?
+When townspeople are at leisure our husbands and sons are milking the
+cows, bedding the horses, and doing the rest of the chores. They wear
+overalls so many hours of the week that they are not entirely at ease in
+other clothes. They are too tired to keep up their interest in the outside
+world, frequently falling to sleep over the newspaper. Indeed, to
+bed is about the only place this exhausted man of the early evening is
+fit to go, for a tired man is not a social creature.</p>
+
+<p>Washing dishes after a late supper with a nodding husband in the
+next room and your nearest neighbor from a quarter to a mile away
+does not foster love for the farm. It need not be wondered at that
+we are insisting that the farm day must be shortened and some time be
+given to the development of the mental and spiritual, as well as the
+physical side of the family.</p>
+
+<p>You may remember how the little waif, Glory Maguire, as she looked
+through the windows at rich children’s parties use to lament: “Oh, the
+good times going on in the world, and me not in them!” We farmers’
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_123">[123]</span>wives want some of the good times that are going on in the world for
+our children; we want a social center; a club room where neighborhood
+gatherings can be held. We want a neighborhood library, a live
+church and an up-to-date school. If our children are to be more than
+little animals, they must go to church and Sabbath school; they must
+have a well ventilated, well lighted school room and an experienced
+teacher.</p>
+
+<p>Men and women of mature judgment are placed at the head of
+town schools, where suitable courses of instruction and the most approved
+methods are pursued. The graded school teacher refers any case
+of insubordination, any report of vulgarity, any question of discipline, to
+her superintendent, yet these same teachers have been required to take
+months of training and practicing on country pupils before they were
+permitted to teach in town under a superintendent.</p>
+
+<p>The country schools should have trained teachers; teachers of sound
+judgment in understanding the nature of the child and tact in dealing
+with him. A live, progressive teacher in every country neighborhood is
+often the little leaven which “leaveneth the whole lump.” We need fewer
+classes in the country schools; the long study periods are productive
+of inattention and mischief. If a child is permitted to spend this study
+time in idling and reading inferior fiction, he loses the power of concentration
+on his lessons and his taste for solid reading.</p>
+
+<p>We need a well selected library planned for systematic reading; we
+need recitation benches and desks which will not produce spinal troubles.
+We need attractive school rooms, better furniture, good pictures and instructive
+maps. Part of the returns of the farm invested in the school
+is one of the farmer’s best investments, for all the improvements in the
+condition of farm life must come through education. Many helpful
+innovations on the farm have come about through a discussion of what
+the child learned at school.</p>
+
+<p>We also need better playground facilities. Thousands of country
+children don’t know how to play. When they are at school there is
+nothing to play with; when they are at home there are chores, unending
+chores, to be done.</p>
+
+<p>There is work right here for country women’s clubs to do in supplying
+the school grounds with tennis, croquet, and any other equally
+Wholesome and good sports which children can enjoy. Hence we must
+plan to meet and discuss our mutual problems. We need the stimulating
+influence which an exchange of ideas and the enthusiastic coöperation
+of club membership bring. We can accomplish much by the concerted
+effort which can only follow a reasonable getting together on the part of
+the farmers’ wives. Working the handle of a dry pump won’t bring
+results that a little priming brings. Women won’t attend a club unless
+they get results; they must have something to help them through the
+week—reading courses, and a study program, as well as the social half
+hour. We should study dietetics and learn how to balance the day’s
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_124">[124]</span>food; to provide such articles as will feed as well as fill the family
+stomach. Man must eat to live, but he need not eat nearly so much if
+we give him the right kinds of food. The more we study our business,
+the more attractive it becomes; when we cease studying it, we lose interest
+in our work. So country women are organizing clubs for discussion
+and study. When a club is conducted in an orderly manner, and
+every member made to feel personally responsible for its success, when
+its membership is small enough to seem like a big family, yet large
+enough to gain and hold interest of the members, it will work a revolution
+in a country neighborhood. Wherever a country women’s club
+has been organized, the women report that it gives them new energy for
+their home work. Out of a small club at Adair, Iowa, have grown so
+many smaller clubs that a joint picnic of the members and friends brought
+out a crowd of nearly 1,000 persons. These ladies have issued a cook
+book, with the proceeds from which they are enlarging their sphere of
+usefulness.</p>
+
+<p>Another club, the Daughters of Ceres, at Bedford, Iowa, issues a
+calendar for the year’s work, which compares favorably with the work
+of any club. Country women’s clubs are usually short of money, and
+difficulty is sometimes experienced in securing books for study. Would
+it not be well for every state to supply a reading course for farmers’
+wives after the example of the Cornell Reading Course? If the Government
+would send out a bulletin containing the essential rules of order
+for country clubs it would be a great help in conducting meetings. A
+meeting must be regarded seriously and conducted with dignity to get
+the best results. A little time and money expended in helping the women
+is well spent. When Secretary Shaw lived in Iowa he owned a number of
+farms. It was his practice to give to his tenants’ wives pure bred cocks
+and turkey toms. A neighbor remonstrated with him, saying: “You are
+making our tenants’ wives discontented. We cannot afford to give away
+pure bred poultry.” Secretary Shaw replied: “When I help the women
+with their poultry, I always get my rent.”</p>
+
+<figure class="figcenter illowp53" id="illus6" style="max-width: 31.25em;">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/illus6.jpg" alt="">
+  <figcaption>
+    <p>1. <span class="smcap">Gifford Pinchot</span>, Executive Committee, 1911-12.
+    2. <span class="smcap">George C. Pardee</span>, Executive Committee, 1910-11-12.
+    3. <span class="smcap">Henry D. Hardtner</span>, Vice-President, 1909-1912.
+    4. <span class="smcap">Mrs. Philip N. Moore</span>, Executive Committee, 1909-12.
+    5. <span class="smcap">Walter H. Page</span>, Executive Committee, 1910-12.
+    6. <span class="smcap">D. Austin Latchaw</span>, Treasurer.
+    7. <span class="smcap">Thomas R. Shipp</span>, Executive Secretary.
+    8. <span class="smcap">James C. Gipe</span>, Recording Secretary.
+    9. <span class="smcap">A. B. Farquhar</span>, Vital Resources, 1911-12.
+    10. <span class="smcap">L. H. Bailey</span>, Chairman Lands Committee, 1911-12.
+    11. <span class="smcap">W J McGee</span>, Chairman National Parks Committee, 1911-12.</p>
+  </figcaption>
+</figure>
+
+<p class="center">FARM ORGANIZATION.</p>
+
+<p>The organization of the farmers has long been the end desired by
+those who are seeking to promote the country’s welfare. By reason
+of all his previous years of training when he has been acting on his
+own judgment, and working alone, the farmer is not accustomed to organized
+effort, and does not fully recognize its value; hence the influence
+of his wife in this matter is of special help. The farmer knows
+if he leaves home for any length of time that weeds spring up, fences
+fall down, cattle get off their feed and cows fail in their milk. Hence
+he stays at home year in and year out getting deeper and deeper in the
+rut unless educational and social privileges are brought to him. This
+the women can and will do. Through the united efforts of the women
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_125">[125]</span>the farmer is going to think less of his taxes and more of his schools; he
+is going to be one of an army of country men united to secure conservation
+of the soil through longer leases, conservation of the child through
+better educational facilities; conservation of the wife through the relaxation
+of meeting with those of her own sex, and shall I not add: conservation
+of the few hard-earned dollars in the purse by parcels post?
+The farmer’s wife, in order to conserve to the fullest extent the best
+interests of the farm, must be filled with the conviction that farming is
+the most honorable of any pursuit for a man and is a career worthy
+of his best endeavors and not merely a makeshift until something better
+offers. Such a woman will impress upon her children the thought that
+no calling or profession is so worthy of their best efforts; she will see
+to it that the books and papers that come into the family are those that
+treat farming and the farmer with respect. No one thing probably has
+had a more invidious influence in creating a desire among farm boys to
+leave the farm than the funny papers and cartoons which make the
+farmer the butt of their jokes, portraying him as the victim of the gold
+brick agent and picturing him with the vacant look and gaping mouth of
+an imbecile.</p>
+
+<p>Cato, the Censor, lived at a time when Rome was at its height as
+a military power. He had held nearly all of the great offices under the
+Roman republic, yet in his old age he left this record, that: “No occupation
+was so worthy of the dignity of a man as that of farming,” holding
+that: “Farming makes the bravest men, and thoughts.” The farmer’s
+wife should use her influence to see that this kind of literature is
+kept before her children in the farm home, in the curriculum of the
+school, and in the school library.</p>
+
+<p>In the time at my disposal I have been able to only hint at a few
+of the very many and diverse problems, as well as opportunities which
+belong to our women of the farm. I have tried to view them as a wife
+and mother of the soil, where, indeed, my life is cast, and my energies
+have been engrossed. I have endeavored to advance no fine spun theories,
+but to suggest a solution which can be and is being worked out
+today in many localities. That these and similar organizations are bound
+to come in abundance and that they will work untold good to the cause
+of conservation I fully believe. Once the farm wives of our country
+are adequately organized there is no divining the power for good that
+they may wield. There is an old saying: “Unless a man’s mother ordains
+him for the ministry, he won’t make a good preacher.” When a
+boy’s mother ordains him for the farm there will be no lack of good
+farmers. (Applause)</p>
+
+<p class="mt2">Chairman <span class="smcap">Vessey</span>—I now have the pleasure of introducing to you
+Mrs. Matthew T. Scott, President General of the Daughters of the American
+Revolution, who will talk to you in regard to the “Farmer’s Wife.”
+(Applause)</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_126">[126]</span></p>
+
+<p class="mt2">Mrs. <span class="smcap">Scott</span>—I have crossed the continent to be present today because
+of my interest in the farm and the farmer’s wife—the class to
+which I am proud to belong.</p>
+
+<p>We have considered here every interest of conservation in creation—vegetable,
+animal and mineral, and now come to conservation of the
+farmer’s wife, the greatest issue before this Congress.</p>
+
+<p>In the consideration of that problem which so far has baffled the
+masculine intelligence, i. e., that of keeping the younger generation on
+the farm, the key to the situation unquestionably is held by the farmer’s
+wife.</p>
+
+<p>The call of the country rings out from garden, from forest and
+stream, from acres of golden grain, and tonics pure from Nature’s own
+laboratory. Back of all of this is the farmer’s wife, who by making
+the farm home attractive and interesting is the magnet which draws
+the boy and girl back to the farm, from the allurements and disappointments
+of city life. The farmer’s wife is no longer the isolated
+being of years ago—but with her free rural delivery, and the country’s
+network of trolleys for her convenience—good roads, and with the use
+of modern machinery, a large degree of leisure to give to her social
+life, music and books, are now at her command. If she succeeds in
+making life on the farm attractive, if she is able to add the distinctively
+feminine touch of home charm to the freedom and zest of country life,
+who can doubt that this great problem of retaining the farmer boys on
+the farm will be solved?</p>
+
+<p>It is the farmer’s wife also, and she chiefly, who can enforce the
+only education that is worth while—that is real and true, that education
+which builds character, which educates not the intellect alone, but
+at the same time the conscience and the will; an education that means
+justice and truth and purity in this selfish work-a-day world. Moreover,
+few farmers succeed whose wives do not do their part to see to it
+that both ends meet. It is the wife of the farmer who sees where the
+waste and loss are eating into the profits of the farm. It is the housewife
+as a rule who has ideas of thrift in farm management and who, if
+she has the chance, will contribute more than is often realized to make
+the farm a business success.</p>
+
+<p>Upon the farmer’s wife largely rests this great responsibility, and
+in this great work, with the help of the noble army of quiet, intelligent,
+capable farmers’ wives, we hope to develop the most splendid crop
+known on this fertile continent—the boys and girls, the youth of the
+land. Largely is this work the prerogative of the farmer’s wife amid
+the stress and strain which absorb the energies of modern masculine
+business life.</p>
+
+<p>Another duty which devolves upon the farmer’s wife is to exert
+her influence and teaching to train her boys so that they will see to it
+when they are voters that in these days of political chicanery and corruption
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_127">[127]</span>that only honest men and true are sent to Legislatures, to Congress,
+and the United States Government, to make the laws that are
+to govern this, the greatest Nation on the face of the earth.</p>
+
+<p>Sociologists and agricultural professors can aid the farmer’s wife
+in her work, but, after all, it is upon her shoulders that the responsibility
+of success or failure in this great task must ultimately rest.</p>
+
+<p>Today the great difficulty is that the farmer’s wife is trying heroically
+to fulfill the double functions—that of assistant economic producer
+and of housewife, mother and the organizer and inspirer of the happier
+and higher activities and diversions of country life.</p>
+
+<p>To free the wife from the burden of money making and educate
+her in the more difficult and equally important task of home-making and
+the development of the finer and more humane and more enjoyable aspects
+of country life, these are the problems we must help her solve and
+she will do the rest.</p>
+
+<p>An old Frenchman once said that farming was the only profession
+in which a man works in a relationship of direct partnership with God.
+The ministry might object to the words “only profession,” but the fact
+is certainly patent that in more than any ordinary occupation of life, do
+we coöperate day and night with the sun, and the wind and the rain,
+and all the other forces of Nature and of Nature’s God, and I believe
+that for women today there is no profession more alluring, healthful,
+or lucrative than that of scientific agriculture. If I had my life to live
+over I would enter as a student one of our great agricultural universities.
+I would familiarize myself with the work of experiment stations,
+learn to test soils, know the elements best suited to and most needed
+by the different stratas of earth. I would master the secrets of fertilization,
+which have for a thousand years made sections of the old
+world productive without exhaustion. I would inform myself as to the
+value and methods of rotation of crops, the value of dairy and cattle
+raising on the farm. I would also inform myself of the comparative
+cost of nitrogen drawn from the air in the form of leguminous crops,
+which imprison the nitrogen in the soil, and the cost of commercial nitrogen,
+and their comparative values.</p>
+
+<p>I would learn the need of phosphate or potassium as applied to different
+soils and the comparative value of tested fertilizers. We have
+already an aristocracy of herds—cattle, horses and swine, but I would
+undertake the breeding of an aristocracy of seed corn and oats and alfalfa.</p>
+
+<p>Oh! they are great the possibilities of woman on the farm—if she
+would only take advantage of them. (Applause)</p>
+
+<p class="mt2">Chairman <span class="smcap">Wallace</span>—We will now proceed with the call of the
+states, and these organizations who wish to report.</p>
+
+<p class="mt2">Delegate <span class="smcap">C. J. Dillon</span> of Manhattan, Kan.—Can’t we give five minutes
+more to discussion by the ladies? We have a lady here I wish to
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_128">[128]</span>propose, who has been working in this same line for years, and I would
+like to have you hear from her.</p>
+
+<p class="mt2">Chairman <span class="smcap">Vessey</span>—Send her up to the platform, please.</p>
+
+<p class="mt2">Mr. <span class="smcap">Dillon</span>—I am glad to introduce to you Miss Frances Brown
+of Kansas, who has been in active work along the lines of organization
+of farmers’ wives. (Applause)</p>
+
+<p class="mt2">A <span class="smcap">Delegate</span>—Have her come down on the front platform.</p>
+
+<p class="mt2">President <span class="smcap">Wallace</span>—She has a pretty good voice, and I think if
+you will be quiet you can hear her.</p>
+
+<p class="mt2">Miss <span class="smcap">Brown</span>—The first speaker on this subject this afternoon outlined
+so ably and so well the needs of the farmer’s wife that it will be
+my pleasure in just a very few minutes to tell you how we at the Agricultural
+College in Kansas have tried to meet these needs of the farmers’
+wives. We have looked over the field as well as we could, and
+we saw that in the very first instance the first thing for us to do was to
+correct, as far as possible, the errors of those who had gone before
+us. And so while it is only morning yet in Kansas, and the department
+as organized is only two years old, we went out into the organization
+that had already existed in Kansas and began to do work on these
+subjects that pertained to the commonest things of life, the very household,
+taking up for our very first work a sort of reformatory movement
+on the subject of bread and bread making. Then we spread that
+same movement before the Farmers’ Institutes, and by visiting every
+one of the institutes and meetings that we could, we saw that the
+cause of dissatisfaction on the farm lay largely in the fact that there
+are not the conveniences in the farm home that we find in the town, and
+that was the cause of the exodus from the farm to the town. So
+we have begun a campaign for the country homes, and our women in
+the institutes are so anxious that they ask us to help them effect an
+organization which we call an Auxiliary to the Farmers’ Institutes. Of
+these during the last year we have twenty organizations, with a membership
+of 500, whose women have been studying the cost of putting in
+plants for heating and lighting and bringing water into the homes, and
+taking care of the waste from the home. Now we are getting letters
+every day from farm homes where they are actually making use of
+some one of these various systems.</p>
+
+<p>The next step was to take care of the younger members of the
+farm home, and so we had to get something ready that could be used in
+the public schools, as well as in the home itself. We have what you
+may be more or less familiar with under the title of the Girls’ Home
+Economic Clubs, by which we reach the girls through the printed page.
+These printed papers are gotten up so that girls from ten to fifteen
+years of age can master them perfectly. They are on the subjects that
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_129">[129]</span>we need every day, first, cooking, because you know that while man can
+live without poetry, music and art, he cannot live without cooks, so we
+are going to begin raising each one to be a cook for the future. We have
+these courses in cooking out all over the state, not only being used by
+the individual girls in the farm home, but being taken up by the public
+schools where the towns or the communities are too poor to afford
+a department in domestic science and art. During the past year 2,300
+girls took lessons either in cooking or sewing or both from this department
+at the college, and already, as the new schools are opening,
+letters are pouring in every day asking for more of that work in
+the various sections of the state. Moreover, during the last year, due
+to these efforts, seventy-five high schools put domestic science or art
+or both into their systems where it had not existed before. Wishing to
+utilize or bring together the organization that already existed instead of
+forming new organizations, we have been getting together a course of
+domestic lessons, or demonstrations, if you please to call them so, that
+can be used by the women’s clubs that are already organized in the
+state. That course is almost completed; and when we have that finished,
+we hope to see every single organization of the women in the
+state adopting part or all of it, not because they need it so much, because
+women that have time for clubs, have more or less leisure through
+their added efficiency. But it will mean that they are still thoughtful
+along these lines, and that their efforts are going to be with us in spreading
+this gospel of good housekeeping throughout the state.</p>
+
+<p>Now, we have a big work yet before us. We are not going to
+stop. We are going to work at every single channel that we have
+opened, and we are going to open as many new ones as can be helped,
+until every roof in Kansas covers a harmonious home where we will
+find every single thing that will tend to the highest efficiency and the
+needs of every member of the family in that home. I thank you.
+(Applause)</p>
+
+<p class="mt2">Chairman <span class="smcap">Wallace</span>—I know I voice the feeling of this audience
+when I say we have already highly enjoyed these addresses from the
+ladies this afternoon. The executive committee of this association has
+some business that you must transact, and the report will now be read
+by Mr. J. B. White, the chairman of the executive committee.</p>
+
+<p class="mt2">Mr. <span class="smcap">White</span>—The executive committee met this morning and
+adopted the following resolutions:</p>
+
+<blockquote>
+
+<p>In view of the very effective help which the national organizations have given
+the Conservation Congress and the conservation movement in general, the members
+of the executive committee of the Third National Conservation Congress feel
+that the national organizations should have more adequate representation. Therefore,
+at a meeting of the executive committee of the Congress today, it was decided
+unanimously to recommend that the constitution be amended so as to provide for an
+advisory board to be made up of representatives of the national organizations which
+have appointed conservation committees.</p>
+
+<p>To this end the executive committee respectfully begs leave to submit the following
+amendment to Article 5, Section 3, of the Constitution of the Conservation
+Congress, by adding the following:</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_130">[130]</span></p>
+
+<p>“An advisory board, consisting of one person from each national organization
+having a conservation committee, shall be created to act for that Congress and
+during the interval before the next succeeding Congress. The board shall report
+to and coöperate with the executive committee.”</p>
+
+</blockquote>
+
+<p>The executive committee is also of opinion that the scope of the
+work of the permanent committees of the Congress should be extended
+so as to cover a larger field. The present sub-committees are those on
+forests, waters, land, mineral and vital resources.</p>
+
+<p>The committee, therefore, recommends that the constitution of the
+Conservation Congress be amended as follows:</p>
+
+<blockquote>
+
+<p>Article 5, Section 5. The committee on vital resources shall consist of members,
+each selected with the view to becoming chairman of the sub-committee and
+that six sub-committees be created subordinate to the committee on vital resources
+as follows: Food, homes, child life, education, civics, general (including wild life,
+domesticated animals and cultivated plants). The chairman of each committee,
+with the approval of the chairman of the executive committee, shall be authorized
+to appoint as members of these sub-committees, such members as in their judgment
+will best accomplish the object sought.</p>
+
+</blockquote>
+
+<p class="mt2">Delegate <span class="smcap">Bruce Dodson</span> of Kansas City—I move that the report of
+the executive committee be received.</p>
+
+<p class="mt2">Delegate <span class="smcap">Wm. H. Dye</span> of Indianapolis—I second the motion.</p>
+
+<p class="mt2">Chairman <span class="smcap">Vessey</span>—All in favor of them will say aye. Contrary
+minded. The amendments are adopted.</p>
+
+<p class="mt2">Mr. <span class="smcap">White</span>—Mr. President, we invite all those who are here and
+are delegates of the different national associations that have conservation
+committees to come on the platform, that they may choose their
+representatives, if possible, and confer with the executive committee immediately
+after adjournment.</p>
+
+<p class="mt2">President <span class="smcap">Wallace</span>—What now is the pleasure of the Congress?
+We have filled up the program of today. I take pleasure in introducing
+Miss Mame E. Weller of Nathan, Iowa, of the conservation committee
+of the Iowa Federation of Women’s Clubs.</p>
+
+<p class="mt2">Miss <span class="smcap">Weller</span>—I bring greetings from the Federated Club women
+of Iowa, who today stand ready to help in all lines of conservation.</p>
+
+<p>We have been and are working for the conservation of child life,
+health and happiness. We have done much toward procuring sanitation
+in schools, and especially pure drinking water. We are trying to have
+our bird laws enforced and shall petition our Legislature at its next
+session to prohibit spring shooting of ducks and all shore birds, who
+are our sanitary commissioners of lake, shore and stream borders.</p>
+
+<p>We have caused many hundreds of trees to be planted in Iowa, and
+the coming year we are to work for state control of the banks of our
+streams and shores of our lakes.</p>
+
+<p>We have done much to prevent the wanton mutilation of trees and
+destruction of our wayside trees by telephone companies. Yet much
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_131">[131]</span>remains to be done. We have in Iowa a statute that exempts from taxation
+almost entirely all woodlands, native or planted, when kept and
+used for timber purposes only.</p>
+
+<p class="mt2">President <span class="smcap">Wallace</span>—We expected until today to have a paper or
+address by Dr. Knapp of Washington, D. C., but I am very sorry to
+say that he cannot come, but the Department of Agriculture has a gentleman
+that can take his place, and I would suggest that Dr. W. J. Spillman
+come forward and tell us about the wonderful demonstration work
+that is going on in the South.</p>
+
+<p>Is Dr. Spillman in the audience? If not, we would be glad to hear
+from Mr. F. A. Guthrie, a member of the Congress representing the
+city of St. Paul, Minn. Five minutes, and then I promise you we will
+adjourn.</p>
+
+<p class="mt2">Mr. <span class="smcap">Guthrie</span>—As indicated in the announcement, my work is on
+a line somewhat different from almost anything that has been presented.
+In connection with charitable and correctional institutions, we have
+found that it is necessary to go to the country. This presentation this
+afternoon relates to charitable and correctional work. The dreariness
+of the country home is very important and has to do with most of that
+which we have to treat. The national conferences on this matter have
+come to the conclusion that it is necessary for leaders in the country
+to engage some person specially qualified to advance social interests, to
+organize country meetings of various kinds, or organize musical entertainments,
+organize social entertainments, and organize educational work.
+We present that to the national conference as something to which we
+will have to come in order to bring about agreeable healthy country
+life, a life which gives joy in living, as was presented by the President
+at the opening. I thank you.</p>
+
+<p class="mt2">President <span class="smcap">Wallace</span>—We are ready to entertain a motion to adjourn.
+Ladies and Gentlemen, remember that the meeting is at 8 o’clock
+sharp. We are to have a great program tonight. Mrs. Moore, Dr. Wilson,
+and Dr. Wiley.</p>
+
+<p>The Congress stands adjourned until 8 o’clock this evening.</p>
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+
+<div class="chapter">
+
+<h2 class="nobreak" id="SIXTH_SESSION"><i>SIXTH SESSION.</i></h2>
+
+</div>
+
+<p class="mt2">President <span class="smcap">Wallace</span>—The house will come to order. The secretary
+has a telegram to be read:</p>
+
+<blockquote>
+
+<p>Returning from two weeks on the firing line of conservation with Secretary
+Fisher. I send through you the accredited representative of the American Civic
+Association hearty good wishes for the great movement now being considered and
+promoted by those who believe in a continuing and improving America.</p>
+
+<p class="right"><span style="margin-right: 4.0em;"><span class="smcap">J. Horace McFarland</span>,</span><br>
+President American Civic Association.</p>
+
+</blockquote>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_132">[132]</span></p>
+
+<p class="mt2">President <span class="smcap">Wallace</span>—We are to be privileged this evening to have
+an address on the Community Club, by Mrs. Phillip Moore, St. Louis,
+president of the General Confederation of Women’s Clubs. (Applause)</p>
+
+<p class="mt2">Mrs. <span class="smcap">Moore</span>—Members of the Conservation Congress: I have
+already said to the officers of the association that we very much prefer
+“Community Center” to “Community Club.” It will cover the ground
+much better, as you will see, from my viewpoint:</p>
+
+<p>It may be a question in the minds of many present why this particular
+subject has been assigned to a representative of the General
+Federation of Women’s Clubs. I am glad to present the very best of
+reasons: because we have studied it for years, and have worked on the
+findings of such study.</p>
+
+<p>At the Second Conservation Congress in St. Paul our honored
+ex-president gave in some detail the history of the Country Life Commission
+in which he had become much interested. Economic and social
+questions engaged his attention; he had given thought to the economic
+strengthening and social elevation of the Irish farmer, in connection
+with the policies of conservation and country life in our own country.</p>
+
+<p>The results of the Country Life Commission were of the widest
+import, but were never made public, inasmuch as Congress did not
+appropriate money to print the findings.</p>
+
+<p>It was about this time that our interest was specially centered on
+the life of the women of rural communities; one of the Eastern publications
+supplemented the existing inquiries from the Government by
+sending out letters to approximately 700,000 readers. There were
+answers from nearly every state in the Union which would have
+required a large office force to read and tabulate. The majority of
+these letters was given to our general federation board members, representing
+through their own and advisory states all the community interest
+which we wish to bring to you today.</p>
+
+<p>The result was extraordinary—answers from a thousand women,
+with facts, feelings, hopes, ambitions, possibilities and probabilities. The
+bulk of correspondence came from women, whose letters showed that
+they are not having for one reason or another what Mr. Roosevelt called
+a “square deal.”</p>
+
+<p>The letters were distributed among the board members, were carefully
+read, and they frequently gave an opening for further correspondence—with
+most interesting, personal results. The letters were not
+illiterate; many of the women have been school teachers and nearly
+all have had a good education; many were eloquent in deeper modes
+of expression than rhetoric.</p>
+
+<p>The volume of data which these letters presented is of high value
+industrially, from a sociological point of view, and with reference to
+sanitary conditions; the study of public schools and country churches
+would gain largely from this material.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_133">[133]</span></p>
+
+<p>Our board members represented, and naturally for that reason
+understood, the New England and Eastern states, the sandy shores, the
+Pennsylvania settlements, the sunny South, the mountain regions, the
+near West, the river states, the Northern plains, the prairie stretches,
+the Rockies and the Pacific shores.</p>
+
+<p>Only a fraction of the answers returned could we utilize to assort
+and digest; we believe it is beyond the power of any but a commission
+to recommend, and such commission might well give its entire time to
+the work.</p>
+
+<p>We have, however, as I said in our reports, made further inquiries,
+have come into closer personal relation, have assisted wherever possible,
+and have certainly recognized the needs of many outlying, lonely homes.</p>
+
+<p>You will allow me to give from the experiences of these letters
+through our members some few generalizations:</p>
+
+<p>Iowa and Nebraska happened to be grouped together. The eastern
+and southeastern part of Nebraska are geographically one with Iowa
+in soil, surface and products, and the two states are allied as to their
+inhabitants. Except in isolated colonies, the farmers of Iowa and
+Nebraska came from the Eastern and Central states. The foreign born
+settlers come almost exclusively from Ireland, the north European countries
+and Bohemia. The northwest portion of Nebraska, embracing the
+“big Sixth” congressional district with the far western part, is grouped
+geographically with eastern Colorado and Wyoming, and the problems
+of the farmer there differ materially from those of the farmer in the
+fertile and populous eastern division of this section.</p>
+
+<p class="center">THE DRAWBACK TO RURAL LIFE.</p>
+
+<p>Everywhere the isolated and primitive character has been the greatest
+drawback to rural life. To those who have depended always upon
+companionship and society for their interests and enjoyment, this loneliness
+is intolerable. Physical conditions are changing this, the telephone,
+the rural mail delivery, the automobiles and the interurban are bringing
+the comforts and companionship of the town to the farm. There are
+farmers’ families who planned ten years ago to move to the town as
+soon as a competence had been accumulated, but who now, with more
+than the hoped for income, are content to remain on the farm, the active
+management having been turned over to a tenant or a son, and to enjoy
+the comforts of the country.</p>
+
+<p>In the older settled portions of these states the farms are being
+divided. The high price of land is driving the farmer to more intensive
+cultivation and this will continue to eliminate the more disagreeable
+features of rural life.</p>
+
+<p>Wisconsin, Minnesota, North Dakota and South Dakota were
+grouped and the interesting items were as varied as they might be in
+more widely separated regions.</p>
+
+<p>There is no “hard luck” tale to tell of poverty and squalor in this
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_134">[134]</span>region, although the conditions differ widely from very poor to very
+good. Everyone is already familiar with the stories of the poor wives
+who have not been away from the farm for five or ten years. There
+are too many such in the Northern plains; these pitiful tales are all too
+true, but they are not the whole truth. To get at that it is necessary to
+know not only the worst, but the best conditions. The best are especially
+worthy of mention because they indicate possibilities, and are an
+example and inspiration to those not already arrived at prosperity.</p>
+
+<p>While there are still to be found one-room sod houses sheltering
+whole families, there are others with all the modern conveniences of
+steam heat, good plumbing, electricity for light and power, telephones,
+and the rural postal delivery bringing each day from the outside world
+papers, books and magazines. And these are the fruit of industry and
+frugality; and between these two extremes are many homes of moderate
+means where conveniences and luxuries are not yet possible, but where
+there is wholesome, normal living.</p>
+
+<p>The great factor in improving rural conditions is education in scientific
+farming, and in these states there are excellent educational advantages
+offered to the young men and women who wish to make this a
+business. Each state has its agricultural college, which is usually a
+department of the state university, a school where agriculture and its
+kindred subjects rank with the technical or professional courses; the
+tendency is to dignify the business of farming, to make it attractive
+from both the pleasurable and the practical standpoint. There are traveling
+libraries equipped not only with books for entertainment, but books
+in various languages for instruction on subjects of rural interest, and
+these libraries go to the very remotest corners of the state.</p>
+
+<p>The women who have answered the questions in the rural conditions
+inquiry are agreed that the farm presents great possibilities for
+happiness, if they could only have a little more help with the farm work,
+and more frequent chances for change and recreation. They rarely
+complain that their work is too hard, but only of its dreary monotony.</p>
+
+<p>Fraternal societies afford the greatest opportunities for social intercourse
+for our country people. Clubs—as we know them—are infrequent.
+The varied nationalities represented in new states present no
+common ground on which people of widely differing habits of mind and
+modes of speech can meet, and this condition and the lack of help enhance
+the difficulties of social gatherings.</p>
+
+<p>It is very evident that each section of this great country must
+present its own problems. In the part of the country included in “The
+Rockies” we find four types of rural life—the small town, the farm, the
+ranch, and the mining camp. Answers came from all of these. While
+the last is not, strictly speaking, a rural community, it must be so considered
+in any effort to brighten the lives of the women who are removed
+from the advantages of city life.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_135">[135]</span></p>
+
+<p class="center">THE BUILDERS OF THE WEST.</p>
+
+<p>These people, who are in large measure the builders of the West,
+have come from the more thickly settled states, to try their fortunes
+under greatly changed conditions; and one of the great hardships that
+face them is the fact that their means will not permit their first experiments
+at farming—either dry farming or irrigated farming—ranching,
+or mining to be a failure. And in the very nature of things, a failure
+is too often made the first year. If the family finances permit the partial
+loss of the first year’s work, and if the family adopts the methods proved
+to be successful, the after years are brighter and not shadowed by poverty.
+Poverty in the West is a removable cause.</p>
+
+<p>Loneliness is a second problem which is being rapidly met in these
+states by the organization of women’s clubs and the foundation of local
+libraries in the towns, and traveling libraries for those outside. Colorado
+has done especially good work with her traveling library boxes.</p>
+
+<p>For the most part the people are hopeful and happy. They came
+into this mountain region expecting difficulties and they have no complaints
+to make that their problems are not all solved. They had the
+grit to come into a new and unsettled country, and they desire to stay.
+Every letter from the “farm women” of Colorado, Montana and Wyoming
+was a happy letter. Such rural problems are hopeful.</p>
+
+<p>The North Pacific shores offer a diversity of agricultural and commercial
+interests, and the farmer here differs somewhat from the Eastern
+farmer in that he is more of a specialist. He is either a wheat,
+cattle, fruit or dairy farmer. He specializes on one thing, and does his
+work with the most improved machinery, or under the latest and most
+modern methods; he seldom attempts to derive revenue from the hundred
+and one little things that, in many districts, are made by the farmer’s
+wife and hauled to the corner store to exchange for groceries. In other
+words, his farming is more of a business than the old idea of making
+it a semi-domestic arrangement. This relieves the wife of much of the
+drudgery of the farm and puts her on the same business footing in the
+home, as the professional man’s wife.</p>
+
+<p>With rare exceptions, the farmers have rural mail delivery, farmers’
+telephones, and very often electricity for light and other purposes. The
+roads, as a rule, are good, and the automobile is fast displacing the farm
+horse.</p>
+
+<p>The schools of higher education are filled with the children from
+the rural districts, and many farmers move into town in the winter, that
+their children may have better educational advantages.</p>
+
+<p>In the smaller towns many farmers’ wives join the women’s clubs.
+While this is commendable, it is not necessary to the life or happiness
+of the women, for in these states the grange is a great educational factor.
+It is perhaps the only secret organization in existence where men and
+women meet on an exact equality. In it some of the best legislation
+originates, and the probe sinks deep into every proposed measure that
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_136">[136]</span>affects the farmer; here the conservation of every resource is discussed,
+and, knowing that they must enter into these deliberations, the farmers’
+wives read and keep abreast of the times. The grange meetings are
+all-day sessions, with a goodly proportion of the day given over to social
+pleasures; the young people enjoy all sorts of healthful sports, while
+their elders discuss the prospect of parcel post delivery, the threatened
+increase of postage on magazines, or the postal savings bank and many
+other things that bring comfort or enlightenment to the rural home.</p>
+
+<p>The suggestions that came in the letters from New England will
+be very helpful whenever needed, and have already come into some recent
+government policies.</p>
+
+<p>The advantages and disadvantages of farm life, in the many letters
+from the Pennsylvania settlements, would give thought to the most logical
+mind. They have been culled, however, from a more than usually large
+number of replies, and due somewhat to the fact that 180 sessions of
+farmers’ institutes were held for women in one year throughout Pennsylvania.</p>
+
+<p>I think I need not enter further into the details of all parts of the
+country, or even give recommendations, which a special committee might
+better bring to a future meeting; but there are certainly two policies
+which are closely allied—conservation and rural life. When public opinion
+is thoroughly aroused, it is but a question of time for the will to
+find a way. There must be a voluntary effort, and such volition must
+be aroused by education.</p>
+
+<p>One of the most vital items to those who are specially interested
+in the educational progress of a country is the awakened public opinion
+in the Middle West shown by the development of the agricultural courses
+in all of our great universities and colleges.</p>
+
+<p>Even public schools in some parts of this region are giving practical
+instruction to old and young. Meetings are being held upon the
+farms; lectures, experiments and demonstrations are being introduced.</p>
+
+<p>The church has quickly realized that there must be a combination
+of emotion and sanity; the practical and ideal have come into closer
+relationship; clubs of young men and of women, sometimes of the two
+together, are taking up all subjects pertaining to the farm life; and
+wherever these subjects are alive, and the social element is not forgotten,
+we find distance makes no barrier. At once means of communication
+are increased. The telephone is in every home; the trolley line goes by
+the farm—even the automobile becomes a necessity, and good roads are
+at once established. Distance is therefore annihilated, and the lonely
+life is a matter of the past.</p>
+
+<p>How short a time it is since insanity was a large concomitant of
+the farm life for women! Recently, at a session of the Charity Conference
+in Boston, there seemed to be very little reference to the need
+for prevention of insanity among isolated farm women. I found it to
+be largely a sorrow of the past; but I do not agree entirely with such
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_137">[137]</span>statements, when I recall the letters, from the immense prairie farms.
+Woods Hutchinson, in speaking of the change that had come into the
+homes of all women—the removal of much of the old-time work from
+the home to the factory—says that it is a convincing proof of the stability
+of woman’s mental powers that generations of that semi-solitary
+confinement at hard labor known as “home life” have not made her a
+candidate for the insane asylum. “Man would have gone raving crazy
+long ago.”</p>
+
+<p class="center">IDEAL CLUBS.</p>
+
+<p>A community club, as we would call a club, must be composed of
+men and women, for they must, under ordinary circumstances, go
+together to their meetings. The Farmers’ Institute is more in the line
+of this particular thought, but the community center or grange covers
+the ground fully. The institute comes but once or twice a year, while
+the club might be regularly intermittent.</p>
+
+<p>This must mean a central meeting point with the very best and
+appropriate reading matter pertaining to equipment of both home and
+farm; the solution of the help question (shall we ever reach this millennium?),
+certainly demonstrates in cooking and pure food, discussions
+as to education of children, and the way to obtain better lighting and
+heating, and good roads should be a part of these meetings.</p>
+
+<p>Where shall this center be—the school or the church?</p>
+
+<p>The women’s clubs of the nearby towns have attempted in an
+entirely friendly spirit to maintain rest rooms for farmers’ wives when
+on shopping bent, with a possible creche for the babies and a caretaker
+and amusements for young children. This is excellent, but will never
+take the place of the community center.</p>
+
+<p>A change in the attitude of public opinion towards the old question
+of town and country means some practical outcome to all this discussion.
+The interdependence of the two is real, each having its influence
+on the other, the main consideration being human rather than material.
+The town representative can talk out his grievances, political and economic;
+the farmer has a full stock of grievances, but rarely gives formal
+expression to them; and the farmer’s wife acknowledges that her
+social life is barren. The two need to bring their problems to each other;
+and a community spirit will surely lead to forms of organization for
+mutual economic and social advantage. There must be in the rural community
+such social life as shall withstand the attractions of the city, if
+we wish the farms to remain in the control of their owners, instead of
+in the hands of renters.</p>
+
+<p>What can be done to give the farmer’s wife a little leisure in which
+to enjoy the advantages that might be hers?</p>
+
+<p>The answer to this is the answer to the question which confronts
+every one who is striving to improve social conditions anywhere. It
+is the great problem of work and the “out of works,” which city and
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_138">[138]</span>country are trying alike to solve, working from opposite horns of the
+dilemma. With thousands of hands begging for employment at one end,
+with thousands of jobs begging to be done at the other, it is not creditable
+to our initiative that we have not discovered some way to equalize
+the supply and demand of labor. We are already educating our country
+youth to stay on the farm; what we need further is a campaign of
+education to destroy the lure of the city, to teach men and women that
+there is plenty of work under wholesome conditions awaiting anyone who
+will take it, that those who cannot go the pace of the city can find pleasant,
+profitable living where there is time enough, and work enough for
+every one, if they will but go back to the soil.</p>
+
+<p>The conclusions drawn from the investigations into rural conditions,
+which I have been able to make, have changed my opinion very
+materially. Life is not so sordid and hard, poverty is not so pinching
+as I had thought. That it is narrow and unnecessarily colorless is evident,
+and that much can be done to brighten it is certain, but just what
+form of help to offer is a grave question.</p>
+
+<p>There is always needed a plan and the machinery to carry it through.
+I am not sure of name or method, but a central force there must be,
+whether of men or women—possibly it might be well to appeal to the
+woman, who makes the home life, to whom it is of so much importance.</p>
+
+<p>From all our letters we note that the women love the country life,
+both for themselves and their children. They would doubtless be ready
+to take up any coöperative plan that might be suggested. Certain I am
+that no committee should be appointed to consider ways and means that
+did not have in its membership some thoughtful, progressive farm
+women. Towards this common end should be included also representatives
+from all the agencies making the community life educational and religious.</p>
+
+<p>It is not difficult to draft a scheme, but it is essential that the elements
+most needed to carry it out should feel themselves vitally interested.</p>
+
+<p>Horace Plunkett suggests “an institution which shall be scientific,
+philosophic, research-making.” His arguments are so entirely to the
+point that I quote some few sentences:</p>
+
+<blockquote>
+
+<p>Every social worker knows how the knowledge of what others are doing will
+help him. It is strange how little the problems of the rural population have entered
+into the study of sociologists. At leading universities I have sought in vain
+for light.... The fact is the subject must be treated as a new one, and it is
+urgently necessary, if the work of the Country Life Movement is to be based on a
+solid foundation of fact, to make good the lack of information, which has resulted
+from the general lack of interest.... An institute is wanted to survey the
+field, to collect, classify and coördinate information and to supplement and carry
+forward the work of research and inquiry. The rural social worker requires as far
+as possible to carry exact statistical methods into his work, so that he may not have
+to depend on general statements, but may have at his command evidence, the validity
+of which can be trusted, while its significance can be measured.</p>
+
+</blockquote>
+
+<p>In agreeing with his desire for absolute data, let us not forget the
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_139">[139]</span>human side, the personal evidence, which can never be obtained through
+an institute.</p>
+
+<p>May we hope that the Conservation Congress, which has ever shown
+a human interest in the conservation of vital force, will be the leader
+in bringing to its own the vital center of the country!</p>
+
+<p class="mt2">President <span class="smcap">Wallace</span>—You will all agree with me, Ladies and Gentlemen,
+that we have had one choice treat tonight. There are two more
+coming. The Presbyterian Church of the United States has taken a
+very great deal of interest in the country church. Do you know that if
+the Presbyterians do not revive their country church there won’t be a
+Presbyterian church in the next generation, for this reason, that the
+town, while it can get all the lawyers it wants, can grow them, and all
+the doctors, can’t grow preachers enough to supply their own pulpits.
+(Applause) Now, we are to have before us here tonight Dr. Warren
+H. Wilson of New York City, the superintendent of the Board of Home
+Missions of the Presbyterian Church, and he will give us a new phase
+of conservation.</p>
+
+<p class="mt2">[Dr. Wilson’s paper will be found in Supplementary Proceedings.]</p>
+
+<p class="mt2">President <span class="smcap">Wallace</span>—Here endeth the second lesson. (Applause)
+We have been told about society. We have heard about the practical
+everyday religion of feeding men. And now we are going to be told
+by Dr. Wiley how to keep healthy, so that we may enjoy our religion
+and feed more men. (Applause)</p>
+
+<p class="mt2">Dr. <span class="smcap">Wiley</span>—Mr. President and Delegates of the third National Conservation
+Congress, Ladies and Gentlemen: My sermon is going to be
+short. I think a great many of these country churches were vacated by
+two and a quarter hour sermons. (Applause) I want to insist, however,
+that in this sermon I am going to preach I want to follow the
+steps of my illustrious predecessor. I have been preaching sermons for a
+number of years, and I think it is about time I was ordained. I believe
+in all the principles of conservation that you have taught this week and
+many previous weeks. I was an early and insistent and persistent conserver.
+I believe I have the honor of having delivered the first public
+address that ever took the term “conservation” as a text. In 1894 I delivered
+an address on the conservation of the fertility of the soil, and
+so, as well as my dear friends, the Presbyterians, I am a little bit conservative,
+too. (Applause) I am sorry that that condition has obtained
+which he described here, the empty country churches. But let me
+tell you they are no more empty than the country houses of this country.
+Everybody has been going to the town. They have taken the greater part
+of country boys who would have made good farmers and made pretty poor
+preachers out of them. On the whole the country boy thinks it is easier
+to preach once a week than it is to plow corn every day and feed the
+stock on Sunday. And naturally he chooses the line of least resistance
+to make a living. That is the reason that the country is becoming deserted,
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_140">[140]</span>and just as long as it is easier to make a living in the city than
+it is in the country, the country is going to be empty, and all you preachers
+can’t fill it up, and the object of these meetings is to make it easier
+to make a living in the country than in the city, and then you will see
+the tide flow the other way, and not before. (Applause) One reason
+people ought to live in the country is because they can be healthier there.
+I would rather be a healthy boy in the country than a sick boy in town.
+If I have equal health, I think I would rather stay in town, for a boy
+has more fun in town. If you take fun away from the boy you deboyize
+the boy. Another thing, there is too much demanizing, and dehorning, in
+the country life. I know about this Pennsylvania Dutch people, why they
+are so prosperous, because their home life is in their life in the country.
+It follows the Pennsylvania Dutchman to the grave. It is a pleasure
+to go to a funeral in that community. (Applause) It has got to be
+a burden, every time I am invited to a funeral, I don’t want to go. When
+I was a boy I loved to go to a funeral. (Applause) They have a good
+custom up there among the Pennsylvania Dutch, too. They all go to
+the funeral, and nobody begins to cover up the grave until some neighbor
+goes up, takes off his hat and says a good word for the departed.
+Then they can fill up the grave. When old Jacob Shaffer died he was the
+meanest man in the community. He was buried on a cold, rainy day in
+November, when it was half rain and half sleet. They stood for ten or
+fifteen minutes, or half an hour, and nobody said a word. They had to
+stay there, and could not leave until the grave was filled up. Finally
+one neighbor, in despair, went up and took off his hat and said, “Well,
+I can say this about Jake: he wasn’t always so mean as he was sometimes.”
+(Applause) Now, I want to say this about the preacher. He
+is not always so inhuman as he is sometimes. When I heard this sermon
+tonight I almost concluded that a minister of the gospel was a real
+human being. (Applause) I want to tell you that he was not that to
+me when I was a boy. I did not look upon him as the friend that he
+ought to have been to me. And that is the reason one boy did not go to
+the country church oftener.</p>
+
+<p class="center">CONSERVATION AND UTILIZATION.</p>
+
+<p>I believe in the conservation of the natural resources. I believe in
+the conservation of the coal and the forests. But conservation does not
+mean hoarding. It means utilization. I do not want to go through life
+with cold feet to save the Alaska coal and warm up somebody that is
+going to live a million years from now. (Applause) I want to get
+some of the benefit out of the coal while I am living, and out of the
+forest and out of the stream. My idea of conservation is to use the
+natural assets of this country for the benefit of the people, and not
+for some syndicate of rich men alone. (Applause) And I hope we
+won’t spend all this generation quarreling about who is going to have
+the coal, but that we will find some way to get it out and use it before
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_141">[141]</span>it gets out of date. Because I want to tell you that we will not need
+coal much longer. The scientific men will find plenty of ways of finding
+heat and motive power when the coal is all gone. And if we do not
+use it now, it is going to become simply a specimen in the near future.
+(Applause) I want to say that we want to use the lumber, and use it
+wisely. There is no economy in allowing a tree to stand in the forest
+until it rots. We want to cut the old trees down just like Nature comes
+around and cuts down the old people and gets them out of the way. That
+is the way that science will provide lumber and at the same time continue
+to reduce the forests. Only the mineral resources are limited.
+There is just so much coal, just so much gold, and when they are used
+up, so far as I know, there is no more making, and they will be then
+gone. But do not have any fear. When the iron is all gone and the
+silver is all gone and the gold is all gone, there will be plenty of metals
+at the disposal of man, because we have found now how to convert
+clay into metal. I went into an automobile shop the other morning
+where they were making the frames out of pure aluminum. We have
+got enough clay in this country to last several years. (Applause) It
+will take the place of the steel and the iron and the gold and the silver
+and the copper. Have no fear of exhausting these supplies of humanity,
+but exhaust them for the benefit of the public. (Applause) If we
+could use one millionth part of the force of the wind we could turn every
+wheel of industry in the world, warm every house, cook every meal in
+this whole universe. And the wind and hot air shops are very abundant
+still. (Applause) There are no signs of it giving out in the near
+future, either. If the wind is going to blow and turn the wheels of commerce
+and industry, there are 24,000 wind mills with a dynamo attached
+to them and storage battery guaranteeing to the farmer all the light he
+wants in the barn, cooking stove, and turning the sewing machine and
+grindstone and engine every day of the year. Do not have any fear,
+ladies and gentlemen, that the natural powers of this world are going
+to be exhausted. They are here and here to stay, and here to be supplied
+by the advance of science in such a way that no matter how populous
+the world becomes in the future nobody is going to suffer for warmth
+or clothing or power in this world of ours, and we want to get so many
+people in this country that there won’t be any complaint of vacant country
+churches. And there is no doubt that this country can supply the
+food and clothing for untold millions of people yet unborn. We can
+have every foot of our country as densely populated as Belgium and
+still have plenty for everybody, because advancing science will supply
+it. The capacity of a man’s mouth is limited and constant, but the
+skill of his hands is unlimited. He has two hands, but only one mouth,
+and the advancing skill of his hand is going to fill the mouth.</p>
+
+<p class="mt2">President <span class="smcap">Wallace</span>—Turn around that way and face the audience,
+please. (Applause)</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_142">[142]</span></p>
+
+<p class="center mt2">HEALTH, THE GREATEST ASSET.</p>
+
+<p>Dr. <span class="smcap">Wiley</span>—I would just as leave say it all over again if you didn’t
+hear it. (Laughter) Now, there is one public asset of wealth that is
+rarely mentioned in these conservation congresses, and that is the public
+health. Let me tell you, ladies and gentlemen (applause), it is worth
+in money more than all the gold and all the forests and all the water
+power combined. If a man boasts of the wealth of Kansas City he
+speaks of the railroads and the packing houses and the great centers
+of distribution and the wholesale commercial houses and the value of
+real estate. He never says a word about how much a people are worth
+in health. I asked the children in the Central High School today how
+much each one thought he was worth in money. They did not know.
+I told them that in a year or two every one of them would be capable
+of earning $50 a month. I think there are lots of parents in this town
+that would not take $12,000 for a single child they have. And every
+single child is worth in money, if it is developed into a man or woman,
+$12,000. And if you take all of the people of the country and value
+them at $12,000 apiece, all the rest of the wealth of this country sinks
+into insignificance. And I am satisfied that that is the value of every
+man who is able to earn a dollar.</p>
+
+<p>Now, some people think women are worth nothing because they
+don’t get paid much for their work. Housewives do not get a monthly
+salary usually from their husbands. She ought to, but she does not.
+Practically all of them ought to get a salary every month. (Applause)
+But that does not make any difference in the earning capacity of the housewife.
+She is worth more than $50—every one. So I would say that there
+are 40,000,000 of people in this country who are capable of earning $50 a
+month and do earn it. That, in my mind, will give you a good idea
+of the wealth of this country in health. But that wealth consists of
+health. If you impair the machine, the human machine, you impair the
+earning power of that machine, and thus you diminish its value. If
+you let the child die you rob the father of a great asset. And we are
+letting our children die every year. You may go into any graveyard in
+this country and count the little graves of children under five years of
+age, and three out of every five of them ought not to be there. The
+little body that is crumbling beneath that tombstone ought to be in the
+high school of the city or in the active walks of life. We let these children
+die and never think of the responsibility that rests upon us. How
+can we get to be healthy? Well, in the first place heredity. We have
+got to begin away back. That don’t do us much good, but if we pay
+attention to it it will do future generations some good. It was Oliver
+Wendell Holmes I believe who said, “You have to begin to make a
+man when he was a marsupial possibility.” We have got to go way
+back now to shape the careers of men and women unborn. Heredity, a
+sound body is one of the rights of every human being who is born.
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_143">[143]</span>(Applause) I am glad to know that many of the states are already
+taking steps to insure that, and to forbid marriages with people who are
+physically incapable of producing healthy children. Marriage we regard
+as a sentiment, and we do not like to have anybody interfere with
+our sentiments. But I tell you marriage is an affair of the state. If
+the state has a right to demand a fee for a marriage license, and to prescribe
+how it shall be performed, and make laws by which it may be
+broken, it has the right to forbid the marriage as well as to regulate it.
+(Applause)</p>
+
+<p class="center">CONSERVATION OF FUTURE GENERATIONS.</p>
+
+<p>I say then that our first work for public health is to look after the
+unborn generations and to see that they have healthy parents. That
+does not help us now, but we must look to it right now. I asked a member
+of the school board today if they had medical inspection of the
+school children here. He said a partial one. I said: “Do you have a
+dental inspection? Do you have a registered dentist come around through
+the school and see what kind of teeth the children have?” That is just
+as important as whether they come with clean clothes or not. I have
+no use for a boy or girl who loses his teeth in childhood. We must
+begin the conservation with the children of this country, of the public
+health. The time is coming when there will not be a school in our
+broad land without competent medical supervision. We demand now
+that our children be vaccinated. We also should demand that they bring
+to school no contagious disease to spread among their fellows. And
+there are lots of contagious diseases that we do not think of as contagious,
+such as tuberculosis for instance. And so by beginning with
+the unborn generation we may add to the length of human existence.
+Heredity then, sound bodies in which sound minds are and may be developed,
+is one of the primal basic qualifications for the conservation
+of human life.</p>
+
+<p>Then the next thing is, after we get healthy beings into the world,
+to see that they are properly nourished, and unless the child and the
+man and the woman have the proper food they cannot be expected to
+maintain their health. Unless you feed an engine, or boiler, good coal
+you cannot expect it to develop the maximum of power. Unless you
+feed a man well, nourish him well, you cannot expect him to be an effective
+machine, and to do his proper duty as a member of the community.
+The thing to do to secure the maximum efficiency of the
+machine—feed it well. What are we doing about that? We are making
+a beginning in that line. And the first thing we are doing is
+with the young child. We are saving the lives of the infants. I may
+say there has been more progress made along that line than in any other,
+and that is the place to begin. Here a few years ago if 125 children
+did not die out of every thousand that were born we thought something
+was wrong; we rather expected it. And in some communities a
+great many more than that died.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_144">[144]</span></p>
+
+<p>In many communities the death rate has been reduced to seventy
+per thousand. There is no reason why over this whole country the
+death rate of the children, of the infants and the child under five,
+may not be reduced so as to make the death rate per thousand not
+very much greater than that of the adult, namely, thirteen or fourteen
+per thousand in a healthy community. And I do not know any reason
+why the children of this country should die at the rate of more than
+thirteen or fourteen per thousand when they are properly cared for at
+birth, and have proper fathers and mothers to give them healthy bodies.
+This will be a great addition to the wealth of the country, to save the
+children. And we can save the grown person by a wholesome diet. I
+am not one of those who believe in a starvation diet, cutting down food.
+There are a great many preachers of that doctrine in this country. That
+is a false doctrine. Nature provides that we shall have enough, and
+intended we shall have enough and then a little more. When the engineer
+fills up the tender with coal, he does not take just enough to get
+him into the station. No. He puts in a ton or two in excess. So Nature
+provides that when we eat to get strength to perform the mechanical
+functions of life, we shall have just a little more than is necessary, the
+factor of safety which enables us to go over the emergency safely.</p>
+
+<p class="center">THE RIGHT TO NUTRITIOUS FOOD.</p>
+
+<p>And, therefore, it is the right of every citizen of this country to
+have nutritious food and to have plenty of it. Again, when the animal
+does feel sick, it has the right to scientific attendance with good food;
+in other words, the sick man has a right to be attended by a competent
+physician, and to have remedies administered prepared by a competent
+pharmacist and of pronounced purity. That is another thing we are securing
+for the people of this country—pure drugs to help them get well
+when they are sick. (Applause) And we are trying to keep men from
+practicing medicine who have no qualifications to do so except a facile
+pen to write an advertisement. The day is coming when a man cannot
+practice medicine in Kansas City by the newspaper as he can today. I
+looked at your newspapers. They are full of prescriptions, written by
+physicians who could not begin to pass the examination of your state
+board of health. They are quacks and fakirs, and the advertisements
+are worded cunningly to separate your money from your income. And
+the law permits it, while the regular physician cannot come to Kansas
+City and practice medicine without taking out a license from the state
+board of health, and yet you allow a fakir in any other county to come
+to town and practice medicine <i>ad libitum</i>. We are going to stop that
+for you and save your money and save your lives (applause) by securing
+competent medical supervision of the sick of the community.</p>
+
+<p>Then we are going to protect you from contagious diseases. We
+are building up now a cordon around this country against invasion, not
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_145">[145]</span>from an armed enemy, but from one that has slain a thousand times
+more than the armed enemy would slay—the germ of contagious disease.
+While Europe has been suffering from Asiatic cholera for a year,
+we have succeeded absolutely in wiping it out of this country, except one
+or two sporadic cases, and we no longer fear yellow fever. We know it
+because we know how to handle the mosquito that spreads it, and we
+segregate it in the spots where it breaks out. We are beginning to control
+that most dread of all diseases, tuberculosis. And the day is coming
+when we will have full control of it. There are people in this house
+who will live to see tuberculosis as rare as smallpox is today, in my
+opinion. (Applause) Why? Because science has found out how that
+disease is conveyed, and having found out the cause, we can proceed to
+the remedy, and the day is coming when there will be camps of detention
+for tuberculosis patients, just as there are today for leprosy. It
+looks hard. It looks inhuman. But what we must care for is humanity,
+and not the single life. You remember what Tennyson says: “Are God
+and Nature then at strife, that Nature sends such evil dreams? So careful
+of the type she signs, so careless of the single life?”</p>
+
+<p class="center">THE INDIVIDUAL AND THE COMMUNITY.</p>
+
+<p>The individual must give way to the community, and if he is afflicted
+with tuberculosis he must be segregated, so that the disease may
+be conquered and kept within bounds. And so typhoid fever will be
+conquered—all the diseases which are due to infection and contagion.
+And great progress is making along this line today, so much so that
+we are encouraged in the belief that other diseases yet unconquered may
+meet the enemy and master, like for instance pneumonia and diseases
+of that sort. And the result will be that by the advance of scientific
+medicine and by the wise control of the state, men will be spared the
+destruction of their usefulness and value in middle life. Why, how much
+does it mean to die before your time? All the years of preparation, all
+the money spent in your education, all that you have done to prepare
+yourself for the duties of life, cut off in an instant by an enemy more
+treacherous by far than any foreign invader could be, more to be feared
+than any armed foe could possibly be feared. We have no need to
+build sixteen-inch guns to protect our trade on the Panama Canal. What
+we have protected are the men who builded them. The greatest triumph
+of the Panama Canal is not that it is a wonderful cut, is not that it
+is protected by sixteen-inch guns, but that the men who build it are as
+healthy as you people who have stayed here in Kansas City. That is
+the great triumph of the Panama Canal. (Applause)</p>
+
+<p>Then we want to preach sanitation in the outplaces where the
+church ought to be built in the country. That is one reason that the
+country is not attractive, because there are no sanitary conveniences
+there. The farmers are living today in a state of barbarism almost in
+that respect. What we need to do is to populate the country in order
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_146">[146]</span>to make the country attractive, and it can be done at little expense.
+There are preachers today who are preaching sanitation about the country
+school house, and to the country farmer, how to make himself comfortable
+at home. The roller towels have been abolished in Kansas. The
+Pullman Company has taken out its public drinking cups in the State
+of Illinois, and failed to give any other, so you can go all through Illinois
+without any danger of drinking the Pullman ice water. (Applause)
+The day will come some time when the Pullman Company will ventilate
+its cars. (Applause) On the train coming out from Washington there
+were at least five hundred free passengers called flies that came all the
+way and enjoyed the trip (laughter) and never lost a moment from
+sleep. (Laughter) Think of it at this modern day, to start a palace
+car from Washington that cost $20,000 full of flies! But we are preaching
+sanitation in out of the way places like the country home and the
+Pullman car, and the people are learning. And you will be able to
+travel after a while without danger of contracting a disease in the car
+where you sleep, or in the hotel where you eat. This gospel of sanitation
+goes with the gospel of the country church, because cleanliness is
+next to godliness, and sometimes it seems to me it comes first and godliness
+second, because a dirty man has a great deal of trouble in feeling
+godly. (Applause) So the gospel of sanitation is coming to our help.
+Another thing will help, and that is the gospel of segregation. What
+are we to do to prevent the influx into the city? I will tell you one
+thing that the city could do. Every city wants to have more people in
+it. They do not care what kind they are. They want more than their
+neighboring city. It is the ambition of the town to pad the census.
+Many of them are in jail for doing it today. If I lived in Kansas City
+I wouldn’t care whether we had more people than Omaha or not, but I
+would love to have, if I were in Kansas City, cleaner streets and purer
+water and more segregated houses (applause) than Omaha or any other
+city. And you ought to have them here with all your beautiful streets.
+You have the principle here of keeping the houses apart. There is
+plenty of ground in this country to build houses and have a little spot
+of green by them where they can have flowers in the garden and potatoes.
+That is what we ought to do to prevent the influx into the city.</p>
+
+<p class="center">THE CITY NOT FOR MANUFACTURING.</p>
+
+<p>I would recommend as a sanitary measure that every city forbid
+any manufacturing of any kind within its limits. The city is not for
+manufacturing. The city is for exchange only, and if you would banish
+the factory you would do much for the sanitation of the city and for
+the factory workers. You would get closer to the raw material which
+the factory uses. You would save in transportation, and every workman
+could have his little cottage with his little piece of land that would
+help populate the country and help the church that was built near the
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_147">[147]</span>factory, too. I say we can put the people into the country by legislation
+if in no other way in that respect, and the moment the factory starts
+the farmer is coming to raise garden truck. You will have growing
+around the factory a prosperous agricultural community with its church
+and it will be a great deal better than having a little church with a lonely
+graveyard. The most awful thing in the country is the graveyard, especially
+at night, when the boy has to go home past it. That is the way.
+We will segregate the population and thus conserve the public health.</p>
+
+<p>Last of all, we can crown the work of the gospel of sanitation by
+enacting into a law provision for a national board of health with real
+power and with real authority, whose director shall have a seat in the
+President’s cabinet and advise him in regard to the most precious of all
+the assets of our country, public health (applause), and he can guide
+and help the authorities of the state and cities, and furnish them the
+material with which to work, and that is coming after a while. We are
+going to conquer and bring together all the government authorities which
+have to do with the public health in the one grand organization which
+will conserve the health of this country and have a voice of power in
+the councils of the Nation. And then when we do this we will have
+instilled into the people the idea that there are things that are more
+important than dollars. Every movement of this kind is stopped by the
+dollars, the fear that somebody is going to lose some money, while at
+the same time it could be easily shown that every single movement of
+this kind is for the increase of our national wealth, and the day will
+come when the doctrine of graft and greed will have to give way to
+the doctrine of the sanitation of the people. (Applause) We have
+today our Fourth of July when we celebrate. In some parts of the
+country the colored citizens meet and celebrate the emancipation. So I
+want to live to see the day when the people of this country will meet
+together in one grand convocation to celebrate the emancipation from
+the reign of greed and graft and for the establishment of the principles
+of sanitation which keep them well and happy and patriotic American
+citizens. (Applause)</p>
+
+<p class="mt2">President <span class="smcap">Wallace</span>—This Congress will now stand adjourned until
+tomorrow morning at 9 o’clock.</p>
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+
+<div class="chapter">
+
+<h2 class="nobreak" id="SEVENTH_SESSION"><i>SEVENTH SESSION.</i></h2>
+
+</div>
+
+<p>Dr. Cyrus Northrop, President Emeritus Minnesota University, presided.</p>
+
+<p class="mt2">Chairman <span class="smcap">Northrop</span>—The Congress will be led in prayer by the
+Rev. Dr. S. M. Neel, pastor of the Central Presbyterian Church of Kansas
+City.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_148">[148]</span></p>
+
+<h3>INVOCATION.</h3>
+
+<p>Our Father, Who art in heaven, we recognize Thy hand in every good. We
+are dependent upon the bounties of Thy providence, and we invoke Thy blessing
+upon these Thy servants, as they have met together to consider the best interests
+that manifest Thy love and Thy goodness to the children of men. Thou hast
+taught us if any man lack wisdom, let him ask of God, Who giveth liberally unto
+all men and upbraideth not. We pray Thee that Thou wilt give us wisdom to guide
+us in this Congress, that we advise those ways and means that shall be productive
+of the interests of our fellow men in their various avocations, especially to those
+who are called to labor and till the soil, and may Thy blessing rest upon them and
+Thy providence be about us, sending the rain and the sunshine in season, and that
+men may look up to Thee with thankful, grateful hearts, and serve Thee honestly
+and sincerely, and finally meet Thee in richest reward in the world to come, and
+the glory shall be Thine forever, Amen.</p>
+
+<p class="mt2">Chairman <span class="smcap">Northrop</span>—My instructions were to start the Congress
+at 9 o’clock, but it did not seem possible to do that. So I have compromised
+by starting it half way between 9 and 9:30. The regular order
+of business probably cannot be pursued at this moment. Is Mr. George
+W. Bailey of Missouri in the room?</p>
+
+<p>If Mr. Bailey will come to the platform he may have the ear of the
+Congress for five minutes. Mr. Bailey, Deputy State Game and Fish
+Commissioner of Missouri.</p>
+
+<p class="mt2">Mr. <span class="smcap">Bailey</span>—I was highly pleased with the remarks of the gentleman
+Monday evening from New York on the conservation of wild life
+in that state, and again yesterday we enjoyed another treat from a gentleman
+representing the Audubon Society of the Empire State.</p>
+
+<p>The protection of song and insectivorous birds in this rich agricultural
+land of the Middle West deserves more than a passing notice from
+this great Congress.</p>
+
+<p>That the destruction of song and insectivorous birds means the increase
+of pests, so destructive to fruit and grain crops, is acknowledged
+by the best informed farmers of the day. And what a great pleasure it
+was to hear reports like those from the gentlemen representing the State
+of New York.</p>
+
+<p>Here in Missouri we have had some trouble in getting the attention
+of farmers to this important subject, but they are beginning to realize
+that the insect-destroying bird is one of the best assets to the farmer.</p>
+
+<p>The present Game Department of Missouri has never cost the tax
+payers of the state one penny, but the revenue for the protection of game
+is obtained from hunters’ licenses, paid into the State Treasurer’s office.</p>
+
+<p>In North Central Missouri I have organized districts in several
+counties for the protection of prairie chicken and quail, and in these
+localities the farmers refuse to permit the destruction of these birds out
+of season, and we have now more than fifteen hundred prairie chickens
+absolutely protected, and the farmers will remember that in many neighborhoods
+of the state during the past season the grasshoppers were very
+destructive to late corn, and, as a proof of the usefulness of the wild birds,
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_149">[149]</span>there was no complaint of the grasshoppers from the farmers in the localities
+where the prairie chicken, quail and other insectivorous and song
+birds are so well protected.</p>
+
+<p>Through the efforts of our efficient Game and Fish Commissioner,
+Hon. Jesse A. Tolerton, the Chinese pheasant has been introduced in
+many counties of Missouri, and has proven a very great destroyer of
+insects, and especially so to the hated potato bug.</p>
+
+<p>Some time ago I read an article in the Dallas News saying that the
+boll weevil had cost the State of Texas $20,000,000 in the last few years,
+and the editor called attention to the fact that the boll weevil never
+appeared until after the target gun in the hands of the vicious and
+ignorant had so wantonly destroyed wild bird life in that state.</p>
+
+<p>Ladies and gentlemen, this is a startling statement, but true, and
+what an object lesson for the great subject of bird conservation.</p>
+
+<p class="mt2">Chairman <span class="smcap">Northrop</span>—In the absence of the gentlemen who were
+upon the regular program, will you indulge me for a moment or two
+while I say something? In the papers in the South there has been for
+some time special notice of the fact that a few years ago a small cotton
+crop yielded to the cotton planter $240,000,000 more than the larger
+cotton crop which succeeded, and the lesson sought to be taught is that
+the products shall be kept down as low as is necessary to secure the
+highest prices, and to that end if a large amount of cotton has been
+raised a considerable portion shall be kept out of the market until the
+prices rise to fifteen cents a pound, and then brought forward as fast
+as the market will take it. There is some disposition among the wheat
+farmers to keep back their wheat until the market is high enough to
+enable them to get the best prices. There is nothing wrong in the farmer
+doing that, and securing the best price he can, because the cotton and
+the wheat are not ultimately lost. At some time or other they come
+into human use. But there is another department in which the same
+process does not meet with the same results. I refer to that most important
+and, as it seems to me, growing important department, fruits
+of all kinds in the United States. We talk about the high price of living,
+and the price is high. Anything which will relieve the demand upon
+the most common necessaries of life will tend to lower the cost of living.
+Anything that we can introduce and make a common article of
+food for a large portion of the people to take the place of beefsteak
+is a blessing to the country, and we are receiving into this country hundreds
+of thousands of immigrants at the present time, many of them—perhaps
+most of them—coming from countries where the practice is
+to live largely on fruits—the Italians and others. Now, you are conserving
+the resources of the country, and how are we conserving our
+resources in the matter of fruits? Why, there are millions of dollars’
+worth of fruits that are permitted to perish every year in order that the
+price of fruit may be kept up to a certain grade all over the country,
+and the consequence is that this million dollars worth of fruit that might
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_150">[150]</span>feed the people, or might take the place of some other more important
+food in some way, is all lost to the country. What is the use of
+conserving the fertility of the soil if we are going to have our soil so
+fertile that we can raise $50,000,000 worth of fruit and let $40,000,000
+perish, in order that for the ten millions we might get the price of the
+forty millions? Some way ought to be provided by which the fruit that
+is raised in this country shall be made available for food. I do not ask
+that anything will be done that will interfere with the prosperity of the
+fruit raiser. But that he shall raise a large amount of fruit and then have
+it made impossible to put upon the market more than a quarter of his
+product, and have that fruit maintain in price the same standard that
+the whole of it would, is a wrong, it seems to me, to the people of this
+country, and a detriment to its welfare. What we want is to feed people
+comfortably and at the lowest rate that is consistent with existing
+conditions.</p>
+
+<p>There is nothing that would contribute more to the health of our
+people in a large way than increasing to a very considerable extent the use
+of fruit. So many persons use things that are not really advantageous
+to health. Fruit would be invaluable, and we are raising millions of
+bushels of apples and kindred things that never come to the use of
+man, but are permitted to perish. The same is true of peaches in many
+cases, and with cherries in some states. It is remarkably true of apples.
+Those states on the Pacific Coast, Washington and Oregon, and the
+region round about there, are raising apples that are astonishing in quantity
+and quality, and they are preparing to produce a great many more. It
+will be of the greatest value to the people of this country if we can get
+them. Twenty years ago it was doubtful whether Minnesota could ever
+raise apples. We have apples by the thousands of bushels this year all
+around Minnesota.</p>
+
+<p>Notwithstanding, green apples in the market when I left home were
+$1.50 a bushel. That is not necessary. It ought to be so that the laborer,
+the man who works with his hands, can have fruit. God has given us
+a country that will yield almost everything. It will yield fruit in tremendous
+quantities, and the people will eat it if they can get it. What is
+the trouble? Why should three-fourths of the crop rot on the ground,
+while only one-fourth gets to market and brings the price that the whole
+should command? You see my point. It is not to interfere with the
+man who raises apples. I want him to get his full reward. But it is
+that this magnificent product with which God has favored us shall be
+utilized for the needs of this country, for their good, and for the removal
+of the stress in the demand for various other products, which
+are now at a price that is not within the reach of many people. We are
+met for the interests of people in general, for the good of mankind.
+No man liveth to himself; no man dieth to himself. If there is not
+grass enough and food enough to keep alive the cattle of the country,
+and a man has a thousand tons of hay, do you think he has the right to
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_151">[151]</span>burn up 999 tons, and then ask for the remaining ton the price of the
+thousand? Has a man a right to destroy what is necessary for the
+lives of his fellow men, when it is needed for those lives (cries of “no!”)
+simply in order that by having only a part he may get the reward of
+the whole? I say no. We have to look for something besides ourselves.</p>
+
+<p>It is not merely a matter of how much money goes into my pocket
+and how little comes out. It is a matter of whether I am doing my part
+in this world to make the world what it ought to be, and my fellow man
+just as comfortable and happy as I can. (Applause) (Good!) I have got
+to do it whether I am a farmer or anybody else. We have to so use what
+we have that it may benefit others as well as ourselves. I am not proposing
+any plan. I do not know what plan should be proposed. But,
+ladies and gentlemen, what I want is to see the products of the earth
+utilized for the support of men and women and children. And I want
+some way to be provided by which the magnificent products of our
+orchards may be carried all over the country, and the people may eat
+and enjoy them and live, and the returns to the producer of that fruit
+be all that they could ask. Can you help to secure this result in some
+way in the coming years? It is not secured as it ought to be at the
+present time. (Applause)</p>
+
+<p>I resign the chair to President Wallace.</p>
+
+<p class="mt2">President <span class="smcap">Wallace</span>—I am very much obliged to Mr. Northrop for
+taking charge of the meeting in my absence. I have been down to meet
+Mr. Bryan. (Applause) I have persuaded him to put off his speech
+until 8 o’clock this evening. (Applause) Mr. Bryan will talk on a
+subject entirely in harmony with the spirit and purpose of this convention.</p>
+
+<p class="mt2">Delegate <span class="smcap">A. W. Stubbs</span>—I have talked with a number of delegates
+from the country and understand that many of them have made arrangements
+to leave the city before 8 o’clock this evening, and I know it
+would be exceedingly gratifying to them to have Mr. Bryan here for a
+few moments some time. Do you suppose that could be arranged?</p>
+
+<p class="mt2">President <span class="smcap">Wallace</span>—Yes, sir; he will be here and you can get to
+see him.</p>
+
+<p class="mt2">Delegate <span class="smcap">Stubbs</span>—We want to hear him.</p>
+
+<p class="mt2">President <span class="smcap">Wallace</span>—You may have a chance to hear him. We
+have a strong program; we keep the best to the last (applause), but we
+want you to assist us in putting through this program so that every
+man who comes here and says something can be heard. We will appreciate
+it, and push it through and just as fast as we can. Now, let me
+ask whether Mr. Curtis Hill is present? He is to address us on good
+roads. He is the State Highway Engineer of Missouri. What other
+matters have we to come before the Congress? The next speaker is
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_152">[152]</span>Mr. White. He is not here, but he will be here in a little while. We
+will take up the call of the states. We do not care about resources or
+coal mines, but we want to know what you have done in your state for
+conservation, and what you intend to do, dead earnest, honor bright,
+what you intend to do.</p>
+
+<p class="mt2">Recording Secretary <span class="smcap">Gipe</span>—Oregon (no response); Texas; Utah;
+Vermont; Virginia; West Virginia; Wisconsin; Wyoming. We have a
+request, Mr. President, from the chairman of the Arkansas delegation to
+be heard. They were not here when their names were called.</p>
+
+<p class="mt2">President <span class="smcap">Wallace</span>—I take pleasure in introducing to you Mr. F.
+M. Filson, president Missouri State Association of Assistant Postmasters,
+who will talk to you for five minutes.</p>
+
+<p class="mt2">[Mr. Filson’s paper is in Supplementary Proceedings.]</p>
+
+<p class="mt2">President <span class="smcap">Wallace</span>—Gentlemen: One reason for bringing this
+meeting to Kansas City was that we might get the voice from the
+South. Mr. Knapp, who has charge of the demonstration work in the
+South, was to be here, but cannot come because of illness, and his place
+will be taken by Professor W. J. Spillman of the Department of Agriculture,
+who will talk to you about fifteen or twenty minutes. Professor
+Spillman is engaged in the same work.</p>
+
+<p class="mt2"><span class="smcap">Prof. Spillman</span>—I regret very much that Dr. Knapp could not
+be here himself.</p>
+
+<p>He is in charge of the farmers’ coöperative demonstration work in
+the South. It has been suggested that I take his place upon the program.
+I cannot tell you of his work. The Secretary of Agriculture has asked
+me to develop similar line of work in the Northern states, and we are
+now laying plans for its development. I want to discuss a few of the
+problems that strike me very forcibly in my study of agriculture in this
+country.</p>
+
+<p>Several years ago I spent two weeks in visiting the more successful
+farmers in the New England states. I visited ten farmers in
+that two weeks, and made a careful study of their methods. I want to
+say that while we usually speak of the worked-out, bleak hills of New
+England, that I found as good farming there on a few farms as I have
+found anywhere in the United States. And one thing which struck me
+very forcibly, indeed, was that the oldest boy or young man I saw on
+any of those ten farms was fifteen years old, and the youngest man I
+saw was forty years old. A short time after that I had the pleasure
+of addressing the Vermont State Dairymen’s Association. There were
+a thousand farmers there, and in that assembly there were six who were
+under forty years of age. I asked those people where their young
+men and older boys were. They said they had gone to the city. Why
+have they gone to the city? Because they think they can better their
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_153">[153]</span>condition there. Is that true? “Well, we suppose it is. Most of them
+are doing better in the city than they did on the farm.” I said, “They
+are wise boys then, to go where they can do better.” I would advise
+anybody to do that. The statistics of agriculture in the New England
+states show that between 1880 and 1900, a twenty-year period, there
+was a decrease of 30.1 per cent in the area of improved farm land, in
+New England, a decrease of one-third practically. During the period of
+1890 to 1900, there was a decrease of 10 per cent in the rural population
+in New England as a whole. Since that time there has been a decrease
+in the rural population of practically all of the states north of the cotton
+belt and east of the great plains.</p>
+
+<p class="center">SOME STARTLING CONDITIONS.</p>
+
+<p>During the last ten years there was a heavy decrease in the rural
+population of the state of Missouri, which I claim as my birthplace.
+Why is that? There are several reasons. One is that farmers are using
+more farm machinery today than they used to use, and they do not need
+as many men to man the farms as they formerly needed. Another reason
+is, many of the farms are not as well managed now as they were
+before because of the scarcity of labor, and they are not so profitable.
+But on the whole farms are more profitable now than they were ten
+years ago. There has been a ten per cent increase in the yield of farm
+crops in the United States in the last ten years. These conditions have
+brought about a movement which we have heard a great deal of in the
+papers recently, the back to the farm movement. Now, I am a farmer
+myself. I own a beautiful little farm down in the southwest corner of
+this state. I expect to be there next week picking my seed corn, and I
+am in full sympathy with every effort to develop agriculture and to improve
+the lot of the farmer, but I am not in sympathy with the efforts
+to make a wholesale migration of city people to the farm. I do not believe
+that is the solution of the question. In the first place we have on the
+farms of this country already children growing up who are getting the
+proper training to be farmers, aside from the schools they go to. Unfortunately
+our country schools teach them everything except farming.
+And as far as the farm experience is concerned those are the people
+who ought to be our farmers of the future. The city man has too much
+to learn. It takes too long to get adjusted when he goes to the land.
+We have recently made a careful study of several hundred city men
+who have gone out to settle on ten and twenty-acre farm tracts. And I
+want to say unreservedly that these men have made failures as farmers,
+and practically every one of them has his farm for sale at less than he
+paid for it. There are a few exceptions to that, but they are mighty few.
+I believe the solution of the problem of populating our farms is to keep
+a proper proportion of our farm boys and girls on the farm. (Applause)</p>
+
+<p>I wouldn’t keep all of them on the farm. Why? Because they are
+not needed there. If they were all kept on the farm, in a short while
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_154">[154]</span>there would be overproduction in agricultural products in this country.
+I want to see enough of them, and some of the very best of them, kept to
+man the farms in this country, and at the same time I want to see a
+small proportion, the proper proportion of those young men do what
+they have always done, go to the city and take the lead in every line of
+human activity. (Applause) I one time made the assertion before a
+body of scientists that there was something in the life of the farm that
+had a higher pedagogical value, higher educational value than the best
+city schools had to give. (Applause) I was called down hard for that
+statement, by a city scientist. Then I went to work to find out whether
+I was correct. I looked up the history of the Presidents of the United
+States, and I found that 92 per cent of them were born and raised on the
+farm; there are only 36 per cent of our population live on the farm—a
+little more than their share of presidents. Then I wrote letters to the
+governors of every state in this Union asking them if they were brought
+up on the farm; 91.4 per cent of them wrote back and said that they
+were farmer boys. Why is it that farmer boys become governors? It
+is because of something in their early training. We know it cannot
+be the country school, because that is a thing to speak of with a blush,
+generally speaking. What is it then? I asked those men. I said, “If
+the country life is advantageous to the growing boy, tell me why you
+think it is.” President Lucien Tuttle, of the Boston &amp; Maine Railway,
+New England, gave me this answer—(which seemed to be the answer
+that most of them gave)—“When I was a boy on the farm by the time
+I was 12 years of age I was buying and selling cattle and feeding stock
+and taking care of them. I learned a sense of responsibility, and I
+never forgot it.”</p>
+
+<p>I believe that the opportunity of putting responsibility on the farm
+boy is the most important feature of his education. I am confident that
+is correct. (Applause) We want a proper proportion of the farm boys
+and farm girls to remain on the farm and become farmers that are a
+credit to the Nation.</p>
+
+<p class="center">THE INCREASE IN LAND VALUES.</p>
+
+<p>Let me tell you another reason why I want that rather than see
+city people go to the land. Land is going to become high-priced in this
+country in the very near future. The value of the land in the United
+States in the last ten years increased from twenty billion dollars to forty
+billion dollars. What made that? Was it increase in income from the
+land? No. Was it increase in the intrinsic value of that land for farming
+purposes? No. It was increase in the demand and decrease in the
+supply of free land. That is what did it. We only have to go across
+the Atlantic ocean to find farm land selling at from two to six hundred
+dollars an acre. Why? Because it is comparatively limited. There is
+no free land for sale. As long as a man could homestead 160 acres of
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_155">[155]</span>good land in Missouri, Iowa, Illinois, no farm land in America could be
+worth more than $100 per acre. But that day has past. We are now to
+have high-priced land. I want to see the boys who inherit that land live
+on it and run it. (Applause) I would much rather see that than to see
+the boy who owns that farm, or will own it, go to the city and become
+a street car driver and rent his farm to some fellow who will become a
+tenant. I want to see the American farms, so far as possible, peopled
+by those who own the land, who can hold up their heads and look any
+man in the face and say, “I am a landed proprietor, a free born citizen
+in a free land,” a thing which the tenant farmer can’t always do.</p>
+
+<p class="mt2">A Delegate—How to keep the boys on the farm is what we want to
+know.</p>
+
+<p class="mt2">Prof. <span class="smcap">Spillman</span>—That is what I was coming to in just a minute.
+Let me tell you what I have to say on that subject. There are lots of
+men in this audience that have left the farm. Why did you leave it?
+Because you thought you could do better, didn’t you?</p>
+
+<p class="mt2">A Delegate—Exactly.</p>
+
+<p class="mt2">Prof. <span class="smcap">Spillman</span>—That is it. Now, let us face the thing as it is.
+You left the farm because you thought you could do better elsewhere.
+Now, there is only one way to keep a sensible young man on the farm.
+You can keep a blockhead there perhaps some other way, but a sensible
+young man can be kept there in only one way, and that is to make it
+advantageous for him to stay there. You insult his intelligence when you
+ask him to stay at a disadvantage. (Applause) How are we going to
+make it advantageous for that boy to stay there? Well, I think I know
+how that can be done. We have tremendous agencies in this country at
+work learning how farming ought to be done. We have agricultural
+colleges, teaching young men, but one thing I want to impress
+upon you is that in order for the agricultural college to reach and affect
+every farmer in America, it would be necessary to graduate every year
+in agriculture alone 4,000 men in every college in the country. You
+know that they cannot reach that, and the function of the agricultural
+college is to prepare leaders and teachers and as many farmers as possible,
+but not all farmers.</p>
+
+<p>The agricultural college of Kansas cannot graduate 4,000 men a
+year in agriculture. Kansas is a pretty liberal state in the matter of
+education, but I do not think she would want to go into her pocket deep
+enough to provide educational facilities at Manhattan for that many
+men. I would like to see her do it, but I do not think she can. Now,
+we must reach the farmer in other ways. These institutions have learned
+a tremendous amount. They have discovered the principles in fertilization
+of the soil; they have worked out thoroughly the principles of feeding
+live stock, so that today it is practically reduced to an exact science.
