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*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 78446 ***

Transcriber’s Notes:

Text enclosed by underscores is in italics (_italics_).

An additional Transcriber’s Note is at the end.

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The Irish Cause and “The Irish Convention”


  By Wm. O’Brien, M.P.

  Authorized Report of Speech
  delivered on May 21, 1917,
  in the House of Commons,
  in the Debate on Mr. Lloyd
  George’s Irish Proposals

  THIRD EDITION

  To which is added Correspondence
  with the Prime Minister

  MAUNSEL & COMPANY, LIMITED
  DUBLIN AND LONDON. 1917

  Price One Penny

       *       *       *       *       *

Printed by George Roberts, Dublin




THE IRISH CAUSE AND “THE IRISH CONVENTION”


The Prime Minister’s proposals are contained in two apparently
water-tight compartments: The first is the Bill which the Government
offered to introduce based on the severance of six Irish counties
from the body of Ireland, and that offer could only be met by an
immediate and unchangeable negative on the part of the Irish people.
You may abuse Longford as much as you like, but Longford has shot
the fox--Longford has killed Partition so far as the Nationalists of
Ireland are concerned. The alternative plan which now, after the Prime
Minister’s speech, remains the only one--the plan of referring to
Irishmen themselves the drafting of a Constitution for Ireland--is one
which, if it had been adopted six or seven years ago by the Government,
must to a certainty have led to a happy settlement so far as anything
human is certain. That offer is one which, even now at the half-past
eleventh hour, ought not to be dismissed by any man in this House, and
especially by any Irishman, without grave and anxious deliberation.

Unfortunately the speech of the Hon. Baronet (Sir John Lonsdale),
the leader of the Unionist Party, makes it only too plain that
the Partition proposals of the Government, as to which neither of
the previous speakers has said a single word, remain far the most
formidable danger of the situation in Ulster. That being so, Mr.
Speaker, unless we are again to yield to the easy optimism and
child-like trustfulness which have been the ruin of the Home Rule
cause, that fact has got to be grappled with, and if you are ever to
understand the real forces you are dealing with in Ireland--as to which
you are deplorably--I must in frankness say deplorably--ignorant, you
must not really expect us to forget the elaborate system of Partition
which the Government, or rather their predecessors, attempted last year
to force upon the Irish people. Our British rulers actually imagined
they were soothing the national pride of one of the most sensitive
races upon earth, while they were all the time wounding to the quick
the feelings of every Irish Nationalist, and indeed of every other
Irishman as well, with a degree of stupidity that was scarcely exceeded
by the worst wrongs of the old times. Because in those old days at all
events England acted with her eyes open and with the deliberate purpose
to insult and oppress.

You persisted in that scheme of Partition notwithstanding the most
earnest remonstrances which some of us could address to you. When the
late Prime Minister went to Ireland after the Dublin rising--it was a
pity he waited for the Dublin rising to go--the position of our own
friends, at all events, was made absolutely clear to him, and it was
this: Any amount of concession that would unite Ireland, but Partition,
permanent or, as you call it, temporary, never! You persisted with
your Partition scheme and you failed. The Government and those Irish
representatives who thought fit to act with them were driven from the
field by a storm of public fury and horror more universal, I think,
than anything I ever witnessed in Ireland; you had scarcely a man in
the whole country with you north or south except the place-hunters,
and the place-hunters very quickly took to their heels. That lively
experience occurred only nine or ten months ago. Yet, here we have, or
rather up to to-night had, the Prime Minister coming up again to offer
us a Bill which in a slightly more gilded form is the self-same nostrum
of Partition which was rejected last summer as a burning insult by
almost every honest man of the Irish race.