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_156">[156]</span>They have worked out methods of selecting seed corn. How many farmers
+in Missouri plant carefully prepared seed corn? You ought to do it.
+I have just two minutes to tell you the gist of the scheme.</p>
+
+<p>The President of the United States the other night told you that he
+was willing to approve the appropriation of a million dollars to begin a
+work of carrying to the farmer what the scientists already know. Let
+me add to that, that some of the most important work these men are to
+do will be to carry to those farmers what that farmer knows. I know
+farmers at whose feet I would be willing to sit for weeks, and I have
+done so, and I have learned more from the men whose farms I have
+studied than I ever learned from anybody else. But those men had
+worked out the methods of putting into practice what the agricultural
+scientist knows. We propose to put in every county in the United States
+a man to carry on an investigation of the work of the successful farmers
+and find out how they do it. A man who will investigate local agricultural
+problems and become an agricultural adviser of the farmers in these
+counties. (Applause) We are going to take the best men we can
+get. Most of them will be men who cannot afford to take the positions,
+men who are already making more than $1,500 or $2,000 a year on their
+own farms. Most of them will be young men, and the others, who, if
+they were a little older, would be doing the same thing. Now, my time
+is up, and I just want to add in ten seconds that we propose to join the
+state and the county and all divide the expense of establishing this system
+all over the United States for you.</p>
+
+<p class="mt2">President <span class="smcap">Wallace</span>—I will now introduce to you, and it gives me
+great pleasure, Mrs. E. R. Weeks of the National Congress of Mothers
+and Parent Teachers’ Association, who will speak to you for five minutes
+only. (Applause)</p>
+
+<p class="mt2">Mrs. <span class="smcap">Weeks</span>—I told you to make it three minutes.</p>
+
+<p>The National Congress of Mothers reports here, not because it has
+a committee on conservation, but because it is an association organized
+for conservation, the conservation of the home and the child.</p>
+
+<p>When we gave the call for our first convention in 1897 a whirlwind
+of protest swept over the land, that mothers should be called from their
+homes and children to attend a convention, and the press, from one end
+of the land to the other, ridiculed us as a lot of old maids and childless
+married women.</p>
+
+<p>Today the press is our best friend, and we have taught the world
+that a mother can not live for her home and children in the best way
+unless she takes into her thought and work all other homes and children.
+The wives and daughters of the land have learned through us
+that a woman’s duty lies along the avenues by which she may bring into
+the home the best from the outside world. We conserve the home and
+child by our work in promoting the creation of juvenile courts, both in
+this country and abroad, and by sending to this convention as delegates
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_157">[157]</span>our chairman of that committee, Judge Benjamin Lindsey. We organize
+parents’ and teachers’ meetings in city and rural schools, and to make
+these meetings possible we have a committee on good roads for country
+children’s welfare.</p>
+
+<p>As a conservation congress for child welfare, we offer you, gentlemen,
+our experience and our organization in any efforts which you
+may put forth for the betterment of childhood whether in city or country.
+(Applause)</p>
+
+<p class="mt2">President <span class="smcap">Wallace</span>—I take pleasure in introducing to you Congressman
+Fred S. Jackson, former Attorney General of Kansas.</p>
+
+<p class="mt2"><span class="smcap">Mr. Jackson</span>—As soils may be exhausted, it is even possible to exhaust
+the conservation of soils—by discussion. We have listened to several
+papers, each of which has been not only intensely interesting but
+exhaustive on the subject of restoring and conserving exhausted soils.
+I may be pardoned, therefore, in asking your attention to another great
+national subject of conservation; that of conserving our lives and millions
+of property from loss by fire. This subject has been already partially
+discussed, before this Congress, through and by means of a report
+of the National Board of Fire Underwriters, a national organization of
+fire insurance companies.</p>
+
+<p>This report, though good in the main, is one-sided. It calls attention
+to the public duty of citizens in general in preventing fire losses. We
+desire by means of a national investigation under national supervision to
+remind insurance companies of certain of their own public duties, relative
+to the causes of fire losses.</p>
+
+<p>All agree that these losses are enormous and when compared with
+that of any other country are excessive and abnormal. In the last decade
+the amount of property insured has doubled and in spite of a campaign
+for fire prevention by the insurance companies, fire losses have also
+doubled.</p>
+
+<p>This disappointing result has led many of the best informed insurance
+experts of the country to conclude that the real “bug under the
+chip” in our fast increasing excessive and abnormal fire losses is the
+insurance rate, for which our insurance companies are responsible.</p>
+
+<p>I hold no brief in this matter against the insurance companies. I became
+interested in the subject merely as a state officer in an attempt to
+enforce state laws and to secure state supervision of rates in the interest
+of the public. Such laws are now in force in at least four states of the
+Union, and are sustained by our courts on the theory of the state’s right
+to protect the life and property of the citizens against loss from fire.</p>
+
+<p class="center">POWELL EVANS’ VIEWS.</p>
+
+<p>The importance of this subject has not been better or more strongly
+stated than by Mr. Powell Evans, of Philadelphia, one of the leading
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_158">[158]</span>business men of the country, who spoke before this Congress in its first
+session, in May, 1908. In a recent magazine article, Mr. Evans says:</p>
+
+<blockquote>
+
+<p>Fire waste in the United States and Canada is about ten times that of western
+Europe. It averages broadly $250,000,000 yearly with $150,000,000 added expense
+for protective measures imperatively demanded by this great, continuous, and
+increasing loss.</p>
+
+<p>The 1910 fire waste would pay the total interest-bearing debt of the country in
+four years; or would build the Panama Canal in less than two years. In other
+terms, it exceeds the combined cost of the United States Army and Navy and the
+interest on the National debt; or nearly equals the combined annual failure and
+pension payments in the United States; or exceeds the combined United States
+gold and silver production and Post Office Department receipts—these all annual
+figures.</p>
+
+<p>It represents about 40 per cent of either the total unused United States government
+receipts or total expenditures, or the net earnings of American railways; it
+represents about 80 per cent of either the United States Internal Revenue receipts
+or the United States Customs or the interest paid on the railways in the
+country. It exceeds the combined annual value of wheat, hay, oats, and rye crops,
+and is twice that of the cotton crop. It costs about $30,000 for each hour in the
+Year, or $500 for each minute. It costs, moreover, more than 1,500 lives and 5,000
+serious injuries annually.</p>
+
+<p>If all buildings burned last year in the United States were placed together on
+both sides of a street, they would make an avenue of desolation reaching from
+Chicago to New York, and although one seriously injured person were rescued
+every thousand feet, at every three-quarters of a mile a man, woman, or child
+would nevertheless be found burned to death.</p>
+
+<p>This fire loss averages three dollars per capita in America each year as against
+thirty cents in Europe. It is absolute loss, and not ever transferrence of value. It
+positively does no good to anyone. About two-thirds of this waste in life and property
+in this country could easily be avoided by means similar to those employed
+in western Europe, where the loss is about one-tenth of ours.</p>
+
+</blockquote>
+
+<p class="center">INSURANCE COMPANIES IN CONTROL.</p>
+
+<p>Let me now tax your attention with a consideration a little more in
+detail of the part played by the insurance system and the rate in the
+fire waste of the country.</p>
+
+<p>By common consent the control of fire has been left almost entirely
+to the care of the fire insurance company. The average man considers
+that the company pays the loss and suffers loss in the payment. In his
+opinion the company is impelled by fear of loss to exact a high state of
+efficiency from all engaged in stopping loss, and that it is also in position
+to know what ought to be done at any time to prevent loss or strengthen
+the forces that fight fire. From the point of view of the average man,
+to pay the insurance premium is to discharge his whole duty as a citizen.
+All else is a detail of the business of fire insurance and none of his
+business.</p>
+
+<p>The prevalence of this conception of the interest of the fire insurance
+company explains the apathy of the public and prominence of the
+company in all questions of public safety against fire. Nevertheless, it
+is a misconception, and until the public bestirs itself in its own behalf,
+fire waste will never be subdued. While the company pays the loss,
+payment is made out of a fund taken from the public in advance. This
+premium fund covers not only the loss but about as much more in addition
+for the use and profit of the company. Up to the limit of price
+that the public will stand for, the higher the losses, the more the premiums
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_159">[159]</span>and profits to be collected by the company. Thus the doubling of
+the loss, in the face of a ten-year campaign for reduction led by underwriters,
+is not the reflection on the leadership that it seems. If losses
+doubled, so also did premiums and profits.</p>
+
+<p>The actual control of the situation lies with the insurance rate.
+However, the companies may protest and exhort, little will be doing
+unless their admonitions find concrete embodiment in the rate. It was
+the rate that doubled premiums during the last ten years, and it was
+the rate which maintained the conditions of risk implicated in doubling
+the losses. It is axiomatic that premiums cannot be doubled unless losses
+double, and that losses will not double unless there is hazard to produce
+them. A true rate could have been promulgated ten years ago, which
+would have sent much hazard to the discard as no longer profitable and
+much of the subsequent loss would not have transpired. But premiums
+would have suffered a like shrinkage.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Evans’ address before the first Conservation Congress, to which
+I have already referred, became the basis of an official utterance by the
+National Board of Underwriters, and the public therefore must regard
+him as a creditable witness.</p>
+
+<p class="center">INSURANCE RATES.</p>
+
+<p>Here is what he says of the part of the insurance companies and
+insurance rates in this great national calamity:</p>
+
+<blockquote>
+
+<p>The world’s insurance bill is the measure of its fire waste. In the United States
+insurance costs, on the average, about 1 per cent of the policy value or one dollar
+per one hundred, with three dollars per capita fire waste; whereas, in western Europe
+insurance costs on the average one-tenth of one per cent of the policy value or ten
+cents per hundred, with thirty cents per capita fire waste.</p>
+
+<p>The sound rule follows that, as fire waste is reduced, the cost of insurance automatically
+falls in proportion, and from this cause only. Insurance is not a commodity
+in the usual term; it is a tax which distributes the fire waste of the country over
+its population. It is fundamentally a nation-wide average. About one-half of all insurance
+premiums collected are returned to the insured for fire losses, and the remaining
+one-half goes for expense and profits in the insurance business. Unduly
+numerous or large fires, or conflagrations, swell the total waste bill, and automatically
+rates rise everywhere within the national boundaries, until the half of all
+collections is great enough to pay these losses. Every inhabitant of the country contributes
+an average share of these insurance bills; higher rents, clothing, and food
+bills; and through them higher credit rates and interest on loans. No one can
+escape. In the aggregate, it can safely be said that every workman pays this three
+dollars yearly for every member of his family, through either one or all of these
+channels.</p>
+
+<p>The insurance interests have limited influence; no power other than imposing a
+high rate; and are in a measure, because of their own commercial interest, indifferent
+to present fire waste. It would appear to the layman at first glance that less
+fire waste would be welcome to the insurance business, yet the insurance
+influence is far from making a united effort to reduce it. So long as an insurance
+company does not have to pay out more than fifty per cent of its premiums
+for fire loss the unit profit is good. Therefore one-half of a high rate nets a greater
+final profit than the same proportion of a low one. Hence the automatic yard-stick
+rate schedule which companies apply to any property, which totals up the final rate
+in each case—having regard to the building, contents, and location (exposure hazard).
+This might result in a premium as low as ten cents on new mills, and stores (not
+contents); or as high as ten dollars per one hundred dollars on Southern wood-working
+mills. Many insurance managers actually prefer the higher rate and risk
+as making higher possible earnings for the company and permitting a higher absolute
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_160">[160]</span>payment to the broker, thus enabling the manager to produce a larger net
+annual profit, and to interest and hold a better line of brokers through whom to
+distribute his contracts of insurance.</p>
+
+<p>The broker, who gets from ten per cent to thirty per cent of the premium,
+objects even less to the higher rate—although, as we have seen, it inevitably means
+higher risk and more chance of fire, and in fact more fire waste; so the destruction
+continues.</p>
+
+</blockquote>
+
+<p>There’s a siamese twinship between premiums and losses that forbids
+a knockout. Packing houses afford an apt illustration of the control
+of the situation wielded by the insurance rate. Public attention was
+attracted last winter by a large loss in the Chicago stockyards which
+was accompanied by the death of many firemen. This loss involves a
+paradox which few observed. Why should appliances which would have
+prevented this loss and catastrophe be absent in the congested Chicago
+yards, and yet present in similar outlying plants owned by the same men?
+No spot on earth needs precaution against fire more than the Chicago
+stockyards, and in none is there a more profitable opening for investment
+in the means of safety.</p>
+
+<p class="center">SAFETY NOT SOUGHT FOR ITS OWN SAKE.</p>
+
+<p>The answer lies in the fact that safety is not sought for its own
+sake by the average business man. From the small dealer to the board
+of trustees of a great university, no more is appropriated for safety
+against fire than will pan out profit from the insurance rate. The rate
+makes safety pay in the outlying packing house and makes hazard pay
+in Chicago, and the packers are governed accordingly. Inquiry would
+probably develop that competitive conditions made a reasonable rate
+possible in the locations where the plants have been made safe, whereas,
+in the Chicago yards, competition does not operate and the rate is made
+by a board having only commissions at stake.</p>
+
+<p>How is this rate, so loaded with import to life and property, made?
+This question assumed prominence when regulation of rates was undertaken
+by certain states. Inquiries conducted by these states show that
+rate-making is neither what it purports to be nor what the public imagines.
+What it purports to be is indicated by the title given to schedules
+promulgated by associated insurance companies for the formation of
+rates throughout the West, namely, an “Analytical System for the Measurement
+of Relative Fire Hazard.” It is claimed to be a system of measurement.
+Something scientific, accurate and just is indicated by this
+title. The public accepts the schedule at the valuation fixed by the title,
+and believes that back of its provisions is a great fund of digested information
+bearing upon every angle of the problem. It suggests information
+collected by the companies with infinite patience and given freely, so that
+the making of rates might be done with exact justice to all, charging to
+none the burden that rightfully should be borne by another. What rate-making
+really is may be inferred from the inquiry of Missouri as to the
+reasonableness of the important schedule filed under the rating law of
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_161">[161]</span>that state for the formation of rates for fireproof buildings and contents.
+Some knowledge of premiums and losses in this class of property is
+clearly essential for the making of reasonable rates.</p>
+
+<figure class="figcenter illowp100" id="illus7" style="max-width: 43.75em;">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/illus7.jpg" alt="">
+  <figcaption>
+    <p>Convention Hall, Kansas City, where the Third National
+    Conservation Congress was held</p>
+  </figcaption>
+</figure>
+
+<p class="center">WHAT WAS ASKED OF COMPANIES.</p>
+
+<p>The companies were first asked by the Insurance Department of Missouri
+to furnish their experience in fireproof buildings and contents. Companies
+like the Aetna, Hartford, Home and Royal replied that they had
+never kept a tabulation of this nature and were unable to furnish any
+information which would show what premiums and losses might be
+expected from such property. It was explained by these companies that
+it was their custom, in keeping track of bakeries, for example, to class
+together those of ordinary construction, improved construction and fireproof
+construction.</p>
+
+<p>No useful information could be gleaned from such a source, and
+the experts who prepared the schedule were called to the witness stand
+and requested to justify their handiwork. It appeared on examination,
+however, that the provisions of this schedule were prepared without one
+iota of information showing what premiums and losses had been experienced
+in this class of property. It was not known whether the rates
+formerly used had proved unduly profitable or unprofitable, nor was it
+known with certainty whether the new rates would increase or diminish
+the premium charge as a whole.</p>
+
+<p>All classes of property receive this arbitrary treatment. In none
+are statistics kept to show whether the schedule is producing too much
+or too little revenue in comparison with the losses. It is admitted that
+many classes pay too much, while others are being carried at a loss, but
+no schedule is made to rectify this abuse, although the schedule purports
+to be a system of measurement.</p>
+
+<p>The companies do not keep faith with the public. We are promised
+that greater care to avoid fire will reduce the loss and lead to lower rates.
+But the rating system is conducted so that the public will neither know
+its just due nor receive it, except by resort to other forms of insurance.
+When some organized industry undertakes self-insurance, ratemakers
+soon find that conditions have improved and that reductions are in order.</p>
+
+<p>It is evident, however, that the end of this system of false measurement
+is near. Four states are regulating rates under laws which call for
+rates in reasonable relation to losses, and the sustaining of the constitutionality
+of such regulation by the lower courts makes similar legislation
+certain in practically all states. There is urgent need, therefore, for
+accurate knowledge on all matters which affect the rate of burning in
+the several classes of property. This knowledge does not exist. It must
+be acquired by study of data yet to be gathered. The data in the hands
+of the companies is worthless. It has been gathered by plain business
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_162">[162]</span>men engaged in the insurance business, and, whatever the purpose of
+the compilation, it certainly has had no reference to the formation of
+reasonable rates.</p>
+
+<p class="center">NEED FOR FEDERAL INVESTIGATION.</p>
+
+<p>Faulty treatment, and not incurability, is indicated by the persistence
+of the high level of destruction by fire in this country. The treatment
+is vague and characterized by irresponsibility. Diagnosis is wholly lacking;
+the location of the trouble is not known, and the remedies are applied
+haphazard in ignorance of the possible effect. No person connected
+with the treatment has a definite result to produce, or is even asked to
+prove that any result has been produced. The premiums and losses are
+reported in bulk to each state. The summation of these reports into
+one huge total constitutes all that is done by the insurance company or
+the insurance rater or the public to discover the workings of this great
+waste.</p>
+
+<p>Such blind methods can accomplish nothing. Risks must be enumerated.
+Those in need of treatment must be singled out and something
+economically appropriate be prescribed for each. To find out where and
+how effort can be put forth to economic advantage—to define what can
+be done wisely by the class and individual to reach the low economic level
+of loss—to keep watch of results and register the efficiencies of fire
+alarms, fire patrols, fire departments and fire resistants—these are details
+which must be wrought out before fire waste can be attacked with definite
+aim and for the perfecting of which the Federal investigation and bureau
+is proposed.</p>
+
+<p>The states appeal to the Federal Government to standardize the
+schedule for the formation of rates so that it shall become a true measure
+of the conditions to which it is applied. Leaving this measurement
+to the dictates of the “best underwriting judgment” has proved a costly
+error to the people. The underwriter escapes the common lot; the cost
+of his “error,” with a substantial addition for his profit, is borne by the
+people.</p>
+
+<p>When the fog that envelops this waste shall become dispersed by
+the Federal analysis, the way to its speedy removal will become clearly
+visible to the individual states.</p>
+
+<p>I lay no claim to originality in the presentation of this subject.
+I have given you facts and for the most part the comparisons and expressions
+of the experts who compiled these facts. They are original only
+in the sense that the testimony of witnesses recited in a brief or argument
+in a trial are original.</p>
+
+<p>I have asked the assistance of the Congress of the United States
+to secure an investigation of this important subject to the end that power
+may be added to the arms of the states to restore natural conditions as
+to fire losses in our modern business world.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_163">[163]</span></p>
+
+<p class="mt2">President <span class="smcap">Wallace</span>—You will now hear the great highway engineer
+of Missouri, Hon. Curtis Hill, on the subject of how good roads help
+the farmer.</p>
+
+<p class="mt2">Mr. <span class="smcap">Hill</span>—Mr. Chairman, Ladies and Gentlemen: There is no
+question but that we have been making as much progress in road work
+during the last few years as we have and as we are in other lines of
+work, and still in many places we are not making the progress that we
+road-making enthusiasts, and I might say road cranks, would like to see
+made. Still I do not believe that we can now apply to our highways
+over the large part of the Mississippi and Missouri valleys that little
+poem which, or a few verses of which, Robert Burns is said to have
+written upon his arrival at a little town in Scotland, illustrating that
+the highways of Scotland at one time were not much better than they
+are today of Missouri, I might say. Speaking of those highways, he left
+two verses, which run something like this:</p>
+
+<div class="poetry-container">
+  <div class="poetry">
+    <div class="stanza">
+      <div class="verse indent0">I am now arrived, thanks to the gods,</div>
+      <div class="verse indent2">Over pathways rough and muddy;</div>
+      <div class="verse indent0">A certain sign that making roads</div>
+      <div class="verse indent2">Is not these people’s study.</div>
+    </div>
+    <div class="stanza">
+      <div class="verse indent0">And though I am not with Scripture crammed,</div>
+      <div class="verse indent2">I am sure the Bible says</div>
+      <div class="verse indent0">That you people shall be damned</div>
+      <div class="verse indent2">Unless you mend your ways.</div>
+    </div>
+  </div>
+</div>
+
+<p>Now, how good roads help the farmer must always include others,
+and it can be best discussed in a short discussion, in a general way under
+two heads. First, transportation systems, and the importance of our
+social conditions. Referring to Robert Burns in Scotland, you will
+see that the road question has been hammered upon for years and years.
+Man has been considering it as a means, and as one means of transportation.
+Now, in fact man has been forever trying to overcome gravitation,
+from the first load that a man carried on his back, or put upon the
+back of a pack animal, he has been endeavoring to lighten his burdens
+by overcoming the laws of gravitation. And so it has been through all
+history. The galley, the sail boat, the steamship, automobile, and air-ship.
+The good roads is one line in the endeavor to overcome the laws
+of gravitation and to make easier one method of transportation. Transportation
+charges have entered more into the cost of living than any
+other one item. Food, clothing, building material, all the staple necessities
+of life have had to pay the freight. The freight is deducted from
+or added to the price of the article which forms the basis of the price
+which the producer receives or the consumer pays. The man who produces
+the commodity, or he who settles the bill, pays the freight. Neither
+the producer nor the consumer has gained by a high cost of transportation.
+The question of good roads is therefore at the present time one
+of the most vital with which we have to deal. There is no one internal
+improvement so absolutely necessary and essential to a state’s progress
+and prosperity as the betterment of the highways. (Applause) Good
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_164">[164]</span>highways are necessary to a state’s progress and prosperity, as well as
+that of a community, because they involve the transportation problem.
+With transportation is involved the problem of life, the cost and pleasures
+of living, exchange of commodities, valuation of property and the
+social and moral and educational conditions. The problem of life is a
+study closely linked with the problem of transportation.</p>
+
+<p>Our very existence as a social and commercial body as a state is
+dependent upon transportation to such an extent that without easy, quick
+and economic means of transportation we must rank as a second, third
+or fourth class state. The greatest assets of the most substantial nations
+are transportation and agriculture, neither one of which can be fully
+developed without the other. The transportation of the bulk of agricultural
+shipments begins at the farm when the raw material is hauled over
+the country roads. This country road is the farmer’s own road, which
+leads to the collecting points of transportation by rail and water, and
+over which he reaches his market. It is used one hundred times to every
+other time for all other means of transportation. The good road permits
+the farmer to watch his markets and not the road. Many a farmer
+markets his grain at harvest time because it is a season of good roads,
+at a less price than he would by storing the grain until the markets are
+better and less glutted, and when he would have more leisure time for
+hauling it to the market. The good road permits him to haul double
+the load that he would over a poor one, and he is thus enabled to move
+his crop in one-half the time. This, figuratively speaking, picks up the
+producer and sets him down one-half the distance closer to his market.
+You all know that distance in this age is measured in time and not in
+miles. The country road is the people’s own road, their own means of
+transportation, and it is the only transportation system that is owned,
+operated and controlled by the people themselves.</p>
+
+<p>It is at the same time the most neglected system of transportation
+in the United States, and the most expensive over which to transport
+our produce, owing largely to this neglect. Many a pound of freight
+originating upon a farm, or destined to a farm, moves over a common
+country road at a cost three times as high as it would be if the road
+were first class. Often the haul between the farm and the railroad costs
+more than the remainder of the journey, and the railroad or any other
+means of rail transportation cannot be expected to reach every man’s
+farm, and it becomes necessary to provide means for transporting the
+commodities to the railroad. The wagon road then becomes a system
+of transportation, just as a line of boats or a railroad is a system of
+transportation. Water and rail are the means for long distance transportation;
+highways for local exchange. The highway serves the purpose
+for local transportation, and is a connecting link for local traffic
+with the railroads. The condition of this connecting link or highway
+may make transportation reasonable or costly. Too frequently, as I
+said before, the haul over the highway is the most expensive part of
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_165">[165]</span>farm transportation. It requires a tractive force of 125 pounds per ton
+upon an ordinary country earth road, and only sixty pounds upon a
+rock road. The cost of transportation by water and rail seldom exceeds
+one cent per ton mile. That upon a good road is from seven to ten cents
+per ton mile. Upon our ordinary country highway, half kept roads, it is
+from twenty cents up to anything, depending upon the condition of the
+road. The railroad will haul a bushel of your grain thirty miles as
+cheaply as the farmer can bring it one mile. If the farmer is situated
+a few miles out of town on poor roads, the railroads will haul the produce
+and the commodities to cities like Kansas City rather, and the
+return merchandise from that city as cheaply as the farmer can haul it
+to and from the railroad and to the farm. Now this high cost of transportation
+can be decreased by increasing the size of the load. This can
+be done by improving the road surface. The high cost of transportation
+is not altogether due to the railroad. Good wagon roads are just
+as important a factor in the reduction of this high cost of transportation
+as are low rates by water or rail.</p>
+
+<p>By social conditions, in my opening remarks, I meant the pleasures
+of community life, the exchange of visits and social courtesies, neighborhood
+gatherings, social association, fellowship, and the home, the school
+and the church. The roads should be built for some of the pleasures
+and comforts of life as well as for their pecuniary interest. It has been
+said that the pecuniary benefits of good roads sink into insignificance
+when compared with their social, moral and educational advantages.
+Man after all is only a social being, and is influenced by his surroundings.
+The maintenance of a seat of learning, or of a good church in
+and by a neighborhood has its influence upon the people of that community.
+The maintenance of anything tending towards better living has
+a good influence. The maintenance of a good road or improved road
+has a good influence by permitting easier intercourse between the people
+of country communities, between rural and urban population, and unifies
+social and commercial interests. The rural mail delivery is one of the
+greatest means of education today. Good roads facilitate rural mail
+delivery, and therefore tend to improve educational conditions. The
+improvement of our roads would also facilitate the central high school
+idea for country districts, for while our roads are not an impassable
+barrier in all of the districts, in some they are, and in many they are
+obstacles. If our country churches are to be supplied with good pastors
+and our country schools with able teachers, better libraries and other
+facilities, it must be by the support of greater wealth therefor, by the
+consolidation of the districts being possible only where good roads exist,
+where people can be easily and safely transported. The schools and the
+churches in many sections of our best land have a decayed, run-down,
+neglected appearance. Churches which are practically abandoned certain
+seasons of the year because of the condition of the roads, country schools
+not accessible in seasons of bad roads, little children plodding through
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_166">[166]</span>mud and water and compelled to sit all day in the school room with wet
+feet and damp clothing—this may not apparently affect the children
+today, but for all the parents know it may be instrumental in undermining
+otherwise strong constitutions and laying up many aches and pains
+for future life. As someone has appropriately asked, “Why should a
+Christian people have heathen roads and a civilized people barbarous
+ones?” One thought which possibly you have heard brought out time
+and time again at these congresses for several years is that the trend
+of population has been from the farms to the cities and the towns. A
+large part of the best blood and sinew of the country has been trying
+to get away from the farm. If this continues, it is going to sap the farm
+industry of its best blood and its best energy. There is something wrong
+today with our country conditions, when so many of our best farmers
+leave the farms and seek homes elsewhere in order to give their families
+better social and educational advantages and when so many of the
+brightest youths from the country become discouraged with country life
+and endeavor to escape from the farm. A fair percentage of the men
+and women, boys and girls must be kept on the farm. This can be done
+by making farm life worth living. Good roads will help to do it. Will
+the best, most progressive farm ever be developed without these young
+men and women, boys and girls to grow into intelligent farmers? Will
+the increased yield per acre by means of better farming become fully
+effectual without bettering the means for marketing that yield? Can
+you incite better farming and maintain a higher order of intelligence
+and social conditions in country life without easy means of communication?
+Can country life be supplied with the necessary association and
+good fellowship, without good roads?</p>
+
+<p>In conclusion, Mr. Chairman, let me state that I do not contend
+that good roads is the whole solution for happiness and prosperity of
+country life, but I do contend that a very necessary and important part
+of it is the relation which our public roads bear to our social and moral
+and our educational life. The home and the school are the nucleus
+around which our social life exists, and this is especially true of country
+life.</p>
+
+<p>Neglect your public road conditions and you will not only neglect
+your transportation facilities, but you will neglect your social and your
+educational environments.</p>
+
+<p>The articles that we eat and wear must come from the farm, and
+the growth and the development of agriculture and the life connected
+therewith, no matter how we may view this question of the development
+of the farm, the betterment of life and the development of the country
+community life, its transportation, exchange of commodities, the basis
+upon which it rests will be found a question of good roads. No proposition
+for the betterment of country conditions, no proposition for the
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_167">[167]</span>good country life is an assured success until good roads are assured.
+It all rests upon the question of transportation, and communication, and
+the basis of transportation is the public wagon road. (Applause)</p>
+
+<p class="mt2">Professor <span class="smcap">Condra</span>—I beg leave to submit the report of the committee
+on credentials.</p>
+
+<p>The Chair announces the appointment of the following committee
+on credentials:</p>
+
+<ul>
+  <li>Prof. Geo. E. Condra, of Nebraska.</li>
+  <li>Dr. H. E. Barnard, of Indiana.</li>
+  <li>Mr. Ralph H. Faxon, of Kansas.</li>
+  <li>Mr. E. T. Allen, of Oregon.</li>
+  <li>Mr. W. E. Barns, of Missouri.</li>
+</ul>
+
+<p class="mt2">President <span class="smcap">Wallace</span>—If you want to get the proceedings of the
+Congress, which will be worth their weight in gold, give your name and
+a dollar to the secretary.</p>
+
+<p class="mt2">Professor <span class="smcap">Condra</span>—I move that the report be received and the
+committee discharged.</p>
+
+<p class="mt2">President <span class="smcap">Wallace</span>—We will now hear the Hon. J. B. White, of
+Kansas City, who will tell us what he knows about lumber in Europe.</p>
+
+<p class="mt2"><span class="smcap">Mr. White</span>—In Europe the experience of more than a hundred
+years in forest management has resulted in a more or less scientific and
+practical policy, although it cannot be said that a well defined, universal
+policy has yet obtained. This is largely due to conditions of ownership,
+with consequent variance in ideas as applying to various local conditions,
+as well as the difference in necessities and financial ability of individual
+owners to carry out in successful practice the best approved methods.
+Hence there is a growing tendency towards greater governmental control,
+whereunder the most economic working system, suited to different
+conditions of soil, climate and kind of forestry, would be intelligently
+considered and properly installed.</p>
+
+<p>In the German Empire 47 per cent of the entire forest area is
+privately owned, and 32 per cent by the state, 19 per cent by institutions,
+communities and associations, and 21 per cent by the crown. Thirty-three
+per cent is hardwood and 67 per cent conifers. They are now
+cutting about their annual growth, taking an average of hardwood and
+conifers.</p>
+
+<p>Austria-Hungary exports more lumber than any other nation in the
+world. It covers 46,500,000 acres, or a little over 30 per cent of the
+total land area. In Austria the forests are composed principally of conifers,
+spruce, pine and fir, only 15 per cent of the acreage being of hardwood.
+Sixty-one per cent is in the hands of private owners, and one-half
+of this, or 30 per cent of the entire forest, in the hands of small
+owners. The state owns less than 11 per cent of the forests; the balance
+belongs to churches and communities. The average yearly growth of
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_168">[168]</span>all the Austrian forests is said to be about forty-two cubic feet per acre,
+or an annual growth of about 1,100,000,000 cubic feet. They are now
+cutting annually 250,000,000 cubic feet more than this, or 20 per cent
+faster than it is growing. This excess of cut, over the growth, will in
+large measure regulate itself, as the increasing demand makes the industry
+more profitable and encourages the planting of greater forest area.</p>
+
+<p>In Hungary about 75 per cent of the total forest area is oak, beech,
+maple and other hardwood species, and only 25 per cent of conifers.
+The annual yield of conifers is about fifty-eight cubic feet per acre, and
+that of oak about forty-one cubic feet per acre. Thus the conifers yield
+the largest percentage of commercial lumber and are most valuable as
+a crop because of more rapid growth, and because of their larger demand
+for building purposes. Sixty per cent of the total acreage in Hungary
+is private forests, about 18 per cent is state forest, and 22 per cent communal
+and church forests. The annual cut in Hungary is estimated to
+be less than the annual growth.</p>
+
+<p>England has not until very recently deemed forestry profitable, preferring
+to buy her supply. Of her 3,000,000 acres of woodlands, mostly
+devoted to parks and the chase, the state only owns 2 per cent. France
+has 24,000,000 acres of forest, or 18 per cent of its land area, of which
+only 12 per cent of its wooded area belongs to the state.</p>
+
+<p>Switzerland has about 25 per cent of her total area under forest.
+The Zurich forest, known as the Sihlwald, containing 2,760 acres, is 85
+per cent hardwood, and is worked on a rotation period of 100 to 110
+years. The forest director claims an annual growth for the Zurich forest
+of sixty-five cubic feet per acre, while the general average of all the
+forests is only fifty cubic feet per acre. This means the entire growth—wood,
+poles, limbs and all. Only 40 per cent of the total cut is saw timber
+for building purposes. The net income from this forest for the past
+twenty-five years has been from $4.00 to $7.00 per acre, not including
+interest charges. It was $4.40 in 1890 and $7.69 in 1907. This forest
+has its own mills and saves all profits.</p>
+
+<p>In Switzerland one pays taxes when the crop is harvested. In Germany
+and Austria the method of taxation varies in different states, but
+laws are always favorable to encourage private forestry. In some cases
+one pays no taxes for twenty years. Then one begins to thin out the
+poles for use of telegraph and telephone companies, etc., and get a revenue,
+and leaving a stand in destructive forestry which, when sixty years
+old, will yield in many cases 20,000 feet of lumber, board measure, per
+acre. In fact, the average is 4,190 cubic feet per acre of timber and fuel,
+which, according to values prevailing in England and Germany, amounts
+to about $200.00 per acre.</p>
+
+<p class="center">CUTTING METHODS IN EUROPE.</p>
+
+<p>It was pointed out to us that mixed growth or conservative forestry
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_169">[169]</span>is expensive. The most economical and profitable plan is the destructive
+method. That is, a forest is planted and grown like any other crop, and
+whenever interest, carrying charges and total cost meet the market value
+at age and time of greatest profit, then trees are cut and they are all
+about of a size. The entire acreage is cut clean and the cost of logging
+is cheap. Trees are again planted and another crop grown. Under the
+old plan of conservation of mixed growth and mixed sizes, or the shelter-wood
+system, not as much can be grown per acre, and the cost of logging
+out the large trees is vastly more expensive, and damage is done
+to other timber in falling them, while in the destructive method all is
+taken and a large crop harvested. It is nice to view these stands of
+timber in strips, side by side, ranging in years from baby trees to stands
+of ten, twenty, thirty, forty, fifty and up to sixty and eighty years of
+age, when they are ready to be harvested.</p>
+
+<p>In growing forests in Europe, lands that are better adapted for agriculture
+are not used. The degree of utility is considered. And in determining
+the value of a forest property, one has to figure compound interest,
+as the crop may not be harvested and the capital returned for sixty
+or eighty years. Because of absolute protection from forest fires, capital
+is regarded as safe, and investors in forests are satisfied with a low rate.
+As an investment, forests require less labor than other crops, if one practices
+the most economical method of what is called destructive forestry.
+In times of temporary high prices, one can take advantage of the situation
+and harvest more than the annual growth, and can then wait and
+let the trees grow when prices are low, and this is the usual practice.
+The rate of interest generally charged to the forests, and compounded,
+is sometimes determined by rate yielded by government securities, which
+is usually about 2½ per cent.</p>
+
+<p class="center">THE ROTATION METHOD.</p>
+
+<p>It has been ascertained by careful observations that Scotch pine
+(which grows rapidly, like our short leaf yellow pine) yields, on medium
+soil in every sixty-year rotation in best quality of location, 5,255 cubic
+feet per acre, of which an average of 565 cubic feet have been removed
+in thinning as the forest has been growing, figuring the thinning out being
+done on an average of about every ten years, leaving at the end of sixty
+years an average of 4,690 cubic feet per acre. If allowed to remain,
+this has increased in ten years to 5,250 cubic feet per acre, besides 536
+cubic feet that have been profitably taken out in thinning in the last ten
+years, leaving at seventy years 5,250 cubic feet. Now in the next ten
+years there will profitably be taken an average of 493 cubic feet in thinning
+as against the 536 cubic feet taken out the ten years before, leaving
+at the end of eighty years standing on each acre an average amount of
+5,720 cubic feet per acre.</p>
+
+<p>These interesting results follow: With average values of lumber
+products as in the year 1910, an eighty-year rotation period with Scotch
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_170">[170]</span>pine would pay 2½ per cent compound interest on soil value of $97.00
+per acre. With a ninety-year rotation period it would pay this interest
+rate on land worth only $94.00 per acre. On a seventy-year rotation
+period it would pay such interest rate on land worth $94.60 per acre,
+and on sixty-year rotation it would pay such rate of interest on land
+worth $85.00 per acre. This shows that the maximum profits at this
+low rate of interest come from cutting the forests at eighty years’ growth.
+The greater the variation from this eighty-year period the less favorable
+the financial results. The maximum age for hardwood trees for best
+profit is said to be rotation periods of about 100 years with a low rate
+of interest suited to the safety of the investment. These statistics were
+prepared by Sir William Schlich, professor of forestry at the University
+of Oxford, and published by him this year, and are undoubtedly reliable.</p>
+
+<p>But it is safer to figure at a compound interest rate of 4 per cent.
+A high rate of interest demands a low value of soil, and <i>vice versa</i>. And
+as Sir William points out, the value is, however, not in inverse proportion
+to the rate of interest, as the value of the soil rises more rapidly
+than the interest falls. Under a low rate of interest, the expectation
+value of soil culminates later than under a high rate of interest. So
+that under a 2½ per cent interest rate, the timber could stand about
+eighty years; under a 3 per cent rate, about seventy years, and under a
+4 per cent rate it should be cut every sixty years. Or, to further illustrate,
+if a party is satisfied with 2½ per cent compound interest on his
+investment in European forestry, he could pay $97.00 per acre for his
+land, and must cut it at eighty years of age.</p>
+
+<p>If he desires 3 per cent interest he must not pay over $55.50 per
+acre, and must cut his timber when seventy years of age. And if he
+demands 4 per cent interest rate he cannot pay quite $15.00 per acre
+for his soil, and must cut his trees when sixty years old.</p>
+
+<p class="center">PERIODS OF PINE TREE GROWTH.</p>
+
+<p>Now this is the best than can be done in Europe (which, according
+to statistics, is 37 per cent above the average yield), with the best results
+as to soil and favorable location, with low-priced labor, with most favorable
+consideration by the government as to taxation, and with the most
+approved economical methods, where the limbs and twigs are sold for
+fuel, and forest products are fully 50 per cent higher than they are in
+the United States. So it is fairly well established that from sixty to
+eighty years is the most profitable rotation period for growing Scotch
+pine forests in Europe. The higher the rate of interest demanded, the
+shorter the rotation.</p>
+
+<p>With advancing age the value of the stumpage increases so that
+the value of the soil for forestry becomes nearly positive. But in time
+a maximum is reached, and it falls again. This maximum, with 2½
+per cent money, is eighty years growth, and with 4 per cent money only
+sixty years growth. The value of the soil under a very brief rotation
+would be negative, so that the yield might not even cover the cost of
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_171">[171]</span>harvesting. And under a very long rotation, the value of the soil would
+again become negative, because it could not stand the compound interest
+and other expenses for an excessively long term of years.</p>
+
+<p>It follows that the expenses during the early part of the rotation
+affects the expectation value disastrously, for compound interest is running
+against this expense for a long term of years, lessened only by sale
+of the thinnings in about ten-year periods. Of course a sudden and
+heavy increase in the value of stumpage, at any given period after trees
+are large enough to cut, may create a second maximum, differing from
+the normal average because of an unexpectedly great demand, causing
+an abnormally and temporarily high price. But the cost one has to pay
+for the soil is really the true value, chiefly determined by its value for
+ordinary purposes of agriculture; and as trees will thrive on land not
+so well suited for farm crops, such lands are nearly always selected for
+forestry. But if the soil can be more profitably used for agriculture in
+the examples just mentioned, then the increased value will enter into
+the account to change the length period of rotation of forest crop. And
+where the acreage is not stocked to its full capacity (on account of poor
+soil, or for any other reason), the rotation, for which the highest probable
+value of the growing stock is obtained, can, as Sir William states,
+only be determined by experimental calculations based on these special
+cases.</p>
+
+<p class="center">THE YIELD OF FORESTS.</p>
+
+<p>But this method of calculation is absolutely logical, and shows under
+the most normal conditions what we can expect, and it has been proved
+by experience. The abnormal conditions that may occasionally present
+themselves are governed by these same financial methods of reasoning,
+differing only in degree of application, by reason of change of basic
+conditions in each special case. A normal yield is what the forest can
+permanently be depended upon to produce. It is a permanent interest
+investment of greater or lesser rate, where the principal will never be
+returned, while the land is kept in forest crops. These figures are based
+upon the best yields in the clear cutting of destructive forest system,
+which, as has been stated, is 37 per cent above the average. But the
+principle of calculation applies equally as well in the shelter-wood system
+of different age trees; but the average volume per tree in each age class
+in the latter system has to be taken into consideration. On the whole,
+it has been admitted by the best foresters that the system of clear cutting,
+then pulling the stumps, fallowing or planting other crops for a
+couple of years, and replanting again, gives the best financial results.</p>
+
+<p>So much for European forestry. Now how will this system apply
+to us, under our conditions of taxation, high-priced labor, and low-priced
+forest products, and considering the fact that there is little or no demand
+for the thinnings until large enough for telegraph poles, and no market
+for the tops and necessary waste in manufacturing? We are lacking in
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_172">[172]</span>statistics, because we have not sufficient experience along the lines of
+growing new forests, at either private or public expense. But we are
+soon to be interested in what it will cost to reforest and grow commercial
+timber in the United States. And surely our present supply of old growth
+timber from 150 to 300 years old is worth more than the cost of growing
+timber sixty to eighty years old. The United States owns in national
+forests 192,931,197 acres. The state forest reserves of 3,253,185 acres,
+the national parks of 4,562,265 acres, and the Indian forests of approximately
+10,000,000 acres, make the total of public forests over 210,000,000
+acres. Chief Forester Graves estimates the area of private forests as
+over three times that of the public forests, and containing five times the
+timber that is on the public lands.</p>
+
+<p>The countries whose wood exports exceed their imports are: Austria-Hungary,
+Canada, Sweden, Russia, Finland, the United States of
+America, Norway, Bosnia-Herzgovina, Roumania, and Japan. The countries
+whose wood imports exceed their exports are: The United Kingdom,
+Germany, France, Belgium, Spain, Italy, Holland, Denmark, Switzerland,
+Australian colonies, China, Greece, West Indies, Bulgaria, Servia,
+and British possessions in Africa.</p>
+
+<p class="center">CONDITIONS TO BE CONSIDERED.</p>
+
+<p>The climate and other conditions in some countries render them not
+so well adapted to growing trees as for growing other crops; and they
+find it more profitable to exchange their products for the wood products
+of other countries that either have a present surplus, or whose climate,
+soil and land values enable them to grow trees at lower cost. This is
+true with the different states in our own country. Illinois and Iowa,
+for instance, will never grow what timber they require. They can more
+profitably grow corn, and exchange for lumber products with those states
+which have low-priced and mountainous land with plenty of moisture,
+so that trees will grow twice as fast as in those prairie states where land
+is very expensive and climate not so well adapted. Trees will be grown
+here, as in Europe, where they can be grown cheapest, and they will be
+harvested at an age which will bring the greatest net profit. The market
+price of the product will be finally and surely governed by the cost of
+growth and manufacture, insurance, and risk, and the price of money
+used in the business.</p>
+
+<p>If the Government of the United States itself can get money at 2½
+per cent, as it can, while private owners have to pay 5 per cent or 6 per
+cent, then it follows that the states and the Government can, for this
+very important reason alone, grow commercial trees cheaper than private
+individuals, and can remove the maximum rotation period to a more mature
+age, giving better lumber from older trees at the same cost at which
+private owners would have to furnish poorer lumber, because coming
+from younger trees. But the people pay the cost, whatever it may be,
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_173">[173]</span>whether the Government or private interests grow the trees. The consumer
+is interested that they be grown as cheaply as possible. It is likely
+true here, as in Europe, that forestry will be a more general success with
+private owners, if they are in some important methods placed under the
+practical rules of government forestry. It will be found here, as over
+there, that private forests will not prove so generally productive, or, as
+a rule, so economically administered, as the government or state forests
+under the management of expert foresters. And parenthetically, is it
+not equally true that many farms and farmers would be better off if
+directed by government or state experts?</p>
+
+<p>In Europe they have no forest losses from fire for the reason that
+fires are prevented from starting. The railroad locomotive has been the
+cause of most forest fires in the West, and I observe that these Western
+roads are now equipping hundreds of their locomotives with spark arresters,
+so as to prevent the starting of these fires in the future. United
+States Chief Forester Graves very truly says: “Private owners do not
+practice forestry for one or more of three reasons: First, the risk of
+fire; second, burdensome taxation; third, low price of products.” Forester
+E. T. Allen has pointedly said: “Forest protection is the cheapest
+form of prosperity insurance a timbered state can buy.” It is not the
+present generation so much as it is the future generations that will be
+affected disastrously by our neglect. The principles of agriculture, horticulture,
+forestry, and the science of conservation of soil and trees, and
+of life itself, should be taught in our public schools.</p>
+
+<p class="center">THE EXAMPLE OF DENMARK.</p>
+
+<p>In Denmark, a country which fifty years ago was one of the poorest
+in Europe, they have erected a statue to Captain Dalgas, who reforested
+Denmark and changed a desert heath into a rich farming country. So
+now Denmark is said to be, according to its size, one of the most prosperous
+nations in the world. It was the patriotism and inspiration of
+Captain Dalgas that enthused the citizens. He lectured to the people,
+and talked to the children in the schools, and made converts everywhere.
+He gave all he had, and begged and pleaded against doubt and opposition
+of the most discouraging character, until success crowned his efforts.
+He will be loved and his memory cherished by all the people of Denmark
+through all future years as one who saved the nation. In many vital
+respects, for energy and self-sacrifice, his work reminds us of our Gifford
+Pinchot.</p>
+
+<p>We are, as a nation, too young to understand the dangers before us;
+for we are just emerging from a condition of burning log heaps to make
+farms, from a condition of too much timber for a small population to
+a condition of too little timber for a large population. Yet we have
+enough if we will now conserve and reforest. Our ancestors did the
+best they could under conditions and the light that they had—what now
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_174">[174]</span>seems waste, had then no market and was unavoidable. As a nation we
+are proud of our past and we should also be more proud of what we
+expect to become. As was said not long ago by one of our greatest statesmen,
+“Conservation of our resources does not mean that we shall become
+great in the present at the expense of the future, but that we shall show
+ourselves truly great by striving to make the Nation’s future as great as
+the present.” (Applause)</p>
+
+<p class="mt2">President <span class="smcap">Wallace</span>—The committee on nominations is ready to
+make its report.</p>
+
+<p class="mt2">Mr. <span class="smcap">Baker</span>—Pursuant to an announcement made from the stage
+at the opening of the afternoon session of the Congress this day, the
+members of the nominating committee met in room 775, Baltimore Hotel,
+at 3:00 p. m., and unanimously nominated the following officers for
+election for the ensuing year:</p>
+
+<ul>
+  <li>President, J. B. White.</li>
+  <li>Secretary, Thomas R. Shipp.</li>
+  <li>Treasurer, D. Austin Latchaw.</li>
+  <li>Recording Secretary, James C. Gipe.</li>
+</ul>
+
+<p>The report is signed by the following nominating committee: Mr.
+B. N. Baker, Baltimore, Md.; Major E. G. Griggs, Tacoma, Wash.; Mr.
+A. B. Farquhar, York, Pa.; Mr. H. C. Wallace, Des Moines, Ia.; Mr.
+Henry S. Graves, Washington, D. C.; Mr. G. E. Condra, Lincoln, Nebr.</p>
+
+<p class="mt2">President <span class="smcap">Wallace</span>—You have heard the nominations. Is there a
+motion made to accept and approve the report of the committee?</p>
+
+<p class="mt2">Delegate <span class="smcap">Baker</span>—I move that the report be accepted.</p>
+
+<p>Motion was duly seconded and, on being put to vote, was carried.</p>
+
+<p class="mt2">President <span class="smcap">Wallace</span>—I want to thank members of the Congress for
+their kindness to me. And I am going to make a confession now. I
+have been running a bluff on you, for I never in my life presided over
+any convention or association of more than thirty persons, and it is only
+by the marvelous patience that this Congress has shown and its endurance
+that I have been enabled to carry it through. I thank you, and I
+want to say that I do not believe the mantle could have fallen on a better
+man than Mr. J. B. White. (Applause)</p>
+
+<p class="mt2">President <span class="smcap">White</span>—I hope the election has been fair, if there has
+been an election. Has there?</p>
+
+<p class="mt2">Mr. <span class="smcap">Wallace</span>—Yes, sir, there has been an election and you are
+president.</p>
+
+<p class="mt2">President <span class="smcap">White</span>—Has the committee reported?</p>
+
+<p class="mt2">Mr. <span class="smcap">Wallace</span>—It has, and reported in favor of you, Mr. Shipp,
+Mr. Latchaw and Mr. Gipe.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_175">[175]</span></p>
+
+<p class="mt2">President <span class="smcap">White</span>—This is a great honor, and I appreciate it very
+much, more than I can tell. I have been in politics before tonight, but
+not in this way. I will have to tell a short story. It will take less time
+to tell it than it did for the events to transpire. I have got to tell it
+straight because I see Governor Stone of Pennsylvania watching me. I
+was a candidate one time when I thought it was necessary for someone
+to represent some good principles. I published a newspaper. I owned
+a farm and a small saw mill, and I was nominated because I was a
+granger and because I had the reputation of being a laborer. I got the
+nomination of the Democratic party of my state, and the nomination
+of the National Greenback and Labor party of my county. Then the
+Prohibitionists met. They were not quite sure about me as a Prohibitionist,
+but they said that they would support me, and they would not
+put any ticket in the field against me. So that I had the endorsement
+of the Prohibitionists, the Greenbackers, the Labor party, and the Democratic
+party, but I did not have the Republican party because there was
+another man running in that party, and I had to have one opponent.
+The fight waxed warm. I drove all over the county, to every school
+house; I met the people, kissed all the babies in the county, and I was
+elected by a very large majority. It was not quite unanimous, but it
+was very large. This appears to be unanimous. And the next day
+after the election a gentleman came down from the township, I think,
+of Limestone, up above Warren on the Allegheny river. He came to
+see me, and said “I see you are elected.” “Yes,” I said, “I understand
+I am. It is very gratifying as it has been a very hard campaign.” “I
+came down to see Davis, the treasurer of this campaign fund,” he said.
+“Davis is in Warren,” I told him. “Well, I stopped off at Warren on
+the way down to see him and Davis was not to home. I spent $30.00
+in this campaign and Davis said to come right down after election and
+get my money. I thought maybe you could pay it. You are elected,
+and I come down to see you.” “Let us see, what did you spend that
+money for? How did you spend it?” I asked. “Well,” he said, “I told
+Davis I could carry Limestone Township. The way I done it was that
+I went and bought a ten-gallon keg of whisky, and I got down by the
+ferry. The lumberman and tie markers from up in that township had
+to go across the ferry. On the other side I put the keg of whisky in
+the ferry house. Every man that came along I says, ‘Come on, boys,’
+and they came in to get their ferry tickets. And I says, ‘Here, have a
+drink,’ and I gave them a drink, and I gave them your ticket. I says,
+‘Here is a ticket for White; go right over on the other side and vote,
+and then when you come back come in and get another drink.’ They
+went right, every one of them, and voted, and they were so anxious to
+come back and get another drink that they never stopped to talk with
+anybody. And that is the way we carried Limestone Township solid
+for you.”</p>
+
+<p>I said, “Well, that is very gratifying, but you know, of course, I am
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_176">[176]</span>somewhat of a candidate on the Prohibition ticket. I think you had better
+see Davis about this.” “Well, yes,” he says, “that is all right, I know;
+I knew you was a candidate also on the Democratic ticket, and I thought
+you might pay this out of Democratic money.” (Applause) So I think
+probably Davis fixed it without my knowledge. I will ask the retiring
+president to introduce to this audience Prof. Hopkins.</p>
+
+<p class="mt2">Mr. <span class="smcap">Wallace</span>—Permit me to say that Prof. Hopkins has done a
+wonderful work in the State of Illinois, and I have asked him to present
+the results of that work, or to tell us about worn-out soils. If your
+soils out in Kansas are not worn out, they will be unless you mend your
+ways. Now you want to listen to Professor Cyril G. Hopkins of the
+University of Illinois. (Applause)</p>
+
+<p class="mt2">Professor <span class="smcap">Hopkins</span>—As agriculture is the basis of all industry, so
+the fertility of the soil is the basic support of every form of agriculture.
+Without productive land there could be no American agriculture and no
+American prosperity. The most important material problem of the
+United States is to restore, to increase, and to permanently maintain
+the fertility and productive power of our farm lands. In comparison
+with this problem others fade almost to insignificance; and we do well
+to pause in the rush and hurry of our business life, to measure the agricultural
+record of the past and to consider the possibilities of the future.</p>
+
+<p>I come before this National Congress of patriotic, progressive and
+influential men and women, not to present theories or opinions, but facts
+and data, which deserve and should command your immediate serious
+consideration and your subsequent persistent and effective action.</p>
+
+<p>Intelligent optimism is right and admirable, but blind bigotry paraded
+as optimism is dangerous and condemnable. “Truth, crushed to earth,
+shall rise again; the eternal years of God are hers”; and this Congress
+has before it the duty and the right to uncover the facts, to face the truth,
+and to plan intelligently for the solution of this mighty problem.</p>
+
+<p>That vast areas of land once cultivated with profit in the original
+thirteen states now lie agriculturally abandoned is common knowledge;
+and that the farm lands of the great corn belt and wheat belt of the
+North Central states are even now undergoing the most rapid soil depletion
+ever witnessed is known to all who possess the facts.</p>
+
+<p class="center">WHAT CROP STATISTICS SHOW.</p>
+
+<p>The crop statistics of the United States now cover two twenty-year
+periods, and half a decade on the next. A comparison of these two
+periods shows the average acre yield in the United States to have increased
+only one bushel for wheat and one-half bushel for rye; while
+corn decreased one and one-half bushels and potatoes decreased seven
+bushels per acre. These crops constitute the basis of our human foods,
+even our supply of meat being largely dependent upon the corn crop.
+Thus, in spite of the vast areas of new land put under cultivation during
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_177">[177]</span>the last twenty years, and in spite of the improvements in dredge ditching
+and tile drainage, in seed, and in implements and methods of cultivation,
+the average acre yield shows little or no increase. In striking
+contrast the census returns show an increase in the population of contiguous
+continental United States from thirty-eight million to ninety-two
+million people during the last forty years; and in spite of the fact that
+to feed our rapidly increasing population we have extended our area of
+cultivated crops beyond the humid and far into the semi-arid regions,
+and in spite of reducing our corn exports from 213 million to thirty-eight
+million bushels and our wheat exports from thirty-four to twelve million
+bushels during the last decade, nevertheless the most common topic discussed
+in recent years is the high cost of plain living in these United
+States.</p>
+
+<p>These are American facts; and, while there need be no sensation,
+there is need for sense in their consideration. A few people can live on
+blind optimism or hot air, but something more substantial will be required
+to feed the progeny of ninety-two millions, and added millions of immigrants.
+It is said that the high civilization of the ancient Mediterranean
+countries went down into the Dark Ages with laughter—Dark Ages
+which covered the face of the earth for a thousand years and which still
+exist for most of our own Aryan race in Russia and in India, where
+more people are hungry day by day, and year by year, than the total
+population of the United States.</p>
+
+<p>The problem which now confronts America is nothing less than the
+maintenance of prosperity for ourselves and of civilization for our children;
+for civilization depends upon education, and only a prosperous
+nation can afford the general education of its people. Poverty is at once
+helpless, and soon ignorant and indolent. An impoverished people cannot
+have adequate schools or schooling.</p>
+
+<p>No greater problem ever confronted any nation than now confronts
+the United States, but the solution is plain: In a word, we must increase
+production and limit reproduction, especially the reproduction of the unfit.
+To solve half of the problem is not sufficient; and, in passing, I must
+emphasize the fact that, with the most practical scientific systems of
+farming applied to all the farm lands of the United States, there is still
+somewhere a limit to the highest possible production of food and clothing
+materials in this country; but there is no limit to the reproduction
+and increase of population except the starvation limit, already reached
+in Russia, India and China; unless the public sentiment of this Nation,
+in these times of education and general intelligence, will support the
+inauguration and enforcement of legal laws based upon the established
+natural laws of heredity.</p>
+
+<p>Just and adequate legislation should be enacted by the Nation for
+the better control of immigration, and by the states for preventing the
+reproduction of every form of degeneracy, whether revealed by insanity,
+criminality, idiocy, deformity, or beggary. Half of all the state revenue
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_178">[178]</span>is already required in many cases for the support of the non-productive
+degenerate classes, upon whose reproduction there is still no check in
+most states.</p>
+
+<p class="center">CROP YIELDS CAN BE DOUBLED.</p>
+
+<p>That we can double the crop yields of the United States is not a
+prediction, but a fact. To say that millions of acres of abandoned farm
+lands in the older states can be restored and increased in productivity
+far above the present average for the $200.00 corn belt lands is merely
+to speak the truth. To accomplish these objects requires, first of all,
+that agricultural ignorance shall be replaced with agricultural intelligence
+in the minds of the people of influence in this nation.</p>
+
+<p>Why should not every influential man and woman in America have
+a definite and quantitative knowledge of the basic principles that to increase
+and permanently maintain the productive power of our normal soils, in
+practical systems of farming, requires the addition to the soil and permanent
+maintenance of adequate supplies of only three important constituents,
+limestone, phosphorus, and nitrogenous organic matter?</p>
+
+<p>The limestone is contained in measureless deposits in almost every
+state. All it requires is that it be quarried and pulverized and transported
+at a reasonable cost.</p>
+
+<p>The phosphorus is contained in New York, Pennsylvania, Virginia,
+the Carolinas, Florida, Tennessee, Kentucky, Arkansas, Utah, Idaho,
+Wyoming and Montana, in the greatest deposits known to the world.
+All that is required to utilize these great stores of phosphorus for soil
+improvement in good systems of general farming is to mine and finely
+pulverize the natural rock and transport it to the farmer’s railroad station
+at reasonable cost.</p>
+
+<p>With abundant supplies of limestone and phosphorus thus provided,
+the nitrogenous organic matter can then be produced upon the farm by
+the growing of clover and other legume crops which have power to secure
+nitrogen from the inexhaustible supply in the air; and by plowing under
+this organic matter, either directly or in animal manures, the remaining
+essential mineral plant foods, such as potassium, can then be liberated
+and made available from the practically inexhaustible supply in the soil.</p>
+
+<p>The man who is willing to study this subject will find that these
+facts are as true as the fact that the earth is round.</p>
+
+<p>Normal land contains thirty thousand pounds of potassium in the
+plowed soil of an acre, and the air above contains seventy million pounds
+of nitrogen; and yet the most common commercial fertilizer sold to the
+general farmers in the older states contains both nitrogen and potassium,
+with a small amount of phosphorus. The average farmer who buys
+fertilizer at all merely accepts the teaching that reaches him, and as a
+rule this teaching comes through the fertilizer agents, who are now selling
+to the farmers of Indiana 900 different brands of fertilizers, and to
+the farmers of Georgia more than 2,000 different brands.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_179">[179]</span></p>
+
+<p>The result is that the ton of fertilizer for which the farmer pays
+$25.00 contains less than a hundred pounds of phosphorus, whereas he
+ought to receive and apply to his land a thousand pounds of phosphorus
+for the same money.</p>
+
+<p>Phosphorus is the one element we shall always need to buy—phosphorus,
+the master key to permanent agriculture, permanent industry,
+and permanent prosperity in America; phosphorus, in which we are
+exporting, practically giving away, as a nation, a value which amounts
+to as much every year as the total value of all the timber on all the
+Federal lands.</p>
+
+<p>In 1848, Sir John Lawes and Sir Henry Gilbert began at Rothamsted,
+England, an investigation to ascertain the effect of applying phosphorus
+to normal soil where a good crop rotation and a practical system
+of farming were followed. The Norfolk rotation, already well known at
+that time as one of the best rotation systems, was turnips, barley, clover
+and wheat. In these practical field experiments the turnips were fed on
+the land and the animal fertilizer thus produced returned to the soil,
+which was well supplied with limestone.</p>
+
+<p class="center">THE USE OF PHOSPHORUS.</p>
+
+<p>During the next thirty-six years $29.52 worth of phosphorus was
+applied to one part of the field; and in comparison with another part of
+the field cropped and managed, the same, except that no phosphorus was
+applied, the $29.52 worth of phosphorus produced $98.02 increase in the
+value of turnips, $37.45 in barley, $48.93 in clover (and other legumes),
+and $45.99 increase in the value of the wheat. The total value of the
+crops grown on land not receiving phosphorus during the thirty-six years
+was $432.43 per acre, while on the phosphated land the crop values
+amounted to $662.82, an increase of $230.39 from an investment of $29.52
+in phosphorus. These statements summarize the results of thirty-six
+years of careful investigation in practical farming on normal soil; but
+not one American in a hundred knows, utilizes, or imparts this information.
+Meanwhile the ten-year average yield of wheat in the United States
+is fourteen bushels per acre, while Germany’s average is twenty-eight
+bushels and England’s thirty-two bushels per acre; meanwhile the United
+States continues to export annually, for the paltry sum of five million
+dollars, a million tons of our best phosphate rock, carrying away an
+amount of phosphorus which, if applied to our own depleted and depleting
+soils, would be worth not five million, but a thousand million dollars,
+for the production of food for us for the oncoming generations of
+Americans.</p>
+
+<p>As an average of twenty-four years of carefully conducted field
+investigations with a four-year rotation of corn, oats, wheat and clover
+on normal soil at the Pennsylvania State College, the addition of $5.04
+worth of phosphorus increased the value of the four crops from $32.55
+to $44.72; and a comparison of the two twelve-year periods reveals the
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_180">[180]</span>fact that the average crop value per acre per annum decreased on unfertilized
+land under this rotation from $11.05 to $8.18, a decrease of 26
+per cent in the productive power of the land. Meanwhile the average
+farmer, and even the average business man who owns a farm, allows the
+land to be depleted and decreased in acre yield because of the erroneous
+and widespread opinion that crop rotation will maintain the fertility of
+the soil; whereas the truth, as revealed by every long continued and trustworthy
+investigation, shows that the rotation of crops will no more maintain
+the fertility of the soil than the rotation of the checkbook among
+the members of the family would maintain the bank account.</p>
+
+<p>The rotation of crops should, of course, be practiced, for it helps
+to avoid injurious insects and fungous diseases, and stimulates the soil
+to produce larger crops for a time, with the result, however, that the
+depletion of the essential plant food elements is even more rapid than
+if wheat were grown every year on the land.</p>
+
+<p>In 1897 the Ohio Agricultural Experiment Station began a field
+investigation on normal soil with a three-year rotation of corn, wheat
+and clover—and as an average of the next thirteen years, the application
+of eight tons per acre of farm manure increased the value of the three
+crops from $26.21 to $42.79, and the further addition of $1.20 worth
+of fine-ground raw rock phosphate increased the crop values from $42.79
+to $53.28.</p>
+
+<p class="center">WRONG FERTILIZERS.</p>
+
+<p>Meanwhile the farmers and landowners of Ohio continue, in the
+main, to use high-priced so-called “complete” fertilizers in the same
+systems of land ruin that led to the agricultural abandonment of much
+farm land in the older states.</p>
+
+<p>As an average of nineteen years, the Louisiana Agricultural Experiment
+Station applied $14.45 worth of plant food, chiefly in organic
+manures and acid phosphate, which produced an average increase of
+$62.25 in the value of the crops in a three-year rotation of cotton, corn
+and cowpeas, oats and cowpeas, grown on the typical much exhausted
+upland soil of the South.</p>
+
+<p>The average yield of cotton exceeded a bale to the acre for the nineteen
+years. Meanwhile the average yield for the Southern states is one-third
+of a bale per acre.</p>
+
+<p>I have given you some of the cream of the world’s work in soil
+fertility investigations on normal soils, which need for their improvement
+phosphorus and organic manures, and sometimes limestone. Abnormal,
+or markedly different soils, require markedly different treatment.</p>
+
+<p>Thus four plots of normal corn belt prairie soil in McLean County,
+Ill., produced, in round numbers, only twenty-two, twenty-six, twenty-two,
+and twenty-seven bushels of wheat per acre in 1911, although some
+of them had received nitrogen and potassium; while four other similar
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_181">[181]</span>adjoining or intervening plots, which differed from these only by having
+been treated with $2.50 worth of phosphorus, in 200 pounds of
+steamed bone meal per acre per annum, during the past ten years, produced
+fifty-eight, sixty, fifty-four, and sixty bushels, respectively, of
+wheat per acre.</p>
+
+<p>But on the peaty swamp soil of Kankakee County, with the same
+amount of phosphorus applied to several plots, the acre-yields of corn in
+1903 were seven, four, five, and four bushels, respectively, on four separate
+plots, while on four other plots, which differed from these only by
+the addition of potassium, the yields were seventy-two, seventy-one, seventy-three,
+and sixty-seven bushels of corn per acre the same season.</p>
+
+<p>Again, on the sand land in Tazewell County, Ill., four plots, including
+some treated with phosphorus and potassium, both singly and combined,
+produced eighteen, ten, eight, and eighteen bushels of corn per
+acre in 1906, while four other plots whose treatment differed from these
+only by the addition of nitrogen, produced the same season sixty-three,
+seventy-one, seventy-five, and sixty-six bushels per acre.</p>
+
+<p>It is truly gratifying to acknowledge that the State of Illinois is now
+devoting $100,000 per annum to soil and crop investigations and the dissemination
+of the information secured, even though this is less than one
+per cent of the revenue of the state, all of which come directly or indirectly
+from the soil. It is also gratifying to acknowledge that, according
+to the crop statistics reported by the Federal Government and confirmed
+by the independent crop statistics of the Illinois State Board of
+Agriculture, the last ten-year average yield of corn for the State of Illinois
+is six bushels higher than during the twenty-five years before the
+agricultural experiment station began to exert an influence upon our
+agricultural practice, and also that a similar comparison shows three
+bushels increase per acre in the Illinois wheat crop—increases whose aggregate
+value for the state now exceeds twenty million dollars a year;
+and yet I must confess to you that as an average the farm lands of Illinois
+are yielding only half a crop; that by soil enrichment alone the average
+crop yields of Illinois could be doubled even with the same seed as
+we now plant, with the same amount and methods of cultivation and with
+our normal climatic conditions.</p>
+
+<p>On one of our old experiment fields on the University of Illinois
+farm the latest three-year average yield of corn grown every year upon
+the same land is twenty-seven bushels, while in a crop rotation of corn,
+oats and clover the average corn yield for the same three years has been
+forty-nine bushels, and where proper soil enrichment is practiced in the
+same rotation the average yield of corn has been eighty-seven bushels
+per acre—all grown from the same seed, on the same kind of land, plowed
+and cultivated the same, warmed by the same sunshine and watered by
+the same rains.</p>
+
+<p>All these are examples not of theory, but of fact—examples of fact
+which should be known and emphasized by all influential men and
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_182">[182]</span>organizations. We talk of conservation, but 90 per cent of all the talk
+during the last five years about the conservation of natural resources has
+been directed toward 10 per cent of the resources. On the other hand, to
+improve and to save the soils of America will require more than talk.
+Thought and action are required, and the time for thought and action is
+already upon us. Not conservation of soil fertility; but amelioration of
+good soils, restoration of worn-out soils, and then permanent preservation
+of all soils.</p>
+
+<p class="center">WHAT REAL RECLAMATION MEANS.</p>
+
+<p>Our reclamation of land must be more than the continued exploitation
+of so-called dry farming and irrigation on virgin soils and the drainage
+of virgin swamp lands; we must reclaim, in the truest sense of the
+word, the millions of acres of depleted and agriculturally abandoned
+lands lying at the door of our greatest markets and already favored with
+an abundant supply of unused water in the normal rainfall of our older
+states.</p>
+
+<p>If 145 million dollars of federal funds can be wisely and profitably
+expended (and I believe they can) in providing irrigation for three million
+acres in the arid regions of the Far West, and if 300 million dollars
+can be expended annually to support our army and navy, as we are doing
+even in time of peace, then what should we do in comparison for the
+restoration or improvement of the 900 million acres of farm lands in this
+country? I would affirm and emphasize the fact that 145 million dollars,
+if wisely and economically used, would make a soil survey of every farm
+in the United States and furnish every farmer with definite and much
+needed information concerning the composition or invoice of fertility
+of every type of soil on his farm and proof of practical profitable methods
+for its improvement, and still leave an endowment whose income would
+support a permanent experiment field or demonstration farm in every
+county in every state.</p>
+
+<p>Private enterprise has already put twelve million acres under irrigation
+in the United States, and the Federal Government has added one
+million and has projects concerning two million more. This is doubtless
+all good work and ought to go on, but the fact still remains that as a
+nation we are penny-wise and pound-foolish, with millions of acres of
+agriculturally abandoned lands in states surrounding the national capital.</p>
+
+<p>The rapid investigation of the soils of every state should be inaugurated,
+and this should be accompanied by the wide dissemination of information
+by demonstration farms showing by actual field trial the most
+practical methods of soil improvement and preservation. This is local
+work and is best done by the state institutions directly responsible to
+their home people, while the Federal Government must direct and control
+the reclamation work on the federal lands. Because the revenue of the
+Federal Government is ten times the total or combined revenue of all the
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_183">[183]</span>states, the federal appropriations to the state agricultural institutions
+should be largely increased for the specific purpose of increasing and extending
+the knowledge of practical methods for restoring and improving
+the fertility of the soil, and these increased appropriations might well be
+made in direct proportion to the acreage of farm lands in the respective
+states.</p>
+
+<p>All public schools should offer practical scientific instruction in the
+principles of soil fertility, and every man and woman of mental power
+should acquire information and exert influence toward saving the soil,
+which is second in importance only to saving the soul. But the fact is
+that not one American in a hundred knows what the soils contain or
+what the crops require. They know of the rivers of Asia and of all
+the kings of England, and perhaps of the wars of Caesar and the orations
+of Cicero; but they do not know what is required to produce a
+grain of wheat or a kernel of corn. And yet there is as much of culture
+and more of use and value and of satisfaction in a study of clover roots
+and plant-food compounds than in Greek roots and Latin compounds;
+and I insist that the study of soil fertility is so simple and easy and so
+interesting that any man or woman of ordinary education can become
+master of the essential principles by studying the subject an hour a day
+for a single month.</p>
+
+<p class="mt2">President <span class="smcap">White</span>—Mr. Wallace will introduce Mr. F. D. Coburn,
+secretary of the Kansas Board of Agriculture, who will preside this
+afternoon.</p>
+
+<p class="mt2">Mr. <span class="smcap">Wallace</span>—You people in Kansas have all heard of Coburn
+(applause), the man who adorns, advises, and advertises the State of
+Kansas and the state of the West. Mr. Coburn will preside with you
+this afternoon. (Applause)</p>
+
+<p class="mt2">Mr. <span class="smcap">Coburn</span>—President Wallace, I thank you for your kindly introduction.
+Ladies and gentlemen of the Congress, and delegates: Your
+temporary chairman will base his claims to your charitable consideration
+this afternoon on the fact that he has no speech to make, and further
+will go on the assumption that the program which is provided him and
+for you will be carried out. I thank you. (Applause)</p>
+
+<p class="mt2">President <span class="smcap">White</span>—Ladies and gentlemen: The Missouri delegation
+is requested to meet immediately after adjournment. We will now
+listen to Dr. W J McGee, the well-known authority on soils, of the U.
+S. Department of Agriculture. (Applause)</p>
+
+<p class="mt2"><span class="smcap">Dr. McGee</span>—The relation of man to the earth on which he lives forms
+a worthy theme for those who think and base action on thought. As it is
+now, so it has been in every age; every early people had a creation epic:
+the noblest of all recounts that out of the dust of the earth God made man
+in His own image. The ancients gave chief thought to beginnings seen
+vaguely at the best; moderns to current processes which may be seen
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_184">[184]</span>clearly and verified by repeated observation. In this way natural science
+arose; and under the guidance of Darwin naturalists learned that living
+organisms are controlled and perpetuated chiefly by the two factors of
+heredity and environment. Into this scheme of nature man entered, and
+through mental power gradually assumed control over lower nature; for
+man differs from other organisms in that he adjusts himself to his surroundings
+largely by reconstructing them. While still retaining heredity
+as a vital factor like lower living things, man is essentially an environment-shaping
+organism, and lives by doing. The factors of his existence
+are heredity and exercise, and it is his role in nature to reconstruct
+the face of the earth, to modify all other living things for the welfare
+of his kind, and finally, by growing knowledge, to progressively improve
+his own kind and ennoble humanity.</p>
+
+<p>The conservation movement marks a step in human advancement;
+for it is a conscious and purposeful entering into control over nature,
+through the natural resources, for the direct benefit of mankind. In
+truth it means a revolution (arising, like all other beneficent revolutions,
+in clear thinking) against an old order of things, preparatory to the framing
+of principles on which a new order may arise; and in essence it
+reaches those fundamental relations between man and earth which have
+stirred deep thought and inspired high motives during all the generations
+of men. Conservation is no passing caprice, no fantastic whim of a
+day; the idea expressed by the term runs back to the mainsprings of
+human existence and of righteousness, and it is in no way surprising
+that it has already spread from sea to sea and found lodgment in millions
+of minds—albeit still as seed rather than in the full bloom and
+rich fruitage destined to follow as question grows into conviction and
+conviction into action.</p>
+
+<p class="center">THE PRESTIGE OF THE TREE.</p>
+
+<p>As a vital factor in our national life, conservation began with forests
+used and destroyed several times faster than they grew. Now a tree is
+a noble object, a sacred thing; “the groves were God’s first temples”;
+the apple is the theme of earliest legend, and the vine and fig tree are
+emblems of domestic peace; the oak is the symbol of strength and the
+pine of perpetuity; the memories and affections of the happily born cluster
+about the old homestead trees under which their happiest hours were
+spent. And so the material argument for conserving forests was supported
+by deep-lying sentiment—and what obstacle can long resist the
+united assaults of profit and sentiment? Then as growing knowledge
+showed that the woods conserve the waters the force favorable to forests
+was further increased. At the critical time the prophet of the forest
+arose in Gifford Pinchot, and the gospel of conserving nature’s good for
+the Nation’s strength took form.</p>
+
+<p>Even before the public conscience was awakened to the woodland
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_185">[185]</span>waste the farm lands available for homesteads were nearly gone out of
+public possession, and a plan to eke out the supply by irrigating arid
+districts was framed by John Wesley Powell, soldier and scientist, whose
+grasp of the relations between man and earth was stronger than any
+other of his generation. His plan was extended and carried out by
+Frederick Haynes Newell, engineer and builder, one of the live leaders
+of the conservation movement. Thus Powell planted and Newell watered,
+and the wilderness blossomed; and the aspiration for an independent
+home-owning citizenry which shaped the Nation in its infancy,
+and then fell into neglect, was revived. The Reclamation Service virtually
+extended the habitable and productive area of the country; but its best
+gift was a re-awakened desire for homes on the land, a re-kindling of
+that home sense which is the mate of patriotism and handmaid of conservation.</p>
+
+<p>Through genius fostered by stress of pioneering, this became a
+country of invention; and through plentitude of coal and wood and iron,
+manufacturing grew as never before, until the riches of one after another
+of the forests and coal fields and ore beds were exhausted. Meantime
+the contact of free citizens with nature—the common touch of man and
+earth—made this a country of science, and scientific surveys measured
+the mineral resources used and remaining for use. More than any other,
+Joseph Austin Holmes came up as the apostle of better things in economical
+exploitation and in the saving of human life in mine and factory,
+and the last of these stirred deeper sympathy and evoked wider
+appreciation than could the merely material considerations untouched by
+humane sentiment.</p>
+
+<p class="center">THE ROOSEVELT POLICY.</p>
+
+<p>Though moved directly by desire for better use of the rivers, it was
+on these three pillars—forests, lands, minerals—that the original structure
+of conservation was founded by Theodore Roosevelt, humanitarian and
+statesman, no less than president. Yet—“lest we forget”—it cannot be
+too strongly emphasized that while the argument for conservation was
+and is statable in terms of board feet and acres and tons and dollars,
+the strength of the movement lies in the human feeling behind the material
+units: in love of trees, in love of home, in love of country, in love
+of family and fellow men. In truth, the material argument merely justifies
+and gives formal warrant for the sentimental outgrowth born of increasing
+intelligence coupled with increasing interdependence between man
+and earth—for even like Anteus of old, modern men gain new life by contact
+with earth.</p>
+
+<p>Largely after the conservation movement was under way came the
+realization that the water of the country is the primary resource, since
+on it depends that productivity without which the lands would be uninhabitable,
+the forests non-existent, and the minerals merely so much inert
+and worthless matter. Now, the material basis for appreciation of water
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_186">[186]</span>has been largely worked out; the quantity has been computed more carefully
+than before; the amount required for the maintenance of life has
+been reckoned, and it has been shown that the capacity of the country
+for population is only half what it would be if the land were more freely
+watered. It has been emphasized that there is no assimilation, or germination,
+or tissue growth, or reproduction in the absence of water—indeed
+it has been shown that these vital processes are apparently but
+manifestations of properties inhering in water; but, except here and
+there in arid regions and now and then in its esthetic aspects, water has
+not yet fully found that place in sentiment which it deserves as the final
+measure of life on the land, the direct medium between man and earth.</p>
+
+<p>As the movement proceeded it was realized, even before the National
+Conservation Commission reported, that all the natural resources (as
+commonly defined) are balanced against that human life in which alone
+they find use and value; for without men to enjoy them the earth and
+the fullness thereof were as dead cosmic matter. So human efficiency
+was recognized as a sort of equation expressing the relations between
+man and earth, measured by the powers of accomplishment, the prospects
+of perpetuity, and the general welfare of mankind; and the survey
+was extended, first by Irving Fisher to the public health, considered
+with special reference to industrial capacity and viability, and later
+(through another agency headed by Liberty Hyde Bailey) to that rural
+living which may and should contribute so largely to national strength
+and spirit. Thereby the material field and much of the moral purport of
+conservation were rounded out, and the lesson of science that man is
+master over lower nature became practical and entered into the daily
+thought of millions.</p>
+
+<p class="center">THE SCOPE OF CONSERVATION.</p>
+
+<p>Such, in broad outline, has been the course of conservation to date,
+that earlier course predetermining the present and future trend of the
+movement. Yet forecast or even current view would be futile without the
+fullest understanding that, despite the impressive material facts with
+which conservationists point argument and convince contemporaries, the
+conservation movement is primarily and fundamentally moral, and is
+material only in secondary and empirical aspects; the material resources
+form property, but the moral forces make men who create property at
+will. It is the quality of human knowledge to advance, not uniformly but
+per saltum. In the individual a great idea (perhaps the offspring of subconscious
+cerebration) springs full-armed—like the daughter of Jove—under
+momentary inspiration, and is gradually adjusted to the general
+fabric of thought. In the people, a great idea (conceived in some individual)
+sweeps from one to another swiftly, according to its fitness as
+a new faith, or doctrine, or cult, or means of life, until enough are inspired
+to reconstruct the old ideas and customs.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_187">[187]</span></p>
+
+<p>Somehow, men need these inspirations; they are essential to advancement,
+are indeed the very means of mental growth; and the whole
+course of human progress is marked by great inspirations. In the unwritten
+past of our ancestry (though in the observed life of other races)
+the recognition of paternity came as a luminous idea, and the mother-right
+of savagery was shifted to the paternal kinship of barbarism, while
+the deific powers were transformed from fearsome to gracious. Within
+the time of written record, consanguineal tribes gathered into civic
+groups, yet civilization became effective only under monotheistic faith and
+the great inspiration going out from Palestine with the injunction, “Do
+unto others as ye would that others should do unto you.” Later, Luther
+and Loyola fired mankind religiously, and Cromwell politically, through
+inspirations influencing all Christendom. And then came, through resistance
+to attempted tyranny over a strong people and unparalleled
+weighing of human rights, the quickened conviction that all men are
+equally entitled to life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness which inspired
+enlightenment and gave a new form of government already spread
+afar over the lands of the earth. With each inspiration, the moral impulse
+quickly rose above material structures and yielded better institutions
+on the higher plane.</p>
+
+<p>Now the conservation idea has spread and is still spreading as an
+inspiration for which the national mind was ripe; it crystallizes intuitive
+feeling as to eternal fitness—the feeling that the riches of the land belong
+not to the few but in due share to all, both living and yet unborn. So
+in its essence, conservation is a cult based on deep-lying moral sense;
+and, just as in the earlier stages of human progress, all material structures
+must be adjusted, albeit gradually, to the moral foundation. Happily,
+the new cult is peculiarly adapted to our country, not only by our
+plentitude of resources and our constructive genius but by historical
+association. Ever the highest human aspirations have been for liberty,
+equality, fraternity. Our Revolution was fought for liberty, and our
+Constitution was framed for equality; and the end of conservation is
+fraternity—a stricter honesty, richer patriotism, broader charity, and
+warmer philanthropy ripening in the brotherhood of man.</p>
+
+<p class="center">MAN AND THE FOREST.</p>
+
+<p>Since 1776 and 1787, knowledge of the relations between man and
+earth has multiplied. Then forests were but haunts for game and obstacles
+to settlement—the waters unreckoned, coal unknown, and iron little
+used. Then but two elements of national strength were conceived: (1)
+land as both means and symbol of homes, and (2) the home-making
+people; and on this balance between lower nature and the higher nature
+residing in mankind the Nation was founded. In 1908 the several natural
+resources, waters, forests, lands, minerals, were in large use and were
+balanced against human efficiency, measured chiefly by public health and
+viability; yet in the last three years, under the inspiration of conservation,
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_188">[188]</span>the spirit of citizenship has spread more than in the preceding century,
+until today it is widely recognized that the earth and all its riches
+are for all mankind, and the natural resources as a whole may now be
+balanced against human welfare in the individual, the family, the community,
+and the state, including commonwealth and Nation.</p>
+
+<p>In this broad view, conservation deals not merely with the sources
+of welfare found in lower nature, but in still larger degree with the
+higher powers involved in the relations among men—in human rights
+and institutions and laws, social, industrial, civil and political. For it is
+not enough for the free citizens of this new era to conserve the mere
+materials for national power and perpetuity; the Nation itself, with all
+that strength of national character which has given us the lead among
+the nations, must be conserved for ourselves, our children, and our children’s
+children! This is the chief duty of the day.</p>
+
+<p>While individual and family and community and state are interdependent,
+human efficiency begins in the individual. Only in the individual
+mind, howsoever warmed by association, are ideas conceived; only
+by individual aptitude, howsoever instructed, are tasks accomplished;
+only by individual conscience, howsoever quickened, is conduct guided.
+Individual standards of righteousness are higher than those of crowds
+of communities or states. In war it is the man behind the gun, and in
+peace the man with hand on tool or throttle that achieves victory. No
+state can be powerful unless its constituent individuals are efficient. Now,
+individual efficiency involves suitable food and clothing and dwelling,
+with health and sanitary surroundings assuring normal expectation of
+life. And in even higher degree it involves those inspirations of humanity;
+especially love of kind and love of country, in which incentive buds
+and ambition blossoms. These things are among the rights of the individual
+on which the strength of the state must ever rest—the rights to
+life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness, of late expressed in the single
+term, “Opportunity.”</p>
+
+<p class="center">THE RIGHT AND NEED OF WORK.</p>
+
+<p>The clearest right and most needful opportunity is for work, that
+exercise wherein men rise above lower nature, especially productive labor
+in which visible results incite the mind and invigorate the hand. Despite
+current clap-trap, there is no “inalienable right not to work”; none have
+the right to idleness, and the country owes no man a living unearned, for
+it is no less true now than of old that “they who work not, neither shall
+they eat”; and neither community nor state can conserve its strength
+without opening wide the door of opportunity to its constituent individuals.</p>
+
+<p>Within any generation, efficiency is attained by individual work—that
+exercise which combines with heredity to shape human progress.
+Yet it is only through the run of generations that heredity acts and that
+individuals, like communities and states, are perpetuated. Indeed, the
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_189">[189]</span>essential human unit is neither the individual nor the social assemblage,
+but the procreative family. So the ultimate strength of any nation, and
+the progress of mankind in controlling lower nature, hinge on maintenance
+of the family triad with its vital angles of mother and child.</p>
+
+<p>Herein moderns may learn something from the ancients and lower
+races. When mankind commenced conquest over lower nature, mother-right
+prevailed; the mothers were priestesses and law-givers for their
+clans, and they and their daughters were esteemed as the bearers of the
+line of life. Under the patriarchial condition, the child-bearers were
+seen to measure tribal strength, and were set apart and supported, and
+often multiplied, through warfare and polygyny, though sometimes degraded
+into slaves and chattels. Under the militant motives of early
+civilization, when the strength of cities and principalities was measured
+by the fighting men, as shown by Fustel de Coulanges in “The Ancient
+City,” and Sir Henry Maine in “Ancient Law,” wives and mothers were
+debarred from councils and virtually disfranchised. Although “When
+Knighthood Was in Flower” and romance in its heyday, the prolific sex
+was often both cause and guerdon of strife; and it is only under enlightenment,
+with its broad view of general welfare, that the pendulum is
+swinging toward that equitable division of rights and duties and responsibilities
+between the sexes and ages of mankind inhering in the
+family.</p>
+
+<p>In the light of accumulated experience, it is to the interest of community
+and state to vouchsafe mother and child exceptional rights; the
+prospective mother has a right to family protection and to freedom of
+choice in mating, and the bearing mother to both material sustenance
+and the spiritual support of affection during her fruitful period. The
+child has a right to be conceived in the inspiration of love (the most
+potent force in humanity) and born to a welcome—and then to both
+material sustenance and moral sympathy during infancy and early adolescence.
+These rights may burden individuals and communities, yet the
+burden is essential to the richness of heredity and the fullness of humanity.
+Now the rights of the generation arise in the family. Conservation
+came up with the new concept of continuity, added to that of present
+power. It was first felt that each future generation is entitled equally
+with the present one to a due share of the natural resources. Yet already
+the moral light has shown that each generation in its turn is no less
+entitled to the benefits of happy birth and good breeding, to normally
+increasing numerical strength, and to the fittest laws and institutions
+within reach of the parents, for each child and each generation naturally
+inherit not merely parental traits but their share in the community and
+state. Already conservation and eugenics and righteous decrial of race-suicide
+are awakening a new sense of generational responsibility; and it
+grows clearer every day that our present power and prestige were of
+little worth unless assured of perpetuity by due regard for generations
+coming up and yet to come.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_190">[190]</span></p>
+
+<p class="center">THE GREGARIOUS INSTINCT.</p>
+
+<p>Under gregarious instinct and desire for strength in union, mankind
+is grouped in multifarious communities overlapping and combining in
+such wise as measurably to control the action of each individual and
+family, and shape the character and career of the state. It is the essence
+of the community that each surrenders some share of individuality for
+the common good; and the benefits usually vary with the nearness of
+the constituents in person and in interest. While endlessly protean, communities
+may be classed by purpose as (1) for public benefit, (2) for
+class benefit, and (3) for private benefit—of which the first and some
+of the second merge in the state. Now, the community may be likened
+to a miller’s bolt, in that it grades individuals according to characteristics,
+and in the overlapping communities of the country each individual falls
+more or less fairly into fit place according to the judgment of contemporaries.
+Yet the customary flexibility of the community allows the less
+designing and more generous constituents to lose position and permits
+the designing and selfish to gain undue power—and partly for this reason
+the communities for private and class benefit tend to multiply, while
+communities for public benefit tend to become subverted to the ends of
+shrewd and self-seeking leaders.</p>
+
+<p>Despite primary dependence on individuals and families, the power
+and continuity of the state are measured largely by the strength and
+sagacity of its communities, especially those designed for public benefit.
+Yet grave dangers lurk in that multiplication and subversion of communities
+tending to subordinate public good to private greed. Two current
+tendencies may be signalized as especially ominous: (1) through an insidious
+legal fiction certain communities for private benefit (<i>e. g.</i>, corporations
+for profit) have come to be viewed as possessing the property rights
+of individuals, whereby their constituents (partners, stockholders, <i>et al</i>)
+enjoy dual privileges as actual persons and in the pseudo-personalities of
+their corporations. So that privileged classes are arising among us,
+despite a republican constitution under which all are equal. (2) Through
+a development not sanctioned by the constitution, and most solemnly denounced
+by that steady balance-wheel of the constitutional convention,
+afterward First President, the form of community known as “political
+party” grew up, and, though first designed for public benefit, became
+subverted through self-seeking leadership into the machine organization,
+diverting attention of citizens from the public welfare and promoting
+graft and bribery and worse evils, especially in cities—where the party
+“machine” is commonly a cover for corruption. These two unrepublican
+forces have not unnaturally drawn together, and often combine, interests
+in private behalf and against the public welfare; and in them lies the
+chief menace to the Republic. Clearly, maintenance of the integrity and
+power of the state demands due regulation of these and other community
+forces. Largely through the conservation movement, the public conscience
+and the spirit of citizenship have been awakened as never before. Citizens
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_191">[191]</span>are entering on exercise of their rights as a sacred duty, and through
+such community devices as municipal commissions, direct primaries and
+the gradual adoption of initiative and referendum and recall, they are
+rapidly restoring government of the people, by the people, for the people—the
+only form of government assuring perpetuity to a great and progressive
+country.</p>
+
+<p class="center">THE GROWTH OF ORGANIZATION.</p>
+
+<p>In a republic such as this, the state (including commonwealth and
+nation) merely sums the constituent individuals and families and communities,
+and—theoretically—organizes the popular will. Now, the hardest
+lesson of the long course of human progress is that of individual responsibility
+for the general welfare, a responsibility first realized by the
+founders of the Republic and fully realized today by few of our citizens.
+But those are of the salt of the earth. Fortunately, our forebears saw
+the way to develop a responsible citizenry united in popular government,
+the chief requisite being the independent family home on land producing
+the prime necessaries of life; and such was the real foundation of the
+Republic. Later, manufacturing and transportation grew until a majority
+of our electors became industrial dependents and only a minority
+were primary producers. Still later, partly through the influence of a
+great governmental department under the leadership of a great farmer
+for fifteen years, agriculture has again become respectable, and the tiller
+of the soil is once more the exemplar of that citizenship on which the
+power and prestige of the Republic must ever depend. Thus far the
+movement “back to the farm” is hardly shown in population figures,
+though clearly indicated by farm values. During the decade 1900-1910,
+the farm area increased only 4.2 per cent and the acreage of improved
+farms only 15.2 per cent, while the acre value of farm lands increased
+108.7 per cent and the aggregate value no less than 117.4 per cent. This
+increase is connected with the high cost of living, especially in cities,
+though the advance in prices has thus far benefited transportation and
+trade rather than the primary producers. In 1900 we paid our railways
+$1,650,000,000 and in 1910 about $2,750,000,000, 70 per cent of which
+was freightage—an advance of 67 per cent. Considered as a tax on
+improved land (justifiably, in that the cost of transportation limits production),
+this was $4.00 per acre in 1900 and $5.76 in 1910, an increase of
+44 per cent, or as a per capita tax it was $21.74 in 1900 and $30.00 in
+1910, an increase of 38 per cent—all of which ratios of increase are far
+higher than that of farm prices for farm products. Howsoever the
+factors of our recent growth are arranged, it is clear that primary production,
+fallen behind during recent decades, must be brought up—which
+can best be done by fertilizing the acres with brains, and so controlling
+natural forces and materials as to increase production both per acre and
+per worker.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_192">[192]</span></p>
+
+<p class="center">THE FARMER’S RESOURCES.</p>
+
+<p>It cannot be too strongly emphasized that if there be anything in the
+lessons of past human progress or in modern science, this is feasible.
+During the generations, natural productivity has been multiplied, and
+today the sun-power with which the farmer plays is over 1,700 horsepower
+per acre for each crop, so that the farmer has larger command
+over natural forces than any other industrian. Nor can it be too strongly
+emphasized, in the light of all human experience, that the needful apotheosis
+of agriculture will at once revive individual and family life, relieve
+the burden of living, and restore that independent citizenship without
+which the free government in which we so justly glory may hardly be
+conserved for the benefit of coming generations. Herein lies a sacred
+duty; it is the duty of the whole people forming the Republic, but especially
+of the farmer folk who furnish its strength.</p>
+
+<p>This vast interior, of which the like is not to be found on earth, is
+the bread basket and meat hamper of the country. The career of the
+Nation is destined to be shaped largely by the teeming crops of its acres
+in foodstuffs and clothing wares, and yet more largely by that richer
+crop produced through union of man and earth, the strong manhood
+and gracious womanhood and prepotent childhood of the highest type of
+humanity the world has seen. Yet this consummation will not come
+without foresight and effort. The resources must be developed conservatively;
+lower nature must be further subjugated; sun-power must be
+better directed and water supply better used. The spirit of free citizenship
+must be fostered and the franchise exercised fully; tendencies of
+communities against public welfare must be counteracted; transportation
+must be cheapened by regulation and by proper use of the finest natural
+system of waterways on earth. Statesmen in sympathy with the people—and
+in a republic he is not a statesman who lacks that sympathy—must
+be developed in lieu of pseudo-statesmen serving special privilege. Laws
+must be enacted and executed in behalf of all the people, and special and
+class legislation must be checked. Public utilities must be controlled in
+the public interest and their conduct kept open to the public; corporations
+must be given opportunity second only to individuals, but must not
+be permitted to invade individuality, nor must partisan issues be allowed
+to delude the unwary. These are among the requisites for the continued
+welfare of this interior and for the perpetuity of this Nation. The duty
+and the responsibility devolve directly on the people; and it is the aim
+of conservation to fan and keep aflame the moral light behind the material
+movement.</p>
+
+<p class="mt2">President <span class="smcap">White</span>—Ladies and gentlemen, we are now ready to
+adjourn the morning session. We want you to be back here with all
+of your friends and everybody that you can get to come, at two o’clock
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_193">[193]</span>sharp. The afternoon session is going to be a very interesting one.
+Everybody should be present. The Secretary of the Interior, Hon.
+Walter L. Fisher, will speak at 2:30. We stand adjourned.</p>
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+
+<div class="chapter">
+
+<h2 class="nobreak" id="EIGHTH_SESSION"><i>EIGHTH SESSION.</i></h2>
+
+</div>
+
+<p class="mt2">President <span class="smcap">White</span>—Ladies and gentlemen, delegates to the Third
+National Conservation Congress, we will now come to order. Mr. Coburn
+will preside this afternoon, and will now take the Chair. (Applause)</p>
+
+<p class="mt2">Chairman <span class="smcap">Coburn</span>—Ladies and gentlemen, the meeting will be
+opened with prayer by the Rev. Dr. Munro, of Kansas City.</p>
+
+<h3>INVOCATION.</h3>
+
+<p>Our Gracious God and our Father, we thank Thee for the inexhaustible
+resources which Thou hast placed at our command. We thank Thee therefore
+for the infinite possibilities that are at our disposal. We pray, therefore, that
+we may use them wisely, doing those things that will serve and in themselves will
+glorify Thee. Not only do we seek Thy glory but we seek the betterment of
+mankind and the advancement of humanity and the elevation of our much loved
+land. Direct us therefore in all that we shall undertake to say or do this afternoon.
+We thank Thee that in order to make the best of what we have and what
+we are and what we possess, even our very circumstances, Thou hast sent Thine
+own dear Son to give His life for us that we might thus be able to reach the
+holiest heights. Bless those who speak to us, and direct us in all our deliberations,
+we ask in Christ’s name and for His sake. Amen.</p>
+
+<p class="mt2">[Here Mr. Bryan entered the room and was received with loud
+cheers.]</p>
+
+<p class="mt2">Chairman <span class="smcap">Coburn</span>—The first number on this program as presented
+to the Chair is entitled “Practical Methods of Soil Cultivation,” to be
+treated by Professor A. M. Ten Eyck, the very capable head of the
+Kansas Experimental station at Hays. I have pleasure in presenting
+him. (Applause)</p>
+
+<p class="mt2">[Prof. Ten Eyck’s address will be found in Supplementary Proceedings.]</p>
+
+<p class="mt2">Prof. <span class="smcap">Condra</span>—I have in mind a resolution that I think this Congress,
+representing more than 1,200 conservation delegates, would like
+to adopt. There is a man in the far Northwest who has done much,
+in the way of labor and leadership, for the cause of conservation. Let
+us send greetings to the Hon. Gifford Pinchot. (Applause)</p>
+
+<p class="mt2">President <span class="smcap">White</span>—I second the motion.</p>
+
+<p class="mt2">Chairman <span class="smcap">Coburn</span>—You have heard the motion, which has been
+duly seconded. All of you in favor of its adoption please manifest it
+by saying aye. The motion is unanimously carried.</p>
+
+<p class="mt2">Chairman <span class="smcap">Coburn</span>—Conservation and the National Domain. We
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_194">[194]</span>are fortunate that this important subject is to be discussed here this afternoon
+by the Honorable, the Secretary of the Interior, Mr. Walter L.
+Fisher, whom I now have the pleasure of presenting. (Applause)</p>
+
+<p class="mt2">Mr. <span class="smcap">Fisher</span>—Mr. Chairman, Ladies and Gentlemen, Delegates of
+the National Conservation Congress: I am a conservationist who realizes
+that many of the problems of conservation have not yet been rightly
+solved, but who has no apologies to make. I am here by a very strenuous
+effort and the cancellation of a number of important engagements,
+in order to express my continued adherence to the general principles upon
+which this movement is founded, and to offer my assistance, officially and
+unofficially, in carrying those principles into execution. (Applause)</p>
+
+<p>As I said a little while ago at another meeting, my statisticians who
+are traveling with me tell me I have covered something in the neighborhood
+of 16,000 miles in an effort to get a little better acquainted with
+a portion of the Department of the Interior. I presume that many of
+you would rather hear from me today about that country in the Far
+North, to which allusion has already been made, and upon which national
+attention has been so rightly concentrated. I refer to Alaska. However,
+it is my opinion that in that, as in all other matters, wisest conclusions
+will be reached when all the facts are known. I have spent a considerable
+amount of time in traveling through that portion of Alaska in which
+the most acute problems have arisen. I have been peculiarly fortunate
+in being able to cover much more territory than I had believed possible.
+And I think I have reached some general conclusions which, while they
+may be wrong, nevertheless are the conclusions which I expect to present
+to the President and to the Nation in proper time and form.</p>
+
+<p>I would be perfectly willing to present them to this audience whose
+interests in the question I recognize, were it not for the fact that I am
+waiting for two reports upon the coal situation which I have not yet
+been able to receive. One of these reports is from the geological survey
+and one from the director of the bureau of mines, who is just now returning
+from the largest and probably the most important coal field in
+that country. I have gone over these matters somewhat in detail with
+the President of the United States, and am gratified to be able to say
+to you and to the public that there are no differences of opinion between
+him and me upon those questions—that he is ready, as am I, to suggest
+a solution which will at least recognize our obligation for constructive
+recommendations upon this important matter.</p>
+
+<p>For I believe that the thing which is most important for conservationists
+to understand is that they cannot shirk their full share of the
+responsibility for constructive legislation. Criticism is justly levelled
+at a policy of inaction, and that criticism should be disarmed at once
+by the conscientious and sincere effort of men who are identified with
+this movement, to find a way out. (Applause) I believe that conservation
+in its last analysis means nothing but wise development, in the
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_195">[195]</span>public interest. (Applause) And I believe that the first public interest
+is wise development, but that the emphasis should be put on the character
+of the development as much as upon development itself.</p>
+
+<p class="center">MISUNDERSTOOD AND MISREPRESENTED.</p>
+
+<p>The difficulty with the conservation movement so far has been that
+it has been both misunderstood and misrepresented. There are those
+who profess allegiance to the principles for which you stand, and yet
+are quick to find objection to every concrete suggestion for carrying
+those principles into effect. There are those who find that the present
+situation presents many difficulties, but who content themselves with
+insisting merely upon sitting on the lid. I think the proper place for
+the conservation movement is with neither of those parties, but with
+the men who genuinely recognize that when we have worked out those
+principles under which development can go forward without danger of
+monopoly and for the public good, the conservation movement should
+get behind those policies and push them with all the strength that the
+public sentiment which has already been manifested to be behind this
+movement can exert. (Applause)</p>
+
+<p>The topic which has been assigned to me, as was first suggested,
+is “Conservation and the Public Domain.” It is a large subject, and
+as I have had no opportunity whatever to do more than to make a few
+casual notes on the train, you will have to pardon the informality and
+the inadequacy of the address which I shall present.</p>
+
+<p>I will probably make some mistakes in what I say; probably in the
+wording of some things I shall not be quite as accurate as I would like;
+but I reserve that right now, which I reserve at all times, to change my
+mind tomorrow morning if I see things differently then. (Applause)</p>
+
+<p>In the first place, the conservation movement is a thoroughly non-partisan
+movement, and it should be distinctly so understood. Perhaps
+the best evidence of that that occurs to me upon the moment is that
+when the Conservation League of America was formed, at the instigation
+of Theodore Roosevelt, then President of the United States, he became
+honorary president, and Mr. Bryan and Mr. Taft became honorary vice-presidents.
+(Applause) While the position of president fell to me,
+John Mitchell and Gustave Schwab, perhaps representing the two extremes
+of industrial interest, were vice-presidents of the organization.
+In this way I think we presented in the organization of that particular
+association a thing which I wish to bring home, so far as I can, to the
+American people, namely, that there is no partisan politics of any kind
+in this movement, neither industrial politics, nor any other kind of politics,
+but that it is the interest of the people, and the whole people, and
+of no one but the whole people, that is at stake.</p>
+
+<p>The national domain naturally divides itself into the great subdivisions
+of lands, minerals, forests and water. If you will pardon me
+for a moment I will undertake to present, very candidly, some views of
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_196">[196]</span>my own upon each of these topics. Of course, the first to which I have
+referred, that of land, embraces the entire subject, because, broadly
+speaking, the land is supposed to include the mineral within it, the water
+which flows over it, and the forests which grow on it. Nevertheless,
+there are many problems included within the public domain which distinctly
+relate to land as land, and contradistinguished from the other main
+subdivisions or topics that I have mentioned.</p>
+
+<p class="center">NOT A NEW POLICY.</p>
+
+<p>Now, there is a great hue and cry, in certain sections, that in some
+way the Nation has departed from its ancient policies, with reference
+to land. It is my personal conviction that no change has been made
+that has not been necessitated by changed or different conditions. For
+instance, when we started out in this country, the forest area as a whole
+was not particularly valuable for lumber, but on the contrary it was an
+obstacle to agricultural development. The forest had to be cleared before
+the land itself could be put under cultivation, and that related particularly
+to the most valuable land. It was covered with forests. As we
+got into the central West that particular problem began to disappear. We
+had less difficulty in removing forests. We found more prairie and
+upland ready for the plow, and the result was that the question of forestry,
+the question of the removal of the timber became of diminishing
+importance. When we got into the extreme West we found a great subdivision
+in the character of our federal domain. While we found forested
+areas in the mountains, and in the more broken country, we found
+that the great territory lying west of the Mississippi river was in the
+main free from trees. But we have only recently learned that the land
+which never had the tree upon it, which has upon it today nothing but
+the sage brush, is after all the most valuable agricultural land which the
+Nation has possessed. We have found that the great problem of today
+in the West is how to get water upon the desert so that it may blossom
+like the garden and may become the most fertile and most productive
+portion of our national domain. As a result, the relative importance of
+the forest from the agricultural point of view has diminished, and the
+problem in the West today, as I have seen it during weeks of travel
+through irrigation projects, Indian offices, land offices, is how to get
+the water on the land, and the settler to follow the water. And I think
+if our friends who are particularly concerned about excessive forest reservations
+would devote their attention, first to getting settlers on those
+lands, which are worth ten times what their forest area is worth for agricultural
+purposes, the development of the West will go forward more
+rapidly than in any other way. (Applause) There are, however, many
+special problems connected with the land question that it is necessary to
+solve, and I shall pass rapidly to some of them.</p>
+
+<p>Let us take the question of coal. There is a large area of coal reserved
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_197">[197]</span>in the Western country from present entry. This coal land, under
+the statute which now prevails, is rapidly becoming available. There is
+considerable disappointment or disapproval of the policy of withdrawal
+of coal lands in certain portions of the West. Usually, as I have found
+by personal contact with the people of those areas, and by discussion at
+public meetings, the disapproval is on the part of the people who wish
+to exploit coal by getting it and holding it without present development,
+in expectation of reaping the unearned increment from the future growth
+of the country. Recently a letter was written to me, and given wide
+publicity by a member of Congress, to which I intend shortly to pay
+some attention, and I think perhaps at this time it would be just as well
+to discuss one or two of the features that are embodied in this correspondence.
+Congressman Mondell, of Wyoming, has written a letter in
+which he complains that the present policy of classifying public coal lands
+has resulted in increasing the price of coal to the consumer from fifty
+cents to a dollar a ton; that it has created a monopoly in the hands of the
+government, and that the prices are prohibitive.</p>
+
+<p class="center">SOME RESOURCE FIGURES.</p>
+
+<p>I think that at this time, perhaps, it would be well to give some
+figures upon these various points, and I shall take this opportunity to do
+so. There are estimated to be, west of the 100th meridian, 620 billion
+tons of anthracite and bituminous coal; 650 billion tons of sub-bituminous,
+and 720 billion tons of lignite. The valuation which the Department
+of the Interior, through its geological survey, has placed upon these
+lands, is based upon the theory that the purchaser, instead of paying a
+flat rate per acre, pays by the ton for the coal which he buys at values
+graded according to the character of the coal. For instance, the price
+of land underlaid by anthracite and high grade bituminous coals is computed
+at the maximum of three cents a ton, whereas sub-bituminous coal
+of only moderate fuel value is rated at one-half cent per ton. An exception
+to the tonnage basis is made in cases of lignite in the lowest grades
+of sub-bituminous coals. These are valued at the prices fixed by law
+as the minimum prices at which coal land can be valued. No lignites
+whatever have been given values of hundreds of dollars an acre, as has
+been claimed, nor any value better than the minimum, $20, fixed by the
+statute if within fifteen miles of a railroad and $10 if at a greater distance.
+The tonnage value for coal sold in the ground, according to the
+best information obtainable, should be in general from one-fifth to one-half
+of the royalty value of the same coal if paid for as mined. The
+classification prices used by the Geological Survey are, in fact, lower—in
+some cases very much lower. It is plainly impossible that the result
+of the classification policy has been to increase the cost of coal to the
+consumer as much as fifty cents on a dollar a ton, as claimed, since the
+maximum government price is only three cents a ton.</p>
+
+<p>The State of Colorado charges a royalty itself of ten cents a ton
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_198">[198]</span>for coal mined from the state lands regardless of the quality of the coal.
+The State of Wyoming fixes royalties for all grades of coal mined from
+state lands at from three cents to six cents per ton, depending upon the
+quality produced. Private leases in Wyoming require as high as ten
+cents, and for small local mines, much higher rates. Fifteen cents, for
+instance, is the royalty in the Mills City and Roundup districts of Montana,
+and in the Trinidad and Boulder countries in Colorado it runs from
+eight to twenty-seven and one-half cents. The government price on federal
+lands is in no case more than three cents a ton, and the great majority
+of the Western fields are being classified at from half a cent to
+two cents a ton. Now, that system of valuation results in prices of which
+only a comparatively small part are $150 or more. Great areas are valued
+at the minimum fixed by statute, and other great areas at comparatively
+low figures. Values running into the large amounts will be found only
+in the anthracite and the other high grade bituminous fields.</p>
+
+<p>In many of the cases the prices fixed are less than the actual market
+price of private land of the same character in the same field. For example,
+coal lands in the Rock Springs field of Wyoming are reported to
+have been sold from $100 to $430 per acre. The government prices in
+this field will run from $20 to $465, the high price being for land with
+greater tonnage than that which would be covered by the $430 price paid
+by private interests. In the Colorado Springs district of Colorado these
+private land sales are reported from $100 to $500, while the classified
+price in that district ranges from $20 to $50. Now, it is true that in some
+of the cases prices by the acre are greater than the prices fixed for corresponding
+acreage elsewhere, even in the Eastern field, but the reason
+will be found to be in all those cases that the extent of the coal, the
+thickness of the vein and the number of the veins is greater. Land in
+certain fields of Pennsylvania is selling at $2,000 an acre, on the other
+hand, whereas the highest price fixed by the government on any of its
+lands is $600 an acre.</p>
+
+<p class="center">THE CLASSIFICATION POLICY.</p>
+
+<p>It has been said that these prices are prohibitive. I have had a
+table prepared showing what the results have been in the four fiscal
+years that have passed since the adoption of the classification policy as
+compared with the preceding four years, and as a result I find that the
+sales of public coal land have increased 12½ per cent in acreage and 36
+per cent in value, as compared with the four preceding fiscal years.</p>
+
+<p>I am giving these figures, and discussing this somewhat dry question
+at this time because of the fact that public attention is being attracted
+to these questions, and that a certain amount of either misunderstanding
+or misrepresentation is going vigorously on. The truth of the matter
+is that the government has offered incentive to development along this
+line greater than prevails in the private field. Why has it not been more
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_199">[199]</span>vigorous? May I put the question to you, whether it may not be that
+we are making the mistake which Australia and New Zealand have already
+recognized and corrected? And that we should put our coal lands
+where the conservation movement, where the National Conservation Association
+and the other conservation organizations have advocated placing
+it, under a rational leasing system? If I am right (applause) the present
+objections largely disappear.</p>
+
+<p>I was very much interested at the reception which was given to the
+presentation of some of these facts to the audiences that I addressed in
+Seattle and in other places, and to find that the suggestions made to them
+met with hearty concurrence so far as I could judge, when they clearly
+understood the facts, when they once clearly understood what had been
+the history in other fields where coal was put under a leasing system.
+For instance, I find the suggestion made that Canada was proceeding
+much more wisely and much more profitably and successfully in its coal
+development policy than the United States. But when I read the statutory
+law of the Yukon territory, and ascertained that every foot of coal
+land that is disposed of in that territory now is under a leasing system,
+I found that the argument went home. So it is with all of these other
+questions. There are great problems to solve, and it should be up to us
+to help solve them, although not entirely to us. The gentlemen on the
+other side, who are complaining of delay, have their share; but the responsibility,
+gentlemen, is upon us all, and we should all frankly recognize
+it.</p>
+
+<p>What is the ordinary history of coal lands in this country? What
+has been the history in the East and the central West? That the
+coal lands have been originally entered or acquired in one form or
+another by private owners, and that the original private owner seldom
+developed the mines. He sold or he leased to someone else. If he
+sold, the chances are that the purchaser himself leased the land; until
+you will find that a great part of the coal lands of the United States
+that are now under development, are being operated under leaseholds
+of one kind or another. So in the far West. Take the railroad mines.
+I had the pleasure of riding with the officials of some of these railroads
+in the West, who have control of the coal lands of the companies. And
+when I asked them what their policy was for the development of these
+lands, without exception thus far—there may be exceptions, although I
+haven’t heard of them—without exception this far, they stated they were
+developing their coal lands under the leasing system, and regarded it as
+the only proper way. If that is so we should at least pause long enough
+to consider whether that policy is not the right one for the Nation, and
+adopt it if right, and discard it if it is wrong.</p>
+
+<p>After this coal is leased what do we find? We find that unrestricted
+development, that development which is thrown open to the laws of commercial
+competition, does not always work wisely. Our coal fields now
+generally throughout the country, are largely overexploited, with the result
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_200">[200]</span>that during a considerable portion of the time the coal mines are
+empty, the miners are idle and depression reigns, and we find what always
+happens—demoralization and frequently disorder; for it takes,
+gentlemen, steady work to make steady men. And you have got to get
+that principle in your coal fields if you are going to be successful with
+them. (Applause)</p>
+
+<p class="center">THE HISTORY OF THE FORESTS.</p>
+
+<p>Take the history of the forests to which I must hastily turn. When
+I talk with the lumber interests of the country—and inquire about the
+real facts as to the condition of the lumber trade—I find that large holdings
+throughout this country are being held in private hands and undeveloped,
+uncut, although they admit that much of it is ripe and ready
+for the ax and the saw. Why? Because of conditions in the market.
+I find them complaining of the fact that large areas have been thrown
+open to people without capital who have thought that there was a way
+to quick and easy wealth, who have made their obligations to the banks,
+and who have to meet the interest charges, and the minute that the price
+of lumber goes down the only way they can meet it is by throwing upon
+the market more lumber, with the result of consequent demoralization
+of the trade. And all the while the large interests protect themselves by
+buying at the lower prices and holding out of development as much of
+their areas as they can. Now, that, it seems to me, is fundamentally unwise.
+We should wish to dispose of our national resources in such a
+way that development will be absolutely assured and that holding them
+for future profit will be absolutely prevented (Applause), because in
+the last analysis, all of this burden comes back upon the consumer’s
+shoulders. We never escape it. If we sell the coal land to the individual,
+and he sells to another at an added price, and he to another, and then
+finally it is leased to the fourth, who actually operates, we can depend
+upon it that the consumer is paying the carrying charge upon each of
+the profits that the first three have successively obtained. If we adopt
+the policy, as in Australia, that the mine holder cannot hold his lease
+unless he develops, that he must pay a fixed rental of a certain amount
+in any event, we will create an automatic check which will work largely
+to remedy the evil of which both the public and the honest dealer complain.
+(Applause)</p>
+
+<p>Now, I want to turn for a moment to the irrigation question, because
+no one can have traveled over this Western territory as I have done and
+made personal investigation of the work of the Reclamation Service, and
+of the work being carried on by private interests in the same direction,
+without being tremendously impressed with the immense public benefit
+derived from activities of this sort. And yet that service presents certain
+concrete difficulties. For instance, our reclamation law provides that
+we must divide our payments into ten annual installments, and that the
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_201">[201]</span>settler does not obtain title to his land until he has paid all of the installments.
+It requires continuous residence as well as continuous cultivation.</p>
+
+<p class="center">CHANGES OF LAW NEEDED.</p>
+
+<p>Some examination of the question has convinced me, as I now see
+the facts, that a modification should be made in both of those directions.
+I believe that the law should be so changed that the settler upon the irrigated
+lands who has cultivated his land for a certain period of time, who
+has lived upon it a sufficient period of time, to be fixed by law, to make
+sure that he is a bona fide settler, should be enabled to get title to his
+land and be enabled to borrow money upon it and develop it as any other
+individual should (Applause), subject at all times to the lien of the government
+for the unpaid installments. (Applause) I find that that suggestion
+meets one of the principal, if not the principal objection which
+has arisen in the West on the part of men who are enthusiastic adherents
+of the policy of irrigation through the government agencies and who
+still find that the law has not been completely adapted to their particular
+conditions. For instance, suppose the law required that a settler should
+continuously cultivate his land during the first two years, and that he
+should live upon it the last three years of a five-year period, and should
+then be enabled on proof of cultivation, continuous and progressive cultivation,
+and of residence for the time I have mentioned, that he could
+then acquire title subject to the lien of the unpaid five installments, I
+believe that it would be to the great advantages of the public and to the
+settler, to bring about that reform. What will be the result? In many
+instances the farmer, the settler, would transfer the burden of the debt
+from the government to the bank. He would go to the bank, make better
+terms than it would be possible for him to make with the government
+under the law with regard to the unpaid five installments, and the result
+would be that the banks would be carrying the burden of the indebtedness,
+as they should as a part of their legitimate function in the community;
+while the government would have released to it those installments
+for use in some other place where the settlers are crying for the
+advent of the Reclamation Service. These are some of the great questions
+that come up and which in very definite form impress me as being
+the most important that we can consider. I believe that we should undertake
+a solution of problems of exactly that character. I think when we
+do this that the objection which has been raised in many quarters to conservation
+as being theoretical will instantly disappear.</p>
+
+<p class="center">WATER POWER.</p>
+
+<p>There is only one other topic on which I wish to speak, and that
+is the question of water power. I have very little to say about that.
+At the last meeting of this Congress in St. Paul, I presented in a somewhat
+brief and compact form my views upon that question. I believe
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_202">[202]</span>that no solution of the water power question will be worked out in the
+United States until state and nation are working together at the problem.
+(Applause) Not only is there no necessary or natural conflict between
+state interest and federal interest, but those two interests must be coördinated
+before we reach a right solution. We find a quite general attempt
+on the part of those who have interests that may not be free from
+suspicion to arouse a feeling of state pride, of state interest, as against
+the federal government. I think that those interests can be properly
+worked out and reconciled. I believe that the natural and legitimate
+interest of the state, the locality, is in the regulation of the service, and
+of the rates at which the power is sold. I believe that the interest of the
+federal government is in the development of the streams as units, and
+that no other instrumentality can so effectively work out that portion of
+the problem. Then why not adjust the two? Why not adopt, as the
+cardinal principle in our water power development, that the federal government
+shall make the grant subject to the reservation that the grantee
+will at all times acquiesce in whatever reasonable regulations of service
+and rates may be made by the state or by any delegated agency of the
+state. There should be compensation and there should be periodical readjustment
+of the compensation paid to the federal government, so that
+every ten years, or whatever the period may be, there will be enforced
+upon the public authorities, state and national, an inquiry into the condition
+of the water power grants, and their development. If with this
+we will adopt the fundamental principle that every dollar of the compensation
+paid to the federal government, except that necessary for administration,
+should go back into the development of the stream, and
+the water shed of the stream, from which the revenue was derived, so
+far as needed for that purpose, we, in my judgment, will have reconciled
+and coördinated those two agencies so that they will work together like
+the best team that any of you men drive on any of your farms. (Applause)
+And the protection of the public interest, in my opinion, will
+to some extent be automatic. For what will happen? If the federal
+government at the end of the first ten-year period wishes to readjust
+the compensation, it will make an inquiry, and if it finds that that particular
+grantee is furnishing proper service at proper rates to the community,
+that the state or its delegated agencies have properly exercised
+their functions of regulation, there will be neither opportunity nor incentive
+to increase the compensation. But if, upon the other hand, the
+state has been derelict in its duty, if it has not protected the public interest,
+the Nation will be able, by the increase of the compensation, to prevent
+undue profits and, indeed, to make it to the financial interest of the
+grantee to see that that situation does not happen again. And always the
+legitimate interests of the grantee must be adequately protected.</p>
+
+<p>Now, these are some of the concrete questions which come up in the
+Department of the Interior with regard to the federal domain. They
+all relate to the general principle for which we stand. They all come
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_203">[203]</span>back to that fundamental proposition, that the purpose of conservation
+is to secure wise development in the interest of the public as a whole.
+(Applause)</p>
+
+<p class="mt2">Chairman <span class="smcap">Coburn</span>—The powers that be, and over which I have no
+control, have seen fit to readjust this program, whereby Mr. Bryan, who
+was to have addressed us this evening, will speak this afternoon and
+again to this Congress tonight at eight o’clock. He is with us on the
+platform this afternoon, and I have asked him to stand up and say a
+word to you, in order that you might give him the glad hand. I take
+pleasure in introducing the Honorable William Jennings Bryan. (Applause)</p>
+
+<p class="mt2">Mr. <span class="smcap">Bryan</span>—Mr. Chairman, Ladies and Gentlemen. I did not come
+to this Congress to speak as an expert. I came merely to testify to my
+interest in a great and growing subject. When they told me that the
+time of my speaking was postponed from this afternoon until this evening,
+I consented on condition that they would appoint others to assist
+me in entertaining the audience. I was afraid that I might not be able
+long to satisfy the audience assembled. So they have arranged with
+two others, with whom I shall divide the time and I know that that may
+be an inducement to you to come. (Applause)</p>
+
+<p>I feel that it is necessary for me to fortify my invitation with theirs.
+Now, if this were a subject upon which I had been speaking, I might
+make it a condition that no one else would be permitted to speak (Applause),
+for there are a number of subjects upon which I can speak at
+sufficient length to occupy an evening. But this is not one. I mention
+it at this time in order to emphasize the fact that as I have insisted that
+two others shall help me tonight you will understand why I do not
+attempt to divide my short speech into an afternoon and evening speech.
+I am afraid that I will have little enough to say if I put it all into one
+speech, and yet I confess to you that I do not know now how long I
+shall talk tonight.</p>
+
+<p>I feel the spirit of the meeting taking possession of me (Applause);
+and by night I may ask my associates to limit their time. (Applause)
+I find that every time I hear a speech on this subject the subject seems
+larger. I am gratified that I could hear the speech made this afternoon
+by the Secretary of the Interior. Whatever others may say on this subject,
+his speech must of necessity be of paramount interest, because most
+of us can only advise without any great assurance that the advice will
+be accepted, but the Secretary of the Interior acts, and we are all interested
+in knowing the lines upon which he will act. I have been interested
+in the brief outline that he has given us this afternoon—the conclusions
+which will doubtless be set forth at more length in his official report. Tonight
+I want to speak on a little broader line. He has covered conservation
+as it commenced, conservation as it relates to his department;
+conservation of land, of the forest, of the water and of water power.
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_204">[204]</span>These are the things that are in his domain; but I confess that as I have
+studied the subject it reaches out until it touches all parts of our lives,
+and that is why I am so uncertain as to how long I will talk tonight. I
+know the limit of my speaking, the maximum, but I would not attempt
+to fix a minimum. (Applause) I spoke once, twenty years ago, and
+more, at a little meeting not far from Lincoln. On the train as I was
+going out to this place I met a citizen of Lincoln who said that he did
+not think a man could be interesting on any subject for more than one
+hour. Well, I was in the habit of talking more than an hour, and it
+worried me a little to think that anybody believed that I could not be
+interesting as long as I talked. (Applause) I combated the proposition,
+but he seemed so fixed in his opinion that I soon gave up the discussion.
+When I arose to speak in the afternoon he was present, and his presence
+embarrassed me, and at the end of an hour he arose and left the meeting.
+(Applause)</p>
+
+<p>I don’t know how many of you entertain his views, and I may
+hesitate to run beyond the hour. I heard of a man who spoke in Yale,
+and just before rising to speak he asked the chairman of the meeting
+how much time he would be permitted to occupy. He was assured that
+he could speak as long as he pleased, but the chairman said that a very
+careful examination of the records revealed the fact that no one who
+had ever spoken at Yale had said anything after the first twenty minutes.
+(Applause) I do not know how many of you have received your
+training at Yale. I have a general outline in my mind; I want to sum
+up some things; I want to speak of the phases of conservation that are
+most prominently presented, and then I desire to show how this subject
+is connected with every large thing, with these larger things that underlie
+civilization itself, and I am afraid to commence on that speech this afternoon,
+for fear I may become so interested that I will give it to you now
+and have nothing to say tonight. (Applause)</p>
+
+<p class="mt2">Mr. <span class="smcap">Wallace</span>—A letter from Col. Roosevelt, Mr. Chairman, and
+Gentlemen of the Congress. We have had a great meeting, but we have
+not had everybody here that we wanted to get. We wanted Gifford
+Pinchot, but he had to go to Alaska. We wanted Mr. Page, but he was
+obliged to go into the hands of a doctor instead of starting here. We
+wanted James Garfield, and he was expected to come until the last moment,
+and then had to stop. We wanted Roosevelt; I wrote him and
+he declined. I wrote him that I would not accept his declination, and
+then he wrote me a letter telling why. Then I wrote him for permission
+to read that letter here, as that would be the next best thing to himself,
+and here is the letter.</p>
+
+<blockquote>
+
+<p class="noindent"><span class="smcap">Dear Mr. Wallace</span>:</p>
+
+<p>If only you could be in my office and see the numerous letters I receive requesting
+me to speak for matters which I regard as of very great consequence to the
+welfare of our people, you would realize, as naturally it is now impossible for you
+to realize, that I simply cannot possibly accept the invitation to speak at the Conservation
+Congress. I believe with all my heart in conservation; I believe in the
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_205">[205]</span>movement against child labor; I believe in the movement against the white slave
+traffic; I believe in every rational movement to promote the cause of temperance;
+I believe in the cause of industrial and agricultural education; I believe in the
+movement for playgrounds in every great city; I believe in the movement for the
+betterment of rural life conditions; I believe in the movement to secure workmen’s
+compensation acts; I believe in the movement for bettering tenement house conditions;
+I believe most emphatically in something being done carefully to investigate
+the increased cost of living, and to see just how much of the increase paid by the
+consumer goes to the producer, and how much is absorbed by the middleman,
+properly or improperly; I believe in a very great number of similar movements, all
+of them of very real importance. Within the last month, I have had requests to
+speak for each one of the movements I have mentioned, and for very many others;
+and each body of men who made the requests sincerely felt that their movement
+stood on a very different plane from any other, and that while they entirely agreed
+with me that I ought not to speak generally, and that especially I ought not to
+speak for the other movements, yet they were perfectly sincere in their belief that
+for their movement I must and should speak. Now, my dear Mr. Wallace, I cannot
+speak for one unless I speak for the other movements. After I came back
+from abroad, I felt that I ought to try to show my appreciation of what the American
+people had done for me in the only way that was possible—by trying to visit
+each section, and if possible each state, and speaking therein for some one of these
+causes in which I believe. In different sections and different states, I have spoken
+for all of them, and for innumerable others. In particular, I have spoken again
+and again for the cause of conservation, and as a matter of fact have spoken for
+it far more frequently than for any other of the great social and industrial movements
+for righteousness in which I so thoroughly believe. I have found by actual
+experience that every speech I make simply means that I am asked to make a hundred
+others, and that (and this is notably the case as regards conservation) instead
+of the fact that I have spoken with all my heart for any movement and said all
+I have to say for it, being accepted as a reason why I should not speak for it again,
+it is apparently accepted as a reason why I should keep on speaking, and keep on
+repeating these speeches I have already made. This, however, is not only true of
+conservation. In Berkeley, last year, across the bay from San Francisco, I delivered
+an address on the three hundredth anniversary of the authorized version of
+the Scriptures, and not only did this result in my being asked to repeat the address
+in New York, Detroit and Memphis and a number of other Eastern cities, but I
+was actually and in good faith urged to come back, only one month later, and
+repeat the address in San Francisco itself!</p>
+
+<p>If I had gone on speaking as my good friends wished me to speak, I not only
+should have had to abandon all thought of doing anything else, and have become
+practically an itinerant giver of free lectures, but what would be much more serious,
+I should have lost all weight and power to do good to any cause and this
+purely by yielding to the demand of good men who wish me to speak for good
+causes. If I stop at all I have to stop entirely—at least for the time being. Now
+I hate to have to answer you in this way. If you will come on here to New York
+and give me the chance to have the talk with you that I would so like to have, I
+will show you a mass of correspondence which I am sure will make you realize
+that I cannot answer in any other way than I am now answering. I am very sorry.</p>
+
+<p class="center">Very sincerely yours,</p>
+
+<p class="right"><span class="smcap">Theodore Roosevelt</span>.</p>
+
+</blockquote>
+
+<p class="mt2">Chairman <span class="smcap">Coburn</span>—The next number on this program is by Mr. A.
+P. Grout, of Illinois, representing the National Soil Fertility League, who
+will talk to you on “The Rape of the Soil.” I may say in passing that
+Mr. Grout is one of the biggest farmers in Illinois, and this is he. (Applause)</p>
+
+<p class="mt2">Mr. <span class="smcap">Grout</span>—Mr. President, Ladies and Gentlemen: I am to speak for a few
+minutes upon a subject or condition that has been developed in the soil
+management of this country. I speak to you as a farmer, one who has
+not only had experience as a farmer, but who must plead guilty to the
+charge of having been, in the no distant past, no better than the rest, for
+a due regard for truth compels me to admit that I have been something
+of a soil robber myself. In the course of time my connection and
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_206">[206]</span>familiarity with the work of the Illinois College of Agriculture, the Illinois
+Farmers’ Institute, and the constant reading of Wallace’s Farmer
+and other good agricultural papers, awakened and brought me to a realization
+of some of the facts or truths regarding soil fertility.</p>
+
+<p>One of my first attempts at reform was with a tenant to whom I
+had rented a farm, for cash rent, for fifteen years, with full license to
+manage and farm as he pleased. On the occasion of the renewal of the
+lease after my awakening, I suggested that I have a part in directing
+how the land should be farmed, with a view of making a start toward
+a better conservation of the soil. One of the first things I mentioned
+was that the straw be put back upon the land and not burned as had
+been the practice. I was very emphatically informed by the tenant that
+he would not scatter straw on the land for any man, and so far as I
+know he kept his word. He is no longer my tenant, for having once
+been converted to the reform soil conservation movement I had no idea
+of turning back. From my own experience in farming and from a
+longer experience in renting lands and in watching the methods of many
+farmers and the results they obtained, I have formed some very positive
+opinions in regard to the subject of soil treatment.</p>
+
+<p>The maintenance and increase of the fertility of the soil is paramount
+to all other industrial problems, and upon our ability to solve this
+problem and the extent to which corrections can be made in the present
+ruinous and destructive methods of soil management, depend the future
+prosperity and welfare of the Nation.</p>
+
+<p>No country in the world has been so favored in those natural conditions
+and resources which are necessary for the maintenance of an
+independent and prosperous people. This wonderful heritage has been
+bequeathed to us, not to dissipate and destroy, but to use and enjoy and
+transmit unimpaired to our successors.</p>
+
+<p>We are tenants in possession of this vast estate, but the obligation
+to maintain to the end of our tenancy in as good condition as when
+entered upon has been given little or no consideration, but has been
+recklessly disregarded.</p>
+
+<p>We view with alarm the advent of the time when what remains
+of the forests, the coal, the iron and other valuable minerals and utilities
+shall become exhausted or come into the possession of purely selfish
+interests.</p>
+
+<p class="center">THE FUTURE AND ITS NEEDS.</p>
+
+<p>We are solicitous not only regarding our own present wants, but
+are beginning to think of the future and of the results that will accrue
+to coming generations.</p>
+
+<p>It is not surprising, therefore, that the conservation of our natural
+resources has aroused a deep and widespread interest, but the great and
+most important and far-reaching of all our resources, namely, the fertility
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_207">[207]</span>of the soil, is the last to receive recognition. While the situation
+regarding this most important resource, the very foundation upon which
+is based our national prosperity, is most alarming and fraught with great
+danger and disastrous results, it is not a new development, but is as old
+as the hills. It is the culmination of the customs and practices handed
+down to us from the earliest settlement of the country.</p>
+
+<p>The attempt of a few men to monopolize and profit by the undeveloped
+resources of the country is an unimportant and trifling matter compared
+with the wanton depredations of thousands and tens of thousands
+of soil robbers in every part of the broad domain who are madly striving
+to mine and forever remove from the soil those natural deposits
+without which our once rich and fertile lands must become a barren
+waste.</p>
+
+<p>We are now reaping the legitimate harvest of blindly and persistently
+following the traditional methods handed down from father to son.
+Traditions and practices based upon no scientific knowledge, but founded
+upon the belief that all of agriculture, all of the necessary knowledge
+and wisdom for its successful practice, is vouchsafed only to him who
+drives the team and follows the plow.</p>
+
+<p>The fertility of the soil, the most important and valuable asset of
+this or any other country, is being dissipated, squandered, stolen and
+carried away to an extent that calls for serious and thoughtful consideration.</p>
+
+<p>It is not an easy matter to discover or to frame an excuse for the
+dissipation of the thing that is now, and ever has been, the foundation
+of all our prosperity and upon which we are absolutely dependent for
+food and clothing as well as the comforts and luxuries of life. Perhaps
+the most charitable view of the situation is to attribute it to ignorance,
+to a lack of scientific agricultural knowledge, or to the fact that those
+who have classed themselves as farmers have been attempting to do
+business with little or no fundamental knowledge of the business in
+which they are engaged, and may be denominated only as “near farmers.”</p>
+
+<p>Surely it never was contemplated in the great plan of the universe
+that the provisions for the support and maintenance of millions of inhabitants
+should be gradually diminished until starvation and destitution are
+the ultimate end.</p>
+
+<p class="center">THE WASTE OF RAW MATERIAL.</p>
+
+<p>Science has come to the rescue and demonstrates that the enormous
+waste and destruction of raw material, of the elements which go to make
+up what we denominate soil fertility and which should continue unimpaired
+for the benefit of future generations, is not only unnecessary but
+fundamentally and perniciously wrong. Who are the conspirators in
+this wholesale robbery, which sooner or later must result in national
+calamity? Contrary to every business principle and to every known law
+of compensation, and almost without exception, every land owner, whether
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_208">[208]</span>he be a farmer, a banker, a professional or business man, all have been
+imbued with the idea that the soil is an inexhaustible asset from which
+they can continue to draw indefinitely and without replenishment.</p>
+
+<p>The banker is accustomed to look upon the ownership of land as a
+safe investment, and if he can rent it and make a fair per cent on his
+original investment he is content and takes no thought of any encroachment
+that may be made by the tenant farmer upon his principle, upon
+that which constitutes the real value of his land.</p>
+
+<p>The same is true of most business and professional men who own
+farms. They do not appreciate or understand that every crop requires
+that certain essential elements must be in the soil for its growth and
+development, and that the removal of each crop takes away a certain
+amount of those elements, and the future productive capacity of their
+farms are thereby lessened. As a rule these men do not profess to have
+very much knowledge either of the art or science of agriculture, but they
+are guided in the management of their farms by the methods and customs
+of those who claim to be farmers and make farming their business.</p>
+
+<p>They are led to do this on the presumption that the farmers know
+and understand the business of farming just as thoroughly and completely
+as the business man knows his specialty. They have overlooked the fact
+of the old prevailing idea that education, preparation, and even very much
+ability, is not only unnecessary, but a positive detriment to the business
+of farming.</p>
+
+<p>The renting of land has, by long usage and practice, been construed
+as a license to rob and pillage without fear or hindrance.</p>
+
+<p>The problem at this time is to combat the customs of long standing
+and introduce sane and scientific methods of farm management and soil
+treatment. The real offenders in this great wholesale scheme of soil
+robbery and dissipation are the farmers themselves. The men who are
+supposed to possess a thorough knowledge and understanding of the
+business of farming and who, above everything else, should most scrupulously
+guard, preserve and protect the thing that denominates and is the
+unquestioned and absolute measure of their success. When we judge
+of their qualifications as farmers by showing they have made in permitting
+the farms intrusted to them to deteriorate in productive power, the
+true situation reveals itself. There is no use in sugar-coating the situation.
+These men are not farmers, but soil robbers. I speak as a farmer
+or I would not dare to make such a statement. We have mined and
+shipped away the valuable constituents of the soil until its productive
+capacity has been, in a comparatively few years, reduced far below that
+of many European countries that have been farmed for a thousand years.</p>
+
+<p class="center">THE BUSINESS OF FARMING.</p>
+
+<p>What further proof is wanted that there is urgent need of reformation
+in farm management? We cannot disguise the fact that many men
+have adopted the vocation of farming, and have thereby undertaken the
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_209">[209]</span>conduct of a business which requires not only intelligence of the first
+rank, but more fundamental, scientific knowledge, better judgment and
+greater ability than any other industrial calling in the world, with few
+or none of the necessary qualifications for the business. To be more
+explicit, in the great majority of cases, the man has not made good in
+his calling.</p>
+
+<p>The business now demands a higher order of qualifications and
+more knowledge than is possessed by the majority of our farmers. I
+do not mean by this that the farmers of this country are incapable of
+better things or that they have not the ability, when properly directed,
+to do intelligent and scientific farming, but quite the contrary.</p>
+
+<p>The farmers of this country need and must have more education
+and scientific knowledge along the line of their special business. They
+must learn what the farmers of the older countries learned through force
+of circumstances many years ago.</p>
+
+<p>We have heard from this platform during this Congress that
+average yield of crops in some European countries is more than double
+the yield in this country, although their lands were originally not so rich
+and fertile as ours and they have been cultivated and cropped for a thousand
+years.</p>
+
+<p>There is one fact in connection with this statement that must not
+be overlooked. Mark it well. Those countries that are now excelling
+us in crop yields and are being referred to as proof of the assertion that
+all soils are inexhaustible and contain the necessary plant food for all
+time to come, have imported from this country millions and millions of
+tons of phosphate and applied to their lands to take the place of the
+phosphorus removed by the growing of crops and to supply in sufficient
+quantities the food necessary for plant growth, the plant food that has
+enabled them to double and even treble our yields.</p>
+
+<p>This importation and use of plant food has not been confined to the
+phosphate imported from this country, but they have procured and used
+whatever elements of plant food their experience has taught them was
+necessary for maximum plant growth. They have fed and not starved
+their growing crops. They have replenished what they have removed
+from the soil and made it richer instead of poorer.</p>
+
+<p>The importation by these countries of millions of tons of those elements
+which enrich their soil should cause us “to sit up and take notice”
+and then explain why they have been permitted to invade our shores and
+carry away such enormous quantities of phosphate when every pound is
+needed in this country and is just as valuable to us as to them. The intelligent
+use of this element, which has been allowed to get away from us,
+would have doubled the yield of our crops and proved the greatest investment
+on record. How shall these facts and the requisite knowledge be
+brought home to the farmer?</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_210">[210]</span></p>
+
+<p class="center">SOIL ROBBERS.</p>
+
+<p>The great majority of the men who own and farm their own land
+fail to “play even” in the matter of soil fertility and must therefore be
+classed as soil robbers.</p>
+
+<p>The retired farmer who has moved to town and rents his farm, as
+a rule, is a soil robber of a still higher degree. The renter who meets
+the exactions of the landlord and can make a living for his family has
+got to be an expert and accomplished soil robber. If our soil is to be
+conserved and not wasted as at present, there must be a universal or
+nation-wide campaign of education that will enlighten and bring home
+to the people, including the land owner as well as the tenant, the real
+facts of the situation.</p>
+
+<p>The work of our colleges of agriculture, experiment stations, farmers’
+institutes and various agricultural organizations are doing a great
+work, but this work as yet is only effective in a small degree when we
+take the whole country and all of the farmers into consideration.</p>
+
+<p>The plan proposed by the National Soil Fertility League and others,
+and to which reference was made by President Taft in his address from
+this platform, of placing a man with scientific agricultural knowledge in
+every agricultural county in the United States, to advise, direct and
+carry on experiments in every community with the aid and coöperation
+of the farmers themselves, and where they can see and know every step
+and every process and then note the results, is a most admirable one and
+one that will hasten and finally solve the problems of soil conservation.</p>
+
+<p>As an illustration of what may be accomplished by actually doing
+things in a community where all other educational methods have proven
+ineffectual, I desire, briefly, to call attention to my experience in growing
+alfalfa in Illinois.</p>
+
+<p>It was undertaken twenty years ago, and at first without marked
+success. Later, when inoculation was found to be necessary and dirt was
+brought from Kansas to sow upon Illinois land, the climax of folly in
+the eyes of neighboring farmers was reached. The idea of sending to
+Kansas for anything to put on Illinois soil was ridiculous in the extreme,
+and the sanity of the perpetrator of such an act was called in question.</p>
+
+<p>Nevertheless, the study of alfalfa growing and its adaptation to Illinois
+conditions went on until this season I have harvested better than
+five tons per acre, in three cuttings, from a twenty-five-acre field, in less
+than one year from seeding. And the end is not yet, for it is still growing,
+and fear has been expressed that I may have to hay all winter.</p>
+
+<p>I want to serve notice upon Mr. Coburn, chairman of the meeting,
+that Kansas must look well to her laurels as an alfalfa state, for Illinois
+is going to grow alfalfa and lots of it.</p>
+
+<p>When I was preparing this ground for alfalfa and was applying
+manure, lime, phosphorus and inoculated soil, and when I was plowing
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_211">[211]</span>and following with a subsoil plow and making a perfect seed-bed, my
+neighbors were not interested except to regard it as more folly and foolishness
+on my part, but when they saw the result and realized that the
+crop taken from one acre of that land was worth at least $100.00, and
+that it represented ten per cent interest on $1,000.00 as the value of the
+land per acre, they were compelled to take notice, and now they are, figuratively
+speaking, falling over themselves, to learn how it was done.
+There is no mistake about the effect of the demonstration. The farmers
+of that community saw the preparations; they saw the alfalfa growing;
+after it was cut; in the winrow; in the shock, and on the way to the barn.
+The lesson could not have been brought to them as effectively in any
+other way.</p>
+
+<p>I want to reiterate my approval of the plan proposed, of placing a
+qualified instructor in every county devoted to agriculture, to do things
+on the farms that the farmers can see and show them how to procure
+the results they read and hear about.</p>
+
+<p>I know that the plan is feasible and that it will bring results, for I
+have tried it.</p>
+
+<p>We have reached the point in the extension of agricultural knowledge
+where less talk and more demonstration work is demanded.</p>
+
+<p>If this Congress does nothing more than to get behind this movement
+and assist in making it the success it deserves, it will have accomplished
+more for the maintenance and increase of the fertility of the soil
+than any other agency, and helped to solve the greatest of all industrial
+problems.</p>
+
+<p class="mt2">Chairman <span class="smcap">Coburn</span>—The report of the committee on resolutions, Mr.
+Fowler, chairman of the committee.</p>
+
+<p class="mt2">Mr. Fowler read the resolutions (which will be found in full at the
+beginning of this volume) to the Congress, framed and unanimously
+adopted by the following committee: Arkansas, E. N. Plank, Decatur;
+California, L. R. Glavis, San Francisco; Colorado, Dr. Hubert Work,
+Pueblo; Connecticut, Prof. J. W. Towney, Hartford; District of Columbia,
+W J McGee; Illinois, A. P. Grout, Winchester; Indiana, H. E.
+Barnard, Indianapolis; Iowa, J. R. Doran, Beaver; Kansas, Thomas
+Potter, Peabody; Louisiana, Oscar Dowling, Shreveport; Massachusetts,
+W. P. Wharton, Groton; Michigan, Henry N. Loud, Au Sable; Minnesota,
+A. W. Gutridge; Mississippi, H. L. Witfield, Columbus; Missouri,
+Dr. W. H. Black, Marshall; Montana, C. Q. O’Neil, Kalispell;
+Nebraska, Geo. Coupland, Elgin; New York, Albert B. Sheldon,
+Sherman; Ohio, Edmund Secrist, Wooster; Oklahoma, Thos. P. Smith,
+Muskogee; Oregon, M. J. Kinney, Portland; Pennsylvania, Dr. Harry S.
+Drinker, South Bethlehem; South Dakota, R. Newbanks, Pierre; Texas,
+W. H. Gray, Houston; Washington, Everitt Griggs, Tacoma; Wisconsin,
+Herbert Quick, Madison.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_212">[212]</span></p>
+
+<p class="mt2">Chairman <span class="smcap">Coburn</span>—You have heard the report of the committee on
+resolutions.</p>
+
+<p class="mt2">Delegate <span class="smcap">Potter</span>—I desire to move its adoption by this Congress of
+the able report that we have just heard read by the chairman of the committee
+on resolutions.</p>
+
+<p>The motion was duly seconded.</p>
+
+<p class="mt2">Chairman <span class="smcap">Coburn</span>—It has been regularly moved and seconded that
+the report of the committee as read be adopted. Are you ready for the
+question?</p>
+
+<p class="mt2">Delegate <span class="smcap">John C. Shoffer</span>, of Chicago—As one looks over this hall
+and compares the number of suggestions made by the committee on resolutions,
+it would seem that there are more resolutions offered than there
+are delegates here. I think it is an unfortunate thing, sir, that this platform
+or these resolutions should go out as expressing the sentiment of this Congress.
+There are too many absentees to vote on this question at this
+time. If we are going to put this forward as an expression of this great
+Congress, the delegates should be here to vote on it, and not be bound
+by the vote of the few who are here this afternoon. It is not fair that
+this should go out as an expression of this Congress when there are
+only a handful of delegates left to vote on it.</p>
+
+<p class="mt2">Delegate <span class="smcap">Condra</span>—We have a committee, one from each state. It
+is perfectly regular, and there is a pretty big handful here to vote on it.</p>
+
+<p class="mt2">Chairman <span class="smcap">Coburn</span>—Are you ready for the question?</p>
+
+<p class="mt2">(Cries of question, question.)</p>
+
+<p class="mt2">All in favor of the motion to adopt the resolution as read, signify the
+same by saying aye. Contrary no. The motion is carried and the resolutions
+as read adopted.</p>
+
+<p class="mt2">[Resolutions will be found in front part of this volume.]</p>
+
+<p class="mt2">Delegate <span class="smcap">A. W. Stubbs</span>, of Kansas City, Kan.—I realize what the
+gentleman has said, that the resolutions are very long, and I am greatly
+embarrassed by the enormity of the subject taken in hand by this National
+Congress. There has been one disappointment to me, and I have embodied
+that in a resolution which I believe will be appreciated by every
+delegate present, as well as by the officers who have had to sit and listen
+to some of the addresses, well intended, on this floor, but not germane
+to the subject at hand, and I have prepared this brief resolution to submit
+now, not as a part of the platform, but more as an expression from
+the delegates to this Congress.</p>
+
+<p><i>Resolved</i>, that we recommend to the executive committee of this
+Congress that in the preparation of future programs care be exercised
+to prevent the time of delegates being taken up by papers and speeches
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_213">[213]</span>not germane to the purposes of the Congress, and that provision be made
+for brief discussion of papers presented by the delegates from the several
+states.</p>
+
+<p>I move the adoption of this resolution.</p>
+
+<p>The motion was duly seconded.</p>
+
+<p class="mt2">Chairman <span class="smcap">Coburn</span>—You have heard the motion. It has been moved
+and seconded that the resolution as read by the gentleman be adopted.
+Are you ready for the question?</p>
+
+<p class="mt2">Mr. <span class="smcap">Condra</span>—Will you please read the last section of that resolution?</p>
+
+<p class="mt2">Chairman <span class="smcap">Coburn</span>—Will the gentleman read the last, about the several
+states?</p>
+
+<p class="mt2">Mr. <span class="smcap">Stubbs</span>—And that provision be made for brief discussion of
+papers presented by the delegates from the several states. Many interesting
+papers have been read here, and many delegates have come hundreds
+of miles who would have been glad to say just a word perhaps, not
+any extended discussion, but express themselves from the body of the
+Congress, and expressions from a body like this would be found invaluable
+to the entire audience.</p>
+
+<p class="mt2">Mr. <span class="smcap">Condra</span>—I asked the question because I misunderstood. I
+thought that he meant representation on the program from the various
+states, which would absolutely kill this Congress.</p>
+
+<p class="mt2">Mr. <span class="smcap">Stubbs</span>—Oh, no.</p>
+
+<p class="mt2">Mr. <span class="smcap">Condra</span>—I hope that the matter he refers to may be taken up
+and by departments, thus giving opportunity for further discussion.</p>
+
+<p class="mt2">Delegate <span class="smcap">Potter</span>—I don’t want any misunderstanding of the intent
+of this resolution. The author of it, as I understand it, does not mean
+to embody this in the general resolutions, but only as a suggestion of the
+desire of this Congress through our committee to make arrangements for
+the future.</p>
+
+<p class="mt2">Delegate <span class="smcap">Stubbs</span>—That is correct.</p>
+
+<p class="mt2">Chairman <span class="smcap">Coburn</span>—Those in favor of the adoption of the resolution
+as read say aye. Contrary no. Motion carried.</p>
+
+<p class="mt2">Chairman <span class="smcap">Coburn</span>—Our program for the afternoon is now concluded
+and a motion to adjourn until 8 o’clock this evening is in order.</p>
+
+<p>Upon motion to adjourn, duly seconded, being put, was unanimously
+carried, and Congress adjourned until 8 o’clock p. m.</p>
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+
+<div class="chapter">
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_214">[214]</span></p>
+
+<h2 class="nobreak" id="CLOSING_SESSION"><i>CLOSING SESSION.</i></h2>
+
+</div>
+
+<p class="mt2">President <span class="smcap">White</span>—Ladies and Gentlemen of the third National Conservation
+Congress will now come to order. I will introduce as the first
+speaker Prof. William Hoynes, Professor of Law at Notre Dame University.</p>
+
+<p class="mt2">Professor <span class="smcap">Hoynes</span>—Mr. Chairman, Ladies and Gentlemen: In the
+limited time at my disposal, aware as I am that Senator Owen and Mr.
+Bryan are to follow, I recognize the need of brevity, and though I shall
+contend that the conservation movement is but the fulfillment of a natural
+impulse or instinctive privilege as old as the human race, yet I shall do
+so in as few words as practicable. In short, what I have to say may
+be viewed in a threefold aspect, as conservation in respect to soil fertility,
+conservation in respect to waste and extravagance in the affairs of
+daily life and the utility of education as a means of furthering the efficacy
+of conservation and common sense in these matters.</p>
+
+<p>As viewed by many the principle of conservation is of recent origin.
+But this is a mistake. It is as old as mankind. In reality it amounts
+simply to the natural protest of reason and experience against waste
+and extravagance. It originated simultaneously with the consciousness
+of the need of food, raiment and shelter for the protection and preservation
+of life.</p>
+
+<p>As men struggled in the primitive ages to procure food for sustenance,
+the pelts of animals to cover their bodies and the shelter of
+caves or rudely constructed huts to protect them from the rigors of the
+elements and the incursions of prowling beasts and venomous reptiles,
+they at the same time realized the indispensableness of these things and
+the necessity and wisdom of conserving them.</p>
+
+<p>As in the case of our own Indians, the struggle they made to obtain
+the necessaries of life taught them to be saving of what they procured
+in that line and to be vigilant in providing for the future. They took
+no more fish from the waters of lake or river than seemed necessary
+for actual use, they did not destroy wantonly the wild creatures of the
+forest, and the denizens of the air were free from trap and arrow beyond
+the range of hunger and necessity. Thus they conserved carefully the
+sources of their food supply, and the pathetic story of a Hiawatha had
+rarely to be told.</p>
+
+<p>It was only on the coming of the white man, who did not specially
+rely upon such means of livelihood, that the wild creatures of the air,
+forest, prairie, plain, lake and river were heedlessly slaughtered, or wantonly
+destroyed in sport, or driven to hiding places in swamp or mountain.</p>
+
+<p>It may thus be seen that when things are deemed essential to the
+maintenance of life the lesson of care in using and conservation in protecting
+and preserving them is brought home to the comprehension and
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_215">[215]</span>firmly fixed in mind and habit. But when, on the other hand, things appear
+to be measurably superfluous or easy of acquisition, the sense of
+their value becomes abated and the spur of conservation blunted.</p>
+
+<p>And so with the land, which to civilized man is the source of life’s
+sustenance and the basis of progress and prosperity. Heretofore in
+abundance and easily procured at moderate cost or for the mere taking
+of it under the homestead law, but little attention was bestowed upon
+the preservation of its fertility. When there came manifest and pressing
+occasion for keeping it up by the restoration of its exhausted elements
+the owners sold it for whatever it would bring and migrated to
+the easily procurable new lands of the great West. But now this movement
+has met with a decided check, for there is hardly any more arable
+free or cheap land to be had. The most desirable government land has
+been taken by settlers under the homestead law, and that which has been
+reclaimed under the irrigation system is held at comparatively startling
+prices. Thus exists a condition which is measurably responsible for the
+overflow of nearly a million of our people into the British possessions
+on the North, actuated by the lure of virgin soil and cheap lands. And
+even this door is now less ajar through the taking by first corners of
+the choicest holdings and the failure of our reciprocity negotiations.</p>
+
+<p>The comparatively impoverished lands sold by those who sought
+new homes in the West were usually purchased by persons who knew
+little about farming, or took them as an experiment or for speculative
+purposes, and placed tenants on them—tenants whose chief aim was, not
+to restore the fertility of the soil, but to make it yield all the profit possible
+with the least possible outlay of money and labor.</p>
+
+<p>But a halt has been called in this state of things, and mainly so,
+as it seems to us, through the instrumentality of the many agricultural
+boards, alliances and societies, not to mention the Grange and Department
+of Agriculture, that appear to have united or coöperated in the
+organization of this great conservation movement. There is a marked
+tendency, as observers must admit, to look backward to the neglected
+lands and abandoned farms. These are being sought again by the returning
+pioneers of the West or their descendants, and so probably to
+a greater extent relatively in the South than in the East. This counter-movement
+is unmistakable and has led to a notable and increasing advance
+in the prices of these lands during the past decade. The cause
+lies not alone in the acquisition by settlers of all the desirable free and
+cheap lands of the West, but also in the expected restoration of soil fertility
+in the South and East.</p>
+
+<p>To this end the deliberations of the present Conservation Congress
+have in large measure justly and wisely tended. Much has been said,
+and well said, touching the study and utilization of scientific means to
+restore soil fertility in the case of impoverished lands throughout the
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_216">[216]</span>country. It is a subject of paramount importance. It points to the possibility
+of increasing at least twofold the productiveness of our present
+acreage.</p>
+
+<p>It will not be considered as digressing if I refer in this connection
+to the Agricultural Department at Washington and the state agricultural
+colleges, boards and societies as having conferred incalculable
+benefit through work in this line on the people and the country. Well
+would it be, too, if the suggestion of President Taft, made in the course
+of his address in this hall last Monday evening, could be realized and
+the Agricultural Department represented among the people by an intelligent
+and practical farmer in each county of the several states. It
+would bring directly to the notice of farming communities the most approved
+means of cultivating the soil and lead to wholesome emulation
+in restoring its fertility and insuring abundant crops.</p>
+
+<p>I am strongly optimistic in regard to the natural resources of the
+country and would not venture to set bounds to the possibilities of our
+soil and climate. We know historically that for thousands of years
+untold millions of people have lived on the same land in China, Japan,
+Egypt and Europe. They have treated it as a living thing, feeding it
+with the elements requisite for its productiveness. So judiciously and
+systematically has this been done that in some quarters it yields twice
+as much to the acre as the average of our own land. I venture to predict,
+however, that the present movement toward soil enrichment will
+not fall short of attaining to a like standard of productiveness.</p>
+
+<p>While the restoration of soil fertility has fittingly been the dominant
+theme of these proceedings, I am pleased to observe that they have
+taken a much wider range. Thus are vastly broadened the activities
+and usefulness of this body, and correspondingly is strengthened its
+claim upon the confidence, approval and coöperation of the public.</p>
+
+<p>So much has been said in relation to the conservation of health,
+morality, religion, municipal government, deep waterways and the public
+welfare that it would be superfluous, even if time permitted, to touch
+again upon these subjects.</p>
+
+<p>I may be pardoned, however, for referring somewhat specifically
+to education in the light of its saving and helpful influence. It inquires
+into, searchingly examines and intelligently determines what to do in
+the practical phases of conservation. It penetrates proposed plans and
+theories and warns against mistakes, waste and extravagance.</p>
+
+<p>With the diversification and expansion of labor in the industrial
+domain its products became marvelously varied in form and utility.
+With the machinery which labor invented and introduced one man could
+accomplish tenfold as much in a given time as could previously be done
+by hand. The things produced by labor were thus enormously multiplied
+and cheapened, and this very fact, as in the case of land superabundance,
+led to deplorable waste and senseless extravagance.</p>
+
+<p>Ignorance may appropriately be called the mother of these evils.
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_217">[217]</span>Education is the antithesis of ignorance and may be depended upon to
+curb them. Ignorance is imitative rather than original, and the wastefulness
+attendant upon it grows with the expansion of luxury. The
+wage or income of unfortunates upon whom it has set its mark usually
+passes through their hands as freely as water through a conduit, often
+going for the purchase of things unnecessary and tawdry, if not actually
+harmful.</p>
+
+<p>But they are not alone in this regard. It happens that no matter
+what may be the income of some men it goes promptly forth again on
+its merry round, and they are as poor at the end of the month or year
+as they were at its beginning. The cause ordinarily lies in absurd vanity
+or inexcusable wastefulness and argues lack of self-control and
+common sense.</p>
+
+<p>Edison is credited with having recently stated as the result of his
+observations abroad that a French family could live comfortably on
+what an American family throws away. Other travelers have spoken
+to like effect, but with remarks applicable to Europe generally. It must
+be admitted, however, that the French rank first in this respect or in
+the practical application of domestic science and economy. They have
+evidently learned to apply the principle of conservation in the management
+of kitchen, dining room, household and purchases in the market.
+Were we to use like foresight, discrimination and economy the cost of
+living might be reduced from one-third to one-half. Would not this
+be an easily achievable and reasonably satisfactory solution of the harassing
+problem of high prices?</p>
+
+<p>The knowledge that creditably adorns the mind and makes for
+independence should show the wisdom of such economy and not be
+humiliated by betrayal into imitation of the reckless extravagance
+characterizing the vulgar rich in pomp, dress and prandial excesses. Intelligently
+and sagaciously inculcated along these lines, such knowledge
+would revolt at the conditions indicated. To this end education of
+wider scope and a more practical turn is needed. It should be of a
+nature capable of grappling successfully with such problems and conditions.</p>
+
+<p>Education, genuine and practical, is the most precious of possessions,
+surpassing in value to honorable and useful manhood all the
+vulgar hoards of selfish and pleasure-seeking wealth. True education
+teaches independence and self-respect and scorns temptation to compete
+with showy vulgarism in dress, dining and deportment. It is the
+key that unlocks the arcana of knowledge and surpasses all the dross
+of mine or mountain in bringing man into soulful communion with
+God. It makes clearer and more acceptable the duties we owe to country
+and to one another. It teaches courage in adversity and fortitude
+in affliction. It is a light that penetrates the gloom of doubt and makes
+plain the path of honor and usefulness. It illuminates in all directions
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_218">[218]</span>the activities of this great movement and I congratulate you upon having
+recognized the fact and so generously acclaimed it in the proceedings
+of this Congress. (Applause)</p>
+
+<p class="mt2">President <span class="smcap">White</span>—I now take pleasure in introducing to the audience
+United States Senator Robert L. Owen of Oklahoma. (Applause)</p>
+
+<p class="mt2">Senator <span class="smcap">Owen</span>—Ladies and gentlemen, and delegates of the Conservation
+Congress, when called on to pay my respects to this great
+meeting for the purpose of bringing about a public sentiment which
+should sustain the conservation movement, I felt in duty bound to
+respond, and for that reason I delayed my departure from this city
+to spend a few moments to present my respects, my sympathies, and
+my support to this movement. (Applause) I believe in the conservation
+of our national resources, and I believe that no government
+should go beyond the sentiment of the people, of the Republic, in the
+direction of conservation, or of any other important progressive policy.
+(Applause) This audience, therefore, and this Congress, have a duty
+to perform, and that duty is to sustain public opinion upon these important
+matters, and give it a concrete form, that will make its impress
+upon the legislative and administrative branches of this government.
+I believe in the conservation of our forests; in the conservation
+of our land; the reclamation of arid lands; the reclamation of swamp
+lands; making accessible the lands that we have, by good roads and
+by the improvement of waterways. I believe in the conservation of
+our water powers, that they shall not pass into private hands for speculative
+purposes, but I believe above and beyond all in every form of
+conservation that may be well discussed. I believe in the conservation,
+above all other things, of human life and human efficiency. (Applause)
+It was for that reason that I took occasion to draft a bill, providing
+for a department of health with a secretary in the cabinet at the head
+of it. (Applause) And I was actuated to do that by the pitiful history
+which we had recorded in the last great war, the war with Spain. I
+remember so well that over 900 of our chosen young men, those who
+had offered their lives upon the altar of patriotism, those who were
+willing to fight the battles of the Republic, instead of being able to
+die in the service of their country upon the battle field, facing a hostile
+foe, were laid in their graves by a malignant disease, at Chickamauga.
+We lost nearly a thousand of our best men at Chickamauga. And why?
+Because of the gross, unspeakable ignorance of those who were charged
+with the preservation of the lives of those young men. (Applause)
+It is a noted fact that the flies came from the cesspools where the
+offal and waste of the camp was thrown, came from those cesspools,
+with the slime on their feet, with typhoid germs on their feet to poison
+the chosen youth of our land by thousands. That is not only a national
+tragedy, it is a national humiliation, and it is a disgrace to this Nation.
+Therefore I desire, together with thousands of other men, to put an
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_219">[219]</span>end to that sort of thing by a department of health. I remember Herman
+Biggs’ map of lower New York where in a single house twenty-three
+cases of tuberculosis were recorded, and in the house next to it
+eighteen cases. So that those houses where the poor workmen go,
+without notice, were in fact nothing but charnal houses where they
+went to their death. We ought not, in a civilized nation, to permit that
+to continue. And I glory in the man who has been trying to preserve
+the health of this Nation. I glory in our magnificent Dr. Wiley. (Applause)
+And I feel a sense of personal happiness that the millions of
+microbes that move and have their being in impure food and drinks,
+did not get Wiley’s goat. (Applause)</p>
+
+<p>I am reminded in this connection of one of the stories of the champion
+of health, Mr. Lutz, of Indiana. It is called the story of the
+“Little Mother and the Fat Hog.” There was a little mother in Indiana.
+She was only twenty-three years old. She had three children. She
+began to notice that she was feeling ill, that the children, in whom she
+had had great happiness, were commencing to worry her, and become
+a care. She knew that she must be sick, and she went to the doctor.
+He looked at her and said, “You are all run down.” He gave a prescription
+in Latin. It was a little ginger, and a little alcohol, and a little
+water and some other things. She paid a dollar for it at the drug store,
+and she took it, but did not get well. She checked her strength out in
+a little while, and then one day she felt a sharp pain in her breast, a
+coughing spell came on and putting her handkerchief to her mouth,
+it became covered with blood. She had a hemorrhage. She sat down
+and wrote a letter to the secretary of health of Indiana: “My dear sir:—I
+am a little mother of Indiana. I have three children, I would like
+to raise to be good citizens of Indiana. I have just had a hemorrhage.
+Can you tell me what to do or where to go, so that I may get well? I
+do not want to die now.” He wrote her back an official letter right
+away in typewriting, and said something like this: “My dear madam,
+the state of Indiana does not make any provision for a case like you
+have described, but in case you die the state of Indiana will take care
+of your three children until some good people can be found who will
+take them from the asylum. Yours respectfully, Secretary.” (Applause)</p>
+
+<p>A fat hog squealed in the back yard of a man, and the hired man
+looked at him and he said, “He has got the cholera.” The man said,
+“Telegraph to Uncle Jimmy Wilson right away.” And he did. And a
+man came with a little black satchel marked D. V. S., with a bunch of
+serum in one hand and a syringe in the other, and he shot a load into
+the hog and the hog got well. MORAL: Be a hog and worth saving.
+(Applause)</p>
+
+<p>Now, last year as a United States Senator from Oklahoma, I had
+the opportunity and I sent out 25,000 bulletins on how to take care
+of the hog. And I didn’t have a single bulletin on how to take care of
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_220">[220]</span>babies. I believe that the babies and the youth of this land ought to
+be given the preference, if necessary, over the swine family. (Applause)
+In New Zealand they have a death rate of 9.5 per thousand. In this
+Republic, where we have the fancy that we know more than other
+people do, and where it is largely a matter of fancy and not one of
+reality, we have a death rate of 16.5 to the thousand. In other words
+we lose by death from preventable causes seven persons to the thousand
+that we might save. That makes a vast army of 630,000 human
+beings who march to their graves every year from preventable causes.
+And we have on an average nearly three millions of people who are
+sick on an average throughout the United States from preventable
+causes. A careful calculation on a money basis, putting each individual
+as worth $1,700 apiece, and I do not think that is a high estimate for
+an American—it would make a loss of four thousand million to this
+Republic every year. And I think that is worth conserving. (Applause)
+Therefore in the few moments which I have at my disposal I call the
+attention of this great audience to its duty as American citizens, and
+I call the attention of this great Conservation Congress to its duty to
+this Republic to put on record a declaration in favor of a department
+of health. I thank you for your attention. (Applause)</p>
+
+<p class="mt2">President <span class="smcap">White</span>—Ladies and gentlemen, I now take pleasure in
+presenting to you an American citizen who in all this broad land requires
+no introduction. (Applause)</p>
+
+<p class="mt2">Mr. <span class="smcap">Bryan</span>—Mr. Chairman, ladies and gentlemen, I am sure that
+whatever you may think of my speech you will agree with me that I
+was justified in asking you to listen to these other speakers. (Applause)
+I believe in the Conservation Congress. The good that it
+does is difficult to calculate. How many of the thousands who are
+assembled tonight have given to the subject of conservation the thought
+or study that it deserves. The arguments that are presented at such
+a meeting as this help make up the public opinion that controls our
+governments, state and national. A large number of subjects are brought
+before a Congress for its attention. The speeches made present the
+subject from different points of view, and each one turns upon the
+subject the light of his intelligence, and the warmth of his heart. When
+we go from such a meeting, we go enlightened, and with our views
+enlarged. We go prepared to communicate to others something of the
+information that we have received, and to impart to them something
+of the zeal that we feel. A number of subjects have been presented
+here, and I am sure that this meeting will be worth all that it has cost
+those who have brought it about or participated in it.</p>
+
+<p>Take the thought, for instance, that has been presented by Senator
+Owen. I am so glad that I insisted upon his speaking, for his ability
+and public spirit are only equaled by his modesty, and if I had not
+insisted, I am afraid you would have lost the benefit of the speech that
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_221">[221]</span>he has delivered. (Applause) And yet what one of us will forget the
+splendid illustration that he has given us in the story told of the difference
+we make between the human being with a priceless soul and the
+animal that can be converted into dollars and cents on demand. (Applause)
+We need to have this matter brought to our attention, and I
+venture the assertion that there is not one present in this audience that
+will not go from this meeting tonight with the conviction that our Nation
+could afford to subtract a little from its appropriations intended to
+prepare us to kill people, and spend the money in the preservation of
+human life. (Applause) Is it not strange how much more interest
+we can feel in the battleship and in the new gun than we feel in the
+preservation of the life and health of those about us? We need a
+speech like this to wake our consciences to our own neglect, and to
+give us a better idea of proportion when we look at things about us.</p>
+
+<p>You heard last night a speech upon public health from one who
+has done so much to arouse the Nation to the unspeakable iniquity of
+the adulteration of food. Who will estimate the benefit of such a speech
+as that delivered to an audience with such intelligence as this audience
+represents?</p>
+
+<p class="center">AGRICULTURAL EXPERTS.</p>
+
+<p>The President presented, as I understand it, a thought that has been
+emphasized today. The idea that there should be in every agricultural
+county of the Nation a representative of the Government, an expert
+on agriculture, to assist the people of that community to a better and
+more intelligent production of the crops to which the soil and climate
+are adapted. An idea like that needs only to be presented in order to
+be accepted and approved. The fact is that what we need is instruction.
+In Leeds, England, a year ago, I was speaking at a dinner in the mayor’s
+office. I was emphasizing the fact that our difficulties and controversies
+are largely due to misunderstandings and that misunderstandings are
+largely due to a lack of acquaintance with each other, and there flashed
+into my mind that quotation from Holy Writ, the last prayer of our
+Savior: “Father, forgive them, for they know not what they do.” And
+I was impressed, as I had never been before, with the fact that ignorance
+is a large cause of sin. It is ignorance that we have to combat; when
+the people are once enlightened and understand a subject, you can
+trust their patriotism, their good intent, and their sense of justice. (Applause)
+These meetings help by instructing, and we go from them not
+only with larger information, but with a stronger determination to
+do our part in the correction of evils that need a remedy. As I sat
+tonight and listened to those who spoke before me, a thought came
+into my mind, and I venture to impart it to you. It is a proverb of
+Solomon’s; I do not know of a better motto for the conservation movement.
+It was suggested by the gentleman from Indiana that necessity
+compels us to conserve the Nation’s resources when we become aware
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_222">[222]</span>that they are being impoverished, and I thought of this proverb of
+Solomon’s: “The wise man foreseeth the evil, and hideth himself, but
+the foolish pass on and are punished.” What is conservation except
+looking ahead, the making of provision against coming dangers that
+may be prevented? Wisdom manifests itself in foresight. If we had
+had more foresight we would not have need of as much energy as is
+required today to protect that which is being wasted. I suggest, therefore,
+as a proper motto for the conservationists this wise saying of Solomon,
+“The wise man foreseeth the evil, and hideth himself, but the
+foolish pass on and are punished.” (Applause)</p>
+
+<p>Let me gather up some of the scattered threads of the discussion
+to which the delegates have listened. I am not an expert in any part
+of this conservation work. I confess that I am one who has been
+blind, during a part of my life, to the needs that are now so clearly
+recognized. I have had work that has engrossed my attention; I have
+been busy, but not with matters of conservation such as have been discussed.
+Possibly I represent some in the audience who have not had
+their attention turned to these subjects. I am grateful to those who
+have brought me into contact with this information, and I shall endeavor
+to make up for lost time by larger effort along these lines. (Applause)</p>
+
+<p>The subject has grown upon me as I have examined it, and have
+listened to those who have spoken upon different branches of it. The
+first thing that claimed my attention was the preservation of the forest.