The only difference between the two schemes which is worth a moment’s
discussion is the pretext that some shadow of national unity is
preserved to Ireland by this so-called Council of Ireland. That device
does some credit to the Prime Minister’s ingenuity, but, Sir, it is
of no more real value as a preservative of the integrity of Ireland
than if you were to put in a proviso that the Hon. Baronet and his
Ulster men might still travel up to Dublin to attend the Punchestown
races. The work assigned to this Council is too trivial for words.
Indeed it could absolutely do no work at all without the leave of the
Hon. Baronet and his Ulster Party in this House, who would command
a majority of fifteen to six Nationalists in the Ulster delegation.
The proposal is luckily too insignificant to be really irritating.
Otherwise the only effect could be to add an additional complication
by setting up a new and irresponsible dual control in Dublin to review
and criticize every act of the unfortunate mutilated Dublin Parliament.
I cannot suppose the Prime Minister really desired to add insult to
the injury of the exclusion of the six counties by establishing the
Ulster Party in this House in addition as a rival authority to snub
the unfortunate Dublin Parliament at every turn. But the truth is, the
whole thing is so ridiculously unworkable that the only practical
purpose of any kind it could serve would be to throw dust in the eyes
of the American people and to keep President Wilson in good humour.

Sir, the essence of the Government’s first proposal is Partition in
a more insidious form. Its essence is a renewal of the intolerable
insult that Ireland is not one nation but two. Whether our country is
to be mutilated county by county, or by what, in the language of the
butchers, is called the clean cut, the result would be to split Ireland
asunder as surely as if what the Prime Minister proposed to us was to
fight another battle of the Boyne.

Sir, we had no difficulty in telling you four years ago, as we are
telling you now, that the Irish Nation will never submit to any such
scheme as long as grass grows and water runs. What would be your own
feelings if the Germans proposed to you as a condition of peace that
you should cede to them--I won’t say six of the richest counties on
your southern coast, but that you should cede to them even temporarily
as you say--even for five years--the smallest parcel of the sacred soil
of England--say Westminster Abbey. Mr. Speaker, Westminster Abbey does
not contain an ounce of dust more sacred for you than do for us the
shrines and graves and battlefields which we are asked to surrender to
an Orange Free State as a visible symbol that the integrity of Ireland
as a nation has ceased to exist. No, sir--better, as Cardinal Logue
said, better let us wait for fifty years longer, and I tell you you
will have to wait for fifty centuries longer before you will ever get
the Irish nation to cut up the land of their fathers either by the
clean cut or county by county, under some preposterous system of a
majority of two or three hundred jerrymandered or corrupted votes.

I do not at all say that if the Irish people were to treat you as
unscrupulously as they have been treated themselves, they would not
close with the offer of the Government, such as it is, but they
could only do so with the determination to work it in a spirit of
sleepless hostility to England and to those Irishmen who might attempt
to organize that abominable caricature of an Irish Parliament. Sir,
the Irish people are not sufficiently good hypocrites to play a
Machiavellian game of that kind, and it is just because we desire
peace, and genuine peace, between the two countries that I tell you
straight that for the few hundred placemen you might content, you would
be making enemies of millions of the best men and women of the Irish
race.

I know all your difficulties. Unhappily after the speech we have
listened to from the Hon. Baronet they may seem at this stage all but
insurmountable. But these difficulties are mainly due to your own
feebleness and double-dealing--to the feebleness and double-dealing
of the late Home Rule Government and their Irish allies. They could
never make up their minds either to conciliate Ulster while there was
yet time to do it, nor to enforce their own law under the Parliament
Act. We shall hear plenty of complaints now of the speech of the
Hon. Baronet, the leader of the Ulster Party, but where is the use
of complaining if he and his Ulster men take their stand on the six
counties, and take advantage of their knowledge that they never will
be compelled to obey the law like other people? Yes, but whose fault
is that? The Home Rule Government and, unfortunately, their Irish
auxiliaries first offered them four counties, and then advanced their
bid to six. They passed a so-called Home Rule Act with the public
stipulation that it was never to be put in force without an Amending
Act, which would repeal it in its most vital particular. They passed it
further subject to the solemn assurance of the Home Rule Prime Minister
that the notion of Ulster being ever compelled to obey that Statute was
unthinkable--Sir, to my mind, a monstrously unconstitutional doctrine.
It would be the death of the first principle of all democratic
government. But that was then common ground all round in every Party
in this House except in our own small camp, and the foullest insults
were hurled at us in this House for daring to make even the most
modest protest. Sir, how can you be surprised if the Ulster men have
now taken you at your own solemn word? You never proffered a single
concession to the Ulstermen while they were still unarmed, and while
even in this House they were still amenable enough to reason and to
conciliation. Neither did you attempt to dispute their right to arm
in order to bid defiance to your Parliament Act with arms in their
hands. If we clear our minds of cant we all know that nothing happened
in Dublin in the rising of Easter week that would not have happened
in Belfast on a much larger scale if you had attempted to enforce the
law there. It is all your own doing, and, unfortunately, the doing of
five-sixths of Ireland’s own representatives as well, and it is this
miserable collapse of Parliamentarianism which is responsible for the
Dublin rising--which is responsible for the Roscommon election and the
Longford election, and which is responsible for the contempt and hatred
of Parliamentary methods which has unquestionably taken possession of
far the largest portion of the uncorrupted youth of Ireland.

Sir, I turn with relief to the Prime Minister’s alternative plan which
is now the only hope. No man in this House could like to think that the
last word has been spoken in this great matter of the reconciliation
of the two countries which has been brought so marvellously far towards
success. For my own part, a Home Rule Settlement, by the consent of
all sections and persuasions of our countrymen, has been the one--I
can truly say the one and only object of my political life for the
past fifteen years. It is the only hope which could induce me to
linger for twenty-four hours more in Irish public life, such as it has
become. It would be affectation to deny that this alternative plan
of the Government might well make the ears of some of us tingle with
satisfaction because the Government have at long last begun to find
out that the only real way out of the Irish difficulty lies through
those principles of Conference, Conciliation and Consent which we have
spent the last five years in preaching to deaf ears in this House. Our
unforgivable sin was that we only counted seven against seventy in the
Division Lobbies. But let that pass. Undoubtedly the declaration now
made by the Government that to Irishmen themselves should be left the
settlement of their country’s legislative and fiscal future is one of
the most momentous announcements that ever was made in this House.
It is the resumption and the completion of Mr. Wyndham’s historic
declaration in the same sense in 1902, which put an end to the agrarian
war. There are only one or two observations by which I should like to
qualify my whole-hearted approval of the general principle. The first
is only as to a matter of practical procedure, but it will be found to
be one of vital importance if the Government really mean business--if,
as I trust, this is an honest effort and is not mere playing to the
American gallery for war purposes. The Prime Minister unfortunately
has made it plain that by the term Convention he means the assembling
of a large body of men. Well, Sir, that will involve you at once in
almost insuperable difficulties as to the selection or election of the
members. However you manage it the cry is quite sure to arise from one
side or the other that it is a packed Convention, a term of not very
fragrant memory in Ireland. For instance, the hon. Member for Waterford
has just thrown out the suggestion that you should call in the County
Councils, Corporations, District Councils and so on. Well, sir, if
there is one fact notorious in Ireland it is that these bodies were
elected five years ago and have long exhausted their mandate, and do
not in the least degree represent the present state of public opinion
in Ireland.

The selection of this Convention would in point of fact give you as
much trouble as a general election, without satisfying anybody. Then
even if you had this big Convention assembled, you would have no end
of hot-headed partisans rushing in with their own particular plans and
fads, and you would find it impossible within any reasonable time to
reach what you require, which is a prompt, succinct, consistent and
practicable agreement. This morning’s _Times_ wisely warned you that
the analogy from the case of the more phlegmatic people of South Africa
on which the Prime Minister dwelt is a wholly illusory one--not much
wiser than the English bull which has suggested General Smuts as the
principal personage in a purely Irish assembly. From my experience of
Irish affairs, which is at all events one of considerable length, you
will I believe find that the only possibility of a prompt agreement
is among a small number of men, and that its success must depend not
upon the personality of the men, but upon their agreement being of such
a character as to commend itself to the overwhelming sense of the
community. The other observation I should like to make is that I hope
we may take it for granted from the Prime Minister’s speech to-night
that the mandate of this Convention, or whatever you may call, will be
entirely separate from the views of Partition that were to be embodied
in the proposed Government Bill--in other words, that the alternative
plan must be read independently of the views enunciated in the first
part of the Prime Minister’s letter. Otherwise, any Convention, such as
you contemplate, if it ever assembles at all, will either break up on
the question of Partition, or if it be packed with place-hunters will
end in some Partition compromise, which will be repudiated with fury by
the country.