+I found that we were exhausting our timber supply. I found that it
+was a matter merely of calculation, a simple matter of mathematics;
+that we could take the number of acres of timber land remaining,
+subtract the yearly cut, and calculate how long it would be before it
+was practically destroyed, and then, when on the other side, we examined
+the amount of land planted in trees and compare that with the yearly
+destruction, it was easy to see we were approaching a time when our
+timber supply would be exhausted. I became interested at once, as
+you must be interested, in legislation that has for its object not only
+the protection of that timber which remains, but the replanting of such
+ground as can be reforested. I am interested, as you are, in protecting
+this country from exhaustion of its timber supply.</p>
+
+<p class="center">THE NATION’S WATER SUPPLY.</p>
+
+<p>Then, my attention was next called to another reason why our
+timber should not be destroyed, and I am a little ashamed to admit to
+you, that it is not very many years ago since I first began to think
+of the protection of our water sheds. I wonder how many in this
+audience have felt, until tonight, as indifferent as I felt until a few
+years ago. I wonder how many tonight realize how serious a question
+it is? Two years ago last June I crossed the crest of the Rockies,
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_223">[223]</span>and as I went over the ridge, I saw patches of timber, and then areas
+of naked land. I found that wherever there was timber there was
+snow; and when I came near to these patches of timber, I found little
+streams running down to make the brooks and rivers. But wherever
+the timber was gone there was no snow; it was perfectly dry, and then
+I realized, as I had not before, how God in His infinite wisdom had
+established these great reservoirs that never need repair, while man in
+his folly has been destroying them, and then endeavoring to replace them
+by building great dams, and forming great lakes that will in time fill
+up and have to be abandoned. What supreme folly it is to allow the
+water sheds to be denuded and these natural reservoirs destroyed, only
+to spend money after a while to replace them with inferior substitutes.
+What does it mean to have a Nation’s water supply imperiled? Have
+you ever been in a city that was threatened with a water famine? Have
+you ever been where they discovered the necessity of a larger water supply?
+What would it mean to the people living upon the slopes of the
+Rockies if these water sheds were destroyed, and the rain of the winter
+ran off, and left us with no reservoirs to supply our surface streams and
+the veins from which we draw through wells? When people tell me that
+the water shed question can safely be left to the states in which these
+water sheds are, I tell them that while I am glad to give every reasonable
+presumption to the state, I insist that the people of this Nation have, on
+the fundamental doctrine of self-preservation, the right, when necessary,
+to protect their water supply in the mountains, and I may add, I have no
+fear that this will cause a conflict between state and nation. (Applause)</p>
+
+<p>My observation is that you very seldom have a conflict between
+states and nation unless some private interest is attempting to ignore
+the rights of both state and nation. Back of this controversy which
+we sometimes hear suggested between the state and the Nation, you
+will find the interest of the predatory corporation that is as much an
+enemy to the people of the state as it is the enemy of the people of
+the Nation; whenever we reach the point where the people recognize
+that they are greater than any corporation which they create, the settlement
+of state and national questions will become an easy matter, for
+patriots can then agree. (Applause)</p>
+
+<p>After one has acquainted himself with the necessity of preserving
+the forests on the water sheds, he naturally comes to the control of
+the water that comes tumbling down the mountain side. It is a little
+more than two years since my attention was called to this subject; the
+facts were given me by one who is in a position to know, and since
+that time I have had a fixed opinion that has been freely expressed in
+regard to the control of these mountain torrents, the commercialization
+of these mountain streams.</p>
+
+<p class="center">THE LANDLORD SYSTEM.</p>
+
+<p>One who has not visited the Old World cannot understand the landlord
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_224">[224]</span>system there. If you ask me what I regard as the greatest burden
+of the people of Europe I reply “Landlordism.” (Applause) In some
+of those countries the people are so situated that those who till the
+soil transmit from generation to generation the right to pay rent, with
+no possibility of ownership; while a few families transmit from child
+to child the right to collect rent, with no disposition to till the soil. I
+regard that as the greatest burden of Europe, and one of the blessings
+that we enjoy in this country is freedom from such landlordism as
+they have in the Old World. I know of nothing that nearer approaches
+the system of landlordism in Europe than the proposed giving away
+of these mountain streams in perpetuity to great syndicates that through
+the years and generations to come could exact their toll from a toiling
+people. Therefore, when we consider the use of these mountain streams,
+the first thing we must decide is that there shall be no perpetual grant
+to a water power. Who can tell what that right will be worth a hundred
+years from now? Look back twenty-five years. Who could have
+estimated then the value of a water power today? Within the last
+quarter of a century we have had a development of electricity that makes
+it possible to carry, for hundreds of miles, power generated by falling
+water. If you visit Canada you will find in the Province of Ontario
+great towers carrying to the various cities the power generated at Niagara
+Falls. We are now in the very beginning of the use of electricity. No
+human being can measure the value of one of these water falls. What
+criminal folly, then, for this generation to barter away the sacred rights
+of posterity to syndicates and corporations. (Applause) So, it seems
+to me, that one of the important questions to be decided in the conservation
+of our natural resources is that the principle of monopoly shall
+not be permitted in this country under any guise or in any form. (Applause)</p>
+
+<p>Let us insist that wherever and whenever a franchise is granted it
+shall be granted for a term of years, and that that term shall not be so
+long, but that we can reasonably estimate today the value of it at the
+end of the term. No other principle is tenable in the discussion of this
+subject.</p>
+
+<p>But one cannot visit the mountains; one cannot consider these
+streams that we are trying to protect without thinking of the reclamation
+of the arid lands. And here I think we have a subject too that is
+only beginning to be understood. Go along a road and see on one side
+a desert and on the other side a garden, and understand that the only
+difference is that one is not watered and the other is, and then irrigation
+becomes a subject of thrilling interest. Investigate and find how large a
+per cent of the people of the world live upon lands cultivated by irrigation.
+Learn how ancient and honorable an industry it is. Visit the
+communities, where, by the use of the water under systems of irrigation,
+a man can make a living for his family on twenty, thirty or forty acres,
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_225">[225]</span>or even less. See how the people are brought together; how every
+advantage of the city is brought to the farm, and then you will understand
+why the country has at last yielded to the demand that has come
+from the West, that some money should be spent in the reclamation of
+these lands.</p>
+
+<p>We have next the impounding of water, the building of storage
+reservoirs. It is in its infancy. It ought to be continued until not one
+drop of waste water is allowed to run down and flood the valleys in the
+spring. All of this water should be conserved. It ought to be spread
+out on the lands which need it, and then we can invite people from the
+crowded cities to avail themselves of the light and liberty and larger
+life of the country. (Applause)</p>
+
+<p class="center">SOIL WASTE.</p>
+
+<p>But one subject leads on to another. You begin to reclaim arid
+lands, and then you ask yourself, Why should we attempt to bring land
+under cultivation at large expense while we waste the land that we have?
+And that brings us to the very interesting subject that is presented at
+all of these congresses, the conservation of the fertility of the soil. A
+farmer this afternoon spoke of some people as robbers, who robbed the
+soil of its fertility; I suppose I am one of the guilty ones, although I
+have done most of my robbing of the soil through agents rather than
+directly myself. (Applause) And yet, I had my apprenticeship upon
+the farm, and when I was farming it never occurred to me that I was
+wasting the soil. I was one who could claim pardon under the plea,
+“Forgive them for they know not what they do.” (Applause) And
+yet, we cannot be guiltless hereafter now that we understand of what
+we have been guilty.</p>
+
+<p>Here is a subject that must interest every man who owns an acre
+of ground. What right has one to impoverish the soil? As was suggested
+today, we are not owners, we are merely tenants. The life of
+the individual is short. He lives, he works, he passes away. What right
+has the tenant of today to impoverish the estate upon which generations
+to come must live? Is it not worth while to have these experts tell us?
+Is it not worth while to have this fact impressed upon our minds and
+our consciences? And when we come to the conservation of the soil
+on the farms, we then understand the importance of the agricultural
+college. I rejoice that the agricultural college has shown such wonderful
+growth and development during the last twenty-five years. The
+interest which has been manifested in these schools is wonderful, and
+what does it mean? Not merely that our farms are to be better tended;
+not merely that our crops will be increased in quality and in value; that
+is not all. To my mind two important influences will grow out of this
+agricultural school in addition to the material advantages. I expect to
+see more inventions; I expect to see a quickened interest in improved
+machinery; that these men who go out from college to till the soil will
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_226">[226]</span>add more and more of brain to the muscle when they till the soil; that
+the character of the work is to be dignified and elevated just as in the
+factories we have found the character of the work constantly lifted up
+as larger and larger intelligence is brought into play in our industries.
+I expect to see this on the farm. But more than that, I expect to see
+the farmer a larger political factor in his government with the rising
+intelligence of the farmer boy. (Applause)</p>
+
+<p>The farmer has suffered; if you ask me why it is that we have
+the young men drifting into the city, why we have seen so many farms
+abandoned, or regarded as less desirable, I say that one of the reasons
+is that our consideration has been given to the things of the city, and
+not to the things of the country. Our laws have been made for the factory
+and not for the farm. (Applause) The men who represent industry
+in the city have been more numerously represented in the halls of
+legislation than the men who represent industry upon the farm, and one
+of the results of this higher education of our farmer boys will be, in
+my opinion, an increasing influence of the agricultural classes in all matters
+of legislation. I mention these as some of the subjects that are
+brought to our attention as we consider the various phases of this work
+of conservation. I am a believer in doing everything that can be done
+to make the farm an attractive place. It is the nursery of our great
+men and great women. It is the place where we train men in industry,
+in self-reliance, and in character. The man who comes nearest to nature
+has a tremendous advantage in the years of his youth. He deals with
+the works of the Almighty, while the boy in the town deals with the
+work of man. Is it strange that from the country and from the country
+life come the strength, the purity, the character that help to make our
+city strong, without which our cities would not be what they are today?
+(Applause)</p>
+
+<p class="center">TO MAKE FARMS ATTRACTIVE.</p>
+
+<p>The man who lives upon the farm sees the miracle wrought about
+him constantly. The man in the city puts his eyes upon a man-made
+machine; the man upon the farm comes daily in contact with those irresistible
+forces that lie back of all the products of the farm and the
+orchard. It is a splendid training; we cannot allow it to be destroyed.
+Tributes for the farm have come from the poets of every land:</p>
+
+<div class="poetry-container">
+  <div class="poetry">
+    <div class="stanza">
+      <div class="verse indent0">“Princes and Lords may flourish or may fade,</div>
+      <div class="verse indent0">A breath can make them, as a breath has made;</div>
+      <div class="verse indent0">But a bold peasant, a nation’s pride,</div>
+      <div class="verse indent0">When once destroyed, can never be supplied.”</div>
+    </div>
+  </div>
+</div>
+
+<p>Take from any nation its bold peasantry, and you have impoverished
+it to an extent that figures cease to be valuable.</p>
+
+<p>What will make our farms more attractive? It seems to me that
+just now there are a number of things that conspire to add to the attractiveness
+of the farm. Invention has already added largely to the comforts
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_227">[227]</span>and the conveniences of the farmer. I live nearly four miles from
+the city. The telephone enables me to send and receive telegrams; it
+enables me to call the physician in a moment. I know of no one thing
+that hung more heavily on the mother than the fact when sickness came,
+or accident, it took so long to secure a physician. Today, with the telephone,
+we cut half in two, at least, the time between the accident and
+the relief. We find improvements that can be carried to the farm. Water
+in the house, light as good in the country as in the city. The light that
+I use in the country is as good as I ever had in the city, and it can now
+be furnished in small quantities, so that even the smallest house may
+be supplied. We find the rural free delivery grown until now in almost
+every section of our land the country is supplied as well as in the city.
+The good roads movement is a growing movement, and will grow because
+the farmers (applause) will not long be content to have a “mud embargo”
+upon their liberty, so large a part of the year. It is not a matter of
+economy merely. I believe the good roads movement is a social need as
+well as an economic requirement. With the good road you can have the
+union school, the community library; you can have a place for the farmers
+and their wives to meet other farmers and their wives; where you can
+have entertainment brought to them; where more light can be put into
+the life, and larger opportunity for social communion be had. Electric
+lines are bringing the country and city nearer together. All these things
+are possible. All these things are coming, and with their coming I hope
+to see the tide turn and the farm population increase rather than decrease
+in proportion to the urban population.</p>
+
+<p>But, my friends, I have saved for the last the suggestion that I
+regard as most important. I have mentioned some of these things that
+have contributed to the desertion of the farm, some of the things which
+I hope will accelerate the return to the farm. I am interested in everything
+that has been said by those of whose speeches I have only heard,
+and by others to whose speeches I have listened. I believe in all of these
+things, but I believe there is one thing that we cannot neglect. I am
+not sure but it is the most important factor in this whole discussion, the
+great need of the human race, less in this country than in any other, but
+a need here as well, is a proper conception of the dignity of labor. (Loud
+applause) The struggle of mankind has been to avoid work. It has been
+to put the drudgery of life on somebody else, and Tolstoi has well said that,
+as soon as we can make somebody else do the unpleasant work we do
+not want to do, we then look down upon them and regard them as of a
+different class. Lack of sympathy is the chief cause of human injustice
+and human misery. I repeat that what the world needs, and we as well
+as the rest of the world, though not so much, for we have made more
+progress here than anywhere else in the world, is a proper conception
+of the dignity of labor. (Applause) Our education is at fault if it
+separates the idea of intellectual progress from the idea of moral advancement.
+Sometimes our children are taught that they should get an
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_228">[228]</span>education in order that they may escape from work that seems unpleasant.
+Education will not be a blessing to the world, but instead a curse,
+if it lifts man above the willingness to toil. (Applause)</p>
+
+<p class="center">THE NECESSITY OF TOIL.</p>
+
+<p>The most important thought that can be put into the mind of any
+child is that his education is to enlarge his capacity for work, not to
+relieve him from the necessity of toiling. (Applause) We find in the
+cities young men earning small wages in a store where they can wear
+good clothes, keep their hands clean and do a work that is considered
+more respectable, when they might earn larger wages if they were willing
+to bear a larger share of the manual labor of the world. (Applause)
+Not only do they escape from manual labor, but they miss the physical
+development that that toil brings. We find young men upon the farms
+taught that, if they manifest a little brightness, if they are a little
+more ambitious than those about them, they should look to the law, to
+medicine, to journalism, to the ministry or to politics—that they must
+get away from the farm. I hope our conservation congresses will not
+overlook the fact that we shall make little progress towards making farm
+homes more inviting until we teach men that the farm with all its toil
+and drudgery gives them a position where they can be independent, and
+give their children an environment that contributes to stature and character.
+(Applause) I believe that we shall only be doing our duty to
+ourselves, to our fellow man, to our country and to posterity when we
+emphasize the fact that it is the idler, and not the man who toils, who
+is a disgrace to society.</p>
+
+<p>Here is a place where all of us can work; here is a public opinion
+which we can all join in cultivating. The mother who has a daughter
+approaching womanhood’s estate can help when she teaches that daughter
+that she ought to be more willing to link her fortunes with the fortunes
+of a poor young man, with high aspirations, education, ambition, good
+health and character, than to seek an alliance with an idle degenerate who
+spends the money somebody else has earned. (Applause) The father
+can do his duty, and can help, when he teaches the son that he is more
+proud of him when he sees him at work, trying to become a useful factor
+in society, than when he is simply waiting for some money to be left
+him that he may squander it, and be the worse for having had it.
+(Applause) Every member of society everywhere can serve in this
+great war upon the largest enemy we have to meet. The teacher in the
+college has his work to do; the preacher in the pulpit—oh, what an
+opportunity he has to present to his congregation, Sunday after Sunday,
+the idea that Christ Himself made a living reality, that greatness is to
+be measured by the service rendered, and that happiness, as well as greatness,
+depends on the contribution one makes to the world. (Applause)
+Here is a work that is large enough for us all. Here is something that
+invites us, an opportunity as large as we can crave.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_229">[229]</span></p>
+
+<p class="center">MAN AND SOCIETY.</p>
+
+<p>I present, therefore, as the most important thing that the conservation
+movement can consider, the raising up of an ideal of life that will
+give a man a proper conception of his relation to society. Where better
+than on the farm can a man learn God’s law? What is the Divine law
+of reward? God wrote it upon the face of the earth; He proclaimed it
+from the clouds; He burns it into us through the rays of the sun, namely,
+that God has given us the material and that in proportion as man shows
+industry and intelligence in converting natural resources into usable
+wealth he can rightfully draw from the common store of the world.
+That is God’s law of rewards. If a man lack intelligence, God punishes
+him by failure. If he lack industry, God whips him into poverty by
+laws that are inexorable. That is the Divine plan, but we have allowed
+the speculative craze to take its place, and man, instead of earning his
+bread in the sweat of his brow, rushes into the city to get some short
+cut to riches, and society has given respectability to the man who goes
+on the Board of Trade at 10 o’clock and by betting on what the farmers
+raise makes more than he can make raising it, while it looks down upon
+the people who feed us and clothe us. (Applause)</p>
+
+<p>But, my friends, I have already talked longer than I intended to
+when I came. (Cries of Go on! Go on!)</p>
+
+<p>I am here because I am interested. I am here because I am a
+debtor to society. Who in all this land has been placed under greater
+obligations than I? Who is more bound in duty to contribute as best
+he can to any improvement that is possible? This is one of the great
+avenues of effort; one of the great reform movements. It enlarges as
+you consider it. I am here to testify to my interest; I am here to listen
+to those who speak that I may gather from their matured thought ideas
+that I can put into use. My part is an humble part; it is not to discuss
+any question at length; it is not to speak as an expert upon any branch
+of conservation; it is rather to come and emphasize, so far as I can,
+the work that others have done—to show you how large it is, to increase
+your interest in it, to quicken your zeal, and to have you go from here
+determined, as I go determined, to contribute more largely than in the
+past, not only to this, but to every movement that has for its object the
+elevation of the human race and the advancement of the civilization of
+the world.</p>
+
+<p>I thank you. (Continued applause)</p>
+
+<p class="mt2">On motion of Professor Condra, duly seconded, the Congress adjourned
+subject to the call of the executive committee.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_230">[230]</span></p>
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+
+<div class="chapter">
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_231">[231]</span></p>
+
+<h2 class="nobreak" id="SUPPLEMENTARY_PROCEEDINGS">SUPPLEMENTARY PROCEEDINGS</h2>
+
+</div>
+
+<h3>LIVE STOCK FARMING AND SOIL FERTILITY.</h3>
+
+<p class="center"><span class="smcap">By F. B. Mumford</span>,<br>
+<i>Of the University of Missouri</i></p>
+
+<p>The agricultural industry has been and will continue to be the greatest and most
+fundamental industry in the economic life of the American nation. Not only does
+agriculture supply the means of livelihood to a larger number of people than any
+other calling, but because of its intimate relation to many other arts, it occupies a
+most important place among American industries. From reliable statistics, the
+materials of manufacture drawn from agriculture constitute 42 per cent of all the
+materials used in the manufacturing industries. Any conditions tending to decrease
+these necessary materials of manufacture will react unfavorably on this industry
+and result in hardship to great number of laborers engaged in this occupation.</p>
+
+<p>The dominant place of agriculture in the commercial and economic life of the
+Nation is indicated by the enormous aggregate wealth invested in agricultural enterprises.
+In 1910, there was invested in lands, buildings and equipment used in agricultural
+pursuits $36,703,418,000. The value of agricultural products for the one
+year of 1910, according to the Secretary of Agriculture, was $8,926,000,000. A sum
+so large that the human mind is unable to grasp its real significance.</p>
+
+<p>All this enormous wealth comes directly from the soil. Any factors which
+tend to diminish the productiveness of this fundamental resource are of national
+concern.</p>
+
+<p>The fertility of the soil is not inexhaustible, it is not self-perpetuating. Soil
+fertility can be mined out of the soil as coal can be mined out of the earth. When
+the fertility of soils has decreased beyond a certain point, then the cost of cultivation
+becomes too great, and farming becomes unprofitable and we may have
+abandoned farms. This fact has been repeatedly demonstrated in the history of
+ancient and modern agriculture.</p>
+
+<p>But it is also true that soil fertility can be so utilized that the continuous production
+of crops on the same land can be indefinitely and successfully accomplished.
+It is also a fact that the conditions of fertility are of such a nature that the natural
+productiveness of the average soil can be greatly improved and the total production
+of food crops largely increased. Improved systems of farming based on perfectly
+definite scientific principles are now being practiced, which are not only
+more profitable, but likewise maintain successfully the productiveness of the soil.</p>
+
+<p>A permanent agriculture can only be established through a rational system of
+soil conservation. The most important factor in all agriculture is the productiveness
+of the acre of land. No system of farming can endure which is not profitable.
+Any scheme of conservation which aims to benefit succeeding generations but fails
+to provide for the necessities of the people now living on earth will surely fail.</p>
+
+<p>Systems of farming which are recommended should then fulfill two conditions;
+they must maintain or improve the fertility of the land, and they must be profitable.
+The failures in agriculture in the past have resulted from the failure to recognize
+one or the other or a combination of these two causes. Either the productiveness
+of the soil has been exhausted by unintelligent system or the agriculture has been
+unprofitable. In fact, the exhaustion of soil is rather to be regarded as an
+economic term which means that the operations of agriculture are no longer carried
+on at a profit rather than that the elements of fertility have been entirely removed
+from a one-time fertile soil.</p>
+
+<p>In considering live stock farming, then, it is only necessary to determine first
+whether it is and has been successful in maintaining soil fertility.</p>
+
+<p>What is needed to maintain and improve the fertility of the soils? The investigations
+on this matter are clear. There are four things needed under existing
+conditions to supply directly or indirectly to agricultural lands: vegetable
+matter or humus, phosphorus, nitrogen and potash. Does live stock farming,
+as a system, provide these materials in sufficient quantity to conserve the fertility
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_232">[232]</span>of the soil? Without going too much into detail, it is correct for us to say that
+in any well planned system of stock farming, the humus supply can easily be sustained;
+the nitrogen can be rapidly increased and the phosphorus and potash
+supplied either through the application of fertilizers directly or by the purchase
+of foods to be first fed to animals and the manure later applied to the land.</p>
+
+<p>In attempting to determine whether or not live stock farming is to be considered
+as a system calculated to conserve soil fertility, one cannot be greatly
+impressed with the unanimity of opinion in favor of animal husbandry as a means
+of soil improvement. When soils have become exhausted and unprofitable from
+continuous grain growing, the almost universal advice is to change the system of
+farming to stock husbandry and feed out all crops on the land. Nor is this advice
+to be regarded as emanating from theorists whose conclusions have been
+drawn alone from the test tube of the chemist, but more often such advice comes
+from men who are trained in farm management, and have themselves demonstrated
+that a rational system of animal husbandry will not only maintain but improve
+the fertility of the average farm located in the corn belt. Live stock farming
+carried on for the purpose of soil improvement is not an untried experiment. Not
+only individual farms but whole communities have been brought up from a condition
+of exhaustion and unprofitableness to a condition of productiveness by animal
+husbandry.</p>
+
+<p>Exclusive grain farming as practiced from New England westward to the
+Dakotas has left behind a trail of depleted soils and where carried on for too
+long a time ruined farms and abandoned homes have marked the way.</p>
+
+<p>These same soils are today being reclaimed and profitably tilled as the result
+of changing from grain farming to dairy and stock farming. This change
+has taken place in Ohio, Michigan, Wisconsin, and is now occurring in Minnesota.
+The result of profitable system of live stock farming on even the poorest of soils
+is to be seen in Holland. On thin, sandy lands reclaimed from the sea, dairy
+farming has increased the value of the farming lands until now they are valued at
+$500 to $1,000 per acre. Holland today supports a population twelve times as dense
+as Illinois, and yet has an annual surplus of cheese and butter for export amounting
+to more than four dollars per acre.</p>
+
+<p>Fifty years ago Denmark was a wheat producing country. Its soils were
+gradually being depleted of fertility and agricultural ruin was imminent. The
+system of farming was at that time radically changed to a system of live stock
+production, with the result that after forty years of dairy farming the agriculture
+of Denmark is regarded as a model of farm management, both from the standpoint
+of the conservation of soil fertility and profits per acre.</p>
+
+<p>Farmyard manure is now and always has been the greatest resource for maintaining
+soil fertility on the typical Middle West farms. Dr. C. G. Hopkins says
+that “Farm manure always has been, and without doubt always will be, the principal
+material used in maintaining the fertility of the soil.”</p>
+
+<p>Director Thorne of Ohio has pointed out that the increased fertility of English
+farms as measured in increasing wheat yields has, in his opinion, been due to
+the fact that the cattle, sheep, hogs and horses have increased rapidly per cultivated
+acre since 1865. In that year Great Britain was maintaining the equivalent
+of one cattle beast for each acre cultivated, while in 1900 the live stock population
+had increased until there was maintained on British farms the equivalent of
+one cattle beast for each cultivated acre.</p>
+
+<p>When Great Britain maintained one cattle beast for each two acres of land
+cultivated in grain, the average wheat yield was twenty-eight bushels per acre.
+When she had increased her live stock population to the equivalent of one cattle
+beast to one acre of land cultivated in grain, the yield of wheat had risen to thirty-two
+bushels per acre.</p>
+
+<p>The limits of this paper will not permit me to quote the opinions of all the
+leading agricultural and soil experts who have publicly expressed themselves on
+the important relations of animal husbandry to soil fertility. But such national
+authorities as Henry Wallace, President Waters, Dean Davenport, Dean Curtis,
+Governor Hoard and a host of others have publicly placed themselves on record
+as favoring live stock husbandry for conserving soil fertility on the American
+farm.</p>
+
+<p>The production of farmyard manure in this country now represents a value
+greater than the total value of the corn crop. The estimated annual value of farm
+manure produced in America is two and one-third billion dollars. All authorities
+agree that more than one-third of this material is absolutely wasted by the farmers.
+Here is a source of fertility ten times as great as all the commercial fertilizers
+annually sold in the whole United States. If this manure now wasted could be
+intelligently applied to the corn lands of America, there would be added $800,000,000
+annually to the agricultural wealth of this country.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_233">[233]</span></p>
+
+<p>In planning systems of live stock farming for permanent agriculture, it is
+necessary to apply the amount of phosphorus removed in the annual products
+sold, either as commercial fertilizer or by the purchase of supplementary foods.
+This amount will be comparatively small, and if added by the purchase of supplementary
+foods may be supplied at little or no additional cost, as the profits from
+feeding will pay for the phosphorus used.</p>
+
+<p>No scheme of soil conservation can be successful unless it is profitable. If
+live stock farming conserves fertility, but is unprofitable, then it need not be further
+considered. But live stock farming is profitable, and is more profitable than
+any other system of permanent agriculture which has been devised.</p>
+
+<p>The latest census figures show conclusively that the net income per acre is
+greater from stock and dairy farms than from hay and grain farms.</p>
+
+<p>The average annual net income from stock and dairy farms in the United
+States for the ten-year period ending with the year 1899 was $11.42, while the
+income from hay and grain farms was only $7.72 per acre.</p>
+
+<p>Not only was the average income in the United States as a whole greater from
+stock farms, but in some of the more strictly grain growing states the same
+increased profit from stock farms is shown. In Illinois the income from grain
+farms was $10.60 per acre; from stock farms, $12.55. In Missouri, the income
+from grain farms was $7.69, and from stock farms, $9.55. In Iowa the income
+from grain farms was $8.88, and the income from stock farms, $13.17 per acre.
+In other words the profits from stock farming in Illinois were 18 per cent, in
+Missouri 24 per cent, and in Iowa 48 per cent greater than from grain farms.</p>
+
+<p>In any ten-year period of the agricultural history of this country, the net
+income per acre from live stock farms has been greater than from grain crops.</p>
+
+<p>I think all fair minded students of farm management problems in the Middle
+West will agree that the most prosperous and best managed farms throughout the
+corn belt today are the farms where live stock is a large, if not the chief, factor of
+production.</p>
+
+<p>The argument that live stock farming can be profitable only on cheap land
+is fallacious. The highest priced farming lands in the world are utilized for stock
+and dairy farms.</p>
+
+<p>In all systems of exclusive grain farming which have been planned for the
+maintenance of soil fertility, it is recommended that considerable quantities of
+clover be plowed under and that all of the straw and stover likewise be added
+directly to the soil for keeping up the humus supply. While this practice unquestionably
+will accomplish the results intended it is true that from an economic
+point of view such materials are too valuable for the nutrition of animals to be
+thus employed. When we remember that at a very conservative estimate, the
+stover or stalks, leaves and stems of the corn plant contain not less than 25 per
+cent of the total feeding value of the entire plant, and that under systems of
+exclusive grain farming, all this material is so utilized that only its humus value
+is secured, we must conclude that if there is another method whereby this valuable
+feedstuff may be first converted into animal products, such a method is certainly
+to be recommended in a convention assembled to discuss the broad problem of
+conservation.</p>
+
+<p>Plowing under green clover likewise is to be regarded as a practice of doubtful
+economic value. At the Missouri Experiment Station, for a series of two years,
+the average income from such clover pastured off with hogs amounted to $34.11
+per acre. This was estimating the pork product at only six cents per pound. As
+a matter of fact during the years in which this investigation was conducted, the
+pork was actually worth seven cents per pound, and the actual income from the
+clover alone amounted to $40.00 per acre.</p>
+
+<p>I submit that when an acre of clover can be so utilized through animals as
+to return to the farmer the equivalent of $40.00 in cash, that it is doubtful economy
+to use this material solely for its humus value by plowing under.</p>
+
+<p>In accomplishing the above result, it was necessary to feed an average of 3,000
+pounds of grain per acre with the clover. This grain at prevailing market prices
+was charged to the hogs at sixty cents per bushel, the market price, and the $40.00
+per acre is therefore net income. The large amount of grain fed to the hogs on
+the clover undoubtedly returned to the soil as much phosphorus as was removed
+in the body of the animals, and the ultimate result of this experiment was therefore
+not only to secure a greater profit from the land by this method of utilization,
+but also to provide generously for the plant food losses incurred by the storing
+up of such materials in the bodies of the hogs.</p>
+
+<p>On the average Middle West farm, there are now and will continue to be great
+quantities of stover, hay, straw, grass and other materials which are too valuable
+to be used solely for manurial purposes and are yet too bulky to be profitably
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_234">[234]</span>placed on the market. All such materials can be profitably marketed through animals,
+and by so doing at least 50 per cent of the humus value of the materials can
+be retained and a considerable profit secured from feeding to animals.</p>
+
+<p>The development of animal husbandry in modern farm practice is fundamentally
+important. Exclusive grain farming has never yet been satisfactory or permanently
+successful. History and present practice have clearly demonstrated the important
+relation of soil fertility to the keeping of animals. The productiveness of the acre
+of land is the most important factor in profitable agriculture. If it is true that
+the productiveness of the acre of land is maintained and often increased by the
+large use of domestic animals, this is a sufficient reason for large attention to
+live stock farming.</p>
+
+<p>Animal husbandry is more profitable than grain farming. In any ten-year period
+of American agriculture, skillful live stock farming has been more profitable than
+exclusive grain farming. It is no argument to say that the average stock farmer
+would have secured larger temporary gains by selling his grain instead of feeding
+to animals. Statistics have shown a larger net income per acre from live stock
+farms throughout the United States than grain farms.</p>
+
+<p>The highest type of farming is found in those localities where skillful stock
+farming is the rule. In Denmark, Holland, Great Britain, France, Canada and
+the United States, it is undoubtedly true that greater intelligence, skill and efficiency
+are required for the successful management of a live stock farm than a
+grain farm.</p>
+
+<p>The yield of wheat in England has increased in direct proportion to the increase
+of the number of animals per cultivated acre.</p>
+
+<p>The Middle West farmer will always produce large areas of grass, of corn
+stover, cheap hay and other products having little cash value. The profitable utilization
+of these materials involves the feeding and keeping of animals. The permanent
+prosperity of the Middle West farmers, and the conservation of our soil
+resources both require increased attention to successful methods of stock husbandry.</p>
+
+<h3>THE CONSERVATION OF THE FARM</h3>
+
+<p class="center"><span class="smcap">By Ex-Governor W. D. Hoard</span>,<br>
+<i>Of Wisconsin</i></p>
+
+<p>In the limited remarks I shall have to make on this subject, I wish to preface
+by saying that it seems to me that one of the crying needs of conservation today
+is to conserve conservation. There is an immense waste of talk and time and
+crude unconstructive thought on this subject. Too many men are crying, “Lo!
+salvation lies in this direction, or that.” Too many are talking with an ulterior
+purpose of personal gain in notoriety or politics. Forests, mines and water powers
+claim the principal part of the thought and attention, when they are not the paramount
+subjects of conservation we consider. It is too easy to generalize or denounce
+or set up impractical standards of action by men who have not a constructive,
+practical thought to offer whereby the desired things we might wish for
+may be obtained. But here stands a great necessity, a glaring mistake, the result
+of gross ignorance on the part of the farmers of the American nation for many
+generations. They have wasted their heritage; they are continually wasting it.</p>
+
+<p>Eighty-three millions of people are depending today for food on the wisdom,
+the skill, the conserving good sense of seven millions of farmers. By another
+decade a hundred million will face the same dependence. The cry goes up from
+this vast army of consumers against the high cost of living. The contingencies
+of the seasons, serious as they are oftentimes, are enough for producer and consumer
+to face. But we are confronted with the most serious danger of all in the
+wasting of fertility, the steady decline in the productive power of our arable lands.
+Here stands the question: An increasing demand and necessity for food and a
+steady decline in our lands of the power to produce food. How long shall that
+reproach to our intelligence continue?</p>
+
+<p>Before that great and overwhelming necessity all other questions of conservation
+pale into insignificance. Study the situation as it exists today: From the
+Atlantic to the Rocky Mountains the American farmer has blazed a pathway of
+destruction to fertility and forests. His is the hand that hath wrought this great
+destruction until today vast stretches of territory are hardly able to produce enough
+in an ordinary season to pay the cost of production.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_235">[235]</span></p>
+
+<p>The Commissioner of Agriculture of the State of New York asserts that that
+state alone has lost a hundred and sixty-eight millions of dollars in thirty years
+in the decline of farm values. In my native county of Madison in that state I
+can buy farms today for $20 to $30 an acre that once sold for $100 an acre. The
+same is true of the famous old Western Reserve in Ohio, of many sections in
+Indiana and proportionately so in the southern portion of Illinois. Who hath
+wrought this fearful destruction of the original productive power of the state and
+Nation? The farmer. Why? Because of his ignorance of the principles of fertility
+and of the methods that belong to intelligent agriculture.</p>
+
+<p>Until very recently the forces of education, all under the control of the states,
+have done nothing to educate the farmer to a better understanding of his duty
+to himself, his calling as a farmer, and the millions who must depend upon him
+for food. The people have gone mad, so to speak, in the pursuit and worship of
+so-called higher education, and neglected the basic subsidiary schools where the
+main body of farmers must be trained, if trained at all, into an understanding of
+what they are about. You know, as every man knows, that the country district
+school is the only school where 90 per cent of all of the farmers of the land have
+received or will receive for many years to come the schooling they will get. The
+teachers of the state and the political forces of the state are solely responsible for
+the character of the country school. There has been but little vital pushing
+force among the teachers for the uplift of the country schools. The politicians
+have given it the go-by because as yet there are no votes in it as an issue. The
+farmers do not believe in it as a vital energizing principle in their midst for their
+own enlightenment and that of their children concerning the things that make
+for the betterment of agriculture.</p>
+
+<p>Do you for a moment suppose that all of this appalling waste of fertility that
+exists and consequent destruction of farm values would have taken place if the
+country district school had been organized to teach the farm children the elements
+of fertility as science and common sense knew them to exist? We must
+then charge upon the past and present system of education the responsibility for
+this ignorance that has wasted the productive power of the Nation. And the
+processes of ignorance and indifference are going on today with but little, if any,
+check. Our schools of agriculture reach but a thousandth part of the farm children
+with their corrective knowledge. The agricultural press is doing what it can,
+but not more than 50 per cent of the farmers are readers and students of this vital
+question.</p>
+
+<p>We flatter ourselves that we of the Middle West are to be saved from this
+tide of destruction because God has given us a soil of such marvelous fertility.
+But our farmers are just as great spendthrifts of this God-given heritage as were
+the Eastern farmers. The trouble lies in our lack of knowledge, real helpful
+knowledge. Think of the millions of acres of corn stalks in the great corn producing
+states of Illinois, Missouri, Kansas, Nebraska and Iowa that will stand
+next winter unharvested, and in mute reproach of the lack of a little conserving
+intelligence sufficient to store them in silos where the contents might be fed to
+cattle and sheep and so produce an abundance of meat cheaply for the people. An
+average acre of that corn in an average season, if placed in a silo, will yield ten
+tons of the finest meat and milk producing fodder known on earth. Thirty pounds
+a day with ten pounds of alfalfa hay is sufficient to fatten a fifteen-month-old
+steer to the pink of condition in a year. Each acre, then, and an acre of alfalfa,
+would suffice to feed two steers for the year. What a tremendous feeding power
+at low cost is here disclosed, and yet it is annually wasted and not a country district
+school or school teacher is telling the farmer and his children any better. Think
+of the thousands upon thousands of poor cows that are kept by the farmers of the
+dairy states because they do not know better. Think of the wasted labor to raise
+the feed to support those cows, the wasted time and effort to milk and care for
+them, when, by exhaustive research it can be shown that not half of those cows
+are producing enough to pay for their keeping. You ask: Don’t the farmers
+know better than to keep such cows? Can you believe they would continue to
+breed and keep such cows if they did know better? Everywhere is seen the appalling
+waste of our farming—in fertility, in poor live stock, in lack of breeding knowledge,
+in lack of sanitary understanding, in a lack of intelligent methods of farm
+management. The discontent of the farmer is great. Let us be thankful for that,
+for we are told that “discontent is the vice of noble minds.” But, likewise, everywhere
+is he misled by contending politicians to believe that his salvation lies in
+politics, in the tariff up, or the tariff down, in fighting the corporations and the
+trusts, in order that certain leaders may have place and power. And all the time
+this mighty demon of waste is getting in his work. When will the farmer see that
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_236">[236]</span>he must educate himself and his children back in the country district school to know
+good from evil, to understand the conservation of the soil and the great economic
+laws that underlie his very existence?</p>
+
+<p>He cannot escape the demand of the millions who wait upon his hand for
+bread and meat. He is responsible to his own good citizenship not to waste the
+productive energies of the state. He owes it to himself and the hoped for profit
+of the labor of his hands that he make of this question of the conservation of
+the farm the foremost question of the age, as it truly is.</p>
+
+<p>Dairy farming, if rightly understood and conducted, has the power to “knit
+up this raveled sleeve,” to re-endow all of these wasted farms with their original
+fertility and productiveness. For, understand, the true dairy farmer must be a
+wise manipulator of the soil, of plant life as well as animal life. No man in the
+domain of agriculture is confronted with a greater necessity of “knowing good
+from evil,” at every turn and in more ways, than is the dairy farmer. Ignorance
+is at work here to destroy fertility and profit as well as in all other branches of
+agriculture. But there are certain natural advantages that govern here more than
+in other lines of farming.</p>
+
+<p>(1) The dairyman must so handle his farm as to support sufficient animal
+life to give him a living profit for his time and labor.</p>
+
+<p>(2) That animal life is a constant contributor to the fertility of the soil
+through the abundant manure that is made.</p>
+
+<p>(3) As a rule the dairy farmer is a buyer as well as grower of feed, particularly
+of nitrogenous feeds. This gives added fertilizing value to the manure.</p>
+
+<p>(4) He builds silos and so consumes the coarser roughage of the farm,
+enabling him thereby to carry a much larger stock of cattle, hogs and sheep than
+he otherwise could.</p>
+
+<p>(5) He is obliged to build barns and sheds, whereby the forage of the farm
+shall be stored with the least possible loss of its nutritive powers, and consequently
+this saves waste very greatly.</p>
+
+<p>(6) He is compelled to become a large producer of legumes, like clover,
+alfalfa, vetch, etc., whereby by natural means, nitrogen is more largely restored to
+the soil.</p>
+
+<p>All these are the natural and inevitable things that belong to his vocation if
+he is a man big enough to comprehend them. But there are some things he must do
+of an extra character if he handles his farm so as to constantly increase its fertility.
+He must be a liberal feeder of the land as well as his animals. He must comprehend
+that nothing can be grown on the farm without an expenditure of nitrogen,
+phosphorus and potash. The nitrogen, to a large extent, the legumes will evolve
+and deposit in the soil. But the phosphorus and the potash must be purchased. He
+must know something about these important elements, and he must accept it as
+one of his fixed expenses of the farm that these elements, as well as lime, must
+be yearly supplies.</p>
+
+<p>Certain forms of dairying, like milk shipping, cheese making and condensing,
+are wasteful of fertility, unless the farmer guards against such loss, by artificially
+supplying the lime, and phosphate potash. It is largely through this taking of the
+whole milk from the farm without adequate making up of the loss, that so many
+farms in the eastern states became depleted of their fertility. Whenever butter
+dairying was carried on, and consequently the skim milk was used to grow calves
+and pigs, the live stock complement of the farm was kept up and the manure supply
+greatly enhanced. Such sections like Delaware county, New York, have suffered
+much less in the depletion of the soil in the past fifty years, than did Herkimer,
+St. Lawrence, Madison, Oneida and other of the cheese making counties of
+that state. The same a depleting process has been going on in New England, New
+Jersey, Pennsylvania, Ohio, and farther west. The wonderful growth of villages
+and cities calls for an enormous consumption of dairy products. This means
+taking the whole milk from the farm in a large degree and thereby greatly reduces
+the growing of live stock. We well remember sixty years ago how that central New
+York produced great crops of clover and a large supply of cattle, hogs and sheep.
+The tops of the hills were kept covered with the splendid forests that characterized
+that state. The springs and small streams were by that means maintained and we
+fished for trout in brooks that have not known a trout for the past thirty years,
+and which are dry most of the year. All this has been changed and sadly so for the
+worse. Had the farmers kept the tops of the hills covered with trees it would have
+conserved the water supply and helped maintain the side hill pastures.</p>
+
+<p>Fifty years ago Horace Greeley, through his Tribune, warned the farmers of
+New York against the destructive effect of stripping the forests from the hill tops.
+Dairying in all its branches of butter production, milk shipping, cheese making and
+condensing, must, of course, be kept up for the necessities of the great army of consumers
+who demand it.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_237">[237]</span></p>
+
+<p>But the demand is just as imperative that the dairy farmer know what he is
+about and conduct his farm with an eye single to the preservation of its fertility.
+He must know more of the scientific side of his calling. He must be more willing
+to use some of his revenue in the purchase of fertilizers to produce against the
+natural waste that is constantly going on. He must adopt the principle that it is to
+his ultimate greater profit as well as the well-being of the state that he farm towards
+an increase rather than a decrease of the fertility of his land.</p>
+
+<p>These are some of the paramount problems of the day and hour that confront the
+dairy farmer. The trouble is that here as well as elsewhere in this broad field of agriculture,
+ignorance has held sway. “We all, like sheep, have gone astray.” The wise
+live teachers of agriculture are becoming more obsessed every day with the thought
+that if the future millions of this country are fed, the American farmer must wake
+up, and that right soon, to the fearful mistakes he has been making through his
+ignorance and indifference in destroying the productive capacity of his land.</p>
+
+<p>Every man, woman and child in the Nation is vitally interested in the promotion
+of conserving intelligence among the farmers of this country.</p>
+
+<h3>BACK TO THE FARM</h3>
+
+<p class="center"><span class="smcap">By Henry Ide Willey.</span></p>
+
+<p>This is the slogan of our clan; too long has the farm been deemed the dumping
+ground for those whom poverty or mediocre ability has kept out of the professions,
+arts and sciences.</p>
+
+<p>“Anyone can farm” was the ancient idea. Not so the modern maxim. It is “back
+to the farm,” with education, intellect and experience that more than double the
+production of our soil and elevate the farmer to the same high plane occupied by
+others of equal ability and intellect in other callings.</p>
+
+<p>Back to the farm is the maxim of our chief executive as he tours our country
+in the interest of progress.</p>
+
+<p>It is not the aim of this article to enter into a scientific dissertation upon the
+chemical properties of all fertilizers, or to cover the entire ground with reference
+to the art of fertilization, it would prove too scopey a work to attempt any such a
+thing within the time and space that could be prudently allotted upon an occasion
+like this.</p>
+
+<p>All that I shall attempt to do will be to touch upon some salient features of the
+art, and deal briefly with the most important details to be kept in view by the progressive
+farmer, who seeks to get the maximum results from a minimum area and
+amount of labor. Also I want to warn you of the danger of being victimized by unscrupulous
+dealers in fertilizers, and suggest some basic precautions to be observed,
+and finally to convince you that there is no dearth of fertilizing material in the United
+States that should be available at a reasonable price, to all who may require it. A
+just and beneficent Deity seems to have wisely provided abundantly all of the factors
+required to enable us to equalize the productions of our country, only demanding that
+we perform a certain amount of prefatory labor and wisely use the brains He has
+endowed us with.</p>
+
+<p>Generally speaking we are required to do a dollar’s worth of work to obtain
+a dollar’s reward in all vocations. One dollar’s value in any of the precious metals
+requires a dollar’s worth of work or outlay; the same is true with a dollar’s worth
+of wheat, oats, beans, or anything else.</p>
+
+<p>Where rains are not abundant and opportune, there are adjacent mountains with
+their precipitating possibilities and lakes, or reservoir sites in which to store water
+to irrigate about all of the lands capable of being profitably watered. Just so within
+our area are vast deposits of calcium, phosphates and other fertilizing factors, only
+requiring a certain amount of labor, to enable us to place them where they will do
+the most good.</p>
+
+<p>Florida probably produces the greatest volume and best quality of calcium phosphates.
+Tennessee next. Then the Carolinas, Utah and Idaho, the former only needing
+railways to provide transportation facilities to provide abundant and cheap supply
+throughout the west.</p>
+
+<p>In 1889, Albert Richter, Esq., discovered these last named deposits which are
+gigantic reserves for the future.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_238">[238]</span></p>
+
+<p>When tillage begins, other arts follow. Daniel Webster says: “The farmers
+therefore are the founders of human civilization.”</p>
+
+<p>Farming is as much a business as any other vocation, and primarily, the farmer
+should be a good business man to be successful. In the main he follows his calling
+for the money he can make thereby, like other prudent men, seeking the largest
+possible return from his outlay.</p>
+
+<p>It is not enough to raise a crop, a profit must be realized upon the labor and
+capital invested.</p>
+
+<p>He must understand his business, must observe needed economics, yet must
+be ever ready to spend a dollar when he can see a fair interest to be derivable
+therefrom.</p>
+
+<p>Farming is not only a business, but equally an art—the art of producing animal
+and plant life needful and useful to mankind.</p>
+
+<p>A true knowledge of agriculture and kindred occupations necessitates a complete
+grasp of the principles upon which the art is based. In this enlightened age
+such knowledge is indispensable. When our country was new and only the most
+fertile soil was tilled, “anyone could be a farmer.” To sow and reap were all that
+was required, so lavish was Dame Nature in giving of the fertility stored up for
+centuries. But this soon sapped the vitality of the soil, its tillage ceased to be
+profitable, and in many instances abandonment of the farms ere long would follow.</p>
+
+<p>This unfortunate result is greatly to be lamented, because, by intelligent precautions
+the calamity could have been averted. The farming of the future must be
+carried on by intelligent, educated men of liberal training.</p>
+
+<p>Geology, botany, zoology, chemistry and physics have already done much toward
+the conservation of the fertility of the soil, but not generally, as should be
+the case.</p>
+
+<p>Importance of water, as a source of plant food and a conveyor thereof, is one
+of the most important factors developed by chemical analysis. The enormous proportion
+of water entering into the composition of the plant and its incalculable
+value as a conveyor of plant food to the roots. Nearly 900 of 1,000 parts of the
+matured corn plant are water, exclusive of exhalations, which are considerable, or
+1,000 pounds of corn during its growing period use about thirty tons of water. As
+this amount of corn can be raised on one-thirtieth of an acre, 900 tons, or an eighth
+inch depth layer, would be required for an acre, and about the same amount being
+lost by percolation and drainage gains as 1,800 tons of water per acre, thus proving
+the need for the conservation of the moisture of the soil. In fact 300 to 500
+times more water in pounds is required, than dry matter.</p>
+
+<p>First, as it composes 80 per cent of the mature crop, it is the most essential
+plant food. It also furnishes the hydrogen and oxygen found in dry matter equal to
+10 per cent more, making 90 per cent in all derived directly from water.</p>
+
+<p>Water also dissolves the plant food, facilitating its distribution. It stiffens, or
+prevents the wilting of plants to replace losses by evaporation, probably controls
+the temperature of the plants, and water is indispensable for the movement of food
+within the plant, constituting this the most vital single factor in determining the
+fertility of land, hence the great importance of irrigation where moisture is not
+abundant.</p>
+
+<p>Within the time and space allotted, it would be impossible to deal with every
+factor relating to question of fertilization such as carbon, nitrogen, etc. I will
+therefore proceed to treat of the most potent and effective fertilizing compound.
+Phosphoric acid, tricalcite phosphate of lime or calcium phosphate. This is present
+in normal soil, in much smaller quantities than potash, and experience demonstrates,
+is more likely to become exhausted. In fact in some regions no other fertilizer is
+used.</p>
+
+<p>The phosphates may be subdivided into two general classes, natural and the
+manufactured phosphates: The natural phosphates have two general sources—the
+bones of dead animals, and certain phosphates containing minerals which will be
+designated. Raw bone meal is made by the grinding of raw bones to a powder, and
+the finer it is, the more valuable the product. This contains about 22 per cent of
+phosphoric acid and 4 per cent of nitrogen. Raw bones contain a small quantity
+of fat also, and as this promotes rapid decay of the bone, the phosphoric acid and
+nitrogen are quite slowly disseminated to the crop.</p>
+
+<p>Most of the bone meal of commerce is made from bones previously steamed to
+remove the fat, and a portion of the nitrogen compounds. Bone so treated contains
+about 28 per cent to 30 per cent of phosphoric acid and 1½ per cent of nitrogen.
+As these can be ground finer and decay more rapidly, they are more valuable and
+effective than the raw bones.</p>
+
+<p>Tankage is an important source of phosphoric acid in so-called animal politogess.
+When the product contains a very large proportion of bone, it is sometimes designated
+as bone tankage, and may contain 7 to 18 per cent of phosphoric acid.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_239">[239]</span></p>
+
+<p>Bone black or animal charcoal is made by heating bone in air-tight vessels, until
+the volatile matter is drawn off, and is used in the refineries to purify sugar.</p>
+
+<p>After it has become spent or used by refineries, it is sold for fertilizing purposes.
+Bone black contains from 32 to 36 per cent of phosphoric acid. In a number
+of places rock deposits are found that contain varying percentages of phosphate
+of lime. These phosphates are usually named after the place where they are
+obtained, as “Carolina,” “Florida,” “Tennessee” phosphates.</p>
+
+<p>These rocks contain from 18 to 32 per cent of phosphoric acid, and differ from
+the bone products in that they contain no organic matter, and are purely mineral
+substances. Ground to a fine powder, they are sometimes sold under the name of
+“floats,” but the rock phosphates are used only to a limited extent in the crude condition.</p>
+
+<p>The phosphoric acid in all the natural phosphates described is combined with
+lime, in a form that is extremely insoluble in water. In order to render the phosphate
+soluble it is sometimes treated with sulphuric acid which unites with part of
+the lime, leaving a phosphate which contains only a third as much lime as the
+natural phosphate and is soluble in water.</p>
+
+<p>The lime and sulphuric acid make a compound which is the same as found in
+gypsum or landplaster. This combination of soluble phosphate and gypsum made
+by treating the natural phosphates with acid is called by various names of superphosphate—soluble
+phosphate, acid phosphate, acidulated rock, etc. For its manufacture
+the rock phosphates are generally employed, both because they are cheaper,
+and because the organic matter in the bones interferes with the use of sufficient
+acid to make all of the phosphate soluble. A good sample of phosphate contains
+about 16 per cent of phosphoric acid in a form that is soluble in water.</p>
+
+<p>Sometimes when insufficient acid has been used a part of the soluble phosphate
+will change into a form intermediate in solubility, between the natural phosphate
+and the acid phosphate, and this is said to have undergone “reversion.” The new
+compound being called “reverted phosphates.” The latter product is supposed to be
+more available to the plant than the insoluble or natural phosphate, hence, the soluble
+and reverted phosphoric acid taken together are known as the “available phosphoric
+acid.”</p>
+
+<p>Sometimes, bone meal is treated with a limited amount of sulphuric acid and
+the product is called “acidulated bone.” This contains a much smaller proportion
+of its phosphoric acid in soluble form, than does the rock superphosphate. When
+soluble phosphates are added to the soil, they combine soon with the mineral matter
+and are converted, first into the reverted phosphate, and finally into the insoluble
+form, such as is found naturally in the soil. In this way the phosphoric
+acid is fixed and there is no danger of its being lost by leaching.</p>
+
+<p>The soluble phosphate present in acidulated goods is generally considered the
+most favorable form of phosphoric acid for use as a fertilizer.</p>
+
+<p>At first sight it seems useless to go to the expense of making the phosphate
+soluble when it is again rendered insoluble by the soil, before the plant can make
+use of it. The true object in making it soluble is to aid in its distribution to the
+soil and thence to the plant.</p>
+
+<p>When an insoluble phosphate is applied it remains where it falls, except for
+the slight distribution it receives by cultivating. In the case of the soluble phosphate,
+on the other hand, the phosphate dissolves in the soil water, and is widely distributed
+before it becomes fixed by the soil. In the former, also, the roots must go to the
+phosphate, while in the latter, the phosphate is carried to the roots.</p>
+
+<p>It will therefore be observed that after the soluble phosphate is distributed
+throughout the soil, the individual particles must be very much smaller than is the
+case with the insoluble phosphate. The importance of fineness of division can not be
+too strongly emphasized.</p>
+
+<p>Too much stress cannot be laid upon the need of intelligent use of fertilizers.
+A little expense and effort in carefully analyzing the soil to be treated, proving its
+component parts and proportions, then leaving what should be added to result in the
+largest production of the crops desired. No guessing nor conjecture should be
+indulged in, it can only lead to disaster, whereas a little scientific investigation and
+analysis will render success certain.</p>
+
+<p>Analysis alone will not suffice. Actual testing of the various classes of soil,
+dividing same into small blocks and using different proportions of fertilizers on
+some, none on others, will insure the best results.</p>
+
+<p>Farmers are furnished with a great variety of so-called fertilizers of greater
+or less merit, and a vast variety of mixtures almost too numerous to classify, many
+of which I regret to state are not at all what they are represented to be, and often
+are worth less than one-third the price charged therefor. No one should under any
+circumstances be induced to purchase anything claimed to be a fertilizer, without
+first having had an analysis made of the same by some chemist of unimpeachable
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_240">[240]</span>integrity. A failure or refusal to observe this precaution will be certain to defeat
+the purpose in view and result in loss, instead of the gain desired. There can be
+no good excuse given for the unfair adulteration of fertilizers, because the supply
+of basic material is abundant, cheap, and can be reasonably transported, leaving a
+good profit for all dealers, when an absolutely pure article. As the product is
+now sold it ranges from 1 to 3 per cent ammonia, 6 to 12 per cent phosphoric acid,
+4 to 10 per cent potash.</p>
+
+<p>The unit basis of purchase is a fair one to both vendor and vendee. A unit
+means 1 per cent on the basis of a ton, or twenty pounds.</p>
+
+<p>For example, a unit of available phosphoric acid would be twenty pounds, and
+if the quotation was $1.00 a unit, the phosphoric acid would cost five cents a pound.
+The system is applied to the sale of nitrate of soda, the potash salt, blood, meat,
+tankage, superphosphate, etc., and in nitrogenous goods the price is usually stated
+as so much a unit of ammonia.</p>
+
+<p>The number of units in the material is determined by chemical analysis. This
+system could be applied as well to mixed as unmixed goods. But home mixing
+would prove by far the wisest policy, as none of the frauds common to commercial
+fertilizers could then be perpetrated.</p>
+
+<p>It is little less than idiocy to buy any mixed fertilizer for any specific tract of land,
+because you may be paying for an excess of many elements, when the addition of
+some one single acid, such as sulphuric, for instance, would double its production.
+Lime, marl, muck, wood or coal ashes only would at times produce better results
+than the most perfect and elaborate mixed fertilizer.</p>
+
+<p>Apropos of this subject, permit me to call attention to a little work of great
+value to every farmer. None should be without it. <i>Viz.</i>, A treatise on “American
+Manures, and Farmers’ and Planters’ Guide,” by Wm. H. Buckner, Analytical Consulting
+Chemist, and J. B. Chynoweth, Eng., published in Philadelphia.</p>
+
+<p>The great lawyer, Theodore Cuylor, and others, give this work unqualified approval,
+and any farmer, after its perusal, is amply advised as to the many frauds
+perpetrated in the name of fertilization, and can guard against being victimized
+thereby.</p>
+
+<p>To attempt to deal with the fertilization question without giving ample scope
+to the question of water supply, would be a waste of effort, as water is the most
+important of all elements to be considered.</p>
+
+<p>Not all land is to be benefited by irrigation, but vastly more is improved than is
+generally supposed. There are few sections where the natural supply is precipitated
+at the right time, and in proper proportion, and wherever this is the case irrigation
+can be profitably resorted to always, providing the supply can be economically obtained
+and distributed.</p>
+
+<p>For example, take the rich Willamette valley in Oregon, where the rainfall
+is excessive during the entire spring, but little or none falls during the summer
+months, and it has been proven that larger or more frequent crops can be raised
+there with irrigation, even in this “Web-foot state.”</p>
+
+<p>Perfect production is only attainable when control of all the elements is possible,
+and this can be accomplished only in a hot house or conservatory. But
+the nearest approach thereto in the open, is in an almost rainless country, where
+the sunshine is constant by day, the soil fertile, and irrigation possible.</p>
+
+<p>Where these conditions prevail, as in Sinaloa, Mexico, as many as three crops
+a year can be produced upon the same area, and it is safe to state that there are
+few regions where the irrigation of the land will not prove beneficial. In most
+instances the providing of irrigation carries with it the necessity for a drainage
+system as well. It is not the placing of water on the land which causes the benefit,
+but the passage of the water through the soil, carrying the fertility or plant food to
+the roots, hence flow must be kept up, and often this can only be insured by providing
+a drainage system.</p>
+
+<p>Our country is so new, and our soil was so fertile originally, that abundant crops
+were produced thereon for many years, but this constant cropping of the same product,
+year after year, has exhausted vast areas and their life must be renewed.</p>
+
+<p>Fertilizers are abundant and accessible in the United States and can be laid
+down on any farm near to lines to transportation, and if of genuine character and
+properly applied, crops can be doubled or better each season.</p>
+
+<p>Professor Hopkins of the Illinois university more than doubled the production
+of wheat on a certain tract of land under this supervision. The natural yield was
+about twenty-four bushels; fertilized, fifty-six bushels per acre.</p>
+
+<p>Although the phosphate deposits now known to exist are of vast area, it was
+not until 1889 that the Florida deposits were accepted as valuable and extensive.</p>
+
+<p>Pebble deposits of Florida are supposed to underlie an area of about 2,000
+square miles, and are on lands about 160 feet above sea level.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_241">[241]</span></p>
+
+<p>Over-burden:</p>
+
+<ul>
+<li>1. Soil and subsoil, few inches to six feet.</li>
+<li>2. A light colored sand, few inches to ten feet.</li>
+<li>3. Stiff clay vari-colored at times, capping of sandstone color brown to
+pure white.</li>
+</ul>
+
+<p class="center"><span class="smcap">Matrix 212°.</span></p>
+
+<table>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Organic matter</td>
+    <td class="tdr">2.40</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Phosphoric acid</td>
+    <td class="tdr">15.29</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Carbonic acid</td>
+    <td class="tdr">6.70</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Lime</td>
+    <td class="tdr">20.00</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Iron and aluminum</td>
+    <td class="tdr">13.06</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Fluoride and magnesia</td>
+    <td class="tdr">.60</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Insoluble silica and sand</td>
+    <td class="tdr">41.95</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td></td>
+    <td class="tdr bt">100.00</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Equivalent to tribasic phosphate of lime</td>
+    <td class="tdr">32.33</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Equivalent to carbonate of lime</td>
+    <td class="tdr">15.20</td>
+  </tr>
+</table>
+
+<p>Land pebbles average from 65 to 70 per cent tribasic phosphate of lime.</p>
+
+<p>River pebbles are of the same origin, but slightly less value, 60 per cent to 63
+per cent phosphate of lime. The whole Peninsula of Florida is underlaid with
+white limestone of the Vicsburg age (Lower Eocene), according to Professor
+Lyall, upper middle Eocene, according to American geologists, which is the oldest
+rock in Florida. Florida was submerged until the end of the Eocene period, after
+which its elevation occurred. Then came the Miocene submergence followed by a
+second elevation, next the Champlain period and submergence, when it was covered
+with a mantle of sand and clay, before it arose to its present elevation.</p>
+
+<p>The phosphate pebbles were formed before this last submergence, and hence
+washed into the depressions of limestone and over same.</p>
+
+<p class="center"><span class="smcap">Analysis Gravel Rock.</span></p>
+
+<p class="center"><i>Many Samples.</i></p>
+
+<table>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Phosphoric acid</td>
+    <td class="tdr">36.08</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Carbonate of lime</td>
+    <td class="tdr">2.17</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Oxide of iron and aluminum</td>
+    <td class="tdr">1.94</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Silica</td>
+    <td class="tdr">4.50</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Moisture</td>
+    <td class="tdr">2.50</td>
+  </tr>
+</table>
+
+<p>European Analysis of some organic matter—water.</p>
+
+<table>
+  <tr>
+    <th></th>
+    <th>Voelker</th>
+    <th>Gilbert</th>
+    <th>Marat</th>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Phosphoric acid</td>
+    <td class="tdr">36.56</td>
+    <td class="tdr">36.33</td>
+    <td class="tdr">36.84</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Lime</td>
+    <td class="tdr">52.08</td>
+    <td class="tdr"></td>
+    <td class="tdr"></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Oxide of iron</td>
+    <td class="tdr">1.36</td>
+    <td class="tdr"></td>
+    <td class="tdr"></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Aluminum</td>
+    <td class="tdr">1.39</td>
+    <td class="tdr"></td>
+    <td class="tdr"></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Magnesia carb. phos</td>
+    <td class="tdr">7.17</td>
+    <td class="tdr"></td>
+    <td class="tdr"></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Insoluble</td>
+    <td class="tdr">0.85</td>
+    <td class="tdr"></td>
+    <td class="tdr"></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td></td>
+    <td class="bt">&nbsp;&nbsp;100.</td>
+    <td class="tdr"></td>
+    <td class="tdr"></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Tribasic phosphate of lime</td>
+    <td class="tdr">79.81</td>
+    <td class="tdr">79.31</td>
+    <td class="tdr">80.43</td>
+  </tr>
+</table>
+
+<p>Early in this century the marl beds of New Jersey were worked and used for
+fertilization. This led to the discovery of similar deposits in South Carolina. One
+Lardue Venaxen, who made the first geological survey in 1826, discovered same,
+but no work was done until 1842, when Edward Ruffin of Virginia confirmed the
+reports of previous explorers.</p>
+
+<p>First carbonate of lime only was evolved; 20 per cent up to 90 per cent, but
+later from 2 per cent to 9 per cent of phosphate of lime was found by Dr. C. W.
+Sheppard and J. Lawrence Smith, Esq.</p>
+
+<p>During the war, nodules and strata of rock phosphate were found by Dr. N. A.
+Pratt near Ashley River.</p>
+
+<p>It was not until April 14, 1868, that any systematic production of phosphate
+was accomplished in South Carolina, when the first cargo was shipped from Charleston
+and the arrival of same created a veritable epidemic of phosphate fever in New
+York, Boston, Philadelphia and other cities.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_242">[242]</span></p>
+
+<p class="center"><span class="smcap">Analysis.</span></p>
+
+<p class="center"><i>Mean of many hundreds of samples.</i></p>
+
+<table>
+  <tr>
+    <td><a id="FNanchor_1" href="#Footnote_1" class="fnanchor">[1]</a>&#x2060;Phosphoric acid</td>
+    <td>from 25.0  per cent to 28.00 per cent</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td><a id="FNanchor_2" href="#Footnote_2" class="fnanchor">[2]</a>&#x2060;Carbon acid</td>
+    <td>from  2.50 per cent to  5.00 per cent</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Sulphuric acid</td>
+    <td>from  0.50 per cent to  2.00 per cent</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Lime</td>
+    <td>from 35.00 per cent to 42.   per cent</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Magnesia</td>
+    <td>traces</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Aluminum</td>
+    <td>traces</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Sesqui oxide of iron</td>
+    <td>1.00 to  4.00 per cent</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Fluoride</td>
+    <td>1.00 to  2.00 per cent</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Sand and silica</td>
+    <td>4.00 to 12.00 per cent</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Organic matter and water.</td>
+    <td></td>
+  </tr>
+</table>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a id="Footnote_1" href="#FNanchor_1" class="label">[1]</a> Equivalent to 55 to 61 per cent tribasic phosphate of lime.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a id="Footnote_2" href="#FNanchor_2" class="label">[2]</a> Equivalent to 5 to 11 per cent carbonate of lime.</p></div>
+
+<p>In 8 per cent there was shipped from</p>
+
+<table>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Florida</td>
+    <td class="tdr">250,000 tons</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>North Carolina</td>
+    <td class="tdr">150,000 tons</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>South Carolina</td>
+    <td class="tdr">200,000 tons</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Alabama</td>
+    <td class="tdr">125,000 tons</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Virginia</td>
+    <td class="tdr">150,000 tons</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Mississippi</td>
+    <td class="tdr">50,000 tons</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Louisiana</td>
+    <td class="tdr">25,000 tons</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Tennessee</td>
+    <td class="tdr">25,000 tons</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td></td>
+    <td class="tdr bt">975,000 tons</td>
+  </tr>
+</table>
+
+<p>In Ontario there exists one area of from seventy-five to one hundred square
+miles, and another from fifteen to twenty-five miles wide, and 100 miles long of
+commercial phosphate.</p>
+
+<p>It is found in many other places, but not proven.</p>
+
+<p>Here it occurs in flint and has been worked by farmers in a desultory way,
+costing much and yielding little profit to the operators.</p>
+
+<p>On the Lievre River, two and one-half miles from Highfall and twenty miles
+from Bushman, there was the famous Watt mine, where, from a cone-shaped
+mountain, a vast amount of pure apatite was mined, once called “Emerald.” Quite
+a number of deposits have been worked in Canada, but not any with great profit.</p>
+
+<p class="center"><span class="smcap">Analysis.</span></p>
+
+<table>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Phosphoric acid</td>
+    <td class="tdr">40.868</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Fluoride</td>
+    <td class="tdr">3.731</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Chloride</td>
+    <td class="tdr">0.428</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Carbonic acid</td>
+    <td class="tdr">0.105</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Lime</td>
+    <td class="tdr">48.475</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Calcium</td>
+    <td class="tdr">4.168</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Magnesia</td>
+    <td class="tdr">0.158</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Alumina</td>
+    <td class="tdr">0.835</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Sesqui oxide</td>
+    <td class="tdr">0.005</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Insoluble</td>
+    <td class="tdr">1.150</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td></td>
+    <td class="tdr bt">100.823</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td colspan="2" class="tdc">Tribasic = 89.219</td>
+  </tr>
+</table>
+
+<p>About the year 1880 a stratum of calcium phosphate was discovered near Mount
+Fairview, Tennessee. At first it was not believed to be of great extent, or good
+quality, but ere long both were abundantly proven, and a large quantity of high
+grade phosphates was mined.</p>
+
+<p>But owing to the rush of producers in every direction, without any system or
+unity of action, the crazy competitors soon glutted the market, forcing the price
+down below cost of production.</p>
+
+<p>Of recent years, a few big operators have gathered in most of the choice areas,
+and by introducing up-to-date methods, etc., have gradually brought the production
+down to a normal basis, and the price up to a profitable figure.</p>
+
+<p>The volume of deposit in this region is very great, extending from about ten
+miles south of Mount Pleasant to the line of the Tennessee Central Railway and
+beyond, and a width of over fifty miles.</p>
+
+<p>In and about Mount Pleasant the deposit lies under a very thin over-burden,
+often only the surface soil of ten feet thickness or width, a layer of from two to eight
+feet of white sandstone beneath this, the substratum of limestone being near the
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_243">[243]</span>surface, and of vast thickness. Also somewhat uneven or undulating, making depressions
+of twenty-five feet at times, which are in turn filled with the phosphate
+deposit.</p>
+
+<p>As the topography becomes uneven the plains cease and foothills occur, the
+character of the over-burden changes and that of the phosphate likewise.</p>
+
+<p>As an elevation of 600 feet above sea level is reached, and exceeded, the over-burden
+becomes of greater thickness, and chert or flint and some limestone and conglomerate
+overlie the phosphate.</p>
+
+<p>In and about Mount Pleasant the deposit is mixed with sand and is soft and
+easily excavated from the surface, whereas in the higher altitude, the same becomes
+hard as stone and has to be excavated by tunneling under the chert, as drift
+mining is done.</p>
+
+<p>The protection of this latter deposit from atmospheric action and percolating
+waters, both, or with the compression, renders the phosphate of higher class. Although
+the stratum is not so thick as out in the valley, it ranges from two to six
+feet. Two is a fair mean. Quite an extensive area of this deposit has been bought
+or leased by a Cincinnati company, which plans to develop same upon an intelligent
+modern plan and gradually upon a large scale.</p>
+
+<p>At Mount Pleasant, Mr. John Ruhm, Jr., a college-bred man of rare intellect
+and great capacity, has devoted many years to a study and operation of his phosphate
+deposits, in the most scientific manner possible. He has kept in close touch with the
+most advanced men of the age, such as Prof. Hopkins of the State University of
+Illinois, who has given more time to the study and practice of fertilization than any
+man in the United States. Prof. Hopkins finds it necessary to reduce the phosphates
+to a 100-mesh fineness to enable him to obtain the best results, and Mr.
+Ruhm has for years been experimenting with the grinding machinery to discover
+the best and cheapest for this purpose. Only this year, in July, did he discover that
+the “Hardinge” tube-mill is, in all respects, the best machine tested. He got 90
+per cent duty from over 200 tons a day at 100-mesh, and some of this over 200-mesh
+fineness; 100-mesh is possible, grinding the same either wet or dry.</p>
+
+<p>I had the good fortune to witness these July tests and can confirm Mr. Ruhm’s
+claims for his process, which he does not selfishly try to keep, but generously gives to
+all who ask information.</p>
+
+<p>The Tennessee phosphates of commerce are not quite as high grade, and do
+not command as high a price as others, but this is entirely due to the careless preparation
+of same for market. So soon as Mr. Ruhm’s plan is followed, the grade
+will be raised, and price follow to topmost.</p>
+
+<p class="center"><span class="smcap">Analysis.</span></p>
+
+<table>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Phosphoric acid</td>
+    <td class="tdr">36.33</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Lime</td>
+    <td class="tdr">52.08</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Oxide of iron</td>
+    <td class="tdr">1.36</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Aluminum</td>
+    <td class="tdr">1.39</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Magnesia and carbonic acid</td>
+    <td class="tdr">7.17</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Insoluble</td>
+    <td class="tdr">0.85</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td></td>
+    <td class="tdr bt">99.19</td>
+  </tr>
+</table>
+
+<p>The above represents a mean of about thirty analyses of samples taken from
+over a 10,000 acre area, principally from exposed outcrop, hence a test of protected
+product would give larger percentages.</p>
+
+<p>As the United States Geological Survey has not been extended over the area
+embracing a large part of these phosphate lands, one can only conjecture concerning
+their scope although it is safe to assume it to be very great.</p>
+
+<p>I believe this crude treatment of this question will suffice to suggest two
+important facts:</p>
+
+<p>First. That we have available in this country an abundant supply of phosphates
+to enable us to replenish the fertility of our soils at a reasonable cost.</p>
+
+<p>Second. That this feature should be carefully studied by every farmer in the
+country, and the maximum result obtained from every acre tilled and every day’s
+labor performed.</p>
+
+<p>In addition to the deposits of phosphate in Idaho, Utah and Wyoming, which
+only need equal transportation facilities to introduce their product, we must have
+others, as yet undiscovered, because few laymen, and not all engineers, recognize
+the deposit when found, and it is not always discoverable without excavation
+where it does exist.</p>
+
+<p>“A little farm well tilled” can be made to produce more abundantly, more
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_244">[244]</span>profitably, than one larger and less effectively handled, hence no matter how
+rich and fertile nature may have made your farm, it is hardly possible that it may
+not be improved and reward you abundantly for it.</p>
+
+<p>During the summer of 1911, I had the good fortune to be employed to examine
+an area of phosphate deposit some fifty miles above Mount Pleasant in Tennessee,
+and, in order to better understand the subject, first visited Mount Pleasant
+and vicinity to note conditions, progress, etc., hence my data relative to this section
+is fresh and new.</p>
+
+<p>I know I am justified in asserting that there is a vast field for the exploitation
+of this valuable deposit in this region, with ample assurance of the development
+of a vast area that can be profitably worked.</p>
+
+<p>One thing is certain, nowhere can the deposit be more fully determined, and
+nowhere be more economically worked, hence this region should become the most
+productive of any ere long.</p>
+
+<p>Over an extensive area there is spread out a layer or blanket of this phosphate
+rock, lying under a huge mass of chert or flint rock and resting on a bed
+of shale or slate, which in turn rests upon a vast bed of limestone several hundred
+feet deep.</p>
+
+<p>The phosphate seam is from six inches to four feet in thickness and lies about
+600 feet above sea level and about 150 feet above the valleys that cut through
+it, so that tunnels can readily be run in under the seam at any desired place, and
+the phosphate be stoped out <i>ad libitum</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Only a very small portion of the country has been surveyed by the United
+States Geological Survey, hence but little is known of its contents and characteristics.</p>
+
+<p>But my investigations prove that a very large area contains this deposit,
+extending for many miles east and west and north and south from Boma on the
+Tennessee Central as a center.</p>
+
+<p>It is therefore quite certain that there is no dearth of this commodity, and
+there is not likely to be for many years to come, as other deposits are likely to
+be discovered as the known ones are exhausted.</p>
+
+<p>Now! the moral of the foregoing: We have available at reasonable cost the
+elements to reënrich our soil. Hence, our farmers should first cultivate their
+minds, that they may be able to discover in what elements their soil is defective,
+or what is wanting, to enable them to get best results. A very liberal education
+should be obtained, if possible, for in no walk of life is a greater scope of knowledge
+required and profitable to a farmer. Then, the farmers should unite all
+over the country to endeavor to elevate and ennoble labor and the laborers, which
+can be done only by example, by acts and deeds, not by preaching.</p>
+
+<p>Every honor, reward and benefit of every character should be open to and be
+given the farmer and artisan laborer, and, in the degree that each deserves credit
+for work well done, the reward should follow.</p>
+
+<p>Why not offer prizes for workers? Why not fill all of our executive and
+administrative government bodies with the best farmers, business men, carpenters,
+etc., instead of lawyers? Just think of it. Everyone knows lawyers are proverbially
+poor business men. Yet our Nation, states, counties and cities all are governed
+principally by men who privately are considered as inferior business men.</p>
+
+<p>By compelling the lawyers by some labor, some successful work, to first prove
+their business ability and capacity, and making labor—work—the honest, real basis for
+the elevation of men and women to places of trust and profit, and by this course
+only can labor be exalted and every child in the land be led to look with pride and
+pleasure upon the laborers, who are the true bone and sinew of the world.</p>
+
+<p>Preaching that “labor is ennobling,” then bestowing honor and benefits upon
+those who never have cheerfully done a day’s hard work will not exalt the laborer.</p>
+
+<p>Let us get back to the farm and honor the farmer, that our days may be long
+in the land that the Lord has given us, and let the laborer be truly ennobled.</p>
+
+<p>If farmers “were the founders of civilization,” as Mr. Webster states, then
+are they also the main pillars supporting the same, and should be looked up to,
+be honored and rewarded as such. And far above any lawyer, merchant or millionaire,
+we can trust our workingmen and women. Let us try it at once, one
+and all of us.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_245">[245]</span></p>
+
+<h3>ADDRESS.</h3>
+
+<p class="center"><span class="smcap">By E. G. Griggs</span>,<br>
+<i>President of the National Lumbermen’s Manufacturing Association</i></p>
+
+<p>It was my pleasure to attend the Second Annual Conservation Congress a
+year ago in St. Paul. That I am here today representing a lumber producing delegation
+would intimate that my interest in these proceedings is at least perennial.
+I deplored the introduction of politics and regretted the delay in publication of
+the excellent reports submitted with leave to print at the Congress. Just recently
+I have read the many excellent technical reports, the discussion of which I
+deemed of more importance to the upbuilding of the conservation movement than
+the political outbursts that rankle in our breasts and tend to array class against
+class. Conservation is education, and we all have something to learn. The experience
+of the older and great states of this Union should profit the younger
+and perhaps greater.</p>
+
+<p>As a lumberman, conservation to me is not a theory. It is the proper utilization
+of a great heritage and the elimination of waste in the process of manufacturing
+and logging. What theory is more vital commercially to the lumberman
+than that? The establishment of values will determine to what extent conservation
+will be practiced and reforestation followed. When men devoted to the general
+welfare of these United States are giving liberally of their time and money and
+energy to protect the vast resources of this country from wasteful extravagance,
+I feel it is little enough to expect those who are actively engaged in commercial
+enterprises to second their efforts.</p>
+
+<p>The importance of sane laws and wise legislation must be apparent to all of
+us. Unless the business interests of the country heed the call and guide the effort,
+an outraged public will some day awaken to its lost opportunities.</p>
+
+<p>As an official of the National Lumber Manufacturers’ Association, I feel that
+we, as lumbermen, are vitally interested in the proceedings of this Congress. I
+come to you from a state that stands in the front rank as a lumber producer—a
+citizenship interested from its lowliest to its highest in the proper utilization of
+its wonderful forest growth. It is true that there is a divergence of opinion
+among some of our Washington state officials as to state and federal control—but
+to me, the important issue seems a national one. The value of our timber
+resources is determined altogether by the demand existing outside our own states.
+If conservation depends on values, then I say the price you in the Middle West
+must pay for lumber has a great deal to do with reforestation and utilization of
+our raw product. It is therefore entirely a national issue, and the question of
+supply and demand, that inexorable commercial law, concerns us all.</p>
+
+<p>I am a strong believer in the knowledge of conditions and in the benefits of
+coöperation. The final outcome of the reciprocity pact, conceived, as it was, in
+secret, emphasizes the fact that our Canadian brethren intend to adopt a conservative
+policy of their own. As a lumberman, I have never agreed with our honored
+President in the belief that the trade was a good one for us. To a man not concerned
+in politics, it seemed that our Canadian traders out-traded the Yankee.
+Why the argument for a permanent tariff commission, non-partisan and thoroughly
+competent, should apply on wool, cotton, steel and not on lumber, hardly
+appeals to me. Now that we know where we stand, is it not high time the tariff
+issues be studied as in foreign countries, particularly Germany, by a body of
+experts permanently engaged, that Congress hear and discuss officially its report
+and that facts be placed before the people? I am democratic enough to still
+believe in the great American people.</p>
+
+<p>No industry not unduly protected need fear the light or a business upheaval.
+Today a presidential year causes stagnation in business, either assumed or real.
+Our country never will settle the tariff issue right until business integrity governs.
+The revelation in accumulated wealth and control of millions can only be justified
+if our country prospers. Neither should the people be taxed to accumulate
+swollen fortunes. The prices at which the same commodities are sold to the
+people of different nations ought to determine the tariff issue. America is for
+Americans; let us develop our latent resources, not squander our heritage with
+prodigality. Golden opportunities or luxurious surroundings do not warrant idleness,
+but rather a higher sense of individual and national responsibilities. To
+get the best out of that which we have should concern us all.</p>
+
+<p>Our taxation problems, the methods which have prevailed so long, do not
+encourage timber holding. Lumbermen have one crop and yearly taxes, while
+the farmer has yearly taxes and annual crops. A timber investment of $5,000, say
+at $1.50 per thousand, with taxes and interest compounded, in twenty years will
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_246">[246]</span>equal $7.50 per thousand, allowing no profit at all, nor considering the fire risk.
+In President Taft’s address a year ago, he says that “States must legislate to protect
+their individual holdings from waste and private greed.” Had the Reciprocity
+Agreement become a law, the Nation would have been responsible for an increased
+competition and uncalled for development of timber resources in no way
+beneficial to the United States, except those speculators who have invested in
+British Columbia timber. The development of Canadian timber holdings will not
+save our trees as long as growing trees are taxed, capital invested and timber is
+sold on time contracts. The more competition, the more will be left in the woods,
+as only in the higher grades will there be profit. Lumber is constantly rising in
+value because of its increasing inaccessibility and the distance it has to travel to
+market.</p>
+
+<p>Why deprive our great lumber producing states of the great purchasing
+power resulting from the manufacture of this resource? Over three-quarters of
+the cost at the mill of one thousand feet of lumber represents pay roll, and to the
+Western states this means outside capital. Of the money received for 1,000 feet
+of 2×4’s delivered on a fifty-cent rate of freight today, the railroad takes $13.00
+freight money, leaving $7.00 to pay for logging, manufacturing, selling and stumpage.
+What your retailers charge I do not know. As manufacturers, we have no
+trust controlled product and do not control the price to the consumer. Suffice it
+to say that there is little or no margin in the price of common lumber today to
+the manufacturer. A comparison of the selling prices at home and abroad, with
+due regard for grades furnished, should determine the existence of a lumber
+trust, and the same reasoning applies conversely to steel and other industries.
+Harassed as the industry has been by government proceedings and investigation
+of alleged trust and monopoly, we feel that a great injustice is being done that
+should be righted. If the marketing through retailers is not legal, I predict a
+commercial upheaval is due in all lines of industry.</p>
+
+<p>Reforestation will come when it is profitable—when the land is more suitable
+to grow trees on than to sow annual crops or build cities. The methods followed
+in the East will not apply to the South and West. The character of the timber
+must be studied to determine how it can be profitably handled. Its proximity to
+market, and the rail and water haul are to be considered. This was emphasized
+in the Congress last year and is more apparent today, as the completion of the
+Panama Canal approaches. It was stated that adequate and economical transportation
+facilities are viewed among the means of conservation, and realizing
+that the growth of the country has exceeded its transportation facilities, I trust a
+comprehensive resolution will be adopted by this Congress regarding the Panama
+Canal tolls. With our coastwise shipping laws and regulations governing shipments
+from one American port to another, the benefits of this canal will be seriously
+menaced unless Congress acts intelligently in the matter, and with due regard
+to the development of our country. If we are to have tariff revision or free
+trade, let us at least be consistent and give to our own manufacturers access to
+ships on a competitive basis.</p>
+
+<p>In my judgment, it will not do to merely resolute and spread high sounding,
+well-meaning platitudes on the records; we should organize to actively acquaint
+our citizenship throughout the states with the prevailing conditions and the benefits
+to be derived through experience of others and knowledge of conditions. Educate
+the people, and a great public sentiment will demand improved conditions.
+The efforts of conservationists are often misjudged because considered impractical.
+I say eliminate the visionary and theoretical, get down to the practical and
+immediate remedies. We will have a movement so widespread and effective that
+the Nation will rejoice and problems undreamed of now will be solved by an
+enlightened, unprejudiced public.</p>
+
+<p>We should encourage men and money in the development of our resources,
+but by wise supervision control their operations. This government is bigger than
+any of its component parts, and not only have railroads and corporations felt its
+guiding hand to their betterment, but the court of final resort must always and
+forever be the people of this, our native land.</p>
+
+<p>Let us strive for the highest type of citizenship which demands the best that
+is in us, and we will play our part in the ascendency of the star of the greatest
+of empires—the American Republic.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_247">[247]</span></p>
+
+<h3>INCREASING THE YIELD BY PROPER CULTIVATION OF THE SOIL</h3>
+
+<p class="center"><span class="smcap">By A. M. Ten Eyck</span>,<br>
+<i>Professor of Farm Management Kansas State Agricultural College and Superintendent
+Fort Hays Branch Experiment Station.</i></p>
+
+<p>How to increase the acre yield of staple crops is the important problem which
+the American farmer must solve in order that the world may not go hungry, and
+also that his own prosperity may continue. The average crop yields in this country
+are too low. It is possible to double our acre-yields of staple crops by adopting
+better farming methods.</p>
+
+<p>There are three principal factors which have to do with increasing crop yields:
+(1) increasing the productive power of the land by fertilizing the soil; (2) planting
+seed of high-bred and better producing varieties; (3) practicing proper and
+more thorough cultivation of the soil.</p>
+
+<p>The work in testing varieties and breeding crops at the Kansas Experiment
+Station has shown that it is possible to increase the average yield of the standard
+crops in this state twenty-five per cent by the single factor of introducing and
+planting pure seed of well-bred and high producing varieties. To illustrate,&#x2060;<a id="FNanchor_3" href="#Footnote_3" class="fnanchor">[3]</a>
+one of the improved varieties of winter wheat grown on the Kansas Agricultural
+College farm actually produced twelve and one-half bushels more grain per acre
+each year, or a net profit of nearly $7.00 per acre per annum, as an average for
+three years, above that produced by common scrub wheat of the same type.
+Farmers all over the state who have planted this improved wheat have reported
+similar results, the increase in yield from the well-bred wheat being often much
+larger than the differences secured at the station. It is hard to believe that one
+variety of wheat, improved by breeding and selection, will outyield another strain
+of the same variety, which has not been improved, as much as fifty per cent; but
+a large number of reports from reliable Kansas farmers indicate that this has
+occurred, when the two strains of wheat were grown in the same field side by
+side.</p>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a id="Footnote_3" href="#FNanchor_3" class="label">[3]</a> See Kansas Experiment Station Bulletin 144.</p></div>
+
+<p>Corn is more susceptible to soil and climatic changes than wheat, so that the
+well-bred seed does not always give the best results from the first year’s planting;
+but breeding will tell in the corn crop, as shown by experiments at the Kansas
+Station,&#x2060;<a id="FNanchor_4" href="#Footnote_4" class="fnanchor">[4]</a> in which the high-yielding row, seed has produced from ten to twenty
+per cent larger yields per acre, and twenty-five to thirty-five per cent more good
+seed ears than the average corn from which the improved strain was originated.</p>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a id="Footnote_4" href="#FNanchor_4" class="label">[4]</a> See Bulletin 147.</p></div>
+
+<p>The possibilities along this line of increasing the yield of corn by the planting
+of better seed are shown by the reports which have been received from
+Kansas farmers, reporting sixty and eighty-bushel yields where the average for
+the county was twenty or thirty bushels.</p>
+
+<p>The soil of our western states is abundantly fertile; but mismanagement and
+continuous cropping with corn and wheat have reduced its productive power. It
+is possible by the proper use of barnyard manure to double the yield of corn and
+increase the yield of wheat thirty-three per cent, as shown by the results of the
+experiments at the Station. A single experiment in manuring wheat land
+previous to planting to alfalfa increased the wheat yield thirty-three per cent, and
+doubled the crops of alfalfa for the first two years after seeding, making a total
+increase in the returns per acre of nearly $45.00 for the three years, or $15.00
+net increase per annum.&#x2060;<a id="FNanchor_5" href="#Footnote_5" class="fnanchor">[5]</a>&#x2060;</p>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a id="Footnote_5" href="#FNanchor_5" class="label">[5]</a> See Kansas Experiment Bulletin 155.</p></div>
+
+<p>It is possible by a proper rotation of crops, including alfalfa, clover and
+grasses, to double the productive capacity of thousands of acres of our western
+corn and wheat lands. This is shown by the experiments at the Kansas Station
+and by the reports of farmers. In 1906, a careful investigation of the corn yields
+of Jewell County, Kansas, made by Hon. J. W. Berry, formerly a member of the
+board of regents of the Kansas State Agricultural College, showed that the average
+yield from land previously in alfalfa was over eighty bushels per acre, while
+similar land on the same farm and adjoining farms, which had not been in
+alfalfa, yielded less than sixty bushels per acre on the average, and the average
+yield of corn in Jewell County for that year was less than thirty bushels per acre.</p>
+
+<p>It has been shown by the experiments carried on for the last six years at the
+Station that it is possible to increase the yield of corn ten per cent simply
+by practicing better methods of preparing the seed-bed. When corn has been
+planted with the lister, winter or early spring plowing or listing of the ground
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_248">[248]</span>previous to the planting has given an increase in crop as an average for six years,
+amounting to six bushels of corn per acre each year, as compared with ground which
+received no cultivation previous to planting.</p>
+
+<p>Different methods of cultivation of corn, deep or shallow, etc., have not
+affected the yield so much as different methods of preparing the seed-bed, except
+where the cultivation of the corn was neglected. The lack of sufficient cultivation
+means greatly reduced yields or crop failure.</p>
+
+<p>It is possible to increase the wheat yield of Kansas fifty per cent by practicing
+better methods of seed-bed preparation. As an average for two years’ trials, 1908
+and 1909, at the Station the yield of wheat due to preparation of seed-bed alone
+varied from 21.6 to 37.4 bushels per acre, an increase of seventy-three per cent in
+yield due to the better preparation of the seed-bed.&#x2060;<a id="FNanchor_6" href="#Footnote_6" class="fnanchor">[6]</a>&#x2060;</p>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a id="Footnote_6" href="#FNanchor_6" class="label">[6]</a> See Kansas Experiment Station Circular, 2.</p></div>
+
+<p>In 1911, one of the driest years which Kansas has ever experienced, this experiment
+was repeated with remarkable results. The most poorly prepared seed-bed
+(ground disked, not plowed) yielded a little over four bushels of wheat per
+acre, while the largest yield was thirty-eight bushels per acre from early deep
+plowing, which received frequent cultivation after plowing until seeding time.
+Ordinary loose ground, plowed late, yielded fourteen bushels per acre, while
+ground cultivated early with the lister plow and leveled with the disk harrow
+gave thirty-five bushels per acre. The better methods of seed-bed preparation
+employed in these experiments are such as may be successfully practiced throughout
+the Western winter wheat belt.</p>
+
+<p>Of the three factors concerned with increasing the acre-yields, the last named,
+“Practicing Proper and More Thorough Cultivation of the Soil,” is the simplest
+and most readily applied. Probably more low yields and crop failures are due
+to insufficient or improper cultivation than to any other single factor over which
+the farmer has control in the production of any particular crop. With a soil of
+average fertility, the preparation of the seed-bed by the proper tillage and cultivation
+methods very largely determines the yield of the crop.</p>
+
+<p>There are four important objects to be accomplished by cultivating the soil:
+1. To secure a proper physical condition of the soil favorable to sprouting seed
+and promoting plant growth. 2. To kill weeds. 3. To conserve soil moisture.
+4. To develop or prepare plant food.</p>
+
+<p>The texture of the soil is nearly always more important than mere richness.
+Many “worn” lands have simply been robbed of their organic matter, often still
+containing an abundant supply of the mineral elements of plant food. Others
+have been injured in texture and hence in productiveness by careless or faulty
+management.</p>
+
+<p>The maintenance and improvement of soil texture are more dependent upon
+plowing than upon any other operation of tillage. A finely divided, mellow soil
+is more productive than a hard lumpy one of the same chemical composition,
+because it affords greater feeding ground and more favorable environment for
+the plant roots; absorbs and retains more moisture, has better aeration, and
+less variable extremes of temperature. Also, because it promotes nitrification
+and the development of available plant food by giving favorable conditions for
+the development of soil bacteria, and for the decomposition and solution of the
+soil minerals. In all these ways and others, “mellowness” renders plant food
+more available and affords a more congenial, comfortable place in which the
+plants may grow.</p>
+
+<p>Plowing, especially in the spring, tends to ventilate, warm and dry the seed-bed,
+and if properly done, lessens evaporation from the deeper soil by the development
+of a soil mulch above it.</p>
+
+<p>Deep plowing brings up new stores of inert plant food, enlarges the moisture
+reservoir, deepens the seed-bed, gives more root room and more material
+for the soil bacteria to work over into available plant food. Deep plowing or
+subsoiling also serves to break up the plant food, to break up the “furrow-sole”
+or “hard-pan,” thus loosening up compact, impervious, clayey subsoils.</p>
+
+<p>Plowing is an efficient means of destroying weeds and many kinds of injurious
+insects which prey on farm crops. Hard, clayey or “gumbo” soils are
+mellowed by late fall or winter plowing, and further, proper and timely plowing
+is the most efficient and practical means of preparing a suitable seed-bed for
+nearly all farm crops. Too many farmers who have allowed their land to become
+deficient in fertility seek to restore its productivity by application of expensive
+commercial fertilizers, without first putting it in good tilth. This is a great
+mistake. The way to treat such land is to “plow” it well, and work up a physical
+condition suitable for the best growth of crops. After all this is done, the
+application of concentrated commercial fertilizers may give profitable returns.</p>
+
+<p>In order to secure the ideal condition for seed germination and plant growth,
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_249">[249]</span>a seed-bed for planting small seeds should not be too deep and loose; rather
+the soil should be mellow, but well pulverized only about as deep as the seed
+is planted. Below the depth at which the seed is planted it should be firm
+and well settled, making a good connection with the subsoil, so that the water
+stored therein may be drawn up into the surface.</p>
+
+<p>The firm soil below the seed, well connected with the subsoil, supplies the
+moisture to the seed, while the mellow soil above it allows sufficient circulation
+of air to supply oxygen and favors warming by gathering the heat of the sunshine
+during the day and acting as a blanket to conserve the soil heat, maintaining a more
+uniform temperature during the night.</p>
+
+<p>The mellow soil above the seed conserves the moisture, acting as a mulch
+to keep the water from reaching the surface, where it would be rapidly lost by
+evaporation. The same condition favors the upward growth of the young shoots
+into the air and sunshine.</p>
+
+<p>The loose, deep seed-bed is almost wholly dependent upon rains for sufficient
+moisture to germinate the seed and start the young plant. If the crop
+starts, it is very apt to be injured by short periods of dry weather, because of
+the rapid drying out of the loose surface soil. In such a seed-bed the crop
+is more apt to “burn out” in the summer, or “freeze out” in winter, than a crop
+grown in the “ideal” seed-bed described above.</p>
+
+<p>It should not be inferred from this description of the “ideal” seed-bed that
+the soil should not be plowed deeply; rather, deep plowing should be encouraged,
+but timely, so that the soil may settle and fill with moisture, and such cultivation
+should be given after plowing, so as to secure a favorable physical condition of the
+seed-bed.</p>
+
+<p>So far as cultivation is concerned there are three principal steps in the conservation
+of soil moisture:</p>
+
+<p>1. The soil must be loosened to a considerable depth in order to prepare
+a reservoir to receive the rain and carry the water downward. This may be accomplished
+by deep plowing, by listing, or by disking unplowed lands.</p>
+
+<p>2. The water which is carried down into the subsoil must be brought back
+again into the surface where the seed is germinating and the young roots
+are growing, and to accomplish this a good connection must be made between
+the furrow-slice and the subsoil, and this is the purpose in the use of the subsurface
+packer immediately after plowing.</p>
+
+<p>3. Finally, in order that the water which is drawn up again towards the
+surface may not reach the air and be wasted by evaporation, the upper two or
+three inches of the soil must be kept mellow in the form of a soil mulch, and
+this is accomplished in the growing of crops, by frequent cultivation, which is
+not so practicable with wheat, and other small grains, as with corn and other
+intertilled crops.</p>
+
+<p>The most important step in soil moisture conservation is to get the water
+into the soil. When this has been accomplished, the keeping it there and returning
+it gradually to the growing crop is a relatively simple matter. Many farmers
+have yet failed to learn this most important fact of dry farming, that the storing
+of the moisture is the first and great principle of soil moisture conservation. The
+firming and pulverizing to prepare the seed-bed, and the surface cultivation to maintain
+the mulch, are each without avail unless there has been stored in the deeper
+soil a sufficient amount of moisture to support the growing crop in time of drouth.</p>
+
+<p>Now the moisture should be stored at all times during the season, but especially
+during the interval between harvest and planting. This requires early plowing
+so that the soil may be in condition to catch the rain and absorb it.</p>
+
+<p>In order that there may be room to receive and store a heavy rain, deep
+plowing is desirable. If plowing can not be done early, the cultivation of the
+unplowed land with a disk harrow will keep the soil in good condition longer and
+favors the absorption of rain.</p>
+
+<p>A good rule, but it cannot always be followed, is to plow when the soil is
+in such condition that it will drop from the mold-board in a mellow, friable
+condition.</p>
+
+<p>Loosening the soil by deep plowing favors the absorption of moisture, but
+if rains do not come in time such land will suffer from drought more quickly
+than though it had been plowed shallow.</p>
+
+<p>The loose soil dries out and capillarity is broken, preventing the furrow-slice
+from receiving moisture from the subsoil rapidly enough to sustain the
+growing crop. The depth and frequency of plowing should vary according to
+the nature of the soil. A light or sandy soil requires less depth of plowing and
+less frequent plowing than a heavy, or compact clayey or “gumbo” soil.</p>
+
+<p>As a general proposition, plowing should be shallow when it precedes planting
+only a short time.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_250">[250]</span></p>
+
+<p>Plow deep in the fall, and plow deep for summer fallow.</p>
+
+<p>A long interval between plowing and seeding allows the soil to settle sufficiently,
+while freezing and thawing mellow the raw, hard subsoil which has been
+brought to the surface.</p>
+
+<p>The relative depths of plowing may be stated as follows:</p>
+
+<table>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Shallow plowing</td>
+    <td>3 to 4 inches.</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Medium plowing</td>
+    <td>5 to 6 inches.</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Deep plowing</td>
+    <td>7 to 8 inches.</td>
+  </tr>
+</table>
+
+<p>Plowing deeper than eight inches with the common plow is not usually practicable,
+but the soil may be stirred twelve to eighteen inches deep with a tillage
+plow or subsoil plow, and in heavy soil with hard, compact subsoil, such deep
+stirring may occasionally be desirable.</p>
+
+<p>When land is allowed to lie for a considerable period after plowing before
+the crop is planted, the settling of the soil, together with the surface cultivation
+to preserve the mulch and the cementing due to rain, usually causes it to repack
+and firm up to a sufficient extent to make a good seed-bed.</p>
+
+<p>The use of the packer is most essential on late spring plowing, when the
+purpose is to plant at once. It is not so necessary to use the subsurface packer
+on fall plowing which is not intended to be planted until the following spring,
+but for sowing fall wheat, if the plowing precedes the sowing by a very short
+interval, the subsurface packer may be used very advantageously.</p>
+
+<p>The principle involved in the use of the subsurface packer is correct, and
+the lighter the soil and the greater its tendency to remain loose and mellow the
+more necessary becomes the use of the subsurface packer or similar implement,
+in order to prepare a proper seed-bed.</p>
+
+<p>In plowing under trash or manure, subsurface packing, by pulverizing the
+bottom of the furrow-slice, sifts the soil through the coarse trash and causes a
+better union with the subsoil below, so that the capillary water may be drawn
+up into the surface, whereas, if a heavy coat of stubble or manure plowed
+under in this way is left without packing or pulverizing, the furrow-slice is apt
+to dry out and the crop that is growing on the land may be injured by a short
+interval of dry weather.</p>
+
+<p>By setting the disks rather straight and weighting the harrow, a disc-harrow
+may be used as a substitute for the subsurface packer, resulting in a pulverizing
+and firming effect at the bottom of the furrow-slice. Very often, however, early
+plowing, with the proper use of the common harrow, may largely accomplish the
+results required in preparing a proper seed-bed. It is usually advisable to weight
+or ride the common straight-tooth harrow in order to cause it to stir and pulverize
+the soil deeper and prevent the “slicking” effect which is apt to result from light
+harrowing.</p>
+
+<p>The cultivation necessary, after early plowing, to destroy weeds, in the experience
+of the writer, has usually been sufficient to settle and pulverize the seed-bed.
+For the early cultivation after a good rain and after the weeds have started,
+there is no implement superior to the disk harrow. The double disk which gives
+two cultivations and leaves the ground level, being preferred. For late cultivation
+the common harrow or the Acme harrow should be used with the purpose of not
+loosening the ground too deeply just previous to planting or seeding.</p>
+
+<p>It is very essential that sufficient and proper cultivation be given to destroy
+weeds. This is more important than to maintain a soil mulch, since weeds exhaust
+both the soil moisture and the available plant food. If a proper mulch is
+maintained, however, the weeds will be kept in subjection. In the ideal system
+of culture the purpose is to keep a mellow soil mulch on the surface of the land
+all of the time, not only during the growing of the crop, but also in the interval
+between harvest and seeding time. Thus, after the corn is planted the land is
+cultivated with the weeder or harrow in order to break the surface crust and
+prevent the loss of moisture, and following out the same principle the harrowing
+or work with the weeder is continued after the grain or corn is up, and during
+the growing period frequent cultivation is required for intertilled crops.</p>
+
+<p>Again, after the crop is harvested, the cultivation is continued; the land is
+plowed at once or listed, or the surface of the soil is loosened with the disk
+harrow, and thus the land is kept continually in a condition to not only prevent
+the loss of water already stored in the soil, but also this same condition and
+mellow surface favors the absorption of rain and largely prevents the loss of water
+by surface drainage.</p>
+
+<p>The smooth, finely-pulverized surface left by continuous light harrowing
+really defeats the purpose of the cultivation, since soil in such condition will
+shed heavy rains, causing a waste of water which should have been stored, and the
+surface often becomes too fine and compact, preventing the proper aeration, and
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_251">[251]</span>producing an unfavorable seed-bed condition. Thus during the interval between
+crops, it is often advisable to use the Acme harrow or the disk, or spring-tooth
+harrow, in order to keep the surface of the soil open and mellow.</p>
+
+<p>A new method for preparing the seed-bed is now coming into general practice
+in Western Kansas. In preparing land for wheat, the plan is to list the ground
+with the ordinary corn lister as soon after harvest as possible. The lister furrows
+are run about three to three and a half feet apart, very much the same as when
+the lister is used for planting corn. Later, when the weeds have started, the
+soil is worked back into the lister furrows by means of a harrow or disk cultivator.</p>
+
+<p>Several cultivations are usually required by the harrow, and disk harrow, in
+order to level the field and bring it into good seed-bed condition. Once over
+with the disk cultivator is usually considered sufficient, the further work necessary
+to prepare the seed-bed being given with the common harrow or other cultivating
+implement.</p>
+
+<p>In a dry climate this method of preparing the seed-bed has several advantages,
+as follows:</p>
+
+<p>The cultivation of the land soon after harvest tends to conserve the moisture
+already stored in the soil. The furrowed land is in good condition to catch and
+store the rain and the later cultivation clears the land of weeds and volunteer
+wheat and leaves a mellow soil mulch to conserve the moisture which has been
+stored in the subsoil. The early and continued cultivation of the soil favors the
+action of the bacteria and the development of available plant food.</p>
+
+<p>By practicing this method the farmer may cultivate a larger area early in
+the season when the soil is in good condition, when if it had been necessary
+to plow the whole area, some of the land might become too dry to plow
+well. Likewise the later plowing leaves the soil too loose and not in good seed-bed
+condition. In preparing land for corn, the listing may be done late in the
+fall or during the winter, or early spring. The usual plan being to split the
+ridges with the lister later in the spring when the corn is planted. It is advisable
+to harrow the listed field once or twice before planting to destroy weeds, or prevent
+soil drifting and to preserve a mellow soil mulch to conserve the water which
+has been stored in the subsoil. In preparing land for corn, the early listing has
+proved equal to early plowing and superior to early disking, as shown by the
+experiments at the Kansas Station.</p>
+
+<p>In the drier portions of the great plains area and throughout the mountain
+states, where dry farming is practiced, the annual rainfall is not sufficient to
+produce a crop every year, and it becomes necessary to practice a system of
+summer fallowing every third or fourth season, or in alternate years in localities
+of least rainfall, in order to store moisture and develop plant food and thus insure
+the production of a profitable crop each year.</p>
+
+<p>Deep plowing either in the fall or spring, and frequent surface cultivation as
+described above is the method of summer fallowing which has given the best
+results at the Montana, Western Nebraska, and Western Kansas Experiment
+Stations.</p>
+
+<p>The weeder is better adapted for harrowing wheat and other small grains
+than the common harrow, but the harrow may be used when the ground is firm.
+I question whether it is necessary or advisable as a rule to harrow wheat if due
+precautions have been taken in preparing the seed-bed.</p>
+
+<p>Under certain conditions, where heavy rains firm and puddle the soil, it may
+be advisable to harrow, but very young grain may be injured by harrowing, and
+after the wheat covers the ground, harrowing is unnecessary. The harrowing
+of wheat at regular intervals at the Kansas, Nebraska and Montana Experiment
+Stations has not resulted favorably. Without question, the proper preparation
+of seed-bed is a much more important factor in the growing of small grains,
+than the cultivation after seeding.</p>
+
+<p>While it is a disputed point among authorities whether it pays to harrow
+wheat and other sowed crops, there is no difference of opinion regarding the
+necessity or value of frequent cultivation of corn and of all other crops usually
+planted in rows. Regarding the depth and frequency of cultivation desirable, I
+favor rather deep cultivation in our drier, hotter climate, and after every hard
+rain, if possible, or at least sufficient to keep the weeds in check.</p>
+
+<p>It is not necessary or practicable to attempt to cultivate after every rain
+and there is no virtue in the admonition “Keep the Cultivator going in a dry
+time.” If the soil has been well stirred and the mulch is of sufficient depth, to
+cultivate again would be loss of time and might do actual harm by drying out
+the deeper portions of the soil mulch and also causing a too fine and dusty condition
+of the surface soil, unfavorable to the absorption of moisture when the rain
+comes.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_252">[252]</span></p>
+
+<p>It is not necessary to have extra machinery in order to successfully practice
+the system of culture outlined above. The only implements required or recommended
+which are not in general use on every well equipped farm, are the subsurface
+packer and the weeder.</p>
+
+<p>The principles stated above have been known and practiced more or less
+for a long time and are mostly included in the “Campbell” system of culture.
+H. W. Campbell was among the early apostles of dry farming in the West, and
+has perhaps done more to call the attention of western farmers to the necessity
+and advantages of thorough cultivation of the soil than any other investigator.</p>
+
+<p>Scientific farming pays, everywhere. I believe in the practicability of thorough
+tillage and good cultivation on every farm, and the increase in crops by such
+farming will more than pay for the extra labor. But the great problem in Western
+agriculture today is not how to get larger crops out of the soil for a few years,
+but rather how to produce paying crops every year and at the same time maintain
+the fertility and productiveness of the land.</p>
+
+<p>Simple tillage will not maintain soil fertility. It becomes necessary finally
+to replace the plant food, exhausted by the continuous growing of crops, with
+the application of manure, or chemical fertilizers, and by green manuring and
+the rotation of crops, in which the legume crops, such as alfalfa and clover are
+introduced in order to restore again the nitrogen and organic matter, the supply
+of which has only become more rapidly reduced because of intensive cultivation.</p>
+
+<p>There is little question regarding the value and even the necessity of the
+summer fallow in the drier areas of the West. The tests at a number of Western
+stations and the general experience of farmers prove this; yet there are serious
+objections to the continued practice of bare summer fallowing.</p>
+
+<p>First, there is the tendency for the soil to waste by drifting in strong winds
+and by washing away in heavy rains.</p>
+
+<p>Second, summer fallowing with frequent cultivation hastens nitrification and
+decay, thus more rapidly exhausting the organic matter in the soil.</p>
+
+<p>It is possible for the soil to become more rapidly exhausted in fertility by
+alternate bare summer fallowing and cropping than by continuous cropping. At
+least the bare summer fallow does not add any fertility to the soil. In order
+to maintain the productivity of our Western lands, it will become necessary to
+add fertility to the soil preferably during the year of fallowing.</p>
+
+<p>I am beginning the practice of a method of green manuring and partial summer
+fallowing, which I believe to be superior to bare summer fallowing and which
+will largely overcome the objections to summer fallowing.</p>
+
+<p>The plan is to plant some fall crop or early spring crop and plow it under
+late in May or early in June, practicing a summer fallow with surface cultivation
+for the rest of the season, until seeding time.</p>
+
+<p>Certain crops adapted to the West are being tested for this purpose with
+some degree of success. The more promising are sweet clover and sand vetch
+for fall seeding and field peas for early spring seeding. These crops are hardy,
+rapid growers, and somewhat drouth resistant and may be used also in part for
+pasture, thus giving some return other than their fertilizing value. Some experiments
+have already been made at the Hays Station in Western Kansas and the
+yields of wheat secured from the green-manuring summer fallow compare favorably
+with the yields from the bare summer fallow. And in my judgment, this
+method of fallowing will soon be generally adopted and will solve the problem
+for a long time at least, of increasing the organic matter and maintaining the
+productiveness of our western lands.</p>
+
+<p>This method of green manuring and rotation of crops will largely prevent
+soil drifting, the control of which is a very serious problem in western agriculture.
+Our experience at the Station at Hays has demonstrated also that large areas in
+wheat may be protected and largely prevented from being injured by the drifting of
+soil within the field itself. The spreading of straw or coarse manure and packing
+the straw into the soil with the subsurface packer was the most effective means
+employed for protecting the fields from injury by winds last spring (1911). The
+subsurface packing alone helped to prevent the starting of the drifting soil within
+the field, but was not very effective in preventing the soil from adjacent fields from
+sweeping over the wheat field, but the straw covered area actually stopped the
+drifting soil, causing it to lodge, and thus protected the field beyond the straw
+barrier.</p>
+
+<p>It is quite as necessary, however, to prevent the drifting of adjacent fields,
+as to protect the wheat field itself. This may be done by early listing or disking
+of the fall plowed fields and corn or kaffir stubble fields which are almost sure
+to drift in a violent wind, when the soil is very dry at the surface. Disking or
+other surface cultivation will prevent drifting of soil for a time, until the looser
+portion dries out, then the soil can only be held by deeper cultivation as by listing
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_253">[253]</span>or plowing. For putting the surface in the best condition to resist wind force a
+long time, I prefer to break the ground with a lister, forming deeper furrows
+and higher ridges than may be prepared with the disk or cultivator.</p>
+
+<p>During the season of 1911, which has been extremely dry and hot, the wheat
+on summer fallow at the Station at Hays made a larger growth and a much better
+showing in the early part of the season than other wheat, but before the crop
+matured the conditions of drouth and heat became so severe that the wheat was
+greatly injured, and the summer fallow produced a little larger yield but a poorer
+quality of grain than was secured from other land not summer fallowed.</p>
+
+<p>The yields compare approximately as follows: Summer fallowed, five bushels
+per acre. Not summer fallowed, two bushels per acre. In other localities in
+Western Kansas where the rain was greater and the condition less severe, the
+summer fallow made a better showing.</p>
+
+<p>It was also true last season, at the Western Kansas Station, that the extra
+cultivation in preparing the seed-bed was without beneficial effect, in producing
+a larger yield of wheat. However, in ordinary seasons the reverse has usually
+been true; summer fallow has given much larger yields than continuous cropping,
+and early plowing and extra cultivation have usually given a marked increase
+in yield in the comparative tests which have been carried on at the Experiment
+Stations, both at Manhattan in Eastern Kansas and also at Hays in the
+western third of the state. At the Manhattan Station the careful preparation of
+the seed-bed was very effective in increasing the yield of wheat in 1911, even
+doubling and trebling the crop. The results of much of this work are summarized
+in the succeeding pages.</p>
+
+<p>Three general methods of tillage for preparing the land for winter wheat
+are practiced in this state, namely: plowing, listing and disking. There may be
+variations of these three methods; as early plowing, shallow plowing, deep plowing,
+single listing, double listing, disking without plowing, disking before plowing,
+little cultivation after plowing, frequent cultivation after plowing, etc., and local
+conditions may determine which method is the best. That certain methods are
+superior to others may be readily shown by comparative trials which have been
+carried on at the Kansas Station during the past two years. These experiments
+include the several general methods of tillage named above with variations as
+described in Table I, which gives the yield of wheat per acre and other data
+determined by those experiments. This work was done at the State Experiment
+Station at Manhattan, located in the middle eastern part of the state.</p>
+
+<p class="center">TABLE I.—METHODS OF PREPARING SEED-BED FOR WHEAT.&#x2060;<a id="FNanchor_7" href="#Footnote_7" class="fnanchor">[7]</a>&#x2060;</p>
+
+<table class="borders">
+  <tr>
+    <th rowspan="2">Methods of Preparation.</th>
+    <th colspan="4">Yield per Acre, Bushels.</th>
+    <th colspan="3">Data for 1919-11 Crop Only.</th>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <th>1907-1908.</th>
+    <th>1908-1909.</th>
+    <th>1910-1911.</th>
+    <th>Average for Three Years.</th>
+    <th>Cost per Acre for Preparation.</th>
+    <th>Value of Crop at $0.80 per bu.</th>
+    <th>Value of Crop Less Cost of Preparation.</th>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="nw">Plowed Aug. 15, 7 inches deep</td>
+    <td class="tdr">34.74</td>
+    <td class="tdr">40.12</td>
+    <td class="tdr">27.74</td>
+    <td class="tdr">34.20</td>
+    <td class="tdr">$3.90</td>
+    <td class="tdr">$22.19</td>
+    <td class="tdr">$18.29</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Plowed July 15, 7 inches deep</td>
+    <td class="tdr">28.84</td>
+    <td class="tdr">35.02</td>
+    <td class="tdr">38.36</td>
+    <td class="tdr">34.07</td>
+    <td class="tdr">4.95</td>
+    <td class="tdr">30.69</td>
+    <td class="tdr">25.74</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Plowed Aug. 15, 7 inches deep; not worked until Sept. 15</td>
+    <td class="tdr">30.53</td>
+    <td class="tdr">38.12</td>
+    <td class="tdr">23.62</td>
+    <td class="tdr">30.76</td>
+    <td class="tdr">3.55</td>
+    <td class="tdr">18.89</td>
+    <td class="tdr">15.34</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Listed July 15, 7 inches deep; ridges split Aug. 15</td>
+    <td class="tdr">28.67</td>
+    <td class="tdr">31.33</td>
+    <td class="tdr">34.35</td>
+    <td class="tdr">29.78</td>
+    <td class="tdr">3.75</td>
+    <td class="tdr">27.48</td>
+    <td class="tdr">23.73</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Listed July 15, 7 inches deep; ridges harrowed</td>
+    <td class="tdr">20.02</td>
+    <td class="tdr">32.17</td>
+    <td class="tdr">35.07</td>
+    <td class="tdr">29.09</td>
+    <td class="tdr">3.70</td>
+    <td class="tdr">28.05</td>
+    <td class="tdr">24.35</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Plowed July 15, 3 inches deep</td>
+    <td class="tdr">—</td>
+    <td class="tdr">—</td>
+    <td class="tdr">33.45</td>
+    <td class="tdr">—</td>
+    <td class="tdr">4.45</td>
+    <td class="tdr">26.77</td>
+    <td class="tdr">22.32</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Disked July 15, plowed Aug. 15, 7 inches deep</td>
+    <td class="tdr">—</td>
+    <td class="tdr">—</td>
+    <td class="tdr">32.68</td>
+    <td class="tdr">—</td>
+    <td class="tdr">4.70</td>
+    <td class="tdr">26.14</td>
+    <td class="tdr">21.44</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Disked July 15, plowed Sept. 15, 7 inches deep</td>
+    <td class="tdr">20.11</td>
+    <td class="tdr">30.56</td>
+    <td class="tdr">23.57</td>
+    <td class="tdr">24.75</td>
+    <td class="tdr">4.35</td>
+    <td class="tdr">18.85</td>
+    <td class="tdr">14.50</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Plowed Sept. 15, 3 inches deep</td>
+    <td class="tdr">21.19</td>
+    <td class="tdr">30.76</td>
+    <td class="tdr">14.46</td>
+    <td class="tdr">22.14</td>
+    <td class="tdr">3.05</td>
+    <td class="tdr">11.57</td>
+    <td class="tdr">8.52</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Plowed Sept. 15, 7 inches deep</td>
+    <td class="tdr">19.59</td>
+    <td class="tdr">27.98</td>
+    <td class="tdr">15.79</td>
+    <td class="tdr">21.12</td>
+    <td class="tdr">3.55</td>
+    <td class="tdr">12.63</td>
+    <td class="tdr">9.08</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Disked at intervals until seeding; not plowed</td>
+    <td class="tdr">14.95</td>
+    <td class="tdr">28.24</td>
+    <td class="tdr">4.29&#x2060;<a id="FNanchor_8" href="#Footnote_8" class="fnanchor">[8]</a>&#x2060;</td>
+    <td class="tdr">15.83</td>
+    <td class="tdr">1.95</td>
+    <td class="tdr">3.42</td>
+    <td class="tdr">1.47</td>
+  </tr>
+</table>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a id="Footnote_7" href="#FNanchor_7" class="label">[7]</a> See Kansas Experiment Station Circular No. 2 and Bulletin No. 176.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a id="Footnote_8" href="#FNanchor_8" class="label">[8]</a> Disked only once just previous to sowing wheat.</p></div>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_254">[254]</span></p>
+
+<p>Much of it was done by myself or under my direction during eight years
+of service as agronomist at that station.</p>
+
+<p>Observe that the largest yields have been secured, as an average for the
+three years from July and August plowing seven inches deep. The July listing
+has ranked next to early plowing, but yielding on the average nearly five bushels
+less wheat per acre than early plowing, or a decrease in yield of 14 per cent.
+The decrease in yield from listing was less in the dry year of 1910-11.</p>
+
+<p>All of the higher yielding plots were cultivated at intervals after plowing or
+listing with the harrow, disk or Acme. Thus the weeds were destroyed, the soil
+was well pulverized and well settled and put into excellent seed-bed condition
+by the first of October, when the wheat was planted.</p>
+
+<p>One or two cultivations after August plowing, at an extra cost of thirty-five
+cents to fifty cents per acre, has given an average increase in the yield of wheat
+of three and a half bushels per acre. Land disked before plowing, July 15, and
+plowed August 15, 1910, gave an increase in yield of five bushels per acre in 1911.</p>
+
+<p>Deep plowing in July, 1910, gave nearly five bushels more wheat per acre
+in 1911 than shallow plowing. As an average for the several seasons, the September
+shallow plowing has given a little larger yield than the deeper plowing.</p>
+
+<p>The beneficial effect of early plowing and of frequent cultivation after plowing
+in preparing the seed-bed for fall wheat was most marked in the dry season of
+1910-11, when plowing a month later each time decreased the yield at the rate of
+ten and one-half to twelve bushels per acre.</p>
+
+<p>The preparation with the lister has proved to be a little less effective than
+early plowing, but has given better results than early disking followed by plowing
+a month later. Filling the furrows by harrowing, versus splitting the lister ridges
+and leveling with the harrow have given about equal results. The second listing
+is not necessary and makes the preparation somewhat more expensive. Preparing
+the seed-bed by listing and harrowing is cheaper than early plowing and frequent
+cultivation. The largest yield and largest net income, however, has been secured
+from early plowing followed by sufficient cultivation to kill weeds and maintain
+a mellow soil mulch.</p>
+
+<p>Preparing the seed-bed by disking has given the lowest yields and least income.
+The disked land has produced on the average each year eighteen bushels less
+wheat per acre than early plowing. That is, the well prepared seed-bed has given
+114 per cent the greater yield, or more than double the yield of the poorly prepared
+seed-bed, and at very little greater cost of preparation.</p>
+
+<p>The next lowest yield was produced by late plowing, a week or two before
+the wheat was planted. The average decrease in yield from September plowing
+compared with July plowing was over twelve bushels per acre per annum, or
+early plowing increased the yield fifty-four per cent. In the drier seasons of
+1910-11 the difference was greater, the early plowing producing more than double
+the yield received from the late plowing.</p>
+
+<p>“Disking in” wheat in the dry season resulted in an almost complete crop
+failure, giving a small yield of only four bushels per acre; compared with thirty-eight
+bushels per acre produced by deep early plowing. This is certainly a marked
+example of the value of “proper” cultivation in preparing the seed-bed for wheat.</p>
+
+<p>The seed-bed for corn should be deeper and more mellow than the seed-bed
+for wheat, and the early cultivation of the corn land previous to planting may
+cause a marked increase in yield, as shown by experiments which have been recently
+completed at the Kansas Station. These experiments relate to different methods
+of tillage which may be practiced during the winter or early spring in preparing
+the seed-bed for corn, and include deep and shallow plowing, double disking, and
+listing, namely, plowing land into ridges with a double mold-board plow or lister.</p>
+
+<p>In these experiments corn has usually been planted in listed furrows, except
+that the surface and lister methods of planting have been compared each year
+on the plowed plots. Table II gives the yield of shelled corn per acre secured
+by the continued practice of the methods described, for a period of six years. The
+average yield for three years (1906-08) and for six years (1903-08) is also given.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_255">[255]</span></p>
+
+<p class="center">TABLE II.—PREPARATION OF SEED-BED FOR CORN.</p>
+
+<table class="borders">
+  <tr>
+    <th rowspan="2">Early Treatment.</th>
+    <th rowspan="2">Method of Planting.</th>
+    <th colspan="6">Yield Per Acre in Bushels.</th>
+    <th class="bl" rowspan="2">Average 3 Years 1906-1908</th>
+    <th rowspan="2">Average 6 Years 1903-1908</th>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <th>1903</th>
+    <th>1904</th>
+    <th>1905</th>
+    <th>1906</th>
+    <th>1907</th>
+    <th class="br">1908</th>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Disked twice</td>
+    <td>Listed</td>
+    <td class="tdr">68.61</td>
+    <td class="tdr">55.12</td>
+    <td class="tdr">34.74</td>
+    <td class="tdr">70.29</td>
+    <td class="tdr">41.30</td>
+    <td class="tdr">73.60</td>
+    <td class="tdr">61.73</td>
+    <td class="tdr">57.28</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="nw">Disked twice, harrowed</td>
+    <td>Listed</td>
+    <td class="tdr">65.18</td>
+    <td class="tdr">50.27</td>
+    <td class="tdr">41.48</td>
+    <td class="tdr">75.34</td>
+    <td class="tdr">44.38</td>
+    <td class="tdr">78.80</td>
+    <td class="tdr">66.17</td>
+    <td class="tdr">59.24</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Listed</td>
+    <td>Listed in old furrows</td>
+    <td class="tdr">—</td>
+    <td class="tdr">—</td>
+    <td class="tdr">44.00</td>
+    <td class="tdr">80.10</td>
+    <td class="tdr">49.81</td>
+    <td class="tdr">70.40</td>
+    <td class="tdr">66.77</td>
+    <td class="tdr">—</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Listed</td>
+    <td>Listed breaking ridges</td>
+    <td class="tdr">74.28</td>
+    <td class="tdr">52.37</td>
+    <td class="tdr">40.40</td>
+    <td class="tdr">82.29</td>
+    <td class="tdr">45.31</td>
+    <td class="tdr">74.00</td>
+    <td class="tdr">67.20</td>
+    <td class="tdr">61.44</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Untreated</td>
+    <td>Listed</td>
+    <td class="tdr">64.14</td>
+    <td class="tdr">58.35</td>
+    <td class="tdr">38.17</td>
+    <td class="tdr">68.61</td>
+    <td class="tdr">40.87</td>
+    <td class="tdr">72.40</td>
+    <td class="tdr">60.63</td>
+    <td class="tdr">57.09</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Plowed shallow</td>
+    <td>Listed</td>
+    <td class="tdr">64.26</td>
+    <td class="tdr">54.96</td>
+    <td class="tdr">40.82</td>
+    <td class="tdr">84.23</td>
+    <td class="tdr">55.48</td>
+    <td class="tdr">76.90</td>
+    <td class="tdr">72.20</td>
+    <td class="tdr">62.28</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr class="bt">
+    <td>Average of listed</td>
+    <td></td>
+    <td class="tdr">66.69</td>
+    <td class="tdr">54.21</td>
+    <td class="tdr">39.94</td>
+    <td class="tdr">76.81</td>
+    <td class="tdr">46.19</td>
+    <td class="tdr">74.35</td>
+    <td class="tdr">65.78</td>
+    <td class="tdr">59.47</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr class="bt">
+    <td>Plowed shallow</td>
+    <td class="nw">Surface planted</td>
+    <td class="tdr">—</td>
+    <td class="tdr">—</td>
+    <td class="tdr">42.40</td>
+    <td class="tdr">71.90</td>
+    <td class="tdr">46.87</td>
+    <td class="tdr">68.40</td>
+    <td class="tdr">62.39</td>
+    <td class="tdr">—</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Plowed deep</td>
+    <td></td>
+    <td class="tdr">73.74</td>
+    <td class="tdr">70.95</td>
+    <td class="tdr">41.66</td>
+    <td class="tdr">81.89</td>
+    <td class="tdr">51.28</td>
+    <td class="tdr">75.40</td>
+    <td class="tdr">69.46</td>
+    <td class="tdr">65.79</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr class="bt">
+    <td>Av. of surface planted</td>
+    <td></td>
+    <td class="tdr">73.74</td>
+    <td class="tdr">70.95</td>
+    <td class="tdr">42.03</td>
+    <td class="tdr">76.80</td>
+    <td class="tdr">49.08</td>
+    <td class="tdr">71.90</td>
+    <td class="tdr">65.93</td>
+    <td class="tdr">65.79</td>
+  </tr>
+</table>
+
+<p>While the relative yields vary somewhat from year to year, it is very clear
+that the early plowing and early listing have given increased yields of corn, ranging
+from six to twelve bushels per acre for the three years, and four to five bushels
+per acre as an average for six years.</p>
+
+<p>As an average for three years the double disking and harrowing early in the
+spring has given an increased yield of five and one-half bushels of corn per acre.
+It will be observed that in the above comparison all of the corn was planted in
+listed furrows.</p>
+
+<p>Comparing the two methods of planting it appears that the highest yield for
+three years was produced by listing in the early shallow plowed land: The average
+yield for six years, however, was 3.3 bushels per acre in favor of the surface
+method of planting.</p>
+
+<p>The results may be explained by the fact that the seasons of 1904 and 1905
+were very wet, hence there was less necessity of conserving soil moisture, and
+the early cultivation gave little benefit, while the lister method of planting was
+placed at a disadvantage. The method of planting corn in listed furrows is
+adapted to dry climate and warm soil. Corn planted in the bottom of a furrow
+four to six inches deep develops a deeper root system than surface planted corn;
+hence listed corn is not readily injured by drouth. The effect on the root system
+is shown by the study of corn roots made at the Station.&#x2060;<a id="FNanchor_9" href="#Footnote_9" class="fnanchor">[9]</a>&#x2060;</p>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a id="Footnote_9" href="#FNanchor_9" class="label">[9]</a> See Bulletins 127 and 147.</p></div>
+
+<p>It is quite evident that the best method of preparing the seed-bed for corn
+and the best method of planting corn will vary for different climatic and soil
+conditions. Yet it is very important that the farmer test these methods and
+determine which is the better for his particular conditions, since the method of
+seed-bed preparation and the method of planting may be very important factors
+in securing large yields.</p>
+
+<p>In the cultivation experiments carried on at the Station during the past six
+years the practice has been to “lay the corn by” with a final cultivation about the
+first of July. In these experiments the plan has been to cultivate duplicate plots
+by four different methods, as follows: shallow; deep; deep early and shallow
+late; shallow early and deep late. The shallow cultivation has been performed
+with the knife or gopher type of cultivator, while for the deep cultivation, the
+six-shovel cultivator has been used.</p>
+
+<p>The plan has been not to cultivate excessively deep but only medium deep,
+three to four inches. The depth of the surface cultivation has averaged one and
+one-half to two inches. The corn has usually been cultivated four times each
+season, and the practice has been to cultivate by the same method twice in succession
+those plots in which the method of cultivation was changed during the season,
+that is, certain plots were cultivated shallow at the first two cultivations and deep
+at the last two cultivations, and vice versa. The yield of shelled corn each year
+and the average yield for seven years, by the different methods of cultivation, are
+given in Table III.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_256">[256]</span></p>
+
+<p class="center">TABLE III.—CULTIVATION EXPERIMENTS WITH CORN, 1903-1909.</p>
+
+<table class="borders">
+  <tr>
+    <th rowspan="2">Method of Cultivating.</th>
+    <th colspan="7">Yield of Corn Per Acre, Bushels.</th>
+    <th class="bl" rowspan="2">Average 3 years, 1907-1909</th>
+    <th rowspan="2">Average 7 years, 1903-1909</th>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <th>1903</th>
+    <th>1904</th>
+    <th>1905</th>
+    <th>1906</th>
+    <th>1907</th>
+    <th>1908</th>
+    <th class="br">1909</th>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Shallow, 1 to 2 inches</td>
+    <td class="tdr">51.65</td>
+    <td class="tdr">57.51</td>
+    <td class="tdr">45.64</td>
+    <td class="tdr">56.19</td>
+    <td class="tdr">41.21</td>
+    <td class="tdr">75.72</td>
+    <td class="tdr">35.1</td>
+    <td class="tdr">50.69</td>
+    <td class="tdr">51.86</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="nw">Shallow, early; deep, late</td>
+    <td class="tdr">52.96</td>
+    <td class="tdr">57.25</td>
+    <td class="tdr">49.68</td>
+    <td class="tdr">51.67</td>
+    <td class="tdr">42.17</td>
+    <td class="tdr">87.12</td>
+    <td class="tdr">34.7</td>
+    <td class="tdr">54.66</td>
+    <td class="tdr">53.56</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Deep, 3 to 4 inches</td>
+    <td class="tdr">50.87</td>
+    <td class="tdr">53.98</td>
+    <td class="tdr">50.86</td>
+    <td class="tdr">50.55</td>
+    <td class="tdr">38.73</td>
+    <td class="tdr">78.81</td>
+    <td class="tdr">33.7</td>
+    <td class="tdr">56.41</td>
+    <td class="tdr">51.07</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="nw">Deep, early; shallow, late</td>
+    <td class="tdr">53.66</td>
+    <td class="tdr">49.62</td>
+    <td class="tdr">49.39</td>
+    <td class="tdr">50.09</td>
+    <td class="tdr">43.11</td>
+    <td class="tdr">76.93</td>
+    <td class="tdr">31.3</td>
+    <td class="tdr">50.45</td>
+    <td class="tdr">50.30</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr class="bt">
+    <td>Wrong time</td>
+    <td class="tdr">—</td>
+    <td class="tdr">—</td>
+    <td class="tdr">—</td>
+    <td class="tdr">—</td>
+    <td class="tdr">—</td>
+    <td class="tdr">79.7</td>
+    <td class="tdr">44.1</td>
+    <td class="tdr">61.9</td>
+    <td class="tdr"></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Right time</td>
+    <td class="tdr">—</td>
+    <td class="tdr">—</td>
+    <td class="tdr">—</td>
+    <td class="tdr">—</td>
+    <td class="tdr">—</td>
+    <td class="tdr">82.9</td>
+    <td class="tdr">51.2</td>
+    <td class="tdr">67.0</td>
+    <td class="tdr"></td>
+  </tr>
+</table>
+
+<p>The average yield for the seven years favors the shallow-early-deep-late cultivation
+by a little over three bushels per acre per year, when compared with the
+deep-early-shallow-late cultivation, which gave the lowest average yield.</p>
+
+<p>The variation in yield by the different methods of cultivation from year to
+year and the nearly uniform average yields for the long period of seven years,
+indicate that the method of cultivation practiced, whether shallow or deep, may
+not make much difference in the yield of the crop, provided the cultivation is
+done well and at the right time.</p>
+
+<p>The factors heretofore described, which have to do with seed germination
+and plant growth, are largely controlled by cultivation. There are, perhaps, no
+exact rules or methods for cultivating corn, but a farmer observing the crop
+and soil conditions, and understanding the principles of soil cultivation, may vary
+the manner and practice of cultivation somewhat to suit the conditions and accomplish
+the objects desired.</p>
+
+<p>It is very important to cultivate corn at the “right” time. An experiment
+which has been carried on for two years in cultivating corn at the “right” time and
+the “wrong” time, has resulted as follows:</p>
+
+<p>Average yield for “wrong” time cultivation, 61.9 bushels per acre. Average
+yield for “right” time cultivation, sixty-seven bushels per acre, or six and one-tenth
+bushels per acre in favor of cultivating the corn at the “right” time. The
+“right” time means soon after the rain, when the weeds have started and the
+soil is just dry enough to cultivate well; the wrong time is a week or ten days
+later, when the weeds have become larger and the soil is hard and dry and turns
+over in clods and lumps. It costs more to cultivate corn at the “wrong” time
+than at the “right” time, because of the slower and more difficult work and greater
+draft of the cultivator due to unfavorable soil conditions—and yet the “right”
+time cultivation increased the yield 10 per cent.</p>
+
+<p>It is important also to use the best implements, but doing the work well
+and at the right time is even more important than the type of cultivator used.
+No one type of cultivator can be recommended as superior to others, but different
+kinds of cultivators are useful for different work and for different conditions.
+The corn grower should have more than one kind of corn cultivator. I prefer
+at least two types, one for shallow and one for deep cultivation. The knife
+and shovel cultivators serve their purpose well, but the disk cultivator may be
+used in place of shovels, and is especially recommended for use during the early
+cultivation of listed corn.</p>
+
+<p>It is possible, as shown by the work at the Station, for the wheat farmer who
+will practice the best culture methods, to increase his yield of winter wheat 50 to
+100 per cent by careful and proper preparation of the seed-bed, with practically no
+greater cost for cultivation (See Table I.).</p>
+
+<p>The skillful corn grower may readily increase his corn yields five bushels per
+acre by a little extra cultivation of the corn land early in the spring before planting.
+He may add another five bushels to the crop by practicing the correct method
+of planting, which experience has proved to be the most suitable to his soil and
+climate. And finally, by the simple factor of sufficient cultivation of corn at the
+right time and in the right way he may still further increase the yield at the rate
+of ten bushels per acre.</p>
+
+<p>Thus it is possible for the farmer who is not now doing these things to add
+40 per cent to the average corn yield of his farm by practicing improved culture
+methods. The yield of other crops may be likewise increased, but the farmer should
+bear in mind this fact: that the increase in yield by better culture may be secured
+only by maintaining the fertility of the land and planting well-bred seed adapted
+to the soil and climate.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_257">[257]</span></p>
+
+<h3>THE CHURCH IN THE OPEN COUNTRY.</h3>
+
+<p class="center"><span class="smcap">By Warren H. Wilson</span>,<br>
+<i>Superintendent of the Department of Church and Country Life of the Board of
+Home Missions of the Presbyterian Church of the United States</i>.</p>
+
+<p>It is my purpose to answer the question, “What is the use of the church in
+the open country?” We have some people who call themselves “spiritual,” who do
+not believe there is any permanent use of a church. Their religion consists of
+an insurance against fire; and as soon as they get a policy from an evangelist,
+they have no more use of a church, certainly not of a strong church. I want
+to speak to you of the church as an efficient institution, the builder of rural
+civilization.</p>
+
+<p>We have other folk who are without land and without ownership of productive
+tools; they are under economic pressure; they are our American poor.
+They think they cannot afford anything that is not a necessity. I am here to
+argue that the church in the open country is a necessity, especially to the poor.</p>
+
+<p>We have also some theorists, who believe that all rural institutions should
+be assembled in towns and villages, and that ultimately the farmers should reside
+there, going out every morning to their fields. I hope the time will never come
+when American farmers will so live. And I wish to speak to you of the church
+in the open country as the conserver of the soil, of the social life, the family
+and the school in the country.</p>
+
+<p>The first reason for the existence of the church in the open country is the
+fact that “the soil is holy.” Already we are faced with a depleted soil in some
+of our richest agricultural states. But when the soil produces less, the poor will
+have to pay more for food and for wearing apparel. We have been warned that
+the time will come when the workingman cannot any longer wear wool or eat
+white bread. I have observed in the last two years that the clothes which I buy
+from a tailor who has supplied me for seventeen years do not any longer attract
+the moths. The moth turns up his nose at cotton, and cries for wool. The business
+of the farmer and of the sheep raiser is a religious business, because it is
+in the interest of the whole people. Whatever makes for the prosperity of the
+farmer will enrich and dignify all the people. The church is an institution essential
+to good farming, and it should be maintained where the farmer lives, out in the
+open fields.</p>
+
+<p>Religion is a valuation of life. It values some things high, and some low,
+but it is, in the opinion of a recent scholar of repute, a system of values. Its
+highest word is “holy.” The land in which the Hebrews were settled was called
+“the Holy Land,” and nowadays the teachers of modern farming are declaring
+to the young, “The land is holy.” At a recent summer school for country ministers
+a professor lectured upon “the Holy Land,” meaning Palestine; and a great agriculturist
+came also to lecture upon the soil of the state in which the school was
+held, announcing his theme as “The Holy Earth.” We are entering a new era
+in religion, in which the values of life will be estimated by their services to the
+poor. In this consecration of the soil to the interest of the whole people the
+church of the open country will have a great place.</p>
+
+<p>I know a minister in Maryland, where the soil has been exhausted by generations
+of peach-culture, and the farmers are turning to other crops in order to
+make a living. There the minister has found that his business is to preach scientific
+agriculture, and his most impressive service has been to raise a great crop
+of potatoes, with a dust mulch, the greatest ever raised at that time in that region.
+He became the leader of those farmers in the actual struggle for a livelihood. He
+helped them set their business on a firm footing. He preached as he worked, and
+his people responded accordingly.</p>
+
+<p>The second reason for the maintaining of the church in the open country
+is the fact that it is the best school by which to teach the farmers to give of
+their prosperity to the community and to the common good. Farming is an austere
+occupation. The best farmers are always economically austere, which is defined
+by an economist as “the condition in which men produce much and consume little.”
+The very definition shows that of all occupations farming must be the most austere.
+But the practice of this austerity makes the farmer close and often mean. He
+stints himself and he stints everybody else. He refuses to support good roads,
+and he declines to pay for better schools because he is not a spender but a producer.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_258">[258]</span></p>
+
+<p>The church, of all institutions, makes the closest and most intimate appeal
+to the farmer. It is his school of giving. It has an agent living in the community,
+needing to be supported. The salary of the minister, and the supplying
+of his needs, are a constant education in the building of community utilities. The
+schools will be better maintained, the roads will be sooner reconstructed, even
+at greater cost, and the poor will be better cared for, where the church exists in
+the open country; to fertilize, with its appeals, the sour soil of the farmers’ austerity,
+with the needed ingredients for benevolence.</p>
+
+<p>The third reason for the church in the open country is the fact that the church
+is a family builder. The rural household, which for three generations was the
+spring of American idealism, has been dissolved, in the past twenty years, by
+speculation. The exploitation of farm lands has made so many families nomads,
+and has retired so many farmers to the towns, that there is need of a new era of
+home building in the country.</p>
+
+<p>The best fitted of all institutions for this service is the church. Her work,
+as she well knows, is with the young. Her membership is always made up largely
+of women, and with them lies the future of the American home in the country.
+The moving force in the exodus from the farm is too often the woman. The
+church will do more to make life worth while for her on the farm than all other
+institutions.</p>
+
+<p>The fourth use of the church in the open country is as a center of the concern
+for the farmer’s income. The church in the country which does not sanctify the
+livelihood of the farmer will not survive. “The most successful farmers in
+America,” says an economist, “are the Mormons, the Scotch Presbyterians and the
+Pennsylvania Dutch.” All these are religious farmers, and their churches are
+their coöperative associations for farming. They all idealize country life. They
+are organized for agriculture. But, mark this, in all these country churches—and
+their churches are out in the open—the church has concern for the prosperity of
+its farmers as farmers. The income is the man’s job, and when the church would
+get the men it will care for the income. The Lord Almighty cares more for the
+feeding of the whole people than for any other thing. First of all God is the
+Father of men, and He cares most for their satisfaction in material things than
+for their having books, or for their having any of the higher refinements. If the
+people have not abundance of food and warm clothing, all moral and religious
+values will suffer. Therefore the farmer is the Lord’s hired man; and the church’s
+first business in the open country is “to produce the spirit in which the knowledge
+will be used, which will enable the farmer to succeed.”</p>
+
+<p>The transition in economic affairs, through which we are passing, is working
+its effects upon the country churches. For the church is the best of all thermometers
+of the social economy. Many churches in the country are being closed.
+In the South alone, according to the Southern Baptist organ, sixteen hundred
+Baptist and Methodist country churches are closed every Sunday of the year. In
+the state of Illinois, our sociological surveys have shown that about seventeen
+hundred country churches have been closed and abandoned. It is the elimination
+of the unfit. It is the realignment of the religious people for greater efficiency,
+at new centers. There is no sign that country people are less religious than they
+were. But there is every indication that the churches are being sifted on the
+principle of efficiency.</p>
+
+<p>The churches are suffering at the farmers’ hands another process, which I
+would like to describe as dehorning. It is like the removal of the horns from
+the heads of dairy cows; and it has the same purpose. Doctrinal subjects which
+divide are being tabooed, and the churches are no longer to hook and horn one
+another, but to live together in peace and produce the most of the milk of human
+kindness, with the greatest economy in the fodder of doctrine.</p>
+
+<p>This transition is showing also in the inventing of a new type of church. It
+is appearing all over the land at the same time. I find it in all denominations,
+and it bears the marks of the same spirit everywhere. My friend, McNutt, at
+Plainfield, Illinois, has become the most eminent exponent of this new ideal of
+the pastorate, but he is far from being the only man who is so succeeding. He
+has a unique power of telling of his work; but many others, who cannot tell of
+it, can do as well. His church has the heart of the community; and there all
+the people, especially the young, gather for musical culture, for recreation, as well
+as for worship.</p>
+
+<p>The modern church for the open country will be a community center. It
+will bring all the people together, by serving the needs which are common to all.
+For the community has taken the place once held by the farm household, as the
+circle of the life of country people. Tradition once ruled farming, but its place
+has been taken by science. The farmer can no longer teach his son to farm the
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_259">[259]</span>land, therefore the household cannot dominate the country, as once it did. The
+new ideals of country life are community ideals. And the churches which are
+succeeding in the country are community churches.</p>
+
+<p>The community center church cares for the young, for the growing boys
+and girls of the community, and for the farm hands. It is a center for the recreative
+life of the people. Music has its home in that church. Plays are presented
+under its auspices. The holidays of the year are celebrated at its instigation.
+Every needful enterprise that the country community requires for its development
+is fostered by the community church. I have known side paths to be made
+on country roads, in this manner, the whole countryside coming together for a
+“frolic” for the purpose of laying out these walks. I have known a country bank
+to be started in this way. There is no limit to the good that can be done in the
+country, in making country life worth while, by a church which has the community
+spirit.</p>
+
+<p>My friends, worship is the symbol of the community. The church spire out
+in the fields is the center around which the whole locality revolves. The common
+assembly, on Sunday, does more, all over the open spaces of this great land, to
+organize people in neighborhoods, and to cultivate a country life ideal, and to
+make country life worth while, than all other institutions combined.</p>
+
+<p>For there is nothing in the high price of farm land to keep the boy and girl
+on the farm. The only way for the conservation of the highest value of country
+life is to secure pastors who will live in the country, and churches through which
+they may build men into communities of farmers, contented, devoted to the work
+of a Divine Providence, and crowning the productive labor of the week with
+worship on the Lord’s Day, in the place where the community meets most fitly,
+in the church of the open country.</p>
+
+<h3>THE EXTENSION OF THE POSTAL SAVINGS SYSTEM TO OUR SCHOOLS AND ITS VALUE
+TO THE PRESENT AND COMING GENERATION.</h3>
+
+<p class="center"><span class="smcap">By F. A. Filson</span>,<br>
+<i>President of the Missouri Association of Assistant Postmasters</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Of the three great forward movements which have marked the history of the
+postal service during the past dozen years the inauguration and extension of the
+postal savings system is, we believe, destined to be the greatest and most far-reaching
+in its effects on the general welfare of the great mass of our people.
+Rural delivery, the first of the three great forward movements, it is true, has
+been not only a phenomenal success but has been of untold value to all classes
+of our people and is sure to grow in popularity and efficiency as the years go by.
+And the parcels post, the third great movement which we believe is sure to be
+inaugurated will in a measure revolutionize many branches of business, but in
+the end be of untold blessing and value to the masses; and whatever in our country
+is of great and lasting benefit to the masses is sure to be accomplished notwithstanding
+the opposition of wealthy corporations and selfish personal interests.</p>
+
+<p>The postal savings system, like all other great forward movements, in its infancy
+met with violent opposition from many classes of our citizens, who for selfish
+reasons or lack of information violently opposed the enactment of the necessary
+legislation for its installation. Many of the same arguments which have been worn
+threadbare in the discussion of rural free delivery, parcels post and other progressive
+measures, were again brought into use and vociferously enunciated through
+the press and from the public platform and on the floors of Congress; but after
+mature deliberation and thorough discussion the right prevailed, as it generally
+does, and the necessary bill was enacted by Congress and a committee appointed
+who immediately got busy and laid plans for the inauguration of the system and
+adopted rules and regulations for the conduct of the business. Be it said to the
+everlasting honor and credit of this committee and its co-workers that the system
+evolved is, in the judgment of your humble servant, one of the very best, most
+comprehensive and practical of any system of its kind in use throughout the world.
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_260">[260]</span>In fact, it is the product of the experience of all other nations plus the practical
+common sense American ideas of our illustrious chief and his co-workers on the
+committees. While our system is yet in its infancy, the phenomenal record it is
+making and the ease and celerity with which the machinery of the same is moving
+quietly along proves conclusively that while it may not be perfect it is founded
+upon correct principles and with a few alterations will become famous throughout
+the world as the American system of postal savings. It is with considerable pride
+that its advocates and promoters can point to the fact that every one of the
+predictions which they made before its inauguration and during the long campaign
+for the enactment of the necessary legislation has already been fully and conclusively
+demonstrated and proven beyond the possibility of a reasonable doubt. In
+fact, many of the bankers and those who so violently opposed the inauguration
+of the system have become fully convinced of the fact that it will be no detriment
+to the banking business of the country, but, on the other hand, will be of inestimable
+value in bringing from its hiding place the idle currency of the country and placing
+it in the banks and putting it into circulation. Not only has it demonstrated
+that it does and will do this, but it has, in the localities where depositories have
+been opened, originated and is continuing a sentiment favorable to creating and
+maintaining savings funds among many classes of people who have never before given
+the matter as much as a serious thought. The experience of our postal savings
+depository at Cameron is, I presume, about the same as that in other localities,
+namely, that over sixty per cent of our 300 or more depositors are men, women
+and children who never before had a bank account of any kind.</p>
+
+<p>From our standpoint we believe that the fact that the system thus induces such
+thrift and frugality will be of untold blessing to the present as well as coming generations,
+and that as a result our nation will become richer and greater in the
+coming years and its people more prosperous, contented and happy. While the
+system inaugurated by the committee in charge is complete and comprehensive,
+yet in the very beginning of our experience at Cameron we saw the need of a
+little further extension of the same, and after giving the matter much thought
+and serious consideration we laid plans and have inaugurated in all the schools of
+our city penny savings banks, to be operated in each room of the schools, under the
+direction and charge of the superintendent and teachers. This system of penny
+savings banks in the schools works in connection, and is really a part of, our postal
+savings depository at the post office; and while it is an idea of my own, yet I have
+submitted it to the postmaster general and the postal savings system committee,
+and hope in the near future to see it adopted and extended to all the schools
+throughout the country. It is very simple and easily instituted and operated, and
+we believe will be heartily and enthusiastically received by the teachers of a majority
+of the schools throughout the country.</p>
+
+<p>A brief explanation of the system, as we have it in Cameron, I believe would
+be of interest to all postal officials that have to do with the postal savings system,
+and I therefore take pleasure in presenting at this time a brief outline of the same,
+and would be pleased at any time to explain the workings more in detail or answer
+any questions that may be propounded.</p>
+
+<p>The extension of the postal savings system to our schools and the establishment
+of the penny savings banks therein is based upon the facts that many of our children
+do not receive as much as ten cents at one time for their labor or for their
+spending money, and that they, like many of their elders, find it very difficult and
+at times almost impossible to keep money in their pockets for any given length
+of time. In fact, in many cases it immediately begins to “burn their pocket,” and
+must be spent at once. Hence their pennies and nickels are spent before they
+accumulate the necessary ten cents with which to purchase a saving card at the
+Post Office. Then again, the tendency of our time for years has been for the youth
+of the land to spend all they have or get, be it much or little, with great rapidity
+and absolutely without any idea of its value. In the inauguration of penny savings
+banks in our schools we endeavored to impress two valuable admonitions on the
+minds of every pupil: First, that every boy and girl should, as soon as he enters
+school, make it a point to earn a small amount of money each week; and, second,
+that they should make it an invariable rule to save at least one-half of all the
+money earned and given them and place it in a savings fund. In giving these two
+admonitions we made the assertion that if those in the primary department would
+follow these rules and deposit their money in the postal savings banks and invest it
+in government bonds, compounding their interest by withdrawing and depositing
+same, that at the age of twenty-five years the larger majority of them would have
+amassed sufficient capital to enter into any retail business in our city.</p>
+
+<p>In introducing this extension I first laid the matter fully before our superintendent
+and received his unqualified endorsement of the same, and then arranged
+for a meeting with all the teachers of our schools and to them presented the postal
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_261">[261]</span>savings system and our extension system for the schools, and after a full explanation
+they, with the superintendent, voted unanimously to place the same in our
+schools. Immediately after the opening of the schools I visited each one separately
+and presented the matter to the pupils and opened a penny savings bank, which was
+placed in charge of the teacher. I closed this feature of the work on Friday, September
+15, and the results to date have been eminently satisfactory and very gratifying.
+I have arranged with the teachers to have them submit a weekly report
+during the two remaining weeks of this month showing, first the total number of
+depositors, second the total amount deposited, and third the average age of depositors.
+After the close of this month these reports will be made monthly instead of
+weekly.</p>
+
+<h3>ADDRESS.</h3>
+
+<p class="center"><span class="smcap">F. C. Schwedtman</span>,<br>
+<i>Chairman of the Delegation of the National Association of Manufacturers
+of U. S. A.</i></p>
+
+<p>Permit me to extend to you, in the name of the great organization which I
+have the honor to represent, the good will, coöperation and support of thousands of
+progressive manufacturers from almost every state and city of the Union in every
+sane endeavor to preserve the natural resources of our nation.</p>
+
+<p>I have listened with keen interest to yesterday’s and today’s arguments for the
+conservation of coal and timber, soil and water. It seemed to me particularly significant
+to have a lumberman in the person of the honorable chairman of your
+executive committee urge the preservation of our forests, and it was equally fitting
+to hear our great farmer Governor of Missouri make a plea for the soil. Of course,
+both of these gentlemen spoke upon subjects nearest to their hearts. Unfortunately
+I am not a farmer, but their action gives me courage to devote a few minutes to
+a few phases of the conservation problem nearest my heart.</p>
+
+<p>Allow me, an employer of industrial labor, to plead for higher efficiency in the
+industries and especially for better opportunities for the millions of toilers, in the
+shops as well as upon the farm. The greatest nation of the future will be the nation
+that best understands how to economize and preserve human energy and happiness
+at home, and how to build up trade abroad.</p>
+
+<p>President Taft told us last night how, by mixing science and proper education,
+our crops per acre can be doubled and trebled. In the same way can the output
+of our mines and factories be increased tenfold in value by industrial education.
+Instead of selling steel billets to the nations of the world, we want to sell them
+sewing machines, dynamos and watch springs; and instead of exporting raw cotton
+we want to export high grade cotton goods. This requires government support for
+industrial education, and I urge you, in return for our aid to secure agricultural
+schools and experimental stations, you give us yours to secure scientific industrial
+training. The National Association of Manufacturers is persistently and systematically
+working to that end. And there is another phase of preservation even
+more important. Among the measures pointed out in your handbook to which the
+association will give its vigorous support, both legislative and administrative, I find
+this: “Means wisely designed to diminish sickness, prevent accidents, and increase
+the welfare and comfort of American life, believing that human efficiency, health
+and happiness are natural resources quite as important as forests, water, land and
+minerals.” Now, I do know something of this feature of the preservation movement,
+and after the vigorous campaigning which the National Association of Manufacturers
+has carried on in the last two years for “human preservation” under my supervision,
+I feel that it is not only of equal importance to soil preservation, but more so.</p>
+
+<p>Authorities tell us that in comparison of the vital and physical assets of a
+nation, as measured by earning power, the former are from three to five times as
+valuable as the latter. These authorities assert that there is as great room for
+improvement of our vital resources as in our lands, waters, minerals and forests,
+and that this improvement is possible in respect to both the length of life and to
+freedom from disease and accidental injury during life.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_262">[262]</span></p>
+
+<p>Prof. Irving Fisher estimates (in Bulletin Number 30 of the committee of
+one hundred on national health) that $250,000,000,000 is a minimum estimate of the
+vital assets of the United States in 1907 and that of the estimated annual loss of
+three billions of dollars due to sickness, accident and death, one-half, or one and
+one-half billion dollars, is preventable.</p>
+
+<p>According to Dr. Tolman, the total number of work casualties suffered by our
+army of wage-workers is sufficient to carry on perpetually two such wars at the
+same time as the Russo-Japanese and our Civil war. According to the same
+authority, our railroads, during the year of 1906, killed and wounded more persons
+than were killed and wounded in the six bloodiest battles of the Civil War.</p>
+
+<p>In all these directions our losses are from five to ten times greater proportionately
+than those of the most progressive European nations, and what are we
+doing about it?</p>
+
+<p>The National Association of Manufacturers has carefully compiled facts and
+figures and has everlastingly spread the gospel of preventing these losses and compensating
+equitably the sufferers from unpreventable losses.</p>
+
+<p>Do not think for one moment that this is a subject that does not concern the
+farmer. I can prove by facts and figures that the percentage of injuries among
+farmers is greater than in the industries, and easier prevented. If you want to
+convince yourself go to the nearest insurance office. You will find the accident insurance
+rates for the farmer higher than for the carpenter or machinist.</p>
+
+<p>Some European countries have evolved compensation schemes by which $78
+of every $100 paid for accident insurance is paid to the injured wage worker. Under
+our liability laws, only about $30 out of every $100 reaches the injured worker.
+What would you think of your neighbor if he were trying to run a machine with
+30 per cent efficiency in competition with yours of 78 per cent efficiency? He would
+not last very long.</p>
+
+<p>We ask your help in establishing sound, safe and efficient schemes in all the
+states of the Union. The first part of the problem will have to be solved by legislation,
+the second by coöperation, and it can be done only by a combination of all
+the progressive elements of society. It must be done as quickly as possible, bearing
+in mind all the time that he who starts out well prepared for a race is in better
+shape to win than he who hurries on without due preparation. We must have
+facts and figures before us and we must select the best men in the various states
+to act as investigation commissioners.</p>
+
+<p>So-called reformers do not always appreciate this. A short time ago I addressed
+the governor and the legislature of one of our Middle Western states.
+The governor, a man of many fine qualities, asked me during the progress of my
+arguments why I had gathered such a mass of facts and figures from European
+sources. I asked him in return how he would settle it without statistics, and he
+replied, “We need no facts and figures, all we need is the right kind of a gizzard.”
+Of course there is no sense in arguing with such a man. He misunderstands the
+issue. Americans do not need, and do not want charity; they want justice.</p>
+
+<p>We in the United States will eventually have the best system for preserving
+the best resources of our country, the health and well-being of our people, the
+self-respect and earning capacity of our wage-workers, the lives and limbs of our
+toilers, but it will take the combined energy and wisdom of all of us to bring this
+about.</p>
+
+<h3>REPORT OF THE AMERICAN HUMANE ASSOCIATION.</h3>
+
+<p class="center"><span class="smcap">By Wm. O. Stillman</span>,<br>
+<i>President</i>.</p>
+
+<p>The American Humane Association, during the past year, has been actively
+engaged in promoting the development of humanitarian work in the United States,
+and has also been useful in promoting a similar work in many foreign lands. During
+October, 1910, there was held under the auspices of this association, in the city
+of Washington, D. C., and under the Honorary Presidency of William H. Taft, the
+President of our country, the first American International Humane Conference.
+There were present representatives from thirty foreign countries. The addresses,
+papers and topics which were heard were of great value. There was also held, in
+connection with the International Conference, the first international exhibit of objects
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_263">[263]</span>of humane interest. This was shown in the New United States National
+Museum building, where the conference was also held. The exhibition, which
+lasted a week, proved phenomenal in extent and interest.</p>
+
+<p>As a direct and acknowledged result of the Washington conference, there is to
+be held, during June, 1912, in London, England, a similar international congress,
+which it is believed will greatly assist the spread of work which we represent.</p>
+
+<p>The result of international meetings of this description is to promote the spread
+of humanitarian doctrines everywhere. Representatives were present at Washington
+from Japan, China, India, Persia, Turkey, Russia, Australia, and almost every
+section of the globe. We believe that the choicest asset which any nation possesses
+is its childhood. Our anti-cruelty societies are seeking all over the world to protect
+childhood from influences which are prejudicial to health or morals. This means
+a better standard and average in childhood, and the elimination of great masses of
+the youth which, under present conditions, inevitably become recruits of the armies
+of vagrancy and crime.</p>
+
+<p>The other great field of humane endeavor is to promote the conservation and
+protection of animal life. The livestock of a country constitutes one of the most
+valuable assets, in an intrinsic sense, which a country like ours can possess. As
+pointed out in our report last year, efforts which may readily be made would
+result in the saving of hundreds of thousands of horses and cattle for longer and
+more useful service.</p>
+
+<p>The American Humane Association intends to ask Congress for relief of
+transportation conditions which are responsible for great injury and loss of livestock,
+by requesting that a minimum speed bill be enacted. This proposition has
+been heartily endorsed by the Department of Agriculture in Washington and by
+humanitarians generally. Various other reforms are contemplated and will be
+pushed to a conclusion in the near future.</p>
+
+<p>We feel that our work is a thoroughly practical one, and that in its largest
+sense it stands for better citizenship and the promotion of the moral interests of
+the commonwealth as well as its commercial ones. We trust that the Third National
+Conservation Congress will approve of the work in which we are engaged, which
+represents a membership of much over one hundred thousand persons and an
+expenditure of more than a million and a half dollars annually.</p>
+
+<h3>CONSERVATION OF BIRD LIFE.</h3>
+
+<p class="center"><span class="smcap">By Dr. George W. Field</span>,<br>
+<i>Representing the National Audubon Society</i>.</p>
+
+<p>I want to call your attention to one phase which has hardly been touched upon—importance
+of the conservation of our bird life. When you realize that the insect
+places a tax upon every one of us twice as great as we are called upon to pay to our
+towns, cities and states, a tax of at least five per cent on every agriculturist and
+consumer of food in this nation, we realize the work of the National Audubon
+Society, which is organized for the purpose of protecting the wild insectivorous birds.
+The resources of this association last year were about $35,000. Over against that was
+this damage to our agricultural interests of over one million dollars. So you can see
+therefore that we have been able to do but very little relatively. When we compare
+the condition in this country with that of Germany, where they have one hundred
+times as many birds to the square mile as we have in this country, we realize the
+importance of the work which this association is carrying on. We ask your support,
+every one, in every way, to assist the activities of this National Audubon Society.
+(Applause)</p>
+
+<p>I also represent the National Shell Fish Association. Now, the purpose of this
+association is to issue, so to speak, a sanitary insurance to every person who consumes
+oysters, clams, lobsters and that type of sea food. In other words, we want
+to make it possible that when you in Kansas, Missouri, and in the interior of the
+country, eat from your table, or in your hotels, oysters brought from the seacoast
+of both sides of this nation, to be certain that there is no chance of infection, of
+typhoid fever, or other disease. To do that we are asking every state in the Nation
+to realize the enormous waste of material in the form of sewage and manufacturing
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_264">[264]</span>waste which is pouring into our streams and into our coastal waters. To take one
+concrete illustration, the city of Boston, in Massachusetts, spent five or six millions
+of dollars for the purpose of putting the sewage into the ocean. It did that, but
+when it did it destroyed annually the potential capacity of that water to develop
+shell fish food. In other words, it was precisely the same as if so many thousands
+of acres in your farming country were utterly destroyed forever for all farming
+purposes. It was reduced merely to a desert, whereas, if that material had been
+placed on the land, where it belonged, there would have been enormous benefits
+arising to the farm, and it would have been possible to cultivate that land under
+water for raising food. Now, we are demonstrating, acre for acre, that the land
+under water can raise more food—nitrogenous food, the most expensive type of
+food for man—at a less expense in time, in capital, and in labor, than the very best
+acres in your boasted river bottoms, a type of food material which can be raised
+nowhere else than on the coasts of our country, on both the Atlantic and Pacific and
+the Gulf.</p>
+
+<h3>ADDRESS.</h3>
+
+<p class="center"><span class="smcap">By W. J. Rushton</span>,<br>
+<i>President American Association of Refrigeration</i>.</p>
+
+<p>I desire to thank the Congress in the name of the members of the American
+Association of Refrigeration for the invitation to be represented here by official
+delegates.</p>
+
+<p>We consider it especially fitting that our association should participate in the
+deliberations of this Congress, because it stands for the conservation of the perishable
+foods of the people in the broadest sense.</p>
+
+<p>In order that those who are not already familiar with the objects of our Association
+and with the methods it employs in carrying these into effect, and to illustrate
+how well our work meshes with the purposes of this National Congress, I will
+call your attention to several statements taken from the statutes by which our
+organization is governed. Among our objects are:</p>
+
+<blockquote>
+
+<p>“To institute investigations, experiments and tests for the purpose of demonstrating,
+correct solutions of scientific, technical and industrial problems
+pertaining to the art of refrigeration.</p>
+
+<p>“To inspire confidence in the public mind, and appreciation of the beneficial
+effects of refrigeration upon perishable food products, both in transit and
+when stored for the purpose of conservation, by collecting and disseminating
+authentic information on the subject.</p>
+
+<p>“To encourage the expansion of American trade, commerce and transportation
+of perishable agricultural products, and to assist the commercial and
+industrial interests affected by mechanical refrigeration, both at home and
+abroad.</p>
+
+<p>“To further its purposes and extend its influence by publications, meetings,
+conferences and courses of lectures, and by encouraging the introduction in
+educational institutions of regular courses in refrigeration.</p>
+
+<p>“To coöperate with the International Association of Refrigeration in
+the organization of international commissions for the discussion of questions of
+international import, and in the determination of correct basic data pertaining
+to the art of refrigeration.”</p>
+
+</blockquote>
+
+<p>The conservation of the natural resources of the country is now recognized by
+all thinking persons as a vital factor in our national life, both as an obligation to
+posterity and because of its immediate influence on the material welfare and the
+health of the people.</p>
+
+<p>The influence of this Congress, as it is felt more generally over the country,
+must result in strongly stimulating thrift and economy as well as respect for law
+among the people. The exercise of these qualities is essential to the conservation
+of the waters, the forests, the lands and the minerals, as well as all of the vital
+resources of the country.</p>
+
+<p>Our people—in fact, the people of all the civilized countries of the world—are
+now confronted with serious problems due to the high prices of the necessaries of
+life, principally their food supplies.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_265">[265]</span></p>
+
+<p>It is believed that these conditions largely grow out of neglect to properly
+conserve and market perishable foods and to lack of adequate means for promptly
+collecting and transporting them in sound condition from regions capable of ample
+production to the thickly populated centers; also to insufficient means for preserving
+such supplies from seasons of overproduction to periods of scarcity.</p>
+
+<p>It is certainly a very necessary and laudable mission, to concentrate the intelligence
+and energy of a body of men such as compose this Congress for the conservation
+of the forests, lands, waters, minerals and vital resources of the country.
+Our association is very much interested in all of this, because lumber, minerals and
+water are very necessary to the refrigerating industry, while the conservation of
+the soil is of paramount importance as the source of the fuel of the great human
+engine through the operation of which all of the other resources are harnessed to
+the world’s work.</p>
+
+<p>We are, therefore, here particularly to emphasize the necessity of conserving
+the perishable foods of the people by refrigeration, that much misunderstood and
+often misrepresented natural mode of preservation.</p>
+
+<p>However productive the soil may be made, and however ample the supply of
+highly nutritious food may be, unless such food is made available for use when and
+where it is needed, and where it must be supplied at prices the people can afford to
+pay, the conservation of the soil will have failed of extending the fullest measure
+of its possible benefits to the people.</p>
+
+<p>Our organization has made an especial study of the subject of the production,
+the transportation and the conservation of perishable foods, and of the laws and
+proposed laws applying to the subject. The hearings before the Senate committees
+on manufactures of the Sixty-first and Sixty-second Congresses, the reports of
+which are published by the National Government, abound in evidences of the
+activity of our committees and individual members.</p>
+
+<p>Therefore, if it is in order and otherwise agreeable, I would like to propose
+that, in furtherance of the purposes of this Congress, and in order that its opportunities
+for doing good may be realized in the fullest measure, a standing committee
+on food be added to the present standing committees. Such committee to be composed
+of persons best qualified to render the most efficient service in the study of
+the questions involved in the production, collection, transportation, preservation and
+marketing of perishable foods, and to report to the Fourth Congress. Such report
+to be made the basis of measures to conserve the perishable foods of the people,
+to improve their quality, increase their production, and to promote such relations
+between the producer and consumer as will bring about lower and more nearly
+uniform prices throughout each year.</p>
+
+<h3>WILD LIFE PROTECTION.</h3>
+
+<p class="center"><span class="smcap">William Edward Coffin</span>,<br>
+<i>Vice-President Camp Fire Club of America, Chairman Committee on Game Protective
+Legislation and Preserves.</i></p>
+
+<p>The Camp Fire Club of America was founded as an organization of big game
+hunters, with the protection of wild life and forests as its great objects. Dan
+Beard once characterized the club as a “Society of Criminals for the Suppression
+of Crime.” Big game hunters have always been active in game protection, indeed
+in all conservation measures, and that because their touch with the woods keeps
+the problem alive.</p>
+
+<p>To the sportsmen of America are due nearly all the existing game protective
+laws.</p>
+
+<p>Among the Camp Fire Club’s members are Dr. W. T. Hornaday, whom all
+honor as the Washington of wild life protection; Ernest Thompson Seton and Dan
+Beard, who by their work with the boys are doing more for the future of conservation
+than any men living with but two exceptions: Irving Bacheller, A. W.
+Dimock, Dillon Wallace, Gifford Pinchot—God bless him—and many others, who
+with pen, time and money are laboring ceaselessly for the great cause of conservation
+which is so near your hearts and mine.</p>
+
+<p>The club may fairly claim for less than two years’ work: Yeoman service
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_266">[266]</span>in the defeat of the bill permitting the sale of wild bird plumage in New York;
+the defeat of a bill authorizing spring shooting of ducks on Long Island; in securing
+the $20,000 appropriation for the starving elk in Wyoming; in enlarging the Waterton
+lake, park and game preserve now being formed in Southwestern Alberta.</p>
+
+<p>To the Camp Fire Club belongs the sole credit, outside of Congress, for defeating
+the proposed twenty-year renewal of the Fur Seal Killing lease on the
+Pribilof Islands. Much of the credit for that public opinion which forced the
+treaty stopping pelagic sealing. When the fur herd is, through complete protection,
+restored to something like its old numbers, the country will have the Camp
+Fire Club to thank for fairly snatching that herd from the jaws of complete
+annihilation.</p>
+
+<p>To Dr. Hornaday, our great leader, is due the famous Bayne-Blauvelt
+bill—the greatest single piece of game protective legislation ever enacted by any
+state or country. Think of it; that bill absolutely prohibits the sale of all wild
+game in the State of New York. The lion’s share of the campaign work incident
+to its passage was done by members of the Camp Fire Club. How well it was
+done you will realize when I state that the bill passed with only one dissenting
+vote in the whole legislature; and how it was done when I say that upwards of
+30,000 letters were written asking senators and assemblymen to support the bill.
+The passage of that bill was the turning point of the war between the army of
+destruction and the army of preservation in New York state.</p>
+
+<p>I must not leave this subject without a tribute to Governor Dix of New York,
+without whose hearty coöperation and steadfast support we would have been
+helpless.</p>
+
+<p>In spite of great pressure by selfish interests he stood like a rock and has
+fully redeemed the ante-election pledges of himself and of his party. Let his
+name be written in the Conservation Temple of Fame.</p>
+
+<p>So much for the past. For the future: 1st. We propose to keep everything
+we have gained. 2d. We have arranged for Gifford Pinchot and Overton Price
+to visit the Adirondack Mountains, study the situation and make a report which
+will make possible sound, seasonable legislation for “Scientific Fire Protection,”
+“Scientific Reforestation,” “Scientific Care of Existing Forests.” Legislation
+which combines sane utilization with sound conservation.</p>
+
+<p>I wish you all could have seen the cheerfulness with which Pinchot and
+Price responded to the request of the club that they undertake this work.</p>
+
+<p>The club is, at the request of the New York State Conservation Commissioners,
+to coöperate in a complete codification of the state game laws.</p>
+
+<p>This we hope will result in a series of stringent but reasonable laws; simple,
+plain, readily enforced. Laws which the National Conservation Congress will be
+proud of and can safely recommend as a model for other states.</p>
+
+<p>This is largely work in one state only, but it is wise to clear your own door
+yard before preaching sanitation to your neighbors, and with the beam removed
+from our own eye, we can the better see how to remove the mote from our
+brother’s.</p>
+
+<p>Outside of New York we propose: 1st. To push Bayne-Blauvelt bills in the
+North Atlantic states for stopping the sale of game. Thus striking at the root
+of game slaughter is far more effective than attempting to police the army of
+market hunters or any other method of trimming the branches. 2d. We shall
+agitate ceaselessly for the complete protection of the fur seal. 3d. We shall
+do what we can to put life into the Migratory Bird Bill, which has been in congressional
+cold storage for so many years, and to promote a migratory fish bill.
+4th. We propose to urge upon states—even upon counties—the formation of bird,
+game and fish refuges, one of the most effective methods of game protection.
+5th. We shall hold ourselves in readiness to further any and every sound proposition
+for the conservation of this country’s natural resources, whether animal,
+vegetable or mineral.</p>
+
+<p>And now having finished my report, permit me a few words of indictment
+and a few words of appeal.</p>
+
+<p>The National Conservation Congress and Association heretofore have practically
+ignored wild life. Infinite and detailed attention has been given to lands,
+minerals, water and forests, and the Camp Fire Club is with you in all these,
+but are your halls so narrow, your boundaries so confined, that you have no
+room for the great cause of wild life protection?</p>
+
+<p>Do you realize that in New York state alone there are nearly 150,000 active
+gunners; in Pennsylvania over 100,000, and that even a two shot gun does not
+satisfy them?</p>
+
+<p>The laws in all states are so liberal to the killers and so hard on the game
+that wild life is swiftly vanishing.</p>
+
+<p>The commercial interests of gun-making, game selling and feather working
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_267">[267]</span>are terribly destructive influences. No wild species can stand exploitation for
+commercial purposes. In every case it spells extermination. Look backward at
+the millions of bison, fur seal, passenger pigeon, pinnated grouse and Florida
+egrets. Where are they all? Exterminated to fill the cash boxes of greedy men.</p>
+
+<p>How much longer is Christian civilization, how much longer are you going
+to stand for such things? In birds alone six species are absolutely extinct, thirteen
+more nearly so. Our states are spending millions to fight insect pests whose
+increase is due chiefly to the decrease of bird life. How can it be stopped? By
+your efforts, those of the Camp Fire Club and other organizations. There must
+be a pull, a long pull and a pull all together. The majority of the American people
+are conscientious, humane, just and merciful toward all creatures; once arouse
+that majority and it will right any wrong.</p>
+
+<p>The protection of wild life requires a campaign of education and publicity;
+given these, legislation will follow as light follows the sun. Congressmen and
+legislators will do the right thing if they are asked to do it often enough and
+hard enough by the people they represent. We do not appeal to this Congress
+as sportsmen or in the interest of sportsmen; but for the millions of men, women
+and children who love the outdoor life and who do not shoot at all.</p>
+
+<p>We therefore ask for two things: 1st. A broad definite recognition in your
+platform organization and proceedings of this great branch of the conservation
+movement. We ask a standing committee on wild life protection. 2d. Your
+coöperation, collectively and individually. Bone of our bone, flesh of our flesh,
+blood brothers, the Camp Fire Club, true of heart, clear of hand, eager in support of
+all you stand for, calls to you.</p>
+
+<p>Come over into Macedonia and help us.</p>
+
+<h3>PREVENTABLE FIRE WASTE: CONSERVATION EFFORTS FOR ITS REDUCTION.</h3>
+
+<p class="center"><i>By a Committee of the National Board of Fire Underwriters.</i></p>
+
+<p>In each of the previous national assemblages of this character the National
+Board of Fire Underwriters has been represented and has earnestly endeavored
+to portray the enormity of the preventable fire waste of our country and its retarding
+effect on our national growth and prosperity.</p>
+
+<p>With each annual meeting of our organization, statistical information has
+been prepared and furnished to the public and press, setting forth the tremendous
+money value in property which was being annually destroyed by fire throughout
+our country. As an aid toward convincing our people that a vast amount of real
+wealth was being wiped out of existence annually by preventable fires, our committee
+on statistics and origin of fires, by the aid of the Federal Government,
+secured figures of the fire loss in European cities and countries, which were compared
+with the fire loss of the cities of the United States and the United States
+as a whole and reduced to a comparison of the loss per capita. These figures were
+published by the National Board of Fire Underwriters in 1906. The comparison
+was so startling as to attract very wide attention and gave activity to the fire
+conservation movement.</p>
+
+<p>The Geological Survey, through its technologic branch, investigated the fire
+loss and the cost of fire protection in the United States in 1907, and published
+Bulletin 418, known as “The Fire Tax and Waste of Structural Materials in the
+United States”—a pamphlet most impressive in the facts presented and irrefutable
+in its arguments. We quote a section:</p>
+
+<p>“The investigation disclosed the fact that the total cost of fires in the United
+States in 1907 amounted to almost one-half the cost of new buildings constructed
+in the country for the year. The total cost of the fires, excluding that of forest
+fires and marine losses, but including excess cost of fire protection due to bad
+construction, and excess premiums over insurance paid, amounted to over $456,485,000,
+a tax on the people exceeding the total value of the gold, silver, copper,
+and petroleum produced in the United States in that year. The cost of building
+construction in forty-nine leading cities of the United States reporting a total
+population of less than 18,000,000 amounted, in 1907, to $661,076,286, and the cost
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_268">[268]</span>of building construction for the entire country in the same year is conservatively
+estimated at $1,000,000,000. Thus it will be seen that nearly one-half the value of
+all the new buildings constructed within one year is destroyed by fire. The total
+fire cost in this country is five times as much per capita as in any country of
+Europe. This fire cost was greater than the value of the real property and improvements
+in any one of the following states: Maine, West Virginia, North
+Carolina, North Dakota, South Dakota, Alabama, Louisiana, Montana.</p>
+
+<p>“The actual fire losses due to the destruction of buildings and their contents
+amounted to $215,084,709, a per capita loss for the United States of $2.51. The
+per capita losses in the cities of the six leading European countries amounted to
+but 33 cents, or about one-eighth of the per capita loss sustained in the United
+States. In addition to this waste of wealth and natural resources, 1,449 persons
+were killed and 5,654 were injured in fires.</p>
+
+<p>“The total loss on buildings in the United States was $109,156,894 and on
+contents $105,927,815. There were fires in 36,140 brick, iron, and stone buildings,
+with a loss of $31,092,687 on the buildings and $37,332,580 on the contents, and in
+129,117 frame buildings, with a loss of $78,064,207 on the buildings and $68,595,235
+on the contents. In cities and villages with a population of 1,000 or more
+there were 6,324 fires that extended beyond the building of origin, with a total
+exposure loss of $13,913,694. The loss on fires that were confined to the building
+of origin in the cities and villages amounted to $93,179,589.”</p>
+
+<p>The records of this board herewith subjoined show to what extent our fire
+loss has increased almost yearly since 1875.</p>
+
+<table class="borders">
+  <tr>
+    <th>Year.</th>
+    <th>Aggregate<br>Property Loss.</th>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>1875</td>
+    <td class="tdr">$78,102,285</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>1876</td>
+    <td class="tdr">54,630,600</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>1877</td>
+    <td class="tdr">68,265,800</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>1878</td>
+    <td class="tdr">64,315,900</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>1879</td>
+    <td class="tdr">77,703,700</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>1880</td>
+    <td class="tdr">74,643,400</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>1881</td>
+    <td class="tdr">81,280,900</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>1882</td>
+    <td class="tdr">84,505,024</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>1883</td>
+    <td class="tdr">100,149,228</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>1884</td>
+    <td class="tdr">110,008,611</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>1885</td>
+    <td class="tdr">102,818,796</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>1886</td>
+    <td class="tdr">104,924,750</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>1887</td>
+    <td class="tdr">120,283,055</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>1888</td>
+    <td class="tdr">110,885,665</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>1889</td>
+    <td class="tdr">123,046,833</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>1890</td>
+    <td class="tdr">108,993,792</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>1891</td>
+    <td class="tdr">143,764,967</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>1892</td>
+    <td class="tdr">151,516,058</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>1893</td>
+    <td class="tdr">167,544,370</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>1894</td>
+    <td class="tdr">140,006,484</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>1895</td>
+    <td class="tdr">142,110,233</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>1896</td>
+    <td class="tdr">118,737,420</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>1897</td>
+    <td class="tdr">116,354,575</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>1898</td>
+    <td class="tdr">130,593,905</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>1899</td>
+    <td class="tdr">153,597,830</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>1900</td>
+    <td class="tdr">160,929,805</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>1901</td>
+    <td class="tdr">165,817,810</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>1902</td>
+    <td class="tdr">161,078,040</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>1903</td>
+    <td class="tdr">145,302,155</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>1904</td>
+    <td class="tdr">229,198,050</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>1905</td>
+    <td class="tdr">165,221,650</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>1906</td>
+    <td class="tdr">518,611,800</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>1907</td>
+    <td class="tdr">215,084,709</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>1908</td>
+    <td class="tdr">217,885,850</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>1909</td>
+    <td class="tdr">188,705,150</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>1910</td>
+    <td class="tdr">214,003,300</td>
+  </tr>
+</table>
+
+<p>The fire insurance interests have carried on an aggressive campaign for the
+reduction of our discreditable fire losses and have been foremost in suggesting
+practical and reasonable remedial measures.</p>
+
+<p>At the First Conservation Congress a paper on “The Fire Waste in the United
+States” was presented by this board and upwards of 12,000 copies were distributed
+to state and municipal authorities and to the press. We quote the causes then
+set forth as operating to make the large fire waste in the United States.</p>
+
+<p>“First: The difference in the point of view and the responsibility of the
+inhabitants of Europe and those of the United States.</p>
+
+<p>“Second: The difference in the construction of buildings.</p>
+
+<p>“Third: The difference in the regulations governing hazards and hazardous
+materials and conditions, and in the enforcement of such regulations.”</p>
+
+<p>And suggested as essential means toward its reduction:</p>
+
+<p>“First: That the public should be brought to understand that property destroyed
+by fire is gone forever and is not replaced by the distribution of insurance
+which is a tax collected for the purpose.</p>
+
+<p>“Second: That the states severally adopt and enforce a building code which
+shall require a high type of safe construction, essentially following the code of
+the National Board of Fire Underwriters.</p>
+
+<p>“Third: That municipalities adopt ordinances governing the use and keeping
+of explosives, especially inflammable commodities and other special hazards, such
+as electric wiring, the storing of refuse, waste, packing material, etc., in buildings,
+yards or areaways, and see to the enforcement of such ordinances.</p>
+
+<p>“Fourth. That the states severally establish and support the office of fire
+marshal and confer on the fire marshal by law the right to examine under oath
+and enter premises and to make arrests, making it the duty of such officer to
+examine into the cause and origin of all fires and when crime has been committed
+requiring the facts to be submitted to the grand jury or proper indicting body.</p>
+
+<p>“Fifth: That in all cities there be a paid, well-disciplined, non-political fire
+department adequately equipped with modern apparatus.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_269">[269]</span></p>
+
+<p>“Sixth: That an adequate water system with proper distribution and pressure
+be installed and maintained. In the larger cities a separate high pressure water
+system for fire extinguishment is an absolute necessity, to diminish the extreme
+imminence of general conflagrations.”</p>
+
+<p>At the Second Conservation Congress a paper on the “Conservation of Utilized
+Resources from Destruction by Fire” was presented by us and about 13,000 copies
+were widely distributed. We quote a section:</p>
+
+<p>“If the office of State Fire Marshal were created by every commonwealth,
+and that official and his deputies given power to enforce good fire prevention laws,
+investigate, and, if necessary, prosecute cases of arson or criminal carelessness in
+the starting or spreading of fires, ascertain the cause of every fire, and by the
+distribution of literature educate the citizen to the need of care and forethought
+in the protection of his property, a distinct conserving of the utilized resources
+in that state would follow.</p>
+
+<p>“If our municipalities will enact and enforce improved and safe methods of
+building construction and cause the removal or reconstruction of existing structures
+which constitute, because of their construction, a menace to adjoining properties,
+our cities will be freer from the imminent conflagration which now threatens them.
+Eliminate defective chimney flues, unprotected external and internal openings,
+excessive areas, weak walls, and combustible roofs; prohibit the storage of rubbish
+and demand the safe use and handling of dangerous inflammable liquids and
+oils; regulate the use of explosives; and the destruction of our values, created
+from the natural resources but enriched many fold by human toil, industry and
+skill, will be materially diminished.</p>
+
+<p>“If the citizens of a community, as members of their local civic bodies and
+boards of trade, will create in such organizations a Committee on Fire Prevention,
+whose duty it shall be to study the subject and awaken among their associates
+a realization of individual and communal responsibility, and if our boards of education
+will emulate the action of the State of Ohio in prescribing primal education
+of the school children as to the chemistry of fire, the causes of fires in our homes
+and how to guard against them, and how to extinguish incipient fires or hold
+them in check while awaiting the response of the fire department, a preparation
+will be made in that community which will check the constantly increasing fire
+waste.”</p>
+
+<p>This organization has not been alone in its efforts in this direction, neither
+has there been an entire absence of activity on the part of state and municipal
+authorities.</p>
+
+<p>The National Fire Protection Association, of which the National Board of
+Fire Underwriters is an active member, has through some of its members, but
+principally through its secretary, delivered forty-two addresses on the fire waste
+in thirty-one different cities. At the annual meeting of the association held in
+New York in May last, it adopted the following resolutions, urging upon the
+public the vital importance of better construction and protection, and of a greater
+care in the maintenance of property:</p>
+
+<p>“The National Fire Protection Association, with all the force at its command
+and with the absolutely united and unanimous support of its entire membership,
+wishes to place before the public in the strongest possible terms that the
+situation in connection with the fire waste is becoming so acute that there is
+necessity for action.</p>
+
+<p>“Action by all cities and towns in adopting proper building codes, which
+will call for improved conditions and the use of fire resisting construction in
+congested districts.</p>
+
+<p>“Action by the state and municipal authorities covering the regulation of the
+transportation and storage of inflammable oils and explosives.</p>
+
+<p>“Action by those in authority to the end that all buildings where people congregate,
+such as schools, theaters, factories, and hotels, shall be so constructed
+and equipped that the lives of the people within them may be safe-guarded.</p>
+
+<p>“Action by the proper authorities requiring the introduction of automatic fire
+extinguishing apparatus in all commercial establishments and city blocks.</p>
+
+<p>“Action by the proper authorities prohibiting the manufacture and sale and
+use of the snap match and requiring the universal adoption and use of the safety
+match.</p>
+
+<p>“Action by the public in bringing about a safe and intelligent celebration of
+Independence Day, and, above all,</p>
+
+<p>“Action by every citizen of the land in using his individual effort in the cause
+of educating the public in regard to the dangers from fire, not only in so far
+as it applies to the personal and immediate consideration, but also from the broader
+standpoint, namely: that of the welfare of our land.”</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_270">[270]</span></p>
+
+<p>At the same meeting the Association was honored in being addressed on
+“The Fire Waste” by the Hon. Walter L. Fisher, Secretary of the Interior, from
+whose remarks we quote:</p>
+
+<blockquote>
+
+<p>“Indeed, I do not doubt that the average intelligent citizen of the United
+States is aware of the fact that fires in America are comparatively frequent. He
+undoubtedly appreciates in a general way that a large percentage of our fires are
+from preventable causes, and that the sacrifice of life and property through loss
+by fire is, much of it, needless. What he does not fully realize is his own duty,
+and the duty of city, state and nation in the premises. He understands as yet
+but vaguely the significance of that change of public sentiment which has made
+of the movement for the conservation of our natural resources. He glimpses
+but dimly how great an obstacle to human progress and to human happiness is
+needless waste, whether it be in the use we make of the products and the forces
+of nature, or the productions and the energies of men. If the justification of
+private property is that it tends to promote the common good through increased
+energy and increased efficiency, which is the antithesis of waste, then the broadest
+application of the principles of conservation should extend to our created as well
+as our natural resources, for in the last analysis the loss by fire of a city building
+owned by an individual will be just as important to the people of the United
+States as the loss by fire of timber in the public domain. Both the building and
+the timber are assets of the Nation. If they are destroyed these assets are wiped
+out. No system of taxation will serve to bring them back, whether this tax be
+collected by the constituted authorities under the law, or collected by private
+interests as premiums on policies of insurance. In either event, the taxation is
+paid by the owners of property and it is ultimately borne by the community as a
+whole. Reforestation costs money which must be levied through taxation in
+some form. Rebuilding a dwelling house, or a business block, or the business
+district of a city, costs money, a large proportion of which under insurance methods
+is assessed against property which has not burned. It is the people who pay,
+whether they own land or buildings or other things of value. It follows thus that
+the question of fire waste is of direct pecuniary interest to every citizen. Beyond
+the individual pecuniary interests, there is also the obligation of each citizen to
+his fellows to so protect his property and conduct his affairs as not to endanger
+the lives and property of his neighbors.</p>
+
+<p>“It is the duty of organized society to protect its members in life and property.
+But organized society, it is clearly shown, has been remiss in its duty. The obligations
+of municipal, state and national government have not been met.</p>
+
+<p>“It takes the force of public opinion to accomplish any reform, and your association
+should receive hearty aid and encouragement, for through it much of the
+educational work which is a prerequisite to any successful agitation may be
+accomplished. There is a real and vital necessity for teaching each citizen of the
+United States the significance of the national fire waste. The truth in regard to
+our national ash heap should be brought home to each person having a family
+to protect and property to preserve.</p>
+
+<p>“It seems ridiculous that a people so apt and so eager to seek out and destroy
+the mysterious and hidden enemies of mankind should be so slow and sluggish
+in fighting a foe so plainly in sight and so readily vanquished. We have led
+the world in seeking out the causes of pestilence and removing them. We are
+in the very vanguard of the battle against tuberculosis, typhoid and yellow fever,
+and still we stand apart and let the older nations lead the fight against an enemy
+much more easily conquered.</p>
+
+<p>“To arouse the people against the fire foe is our task. If there were any
+dispute as to the facts, if anyone opposed a movement to check the fire loss, the
+American people might more readily become partisans of this movement which
+you are leading. But there is no difference of opinion regarding the essentials.
+The average American citizen would admit that our fire waste is in the nature
+of a national disgrace. The task is to make him do something to remedy conditions.
+You must popularize your movement and create a general demand for
+adequate laws and thorough enforcement. To relieve the people of the unnecessary
+burden which they are now carrying, you must teach them the importance
+and the significance of that burden. You must show them the necessity for a
+defence against this common enemy. Organized methods must be adopted for
+bringing the significance of the fire waste before every person who will read the
+written word or listen to the spoken one. Let the people once realize the exact
+facts of their own negligence, and they will be swift to provide the remedy.”</p>
+
+</blockquote>
+
+<p>The Western Union, an organization of insurance companies operating in the
+Middle and Central West, has carried on, by public speeches of some of its members
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_271">[271]</span>and through its committee on publicity, a most commendable campaign to
+impress the public with the significance of our fire waste. Numerous circulars
+have been distributed and printed in whole or in part in the newspapers.</p>
+
+<p>Many commercial bodies and boards of trade of our cities have taken up the
+subject of the fire waste, appointed local committees on fire prevention and advocated
+and secured improvements tending to afford better fire protection, and lessen
+the great financial drain which the fire loss was causing in their communities.</p>
+
+<p>The National Association of Credit Men, which has perhaps devoted more
+time to the study of insurance and the fire waste of the country than any other
+commercial body, has been very active in acquainting business men with the
+importance of the subject and in encouraging the adoption by municipality and
+state of such remedial measures as will tend to diminish the steadily and rapidly
+increasing fire losses.</p>
+
+<p>The states of Ohio, Montana, Nebraska and Iowa are instructing their school
+children as to the importance of observing greater care in the handling and use
+of the ordinary fire hazards. The Fire Insurance Commissioners in annual convention
+in August last adopted the following resolutions:</p>
+
+<p>“The appalling annual loss of life and property in the United States by fires,
+due to criminal carelessness, ignorance or dishonesty, commands the serious attention
+of the American people. From present indications over $300,000,000 in property
+values will be utterly wiped out during the current year—a sum so vast that
+it must have a serious economic effect on the prosperity of the country. The
+causes for this enormous drain on the savings of the Nation are well known and
+to a large extent preventable.</p>
+
+<p>“The destruction of property by fire is ten times as great per capita in the
+United States as it is in Germany, France, England, and other countries abroad;
+and in addition to this needless waste of property there are also thousands of
+men, women and children burned to death or crippled in the various local fires
+and conflagrations that constantly occur. The chief factor responsible for this
+situation is general carelessness and the utter lack of personal responsibility for
+the removal of causes productive of fires.</p>
+
+<p>“We recommend a campaign of education through the governors, insurance
+commissioners and fire marshals of the various states, for the purpose of bringing
+directly to the attention of the people the causes responsible for the national ash
+heap, and the adoption of legislation which will safeguard the lives and property
+of the people by holding every individual responsible for carelessness resulting
+in fires.</p>
+
+<p>“We commend the suggestion unanimously adopted by the Association of
+Fire Marshals of North America, urging that the governors of the various states
+set aside one day each year to be known as ‘fire prevention day.’ By proclamation
+the governor can call the attention of the citizens to the enormous preventable
+fire waste of the country, and urge the taking of such precautions, individual,
+municipal and state, as will tend to reduce it. Appropriate exercises can be held
+in the public schools, instruction on the common fire hazards can be given the
+children, and the day can be made the occasion of the ‘clean-up’ day, which is
+doing so much to remove hazardous conditions.</p>
+
+<p>“<i>Resolved.</i> That the individual members of the convention will use their
+influence to secure such action by the governors of their respective states, as an
+important, practical and educational assistance in the work of fire prevention.”</p>
+
+<p>The governors of a number of our commonwealths have already acted favorably
+on part of the foregoing suggestions and by proclamation have set aside a
+day to be known as “fire prevention day,” when the citizens will be called upon
+to clean up their several premises and provide better fire protection, as a part of a
+nation-wide study of fire waste, and the individual responsibility of property owners
+and householders.</p>
+
+<p>The State Fire Marshals in annual session adopted somewhat similar resolutions.
+The awakening of our people on this subject affords encouragement, but
+as yet it is only partial, incomplete, and not in keeping with the national importance
+of the subject.</p>
+
+<p>A number of our states enacted fire marshal laws during their last legislative
+sessions, some of which were commendable in their provisions, but many of them
+embodied the false theory that such laws are more beneficial to the fire insurance
+companies than to the public, and impose on the former an additional tax
+for its support and enforcement. In contrast to this policy, the Legislature of
+New York State, recognizing that the state was collecting through its insurance
+department vastly more than the expenses of the department, enacted what may
+be taken as a model fire marshal law, the provisions of which are to be carried
+out and enforced by the state at its own expense.</p>
+
+<p>Probably two-thirds of our fire loss is from preventable causes. Based on
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_272">[272]</span>this estimate, nearly two hundred million dollars of property values are unnecessarily
+destroyed annually, reducing the wealth of the Nation in like measure, since
+insurance does not restore but merely indemnifies out of remaining wealth. It has
+truly been said that this preventable fire waste is a national disgrace, and we have
+the humiliation of knowing that the United States is by far the leader in this
+discreditable condition.</p>
+
+<p>Publicity has been mentioned recently as a cure, or partial cure, for other
+evils. Likewise publicity will have an advantageous effect in preventing fires. A
+special lesson to be preached and reiterated is that those who cause, or have,
+avoidable fires, injure their neighbors, their municipalities, their states and their
+country. They have created a part of the two hundred million yearly “national
+scandal.” They have destroyed wealth and increased taxes. They have been bad
+citizens.</p>
+
+<p>If the distinguished persons who are in attendance here will interest themselves
+in their respective communities and states and advocate the cause of conservation
+of the fire waste and the elimination of preventable fires, they will
+help, and give an impetus to, the movement for lessened fire losses and the saving
+of lives from fire. While the members of the National Board of Fire Underwriters
+have an advantage of contact and outlook as to the fire situation, they have no
+more and no different interest in the subject than have other citizens. Good
+citizenship demands that all, individually and collectively, should do their full
+part in inculcating principles and bringing about practices which will stop the
+ravages of the tremendous fire waste that is scandalous because obviously preventable.</p>
+
+<ul>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Geo. W. Babb</span>, New York.</li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">W. N. Kremer</span>, New York.</li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">E. W. West</span>, Glens Falls, N. Y.</li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">E. G. Richards</span>, New York.</li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">R. M. Bissell</span>, Hartford, Conn.</li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">R. Dale Benson</span>, Philadelphia.</li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">C. G. Smith</span>, New York.</li>
+</ul>
+
+<h3>REPORT OF THE NATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF AUDUBON SOCIETIES.</h3>
+
+<p class="center"><span class="smcap">By William P. Wharton.</span></p>
+
+<p>To cultivate in the public mind a more lively appreciation of the value of
+preserving the wild bird and animal life of America, is the object of the National
+Association of Audubon Societies for the protection of wild birds and animals.
+Backed by thirty-eight state Audubon societies, the National Association is directing
+its endeavors along certain definite lines of activity.</p>
+
+<p>Coöperating with state forest, fish and game commissions and with local
+clubs, organized for game protection, the association is an important factor in
+aiding to secure legislation looking to the protection at all times of the valuable
+non-game birds, and the preservation from undue killing of the various game birds
+and game animals with which the country is blessed. In forty states the Audubon
+law for the protection of non-game birds has been enacted, and in many other
+states Audubon bills for the establishment of state game warden forces, the shortening
+of seasons for killing game, the creation of game protective funds by
+requiring hunter’s licenses, limits on the number of game birds which may be
+killed in a day and other restrictive measures have been enacted.</p>
+
+<p>The association has always been active in advocating the passage of various
+federal laws looking to the conservation of our native wild life. Through its
+officers, agents and members large numbers of violators of the game laws are
+annually reported to the state authorities and in many instances prosecutions are
+begun and pushed by its representatives.</p>
+
+<p>Its continuous fight against the millinery traffic in the feathers of native birds
+is a well-known subject in contemporaneous history. To safeguard American
+water birds, the association has purchased, leased and in other ways secured
+control of numbers of islands, lakes and swamps where birds of this class are
+accustomed to congregate in great numbers for the purposes of laying their eggs
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_273">[273]</span>and rearing their young. Today virtually all of the important breeding colonies
+of birds on the Atlantic and Gulf coasts of the United States, as well as many
+of those along the Pacific coast, are guarded in the summer by wardens employed
+by the association. Through its efforts, the United States Government
+has been interested in establishing fifty-three bird sanctuaries by making islands
+and lakes frequented by breeding birds in summer federal reservations. The
+association coöperates with the Government in paying for the services of wardens
+who guard these birds from the inroads of hunters who may desire to kill them
+for food or to secure their plumage for the feather markets.</p>
+
+<p>The association conducts a wide educational campaign by means of lecturers
+and the annual distribution of hundreds of thousands of pages of literature and
+pictures of native birds. It is pushing the organization of bird study classes in
+the schools, and as an example during the past year, over ten thousand Southern
+school children received systematic instructions in bird study.</p>
+
+<p>The association in its various fields of endeavor coöperates with the officials
+of the United States Department of Education, with the United States Commissioner
+of Education and numerous scientific societies. Its growth during the past
+few years has been almost phenomenal and the results achieved in rehabilitating
+the bird life of many sections of the country is a source of great encouragement.</p>
+
+<h3>A LETTER.</h3>
+
+<p class="center"><i>From J. L. Van Ornum, Representing the Society for the
+Promotion of Engineering Education and the Society for Testing Materials.</i></p>
+
+<p>Had there been time for me to extend the greetings of the Society for the
+Promotion of Engineering Education to the Third Conservation Congress, I should
+have stated that:</p>
+
+<p>At our annual convention of fifteen years ago a paper was presented on
+the subject of “The Conservation of Government Energy Through Education and
+Research,” in which the statement is made with reference to our natural resources,
+“the Government must be possessed of large resources and a settled
+policy. Resources are not so easily commanded now as formerly. All sources
+must be guarded and everything realized must be successfully husbanded.”</p>
+
+<p>In the work of the engineering colleges, which distinctively consists in educating
+young men in those fundamental principles which particularly concern the
+direction of the great resources of materials and power in nature to the use and
+convenience of mankind, the student is trained to regard wastefulness as serious
+a fault as he does otherwise defective design.</p>
+
+<p>With this idea of the essential economy of their plans and works thus impressed,
+engineers have been filling their place in the development of the material
+resources of the Republic for more than half a century, until there exists a body
+of trained men to whom conservation is an ingrained trait.</p>
+
+<p>Having this common ground of interest, it would seem that each organization
+may be of service to the other; that which I represent gaining an enlarged
+interest in those social, economic and moral questions which so vitally affect human
+welfare, and you, perhaps, utilizing the trained experience available to most fully
+disclose the true conditions upon which conclusions must depend, so that the
+principles advocated may always be based upon ascertained facts.</p>
+
+<p>As I listened to the reading of the resolutions on the last afternoon, it seemed
+to me that if the situation referred to in my last paragraph had been utilized,
+the statement with regard to the purity of rivers would have been materially modified.
+I think that civil (sanitary) engineers are rapidly realizing that there is
+a practicable limit set by conditions of civilization to the absolute purity of rivers,
+in some cases, which has been theoretically deemed desirable. However, I wish
+to say in general, that it seems to me the resolutions passed by the Congress are
+excellent.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_274">[274]</span></p>
+
+<h3>ADDRESS.</h3>
+
+<p class="center"><span class="smcap">By J. C. Baumgartner</span> <i>of California</i>.</p>
+
+<p>I regret exceedingly that a gentleman from our state with whom many of
+you are well acquainted, a former governor, George C. Pardee, who is the chairman
+of our State Conservation commission, is not here. I feel wholly incompetent
+to represent California upon this occasion, but have been asked to say just
+a few words.</p>
+
+<p>When the governor of California asked me a few days ago to take a place
+upon the state Conservation commission I was very proud and glad to do so. I
+happened to be a newspaper man by profession, and quite a number of papers
+throughout the state had little items about my appointment, and the heading in
+many instances read something like this: “Baumgartner gets a fat plum,” “An
+editor recognized,” and so on down the line. I made a little reply to that in
+this way: I said that I was very glad indeed to be recognized as a man who
+was willing and perhaps in some little measure competent to have a part in the
+great work of conservation, without money and without price, as you all know,
+and as was expressed from this platform this morning, this work is a work in
+which no individual has any selfish interest. It is a public-spirited work. And it
+is certainly one of the biggest and best things that is going on in this country
+today. Nothing has been done in California by the state government by way of
+recognition of this work until within the past few months. So that we who are
+here from that state are here to learn, and not to attempt to instruct. If we can
+learn our A B Cs here, we shall feel that our time and money have been well
+spent in coming here.</p>
+
+<p>About five or six months ago—I haven’t a recollection of the exact date—the
+Conservation commission of California was appointed and began its work.
+I have had the pleasure and the privilege of attending only one meeting which
+was held a week ago last Friday, and at that meeting I was prevailed upon to
+come to this Congress, because other members, more competent to represent the
+state, could not leave home. Accompanying me are other gentlemen from that
+state. The secretary of our state commission, and representatives of other phases
+of conservation are here. We have a great deal of rich agricultural land in California,
+and we are a little shy of water in some places. We have ideal conditions
+in many respects for manufacturing, but we are also a little shy on coal. So that we
+turn our attention naturally to water and power first. We have entered into coöperative
+agreements with federal employes, representatives of the various federal bureau
+departments, who are working in our state, especially the geological survey people,
+and the representatives of the department of agriculture, and we have men of our
+own in the field gathering data on those important phases of conservation in California—water
+resources and power resources. The work has only just begun,
+but we feel that we were fortunate in securing this coöperation of the National
+Government. It is barely possible that this may be a suggestion to some other
+state. We entered into agreements with these people to gather the data that we
+need in order to give us the information necessary for intelligent recommendation
+to the legislature as to the necessary legislation in our state. This work
+has just begun, and we feel that we have saved a great deal of time in not having
+to organize a complete force of our own, and also a great deal of money has been
+saved in eliminating overhead charges. These gentlemen are gathering for us complete
+data as to the amount and character of lands that can be irrigated, and complete
+data as to the water that is available for irrigating those lands. We also in our
+last legislature, in addition to providing for this commission, provided for a board
+of control of water power, and under that law the state has absolute control and
+regulation of water power. In California there is sufficient water power to turn
+every wheel that is now turned in the United States. It is estimated by federal
+government experts that we have in California in use and operation 250,000 horsepower,
+and that we might easily develop five million. It is also estimated that this
+five million horsepower on the basis of the price of coal in California is a billion
+dollars a year. So you can see how important that phase of the work is to us.
+We are accompanied here by the secretary of our commission, Mr. Louis R. Glavis,
+and during the course of the convention if there is anything that any one wishes to
+ask about our work or plans, Mr. Glavis can no doubt answer the questions
+intelligently. Very likely I could not if the questions were put to me.</p>
+
+<p>We wish to say in this same connection that we would indeed be glad to
+have the representatives and the conservation commissions in other states and
+all conservation bodies and organizations, send us any information they have that
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_275">[275]</span>may be of benefit to us, and we shall be glad, indeed, to reciprocate that courtesy.
+I do not think there is anything else that I can say, ladies and gentlemen. We
+merely wanted you to know that we were awake, or just beginning to get awake
+in California on this important subject, and that we shall give it our best efforts,
+and invite your hearty coöperation. I thank you. (Applause)</p>
+
+<h3>REPORT FROM IDAHO.</h3>
+
+<p class="center"><span class="smcap">By Mrs. Holland C. Day.</span></p>
+
+<p>While I am not a native of Idaho, I must say that I claim allegiance to the
+state of Missouri, and Governor Hadley is my governor. (Applause) But, as I
+spent many months in Idaho, I was appointed by the newspapers to speak a
+word for Idaho in case there was no one else here to represent her. Therefore
+that is my excuse for appearing before you.</p>
+
+<p>Through the Carey act Idaho has had more opportunity to be settled than
+through the general homestead act, as there is not so much time required to stay
+on the land before beginning to cultivate. Of course, you all know that is a sage
+brush country, and there is lots of grubbing to be done there. A few years ago
+I helped to plant an orchard of 167 acres. Eight thousand fruit trees were planted
+there. It is called Pasadena valley. From my little hut we counted sixteen
+settlements of school teachers and their wives, and young people settling in that
+valley, making a new start in life. That valley blossoms, I was going to say,
+like a rose, but I mean like an apple tree. For two years now these apple trees
+have been growing and putting out fine new shoots and they have been obliged
+to cut these twigs away in order to have the best kind of apples two years from
+now. Dr. Morrison’s orchard is situated in Pasadena valley: he has 167 acres
+there. He is a man well known in the State of Washington, and he took up this
+land for the sake of inducing others to come. Now, as far as the irrigation
+problem is concerned, you all know about it. I am confined to five minutes, but
+I want to say that the sooner the people of the United States, especially of the
+East, will not think so much about the productiveness of the soil as they will
+of the locality, and they think more of the locality I would say, than the productiveness,
+then the whole western country will be a Mecca for some of the hide-bound
+people of the East. (Applause)</p>
+
+<p>Now, I am a New Yorker myself originally. I was a New York girl up to
+thirty years ago, and now I am a Missourian, and once a Missourian always a
+Missourian. And when I went out West they did not have to show me, either.
+(Applause) But I see the people of the East do not understand the conservation
+theory as well as they might. I have talked with many, and you take up
+the New York papers, and you will find that they are very provincial. There
+is nothing outside of New York. You have to come West and get the western
+papers to find out what is going on all over the world, and conservation is the
+touch-word nowadays. I want to say that Idaho is heart and soul in this movement.
+I represent a paper that goes all over Idaho and is looking forward to some
+report from this Congress with a great deal of interest, and I shall be pleased to
+report it as well and effectively as only a woman can. I thank you very much,
+and if you want to plant any orchards and have them grow and make money,
+and send your apples to Europe and all over the world, come to Idaho, to King’s
+Hill or Glenn’s Ferry. I thank you. (Applause)</p>
+
+<h3>REPORT FROM ILLINOIS.</h3>
+
+<p class="center"><span class="smcap">By Colonel Isham Randolph.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Col. Randolph</span>—I bring you God speed and the good will of our Governor
+who cannot be here himself. He is lying upon a bed of pain with a broken leg,
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_276">[276]</span>but that is the only thing that is lame about him. He is as determined in spirit,
+and as earnest in his efforts for the good of his own people and for the good of
+the whole Nation as though he was sound in every bone in his body.</p>
+
+<p>Illinois, the sister state to Missouri, is not a novice in the conservation movement.
+She began it a long time ago. She has had her conservation work going
+on for many years, and she has learned that in union there is strength.
+In Illinois we have had for a number of years, the Internal Improvement
+commission, which joined hands with the State Geological Survey, with the United
+States Government Survey, with the water survey, with the fish commission, and
+hand in hand they have worked for the development of the state and the conservation
+of our resources. Something has been said about the failure of the land
+in the East. It was my good fortune to be a delegate to the first Conservation Congress
+in the White House. The president of our Illinois University, in the course
+of his remarks said, that so much was said about the misfortunes, of the impoverishment
+of the land of New England, of the lands of New York, of the lands
+of Virginia and other eastern states, but, he said, “My friends, I do not so regard
+it. The impoverishment of these lands has sent the sons of those states to build
+up the West. They have carried with them their energy, their brains, their character,
+and they are making the great West what it is today.” I repeated that to a
+distinguished educator in agricultural lines who is now in this audience, and
+what do you think his remark was? He said, “Did he also go on to say that
+wherever the English-speaking people had set foot they had robbed the soil, and
+given it nothing back?” Now, our universities are teaching our English-speaking
+people, and our people of all languages, how to give back to the soil that which has
+been taken from it. Our University of Illinois, with its experiment stations, its work
+on behalf of agriculture, has so educated its people that each year the results of
+that education is to give back to the state more than all the money that Illinois
+has ever put into this great institution. It has been said of a great eastern college
+that it is a kindergarten for hell. Not so of our great institutions. That is a
+kindergarten from which we are educating men to upbuild our state, to make it
+agriculturally and in every other way, what that great state should be. We have
+in Illinois a number of things to be conserved. We have our coal resources. These
+problems have been taken up by the Geological Survey, and are being handled in a
+way which still result in great good for the state. We have no arid lands in
+Illinois, but we have flooded lands, overflowed lands. We have hundreds of
+thousands of acres which we are now starting in to reclaim. It is the business of a
+commission which was appointed by the State of Illinois to study its streams, to
+look out for the interests of the state, to recover from all unlawful owners, unlawful
+seizure of lands which rightfully belonged to the state. It is the business
+of that commission to conserve the water power of the state. There is a great
+asset for which our Governor is making an excellent fight. The question is, shall
+Illinois own the water power of the Illinois river, and conserve it for all use, or
+shall private capital own that, and all the people use it by paying for it? It has
+been said that we have been defeated in this thing. Why, gentlemen, as a great
+leader—I believe he was a commander of a vessel—when called upon to surrender
+said, “We have just begun to fight.” We are going to conserve that water power
+for the people of the state and we are going to give the state and the Nation a
+water way. This is a congress to consider the conservation of the land, the soil
+development of the land, but, gentlemen, you must bear in mind that this country
+is growing by leaps and bounds, and that the railroads of our country cannot keep
+pace with the transportation demands. We must look to the future. It is said
+that our water ways are of no use today. Ah, but they will be of use. The time
+is coming when these water ways, when every water way that can float a boat
+will be required to take the produce of our farms to market. The time is not
+long past when our railroads were so glutted with produce that the farmers were
+losing their hard earnings because they could not put their grain into market. This
+occurred at a time when the population of the states which may be considered tributary
+to the Mississippi river were only 31.4 per square mile. The same census gave
+Great Britain a population of 312.5 to the square mile, and these states are so rich
+in soil that they will support a population equal to that of any other area on the
+face of the earth, and that population is coming—you cannot begin to get ready
+for it too soon. In 1913 at the present rate of progress the Panama Canal will
+be opened to the nations of the earth for business. Will the Mississippi valley be
+able and ready to float its produce down to avail that great opening, or must
+it go on forever shipping its produce by rail to some Pacific or Atlantic port, to
+be there loaded into the vessels, and go through this canal in vessels that ought
+to be loaded at your own doors, in your own city? I make this appeal for the
+water ways, and I make it brief, because my time is up, and I thank you for your
+attention. (Applause.)</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_277">[277]</span></p>
+
+<h3>REPORT FOR INDIANA.</h3>
+
+<p class="center"><span class="smcap">By Harry Everest Barnard.</span></p>
+
+<p>I represent the Indiana branch of the National conservation association. The
+state which is the center of population, the center of industrial activity, the center
+of literary activity. We believe that Indiana is the state most progressive in the
+way of constructive, conservative legislation of any of the states of our great
+country. During the last few years our legislature has been doing active constructive
+work. We have this last year placed upon our statute books the first
+cold storage bill passed in the United States which is really constructive legislation.
+We believe, in Indiana, that conservation means utilization, economic utilization,
+and that the manufacturers who know how to make a better brick out of Indiana
+clay; the health officer who shows us how to conserve and improve the health of
+our school children, or teaches us how to build a better school house; the man
+who can produce a new product out of Indiana oil, is a true conservationist. The
+state boards of health of Indiana have been devoting most of their time in the
+last few years to a study of stream pollution. We have been studying the pollution
+of the southern end of Lake Michigan, by the industrial activities at the northern
+end of our state. We have shown the citizens in that northern part of Indiana
+how they are pouring their sewage into Lake Michigan through one pipe and
+drawing water from Lake Michigan through another. At the present time we are
+studying the pollution of the Ohio river by the sewage of the cities of Indiana,
+and we have now demonstrated by a survey which is still in operation, but which
+has covered over 300 miles of the Ohio river, that wonderful stream of water is
+nothing but a stream of sewage its entire length, wholly unfit for drinking purposes.</p>
+
+<p>Indiana is regulating the propagation of the unfit, by effective legislation.
+Indiana is taking a stand in the front of all health organization work. It has this
+last year introduced compulsory medical inspection of school children. Within
+the last two years Indiana, although not at the present time a forest state, has
+become aroused to the necessity of work along the lines of intelligent forest conservation,
+not only because we need the lumber, and the timber and wood, but
+because we need to preserve the life of our streams. Indiana has found that within
+the last twenty years the ground water level throughout the state has been lowered
+some twenty feet, and is now realizing that without proper forest conservation it
+cannot expect to find sufficient water for its needs in the not distant future.
+(Applause.)</p>
+
+<h3>REPORT FOR IOWA.</h3>
+
+<p class="center"><span class="smcap">By Thomas H. MacBride.</span></p>
+
+<p>I shall say nothing about the resources of Iowa. This is an intelligent audience
+(applause) and I take it there is not a man or woman in any state in the United
+States who does not know all about the fact that Iowa is the most magnificent
+garden on the face of the earth. I shall, therefore, say nothing about Iowa. I do
+say, however, that my notion of this whole conservation movement is simply the
+devotion to an idea. And that idea is the right use of this world. Our problem,
+therefore, is the right use of the state of Iowa. Now, then, we have magnificent
+soil; we have streams that run riot in spring and winter and are so dry in summer
+that all the large catfish have to move away. We have lakes, the most beautiful
+perhaps of all the lakes, the small lakes, on the northern plains. We have some
+forests, and Nature put the forests in the right place; she put it to protect the
+streams. Four years ago the legislature of Iowa made provision for a commission
+which should report upon the proper conservation of our soils, our lakes, our
+streams and our woods. That commission did make a report. That report is
+available for the members of this Congress; it can be had. That report was presented
+to our last legislature, our latest legislature was called to the momentous
+task of choosing a senator for the senate of the United States, and in devotion to
+that tremendous problem the report of the commission was entirely overlooked.
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_278">[278]</span>That report was a good one; I say so because I was a member of that
+commission, and I therefore make this apology for the legislature of my state, in
+view of the fact that I think the legislature overlooked the most magnificent piece
+of work. But in all seriousness, Iowa is at work. The people of Iowa are alive
+to these problems. We have there many agencies that are at work. Our whole
+subject is before our state colleges of agriculture, than which it is admitted there
+are none better. There are many men in all parts of the state who are devoted to
+this idea, and one of them has been so prominent that he stands above us all
+today as the president of this Congress (applause). It is therefore less necessary
+that I should say anything about Iowa. Mr. President, do you believe that hundreds
+of men and women would leave their homes at their own cost, and at the
+cost and sacrifice of their own business, for anything less than an idea? And, Mr.
+President, the time has come when that idea shall win. It must win, if we are
+going to use this world rightly, because no problem is solved until it is solved
+rightly. Then, when that time comes, you will see in Iowa, and in all these border
+states, not only the freest people on the face of the earth, but the happiest. (Applause.)</p>
+
+<h3>REPORT FROM KANSAS.</h3>
+
+<p class="center"><span class="smcap">By Dean H. J. Waters</span>,<br>
+<i>Of the State Agricultural College</i>.</p>
+
+<p>I understand that this is a report of progress in the great movement of conservation.
+I regret that Kansas, unlike Iowa, has no beautiful lakes. They have
+all long since gone dry, as has Kansas in other particulars, and where these lakes
+once were are now growing crops, great and bountiful crops of alfalfa, and in the
+places where Kansas went dry in other particulars there is now growing a great
+crop of temperate and stalwart men and women. (Applause.) It was said by your
+distinguished chairman this morning that Kansas was the experiment station of
+this Nation, and she pleads guilty to the charge, and is proud of it. They have the
+courage to try any experiment in government, in business, in farming that promises
+to be successful, and that promises real progress.</p>
+
+<p>You ask what Kansas is doing to conserve its resources? She is conserving
+her resources of men and women by having less intemperance than any other state
+in the union; by having less illiteracy than any other state in the union; by
+having empty jails and almshouses, and having full school houses with seven
+months of school in every district in Kansas each year; with a teacher the minimum
+salary of which is $50 a month. (Applause.) And, with a larger proportion
+of our sons and daughters in colleges, in proportion to our population, than
+any other state in the Union. (Applause.) But, speaking more specifically concerning
+the questions immediately before this Congress, what is Kansas doing towards
+the conservation of her so-called material resources? Our last legislature
+made provision for a state commission of conservation, and I regret exceedingly
+that the chairman of that committee happened to be absent at this particular moment,
+so that I might have been spared the embarrassment of speaking for the state on
+this occasion. That commission is actively at work, and is considering the matter
+of soil fertility, of the education of the people in the country and in the city,
+and considering all matters that would naturally be considered in connection with
+this subject.</p>
+
+<p>And then, what has the agricultural college been doing along this line, and
+these agricultural colleges have been the pioneers in this field of conservation?
+Last year the Kansas state agricultural college spoke to 150,000 people in Kansas
+concerning the question of conservation, and at every farmers’ institute held in
+that state for the last six years the question of soil fertility has been discussed,
+and has been the topic of discussion at meetings, and the details of soil fertility
+has come to be a household word.</p>
+
+<p>There are today in the state of Kansas 340 farmers’ institutes or farmers’
+clubs, that meet once every month, with a membership of 14,000 heads of families,
+the membership representing sixty or seventy thousand persons. They discuss
+once a month the details of prosperous, progressive and successful farming,
+including soil fertility. In the great corn belt, on an average fully 25 per cent
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_279">[279]</span>of our great corn crop—and the greatest crop we produce—is wasted for the want
+of a silo in which to preserve it. In Kansas four years ago there were 62 silos.
+The agricultural college has made a special campaign through its extension department
+along this line, and today there are 2,000 silos in Kansas, and all of them
+full. That is the only thing I know of in Kansas that is full. Within the last
+six years the area of alfalfa has been doubled; and this is in the line of conservation,
+for here is a crop that enriches the father but does not impoverish the
+son, and that is but a part of what Kansas is doing. I say these things not boastfully,
+for Kansas is not doing a quarter of what she ought to do in these lines,
+and not a quarter of what she will do in the very near future through the stimulus
+of great Congresses like this. (Applause.)</p>
+
+<h3>REPORT FOR LOUISIANA.</h3>
+
+<p class="center"><span class="smcap">By Fred L. Grace.</span></p>
+
+<p>Just a few words about conservation from our state, Louisiana. Our very
+emblems are symbolic of conservation. Our state emblem is a pelican, the only
+bird of flight that will pull the flesh from its own breast to feed it to its young.
+Our state flower is the magnolia, whose stately trees by the same name grow all
+over our state, and whose wood is very valuable for furniture.</p>
+
+<p>At the last session of the general assembly of Louisiana, under the progressive
+administration of Governor J. Y. Sanders, there were enacted and made into laws
+twenty-nine measures relating to conservation of our natural resources and the
+preservation of the gifts so bountifully provided us by an all-wise Providence.</p>
+
+<p>Louisiana leads in the production of lumber, as well as sulphur, and salt, much
+mineral oil and gas. In fact, Louisiana leads in having the greatest store of natural
+resources.</p>
+
+<p>She has in pine lands, as near as I have been able to figure, about 4,269,928 acres.</p>
+
+<p>In hardwoods, such as oak, gum, willow, persimmon, hickory, magnolia, beech,
+elm, sycamore and poplar, 3,338,486 acres.</p>
+
+<p>In cypress approximately 900,000 acres.</p>
+
+<p>We have, in Louisiana, two mills which alone cut daily nearly one and three-quarter
+million feet of lumber. Of these the mill of the great Southern lumber
+company of Bogalusa, La., and Fullerton, La., is the largest in the world.</p>
+
+<p>This company is putting in an alcohol plant so that utilization can be made of
+waste products and they be manufactured into alcohol. The number of employees
+at this plant and their logging operation are about 1,600 to 1,800. Their motto
+is, “Utilization as well as Conservation.” They now make charcoal of the limbs,
+and paper and alcohol of the refuse wood and sawdust. In a short time they will
+begin to work the stumps, and in connection with this I will add that there is
+more turpentine in a stump than in any part of the tree. Utilization of the stumps
+will clear the lands for farming purposes and these soon will bloom with growing
+crops.</p>
+
+<p>Louisiana has many bayous and creeks and all of these are lined with mills
+and lumber companies which are steadily cutting on the vast supply at hand. Our
+forests are teeming with woods of all kinds and Louisiana has more kinds of woods
+than any state in the Union.</p>
+
+<p>The long leaf pine of Louisiana obtains preëminence over those of other states
+for its superior qualities of strength and elasticity, combined with comparatively
+light weight and ease of working, making it adaptable to many classes of work.</p>
+
+<p>Our cypress, which grows principally in the southern part of the state and
+also to some extent in the lower and swampy portions of the middle and northern
+portions, is of extremely slow growth, but is the most lasting of all our woods,
+and under water is practically indestructible. We ship more cross-ties of oak and
+cypress than any other state, a great many of these being creosoted and exported to
+foreign countries where they are in great demand.</p>
+
+<p>Another tree that is springing into prominence is the pecan. East Baton
+Rouge has a pecan orchard of 700 acres and the Parish of Iberville has a number of
+varieties of several hundred acres each. In some of the parishes bordering on
+Bayou Teche, inhabitants are going into the culture of this tree on a large scale.
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_280">[280]</span>The profits in this business are large, each tree producing, when having attained a
+growth, one or more barrels of the pecans of which the average price is from 15
+to 25 cents per pound.</p>
+
+<p>We are now drafting laws for the protection of timber from devastation by
+fire and from indiscriminate logging.</p>
+
+<p>Over in the southwestern part of Louisiana is located the plant of the Union
+Sulphur Company, engaged in the mining of sulphur by a novel process.</p>
+
+<p>The product is mined by being melted by superheated steam pumped down
+through the deposits and it is then pumped up in a molten state and allowed to
+cool and solidify in vats where it is broken up and shipped to market.</p>
+
+<p>This mine is one of the largest in the world, if not the largest, and its output
+is close to one thousand tons per day. This, I think, shoves Sicily hard for first
+place in the production of this mineral.</p>
+
+<p>Borings made by the company to ascertain the amount of sulphur in that
+vicinity show fully 40,000,000 tons underlying their holdings.</p>
+
+<p>The discovery of the famous Beaumont oil field in 1901 was the signal for oil
+exploration, both in Texas and Louisiana.</p>
+
+<p>Since that time Louisiana has proven to have within her borders oil deposits
+second only to the famous Pennsylvania fields. And the deposits of the Caddo
+field are generally conceded to be the greatest single field in the world.</p>
+
+<p>The depths at which oil is found varies from 500 to 2,200 feet in the different
+fields.</p>
+
+<p>The Welsh and Jennings fields have produced oil at from 1,000 to 2,000 feet.
+And while these fields in their beginning produced gushers, they are now all pumpers
+and are producing in the neighborhood of 10,000 barrels per day.</p>
+
+<p>Along with oil in the Caddo field have also been found large supplies of
+natural gas and this is now being utilized in many ways and will continue to be, as
+the supply is seemingly inexhaustible.</p>
+
+<p>A great waste of these valuable mineral deposits was made before pipe lines
+were built and receptacles constructed. Now the matter is being taken in hand
+and soon, under the conservation measures adopted at the last general assembly,
+control of the situation will be complete. There is still some work along this line
+to accomplish, and at the next session of the General Assembly these will be written
+in our statutes.</p>
+
+<p>The conservation of game and fish, as well as the other natural resources, is
+most momentous to the people of our state. Louisiana has adopted good and sound
+measures for the protection of her game and fish and has created a commission with
+a system of wardens and provides that hunters shall contribute to the support of
+the commission for protection by the payment of a nominal license for the privilege
+of hunting.</p>
+
+<p>Of course, changes will have to be made, but the ground work has been done.</p>
+
+<p>Louisiana has in her many streams and water courses, as well as in her bays
+and lakes, a vast supply of fish and shrimp. The shrimp and salt water fisheries
+furnish employment to a great number of persons. These are dependent on the
+supply of this valuable resource and are directly interested in the protection of it.</p>
+
+<p>The oyster industry during the past year has enjoyed a healthy and expansive
+growth, and while the general business depression has affected the canner, still
+a great many acres of water bottoms were leased for oyster culture and other improvements
+were made.</p>
+
+<p>There are now under lease and cultivation over 14,391.24 acres of water bottoms
+at $1.00 per acre per annum, and yielding on an average of two hundred barrels
+of oysters per acre.</p>
+
+<p>There are more than 2,700 boats engaged in the oyster industry and 2,400,000
+bags were caught last season with a market value of something over $2,000,000.</p>
+
+<p>The shores of Louisiana are largely indented with lakes, bayous and bays,
+where the tides ebb and flow daily, mixing the salt water of the Gulf of Mexico
+with the fresh waters of the Mississippi river and the bayous and small rivers
+leading therefrom. The area of this water surface, susceptible to oyster culture, is
+calculated to be 4,720,502 acres.</p>
+
+<p>There are now under cultivation slightly over 15,000 acres, producing about
+200 barrels of oysters per acre each year, and something like 62,740 acres, estimated,
+of natural reefs where oysters grow wild and unaided.</p>
+
+<p>Deducting the leased bottoms and the natural oyster reefs from the total area
+mentioned would leave about 4,660,000 acres of barren bottoms at present unproductive,
+but which, with the expenditure of labor and a small amount of money,
+could be made to yield enormous revenues and be a great source of food supply.</p>
+
+<p>The oyster industry of Louisiana offers to the people of this country one of
+the greatest fields of exploitation and development.</p>
+
+<p>Salt has been known to exist in Louisiana for many years, and has been mined
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_281">[281]</span>commercially in one deposit, that of the Avery salt works, since 1852. This deposit
+is one of pure salt rock and at the present time nearly a thousand tons a day are
+being produced. This is only one of the several similar mines in Louisiana and I
+have no doubt that there are many very valuable deposits of salt yet undiscovered
+and undeveloped.</p>
+
+<h3>REPORT FROM MASSACHUSETTS.</h3>
+
+<p class="center"><span class="smcap">By Prof. Frank William Rane</span>,<br>
+<i>State Forester</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Complying with the request of the officials of this association in reporting
+herewith for the state of Massachusetts, I wish to say at the outset that I feel certainly
+incompetent to undertake the task and to point out the numerous activities
+that the good old Bay State is fostering. Being a Massachusetts citizen by adoption
+only, I feel privileged to express myself more frankly as otherwise my report might
+seem prejudiced.</p>
+
+<p>We have in Massachusetts, in the first place, a conservation of the old-time
+ancestry which is not only renowned for its brilliant deeds in the Nation’s early
+history, but is still firm and abiding even after these many years. What state has
+a fairer reputation in its dissemination of its natural resources and still lives to
+enter more heartily into the conservation and restoration of those remaining.</p>
+
+<p>The historic setting and general environment of Massachusetts in the early days
+of the Nation are natural resources that constitute an ever-bubbling fountain. Yearly
+the pilgrimage to the old Bay State of thousands upon thousands from throughout
+the Nation to visit Boston, Concord, Lexington, Arlington, Cambridge, Salem, Plymouth
+and a score of other cities and towns goes to show what the conservation of
+high ideals and true patriotism mean.</p>
+
+<p>The state has always been liberal, progressive and a natural leader in all that
+stands for education, advancement and enlightenment.</p>
+
+<p>Many wonder at the splendid showing that Massachusetts always makes and
+seem confounded at her successful progress. The explanation is that as a state
+we do not confine our interests to state bounds, but our people are equally interested
+in promoting and developing copper and other mines or sheep ranches and other
+industries in the South or West, as much as they are at home. Succeeding elsewhere
+means also better opportunities for home development. In this way mutual
+associations and enterprises of a stalwart and permanent nature are established.</p>
+
+<p>The old biblical saying that it is more blessed to give than receive is literally
+true of the old Bay State. While she has been generous in the Nation’s life, yet
+there are few states that for their size have greater natural advantages and hold out
+better prospects for success in the future.</p>
+
+<p>Contrary to the minds of many, Massachusetts has advantages that are hard to
+surpass. I wonder how many have read the article entitled “Golden New England,”
+by Sylvester Baxter, which appeared in the Outlook in 1910. If not, you may be
+interested in doing so. The author therein portrays various rural industries and
+very entertainingly points out their success. One of our enterprising business houses,
+N. W. Harris &amp; Co., bankers, Boston, very kindly has sent out excerpts to those
+desiring the same.</p>
+
+<p>Massachusetts is a state with many manufacturing centers and, therefore, a
+great consumer of all kinds of resources, particularly in the raw material. This
+material is put through our factories and goes out as the manufactured article.</p>
+
+<p>Our high standard of education in literature, science and art has evolved men of
+usefulness. In the modern or applied sciences we point with pride to our technical,
+agricultural and trade schools which are already accomplishing results toward conservation,
+restoration and economic utilization of natural resources.</p>
+
+<p>Massachusetts people began to see the handwriting on the wall many years ago
+and even before this Congress was born they were agitating and accomplishing actual
+results. Our cities and towns are already well forearmed with generous water
+supplies. The great metropolitan water system of Boston and its suburbs, already
+a reality, is one of the greatest engineering feats yet accomplished in its line. Our
+metropolitan and municipal park systems are a credit to our people. The state
+highway system of Massachusetts needs no introduction to an intelligent audience
+like this, as its reputation has attracted road engineers from all over the world and
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_282">[282]</span>many states have come to the Massachusetts highway commission and induced our
+men away. Dr. Field of the fish and game commission is here at the convention;
+hence, he will inform you of this field of our activity. Simply let me say that our
+marine natural resources are far greater than most people realize. Massachusetts
+has a large and important coastal boundary and were I able to tell you of the great
+possible future we have in mind even for the old historic Cape Cod Country, I know
+it would interest you. While the great fishing industries of Old Gloucester, Nantucket
+and New Bedford are not as thriving as in earlier times, nevertheless with
+the guidance of modern science to water farming, we have great promise of the
+restoration of these industries that will go far toward feeding the Nation in the
+future.</p>
+
+<p>Speaking of fishing and game, forestry, natural history and Appalachian clubs,
+I am frank to say that I believe there are no people on earth who are more in love
+with Nature herself, heart and soul, than our Massachusetts people. We have organizations
+galore and they are not only organized but bubbling full of real activity
+and accomplishing things. Were you the state forester of Massachusetts, I can
+guarantee that you could spend your whole time simply lecturing on conservation or
+forestry, as the demands are so great and the work so popular.</p>
+
+<p>In the development of a new nation it invariably follows that conditions are
+constantly changing, and as intercourse with other nations through trade and business
+relations progresses, the evils and blessings are shared. While we are greatly
+indebted to the various countries of the world for many an introduction, nevertheless
+now and then we unfortunately get an insect or fungus development that proves
+extremely disastrous.</p>
+
+<p>It would not be fair to Massachusetts in reporting on her conservation policies
+did I not mention the great fight that the state has waged for years against the
+gypsy and brown-tail moths. These two insects are indigenous to Europe and while
+they have their natural enemies and are under subjection there, upon reaching this
+country they find an open field and with no enemies become a veritable pest.</p>
+
+<p>Both species are destroyers of trees. The brown-tail moth devours the leaves
+of the deciduous, or hardwood trees only, while the gypsy is no respector of vegetation
+and will defoliate evergreens as well, if food is scarce, although it, too, prefers
+the deciduous. The brown-tail moths besides being tree destroyers, give off hairs
+from the larvae and moth, which, when brought in contact with the skin of human
+beings produce a rash that is extremely irritating. Of the two insects the gypsy
+moth is generally considered the worse. The fact that when the white pine, or our
+evergreens, are once stripped they die outright; and that the pine in particular is
+one of our most valuable species, both from the economic and aesthetic standpoint,
+make their protection from the gypsy moth important.</p>
+
+<p>I will not take time to give you the life histories of these insects, for should
+anyone be interested this information can be had by applying to the State Forester,
+Boston, Mass. We have illustrated matter in natural colors showing these insects.</p>
+
+<p>Practically all of our trees in the residential sections of the cities and towns, in
+the eastern part of the state, are sprayed annually. Our main travelled roadsides are
+sprayed each year. Individuals, municipalities and the state all coöperate in this
+work. The annual appropriation of the state is $315,000 a year. The total expenditure
+from all sources, within the state, up to the present time in this work is estimated
+at $6,000,000. Besides this the United States Government has spent in
+Massachusetts probably $700,000. We have had as high as 2,700 men at work at
+one time in the busiest season of the year. The renewed North Shore, our fashionable
+summer resort, spends practically $100,000 a year to protect the trees in
+this section alone.</p>
+
+<p>The state forester’s spraying apparatus is composed of an aggregation of 300
+spraying outfits. We use in a single season over 400 tons of arsenate of lead, the
+state’s contract alone being for 250 tons a year.</p>
+
+<p>During the past two years the state forester’s department has made great improvements
+in power spraying equipment, the cost of spraying woodlands having been
+reduced from $30.00, or more, per acre, down to as low as $6.00 in some instances.
+Instead of its being necessary to climb trees as heretofore, the modern power sprayer
+enables us to spray directly over the tops of tall trees from the ground. The whole
+spraying problem has been revolutionized. It is certainly to be hoped that these
+insects may not secure a foothold elsewhere. Surely Massachusetts is doing her
+part, and I cannot urge too strongly the necessity of other states and the Nation
+realizing the importance of this work. We have introduced parasites from all over
+the world, and they are showing great promise. The work with disease also seems
+very effective, and I feel optimistic. It is clear that the practice of modern forestry
+methods, and the employment of highly developed mechanical devices, are doing
+much, and we trust ere long the parasites and diseases will bring about the desired
+balance.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_283">[283]</span></p>
+
+<p>Massachusetts is enthusiastically interested in forestry and the state forester
+this past season was given an appropriation of $10,000 for forest fire work. We
+have appointed a state forest fire warden, who is organizing and perfecting a workable
+system. He is also establishing lookout stations, and patrol systems in different
+sections of the state.</p>
+
+<p>Our forest management, reforestation and general forestry, educational and
+demonstration work are all well established and progressing. We have 3,000,000
+trees in the state nursery for use another season. The state is planting 1,000 acres
+each year, and our lumbermen and people generally are showing interest, and doing
+more each season. Our appropriation, including that for forest fires this past year,
+was $40,000.</p>
+
+<p>In Massachusetts the work of restoration is even of more importance than conservation
+when applied to forestry. The annual cut of our forest products at
+present amounts to only five per cent of that used each year throughout the commonwealth
+for manufacturing, building and other purposes. Surely we can and
+ought to supply a larger amount of our own home grown woods. Although the
+state has been well cut over, even now our wood harvests play an important factor
+in the industries of many of our rural sections. While we believe thoroughly in
+conservation where it will apply, still the more potent force begins farther back.
+We need to teach the A B C of restoration in forestry. When our work of reforestation
+shall have begun to demonstrate its value, it will be an object lesson,
+which will mean much toward perfecting a better state forest policy.</p>
+
+<p>Practical forest restoration, therefore, is what Massachusetts needs most. If
+we will reconvert our hilly, rocky, mountainous, moist sandy and waste non-agricultural
+lands generally into productive forests the future financial success from
+rural sections of the commonwealth is assured. This is no idle dream; it can be accomplished.
+Massachusetts is a natural forest country and all that is needed is
+simply to assist nature, stop forest fires and formulate constructive policies. Then
+we can grow as fine forests as can be found anywhere. Germany and many of the
+countries of the old world have already demonstrated what can be done. Are we
+to be less thrifty and far-sighted? Americans do things, when they are once aroused,
+and it is believed that reforestation and the adopting of modern forestry management
+must be given its due consideration in this state from now on.</p>
+
+<p>I have been delighted to follow the interest that has been aroused and the
+great tendency for all our people to not only welcome and appreciate the new idea
+of “conservation,” but to even credit the term or phrase, as covering every phase
+of new endeavor.</p>
+
+<p>It is not my purpose to lessen the glory one whit or bedim a single gem in
+the crown of the national phrase, “Conservation of Natural Resources,” nor could
+I were it to be tried, for the heralded motto has already stamped itself firmly
+upon the Nation.</p>
+
+<p>As time goes on, however, it will be found that our popular phrase will not
+carry with it the whole panacea for overcoming our wasteful and depleting conditions,
+and that new and equally applicable terms, though perhaps never so popular,
+will come to express more aptly our real needs.</p>
+
+<p>To my mind the phrase, “Restoration of Natural Resources,” vies with that
+of “Conservation of Natural Resources,” and expresses a force to be aroused in the
+Nation for good that in many ways surpasses the present popular one.</p>
+
+<p>We have our forest reserves and minerals, what are left, and now to conserve
+them economically is a worthy undertaking, but in the older sections of the Nation
+to conserve what we have in depleted and worn-out lands and forests is to pick
+the bones of the withered and shrunken carcass.</p>
+
+<p>Let conservation apply where it may, but the force that is needed in Massachusetts
+and all of New England, yea the South, extending even well into the
+middle of the Nation, following the great depleting agricultural cereal and cotton
+crops on the one hand, and the lumberman’s axe and forest fires on the other, is
+greater than this term can begin to express.</p>
+
+<p>The term, “Restoration of Natural Resources,” I claim, meets our present
+needs far better and breathes greater hope and definite accomplishments for our
+children’s children in the future.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_284">[284]</span></p>
+
+<h3>REPORT FROM MINNESOTA.</h3>
+
+<p class="center"><span class="smcap">By D. M. Neill.</span></p>
+
+<p>To undertake to tell you of the resources of the state of Minnesota would be to
+recapitulate nearly the resources of all the states of the union. But I don’t understand
+that is what we are here for. When the governor of Minnesota asked me to
+come down here, I asked him what I was to say to the people who might be here
+at this time. He said, “You have been on the state conservation commission for two
+years, and you ought to know what to say,” and in addition to that he said, “Go
+down and tell them what we are trying to do in Minnesota.” That is what I will
+try to tell you about. In the first place, the men who settled Minnesota looked
+far into the future. The state had an immense amount of what was called swamp
+lands donated by the government for educational purposes. These men of the early
+days, looking to the future, passed a law whereby these lands could not be disposed
+of except at a minimum price of what then seemed to be a ridiculous sum entirely
+beyond what these lands would probably then be worth. But these lands are found
+to be among the most valuable assets of the state of Minnesota, and have sold at
+double, triple, ten times, and some of them for more than a thousand times the
+minimum price. So that today the state of Minnesota is next to the state of Texas,
+has the largest school fund in the United States—something over $25,000,000—and
+with the resources on hand belonging to the fund, it probably, in the course of time,
+will amount to over $250,000,000. That looks like conservation of our school resources.</p>
+
+<p>In our farm work, our agricultural college has been doing of late years a splendid
+work throughout the state. In connection with the commercial clubs it has
+established a considerable number of experimental farms in different localities, to
+give somewhat of a practical education to the farmers already tilling the soil. The
+leaders in this movement have felt that the ordinary processes of sending the children
+to school, giving them an agricultural education, trying to get them back to the farm
+again—to spread that education was too slow. It seemed necessary to do something
+with the parents that they may see the necessity for the children having an
+agricultural education, and for that reason the state agricultural college has been conducting
+this set of experiments through the experimental farm. The results are
+already beginning to show.</p>
+
+<p>The state of Minnesota has succeeded in the last few years in raising the
+number of bushels of wheat alone 3½ bushels to the acre. That is some of the
+practical conservation of the soil. Minnesota used to have the reputation of having
+the worst roads in the United States, and I think she fully lived up to her reputation.
+That condition is very rapidly being changed. The state wide campaign
+for good roads is being constantly conducted by the good roads commission. The
+last legislature, in fact the legislature of four years ago, took the matter in hand
+and levied a small tax for the betterment of the state roads. These roads were required
+to be built under the supervision of state engineers. If the roads were so
+built the state contributed one-third of their cost up to a certain maximum amount
+which to any one county did not exceed $2,000. That was the starting of the state
+movement. The last legislature provided for a tax that will raise something like
+$2,000,000 to be divided among the eighty counties of the state to aid in the work
+of good roads. A project is now on foot to build a state highway from the southern
+boundary to the northern boundary, and one across the state from the city of Duluth
+to the city of East Grand Forks. These to be great state highways, and all other
+highways radiating out from them. These experimental roads are built on scientific
+lines furnished by the state, and are conditioned according to the quality of the
+soil through which the road runs. The effort is first to get a system of good dirt
+roads. The state is not yet developed sufficiently to warrant us going in to macadamized
+roads at this time, except in the large cities.</p>
+
+<p>In the matter of our mineral wealth the state long ago provided that the people
+at large shall receive the benefit of it. No state land is now sold except where the
+mineral rights are retained and the mines already opened and in operation
+pay very large taxes toward the maintenance of the state government, thus contributing
+to the welfare of the whole people. These are some of the things that
+the state of Minnesota is trying to do and is doing. I do not feel that I can take
+the time to go into detail of many other things that we are just starting, the prevention
+of disease—already one or two tuberculosis institutions have been started
+in the pine woods of Minnesota—and a general campaign against the great white
+plague is constantly in progress. My time is up. I thank you. (Applause)</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_285">[285]</span></p>
+
+<h3>REPORT FOR NEBRASKA.</h3>
+
+<p class="center"><span class="smcap">By George Coupland.</span></p>
+
+<p>I have been very strongly reminded today in these remarks that I have heard
+made that the state that I represent is purely an agricultural state. That is about all
+the industries that we have. I thought perhaps of one manufacturing interest that we
+were trying to develop, that of furnishing presidential timber, but we had to give
+that up, and the factory is in the hands of the repairers today. (Applause.) I think
+that perhaps there is no more important factor in the development of a sentiment
+that means what it says, than such a gathering as this. I notice in the paper that
+I just picked up it is, “Back to the Land”—yes, I am glad that that is the story—for
+it is out of the land that this country has to maintain its position as a nation.</p>
+
+<p>The state that I represent, I am glad to say, recognizes the importance of perhaps
+its only industry, and how much its future was tied up in its development. It
+has had in motion for quite a number of years agencies that are looking forward
+to the betterment of life upon the land and the development of the natural resources,
+the only natural resources perhaps that we have. And I am glad to say that this
+movement had its inception in the hearts and minds of the men who lived upon
+the land in Nebraska. I am also glad to say that the men who lived in the cities,
+the business men, have responded in splendid manner to this idea. My mind runs
+back to that fine pioneer of my state, J. Sterling Morton, and the idea that he had
+in mind, and I want, Mr. President, to impress the thought that you so beautifully
+expressed today, that it is not the giving of more expert ability to exploit the soil,
+but it is the building up within the heart of the man and the boy and the woman
+and the girl who live upon the land a love for the place where they live; to love
+the tree that father planted; to love the home that father built, to love the farm
+that father homesteaded. That is what we want to cultivate. If along with these
+other agencies that we have in motion, we will see to it that this is emphasized in
+our educational system, then we will have a better conception of what real country
+life means. I like to think of my ancestral home, the generations that were born
+and died on the land. I was born on the land and I hope to die on the land. My
+children were born there, and I hope that they will have the same sentiment,
+and be willing and glad to die upon the land. Our state has in motion today—I
+will hurriedly tell you—I do not want to take any more of your time than necessary—I
+will tell you the agencies that we have at work. We have a farmers’ congress;
+we have a conservation congress; we have a rural life commission that was
+authorized by our last legislature, which I consider one of the most potent agencies
+for the betterment of rural conditions in the state of Nebraska; an affiliated agricultural
+society which takes in all the agricultural organizations. Every year our
+state university is their host, and nearly every year we have two thousand representative
+farmers of Nebraska gathered in our capital city to discuss questions pertaining
+to agriculture. Then we also have a conservation soil survey which is
+doing splendid work.</p>
+
+<p>There is one feature to which I want to draw your attention, that I think is
+very important, and that is the question of sanitation upon the farm, sanitation in
+the small town. And this has been taken up by our conservation congress. We have
+different divisions of this congress, and we have splendid men at the head of these
+divisions, who during the year take pains with the particular work that has been
+assigned them, and then each year we meet and hear their reports. We have a lot
+of splendid things that are going forward in our state, and I am sure what we have
+heard today is inspirational, and that we will go home vowed to do better things.
+I do not want to boast, but I just thought as I listened to what every man who has
+spoken for his state had to say, I must tell you this story.</p>
+
+<p>I live on a little farm in eastern Nebraska, which is typical of a large area of
+our state. If I had to go to the commercial fertilizer man and buy the fertilizing
+matter, the lime, the phosphorus, the potash, and nitrogen that are wrapped up in
+the first four feet of the soil that I till it would cost me $7,000 per acre. If I had
+to buy the same kind of fertilizing matter that is wrapped up in the first ten feet
+of the soil that I till, and which my alfalfa fields, when they are planted, supplied, it
+would cost me $28,000 per acre. I feel that we own pretty good land in Nebraska,
+and for that reason we are anxious to take good care of it. (Applause.)</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_286">[286]</span></p>
+
+<h3>REPORT FOR NEW YORK.</h3>
+
+<p class="center"><span class="smcap">By John D. Moore</span>,<br>
+<i>Member State Conservation Commission</i>.</p>
+
+<p>On my arrival in Kansas City this morning a man at the hotel asked me where
+I came from, and I said I came from New York. And he said, “What have you
+fellows got in New York you want to get conserved?” And I said, “We have the
+greatest conservation problem in New York of all the states in the Union.” In the
+first place, we have nine million people, over one-tenth of the population of the United
+States. It is one of our jobs to provide these nine million people with pure water
+to drink. I told him about the great reservoir on which the city of New York alone
+has spent upwards of two millions of dollars in order to bring into New York drinking
+water at the rate of five hundred millions of gallons per day. I told him furthermore
+that in the state of New York there were 32,000,000 acres of land, and of that
+more than one-third wild forest land. I told him, too, that in the public parks of
+New York we had a conservation problem of our own which did not begin three
+years ago, or five or ten years ago, but began forty years ago when Governor Seymour
+appointed a commission in 1872 to investigate the matter of public parks and
+public forests.</p>
+
+<p>Since that time the state of New York has accumulated more than 1,600,000
+acres of the greatest parks in this Union, and of that 1,300,000 acres are in the
+Adirondacks, and in these parks any citizen of New York, or any other state can
+come and hunt and camp as freely as he will. Furthermore, of the timber land of
+that park, which is of priceless value, and a value which has been protected by a
+constitutional amendment adopted in 1894, and not yesterday, or the day before, but
+sixteen or seventeen years ago. This law says that these lands shall neither be
+leased or sold or exchanged nor taken by any person, or by any corporation, and
+the timber thereon shall not be removed, or cut or destroyed. That has placed a
+perpetual safeguard, the like of which exists in no other state in the union. (Applause.)</p>
+
+<p>In the reforestation we have six state nurseries. In these nurseries there are
+at the present time 15,000,000 trees. A man this morning said he did not believe it.
+I told him they were there and he could go and count them. (Laughter.)</p>
+
+<p>Last year we sold to the railroad companies, and to the lumber companies of
+the state of New York approximately two million seedlings, and obtained for the
+state of New York something upward of ten thousand dollars. The state law says
+we must sell those seedlings at cost. We are able to furnish to the lumbermen and
+the railroad interests of New York seedling trees at the rate of less than one-half
+cent apiece. Furthermore, the state has reforested, as an example to her citizens,
+more than 6,000 acres of its own land. Those trees are there, and constitute an object
+lesson to every visitor to the Adirondacks. This afternoon I heard some of
+our friends say what their state was doing for good roads. The state of New
+York has expended within the last five years upwards of $100,000,000 for its state
+roads. (Applause) Of that we have built 10,000 miles of road—not dirt road, or
+earth road, but the finest kind of macadam roads, running from sixteen to twenty-four
+feet in width. We are gridironing New York with a system of highways the
+like of which is not found under the Stars and Stripes. More than that, we are not
+devoting our attention entirely to the development of our land locomotion. We are
+equally strong with water ways.</p>
+
+<p>The Birch canal of the State of New York will be completed within three
+or four years. The state has appropriated money, sold bonds, and got the money
+in the treasury for $101,000,000 of Birch canal improvements in order that you
+Western gentlemen can bring your wheat on boats to the seaboard at the lowest
+possible cost of transportation. (Applause) Furthermore, we have a system of fish
+and game laws which is extremely rigorous and has had a marvelous tendency to
+improve the condition of the wild life of the state. I hold in the State of New
+York, ladies and gentlemen, that we must not look after only our water power and
+our forests; we must look after the wild things that live in the water and forest—the
+fish and the game. (Applause) The deer have been so thoroughly protected
+by our laws that they have increased so that last year in the Adirondacks there
+were killed 16,000 deer. Trappers tell our woodsmen today that never in the history
+of the Adirondacks have so many deer been seen.</p>
+
+<p>This may appear to you strange. It is strange, except when we consider
+that in primitive times before the settlers came with firearms wolves were abundant
+in the Adirondacks and preyed upon the deer. Now there is not, within the
+confines of the State of New York, a single wolf—not one. The present legislature
+has passed a game law which has been in effect since the first of September, and
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_287">[287]</span>we take a fair view of the protection of wild life. We are not confined to the
+protection of game in New York State. We have extended it to every state in
+the Union. The game law says in effect this: That you cannot bring into the
+State of New York and sell in the State of New York a bird or animal which has
+been killed under the American flag. In other words, we have closed to the pot
+hunter and the market hunter, to the slaughterer of game, the richest and the most
+plentiful market which they have enjoyed in the past. We have turned it to good
+account. The law states that they may bring in from foreign countries outside of
+the United States the unplucked carcasses of birds and venison. Incidentally we
+expect to import this year 100 tons of venison, and we have already imported 200,000
+birds, and upon the leg of each the state has fastened a tag, and exacted for the
+tag one nickel. So out of the 2,000,000 birds which the dealers tell us they will
+import this year the State of New York is going to exact the magnificent sum of
+$100,000 and maybe more. This game law should be a lesson to every state in the
+Union. It is not fair for a state to protect its own game and fish and let the state
+be a market for the game of its neighbors.</p>
+
+<p>The State of New York, gentlemen, is more prolific and a more bountiful
+spender in water power and more bountifully supplied with this power than almost
+any other state of the Union. I won’t dispute the figures of our friend from
+California who says there are 5,000,000 horsepower running loose there, but I do
+know that whereas his state has developed 250,000 horsepower, the State of New
+York, outside of the St. Lawrence river and Niagara Falls, which are really international
+waters, and do not come under consideration, my commission has upwards
+of 650,000 horsepower and we know from actual survey which costs hundreds of
+thousands of dollars and has been in progress some eight years, that a million
+horsepower is still going to waste, but that million is to be harnessed and put to
+use, so that the State of New York can get some of the profits which have heretofore
+gone into private coffers.</p>
+
+<h3>REPORT FOR OKLAHOMA.</h3>
+
+<p class="center"><span class="smcap">By Milton Brown.</span></p>
+
+<p>As yet Oklahoma is not conserved in presidents like Ohio. We have conserved
+a lot of fads and vagaries and isms down there, but nevertheless notwithstanding
+all that, Oklahoma for the past two years has got down to a practical standpoint in
+this matter of the conservation of our material resources and a few of the items
+I want to mention in my five minutes are these. First, good roads. We are now
+constructing a road, beginning at the north line of Oklahoma and running almost
+through to the south, across the whole state, to be entirely of macadam. Of course,
+the Automobile Association started the matter in one sense, but yet all the farmers’
+institutes joined in, and the two are now working together. Not only have we
+state aid in that matter, but we have aid in the counties. That is one item of the
+good roads that will make some of these older states ashamed of themselves when
+they come down to Oklahoma and see it. (Applause)</p>
+
+<p>Another proposition is that we have gone into the development of our water
+supply down there for our own consumption, not only for the farmers but for the
+cities, and that, too, without any Federal aid. Some of the older states have been
+aided by donations from the Federal Government, and although millions of dollars
+have been taken from Oklahoma by the sales of lands to the settlers of that state,
+not one penny has been returned to Oklahoma in the way of any particular aid
+in the matter of the conservation of these resources. Yet at the last session of our
+legislature we appropriated $45,000 for the purpose of sinking deep wells in the
+extreme northwestern part of Oklahoma to get down to the underflow water, so
+that we can irrigate the lands out there in the extreme Northwest. They are going
+ahead and now have several of those wells in operation.</p>
+
+<p>Another proposition is that these underground waters in the northwestern part
+of the state are just like the underground water in Nebraska, in Kansas and Colorado;
+they flow along with the country, with the fall of the country from the
+mountain ranges. We enacted a law at the last legislature to encourage any person,
+any firm, any corporation that will come in and put down wells, drains, dams or
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_288">[288]</span>anything of that kind, and encourage them by exempting them from taxation for
+a period of five years. That is having its effect already. Some parties are there
+now engaged in the North Canadian and in the lower Canadian making surveys and
+putting in plants to raise this underground water by a process of gravity underflow
+and bring it out on the surface to spread it over our broad acres.</p>
+
+<p>Also we have a pure water supply for the city, keeping the sewage separate
+and apart. We have laws upon that subject and they are being enforced.</p>
+
+<p>We finally had to go into the Federal Court to have one proposition settled
+down there, so that our swamp lands could be drained under the law passed by
+our state legislature. We had a state drainage law by which they undertook to
+drain some of the lands southeast of Guthrie and Oklahoma City. That entrenched
+upon the railroads, and they set up the howl that the act was unconstitutional, that
+we could not change the bed of the river, that we could not change the flow of
+the water so as to bring our ditches in and drain the swamp lands. But Judge Cotterill
+of the United States Court held that law constitutional, and that big
+drainage ditch has been constructed and the swamp lands there have been reclaimed
+within the last year.</p>
+
+<p>You remember the Arkansas river; if you have ridden along on the Santa Fe
+railroad out in Kansas you have seen it at times when you could walk across it
+dry shod and would not get your feet wet, for the bed was as dry as a bone. And
+yet from Arkansas City south there is more water. Congress passed an act, and
+today they are working on a survey, making the preliminaries up as far as Muskogee,
+and they propose to go on up to Arkansas City, so as to make the bed of
+that river broader and run boats. They have run boats up as far as Arkansas City
+in times past, and they have run to Muskogee in more recent years. Now, they
+are going ahead on that proposition to make the Arkansas navigable as far as
+Arkansas City.</p>
+
+<h3>REPORT FOR OREGON.</h3>
+
+<p class="center"><span class="smcap">By Joseph N. Teal</span>,<br>
+<i>Chairman Oregon State Conservation Committee</i>.</p>
+
+<p>On behalf of the Oregon State Conservation Commission and in response to
+your request, I herewith submit brief report of its work and activities.</p>
+
+<p>The first conservation commission in Oregon was appointed by Honorable
+George E. Chamberlain, Governor of the state, on May 23, 1908. It was a semi-official
+organization and consisted of fifteen members. All funds were secured
+through voluntary subscription.</p>
+
+<p>As the most pressing subject demanding legislation then was the use and
+conservation of water resources, a water code was prepared and submitted to the
+legislature for its consideration and action. The bill was adopted substantially
+as prepared. The act is elastic and practicable. It provides: (1) A simple, inexpensive
+method of determining and fixing rights initiated under earlier statutes;
+(2) a precise and definite procedure for initiating and perfecting new rights, beneficial
+use always being the basis thereof; (3) an elastic administrative board, to
+insure the enforcement of water right decrees and its own decisions.</p>
+
+<p>The cost of administration is borne by those benefited. Water power franchises
+are limited to forty years with a preference right of renewal.</p>
+
+<p>While it was not expected the fees provided for would produce excess revenue,
+the operation of the law has been very satisfactory and more than self-sustaining
+under the intelligent and careful administration of the State Engineer, John H.
+Lewis. The beneficial results following its enactment are conceded and are set
+forth in the official reports of the State Engineer. Since its enactment some minor
+changes have been made respecting practice and procedure, but none as to principle.</p>
+
+<p>We are now engaged in a careful study of its workings in order to recommend
+such further changes as experience may show wise or necessary. That changes will
+be necessary is not to be doubted, but I feel I am safe in saying we have the foundation
+and framework of a water code based on right principles.</p>
+
+<p>The legislature of 1909 also passed an act creating a state conservation commission
+of seven members, to be appointed by the Governor, carrying an appropriation
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_289">[289]</span>of $1,000. Upon the enactment of this measure the original commission discontinued
+its work and Hon. F. W. Benson, then Governor, appointed another commission,
+the membership of which was selected from the original commission.</p>
+
+<p>During the year 1909 the commission offered money prizes to students in the
+various educational institutions of the state covering the following topics: The
+Forests in Oregon; Irrigation Institutions in Oregon; Soils; Dry Land Farming
+in Oregon; Roads in Oregon; Fish in Oregon.</p>
+
+<p>The prizes were awarded and paid according to announcement. The money
+for this purpose, as well as for other uses by the commission, was secured through
+voluntary contributions, no public money being used for this purpose.</p>
+
+<p>In 1909 Mr. C. B. Watson, one of the members of the commission, called the
+attention of the commission to the beauty and grandeur of the Josephine County
+caves and asked that steps be taken to preserve and keep them in their original
+beauty as a national monument. The commission took up the matter with Mr.
+Gifford Pinchot, then Forester of the United States, and on July 12, 1909, the caves
+were, by proclamation of President Taft, duly set apart as a national monument by
+an act approved June 8, 1906, under the name “Oregon Caves.” These caves are
+under the immediate care of the Forest Service, being in a national forest. They
+are of great beauty and will be preserved as a public monument forever.</p>
+
+<p>During the year 1910 the work of educating the public to the necessity of
+action in the protection of our forests from fire and other destructive agencies was
+carried on. In coöperation with other organizations a law was framed to submit
+to the legislature for action. The legislature of 1911 adopted this measure, and it
+was passed with but few amendments, and in connection with the bill an appropriation
+of $60,000 was made.</p>
+
+<p>We submitted to the same legislature a bill for coöperation between the state
+and federal agencies engaged in gathering physical data of the state’s resources
+and in disseminating the information so gathered. This bill carried with it an
+appropriation of $20,000 in addition to the $5,000 provided by the Act of 1905, conditioned
+upon the Federal Government appropriating an equal amount. The legislature
+passed this measure with substantial unanimity.</p>
+
+<p>The commission has prepared and circulated annual reports for the years 1908,
+1909 and 1910; also a special report during the years 1908 and 1910 on the rivers
+and harbors in Oregon, setting forth their needs and requirements for improvement
+and justification therefor. In conjunction with the Forest Service and other associations,
+the commission also aided in the preparation of a pamphlet for general
+distribution on the use of Oregon woods.</p>
+
+<p>The only appropriation the commission has received from the state was the
+one made in 1909 of $1,000.</p>
+
+<p>To insure prosperity to the agriculturist, the tiller of the soil, the producer,
+should be our constant aim. His well-being is the measure of the well-being of
+the country. The commission has therefore undertaken to aid and further better
+agricultural methods throughout the farming sections of the state, particularly in
+the semi-arid regions of eastern Oregon. It is its desire to encourage improved
+methods, wise selection of products, diversity of crops and increased animal productions.
+It is operating in close and sympathetic affiliation with the State Agricultural
+College, the railroads and others taking an active interest in this work. It
+is proposed to offer prizes, employ an expert farmer to live in the particular section
+in question during the coming harvest year, to encourage the holding of
+district fairs, and in every way possible awaken an active interest in better farming
+methods. It seems to us that a more fruitful field for the principles of conservation
+cannot be found. It is practical and shows that conservation is a real vital
+force with a definite object and aim.</p>
+
+<p>It is hoped something can be accomplished toward encouraging the development
+of this industry in the state. One of the members of the commission is
+especially qualified for this task, and he has it in hand.</p>
+
+<p>While Oregon is a great agricultural state, it also has large mineral resources.
+The state, however, has not given the encouragement to this industry that it
+deserves.</p>
+
+<p>The laws for the protection of game birds and other fowl and food fish are constantly
+being improved. A very excellent game commission has been appointed
+with a game warden of national reputation who has the keenest sympathy with
+animal and bird life, who does not believe in extermination, and who will, we
+believe, enforce the law.</p>
+
+<p>It has been suggested that the national resources in the various states, and
+heretofore undisposed of, be turned over to the respective states by the National
+Government. Personally, I do not think this would be the wise course to pursue.
+Those of us—and there are many—who were born and raised in the West understand
+how little regard has been paid in the past to the public interest in the disposition
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_290">[290]</span>of public resources by both state and Nation. We know that it is not
+necessary for the rapid development of the West that every valuable right and
+resource now belonging to the public should irrevocably pass from the public to be
+monopolized by the few. It is my conviction that in every state on the Pacific
+Coast the great mass of the people is in favor of the conservation of the
+public resources in the interest of the people as a whole. I do not believe the
+methods of the past appeal to them. Their face is toward the rising sun. The
+conservation in which they believe is that which secures the greatest, widest and
+wisest use. They believe in equal opportunities now, and, what is of more importance,
+opportunity for their children hereafter. They are not alarmed at national
+conservation where necessary or proper. They realize that many of the public
+resources are the property of the Nation and not that of the state. That there
+must be a wise and sympathetic coördination of purpose and effort. The Nation
+has its duties and functions; the state has its duties and functions; and the individual
+has his. They must all unite in a common cause, under a common banner,
+for the common good. No matter by what name conservation may be called,
+conservation has come to stay. No more will the great resources of this country,
+either public or private, be treated or allowed to be treated as they have been in
+the past. An enlightened public opinion and a growing one will in itself prevent it.
+A much higher standard in viewing this matter now prevails than formerly. Money
+and material prosperity are not everything. Patriotism and good citizenship are
+much more important. We look at things now from a different point of view than
+we did formerly. Those who are primarily responsible for this great movement
+builded more wisely than they knew and their work will endure forever. No one
+need feel in the least discouraged—the old ways are gone forever. All that is
+needed from now on is a wise, prudent, conservative policy, meeting the problems
+as they arise and allowing for the greatest possible use, without unnecessary waste,
+of every resource. The principles are understood. It is in their wise application
+that wholesome results will be secured.</p>
+
+<h3>REPORT FOR PENNSYLVANIA AND PHILADELPHIA.</h3>
+
+<p class="center"><span class="smcap">By Emil Gunther.</span></p>
+
+<p>As a concrete example of what conservation has done, I desire to cite the
+County of Lancaster, which, according to its area, occupies the distinction of being
+the leading county in agricultural wealth in this country. I am also informed that
+the children in the public schools are taught the importance of each planting at
+least two trees each year.</p>
+
+<p>The campaigns inaugurated throughout the states for the conservation of the
+national resources of our country have secured the attention of the whole Nation.
+To some it may seem that the East has looked supinely upon the movement which
+has received the most practical endorsement of the western half of our continent.
+The City of Philadelphia, however, which I have the honor to represent, may
+justly claim to have been a pioneer in questions of conservation, nor is there any
+state more alive to the importance of this matter than the Commonwealth of
+Pennsylvania.</p>
+
+<p>Philadelphia’s place in the history of this movement may not be known to
+all, but it is interesting to note that as early as 1868 there was organized in our
+city a national board of trade largely under the initiative of our local board of
+trade of the Executive Council, of which I have the honor to be a member. That
+this board has taken an early interest in such matters permit me to quote from an
+address lately delivered by Mr. George H. Maxwell at the annual meeting of the
+National Board of Trade.</p>
+
+<blockquote>
+
+<p>“I should like to say for Philadelphia that its local board of trade was
+among the first to recognize by official utterance its deep interest in the question
+of national irrigation. It expressed in its petitions and memorials the view
+that the national control of this important subject was of the deepest interest
+to the whole Nation, independent of locality. It has likewise strongly urged
+upon the National Government the improvement of all navigable rivers and
+harbors, believing that such improvements must inure greatly to the prosperity
+of our whole country and to place our manufacturers and producers in a
+position successfully to compete with foreign trade.”</p>
+
+</blockquote>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_291">[291]</span></p>
+
+<p>It is hardly necessary for me to call to your attention the place which Philadelphia
+holds in the manufacturing world due to its position upon the banks of
+the Delaware and Schuylkill rivers. Nor have these waterways alone been put to
+commercial use; they have also afforded to the inhabitants of Philadelphia opportunities
+of real recreative value.</p>
+
+<p>Philadelphia has recognized that true conservation is to put to proper and
+immediate use those resources which are peculiarly its own. From the days of the
+proprietors large areas have been set aside and improved for the enjoyment of the
+people; under the Fairmount Park Commission has been developed the largest—and
+it would seem to many of us the most beautiful—park of its kind in the world.
+Thirty-five hundred acres abounding in streams and woodlands, with formal gardens
+and wild ravines, are always open to the use of our citizens. There have been
+organized, not only under municipal control but also through the instrumentality of
+private citizens, many associations to conserve those resources which are our
+heritage.</p>
+
+<p>Therefore, it is with pleasure that on behalf of the city of Philadelphia I
+bring to this Congress a word of greeting and assure you that our interest in all
+that pertains to conservation is both practical and sincere.</p>
+
+<h3>ORGANIZATION OF THE CONSERVATION MOVEMENT IN PENNSYLVANIA.</h3>
+
+<p class="center"><span class="smcap">By A. B. Farquhar</span>,<br>
+<i>President of the State Branch of the N. C. A. of Pennsylvania</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Our movement is nowhere a thing of yesterday and least of all in Pennsylvania,
+where work of the highest value for conservation in certain particular directions
+has for a number of years been conducted. Only within three months, however,
+has the cause of conservation in general progressed so far as to have an organization
+especially devoted to it, and it was on the 23d of last June that the Pennsylvania
+state branch of the National Conservation Association was formed in Harrisburg.
+It is of and for that branch that I speak.</p>
+
+<p>The aims and purposes of the branch which I shall first set before you are in
+ten sections, designated by Bishop Darlington, one of the conferees, as “<i>The Ten
+Commandments of Conservation</i>.”</p>
+
+<blockquote>
+
+<p>“1. <i>A Purified Water Supply.</i> Since the physical, mental and moral health
+of our people is the most important of all national resources, and since stream
+pollution by sewage and by factory wastes is a menace to the health as well as
+to the comfort of all citizens, the state should continue and extend its systematic
+investigation of the extent, sources and effects of stream pollution to
+the extreme headwaters of every stream in the commonwealth, where danger
+is often the greatest because least suspected, in order to discover the facts and
+to propose adequate remedial measures. Any further legislation required should
+be promptly enacted into law, under conditions which would continue,
+strengthen and fully enforce the present admirable work of the Department
+of Health, under Dr. Dixon and his assistants.</p>
+
+<p>“2. <i>Forest Fire Protection.</i> The state authorities should have power in
+dry and dangerous seasons to establish, in such localities as need protection,
+efficient patrols for the prevention of forest fires. The expense of such fire-patrol
+service should be assessed upon the forest lands protected thereby.
+Lumbermen should be required, under adequate inspection, to burn or otherwise
+dispose of all inflammable debris, at times and under conditions to be
+prescribed by the State Forestry Reservation Commission. The use of fire
+in or near woodlands in dry and dangerous seasons should be prohibited,
+except under stringent regulation and upon written permit from a responsible
+officer of the forest service or fire patrol; and the governor should have power
+to designate, upon suggestion to that effect from the Commissioner of Forestry,
+periods of peculiar danger within which the carrying of firearms, the carrying
+and use of matches, and the setting of fires for any purpose in public or private
+woodlands, should be forbidden by law.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_292">[292]</span></p>
+
+<p>“3. <i>Just Taxation of Forest Lands.</i> To encourage reforestation and the
+growth of timber on land chiefly valuable for that purpose, timber land which
+the owners are willing to treat upon modern reproductive forest methods should
+be classified separately from other real property, with the levy of a nominal
+annual tax until the trees are cut at the proper stage, under regulation or
+with knowledge of the State Forestry Commissioner, when a higher rate of
+tax should be imposed either per acre or per thousand feet.</p>
+
+<p>“4. <i>Watercourses as a Public Resource.</i> The waters of the state are
+one of its most important assets. They should be systematically mapped and
+considered, and eventually developed and utilized for the equal benefit of all
+citizens. In such development every stream should be considered as a unit,
+from its source to its mouth. Domestic and municipal water-supply should be
+recognized as the highest use, and consideration of the value of the stream
+as a potential source of attracting revenue by reason of its scenic beauty
+and for its educational worth should rank as equal in importance with its
+potential value in respect to navigation and the production of power; and
+preference rights should be recognized and granted in order of the above
+uses in all cases where projects for two or more of these uses conflict. There
+should be every endeavor to combine these various uses in so far as such
+combination may be found practicable. For these ends the coöperation of
+the Federal Government may require to be sought. Existing private rights
+in waters and riparian lands should not be enlarged, except upon conditions
+adequate to insure full public control.</p>
+
+<p>“5. <i>Supervision of Use of Water by Corporations.</i> Private projects for
+water-power development seeking state aid in the form of a corporate franchise
+carrying the right to condemn property, to use land or water rights
+belonging to the public, to obstruct navigable rivers, or otherwise, should be
+subjected to careful consideration and to strict regulation, in order to secure
+prompt, complete and orderly development; efficient service at fair prices and
+on equal terms to all consumers in like conditions; full public information as
+to costs and profits; honest capitalization on the basis of cost; and fair rentals
+for public property used within the franchises granted. No water-power
+franchises or privileges should be granted for a longer period than from
+thirty to fifty years, with a provision for a readjustment of the compensation
+or terms at least each ten years, and any assignment of the right or privilege
+should require the approval of the proper state authorities to be legal.</p>
+
+<p>“6. <i>Wild Life in the Forest and Stream.</i> A prompt recognition of the
+remaining wild life in the forest and in the stream as a valuable natural resource
+is desirable, through uniform game laws for its effective protection,
+and the present game laws of Pennsylvania should be revised and extended
+as required to properly protect such wild life for its beneficient value to the
+state.</p>
+
+<p>“7. <i>Economy of Mineral Resources.</i> Mining is the most important industry
+of Pennsylvania. It is now accompanied by a culpable waste of human life
+and of minerals, especially coal. There should be promptly applied preventive
+measures reducing materially the loss of life through mine accidents, and
+requiring careful economy in the exploitation of our remaining mineral wealth.
+The state should take the position that, in respect to these unreplaceable natural
+resources, the temporary owner of the land has no right so to treat his property
+as to work injury to all.</p>
+
+<p>“8. <i>Agricultural Resources.</i> Since cultivated land is the foundation of the
+Nation’s prosperity, the proper use and continued improvement of the
+soil should everywhere receive especial care; and in order that agricultural
+and horticultural products may reach the best markets with the least loss of
+time and at the least expense, we most heartily favor the present policy of
+Pennsylvania in the development of improved highways, and urge their rapid
+and efficient extension, with due economy and under capable and expert
+engineering supervision.</p>
+
+<p>“9. <i>The Value of Natural Scenery.</i> We hold that the beauty of the land
+is one of the main sources of that love of country which is at the very basis
+of patriotism, and that natural scenery is an economic asset of great value
+yet unconsidered and undeveloped. With the rapid disappearance of the great
+primeval forest which once covered two-thirds of the area of the state; with
+the mutilation of wide areas in the careless abstraction of mineral wealth;
+with the pollution and restriction of streams for private benefit, and the laying
+waste of areas of arable lands through preventable floods, this great and
+potentially valuable resource is being constantly and ruthlessly destroyed. We
+insist that it should be considered as of great economic importance, and we
+point, in support of this attitude, to the scenic travel income of many millions
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_293">[293]</span>of dollars contributed each year to Europe by Americans, who leave at home,
+unnoted and in process of destruction, many natural scenic advantages of at
+least equal merit.</p>
+
+<p>“We further assert that it is not only in the interest of the state to foster
+and encourage the provision of adequate breathing places and playgrounds
+for the relief of our congested population, but that it is equally important that
+the state shall open and adequately maintain in suitable forest reserves public
+camping-grounds, available especially to those of our population who cannot
+otherwise obtain access to the restorative and uplifting influences of an intimate
+association with Nature. We insist that it is the part of wisdom for the
+state to intelligently promote public parks in all their forms—municipal, county
+and state—in order that every citizen may have easy opportunity to receive
+the material and definite benefits attendant upon their proper use.</p>
+
+<p>“10. <i>Education in Conservation.</i> In order that the rising generation may
+know of the actual basis of the prosperity of the state which makes life here
+possible, and of its rapid and serious depletion through senseless and unconsidered
+waste, we urge that an accurate statement of the remaining natural
+resources of the state be prepared in such form as to make it available for
+public school instruction. We favor all proper methods of inculcating in the
+youth of the state that care for its prosperity which alone can prevent the
+state from becoming a barren waste, resembling like areas in foreign lands
+in which selfishness, neglect and ignorance have accomplished their destructive
+work.”</p>
+
+</blockquote>
+
+<p>It is not claimed that our “ten commandments” cover the whole of the moral
+law, on our subject, although the endeavor was to include in them the points that
+most urgently needed attention in the campaign for conservation in Pennsylvania.
+The principles as stated in the development of a “commandment” are often of
+a wider generality than as set forth in the heading; in the opening sentence, for
+example, to which attention will be called further on, and in the third paragraph
+also, where the principle of encouraging the care of forests appears in the text,
+while the heading alludes only to forest taxation. Care for the forests is itself
+but a special application of the still broader principle of saving where we are
+now wasting, of which this national association is the great exponent.</p>
+
+<p>The civilized man, as President Roosevelt reminded us, looks beyond present
+needs and provides for those to come. He seeks to leave his children, who will
+be in a few years all that is left to represent him, as good a patrimony as he
+received from his forefathers. He would provide for the greatest good to the
+greatest number for the longest time. He therefore necessarily interests himself
+in the conservation of natural resources. For conservation does not mean, as has
+been too hastily inferred, locking up something valuable so that it will be of no
+service to anybody; it means using and safeguarding the resources of ourselves and
+posterity in the way that will best serve both. It means use without waste.</p>
+
+<p>That there has been waste, and shameful waste, of natural resources no
+rational man will deny. It is an abuse of many centuries standing, as witness
+Persia, The Euphrates valley, Syria, and much of Asia Minor, and the once fertile
+valleys of China, where the sites of a teeming population are now deserts. When
+the forests disappear, the water no longer remains in the soil; there is alternation
+of dry stream-bed, and flood-torrent carrying away the soil itself. Vegetation,
+requiring a steady water supply, can no longer exist; and man cannot outlive vegetation.
+This may be the history of the destroyed woodlands of Pennsylvania.
+The disappearance of trout streams has been but a symptom; the real evil is the
+sacrifice of our woodland, of which all belonging to our state were until a generation
+ago sold without discrimination at twenty-seven cents an acre. The same
+land, denuded of timber, the state is now buying back, though at a much higher
+price, and endeavoring to reforest it. A million acres have already been so purchased,
+and it is hoped that the replanting will proceed rapidly and uninterruptedly
+so that our children’s heritage may yet be saved for them.</p>
+
+<p>The preservation of our woodlands, it has already been admitted, is only
+one way of stopping waste. There is the waste of war, of recovery from war
+as counted in our annual pension roll, and of preparation for war for which
+we are now paying, in these years of profound peace, more than three hundred
+millions annually. The most terrible of all wastes, doubtless, is that of disease,
+especially when we include with it the Nation’s drink bill, of which the first cost
+of the liquor, huge though that is the country over, is the smaller part; the
+greater, all a dead waste, being the impairment of physical, mental and moral vigor
+and of productive capacity to which that baleful appetite leads, and the cost of
+the crimes of which it is the constant cause. We should no less include the costs
+in money and in deterioration of body, mind and soul, that are incurred by disregard
+or defiance of sex-hygiene. To these two points, particularly the last, the
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_294">[294]</span>tenth of our Pennsylvania Conservation Commandments, on “Education in Conservation,”
+particularly applies. On nothing, not even “the remaining natural resources”
+of our commonwealth, is it more vitally necessary that education should
+lay stress than the conditions of bodily and moral health. Conservation of human
+life is the most important element in the conservation problem, for without man
+everything else would be valueless.</p>
+
+<p>The public health is most evidently a public concern, and its furtherance has
+now become, by general consent, a recognized part of the duties of government.
+For a generation and more, a board of health has been one of the most important
+branches of our city government; county health boards are now found to be
+requisite for similar reasons; the services of state boards, bureaus or departments
+of health, are coming more and more in demand; and there is by this time an
+imperative call for a national bureau or department with similar functions and
+wider authority. That is a call that cannot long be resisted. The several agencies
+now under federal control, among which its care for health has heretofore been
+scattered—those pertaining to the army, the navy, the revenue marine service,
+and the “pure food” office of the Agricultural Department—have severally done
+some very good work, despite their limited separate responsibility; and their work
+could not but be more effective for good if brought all under one direction, and
+granted appropriations correspondingly ample. There would be the same increase
+in efficiency through combination, that has so often been noted in consolidations
+of railways, combinations of industries, forming a federal army out of promiscuous
+state militias, and welding a bunch of geological “surveys” into a well-disciplined,
+compact bureau. It is a reform demanded by the interests of sound government,
+and by the people’s needs: and it must come.</p>
+
+<p>Testimony to the good work that can be done in a few years by the Health
+Department of our state, I am enabled to give by the favor of a highly capable
+member of that department in Harrisburg, Chief Medical Inspector Royer, as
+follows:</p>
+
+<p>In the creation of the Department of Health of this commonwealth and in
+the very liberal provision of funds for its organization and maintenance, Pennsylvania
+took her first great step forward in the conservation of human life.</p>
+
+<p>The bill which when enacted created the Department of Health of Pennsylvania
+was drawn by Dr. Charles B. Penrose of the University of Pennsylvania,
+and carried with it an appropriation of $400,000 for its organization and maintenance
+and $50,000 for emergency work. The governor was slow to make his
+selection of the commissioner, Dr. Dixon, who was appointed in June, 1904, during
+an epidemic of smallpox. The emergency work was carried on with the organization
+which was completed January 1, 1906, when the work assumed its great
+systematic battle against disease. This police department had to be handled with
+exceeding care, as the people in our representative form of government had not
+been used to the observation of health laws.</p>
+
+<p>So rapidly did the work grow that the 1907 legislature appropriated $1,000,000
+for general health work and $1,000,000 for the purpose of organizing a campaign
+against tuberculosis, $600,000 of which was specifically set aside for state
+sanatoria and $400,000 for dispensaries and additional work.</p>
+
+<p>The commissioner was permitted to take over the small tuberculosis camp
+already organized by the Forestry Department, and he almost immediately enlarged
+it by the addition of tents to accommodate more than one hundred additional
+patients and at once planned a great sanatorium to be built on the site
+near Mont Alto.</p>
+
+<p>The legislature of 1909 repeated the appropriation of $1,000,000 for general
+health work, including sanitary engineering, and gave the unprecedented sum of
+$2,000,000 for extending the tuberculosis campaign, both by increased facilities
+offered through the dispensaries already organized and by further extension of
+state sanatoria.</p>
+
+<p>The legislature of 1911 still further increased the appropriations for the
+department so that a total of $3,701,360 was provided for furthering public health
+work, including $2,653,248 for fighting tuberculosis.</p>
+
+<p>In the first organization of the Department of Health a broad and liberal
+educational campaign was started, on a comprehensive plan through seven important
+executive divisions and two auxiliary divisions, whose chiefs reported directly
+to the central authority, the Commissioner of Health. In a very short time the
+vital statistics of this commonwealth were so thoroughly gathered that the census
+office included the state in the “registration area.”</p>
+
+<p>The division of medical inspection, in a comprehensive way, covered all the
+quarantinable diseases in the second-class townships of the commonwealth, the
+reports being gathered from the health officers in the 720 sanitary districts under
+the general supervision of sixty-six county medical inspectors. By these officers
+quarantining and disinfecting is performed.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_295">[295]</span></p>
+
+<p>The division of sanitary engineering, through seven subdivisions, undertook
+the important work of protecting the stream from pollution and the supervision
+of the plans for water works and sewerage works.</p>
+
+<p>The sanatorium division took charge of operating the hospitals.</p>
+
+<p>A dispensary division with 115 dispensaries, one in each large center of population,
+rendered great assistance to the indigent poor afflicted with tuberculosis,
+and supervised the work done by a corps of 110 nurses.</p>
+
+<p>The division of distribution of biological products had the disposition of
+diphtheria antitoxin from 650 distributing stations and of tetanus antitoxin from
+sixty-seven.</p>
+
+<p>The auxiliary division of accounting, auditing and purchasing looked out for
+important business and office details.</p>
+
+<p>A division of supplies arranged for prompt distribution of everything needed
+for record work and field work and through each of these important divisions
+forwarded daily, weekly and monthly reports to the commissioner’s office, a record
+of its work and accomplishment. All of which was transmitted to the public by
+means of monthly bulletins, weekly newspaper talks, and oral addresses. Educational
+leaflets showing the methods of prevention of all of the different diseases
+were distributed in large numbers throughout the commonwealth, and a scheme
+of education was organized, giving to the public through some 900 newspapers
+all of the facts gleaned by careful study.</p>
+
+<p>A traveling tuberculosis and sanitary exhibit is sent to all the large centers
+of population throughout the state, papers are prepared and read before scientific
+societies, charitable organizations, boards of trade, civic clubs, teachers’ institutes
+and the various bodies interested in saving human life. Lantern slides are furnished
+ministers and educators to promote the public health interest, and not only
+does the state do this important educational work, but through its dispensaries
+a very important sociological work is carried on, which not only protects those
+in their homes against tuberculosis and secures much needed charitable aid, but
+assists in protecting against every disease due to unsanitary conditions.</p>
+
+<p>The department is preparing to comply with the new school code and make
+medical inspection of all school children in districts of the fourth class. This one
+agency must have a far-reaching influence in conserving health.</p>
+
+<p>Quoting from a recent published report of the department, a few of the
+things that have been accomplished may thus be referred to:</p>
+
+<blockquote>
+
+<p>From June 1, 1907, to August 1, 1911, 5,819 patients have been admitted
+to the State Sanatorium for Tuberculosis at Mont Alto. Many of these patients
+have been discharged with the disease arrested; hundreds have been benefited
+and have gone back to their homes disciples of fresh air and right methods
+of living; many more whose cases were too far advanced to hope for much
+aid have been made comfortable and happy and provided with a good home
+where they would not be a source of danger to others.</p>
+
+<p>From July 22, 1907, when the first dispensary was opened, to June 30,
+1911, 41,792 poor tuberculosis sufferers received skilled medical aid and the
+attention of trained nurses which the department’s 115 dispensaries provide.</p>
+
+<p>The death rate from tuberculosis in Pennsylvania had fallen from 134
+to 119.6 per one hundred thousand of population in five years, this meaning
+a saving of one thousand lives annually.</p>
+
+<p>From October, 1905, when the state began its free distribution of diphtheria
+antitoxin among the poor, to the end of December, 1910, 27,318 cases
+of diphtheria, mostly little children, were treated for cure, with diphtheria
+antitoxin. We know by statistics that without antitoxin forty-two out of every
+100 of these children, or 11,476 in all, would probably have died; but with
+the aid of antitoxin furnished by the department, only 2,324 died, and the
+death rate among these little sufferers was reduced to eight and five-tenths
+per cent. Diphtheria antitoxin was given for immunizing purposes to 20,294
+cases. The computed saving of child life resulting from the free distribution of
+antitoxin since 1905 is 9,152.</p>
+
+<p>Throughout Pennsylvania the streams are slowly becoming freed of pollution:
+not so slowly either, when records show that up to August 1, 1911, 34,481
+private sources of stream pollution have been abated upon notice from the
+department, not to speak of the thousands more that have been stopped through
+the moral influence of this work. Eighty-nine modern sewage disposal plants
+either have been built or are in process of construction as approved by the
+department. Two hundred and eighty-four municipalities and private sewerage
+corporations are building comprehensive sewerage systems in accordance
+with plans for such work, details of which must be approved by the department.
+Already eighty-six modern filtration plants have been approved and
+begun accordingly.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_296">[296]</span></p>
+
+<p>And what of typhoid fever in view of all this work for pure water? In
+1906, 56.5 out of every 100,000 people died from this disease; in 1907, 50.3;
+in 1908, 34.4; in 1909, 23.4, and in 1910, 25.7. That is, there are now living
+2,448 inhabitants of Pennsylvania who, had the death rate of 1906 prevailed
+in 1910, would have died from typhoid fever.</p>
+
+<p>In 1906 the death rate from all causes, per 1000 population, was 16.5; in
+1908, it had dropped to 15.7; and in 1910 to 15.6. At first glance this saving
+of life may not seem a remarkable diminution, but with Pennsylvania’s 7,655,000
+population, is a great gain. This appears when one figures precisely
+what this slight numerical drop means in the actual saving of lives. Had
+the rate of 1906 prevailed in 1908, some 6,000 more people would have died
+than actually succumbed. Had this same rate applied in 1910 instead of the
+decreased rate recorded by the Department of Health, just 6,889 men, women
+and children now living and presumably in average health and spirits would
+have died. In other words, these matter-or-fact statistics, when interpreted
+in their real relation to the welfare and happiness of the state, mean the saving
+to the state of 20,000 lives in three years.</p>
+
+<p>And the fight is only fairly well begun.</p>
+
+</blockquote>
+
+<p>In the semi-official summary I have just read, the subject of “a purified water
+supply” was treated in a single paragraph, as a subordinate part of the general
+work of the State Health Department for the conservation of human life. If
+an apology is due for what appears a straying from my main topic, the declaration
+of purposes of the Pennsylvania state branch, I am ready to make the apology;
+but I cannot believe any excuse is needed for giving to conservation of life and
+health an importance far ahead of all other conservation.</p>
+
+<p>The curse of forest fires still hangs over us, and prohibits the planting of
+vast areas which should be growing timber. It is comforting that these fires are
+less destructive than formerly, but it is nevertheless a disgrace to our civilization,
+or lack of civilization, that they must occur at all. Education of our people and
+condign punishment of those whose carelessness or malice causes them will eventually
+make these annual holocausts a thing of the past. To this end liberal appropriations
+should be made by the state, rewards or prizes being offered to those
+who prove most efficient in checking fires.</p>
+
+<p>Nothing is more vital to forestry than the total suppression of these fires. No
+attempt need be made to replant vast treeless areas, or no expense incurred in
+protecting the young growth upon them until the fires are prevented. In the
+year 1908 the cash value of timber destroyed by forest fires in New York was
+estimated at $780,164. For the same period in Pennsylvania the estimate was
+$688,980. The loss of humus and general forest litter was even more serious
+than the loss of timber because of wasted fertility and increase of surface wash
+during heavy rains. Each successive fire leaves the ground more exposed and
+less productive, the end of which is a desert condition. It is safe to say that
+at this hour our state has thousands of square miles which are unproductive because
+of forest fires. A radical change of policy in this matter is needed. Attention
+should be given to prevention rather than to suppression of the forest fires, and
+sufficient force and funds provided to accomplish this end, which is essential to
+the continued prosperity of the state.</p>
+
+<p>Taxation of forest lands under our present system leads the state to impoverish
+itself, by premature destruction of its timber resources, and the industries
+depending upon them, and by increasing the areas of stripped lands, which, because
+of their unprotected condition, become year by year less and less fit for agriculture
+when an increasing population requires their occupation for home and farm sites.
+The law wisely requires that our engineers, physicians and lawyers shall have
+received proper training before entering upon duties intimately associated with the
+welfare and safety of others. It is to be regretted that prospective legislators
+and commissioners cannot be required to show some fitness for the work expected
+from them, before coming before the people as candidates.</p>
+
+<p>It is notorious that the taxes imposed lead to the destruction of growing
+trees which are each year earning their right to stand by the benefit they confer
+upon the public. The only exclusive privilege which the owner enjoys from them
+is that of paying taxes for a seldom-accorded protection against fire, and depredation.</p>
+
+<p>Timber should be taxed only when cut and then at a rate per thousand feet
+proportionate to the income received from it, but sufficient to make good, in a
+measure, the loss of tax during the growing period. This conclusion seems to
+have been reached by every disinterested person who has fairly considered the
+problem in all of its aspects. Bills leading to such a system of taxation have been
+defeated in the last three sessions of our legislature, but that is not the last of
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_297">[297]</span>them, for the ultimate adoption of a proper system of forest taxation is beyond
+question. Pennsylvania has done and is doing too much in behalf of forest-growing,
+to hesitate at an expedient so necessary and so simple.</p>
+
+<p>The state has practically a million of acres, distributed over twenty-six counties,
+in its forest reserve system. There are two admirable schools of forestry, one of
+which is intended solely to prepare men for the forest service of the state.</p>
+
+<p>Three extensive nurseries produce seedling forest trees for planting on the
+state’s land and for distribution to our citizens at nominal cost, on assurance
+that they will be properly planted and cared for. In 1909 there were set out in
+permanent position 750,318 young trees, mostly on abandoned farms which had
+come, by purchase, into the possession of the commonwealth. We are rapidly
+increasing the output of these nurseries and expect at an early date to plant at
+least ten to twenty million trees annually. We are fortunate in having no laws
+which prevent scientific forestry. A tree, or a forest, may be cut when it is in
+the interest of the state to do so.</p>
+
+<p>Water courses as a source of power are considered apart from water supply
+for domestic purposes, the latter being, in Pennsylvania, mainly controlled by the
+Department of Health.</p>
+
+<p>Many water powers were purchased or seized, by those who anticipated their
+value, under our earlier lax laws, before their importance was generally recognized.
+They have thus passed too far out of state control to be available under
+existing laws as a source of public revenue. But in constituting the Water Power
+Commission it was provided that future letters patent “will not be issued to any
+water, or water-power company, nor will any such company be allowed to merge
+and consolidate, or to purchase the property and franchise of any other such
+company until the application for the charter, or the agreement of merger and
+consolidation, or the purchase and sale has been first submitted to and received
+the approval of a majority of the commission. Nor will any person, corporation
+or municipality be allowed to construct, erect or build any dam or other obstruction
+in any river or stream without the approval of the commission.” No franchise
+whatever in the interest of any individual or corporation, should be granted
+without adequate compensation to the state, nor should any obstruction be allowed
+place in any navigable stream unless locks of liberal size are provided for passing
+it. In the near future every important river in the state will probably be converted
+into a lake system capable of dead water navigation up to head waters, as an
+accompaniment of the dams erected for power purposes.</p>
+
+<p>Better protection of wild life in forest and stream can readily be provided
+by taxing, as is the usage in most of the states, those who enjoy the privilege
+of hunting and fishing. A license fee of one dollar a year from each sportsman
+would pay for a much more efficient system of forest and stream protection than
+we have ever had. This would exempt those who have no interest in the sport
+and place the slight burden where it belongs, upon those who hunt and fish.</p>
+
+<p>Conservation means use without waste, and is sound doctrine whether our
+mineral resources are to last for fifty, or for five thousand years. That there has
+been waste, not all unavoidable, is attested by the constant endeavor of our best
+mining engineers to discover more economical methods.</p>
+
+<p>It is gratifying to be assured that their investigations have borne fruit, and
+that the loss of good coal in anthracite mining has within recent years been reduced
+so that “at present the recovery will average about sixty per cent and loss
+about forty per cent.” Not long ago these proportions were exactly reversed.</p>
+
+<p>The numbers annually killed and crippled by serious injuries among the coal
+miners of this state are still appalling. The annual report of the department of
+Mines in Pennsylvania for 1909 says:</p>
+
+<blockquote>
+
+<p>“In producing the output for the year 567 persons were killed in the
+anthracite region and 1034 were injured. In the bituminous region 506 were
+killed and 1126 were injured.”</p>
+
+</blockquote>
+
+<p>From the same report we learn that these casualties, though exceeding the
+dead and wounded in many famous battles, are yet slightly less per million tons
+mined than were suffered the same year in the deep collieries of England; but the
+difference is hardly enough to bring us much comfort.</p>
+
+<p>In mining, as in every other industry, we may look to education as a most
+hopeful factor in reducing the number of accidents. Christian sympathy is another
+factor; to that we owe it that children under fourteen years of age are by law
+excluded as laborers from our mines. We must love our brother even when
+begrimed with coal dust.</p>
+
+<p>The ease with which land could at first be obtained in Pennsylvania led to
+neglect of conservative principles in agriculture. It was cheaper, for a time, to
+abandon a worn-out farm than to restore it to a productive condition. The result
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_298">[298]</span>is seen in thousands of acres of barren, neglected hillsides. The average production
+per acre in Pennsylvania was, twenty years ago, so much below the possibilities
+as to be discreditable to the commonwealth.</p>
+
+<p>This negligence is fast giving way to more modern methods, and the yield
+of our acres is on a rapid ascent. The struggle for existence has no doubt contributed
+somewhat to this, though education through the agency of improved
+schools, of the Grange, farmers’ clubs and institutes, and more easy access to
+markets have been more potent. The former isolation of the farmer was against
+him. His land hunger kept him from seeing that there was more money in fifty
+acres of well-tilled land than in one hundred acres of starved soil. Experience is
+bringing wisdom to him, and to the rest of us. We must have better roads, more
+improved machinery, more social intercourse and more fertilization of the soil, to
+keep the lad on the farm and to bring our yield per acre up to that of England
+and Belgium.</p>
+
+<p>The Water Gap of the Delaware River, the Horse Shoe Curve in the Alleghanies,
+the Blue Ridge near the Mason and Dixon line, the environs of Mauch
+Chunk, are admired every year by thousands, a very large proportion of whom
+live outside the limits of our state. Pennsylvania values these scenic attractions
+as sources of revenue to railroads and resort keepers. It is a pity, but it is true,
+that our people have not yet awakened to the educational and uplifting influences
+of the beauties of our river and mountain scenery. We lack the inborn love for
+the landscape that characterizes the dweller on the heaths of Scotland, or under
+the shadow of the Alps, and in so far we fail to attach their just value to some
+of the noblest and most precious possessions of our state. These possessions
+should be zealously protected before they are hopelessly ruined, or given over to
+less important uses.</p>
+
+<p>The gospel of fresh air, for the physical salvation of the people is sweeping
+the land. “It is cheaper, wiser, and more humane to prevent disease than to cure it.”
+Within recent years, largely by the efforts of the secretary of our state conservation
+branch, it has become possible for a municipality to own and care for parks,
+which may become not only beauty-spots, but outing-grounds, and lumber-producers
+as well. It is hard to limit the possibilities of such a law, for good, and it is in
+the direction of public desires.</p>
+
+<p>Education in conservation means education in citizenship. Every child not
+only should know, but is entitled to know, what our national resources are and
+how they may be preserved. He is a partner in ownership of this stock in trade,
+out of which his living is to come. He should have full access to the inventory,
+and should know how long it will last, where it may be distributed to best advantage,
+and where the next supply is to come from. This is even more important
+to him and to the country than all involved in allegiance to any particular political
+party. It would be well for every family to have a copy of “The Land We Live
+In,” a new book by Overton W. Price, vice-president of the National Conservation
+Association, published by Small, Maynard &amp; Co., of Boston. It was written especially
+for boys, but contains a vast fund of valuable information compiled in an
+attractive form which would interest everyone. The natural laws upon which our
+continued productive capacity depends should be taught in every school and to
+every pupil; for violation of those laws brings punishment which is as certain as
+it is bitter.</p>
+
+<p>This commentary on the Pennsylvania statement of purposes, or “ten commandments,”
+has called for some condensation, for the amount that might be said,
+and well said, on each of these points could be indefinitely extended. It is largely
+the work of Dr. Rothrock, one of my colleagues, a veteran in the conservation
+cause. I think it may be an encouragement to this Congress to have a clear and
+full statement of the work in furtherance of its aims, now done or undertaken in
+our state; and, without making or suggesting a comparison with the achievements
+of any other state, I may add that Pennsylvania is not ashamed of the beginning
+it has made.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_299">[299]</span></p>
+
+<h3>REPORT FOR SOUTH CAROLINA.</h3>
+
+<p class="center"><span class="smcap">By Dr. M. W. Twitchell.</span></p>
+
+<p>I shall carry out the advice given to the speaker of experience who has told
+us to say our best things first and then stop. I have only a few
+things to say. I represent a state quite a little distance from the state of Missouri.
+I came as the representative of the Governor of South Carolina, as a member of
+the conservation commission, and just want to say one or two of the things which
+South Carolina is doing to help on the cause of conservation. First, in regard to
+the conservation of human life, and the prevention of disease. There is one thing
+just being done down there which is new in this respect; that we have a pure food
+commission which is doing something, in that it is inspecting the food products
+which are coming into the State of South Carolina, particularly the corn products.
+We are confiscating diseased corn, taking possession of it, and insisting upon that
+the corn products which are brought into South Carolina shall be pure and healthful.</p>
+
+<p>Another thing which we are doing is in regard to the drainage of our swamp
+lands. Today we heard of the importance of this movement with regard to the
+swamp lands of the Mississippi valley. We have swamp lands, as you know,
+along the Atlantic coast, thousands of acres of them, and we want them made
+available for cultivation. They will then be amongst the richest lands of our
+country, and we are actually going at it. We find that we cannot afford to wait
+for national aid of a direct type, so we are organizing drainage districts under a
+state law, which permits organization of districts, coöperating with the
+government, and actually draining certain portions of the swamp lands. So
+far we have had three drainage districts organized, and over two thousand acres
+of land in one district, and about three thousand acres in another have already
+been drained by this new method under a swamp land drainage law. We are going
+ahead along that line, and in the future you will hear of many thousands of acres
+of this swamp land that will be made garden spots, truck lands, similar to those
+that we already have in the vicinity of Charleston. Just a word in regard to the
+conservation of the soil. We have no law, there is no special state move
+in this respect, but the State of South Carolina produced last year 1,200,000 tons
+of commercial fertilizer, and the largest part of that immense product was used
+within the state of South Carolina itself. Now, that is conserving the soil. That
+is doing the thing that many of the people of the West will have to come to in
+view of the lost fertility by rotation of crops upon the same land year after year.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_300">[300]</span></p>
+
+<p>Just a final word in regard to the work in the improvement of rural life conditions.
+The State of South Carolina is a leader in that we have appointed a state
+inspector of rural schools. He is an educational engineer and travels all over
+the state. He visits rural school after rural school. He studies the conditions
+there, and he makes reports to the state board of education, and conditions are
+improved, and the state has made appropriations for the aid of these rural schools
+as the educational engineer reports along these lines. We are interested in the
+conservation movement. We think it is a grand movement for the benefit not only
+of the present day, but of the generations to come. I thank you. (Applause)</p>
+
+<div class="chapter">
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_301">[301]</span></p>
+
+<h2 class="nobreak" id="NATIONAL_ORGANIZATIONS">NATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS<br>
+REPRESENTED AT THE<br>
+THIRD NATIONAL CONSERVATION CONGRESS.</h2>
+
+</div>
+
+<ul>
+  <li>National Conservation Association.</li>
+  <li>National Business League.</li>
+  <li>National Dairy Union.</li>
+  <li>National Implement and Vehicle Association.</li>
+  <li>National Association of American Chemical Societies.</li>
+  <li>National Rivers and Harbors Congress.</li>
+  <li>American Society of Engineering Draftsmen.</li>
+  <li>American Sunday School Association.</li>
+  <li>General Federation of Women’s Clubs.</li>
+  <li>American Economic Association.</li>
+  <li>National Rivers and Lakes Commission.</li>
+  <li>American Chemical Society.</li>
+  <li>National Fire Protective Association.</li>
+  <li>American Association State Geological Department.</li>
+  <li>National Farmers’ Institute.</li>
+  <li>Concatenated Order of Hoo-Hoo.</li>
+  <li>National Council of Women.</li>
+  <li>American Poultry Association.</li>
+  <li>National Association Audubon Societies.</li>
+  <li>American Bison Society.</li>
+  <li>American Society Civil Engineers.</li>
+  <li>American Society II. and V. Engineers.</li>
+  <li>League of American Sportsmen.</li>
+  <li>American Shorthorn Association.</li>
+  <li>Women’s National Rivers and Harbors Congress.</li>
+  <li>National Nut Growers’ Association.</li>
+  <li>Farmers’ National Congress.</li>
+  <li>Society for Promoting Engineering Education.</li>
+  <li>American Pomological Society.</li>
+  <li>Collegiate Alumni Association.</li>
+  <li>American Railway Engineers’ Association.</li>
+  <li>American Society of Mechanical Engineers.</li>
+  <li>National Columbian Wyandotte Club.</li>
+  <li>American Association of Refrigeration.</li>
+  <li>National Irrigation Congress.</li>
+  <li>National Educational Association.</li>
+  <li>National Association Daughters American Revolution.</li>
+  <li><span class="pagenum" id="Page_302">[302]</span>National Brotherhood Locomotive Firemen and Engineers.</li>
+  <li>North American Fish and Game Association.</li>
+  <li>American Mining Congress.</li>
+  <li>International Dry Farming Congress.</li>
+  <li>National Mothers’ Congress.</li>
+  <li>American Medical Association.</li>
+  <li>United States Department of Agriculture.</li>
+  <li>United States Weather Bureau.</li>
+  <li>United States Forestry Service.</li>
+  <li>American Association for the Advancement of Science.</li>
+  <li>National Fertilizer Association.</li>
+  <li>National Soil Fertility League.</li>
+  <li>National Irrigation Congress.</li>
+  <li>American Civic Association.</li>
+  <li>National Municipal League.</li>
+  <li>National Humane Society.</li>
+  <li>Society of American Florists.</li>
+  <li>American Carnation Society.</li>
+  <li>American Institute of Electrical Engineering.</li>
+  <li>Cattle Raisers’ Association.</li>
+  <li>United Daughters of the Confederacy.</li>
+  <li>American Academy of Political and Social Science.</li>
+  <li>National Association of Manufacturers.</li>
+  <li>American Society for Testing Materials.</li>
+  <li>National Partridge and Wyandotte Club.</li>
+  <li>National Board of Fire Underwriters.</li>
+  <li>American Society of Refining Engineers.</li>
+  <li>American Electrochemical Society.</li>
+  <li>American Waterworks Association.</li>
+  <li>American Hereford Cattle Breeders’ Association.</li>
+  <li>German-American Alliance.</li>
+  <li>Russian Government Agricultural Commission.</li>
+  <li>National Wholesale Lumber Dealers’ Association.</li>
+  <li>National Lumber Manufacturers’ Association.</li>
+  <li>Lakes-to-the-Gulf Deep Waterways Association.</li>
+  <li>National Shell Fish Association.</li>
+  <li>National Garment Manufacturers’ Association.</li>
+  <li>National Dealers’ Association.</li>
+  <li>National Fertilizers’ Association.</li>
+</ul>
+
+<div class="chapter">
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_303">[303]</span></p>
+
+<h2 class="nobreak" id="LIST_OF_REGISTERED_DELEGATES">LIST OF REGISTERED DELEGATES<br>
+TO<br>
+THIRD NATIONAL CONSERVATION CONGRESS.</h2>
+
+</div>
+
+<table>
+  <tr>
+    <th colspan="2"><i>Alabama.</i></th>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>LeFevre, E. R.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Gadsden</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Miller, J. M.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Cordova</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Rushton, W. J.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Birmingham</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <th colspan="2"><i>Arizona.</i></th>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Foote, Geo. A.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Safford</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Fowler, B. A.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Phoenix</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <th colspan="2"><i>Arkansas.</i></th>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Brusee, Geo.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Decatur</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Cook, Geo. B.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Little Rock</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Dotson, J. Alfred</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Rogers</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Higinbotham, Mrs. H. G.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Pine Bluff</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Lewis, F. W.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Mena</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Morris, Mrs. C. D.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Rogers</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Plank, E. N.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Decatur</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Spaulding, H. G.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Fort Smith</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Stroud, J. W.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Rogers</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Toland, H. L.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Ashdown</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <th colspan="2"><i>California.</i></th>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Baumgartner, J. P.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Santa Ana</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Beard, W. M.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Sacramento</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Glavis, Louis R.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">San Francisco</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Simons, D. P.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Los Gatos</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Turner, J. A.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Santa Ana</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <th colspan="2"><i>Canada.</i></th>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Armstrong, L. O.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Montreal</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <th colspan="2"><i>Colorado.</i></th>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Bruce, Geo. W.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Delta</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Callbreath, J. F.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Denver</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Dunning, W. S.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Colorado Springs</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Eddy, H. H.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Denver</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Gregg. J. S. F.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Golden</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Hickman, R. S.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Delta</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Meservey, Albert B.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Colorado Springs</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Lindsey, Ben B.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Denver</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Wilder, Chas. T.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Colorado Springs</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Work, Dr. Hubert</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Pueblo</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <th colspan="2"><i>Connecticut.</i></th>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Towney, Jas. W.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Hartford</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <th colspan="2"><i>District of Columbia.</i></th>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Chilcott, E. C.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Washington</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Cameron, Frank L.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Washington</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Cobb, M. A.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Washington</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Frankenfield, H. C.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Washington</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Graves, H. L.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Washington</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>McGee, W J</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Washington</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Marbut, Curtis F.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Washington</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Shipp, Thomas R.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Washington</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Spillman, W. J.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Washington</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Wiley, H. W.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Washington</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <th colspan="2"><i>Florida.</i></th>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Campbell, T. J.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">West Palm Beach</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Cromer, J. M.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">West Palm Beach</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <th colspan="2"><i>Georgia.</i></th>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Worsham, E. Lee</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Atlanta</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Worsham, Mrs. E. Lee</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Atlanta</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <th colspan="2"><i>Idaho.</i></th>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Shepperd, John W.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Caldwell</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Witson, Wm.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Driggs</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Woods, M. H.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Arco</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Yancey, Cyrus</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Blackfoot</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <th colspan="2"><i>Illinois.</i></th>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Abbott, A. N.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Morrison</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Aull, J. L.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Belleville</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Bartow, Edw.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Urbana</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Bell, Henry Y.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Chicago</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Bligh, L. L.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Chicago</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Block, Mrs. Fred’k</td>
+    <td class="tdr">West Chicago</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Bradish, A. C.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Ottawa</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Braiden, Mrs. Clara V.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Rochelle</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Brooks, Morgan</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Urbana</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Burgett, Scott</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Newman</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Burgett, Thomas P.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Newman</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Burroughs, E. W.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Edwardsville</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Campbell, Murdock</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Chicago</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Charles, A. W.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Carrni</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Christine, W. T.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Chicago</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Clapp, F. H.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Mazon</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>DeWolf, Frank W.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Urbana</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Duncan, J. R.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Tuscola</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td><span class="pagenum" id="Page_304">[304]</span>Dunn, Ballard</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Chicago</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Eisenhart, Henry</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Waterloo</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Elliott, J. T.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Armington</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Evans, W. A.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Chicago</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Franklin, G. W.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Nenault</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Giffhorn, Henry</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Columbia</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Gossett, M. B.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Newman</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Gross, Howard H.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Chicago</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Grout, A. P.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Winchester</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Hays, Dudley Grant</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Chicago</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Hill, A. H.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Ottawa</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Hooker, Arthur</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Chicago</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Hopkins, Cyril G.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Urbana</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Jewell, H. L.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Monmouth</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Johnson, B. A.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Chicago</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Jones, Loyd Z.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Galva</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Marlin, D. M.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Norris City</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Mueller, Sr., Peter</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Valmeyer</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Myers, O. V.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Newman</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Myers, M. R.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Chicago</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Nickerson, J. F.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Chicago</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Noyes, La Verne</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Chicago</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Noyes, Mrs. La Verne</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Chicago</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Osborn, F. W.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Quincy</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Pur Khizer, Edw. G.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Chicago</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Randolph, Isham</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Chicago</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Rutherford, Cyrus</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Newman</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Sconce, H. J.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Sidell</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Shoffer, John C.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Chicago</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Stufflebeam, O. F.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Rossville</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Syster, Mrs. J. C.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Oregon</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Tatgl, Gustavus</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Chicago</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Taylor, Thomas A.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Catlin</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Thompson, Mrs. C. H.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Chicago</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Vrooman, Mrs. Carl</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Bloomington</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Vrooman, Carl S.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Bloomington</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Wallbaum, F. C.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Ashland</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Walker, J. A.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Chicago</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Wolcott, H. K.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Batavia</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Woodbury, A. G.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Danville</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Young, W. M.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Newman</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <th colspan="2"><i>Indiana.</i></th>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Barnard, H. E.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Indianapolis</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Barrett, Edward</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Indianapolis</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Blatchley, W. S.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Indianapolis</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Breeze, Fred J.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Lafayette</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Breeze, Geo. D.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Delphi</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Dinwiddie, Oscar</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Lowell</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Ford, Charles</td>
+    <td class="tdr">New Harmony</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Hamilton, John C.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Indianapolis</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Hoynes, Prof. William</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Notre Dame</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Knapp, Mrs. Edwin A.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Winona Lake</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Neizer, Maurice C.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Ft. Wayne</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Reisenberg, Henry</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Indianapolis</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Whitehead, J. W.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">New Harmony</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Woods, Sam B.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Crown Point</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <th colspan="2"><i>Iowa.</i></th>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Allred, W. P.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Corydon</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Ashby, Mrs. Harriett W.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Des Moines</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Ball, F. D.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Creston</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Bishop, E. C.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Ames</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Bliss, J. A.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Diagonal</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Bogie, S. R.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Waverly</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Brown, Nelson C.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Ames</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Chandler, W. R.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Blacktan</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Cleveland, O. S.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Webster City</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Corrie, S. M.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Ida Grove</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Curtiss, Chas. F.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Ames</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Davis, F. M.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Corning</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Donald, G. B. Mac</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Ames</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Doran, Justin R.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Beaver</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Doty, James J.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Shenandoah</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Dunn, E. G.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Mason City</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Durrell, Geo. O.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Pilot Mound</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Elk, M. M.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Galva</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Elder, Orville</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Washington</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Fry, Joseph</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Weyer</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Hathaway, B.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Kingsley</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Haynes, E. C.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Centerville</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Hazard, T. R.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Des Moines</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Holden, P. G.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Ames</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Holman, R. A.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Rockwell</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Hunt, C. W.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Logan</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Hunter, Edward H.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Des Moines</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Hutchins, C. B.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Algona</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Hutchinson, S. T.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Lake City</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Ives, A. P.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Irvington</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Kamrar, J. S.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Webster City</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Kelmartin, A. P.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Malvern</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Kaufman, Chas. C.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Wilton Junction</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Keating, C. R.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Mt. Ayr</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Kirkham, G. A.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Diagonal</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Kissack, John</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Farmer City</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Knight, O. N.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Salem</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Latta, W. W.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Logan</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Leas, J. E.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Galva</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Leffler, Geo. V.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Stockport</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Lockwood, B. A.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Des Moines</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Macbride, Thomas H.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Iowa City</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>McCulloch, Fred</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Belle Plains</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>McWhorter, Ellis</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Burt Kossuth</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Menton, J. A.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Boone</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Miller, A. C.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Des Moines</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Miller, C. W.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Waverly</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Miller, O. W.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Waverly</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Milner, E. P.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Red Oak</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Nichols, Warren</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Minerva</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Nichols, Mrs. Warren</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Minerva</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Noble, Mrs. Lucy Seward</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Waterloo</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Parrott, H.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Waverly</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td><span class="pagenum" id="Page_305">[305]</span>Parrott, Mrs. Jane</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Waverly</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Packels, Theo.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Waverly</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Plummer, A. L.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Altoona</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Rubel, H. F.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Waverly</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Russell, J. W.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Adel</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Ranels, S. C.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Des Moines</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Schenk, Myron</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Algona</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Shimek, B.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Iowa City</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Smith, Ed. H.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Cedar Rapids</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Soper, E. B.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Emmetsburg</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Soper, E. H.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Emmetsburg</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Spencer, A. P.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Oskaloosa</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Stanton, E. W.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Ames</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Steen, F. D.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">West Liberty</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Sykes, A.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Des Moines</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Sykes, Mrs. A.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Des Moines</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Tabur, Frank</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Waverly</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Tomlinson, H. E.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">New Market</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Turner, Asa</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Ferrar</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Vail, Dr. A. M.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Rock Rapids</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Van Slyke, Mrs. C. B.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Des Moines</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Wagner, Henry</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Ankeny</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Wallace, H. C.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Des Moines</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Welch, E. S.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Shenandoah</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Weller, Miss Mame E.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Nashua</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Wells, Joseph</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Des Moines</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Whealan, Geo. B.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Galva</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Wisdom, Frank</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Bedford</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <th colspan="2"><i>Kansas.</i></th>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Adam, Henry</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Wakefield</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Allen, R. N.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Chanute</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Alexander, B. J.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Hiawatha</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Andrews, Robert</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Powhattan</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Anderson, Thos. J.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Gas City</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Atkinson, Mrs. W. D.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Parsons</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Austin, W. A.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Sylvia</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Avery, H. W.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Wakefield</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Ayres, E. S.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Edgerton</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Ayres, Hy.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Howard</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Babcock, W. M.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Philipsburg</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Bailey, E. H. S.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Lawrence</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Baird, E. J</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Wellsville</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Baker, John M.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Gas</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Barber, John F.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Centralia</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Barker, G. H.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Girard</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Barteider, F. W.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Lawrence</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Batdorf, D. W.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Wellsville</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Bean, Frank K.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">McPherson</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Beardsley, J. W.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Overland Park</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Beauchamp, William</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Olathe</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Beck, W. T.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Holton</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Beckley, Maj. Thomas H.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Wellington</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Bell, W. M.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Garden City</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Bennetzen, H. C.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Kansas City</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Benton O. M. S.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Oberlin</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Beery, C. F.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Paola</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Black, Francis M.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Kincaid</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Blackman, F. W.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Lawrence</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Blair, Edw.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Spring Hill</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Blevins, J. C.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Oskaloosa</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Boggs, H. C.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Beattie</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Bowersock, J. D.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Lawrence</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Bollinger, C. A.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Iola</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Bone, Roy L.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Topeka</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Boone, W. M.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Highland</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Bauer, W. F.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Highland</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Bosworth, G. G.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Wellsville</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Bowman, Wm.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Sibley</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Boyd, C. H.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Blue Mound</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Boickel, W. H., Jr.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Kansas City</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Brown, Frances L., Miss</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Manhattan</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Brown, Loyd.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Oswego</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Bruce, H. E.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Marquette</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Budd, P. W.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Basehoe</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Bulmer, Joseph</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Michigan Valley</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Boyce, D. M.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Galena</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Cain, Victor A.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Leavenworth</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Call, G. E.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Manhattan</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Carey, C. W.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Wichita</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Carlbert, C. F.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Lindsborg</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Carroll, Edw.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Leavenworth</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Carter, W. O.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Garden City</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Carter, E. L.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Oskaloosa</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Cassin, J. H.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Girard</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Chapin, Archibald, Mrs.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Kansas City</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Clarke, W. D.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Paola</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Clark, Edw. C.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Oswego</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Cole, J. A.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Topeka</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Coleman, D. S.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Oneida</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Collier, John</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Overbrooke</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Collins, Geo. W.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Belleville</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Collins, John</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Scammon</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Collins, H. D.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Eminence</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Connet, Frank B.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Kansas City</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Condon, S. D.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Paloa</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Cooper, R. L.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Salina</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Corbet, J. D.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Topeka</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Cox, E. H.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Tonganoxie</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Cunningham, A. N.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Humboldt</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Currier, Harold</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Garnett</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Currey, A. A., Mrs.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Joplin</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Carpenter, J. W.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Bolivar</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Coughlin, R. E.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Paloa</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Crawford, L. M.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Winfield</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Davis, C. D.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Winchester</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Davis, J. A.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">McPherson</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Davidson, C. L.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Wichita</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Detrick, E. A.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Caldwell</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Dickson, W. T.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Carbondale</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Ditzen, Paul H.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Kansas City</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Dix, E. E.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Ft. Scott</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td><span class="pagenum" id="Page_306">[306]</span>Donahoe, J. F.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Paola</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Dorst, O. H.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Gardner</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Dunham, Ed.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Paola</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Duncan, K. S.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Salina</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Dyche, L. L.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Lawrence</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Eby, A. F.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Howard</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Edwards, John A.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Eureka</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Edwards, L. S.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Oswego</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Edwards, Matt.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">McLouth</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Ellis, F. S.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Kansas City</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Eldridge, Chas. E.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Topeka</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Engle, J. H.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Abilene</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Evans, U. J.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Iola</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Faxon, R. H.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Garden City</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Fair, D. J.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Sterling</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Fairchild, E. T.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Topeka</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Fosse, A.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Wakefield</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Faulkner, W. K.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Leavenworth</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Ferguson, R. M.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Bonner Springs</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Finley, G. E.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Cottonwood Falls</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Ford, W. B.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Oskaloosa</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Francis, A. J.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Lucas</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Francisco, Hiram</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Oswego</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Friend, Wm.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Sedgwick</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Frizell, E. E.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Lawrence</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Flory, F. C.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Howard</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Frienmuth, Otto</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Tonganoxie</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Finney, L. H.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Wellington</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>French, Ed. W.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Hudson</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Funk, F. J.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Marion</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Furst, T. I.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Peabody</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Garlinghouse, O. L., Dr.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Iola</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Garrison, Chas. W.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Garnett</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Garrison, J. W.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Garnett</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Gaylord, Frank M.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Axtell</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Gearhart, W. L.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Manhattan</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Gibbons, J. B.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Pratt</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Gibbs, J. M.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Oskaloosa</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Gilliland, W. H.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Denison</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Gilman, J. M.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Leavenworth</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Gilmore, T. S.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Oneida</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Gragg, Frank.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Denison</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Greenman, Sara Judd, Mrs.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Kansas City</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Greer, E. P.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Winfield</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Greason, W. D.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Paola</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Griffin, Samuel</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Medicine Lodge</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Griffiths, F. J.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Peabody</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Griesa, T. C.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Lawrence</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Groves, Chas. A.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Edwardsville</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Grand, Fred P.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Girard</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Guernsey, George, Mrs.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Independence</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Gurnea, J. C.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Belleville</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Guyer, U. S.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Kansas City</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Haines, L. J.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Galena</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Hageman, F.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Salina</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Halloway, H. M.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Larned</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Harmon, G. E.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Valley Falls</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Harrison, Wm.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Whiting</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Hartley, F. M.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Baldwin</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Hastings, J. F.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Edgerton</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Hamilton, M. C.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Oswego</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Harrell, W. W.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Osawatomie</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Haskin, M. H.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Frankfort</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Hatfield, F. P.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Olathe</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Hatfield, Thomas</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Valley Falls</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Haworth, Erasmus</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Leavenworth</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Hays, D. W.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Osawatomie</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Hazlett, Robert S.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">El Dorado</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Helmers, W. I., Sr.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Leavenworth</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Hemphill, Chas. W.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Reno</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Higgie, F. B.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Girard</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Henshaw, W. H.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Sylvia</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Hoad, W. C.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Lawrence</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Hodgson, R. W.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Kingman</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Hodgson, H. J.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Eureka</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Hoffman, C. A., Mrs.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Enterprise</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Holloway, M. L.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Topeka</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Holman, E. J.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Leavenworth</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Holman, L. Carl</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Leavenworth</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Holmes, G. L.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Golden City</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Holsinger, Geo. W.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Rosedale</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Holsinger, G. L.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Rosedale</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Holton, Edwin L.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Manhattan</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Hopkins, J. C.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Tonganoxie</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Hopkins, J. C., Mrs.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Tonganoxie</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Hopper, C. A.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Pratt</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Hoskinson, J. W.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Liberal</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Honsh, F. T.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Oskaloosa</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Houston, J. D.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Wichita</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Hougland, D. P.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Olathe</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Hovey, W. A., Mrs.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Kansas City</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Hull, Wm.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Overbrooke</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Humphrey, C. P.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Denison</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Hurst, Frank J.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Garnett</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Hunter, Senator Geo. H.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Wellington</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Insley, F. B.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Oskaloosa</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Irwin, J. C.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Richmond</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Isely, Charles C.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Cimarron</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Ives, Charles</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Baldwin</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Jackson, Cong. Fred S.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Eureka</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Jardine, W. M.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Manhattan</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Jenkins, Emos</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Kansas City</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Jewett, O. P.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Dighton</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Judy, D. D.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Garnett</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Karnes, L. F.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Overbrooke</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Kaufman, W. S.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Iola</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Kelsey, Scott</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Topeka</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Kennedy, E.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Edgerton</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Keohane, T. J.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Baldwin</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Kennett, Homer</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Concordia</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Kiebler, Thomas</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Mankato</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Kincaid, C. C.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Cherryvale</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td><span class="pagenum" id="Page_307">[307]</span>King, E. D.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Burlington</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Klein, Paul</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Iola</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Knapp, Fred W.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Beloit</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Koelzer, J. P.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Seneca</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Koff, Wm.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Carbondale</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Kohler, J. P.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">La Harpe</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Kraus, E. M.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">St. Paul</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Kufahl, H. F.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Wheaton</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Kyle, J. C.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Manko</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Ladtler, W. A.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Atchison</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Lanver, D. M.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Paola</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Lease, R. W.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Redfield</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Le Van, E. P.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Topeka</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Lidikay, N. W.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Wellsville</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Livermore, H. C.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Olathe</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Longnecker, D. H.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Paola</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Loomis, Elmer</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Girard</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Lowry, Dr. A. D.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Valley Falls</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Luman, E. M.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Lansing</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>McAuliffe, M.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Salina</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>McCain, F. O.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Wellsville</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>McCarty, C. C.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Iola</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>McCarthy, F. M.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Edgerton</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>McClellan, M. A.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Wichita</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>McComb, S. W.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Stafford</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>McDonald, S. P.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Peabody</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>McKaig, A. E.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Olathe</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>McKee, Mrs. Milo D.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Newton</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>McLachlin, A. F.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Paola</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>McLean, B. F.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Wichita</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>McLeod, H. K.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Ellis</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>McKurdey, G. W.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Lone Elm</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Macgregor, C. F.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Kansas City</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Mains, James</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Oskaloosa</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Mantey, A. H.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Mound City</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Marberg, J. W.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Oswego</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Marvin, F. O.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Lawrence</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Maxwell, H.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">McPherson</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Meade, J. M.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Topeka</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Miller, A. L.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Belleville</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Miller, C. W.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Hays</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Miller, J. H.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Cherryvale</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Mills, J. H.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Manhattan</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Mingenbach, C. F.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">McPherson</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Moffet, A. H.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Larned</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Moore, H. S.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Kansas City</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Moore, Mrs. Ida Wilson</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Abilene</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Moore, C. B.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Michigan Valley</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Moses, E. R.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Great Bend</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Morgan, P. W.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Kansas City</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Mosse, Arthur</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Leavenworth</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Munzenmayer, W. F.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Junction City</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Myter, E. W.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Iola</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Needham, H. V.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Tonganoxie</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Nichols, Mrs. C. C.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Leavenworth</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Nicholsen, F. C.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Iola</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Nichoken, John C.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Newton</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Nee, H. L.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Hill City</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Northrup, L. L.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Iola</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Norton, H. T.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Olathe</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Odell, T. B.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Berryton</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Oliger, A. L.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Emporia</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>O’Neal, Chas.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Berryton</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Osborn, Dr. W. F.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Baldwin</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Osburn, F. M.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Erie</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Ostlind, John, Jr.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">McPherson</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Parker, Dr. I. B.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Hill City</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Parker, J. W.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Olathe</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Paxton, Sam</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Oswego</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Paulen, J. W.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Fredonia</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Pearson, M. E.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Kansas City</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Peet, John C.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Tecumseh</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Peiker, F. O.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Paola</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Pendleton, E. P.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Ottawa</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Perkins, J. W.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Edgerton</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Pierce, F. D.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Topeka</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Philip, Alex</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Hays</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Platts, G. O.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Winfield</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Pomeroy, Frank</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Holton</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Potter, Thos. M.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Peabody</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Powell, John S.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Wichita</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Powers, John</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Marion</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Pringle, Robert</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Tribune</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Quincy, Fred H.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Salina</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Reardon, A. P.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">McLouth</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Reed, Geo. W.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Axtell</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Rees, Cong. R. R.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Minneapolis</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Reiber, B. F.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Lone Elm</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Replogle, O. E.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Meriden</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Rhoades, W. J.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Olathe</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Rich, Cecil</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Syracuse</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Ricksecker, T. L.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Rosedale</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Rigney, W. L.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Paola</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Ritter, Chris S.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Iola</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Robinson, George W.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Wichita</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Robinson, J. W.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Olathe</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Robertson, J. R.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Finney Co.</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Rogler, Albert</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Bazaar</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Romine, D. S.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Oswego</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Rose, Wm.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Kansas City</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Roseberg, Victor</td>
+    <td class="tdr">McPherson</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Rule, Elbert S.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Sharon</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Ruthrauff, J. B.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Hiawatha</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Saunders, P. S.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Oswego</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Sanford, L. V.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Oneida</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Sarsensen, Anders</td>
+    <td class="tdr">McPherson</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Schaeffer, Oscar W.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Girard</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Schlot, Henry</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Natoma</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Scott, Adam, Jr.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Westmoreland</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Scott, Chas. H.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Manhattan</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Scott, Miss Minnie A.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Westmoreland</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Sears, John G.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Calista</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td><span class="pagenum" id="Page_308">[308]</span>Seyster, O. B.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Concordia</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Shaad, Geo. C.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Lawrence</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Shallcross, Wm. J.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Highland</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Sharpe, Homer</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Eureka</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Sharpe, James</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Council Grove</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Shearer, A.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Columbus</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Simons, A. M.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Girard</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Skalle, John</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Blue Rapids</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Smith, E. D.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Meade</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Smith, W. S.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Ashland</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Smithmeyer, F. H.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Lawrence</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Soice, John</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Kinsley</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Siochla, F. J.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Wilson</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Steiner, D. R.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Olathe</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Stephens, Mrs. H. T.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Kansas City</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Steven, J. L.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Stockton</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Stewart, James</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Kansas City</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Stich, A. C.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Independence</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Stover, H. J.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Salina</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Strickler, J. N.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Cherryvale</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Stubbs, A. W.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Kansas City</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Swobode, A.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Leavenworth</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Talbott, I. F.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">McPherson</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Tanner, C. A.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Wichita</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Taylor, Edwin</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Edwardsville</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Ten Eyck, A. M.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Hays</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Thompson, C. W.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Marion</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Thrall, E. W.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Eureka</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Tod, Wm. J.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Maple Hill</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>True, J. F.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Topeka</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Troxell, M. F.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Atchison</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Turner, R. W.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Mankato</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Van Hoozer, W. H.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Mulberry</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Van Tuyl, Mrs. Effie H.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Leavenworth</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Vincent, M. G.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Girard</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Voigts, E. E.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Merriam</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Vrooman, L. L.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Topeka</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Waggenseller, A. L.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Junction City</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Wakefield, J. E.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Humboldt</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Walker, D. R.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Oswego</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Walker, H. B.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Manhattan</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Walker, O. E.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Topeka</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Wallace, H. H.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Topeka</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Wallace, Mrs. Lena Hartzell</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Kansas City</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Warner, Frank</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Bonner Springs</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Watkins, J. B.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Lawrence</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Watson, C. M.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Merriam</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Watson, J. M.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Frankfort</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Watson, W. W.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Salina</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Waters, H. J.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Manhattan</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Watson, Miss Grace</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Merriam</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Wear, Jos.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Barnard</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Weaver, John H.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Baldwin</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Webster, Ed. H.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Manhattan</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Wedd, A. E.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Lenexa</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Weekes, E. E.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Parsons</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Welch, W. M.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Independence</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Wells, Abijah</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Seneca</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Wells, Carl D.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Sabetha</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Whiting, O. F.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">North Topeka</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Wiggam, John H.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Emporia</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Wilcox, Mrs. F. A.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Abilene</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Wilfong, J. E.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Concordia</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Williams, J. C.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Kansas City</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Williams, M. B.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">McAlister</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Williams, J. S.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Kansas City</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Windbigler, J. L.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Oswego</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Winkler, William</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Seneca</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Witwer, W. D.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Ft. Scott</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Wood, Frank</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Iola</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Woodford, A. L.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Burlington</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Wright, J. D.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Kansas City</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Wright, L. J.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Hoxie</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Wulfekubler, Louis H.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Leavenworth</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Zumwalt, Imri</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Bonner Springs</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <th colspan="2"><i>Kentucky.</i></th>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Barnes, Mrs. C. P.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Louisville</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Crump, Malcolm H.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Bowling Green</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Grider, W. U.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Bowling Green</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <th colspan="2"><i>Louisiana.</i></th>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Dowling, Dr. Oscar</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Shreveport</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Gipe, James C.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Clarks</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Grace, Fred J.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Baton Rouge</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Gerrans, A. T.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Houma</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Hamilton, Alexander</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Clarks</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <th colspan="2"><i>Maine.</i></th>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Harriman, D. S.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">West Lebanon</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <th colspan="2"><i>Maryland.</i></th>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Baker, Bernard N.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Baltimore</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Barnard, H. E.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Indianapolis</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <th colspan="2"><i>Massachusetts.</i></th>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Field, Geo. W.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Boston</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Moon, F. N.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Amherst</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Rane, F. W.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Boston</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Wharton, Wm. P.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Groton</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <th colspan="2"><i>Michigan.</i></th>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Lord, Henry Nelson</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Au Sable</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Haskel, Fred</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Detroit</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Sharp, Mrs. John C.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Jackson</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Williams, Gardner S.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Ann Arbor</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Yoke, A. J.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Adrain</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <th colspan="2"><i>Minnesota.</i></th>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Bennett, J. W.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">St. Paul</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Eliason, G.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Montevideo</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Erney, Mrs. C. F.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Minneapolis</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td><span class="pagenum" id="Page_309">[309]</span>Neill, D. M.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Red Wing</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Northrop, Cyrus</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Minneapolis</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Rhodes, J. E.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">St. Paul</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Steenerson, Elias</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Crookston</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Wallace, Dan A.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">St. Paul</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <th colspan="2"><i>Mississippi.</i></th>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Lowe, E. N.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Jackson</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Travis, S. E.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Hattiesburg</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Whitfield, H. L.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Columbus</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <th colspan="2"><i>Missouri.</i></th>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Adams, J. W.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Holden</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Adams, T. Lee</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Kansas City</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Addison, Mrs. G. W.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Kansas City</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Adems, A. O.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Smithville</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Alexander, Rees</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Independence</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Allen, Ford A.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Kansas City</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Anderson, J. N.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">St. Louis</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Anderson, J. N.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Kansas City</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Andrews, Mrs. L. B.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Kansas City</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Ashworth, G. J.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Neosho</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Axtell, F. M.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Amsterdam</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Bailey, Geo. W.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Brookfield</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Bailey, Mrs. Geo. W.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Brookfield</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Baird, W. T.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Kirksville</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Baird, Mrs. Leslie</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Kansas City</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Baird, Henry L.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Louisiana</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Bannister, F. J.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Kansas City</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Baldridge, Lenny</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Milan</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Barber, H. A.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Windsor</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Barham, G. L.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Braymer</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Barnes, Clarence A.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Mexico</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Barnett, Mrs. Fred P.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Kansas City</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Barns, H. N.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Joplin</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Barns, W. E.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">St. Louis</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Barton, Dante</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Kansas City</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Bates, R. L.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Excelsior Springs</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Bell, M. C.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Holden</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Bender, Louis</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Kansas City</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Bovard, John H.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Kansas City</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Bertrand, P. A.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Jefferson City</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Black, Wm. H.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Kansas City</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Black, Wm. H.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Marshall</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Blanchard, Mrs. Ben</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Kansas City</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Blevins, John N.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Linden</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Boisseau, O. F.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Holden</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Bolen, James A.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Kansas City</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Borland, Cong. Wm. P.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Kansas City</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Bowin, S. B.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Lee’s Summit</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Brockway, James H.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Kansas City</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Briggs, Russell T.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Joplin</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Brigham, Mrs. E. T.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Kansas City</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Broadhurst, J. J.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Gashland</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Brodnax, T. J.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Kansas City</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Brown, F. F.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Kansas City</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Bryant, W. L.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Independence</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Buchanan, Mrs. Andrew</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Kansas City</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Buffum, F. W.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Louisiana</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Burnet, P. B.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Kansas City</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Burnham, C. N.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Cameron</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Burns, Clinton S.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Kansas City</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Burton, Mrs. Chester L.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Kansas City</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Bushnell, L. S.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Kansas City</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Cooke, Chas. M.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Kansas City</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Carlisle, Chas. D.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Kansas City</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Carter, C. J.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Kansas City</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Chandler, Mrs. Asa</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Randolph</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Chatten, Wm. K.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Adrain</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Chipman, L. L.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Kansas City</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Church, Mrs. Willard Q.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Kansas City</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Claggett, Mrs. William S.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Kansas City</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Cleveland, H. H.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Cameron</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Cobb, B. F.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Kansas City</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Cochran, James</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Kansas City</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Coe, Willard L.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Kansas City</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Coffman, Mrs. Chas.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Kansas City</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Cole, James D.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Kansas City</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Colpitts, Walter W.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Kansas City</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Connor, P.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Kansas City</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Conover, John A.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Kansas City</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Cook, Miss Ellen</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Kansas City</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Cook, F. L.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Kansas City</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Cook, H. G.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Butler</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Corbett, Wm.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Turner</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Cornell, Dr. H. L.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Hannibal</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Cox, D. K.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Weston</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Crabbs, Mrs. Franklin D.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Kansas City</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Crews, Mrs. Swepson</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Kansas City</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Craig, A. B.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Tarkio</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Croft, Miss Jennie H.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Kansas City</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Crause, H. S.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Kansas City</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Culver, Paul M.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Edgerton</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Curry, Dr. E. R.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Kansas City</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Dallmeyer, R.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Jefferson City</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Davidson, Dr. S. C.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Grant City</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Davis, Bert C.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Kansas City</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Davis, Dr. Geo. W.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Kansas City</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Dean, H. A.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Parkville</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Deaver, M. Clyde</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Harrisonville</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Dille, A. B.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Kansas City</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Dodson, Bruce</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Kansas City</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Douglass, A. W.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">St. Louis</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Doty, D. E.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Anderson</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Droll, G. A.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Kansas City</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Duncan, H. C.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Osborn</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Dungan, F. C.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Oregon</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Durrill, Milton</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Sedalia</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Dutcher, C. H.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Warrensburg</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Dutton, H. D.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Kansas City</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Eckel, Rev. Edward H.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">St. Joseph</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Edwards, Mrs. John A.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Kansas City</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td><span class="pagenum" id="Page_310">[310]</span>Ellis, Mrs. E. C.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Kansas City</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Ellison, Mrs. Garrett</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Kansas City</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Ettlinger, Mrs. Victor P.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Kansas City</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Evans, S. L.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Cameron</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Evans, Wm. P.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Jefferson City</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Everard, I. N.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Marshall</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Faeth, Mrs. Maud</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Kansas City</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Fair, Eugene</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Kirksville</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Faxon, H. D.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Kansas City</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Ferguson, W. M.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Kansas City</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Fetter, F. J.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Kansas City</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Filson, F. M.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Cameron</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Findlay, M. C.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Parkville</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Fisher, Miss Jennie M.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Kansas City</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Flaugh, C. L.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Kansas City</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Fleming, I. M.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Kansas City</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Fleming, W. C.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Fillmore</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Florance, F. C.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Independence</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Flournoy, W. T.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Marionville</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Forbis, J. B., Jr.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Kansas City</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Fordyce, Mrs. W. Grant</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Kansas City</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Forseman, J. H.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Kansas City</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Forsee, Geo. H.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Kansas City</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Fox, S. Waters</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Kansas City</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Frank, Harry A.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">St. Louis</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Fratt, F. W.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Kansas City</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Freeman, Elmer E.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Kansas City</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Frerichs, Dr. F. W.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">St. Louis</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Fuller, James</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Kansas City</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Fulton, Mrs. J. M.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Kansas City</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Gantz, A. T.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Cameron</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Garden, John S.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Kansas City</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Garetson, James S.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">St. Louis</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Gash, Theo. K.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Palmyra</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Gatchell, Miss Rosamond</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Kansas City</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Gees, R. W.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Kansas City</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Gentry, Miss Elizabeth B.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Kansas City</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Gentry, H. H.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Sedalia</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>George, Harry L.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">St. Joseph</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>George, Mrs. Todd M.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Lee’s Summit</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Gilday, Miss Anna C.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Kansas City</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Gill, Mrs. Turner A.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Kansas City</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Gillespie, John</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Holden</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Gilman, F. L.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Kansas City</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Glass, W. C.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Kansas City</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Gorsuch, Harry A.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Kansas City</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Goodman, Chas. W.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Kansas City</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Goodman, L. A.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Kansas City</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Goodman, Miss Marie L.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Kansas City</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Goodwin, Dr. E. J.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">St. Louis</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Goodrich, N. S.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Cameron</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Grant, E. H.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Kansas City</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Green, J. P.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Liberty</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Green, Mrs. J. J.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Kansas City</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Greene, Miss Mabel E.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Clarendon</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Greenwood, Prof. James M.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Kansas City</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Gutridge, A. W.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Kansas City</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Griffith, Elmer C.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Liberty</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Griffith, Thos. J.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Kansas City</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Hadley, Pirse</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Easton</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Hale, James</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Lexington</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Hall, Dr. C. Lester</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Kansas City</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Hall, Mrs. Geo. T.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Kansas City</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Hamilton, Mrs. G. Harley</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Kansas City</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Hanna, John V.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Kansas City</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Hanley, Mrs. P. M.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Kansas City</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Hardenburg, C. M.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Kansas City</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Hare, S. Herbert</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Kansas City</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Harrington, John Lyle</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Kansas City</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Harris, E. T.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Cameron</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Harper, John S.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Butler</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Hayman, F. C.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Houston</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Heath, Edwin Ruthven</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Kansas City</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Heldorfer, George</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Kansas City</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Hemingway, Mrs. A. F.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Kansas City</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Henderson, Mrs. Wm. B.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Kansas City</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Herring, L. H.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Brunswick</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Henermann, Mrs. H. W.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Kansas City</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Higgins, H. A.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Milan</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Hill, Curtis</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Columbia</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Hill, W. A.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Grand View</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Hill, Wm. B.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Kansas City</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Hine, Willis</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Savannah</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Hisey, Joseph C.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Kansas City</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Hockins, W. J.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Warrensburg</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Hoefer, Chas.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Higginsville</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Holmes, R. L.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Easton</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Holzham, W. L.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Kansas City</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Hoover, S. A.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Warrensburg</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Hull, James</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Platte City</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Hunt, E. S.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Liberty</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Huselton, Howard E.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Kansas City</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Isham, W. V.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Kansas City</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Ismert, T. F.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Kansas City</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Jacobs, Floyd E.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Kansas City</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Jacques, W. R.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Kansas City</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>James, H. G.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Independence</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>James, H. L.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Carrollton</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>James, W. K.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">St. Joseph</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Jensen, A.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Independence</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Jones, Llewellyn</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Independence</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Jones, R. Harry</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Kansas City</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Kapp, W. C.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Warrensburg</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Kaufman, F. L.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Kansas City</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Keiser, Edward H.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">St. Louis</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Keith, Mrs. Richard</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Kansas City</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Kelley, J. R.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Kansas City</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Kemper, C. L.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Cameron</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Kendall, Mrs. Elmer E.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Kansas City</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Kent, James M.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Kansas City</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Kerr, John A.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Independence</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Kerns, Willis N.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Easton</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td><span class="pagenum" id="Page_311">[311]</span>Kirshner, Chas. H.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Kansas City</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Kidder, R. E.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Kansas City</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Kiersted, Wynkoop</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Kansas City</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Kinzer, R. J.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Kansas City</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Kirn, Gottfried</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Kansas City</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Kirk, John R.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Kirksville</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Kirkland, E. E.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Liberty</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Knoop, Chas. E.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Cameron</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Knox, C. W.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Smithton</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Kryshtofovich, Theo.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">St. Louis</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Kyle, Harry G.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Kansas City</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Kyle, Mrs. H. G.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Kansas City</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Land, Frank S.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Kansas City</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Latchaw, D. Austin</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Kansas City</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Latz, Mrs. Samuel</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Kansas City</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Laughlin, J. A.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Marshall</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Laurence, John A.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Bolivar</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Lawrence, J. H.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Parkville</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Lennon, L. A.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Kansas City</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Lewis, John S.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Excelsior Springs</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Lester, Mrs. John C.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Kansas City</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Liepsner, F. W.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Kansas City</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Logan, Geo. B.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">St. Louis</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Logan, Dr. James E.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Kansas City</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Long, Newton</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Sheridan</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Long, R. A.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Kansas City</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Lonsdale, C. W.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Kansas City</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Lott, Frank E.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Kansas City</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Loumiller, Daniel</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Parkville</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Lowe, J. M.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Kansas City</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Luebemann, Geo. E. W.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">St. Louis</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Lugbey, John R.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Kansas City</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Macfarlane, Mrs. G. B.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Columbia</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>MacKesson, Mrs. J. E.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Lebanon</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>MacKay, Malcolm</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Kansas City</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>McBlair, Geo.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">St. Louis</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>McCleary, C. G.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Kansas City</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>McClure, Mrs. H. H.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Kansas City</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>McClure, M. S.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Kansas City</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>McCormick, Mrs. S. K.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Kansas City</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>McCoun, C. T.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Kansas City</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>McCoy, Mrs. James R.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Kansas City</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>McCune, H. L.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Kansas City</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>McDonell, Mrs. N. I.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Kansas City</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>McKee, R. L.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Perrin</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>McLain, J. K.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Excelsior Springs</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>McKullen, Geo. M.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Odessa</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>McMullen, O. E.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Kansas City</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>McWilliams, E.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Plattsburg</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Maennes, L. T.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">St. Louis</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Maitland, Alexander</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Richmond</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Marshall, J. A.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Kansas City</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Martin, J. I.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">St. Louis</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Martin, Joseph</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Lee’s Summit</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Marty, A. P.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Kansas City</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Matthews, C. E.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Webb City</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Mayes, Fred</td>
+    <td class="tdr">St. Louis</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Mayer, Morris</td>
+    <td class="tdr">St. Louis</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Melcher, Geo.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Jefferson City</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Merine, Mrs. J. C.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Kansas City</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Merriwether, Hunter M.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Kansas City</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Merriwether, Mrs. H. M.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Kansas City</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Middlebrook, Robert B.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Kansas City</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Middleton, Tom</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Lathrop</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Miller, H. D.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Liberty</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Miller, Mrs. Hugh</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Kansas City</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Miller, J. Z., Jr.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Kansas City</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Miller, Jo Zach III</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Kansas City</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Miller, R. E.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Springfield</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Miller, William</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Dexter</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Mohr, Lewis S.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Kansas City</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Montgomery, J. T.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Sedalia</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Moore, Miss Annette</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Kansas City</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Moore, Rev. Chas. W.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Kansas City</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Moore, Mrs. Philip N.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">St. Louis</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Morgan, Mrs. Jacques</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Kansas City</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Morton, John F.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Richmond</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Mosely, Geo. B.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Kansas City</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Mosely, Robert K.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Kansas City</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Mosher, Mrs. Geo. Clark</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Kansas City</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Mosher, Dr. Geo.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Kansas City</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Moss, Mrs. Alice W.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Kansas City</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Mratz, Joe</td>
+    <td class="tdr">St. Louis</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Mumford, F. B.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Columbia</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Munson, Fred S.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Osceola</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Murray, Samuel</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Kansas City</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Muhlfeld, John E.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Kansas City</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Nalley, Miss Anna</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Louisiana</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Nelson, C. B.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Kansas City</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Nickels, Mrs. W. B.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Kansas City</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Nichols, A. P.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Kansas City</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Noel, Mrs. George H.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Lee’s Summit</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Norris, Mrs. E. A.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Joplin</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>O’Fallon, Samuel F.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Oregon</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Ohaus, Mrs. Henry</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Kansas City</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Ohaus, Mrs. Rose M.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Kansas City</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Olmstead, Rev. Edwin B.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Kansas City</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Otto, Geo. Henry</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Washington</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Ousley, Mrs. J. W.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Kansas City</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Overhoker, Dr. M. P.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Nevada</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Ozias, E. J.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Centerview</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Parry, Mrs. Thos. Wood</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Kansas City</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Parker, Mrs. J. W.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Kansas City</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Parker, Miss Louise</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Kansas City</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Paule, Herman</td>
+    <td class="tdr">St. Louis</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Peet, Mrs. P. F.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Kansas City</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Peltzer, Theo. C.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Kansas City</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Peppard, J. G.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Kansas City</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Perry, J. W.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Kansas City</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Peters, James W. S.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Kansas City</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Phillips, E. D.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Kansas City</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Phillips, Mrs. E. T.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Kansas City</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td><span class="pagenum" id="Page_312">[312]</span>Phipps, W. H.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Independence</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Pierce, Mrs. D. M.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Kansas City</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Pierson, Mrs. Kate E.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Kansas City</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Poland, J. W.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Cameron</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Pollack, Wm.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Mexico</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Pollord, John B.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Kansas City</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Porter, Pierre R.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Kansas City</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Porterfield, E. E.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Kansas City</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Prewitt, J. Allen</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Independence</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Proctor, C. O.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Strasburg</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Purdon, C. D.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">St. Louis</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Ram, W. F.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Tarkio</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Ratliff, Louis</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Moberly</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Rand, R. W.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Lathrop</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Raupp, W. A.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Pierce City</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Rawlings, R. C.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Kansas City</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Reineke, Miss E. Blanche</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Kansas City</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Reinnie, J. G.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Stotesbury</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Richardson, E. E.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Kansas City</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Richmond, Prof. H. M.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Liberty</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Ridge, Mrs. I. M.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Kansas City</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Risley, C. A.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Cameron</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Risley, D. C. H.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Cameron</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Robb, Judge James W.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Liberty</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Robinson, J. M.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Kansas City</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Robinson, Mrs. Mary F.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Joplin</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Robinson, T. M.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Noel</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Rock, Wm. L.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Kansas City</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Roeder, Geo. F.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Kirkwood</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Roever, Wm. H.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">St. Louis</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Rolfes, Henry G.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">St. Louis</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Root, W. C.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Kansas City</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Rose, Mrs. C. E.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Kansas City</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Ross, Mrs. John A.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Kansas City</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Rudder, J. F.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">St. Louis</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Russell, J. B.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Cameron</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Russell, Joe J.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Charleston</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Sachs, Chas.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Kansas City</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Sanders, S. F.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Grant City</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Sankey, S. R.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Holden</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Schauffler, E. W.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Kansas City</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Schrenck, Herman von</td>
+    <td class="tdr">St. Louis</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Schwedtman, Ferd C.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">St. Louis</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Seeley, Mrs. H. J. S.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Kansas City</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Seibel, Louis L.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Kansas City</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Semans, Miss Gertrude</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Kansas City</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Selber, Mitchell L.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Kansas City</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Shannon, E. W.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Kansas City</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Sharp, Judge C.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Weston</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Sharp, W. E.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Liberty</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Shelby, O. J.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Joplin</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Shelton, Mrs. Theo</td>
+    <td class="tdr">St. Louis</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Simpson, C. L.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Kansas City</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Slater, J. Harvey</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Richmond</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Smart, Fletcher</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Harrisonville</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Smith, Frederick M.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Independence</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Smith, John T.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Kansas City</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Smith, M. R.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Kansas City</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Smith, W. B.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Kansas City</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Sneed, W. S.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Sedalia</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Stauber, R. O.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">St. Joseph</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Steele, Wm.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Holden</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Sterling, Robt. E.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Kansas City</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Stewart, R. M.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Kansas City</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Storey, J. E.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Kansas City</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Storms, Roy L.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Laredo</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Stowe, Mrs. J.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Kansas City</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Sullivan, Michael L.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Pleasant Hill</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Sumner, Chas. A.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Kansas City</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Sweeney, E. R.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Kansas City</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Sweet, Mrs. C. B.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Kansas City</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Sweetman, M. M.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Kansas City</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Taylor, Rev. Carl R.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Kansas City</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Taylor, Isaac</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Kansas City</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Teasdale, F. X.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Louisiana</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Temple, Chris</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Higginsville</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Tharp, Mrs. F. D.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Kansas City</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Thayer, Mrs. W. B.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Kansas City</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Tibbe, A. A.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Kansas City</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Tippin, Geo. T.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Nichols</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Todd, Mrs. Gertrude T.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Kansas City</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Todhunter, Mrs. Ryland</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Lexington</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Tucker, R. S.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Excelsior Springs</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Turner, F. H.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Kansas City</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Turpin, Rees</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Kansas City</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Twichell, Jerome</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Kansas City</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Van Brunt, John</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Kansas City</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Van Brunt, Mrs. John</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Kansas City</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Van Ornum, J. L.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">St. Louis</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Wagoner, J. T.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Odessa</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Wagner, J. W.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Kansas City</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Walker, Mrs. John R.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Kansas City</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Walker, T. J.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Harrisonville</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Wall, E. E.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Calhoun</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Walmsley, Harry R.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Kansas City</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Walton, Mrs. W. E.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Butler</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Walton, Wm. E.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Butler</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Waller, Joe B.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Smithville</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Warren, Walter</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Sedalia</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Wayland, Mrs. J. T.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Kansas City</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Weeks, D. M. F.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Kansas City</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Weeks, Edwin R.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Kansas City</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Weeks, Mrs. Edwin R.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Kansas City</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Welch, Mrs. Milton</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Kansas City</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Welch, W. B.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Marshall</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Welsh, Mrs. J. B.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Kansas City</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Werkmeister, Geo.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Webster Grove</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Weyer, Sophia F.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Kansas City</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Wheeler, W. W.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Clinton</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>White, D. F.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Tarkio</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>White, J. B.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Kansas City</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Wilcox, Edw. D.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Burlington Jct.</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td><span class="pagenum" id="Page_313">[313]</span>Wiles, John H.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Kansas City</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Williams, Lee</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Dexter</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Williams, James</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Cameron</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Williams, W. T.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Gashland</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Willison, Miss Nan</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Kansas City</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Wilson, J. W.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Kansas City</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Wilson, Mrs. Richard E.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Kansas City</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Wingfield, J. C.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Windsor</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Withers, Mrs. R. S.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Liberty</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Wolf, Arthur L.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Parkville</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Wood, N. P.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Independence</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Woods, John B.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Smithville</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Woodson, Mrs. Blake L.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Kansas City</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Woodson, S. C.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Kansas City</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Woodson, A. P.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Kansas City</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Woodson, S. H.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Independence</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Wornall, Mrs. Roma</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Kansas City</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Wright, Mrs. H. P.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Kansas City</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Write, James C.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Smithville</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Ziegenheim, Henry</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Cameron</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <th colspan="2"><i>Montana.</i></th>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Lake, James</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Kalispell</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>O’Neil, C. I.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Kalispell</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <th colspan="2"><i>Nebraska.</i></th>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Burnett, E. A.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Lincoln</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Condra, G. E.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Lincoln</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Coupland, George</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Elgin</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Covell, H. G.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Plainview</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Dalby, J. G.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Superior</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Garrett, E. O.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Fremont</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Gault, Mrs. A. K.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Omaha</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Grinstead, R. E.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Salem</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Grosvenor, H.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Aurora</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Herron, L. S.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Lincoln</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Hill, E. C., Sr.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Dawson</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Kay, David</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Loup</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Keefe, Mrs. Harry L.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Walthill</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Lyford, V. G.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Falls City</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>McBrien, J. S.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Lincoln</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>McCoun, L. B.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Omaha</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Mayhew, J. M.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Lincoln</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Miller, Fred A.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Aurora</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Mudge, W. E.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Dillen</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Munn, H. M.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Falls City</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Nichols, M. V.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Beatrice</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Nichols, Mrs. M. V.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Beatrice</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Oleson, Miss M. Crowell</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Ord</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Paine, Clarence S.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Lincoln</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Price, Thos. P.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Dillen</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Schoenauer, A. B.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Plainview</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Stark, U. L.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Aurora</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Stephens, E. F.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Crete</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Tanner, T.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Superior</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Tyler, A. A.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Bellevue</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Weeks, Chas. R.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Peru</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <th colspan="2"><i>New Jersey.</i></th>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Libbey, Mrs. Wm.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Princeton</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Stevens, E. A.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Hoboken</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <th colspan="2"><i>New York.</i></th>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Coffin, Wm. Edward</td>
+    <td class="tdr">New York</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Mallalieu, W. E.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">New York</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Moore, John D.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">New York City</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Sevena, Joseph H.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Kruka Park</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Sheldon, A. B.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Sherman</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Taylor, Edw. R.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Pen Yan</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Van Vleck, A. A.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Jameston</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Wadsworth, J. W.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Mt. Morris</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Wilson, Warren A.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">New York City</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Willey, Henry Ide</td>
+    <td class="tdr">New York City</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <th colspan="2"><i>Ohio.</i></th>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Adams, A. E.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Youngstown</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Allen, C. H.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Paulding</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Courtright, John</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Ashville</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Dyar, C. P.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Marietta</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Fordyce, Geo. L.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Youngstown</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Goddard, T. H.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Wooster</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Lawrence, Mrs. Elmer G.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Cincinnati</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Porter, W. C.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Xenia</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Rogers, H. C.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Mechanicsburg</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Secrest, Edmund</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Wooster</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Talbot, Rev. Winthrop</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Cleveland</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Underwood, R. A.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Marietta</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <th colspan="2"><i>Oklahoma.</i></th>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Ban, Archibald</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Claremore</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Beaty, W. E.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">McAlester</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Beard, J. T.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Wagoner</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Brown, Milton</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Guthrie</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Burke, J. J.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Norman</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Casaver, J. C.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Wagoner</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Davenport, Dr. R. G.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Oklahoma City</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Elliott, James</td>
+    <td class="tdr">McAlister</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Fink, D. N.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Muskogee</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Harrice, T. C.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Wagoner</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Harrice, Mrs. T. C.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Wagoner</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Harris, James A.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Wagoner</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Hudson, Kenneth</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Ardmore</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Larsh, D. L.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Norman</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Mullen, J. S.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Ardmore</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Price, H. D.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Keota</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Price, J. F.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Keota</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Ramsay, Asa E.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Muskogee</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Robbins, Clay</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Chouteau</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Roberts, O. T.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Welch</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Robertson, Alice M.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Muskogee</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Robinson, J. W.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Keota</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Rush, Frank</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Cache</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Shinn, T. J.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Wagoner</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Smith, Thomas</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Muskogee</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td><span class="pagenum" id="Page_314">[314]</span>Thompson, Joe</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Sapulpa</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Trumbo, A. C.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Muskogee</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Watts, Jess W.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Wagoner</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Watts, Mrs. Jess W.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Wagoner</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Wicks, John C.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Guthrie</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <th colspan="2"><i>Oregon.</i></th>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Allen, E. T.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Portland</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Kinney, M. J.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Portland</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <th colspan="2"><i>Pennsylvania.</i></th>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Baker, Hugh Potter</td>
+    <td class="tdr">State College</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Cook, A. W.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Cooksburg</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Drinker, Henry Sturgis</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Lehigh</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Farquhar, A. W.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">York</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Guenther, Emil</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Philadelphia</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>McCreight, M. I.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Du Bois</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Oursler, Howard B.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Pittsburg</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Sterling, E. A.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Philadelphia</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Stone, Chas. W.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Warren</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <th colspan="2"><i>South Carolina.</i></th>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Twitchell, M. W.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Columbia</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <th colspan="2"><i>South Dakota.</i></th>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Culbertson, R. G.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Mitchell</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Heglin, Fred</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Centerville</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Johnson, C. A.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Fairfax</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Newbanks, N.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Pierre</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Wentzy, Harry</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Rapid City</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <th colspan="2"><i>Tennessee.</i></th>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Fisher, J. W.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Newport</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Moore, Herbert</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Memphis</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Winslow, Mrs. H. M.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Harriman</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <th colspan="2"><i>Texas.</i></th>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Gray, W. H.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Houston</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Jones, W. Goodrich</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Temple</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Landergin, P. H.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Vega</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Shackelford, Dr. S. S.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Austin</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Smith, J. A.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">El Paso</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Spiller, E. B.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Ft. Worth</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Turner, Arry</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Amarillo</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <th colspan="2"><i>Utah.</i></th>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Belliston, Wilford</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Nephi</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Bennion, S. O.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Salt Lake</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Broadbent, Sylvester</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Heber</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Hemphill, Geo. E.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Salt Lake</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Jones, T. Vernon</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Payson City</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Mackay, Walter S.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Salt Lake</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>McAlister, W. L.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Salt Lake</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Shumway, R. F.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Tropic</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <th colspan="2"><i>Vermont.</i></th>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Bailey, Geo. C.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Montpelier</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Goss, Frank K.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Montpelier</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <th colspan="2"><i>Washington.</i></th>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Llewelling, A. L.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Spokane</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Griggs, Everett G.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Tacoma</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <th colspan="2"><i>Wisconsin.</i></th>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Caples, Mrs. Byron M.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Waukesha</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Douglass, C. S.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Fontana</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Vilter, Theo. O.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Milwaukee</td>
+  </tr>
+</table>
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+
+<div class="chapter">
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_315">[315]</span></p>
+
+<h2 class="nobreak" id="INDEX">INDEX</h2>
+
+</div>
+
+<ul>
+
+<li class="ifrst"><span class="smcap">Adams, Rev. Clair S.</span>, Tribute to His Work, <a href="#Page_76">76</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Agricultural College, How It Meets the Needs of the Farmer’s Wife, <a href="#Page_128">128</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Agricultural College, Kansas, <a href="#Page_247">247</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Agriculture, Commissioner of New York, Statement, <a href="#Page_235">235</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Agriculture, Government Expert in Every County, <a href="#Page_221">221</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">—, Tolls on, <a href="#Page_95">95</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Agriculture, U. S. Dept of, Endorsed and Commended, <a href="#Page_xvi">xvi</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Alaska Coal Fields, on Leasing System, Urged, <a href="#Page_xv">xv</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Alfalfa, Experience in Growing, <a href="#Page_210">210</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx"><span class="smcap">Allen, E. T.</span>, Report by, <a href="#Page_114">114</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Animal Husbandry, <a href="#Page_234">234</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx"><span class="smcap">Ashby, Mrs. Harriet Wallace</span>, “The Farmer’s Wife.”, <a href="#Page_121">121</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Audubon Societies, Report of the National Association, <a href="#Page_272">272</a></li>
+
+<li class="ifrst"><span class="smcap">Bachelor, Irving</span>, Cited, <a href="#Page_265">265</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">“Back to the Farm”, <a href="#Page_237">237</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx"><span class="smcap">Bailey, George W.</span>, Address by, <a href="#Page_148">148</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx"><span class="smcap">Baker, Bernard N.</span>, Introduced, <a href="#Page_30">30</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">—, Address by, <a href="#Page_50">50</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx"><span class="smcap">Barber, O. C.</span>, Telegram from, <a href="#Page_109">109</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx"><span class="smcap">Barnard, Harry Everest</span>, Introduced, <a href="#Page_28">28</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">—, Report by, <a href="#Page_277">277</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx"><span class="smcap">Baumgartner, J. T.</span>, Announcement, <a href="#Page_22">22</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx"><span class="smcap">Baumgartner, J. C.</span>, of California, Address by, <a href="#Page_274">274</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx"><span class="smcap">Baxter, Sylvester</span>, Author of “Golden New England”, <a href="#Page_281">281</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Bayne-Blauvelt Bill, Credit for its Enactment, <a href="#Page_266">266</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">—, Bills to be Pushed, <a href="#Page_266">266</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx"><span class="smcap">Beard, Dan</span>, Reference to, <a href="#Page_265">265</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx"><span class="smcap">Beard. W. A.</span>, Made Temporary Chairman, <a href="#Page_68">68</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">—, Address by, <a href="#Page_78">78</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx"><span class="smcap">Benson, Hon. F. W.</span>, Reference to Work of, <a href="#Page_289">289</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Birch Canal, Its Completion in Sight, <a href="#Page_286">286</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Bird Life, Importance of Conserving, <a href="#Page_263">263</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Birds, American Water, to Safeguard, <a href="#Page_272">272</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">—, Breeding Sanctuaries on Government Reservations, <a href="#Page_273">273</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">—, Educational, Campaign Among Southern Children, <a href="#Page_273">273</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">—, Important Breeding Colonies, <a href="#Page_273">273</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">—, Wild Insectivorous, Importance of Protecting, <a href="#Page_263">263</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Bone Meal of Commerce, <a href="#Page_238">238</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Boys and Girls and the Farm, <a href="#Page_17">17</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Boys, Place for, <a href="#Page_40">40</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Boy Scouts, Reference to, <a href="#Page_75">75</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx"><span class="smcap">Breeze, Fred J.</span>, Move by, <a href="#Page_30">30</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx"><span class="smcap">Brown, Mayor Darius A.</span>, Address by, <a href="#Page_1">1</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx"><span class="smcap">Brown, Milton</span>, Introduced, <a href="#Page_68">68</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">—, Report by, <a href="#Page_287">287</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx"><span class="smcap">Brown, Miss Frances</span>, on Organizations of Farmers’ Wives, <a href="#Page_128">128</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx"><span class="smcap">Bryan, W. J.</span>, Telegram from, <a href="#Page_64">64</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">—, Entrance Greeted with Cheers, <a href="#Page_193">193</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">—, Remarks by, <a href="#Page_203">203</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">—, Address by, <a href="#Page_220">220</a></li>
+
+<li class="ifrst">California Fruit Growers’ Exchange, <a href="#Page_83">83</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">—, Report from, <a href="#Page_274">274</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Camp Fire Club of America, Represented by W. E. Coffin, <a href="#Page_116">116</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">—, By its Vice-President, <a href="#Page_265">265</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx"><span class="smcap">Campbell, H. W.</span>, Apostle of Dry Farming Cited, <a href="#Page_252">252</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Charcoal, Animal, <a href="#Page_239">239</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Charity Conference in Boston, Reference to, <a href="#Page_136">136</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Children’s Bill, in England, <a href="#Page_42">42</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Children, the Biggest Crop, <a href="#Page_32">32</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">—, Versus Animals, <a href="#Page_41">41</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Child Labor Law Fallacy Exploded, <a href="#Page_38">38</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Child, the, and the Community, <a href="#Page_36">36</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Child Welfare Bureau Urged, <a href="#Page_xviii">xviii</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Church, Country, Its Effect on Economic Affairs, <a href="#Page_258">258</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">—, in open Country, Best School for Farmers, <a href="#Page_257">257</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">—, in the Open Country, <a href="#Page_257">257</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Cities, Instinct to Flock to, <a href="#Page_35">35</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">City, Movement to, <a href="#Page_13">13</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx"><span class="smcap">Clendening, E. M.</span>, Courtesies Acknowledged by Resolutions Committee, <a href="#Page_xx">xx</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Clubs, the Ideal Kind, <a href="#Page_137">137</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Coal, Are Prices Prohibitive, <a href="#Page_198">198</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">—, Fields, Early Opening Recommended, <a href="#Page_xv">xv</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">—, Lands, Policy of Withdrawal, <a href="#Page_197">197</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">—, Royalties per ton Exacted by Colorado and Wyoming, <a href="#Page_198">198</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx"><span class="smcap">Coburn, F. D.</span>, Assumes the Chair, <a href="#Page_183">183</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx"><span class="smcap">Coffin, Wm. E.</span>, Introduced, <a href="#Page_116">116</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">—, Address by, <a href="#Page_265">265</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Coöperation, Failures in, <a href="#Page_86">86</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Coöperation, Talk by W. A. Beard, <a href="#Page_78">78</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">—, Twenty Years of, <a href="#Page_82">82</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">—, Leads to Large Success, <a href="#Page_79">79</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">—, National Trait, <a href="#Page_80">80</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">—, Recommended by Resolutions Committee, <a href="#Page_xvi">xvi</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">—, Rise of in America, <a href="#Page_81">81</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Coöperative Banks of Europe, <a href="#Page_79">79</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Coöperative Society, What It Is Not, <a href="#Page_85">85</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx"><span class="smcap">Combs, Rev. Dr. Geo. Hamilton</span>, Invocation by, <a href="#Page_111">111</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Commercial Club, Escort to President Taft, <a href="#Page_54">54</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">—, Especially Thanked by Resolutions Committee, <a href="#Page_xx">xx</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Community Center Church, Its Scope, <a href="#Page_259">259</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Community Club, <a href="#Page_132">132</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Community Life, Its Pleasures, <a href="#Page_165">165</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx"><span class="smcap">Condra, E. A.</span>, Address by, <a href="#Page_49">49</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">—, Temporary Chairman, <a href="#Page_45">45</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Congestion Problems, <a href="#Page_32">32</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Congress, More Liberality Urged, <a href="#Page_xiii">xiii</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Congress, International, of Humane Associations in London, Eng., <a href="#Page_263">263</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Conservation and the National Domain, <a href="#Page_193">193</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Conservation and Utilization, <a href="#Page_140">140</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Conservation, as Exemplified in Education, <a href="#Page_216">216</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Conservation, As Old as Mankind, <a href="#Page_214">214</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Conservation Commission in Oregon, When Appointed, <a href="#Page_288">288</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Conservation Commission of California, a Report of Its Work, <a href="#Page_274">274</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Conservation Commission of New York, Report of, <a href="#Page_286">286</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Conservation Commission, Urged for Each Commonwealth, <a href="#Page_xvi">xvi</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Conservation, Education in, <a href="#Page_293">293</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Conservation Movement, Its Organization in Pennsylvania, <a href="#Page_291">291</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">—, Misunderstood and Misrepresented, <a href="#Page_195">195</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">—, A Help in Showing Relation to Society, <a href="#Page_229">229</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Conservation, Not a Theory, <a href="#Page_245">245</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">—, in New York Parks, <a href="#Page_286">286</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">—, Its Scope, <a href="#Page_186">186</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">—, in the Public Schools, <a href="#Page_118">118</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">—, in South Dakota, <a href="#Page_111">111</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">—, of Bird Life, <a href="#Page_263">263</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">—, of Future Generations, <a href="#Page_143">143</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">—, of Old Time Ancestry in Massachusetts, <a href="#Page_281">281</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">—, of Material Resources in Kansas, <a href="#Page_278">278</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">—, of the Farm, <a href="#Page_234">234</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">—, of the Soil, <a href="#Page_58">58</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx"><span class="pagenum" id="Page_316">[316]</span>—, Pennsylvania State Branch, When Formed, <a href="#Page_291">291</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">—, the Ten Commandments of, <a href="#Page_291">291</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">—, What It Is Doing in Georgia, <a href="#Page_25">25</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Constitution, Amendments to, <a href="#Page_129">129</a>, <a href="#Page_130">130</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">—, as Amended, <a href="#Page_ix">ix</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Constitution of the Congress, <a href="#Page_ix">ix</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Constructive Statesmanship, Call for, <a href="#Page_85">85</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Contagious Diseases, <a href="#Page_144">144</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Contents, Table of, <a href="#Page_v">v</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Corn, Deep and Shallow Cultivation, <a href="#Page_248">248</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">—, Preparation of Seed Bed, <a href="#Page_255">255</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">—, Susceptible to Climatic Changes, <a href="#Page_247">247</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Corporation, Development of, <a href="#Page_14">14</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Country and City Boys, <a href="#Page_34">34</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Country Child vs. the City Child, <a href="#Page_31">31</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Country Women’s Clubs, Work for, <a href="#Page_123">123</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Country Life Commission, Tribute to, <a href="#Page_76">76</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">—, Discussed, <a href="#Page_132">132</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx"><span class="smcap">Coupland, Hon. Geo.</span>, Representative of Nebraska, <a href="#Page_43">43</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">—, Report by, <a href="#Page_285">285</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Credentials Committee, Appointment of, <a href="#Page_21">21</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">—, Report, <a href="#Page_167">167</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Crop Statistics, Not Encouraging, <a href="#Page_176">176</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">—, Doubling Yield, <a href="#Page_178">178</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">—, European Yield Double, <a href="#Page_209">209</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">—, Possibilities of Rotation, <a href="#Page_247">247</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx"><span class="smcap">Crump, Col. M. H.</span>, Remarks by, <a href="#Page_29">29</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Dairying, Certain Forms Wasteful of Fertility, <a href="#Page_236">236</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx"><span class="smcap">Darlington, Bishop</span>, Cited, <a href="#Page_291">291</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Daughters American Rev. Represented, <a href="#Page_117">117</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx"><span class="smcap">Day, Mrs. Holland C.</span>, Introduced, <a href="#Page_28">28</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">—, Report of, <a href="#Page_275">275</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Deaths From Preventable Causes, <a href="#Page_220">220</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Delegates Registered, List of, <a href="#Page_303">303</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Delinquent Children, Report of, <a href="#Page_37">37</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Deer, in the Adirondacks Protected by Law, <a href="#Page_286">286</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx"><span class="smcap">Deneen, Governor</span>, the Congress Sends Greetings to, <a href="#Page_28">28</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">—, Message from, <a href="#Page_275">275</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Denmark, Reforestation in, <a href="#Page_173">173</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx"><span class="smcap">Dillon C. J.</span>, Remarks by, <a href="#Page_127">127</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx"><span class="smcap">Dimock, A. W.</span>, Reference to, <a href="#Page_265">265</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx"><span class="smcap">Dix, Governor of New York</span>, Tribute to, <a href="#Page_266">266</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx"><span class="smcap">Draper, Mrs. Amos</span>, Complimentary Reference to, <a href="#Page_117">117</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx"><span class="smcap">Drinker, Dr. Henry S.</span>, Resolutions Committeeman from Pennsylvania, <a href="#Page_63">63</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">—, Address by, <a href="#Page_68">68</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx"><span class="smcap">Dyar, C. P.</span>, Address on Ohio, <a href="#Page_68">68</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx"><span class="smcap">Edison</span>, Quoted on Economy of French Menage, <a href="#Page_217">217</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Education, the Most Precious Possession, <a href="#Page_217">217</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Efficiency, Increased Through Combination, <a href="#Page_294">294</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Electrochemical Society of America, <a href="#Page_116">116</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Engineering Education, Society for the Promotion of, <a href="#Page_273">273</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Executive Report, <a href="#Page_129">129</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Experiment Station, Fort Hays, <a href="#Page_247">247</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Experiment Station, Missouri, Cited, <a href="#Page_233">233</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx"><span class="smcap">Evans, Powell</span>, Quoted, <a href="#Page_158">158</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">“Farm and Fireside,” Represented, <a href="#Page_88">88</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Farm Children, Anxious for Useful Training, <a href="#Page_74">74</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">—, How to Keep Sensible Young Men on, <a href="#Page_155">155</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">—, Organization, <a href="#Page_60">60</a>, <a href="#Page_124">124</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">—, Production, Cost of, <a href="#Page_57">57</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">—, Sanitation on, <a href="#Page_285">285</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">—, Social Life of, <a href="#Page_71">71</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">—, to Make Attractive, <a href="#Page_226">226</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Farmer, Day’s Work of the, <a href="#Page_122">122</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">—, His Comforts and Conveniences, <a href="#Page_227">227</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">—, the Resources of, <a href="#Page_192">192</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Farmer’s Coöperative Demonstration, <a href="#Page_152">152</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Farmers’ Institutes, in Kansas, <a href="#Page_278">278</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Farmer’s Wife, <a href="#Page_110">110</a>, <a href="#Page_126">126</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Farmer, Wisdom to be Learned at His Feet, <a href="#Page_156">156</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Farmers’ Revolt, Greatest in History, <a href="#Page_81">81</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Farming, Appalling Waste in Essentials, <a href="#Page_235">235</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">—, the Business of, <a href="#Page_208">208</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx"><span class="smcap">Farquhar, A. B.</span>, Speaks for Pennsylvania, <a href="#Page_68">68</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">—, Address by, <a href="#Page_291">291</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Federal Forest Service Commended, <a href="#Page_xiii">xiii</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Fertilizer, Commercial, Produced, <a href="#Page_299">299</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">—, Importation of, <a href="#Page_102">102</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">—, Importance of Analysis by Reliable, Chemist, <a href="#Page_239">239</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">—, Stress Laid on Intelligent Use of, <a href="#Page_239">239</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">—, the Wrong Kind, <a href="#Page_180">180</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx"><span class="smcap">Field, Dr. Geo. W.</span>, Introduced, <a href="#Page_116">116</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">—, Address by, <a href="#Page_263">263</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx"><span class="smcap">Field, Miss Jessie</span>, Tribute to, <a href="#Page_76">76</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx"><span class="smcap">Filson, F. M.</span>, Introduced, <a href="#Page_152">152</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">—, Address by, <a href="#Page_259">259</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Fire Losses, in Life and Property, <a href="#Page_157">157</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">—, Need of Federal investigation, <a href="#Page_162">162</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">—, Total on Buildings, <a href="#Page_268">268</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">—, Records of the Board, <a href="#Page_268">268</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Fire Marshal, State Creation of Office Urged, <a href="#Page_269">269</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Fire Prevention, A Day to Be Set Aside, <a href="#Page_271">271</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">—, Waste, Conservation Efforts for Its Reduction, <a href="#Page_267">267</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">—, Waste, Remarks of Walter L. Fisher on, <a href="#Page_270">270</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx"><span class="smcap">Fisher, Walter L.</span>, “Conservation and the National Domain”, <a href="#Page_193">193</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">—, Cited on Fire Waste, <a href="#Page_270">270</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx"><span class="smcap">Fisher, Prof. Irving</span>, Quoted, <a href="#Page_262">262</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Food, President Wallace on How to Produce Cheaply, <a href="#Page_16">16</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">—, Standing Committee on Urged on the Congress, <a href="#Page_265">265</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">—, Supplies, High Price of, <a href="#Page_264">264</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Forest Fires of 1910, <a href="#Page_115">115</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">—, Protection, <a href="#Page_291">291</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Forest Lands, Just Taxation For, <a href="#Page_292">292</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">—, Taxation, Leads to State Impoverishment, <a href="#Page_296">296</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Forest Service, Reference to, <a href="#Page_116">116</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Forests, History of, <a href="#Page_200">200</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">—, Practical Methods of Restoration, <a href="#Page_283">283</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">—, Yields in Europe, <a href="#Page_171">171</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Forestry Department, Its Tuberculosis Camp, <a href="#Page_294">294</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Forestry, What Massachusetts is Doing, <a href="#Page_283">283</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx"><span class="smcap">Fowler, B. A.</span>, Made Chairman of Committee on Resolutions, <a href="#Page_43">43</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">—, on Work of Resolutions Committee, <a href="#Page_63">63</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">—, Chairman Committee on Resolutions, <a href="#Page_211">211</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Franchise, Terms on Which It Should Be Granted, <a href="#Page_224">224</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Fresh Air, the Gospel of, <a href="#Page_298">298</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Fruit, Waste of, <a href="#Page_150">150</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Game Laws, Not Evasive in New York, <a href="#Page_287">287</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Game Protective Legislation and Preserves, <a href="#Page_265">265</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Geological Survey, Investigation of Fire Loss, <a href="#Page_267">267</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx"><span class="smcap">Gigault, G. A.</span>, Quoted, <a href="#Page_73">73</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx"><span class="smcap">Gipe, James C.</span>, Re-elected Recording Secretary, <a href="#Page_174">174</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx"><span class="smcap">Glavis, Louis R.</span>, Cited, <a href="#Page_274">274</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Good Roads, Extension of Movement Urged, <a href="#Page_xv">xv</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">—, in Oklahoma, <a href="#Page_287">287</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">—, Movement in Minnesota, <a href="#Page_284">284</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx"><span class="smcap">Gould, Jay</span>, Reference to, <a href="#Page_91">91</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx"><span class="smcap">Grace, Fred J.</span>, Introduced, <a href="#Page_30">30</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">—, Address on Louisiana, <a href="#Page_279">279</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Grange, Agency of, <a href="#Page_298">298</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">—, and the Farmer’s Club, <a href="#Page_72">72</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">—, National, <a href="#Page_71">71</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Gravel Rock, Analysis, <a href="#Page_241">241</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx"><span class="smcap">Gregg, Everitt</span>, on Resolutions Committee for Washington, <a href="#Page_63">63</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx"><span class="smcap">Greenwood, Prof. J. M.</span>, Appointed to Represent National Educational Association, <a href="#Page_120">120</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx"><span class="smcap">Griggs, E. G.</span>, President Nat’l Lumbermen’s Manufacturers Association, Address by, <a href="#Page_245">245</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">—, Report for N. L. M. Association, <a href="#Page_113">113</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx"><span class="smcap">Gross, Howard H.</span>, Address by, <a href="#Page_47">47</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx"><span class="smcap">Grout, A. P.</span>, “The Rape of the Soil”, <a href="#Page_205">205</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx"><span class="smcap">Gunther, Emil</span>, Introduced, <a href="#Page_46">46</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">—, Report by, <a href="#Page_290">290</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx"><span class="smcap">Guthrie, F. A.</span>, Address by, <a href="#Page_131">131</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx"><span class="smcap">Guthridge, A. W.</span>, Resolutions Committeeman from Minnesota, <a href="#Page_63">63</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx"><span class="smcap">Greeley, Horace</span>, Cited on Stripping Forests, <a href="#Page_236">236</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx"><span class="smcap">Hadley, Governor Herbert S.</span>, Address, <a href="#Page_5">5</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">—, Presiding officer, <a href="#Page_23">23</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx"><span class="smcap">Hansen, Fred</span>, Tribute to His Work, <a href="#Page_76">76</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx"><span class="pagenum" id="Page_317">[317]</span>Harrowing Wheat, Use of the Weeder, <a href="#Page_251">251</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx"><span class="smcap">Hays, Dr. C. W.</span>, Quoted, <a href="#Page_70">70</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Health, Department of, the First Step in Conservation, <a href="#Page_294">294</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">—, Owen Bill Favors Cabinet Member at Its Head, <a href="#Page_218">218</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Health, the Great Asset, <a href="#Page_142">142</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx"><span class="smcap">Hendrix, Rt. Rev. E. R.</span>, invocation, <a href="#Page_62">62</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Highways, Necessary to a State’s Progress, <a href="#Page_164">164</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx"><span class="smcap">Hill, Curtis</span>, Address on Good Roads, <a href="#Page_163">163</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx"><span class="smcap">Hill, James J.</span>, Reference to, <a href="#Page_47">47</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Historic Aphorism, <a href="#Page_91">91</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx"><span class="smcap">Hoard, Ex-gov. W. D.</span>, of Wisconsin, Address by, <a href="#Page_234">234</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Hook Worm Commission, Work of Approved, <a href="#Page_xviii">xviii</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx"><span class="smcap">Holden, B. G.</span>, Address, <a href="#Page_71">71</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx"><span class="smcap">Holmes, Joseph Austin</span>, Compliment to, <a href="#Page_185">185</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Homestead Law, Commutation Clause, <a href="#Page_xiv">xiv</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx"><span class="smcap">Hopkins, Prof. Cyril G.</span>, “Worn-out Soils”, <a href="#Page_176">176</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">—, Quoted, <a href="#Page_232">232</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx"><span class="smcap">Hornaday, Dr. W. T.</span>, Reference to, <a href="#Page_265">265</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx"><span class="smcap">Hoynes, Prof. Wm.</span>, Address by, <a href="#Page_214">214</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx"><span class="smcap">Huebner</span>, Quoted on German Freight Policy, <a href="#Page_96">96</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Humane Association, Report of, <a href="#Page_262">262</a></li>
+
+<li class="ifrst">Idaho, Report From, <a href="#Page_275">275</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Idleness, Danger of, <a href="#Page_39">39</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Illinois, Report From, <a href="#Page_275">275</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">—, What the State is Doing in Soil Investigation, <a href="#Page_181">181</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Indiana, Report From, <a href="#Page_277">277</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Individuals, Value of, <a href="#Page_220">220</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Insanity Fading in the Lives of Farm Women, <a href="#Page_136">136</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Insurance Companies Control, <a href="#Page_158">158</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">—, Rates and Fire Losses, <a href="#Page_159">159</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">—, Sanitary for the Eaters of Sea Foods, <a href="#Page_263">263</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">International Institute of Agriculture, Reference to, <a href="#Page_83">83</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Iowa, Report From, <a href="#Page_277">277</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Irrigation, as Demonstrated by the Work of the Reclamation Service, <a href="#Page_200">200</a></li>
+
+<li class="ifrst"><span class="smcap">Jackson, Fred S.</span>, Address by, <a href="#Page_157">157</a></li>
+
+<li class="ifrst">Kansas, Agricultural College Represented, <a href="#Page_278">278</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">—, Congressman From, <a href="#Page_157">157</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">—, Intemperance Lessened, <a href="#Page_278">278</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">—, Its Great Corn Crop, <a href="#Page_279">279</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">—, Lack of Silos a Cause of Waste in Corn, <a href="#Page_279">279</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">—, Report From, <a href="#Page_278">278</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">—, Work of the Experiment Stations, <a href="#Page_247">247</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx"><span class="smcap">Kerr, Rev. Dr. R. M.</span>, Invocation by, <a href="#Page_23">23</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx"><span class="smcap">Kinney, F. J.</span>, Resolutions Committeeman from Oregon, <a href="#Page_63">63</a></li>
+
+<li class="ifrst">Labor A Proper Conception of Its Dignity, <a href="#Page_227">227</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Land, Changes in the Law for Settlers Urged, <a href="#Page_201">201</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">—, No Change in the Nation’s Policy, <a href="#Page_196">196</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">—, Values, Increase in, <a href="#Page_154">154</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Landlord System, <a href="#Page_223">223</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx"><span class="smcap">Latchaw, D. Austin</span>, Re-elected Treasurer, <a href="#Page_174">174</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Lead, Arsenate of, Powerful Insecticide for Tree Pests, <a href="#Page_282">282</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Lehigh University, Represented by Its President, <a href="#Page_69">69</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx"><span class="smcap">Lester, John C.</span>, Address of Welcome, <a href="#Page_4">4</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">—, Thanked by Resolutions Committee, <a href="#Page_xx">xx</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx"><span class="smcap">Lewis, John H.</span>, His Work as State Engineer Endorsed, <a href="#Page_288">288</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx"><span class="smcap">Lillis, Bishop</span>, Invocation by, <a href="#Page_1">1</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Lime, Value of, <a href="#Page_103">103</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx"><span class="smcap">Lindsay, Hon. Ben. B.</span>, Address, <a href="#Page_31">31</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Little Mother and the Fat Hog, Story of, <a href="#Page_219">219</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Live Stock Farming, <a href="#Page_231">231</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx"><span class="smcap">Logan, Geo. B.</span>, Address by, <a href="#Page_64">64</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx"><span class="smcap">Long, R. A.</span>, Address by, <a href="#Page_76">76</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Louisiana, Wealth in Woods, <a href="#Page_279">279</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">—, Report For, <a href="#Page_279">279</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Lumber Dealers, Wholesale, <a href="#Page_76">76</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx"><span class="smcap">Lyles, Rev. C. S.</span>, Tribute to His Work, <a href="#Page_76">76</a></li>
+
+<li class="ifrst"><span class="smcap">MacBride, Thomas H.</span>, Introduced, <a href="#Page_29">29</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">—, Report of, <a href="#Page_277">277</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx"><span class="smcap">McFarland, J. Horace</span>, Telegram from, <a href="#Page_131">131</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx"><span class="smcap">McGee, Dr. W J</span>, Address by, <a href="#Page_183">183</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx"><span class="smcap">McNutt, Rev. M. B.</span>, Reference to His Work, <a href="#Page_76">76</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Machinery, Evolution of, <a href="#Page_15">15</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Mammoth Cave of Kentucky Cited as Example, <a href="#Page_xiv">xiv</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx"><span class="smcap">Martin, Col. John I.</span>, Elected Sergeant-at-Arms, <a href="#Page_21">21</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">—, Sergeant-at-Arms Receives Thanks of Resolutions Committee, <a href="#Page_xx">xx</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Massachusetts, Its Coastal Boundary, <a href="#Page_282">282</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">—, Its Natural Advantages, <a href="#Page_281">281</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">—, One of Its Metropolitan Water Systems, <a href="#Page_281">281</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">—, Report by State Forester, <a href="#Page_281">281</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Mexican Ambassador, Telegram From, <a href="#Page_28">28</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Middle West, Its Awakened Public Opinion, <a href="#Page_136">136</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Missouri, Animal Husbandry Recommended, <a href="#Page_234">234</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">—, Experiment Station, Some Results, <a href="#Page_233">233</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">—, Live Stock Husbandry, <a href="#Page_232">232</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">—, Its Farmer Governor, <a href="#Page_6">6</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">—, Pioneer in Civilization, <a href="#Page_6">6</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">—, Undeveloped Resources, <a href="#Page_7">7</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">—, Waterways Commission, Report by Its Secretary, <a href="#Page_64">64</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Mines, Accidents in, Less as Education Spreads, <a href="#Page_297">297</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Mineral Resources, Economy of, <a href="#Page_292">292</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Mineral Rights, Retained In Minnesota, <a href="#Page_284">284</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Minister’s Duty, in Life Work of the People, <a href="#Page_75">75</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Minnesota, on Record for Good Roads, <a href="#Page_284">284</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">—, Report From, <a href="#Page_284">284</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">—, What is Being Done in Conservation, <a href="#Page_284">284</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx"><span class="smcap">Moore, John D.</span>, Introduced, <a href="#Page_46">46</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">—, Report by, <a href="#Page_286">286</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx"><span class="smcap">Moore, Mrs. Philip N.</span>, “Community Center”, <a href="#Page_132">132</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx"><span class="smcap">Morton, J. Sterling</span>, Tribute to, <a href="#Page_285">285</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Mosquito, Purveyor of Yellow Fever, <a href="#Page_53">53</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Moths, the Gypsy and Brown-Tail, Fight Against, <a href="#Page_282">282</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx"><span class="smcap">Mullin, W. E.</span>, Report for National Board of Fire Underwriters, <a href="#Page_113">113</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx"><span class="smcap">Mumford, Dr. Frederick B.</span>, Introduced, <a href="#Page_121">121</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">—, Dean of the University of Missouri, Address by, <a href="#Page_231">231</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx"><span class="smcap">Munro, the Rev. Dr. Donald</span>, Invocation, <a href="#Page_193">193</a></li>
+
+<li class="ifrst">National Association of Credit Men, Quoted on Fire Waste, <a href="#Page_271">271</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">National Association of Manufacturers, <a href="#Page_261">261</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">National Audubon Society, Represented by Dr. Geo. W. Field, <a href="#Page_116">116</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">—, Report of, <a href="#Page_263">263</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">National Board of Fire Underwriters, by Its Committee, <a href="#Page_267">267</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">—, Board of Health Urged, <a href="#Page_147">147</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">—, Congress of Mothers and Parent Teachers’ Association, Report of, <a href="#Page_156">156</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">—, Conservation Congress, Urged to Greater Interest in Wild Life, <a href="#Page_266">266</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">—, Educational Association, <a href="#Page_120">120</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">—, Fire Protection Association, Some of Its Work, <a href="#Page_269">269</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">—, Organizations at the Congress, List of, <a href="#Page_301">301</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">—, Resources, Knowledge of, A Part of Educational System, <a href="#Page_298">298</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">National Shell Fish Association, <a href="#Page_263">263</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">National Soil Fertility League, <a href="#Page_48">48</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">—, Soil Fertility League, Represented, <a href="#Page_47">47</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">—, Soil Fertility League, the Plan of, <a href="#Page_210">210</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Nation, Earning Power of, Its Vital and Physical Assets, <a href="#Page_261">261</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">—, the, Its Motto “Conservation”, <a href="#Page_283">283</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Natural Scenery, Value of, <a href="#Page_292">292</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Navigation, an Economical Means of Transportation, <a href="#Page_xvii">xvii</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">—, and Water Power, <a href="#Page_66">66</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Nebraska, Achievement of Rural Commission and Farm Congress, <a href="#Page_285">285</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">—, Report From, <a href="#Page_285">285</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx"><span class="smcap">Neel, Dr. S. M.</span>, Invocation, <a href="#Page_148">148</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx"><span class="smcap">Neill, D. M.</span>, Introduced, <a href="#Page_43">43</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">—, Report by, <a href="#Page_284">284</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">New England Agriculture, Decline of, <a href="#Page_100">100</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">New York, Report From, <a href="#Page_286">286</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx"><span class="pagenum" id="Page_318">[318]</span>—, the State Gridironed by Its Highway System, <a href="#Page_286">286</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Nitrogen, Phosphorus and Potash, Essentials of Successful Farming, <a href="#Page_236">236</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Nominations, Committee on Appointed, <a href="#Page_110">110</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">—, Report of, <a href="#Page_174">174</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx"><span class="smcap">Northrop, Dr. Cyrus</span>, Chairman, <a href="#Page_147">147</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">—, Address by, <a href="#Page_149">149</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Nutritious Food, the Right to, <a href="#Page_144">144</a></li>
+
+<li class="ifrst">Officers and Committees, <a href="#Page_i">i</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Ohio, Agricultural Experiment Station Cited, <a href="#Page_180">180</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">—, Represented by C. P. Dyar, <a href="#Page_68">68</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Oklahoma, A Water Supply Without Federal Aid, <a href="#Page_287">287</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">—, Practical Good Roads Spirit, <a href="#Page_287">287</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">—, Report for, <a href="#Page_287">287</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">—, Taxless Method of Dealing with Underground Water, <a href="#Page_287">287</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Oregon, Caves in Josephine County as National Monument, <a href="#Page_289">289</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">—, Mineral Resources of, <a href="#Page_289">289</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">—, Report for, <a href="#Page_288">288</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Organization, Growth of, <a href="#Page_191">191</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx"><span class="smcap">Owen, Senator Robert L.</span>, Address by, <a href="#Page_218">218</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Ozark Regions, Conserver of Pasture, <a href="#Page_7">7</a></li>
+
+<li class="ifrst">Panama Canal, <a href="#Page_50">50</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">—, Health Its Greatest Triumph, <a href="#Page_145">145</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Parcels Post, as a Means to Reduce Cost of Living Recommended, <a href="#Page_xvi">xvi</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Pelagic Sealing, Some Credit for Its Stoppage, <a href="#Page_266">266</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Pennsylvania, Achievements of Its Department of Health, <a href="#Page_294">294</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">—, and Philadelphia, Report of, <a href="#Page_290">290</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">—, Dutch, Some Characteristics of, <a href="#Page_140">140</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">—, Its Scenic Attractions Sources of Revenue, <a href="#Page_298">298</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">—, State College, Reference to, <a href="#Page_179">179</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx"><span class="smcap">Penrose, Dr. Chas. B.</span>, Work of, <a href="#Page_294">294</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Pension Roll, Evidence of Waste of Resources, <a href="#Page_293">293</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Permanent Committees, Scope Extended, <a href="#Page_130">130</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Pheasant, Chinese, Insect Destroyer, <a href="#Page_149">149</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Philadelphia, Its Commercial and Social Importance, <a href="#Page_291">291</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Phosphate, Analysis, <a href="#Page_242">242</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">—, Deposits, to be Safe Guarded, <a href="#Page_xiv">xiv</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">—, Iniquitous Exportation, <a href="#Page_209">209</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">—, Resources, <a href="#Page_105">105</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">—, Tennessee, Analysis, <a href="#Page_243">243</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">—, Florida Produces Best, <a href="#Page_237">237</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">—, Subdivided into Classes, <a href="#Page_238">238</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Phosphorus, a Lack of Infertile Soil, <a href="#Page_104">104</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">—, its Use, <a href="#Page_179">179</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Piedro Miguel Locks of Panama Canal, <a href="#Page_52">52</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx"><span class="smcap">Pinchot, Gifford</span>, Appreciation of, <a href="#Page_265">265</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">—, Prophet of the Forest, <a href="#Page_184">184</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">—, Reminders of His Work While Forester, <a href="#Page_289">289</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">—, Telegram to from the Congress, <a href="#Page_193">193</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Plowing, Experiments at Many Stations, <a href="#Page_251">251</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">—, Good Rule for, <a href="#Page_249">249</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">—, Relative Depths of, <a href="#Page_250">250</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">—, Under Green Clover Doubtful Economy, <a href="#Page_233">233</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">—, Value of Deep, <a href="#Page_248">248</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx"><span class="smcap">Plunkett, Horace</span>, Cited on Social Work, <a href="#Page_138">138</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Poor Preachers Out of Good Farmers, <a href="#Page_139">139</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Pollution, Stream, Value in Filtration Plants, <a href="#Page_295">295</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Population, Drift of, <a href="#Page_12">12</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">—, Increase of, <a href="#Page_56">56</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Postal Savings System, <a href="#Page_260">260</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">—, Its Extension to Our Schools and Its Value, <a href="#Page_259">259</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Postmasters, Assistant, Missouri Association of, <a href="#Page_259">259</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx"><span class="smcap">Potter, Thos. W.</span>, Elected on Resolutions Committee from Kansas, <a href="#Page_62">62</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Practical Experiments in Child Help, <a href="#Page_42">42</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Presbyterian Board of Home Missions, <a href="#Page_139">139</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Press Thanked by Resolutions Committee, <a href="#Page_xxi">xxi</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx"><span class="smcap">Price, Overton W.</span>, New Book by, <a href="#Page_298">298</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Proceedings of the Congress, Supplementary, <a href="#Page_231">231</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Production, Adequate, Problem of, <a href="#Page_9">9</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">—, Per Acre, <a href="#Page_16">16</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Program, Resolution to Change Future, Offered, <a href="#Page_212">212</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Public Health, a Public and Federal Obligation, <a href="#Page_294">294</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">—, Land for Scenic Purposes Approved, <a href="#Page_xiv">xiv</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">—, Withdrawal of for Classification, <a href="#Page_xiv">xiv</a></li>
+
+<li class="ifrst"><span class="smcap">Quick, Herbert</span>, Address by, <a href="#Page_88">88</a></li>
+
+<li class="ifrst"><span class="smcap">Randolph, Col. Isham</span>, Introduced, <a href="#Page_28">28</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">—, Report of, <a href="#Page_275">275</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx"><span class="smcap">Rane, Prof. F. W.</span>, Introduced, <a href="#Page_44">44</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">—, Report of, <a href="#Page_281">281</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Railroads and the Farmer, Relations Between, <a href="#Page_88">88</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">—, and Population, <a href="#Page_107">107</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">—, Casualties Greater Than Civil War, <a href="#Page_262">262</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">—, How They Learned, <a href="#Page_89">89</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Railway Folly, the Greatest, <a href="#Page_109">109</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Railways, Inimical to Agricultural Development, <a href="#Page_94">94</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">—, Property, Appraisement of by the Government Urged, <a href="#Page_xv">xv</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Rates and Fertilizers, <a href="#Page_107">107</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">—, and Living Cost, <a href="#Page_92">92</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">—, Tapering, <a href="#Page_97">97</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">—, Texas System of, <a href="#Page_99">99</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Reception for Mrs. Matthew T. Scott by D. A. R. Announced, <a href="#Page_22">22</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Reclamation Service, Endorsed, <a href="#Page_xv">xv</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">—, What the Real Thing Means, <a href="#Page_182">182</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">—, Work of in Irrigation, <a href="#Page_200">200</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Reforestation, New York’s Six State Nurseries, <a href="#Page_286">286</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">—, Will Come When Profitable, <a href="#Page_246">246</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Religion, a Valuation of Life, <a href="#Page_257">257</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">—, Forward Movement, <a href="#Page_77">77</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Resolutions, Adopted by the Third Congress, <a href="#Page_xiii">xiii</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">—, Committee, Expresses Appreciation, <a href="#Page_xx">xx</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">—, Committee, Members of, <a href="#Page_211">211</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">—, Report, Adoption of, <a href="#Page_212">212</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Resources, Agricultural, <a href="#Page_292">292</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Restoration of Natural Resources, an Ally of Conservation, <a href="#Page_283">283</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx"><span class="smcap">Richter, Albert</span>, Quoted, <a href="#Page_237">237</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Rochdale Society of England, <a href="#Page_80">80</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx"><span class="smcap">Roosevelt</span>, Humanitarian and Statesman, <a href="#Page_185">185</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">—, Colonel, Letter Accounting for Absence from the Congress, <a href="#Page_205">205</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">—, President, quoted, <a href="#Page_70">70</a>, <a href="#Page_72">72</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">—, Theodore, letter from, <a href="#Page_113">113</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx"><span class="smcap">Royer</span>, Chief Medical Inspector, Quoted on Department of Health, <a href="#Page_294">294</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Rural Clubs, Plan of, <a href="#Page_73">73</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Rural Communities, Women of, <a href="#Page_132">132</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">—, Life, Modern Conveniences of, <a href="#Page_134">134</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">—, Life, Drawbacks to, <a href="#Page_133">133</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">—, Society, <a href="#Page_76">76</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx"><span class="smcap">Rushton, W. J.</span>, Introduced, <a href="#Page_113">113</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">—, President American Association Refrigeration, Address by, <a href="#Page_264">264</a></li>
+
+<li class="ifrst"><span class="smcap">Sanders, Governor J. Y.</span>, of Louisiana, Reference to, <a href="#Page_279">279</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Sanitation, Under Federal Direction Approved, <a href="#Page_xvii">xvii</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Schools, Plea for the Basic Subsidiary, <a href="#Page_235">235</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx"><span class="smcap">Schwedtman, Ferdinand G.</span>, Introduced, <a href="#Page_116">116</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">—, Chairman N. A. M., Address by, <a href="#Page_261">261</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx"><span class="smcap">Scott, Mrs. Matthew T.</span>, Address by, <a href="#Page_125">125</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Seed Bed, New Method of Preparing, <a href="#Page_251">251</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">—, Preparing by Disking, <a href="#Page_254">254</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx"><span class="smcap">Seton, Ernest Thompson</span>, Reference to, <a href="#Page_265">265</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Sewage, Dumping into Streams Deplored, <a href="#Page_xviii">xviii</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">—, Its Menace and Its Wasted Values, <a href="#Page_263">263</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">—, What Boston Paid to Put it in the Ocean, <a href="#Page_264">264</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx"><span class="smcap">Sheppard, Dr. C. W.</span>, Cited, <a href="#Page_241">241</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx"><span class="smcap">Shipp, Thomas R.</span>, Reëlected Secretary, <a href="#Page_174">174</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">—, Secretary, Appreciation of Expressed, <a href="#Page_xx">xx</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx"><span class="smcap">Shoffer, John C.</span>, Remarks by, <a href="#Page_212">212</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx"><span class="smcap">Smith, J. B.</span>, on Resolutions Committee for Texas, <a href="#Page_63">63</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx"><span class="smcap">Smith, J. Lawrence</span>, Cited, <a href="#Page_241">241</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Soil, Analysis, <a href="#Page_241">241</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">—, Conservation, Rational System of, <a href="#Page_231">231</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">—, Conservation, Not Successful Unless Profitable, <a href="#Page_233">233</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">—, Depletion, <a href="#Page_101">101</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">—, Erosion, Its Remedy, <a href="#Page_xv">xv</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx"><span class="pagenum" id="Page_319">[319]</span>—, Exhausted by Generation of Peach Culture, <a href="#Page_257">257</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">—, Fertility, <a href="#Page_231">231</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">—, Increasing Yield by Proper Cultivation, <a href="#Page_247">247</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">—, Its Maintenance, <a href="#Page_206">206</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">—, Its Robbers, <a href="#Page_210">210</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">—, Rape of, <a href="#Page_205">205</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">—, Reaping the Harvest of Blind Persistence in Tradition, <a href="#Page_207">207</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">—, Reclaimed and Made Profitable, <a href="#Page_232">232</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">—, Waste of Raw Material, <a href="#Page_207">207</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">—, Waste, <a href="#Page_220">220</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Soils, Worn Out, <a href="#Page_170">170</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Song Dedicated to President Taft by Dr. Hiner, <a href="#Page_54">54</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">South Carolina, Drainage of Its Swamp Lands, <a href="#Page_299">299</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">—, How it is Helping Conservation, <a href="#Page_299">299</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">—, Improvements in Rural Life, <a href="#Page_299">299</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">—, Report of, <a href="#Page_299">299</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Spanish War, Some Tragic Phases of, <a href="#Page_218">218</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx"><span class="smcap">Spillman, Prof. W. J.</span>, Address by, <a href="#Page_152">152</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">State and Nation, Conflict Between, <a href="#Page_223">223</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">States, Roll Call of, <a href="#Page_63">63</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx"><span class="smcap">Stevens, Edward A.</span>, Address by, <a href="#Page_44">44</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx"><span class="smcap">Stillman, Wm. O.</span>, Address by, <a href="#Page_262">262</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx"><span class="smcap">Stubbs, A. W.</span>, Remarks of, <a href="#Page_29">29</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">—, Resolution offered, <a href="#Page_212">212</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Sulphur, Mined by Novel Process, <a href="#Page_280">280</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Swamp Land Reclamation, Need of, <a href="#Page_8">8</a></li>
+
+<li class="ifrst"><span class="smcap">Taft</span>, President, Address by, <a href="#Page_55">55</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">—, Message to Congress Quoted, <a href="#Page_70">70</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">—, Quoted on Anti-Trust Law, <a href="#Page_70">70</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Tariff Issues, Settled Only When Business Integrity Governs, <a href="#Page_245">245</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx"><span class="smcap">Taylor, Edward R.</span>, Introduced, <a href="#Page_116">116</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Taxation, a Foe to Timber Holding, <a href="#Page_245">245</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx"><span class="smcap">Ten Eyck, Professor A. M.</span>, “Practical Methods of Soil Cultivation”, <a href="#Page_193">193</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">—, of Kansas Agricultural College, Address by, <a href="#Page_247">247</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx"><span class="smcap">Teal, Joseph N.</span>, Address by, <a href="#Page_288">288</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Testing Materials, Society for, Represented, <a href="#Page_273">273</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx"><span class="smcap">Tolerton</span>, Honorable <span class="smcap">Jesse A.</span>, Complimentary Reference to, <a href="#Page_149">149</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Timber Cutting in Europe, <a href="#Page_168">168</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">—, Resources, Value of, <a href="#Page_245">245</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">—, Should be Taxed Only When Cut, <a href="#Page_296">296</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Toll, the Necessity for, <a href="#Page_228">228</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx"><span class="smcap">Tolstoi</span>, Quoted on Labor, <a href="#Page_227">227</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Tonnage, Dominance of, <a href="#Page_90">90</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Transportation, Value of Easy, <a href="#Page_93">93</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Tree Planting by Rotation, <a href="#Page_169">169</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Trees, Modern Power Spraying, <a href="#Page_282">282</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Tuberculosis, Its Segregation, <a href="#Page_145">145</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">—, State Sanitorium for at Mont Alto, <a href="#Page_295">295</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx"><span class="smcap">Twitchell</span>, Dr. M. W., Introduced, <a href="#Page_47">47</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">—, Report by, <a href="#Page_296">296</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Typhoid Fever vs. Pure Water, <a href="#Page_299">299</a></li>
+
+<li class="ifrst"><span class="smcap">Van Ornum, J. L.</span>, Letter from, <a href="#Page_273">273</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx"><span class="smcap">Vessey</span>, Governor R. S., Made Chairman, Address by, <a href="#Page_111">111</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx"><span class="smcap">Vrooman</span>, Mrs. <span class="smcap">Carl</span>, Address by, <a href="#Page_117">117</a></li>
+
+<li class="ifrst">University of Missouri, Represented by Its Dean, Dr. <span class="smcap">Mumford</span>, <a href="#Page_121">121</a></li>
+
+<li class="ifrst"><span class="smcap">Wallace</span>, President, Address by, <a href="#Page_11">11</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">—, Thanks the Congress, <a href="#Page_174">174</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">—, ex-President, Thanked by Resolutions Committee, <a href="#Page_xx">xx</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx"><span class="smcap">Wallace, Dillon</span>, Reference to, <a href="#Page_265">265</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Water and Power, Resources in California, <a href="#Page_274">274</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">—, Importance of as Plant Food, <a href="#Page_238">238</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">—, Its Impounding, <a href="#Page_225">225</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Water Power, <a href="#Page_201">201</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">—, Sacrificed to Lax Laws, <a href="#Page_297">297</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Water, Supervision of Its Use by Corporations, <a href="#Page_292">292</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">—, Supply and Agriculture, <a href="#Page_65">65</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">—, Supply, the Nation’s, <a href="#Page_222">222</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">—, Supply, Purified, <a href="#Page_291">291</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">—, the Important Problem, <a href="#Page_196">196</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Watercourses, as a Public Resource, <a href="#Page_292">292</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Waters, Belong to All the People, <a href="#Page_xvii">xvii</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx"><span class="smcap">Waters</span>, Dean H. J., Elected President of Kansas Delegation, <a href="#Page_29">29</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">—, of the State Agricultural College, Report of, <a href="#Page_278">278</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx"><span class="smcap">Weeks</span>, Mrs. E. R., Address by, <a href="#Page_136">136</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx"><span class="smcap">Weller</span>, Miss <span class="smcap">Mame E.</span>, Talk on Federation of Iowa Women’s Clubs, <a href="#Page_130">130</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Western Forestry and Conservation Association, <a href="#Page_114">114</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx"><span class="smcap">Wharton, Wm. P.</span>, Report of, <a href="#Page_272">272</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">—, Resolutions Committeeman from Massachusetts, <a href="#Page_63">63</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Wheat, How to Prepare Seed Bed, <a href="#Page_253">253</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">—, Its Protection From Adjacent Fields, <a href="#Page_252">252</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx"><span class="smcap">White</span>, Honorable <span class="smcap">John B.</span>, Address by, <a href="#Page_17">17</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">—, Chairman Executive Committee, <a href="#Page_19">19</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">—, Assumes Chair, <a href="#Page_87">87</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">—, Report of Executive Committee, <a href="#Page_129">129</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">—, “Lumber in Europe”, <a href="#Page_167">167</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">—, Elected President, <a href="#Page_174">174</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">—, Address of, <a href="#Page_175">175</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Wild Bird Plumage, Campaign Against Sale of, <a href="#Page_266">266</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">—, Life Depletion, More Stringent Measures Urged, <a href="#Page_xix">xix</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">—, Life, in Forest and Stream, <a href="#Page_292">292</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">—, Life Protection, <a href="#Page_265">265</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx"><span class="smcap">Willey, Henry Ide</span>, of New York, Address by, <a href="#Page_237">237</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx"><span class="smcap">Wiley</span>, Dr. H. W., Address by, <a href="#Page_139">139</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx"><span class="smcap">Wilson, Warren H.</span>, Introduced, <a href="#Page_139">139</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">—, Superintendent Board of Home Missions, Address by, <a href="#Page_257">257</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx"><span class="smcap">Wilson</span>, Secretary, Quoted, <a href="#Page_92">92</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx"><span class="smcap">Wolfe, Henry W.</span>, Quoted, <a href="#Page_79">79</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx"><span class="smcap">Worsham</span>, Professor E. L., Report by, <a href="#Page_24">24</a></li>
+
+<li class="ifrst">Yellow Pine Manufacturers, <a href="#Page_76">76</a></li>
+
+</ul>
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+
+<div class="box">
+
+<table>
+  <tr>
+    <td><p class="center">R. A. LONG,<br>
+        <span class="smaller">Pres. and Gen’l Mgr.</span></p></td>
+    <td><p class="center">C. B. SWEET,<br>
+        <span class="smaller">Vice Pres. and Asst Gen’l Mgr.</span></p></td>
+    <td><p class="center">F. J. BANNISTER,<br>
+        <span class="smaller">Secretary-Treasurer</span></p></td>
+    <td><p class="center">M. B. NELSON,<br>
+        <span class="smaller">Gen’l Sales Manager</span></p></td>
+  </tr>
+</table>
+
+<p class="center larger">The Long-Bell Lumber Co.</p>
+
+<p class="center"><span class="smaller">General Offices: 8th and 9th Floors R. A. Long Building</span><br>
+Kansas City, Mo.</p>
+
+<p class="center"><span class="smaller">Manufacturers of</span><br>
+LONG AND SHORT LEAF<br>
+<span class="smcap larger"><span class="larger">Yellow<br>
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Pine</span><br>
+<span style="margin-left: 4em;">Lumber</span></span></span></p>
+
+<p class="center">Annual Capacity, 550,000,000 Feet</p>
+
+<div class="box2">
+
+<div class="box3">
+
+<p class="center">Eleven Modern Saw Mills</p>
+
+<p class="center smaller">Located at</p>
+
+<ul class="allsmcap">
+  <li>YELLOW PINE, LA.</li>
+  <li>DE RIDDER, LA.</li>
+  <li>LUFKIN, TEXAS</li>
+  <li>WOODWORTH, LA.</li>
+  <li>BONAMI, LA.</li>
+  <li>DOUCETTE, TEX.</li>
+  <li>LONGVILLE, LA.</li>
+  <li>NEW WILLARD, TEX.</li>
+  <li>LAKE CHARLES, LA.</li>
+  <li>TRINITY, TEX.</li>
+  <li>PINE BLUFF, ARK.</li>
+</ul>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="box3">
+
+<p class="center">Equipped with 23
+Bands, 8 Gangs,
+2 Circulars.</p>
+
+<p class="center smaller">Planing Mill Capacity to take
+care of entire product of sawmills</p>
+
+<p class="center">100,000,000 feet mixed
+Yard Stock in Pile.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+</div>
+
+<p class="hanging"><span class="larger">Railroad Material.</span>
+We can surface timbers 4 sides up to
+20″×30″, making a specialty of Stringers,
+Caps, Ties, Guard Rails, Siding, Lining and Roofing.</p>
+
+<p class="hanging"><span class="larger">Export Material.</span>
+We are large producers of 1×4″ and 6″
+Prime Floorings, 1×4″ Heart Rift Ship
+Decking and Crown and Prime schedules for the European market.</p>
+
+<p class="hanging"><span class="larger">Coast Products.</span>
+We solicit inquiries for all grades of the best
+Red Cedar Shingles and Siding, Fir Timbers
+and Yard Stock, also Spruce Lumber. Shingles in transit for prompt
+delivery at all times. We Ship the Product of Our Own Mills Only.</p>
+
+<p class="center">Yellow Pine Box Shook Factory, Bonami, La. and Pine Bluff, Ark.</p>
+
+<p class="center">W. M. BEEBE, Mgr. Y. P. Sales Dept.
+<span class="spacer">L. R. FIFER, Mgr. P. S. Sales Dept.</span></p>
+
+</div>
+
+<hr class="chap">
+
+<div class="box">
+
+<p class="center larger"><span class="larger">Missouri</span> and<br>
+<span class="larger">Louisiana Pine</span></p>
+
+<p class="center">from LOUISIANA MILLS, at</p>
+
+<table>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="nw">Louisiana Long Leaf Lumber Co., Fisher, La.,</td>
+    <td class="tdr">}</td>
+    <td rowspan="2" class="valign">Ships over Kansas City Southern &amp; Tex. Pacific</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="nw">Louisiana Long Leaf Lumber Co., Victoria, La.,</td>
+    <td class="tdr">}</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="nw">Louisiana Central Lumber Co., Clarks, La.,</td>
+    <td class="tdr">}</td>
+    <td rowspan="2" class="valign">Ships over St. Louis, Iron Mountain &amp; South’n</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="nw">Louisiana Central Lumber Co., Standard, La.,</td>
+    <td class="tdr">}</td>
+  </tr>
+</table>
+
+<p class="center">and MISSOURI MILLS</p>
+
+<table>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="nw">Missouri Lumber &amp; Mining Co., West Eminence, Mo.,</td>
+    <td class="tdr">}</td>
+    <td rowspan="2" class="valign">Ships over Frisco Lines</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="nw">Ozark Land &amp; Lumber Co., Winona, Mo.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">}</td>
+  </tr>
+</table>
+
+<p class="center">NINE MILLS<br>
+250,000,000 FEET ANNUAL CAPACITY</p>
+
+<p class="center">OUR FISHER, LOUISIANA, MILL HAS</p>
+
+<p class="center">Excellent Facilities For Shipping Their</p>
+
+<table>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="valign"><p class="center">End Matched<br>Hollow Backed</p></td>
+    <td class="valign"><p class="center larger">Oak flooring</p></td>
+    <td class="valign"><p class="center">Bored and<br>Bundled</p></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td colspan="3"><p class="center smaller">Diamond ◆ Brand</p></td>
+  </tr>
+</table>
+
+<p class="center">It is carefully and accurately worked. Thoroughly<br>
+kiln-dried. Bundled and tied with a patent wire<br>
+BALING TIE THAT CANNOT SLIP OFF.</p>
+
+<p class="center">The product of a High Class Modern Oak Flooring Mill.</p>
+
+<p class="center">We Will Ship Our Oak Flooring in Straight
+Cars or Mixed With Our Yellow Pine.</p>
+
+<p class="center">Address all communications to</p>
+
+<p class="center larger">Missouri Lumber &amp; Land Exchange Co.<br>
+<span class="smaller">1107 to 1112 Long Building, Kansas City, Mo.</span></p>
+
+</div>
+
+<hr class="chap">
+
+<div class="box">
+
+<p class="hanging"><span class="larger"><span class="larger">Southern Yellow Pine</span></span>—successfully
+fulfills more building requirements than any other wood</p>
+
+<p class="center larger">For Residences of All Classes,<br>
+City and Country Houses, Bungalows.</p>
+
+<p class="noindent">The peer of any wood used for interior trim
+or flooring. Handsome in appearance, easily
+finished at minimum cost; painted or enameled.</p>
+
+<p class="noindent">The most economical wood in price as well as in service.</p>
+
+<p class="noindent"><span class="larger u">Durable Weatherboarding,</span> House, Garage or Barn</p>
+
+<p class="noindent"><span class="larger">Wears Well, Costs Less, Holds Paint</span> to Entire Satisfaction</p>
+
+<p class="noindent">Cost and Adaptability to the intended use
+govern the amount and kind of lumber, therefore
+as a framing or dimension lumber, or
+for use in store or factory construction, no
+other wood excels it in strength, availability
+or cost. <span class="u">Essential in every modern home.</span></p>
+
+<p class="noindent">Its appearance stands comparison with selected oak,
+and other hard woods, and gives as good service.</p>
+
+<p class="hanging"><span class="larger">Farm Use.</span> For posts,
+fencing, sheds, barns, silos, tanks, shingles, floors, planking.</p>
+
+<p class="noindent">A good, sound timber—free from defects—hard,
+dense, flexible, straight in the grain. There is every
+good reason for its use in buildings of every class.</p>
+
+<div class="box">
+
+<p class="center">Write and tell us your needs. We will tell you what to ask
+for and where to get it.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<p class="center"><span class="larger">Yellow Pine Manufacturers’ Association</span><br>
+707 Wright Bldg. <span class="spacer">St. Louis, Mo.</span></p>
+
+</div>
+
+<hr class="chap">
+
+<div class="box">
+
+<p class="center larger">Central Coal &amp; Coke Co.</p>
+
+<div class="box">
+
+<p class="center larger">LUMBER<br>
+Department</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="box4">
+
+<div class="box3">
+
+<p class="center larger">LONG LEAF</p>
+
+<p class="center smaller">from our mills at</p>
+
+<p class="center">Neame and<br>Carson, La.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="box3">
+
+<p class="center larger">SHORT LEAF</p>
+
+<p class="center smaller">from our mills at</p>
+
+<p class="center">Ratcliff, Tex.<br>Boleyn, La.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="box">
+
+<p class="center">ANNUAL CAPACITY<br>
+200,000,000 FEET</p>
+
+<p class="center"><span class="smaller">GENERAL SALES OFFICE:</span><br>
+Keith &amp; Perry Building,<br>
+KANSAS CITY, MISSOURI</p>
+
+<table>
+  <tr>
+    <td><p class="center"><span class="smaller">Eastern Sales Office:</span><br>
+        INDIANAPOLIS, IND.</p></td>
+    <td><p class="center"><span class="smaller">Southwestern Sales Office:</span><br>
+        HOUSTON, TEXAS.</p></td>
+  </tr>
+</table>
+
+</div>
+
+</div>
+
+<hr class="chap">
+
+<div class="box">
+
+<table class="smaller">
+  <tr>
+    <td>EDWARD HINES, President<br>L. L. BARTH, Vice-President</td>
+    <td>C. F. WIEHE, Secretary<br>M. W. TEUFEL, Ass’t to President</td>
+    <td>T. F. TOOMEY, Ass’t to Vice-President<br>EDWARD H. THOMAS, Ass’t Treasurer</td>
+  </tr>
+</table>
+
+<p class="center"><span class="larger">EDWARD HINES LUMBER COMPANY,</span><br>
+<span class="smaller">LINCOLN STREET, SOUTH OF BLUE
+ISLAND AVENUE, CHICAGO.</span></p>
+
+<p class="center mt2">HEADQUARTERS FOR EVERY THING IN LUMBER</p>
+
+<figure class="figcenter illowp100" style="max-width: 2.1875em;">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/deco.jpg" alt="">
+</figure>
+
+<p class="center">LARGEST LUMBER YARDS IN THE WORLD</p>
+
+<figure class="figcenter mt2 illowp100" id="ad-lumber" style="max-width: 43.75em;">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/ad-lumber.jpg" alt="BIRD’S EYE VIEW OF THE
+  LARGEST LUMBER YARD IN THE WORLD">
+  <figcaption>
+    <p>Bird’s-eye view taken from tower 200 feet high, showing our three
+    large yards, covering over 45 acres and a water frontage of over one
+    mile. The piling shown just opposite locomotive (over 1000 in number)
+    are 60 feet long and appear like a bundle of matches, giving you a
+    comparative idea of the enormous size of our plant.</p>
+  </figcaption>
+</figure>
+
+<p>Timbers in stock up to 20×20-100 ft. Shingles and Lath in mixed cars from Chicago or full cars direct from our Northern mills. Inch and
+two inch Hard Maple for Warehouse Driveways, Coal Yards, Lumber Yards, Grain Elevators, etc., also for Crating and Packing purposes.</p>
+
+<p class="center">Western Union and Postal Wires direct to our office.<br>
+PROMPT SERVICE ASSURED.<br>
+TELEPHONE “CANAL” 349.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<hr class="chap">
+
+<div class="box">
+
+<p class="right">HE WHO USES CYPRESS BUILDS BUT ONCE</p>
+
+<figure class="figcenter illowp100" id="ad-cypress-1" style="max-width: 43.75em;">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/ad-cypress-1.jpg" alt="CYPRESS “THE WOOD ETERNAL”">
+</figure>
+
+<figure class="figleft illowp84" id="ad-cypress-2" style="max-width: 14.0625em;">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/ad-cypress-2.jpg" alt="CYPRESS DEFIES DECAY">
+</figure>
+
+<figure class="figright illowp84" id="ad-cypress-3" style="max-width: 14.0625em;">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/ad-cypress-3.jpg" alt="CYPRESS AVERTS REPAIR BILLS">
+</figure>
+
+<p class="center">You know the ancient fame of<br>
+<span class="larger">CYPRESS</span><br>
+but do you know its uses <i>today</i>,<br>
+and their significance to <i>you</i>?</p>
+
+<p>CYPRESS is <i>the</i> wood of Scriptural history, and of romance; CYPRESS was the
+mystic wood of mythology—and it was the reliance of the sturdy builders of early
+America; CYPRESS always has been a magnet for those who have wrought sentiment
+and beauty into useful things—and CYPRESS is <i>today</i> the <i>staple wood</i> of the
+hard-headed calculating buyer who seeks the most <i>lasting</i> values for his lumber-money.</p>
+
+<p>This concerns <i>YOU</i>—if you like to avoid repair bills on anything made of wood.</p>
+
+<p>It was of CYPRESS, according to Pliny, that the famous statue of Jupiter was carved; it existed
+more than six centuries without a sign of decay.</p>
+
+<p>The historic Gates of Constantinople were of CYPRESS; they were on duty for eleven centuries
+without a furlough.</p>
+
+<p>The CYPRESS doors of ancient St. Peter’s, in Rome, were in a state of perfect preservation when
+removed by Eugenius IV; they had been swinging on the faithful for twelve centuries.</p>
+
+<p>The only Egyptian mummies that survive intact and unblemished are those whose executors filed
+them in CYPRESS receptacles.</p>
+
+<p>To bring the record nearer home—there was Thomas Lyon, who in 1640 built him
+a house in Greenwich, Connecticut. He put CYPRESS shingles on its roof and sides.
+With no exterior repairs of consequence, this house is today occupied as a residence.</p>
+
+<p>THIS WAS <span class="u">AMERICAN</span> CYPRESS—the kind we own and cut and are
+selling you.</p>
+
+<p>CYPRESS is in truth “the wood eternal.” He who uses Cypress builds but once.</p>
+
+<p>If you are putting up a palace or a pasture-fence, and want to build it “for keeps”—USE
+CYPRESS.</p>
+
+<p>There is a liberal education (and a wonderful INVESTMENT value for you) in the CYPRESS
+advertising—and in the detailed information and reliable counsel to be had promptly,
+WITHOUT COST, if you will WRITE US YOUR OWN NEEDS (big or little), and ASK
+YOUR OWN QUESTIONS of the “All-round Helps Department” of the</p>
+
+<p class="center"><span class="larger">Southern Cypress Manufacturers’ Association</span><br>
+1219 HIBERNIA BANK BUILDING, NEW ORLEANS, LA.</p>
+
+<figure class="figcenter illowp100" id="ad-cypress-4" style="max-width: 64.0625em;">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/ad-cypress-4.jpg" alt="CYPRESS “THE WOOD
+  ETERNAL” / CYPRESS DEFIES DECAY / CYPRESS AVERTS REPAIR BILLS / CYPRESS
+  LASTS PRACTICALLY FOREVER / CYPRESS “THE WOOD ETERNAL”">
+</figure>
+
+<p class="center smaller">Probably your lumber man sells CYPRESS; if not, <i>WRITE US</i>, and we will tell you the dealer handiest to you</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<hr class="chap">
+
+<div class="box">
+
+<figure class="figcenter illowp100" id="ad-red-gum-1" style="max-width: 35.9375em;">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/ad-red-gum-1.jpg" alt="RED GUM">
+</figure>
+
+<p class="center larger">AMERICA’S FINEST HARDWOOD</p>
+
+<p>Three years ago the architect or builder would have had a hard
+time to find any building of importance in the United States in which
+the owner had been courageous enough to use RED GUM trim.</p>
+
+<p>Today there are thousands of apartment houses, banks, hotels,
+office buildings and fine residences from New York to Frisco in which
+RED GUM has been deliberately chosen for the trim because of its
+great beauty and <i>entire practicability</i>.</p>
+
+<p class="center larger">RED GUM <span class="smaller">is no longer a competing wood
+for luxurious interiors.</span></p>
+
+<p class="center larger">RED GUM <span class="smaller">is now <i>FIRST CHOICE</i> with people of
+<i>selective taste</i>.</span></p>
+
+<figure class="figcenter illowp100" id="ad-red-gum-2" style="max-width: 31.25em;">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/ad-red-gum-2.jpg" alt="SAP GUM">
+</figure>
+
+<p>Where White Enamel trim is required, SAP GUM is <i>the ideal
+material</i>. Not only does it <i>take</i> and <i>hold</i> white enamel <i>better than any
+other wood</i>, but it is possible to get good SAP GUM cheaper than any
+other wood hitherto used for white enamel woodwork.</p>
+
+<p>SAP GUM presents remarkable qualities where moderate priced
+trim of good appearance is desired. Another field in which SAP GUM
+has reached supremacy is in the manufacture of porch columns.</p>
+
+<p>SAP GUM takes stains and wood dyes beautifully, and all the
+popular finishes are easily reproduced in SAP GUM.</p>
+
+<p class="mt2"><i>Write any firm below for Samples of Red Gum and Sap Gum both rough
+and finished, and for market prices of selected Gum Lumber.</i></p>
+
+<table>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Himmelberger-Harrison Lumber Company,</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Cape Girardeau, Missouri</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Charles F. Luehrmann Hardwood Lumber Co.,</td>
+    <td class="tdr">St. Louis, Missouri</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Carrier Lumber &amp; Mfg. Company</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Sardis, Mississippi</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Three States Lumber Company</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Memphis, Tennessee</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Lamb-Fish Lumber Company</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Charleston, Mississippi</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Baker Lumber Co.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Turrell, Arkansas</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Anderson-Tully Co.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Memphis, Tennessee</td>
+  </tr>
+</table>
+
+</div>
+
+<p class="titlepage"><span class="smcap">Press of<br>
+F. P. BURNAP STA. &amp; PTG. CO.<br>
+Kansas City, Mo.</span></p>
+<div style='text-align:center'>*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 78622 ***</div>
+</body>
+</html>
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+This book, including all associated images, markup, improvements,
+metadata, and any other content or labor, has been confirmed to be
+in the PUBLIC DOMAIN IN THE UNITED STATES.
+
+Procedures for determining public domain status are described in
+the "Copyright How-To" at https://www.gutenberg.org.
+
+No investigation has been made concerning possible copyrights in
+jurisdictions other than the United States. Anyone seeking to utilize
+this eBook outside of the United States should confirm copyright
+status under the laws that apply to them.
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+Project Gutenberg (https://www.gutenberg.org) public repository for eBook #78622
+(https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/78622)