Up to the last moment my friends and myself urged in the competent
quarters as we have done for the past five years that it is not in
this House but in Ireland the foundations of any real settlement
must be laid. But we warned them that all our suggestions were based
upon the principle that although a conference would of course, in
courtesy, listen to any discussion, be the cost what it may, for your
sakes as well as for our own, Partition in any shape is inadmissible
and impossible. What we suggested was that the Government should
begin by inviting a small Conference of Irishmen in Ireland, not
necessarily composed of the leaders of any existing party or section.
In this I am glad to be in entire agreement with the hon. member for
Waterford, although he probably would not go so far as myself when I
say the less the Conference would have of party leaders the better,
because I am afraid it is not the Irish people but the leaders of all
existing parties and sections who are mainly responsible for the whole
mischief. I do not, of course, make any exception whatever. I admit
that the present situation in Ireland is one of mere chaos, and that
nobody--literally no politician--is at the present moment in a position
to answer for the action of the Irish people.

But it would be still not at all difficult to hit upon the names of
a dozen eminent Irishmen--men of broadmindedness and imagination and
toleration wide enough to embrace all political sects of our countrymen
from the most moderate to the most extreme. If you could assemble a
dozen such men around a friendly council table, they could be depended
upon not to separate in such a crisis for our country without some
great and memorable national agreement upon some such non-partitionist
and Federationist lines as I have again and again indicated in this
House and outside it. Let me add that the chances of an agreement
would be all the better among all classes of Irishmen north and south
the further the Conference would travel away from the existing Act
upon the Statute-book, which has really become a bitter laughing-stock
throughout the country.

Well, suppose you had an Irish agreement. We suggested as the second
stage that it should be submitted to the Imperial Cabinet, including
the Premiers of the Over Seas Dominions. For that tribunal there might
now be substituted the hybrid committee of an Imperial character which
the Prime Minister contemplated in case his Bill received a second
reading under the presidency of some man of the type of Mr. Speaker,
if indeed a second such man is to be found. Once you had secured an
Irish agreement thus splendidly fortified, the democratic thing would
be to submit it frankly by Referendum to the whole Irish people, and
then by all means place on the Irish people the responsibility for
its acceptance or rejection, for under a Referendum the masses of the
Irish people would have a voice such as they can never have under your
nominated or selected Convention. If, as I am very sure, the response
to a Referendum should be an all but universal chorus of acceptance
and relief from every substantial element in the country, including
the bulk of the great Protestant and Dissenting communities--well,
then, let the Government do what the Home Rule Government ought to have
done five or six years ago, let them adopt the agreement as their own,
and let them publicly announce that they will if necessary go to the
country and appeal for the sovereign authority of the electorate if any
small section of merely irrational irreconciliables at either extreme
should still attempt to block the way. I am speaking of a small and
irrational minority. I do not, of course, speak of the Unionist body in
bulk, and of course if you were to attempt Partition in any shape you
would be dealing not with an irrational minority but with practically
the entire Irish race, fifteen or twenty millions of them, and you
would find yourself up against that rock of Irish nationality against
which all the force of England has spent itself in vain for the past
eight hundred years.

What I want the House to mark is that you have never yet tried any
of the things I mention. You have never called the Irish people into
consultation. You have never called the electorate into consultation.
You have never offered any concession to Ulster except one which would
call upon us with our own hand to take the very life of our motherland
as a nation. You have abdicated the first function of democratic
government in favour of the right of rebellion, whether in Belfast or
in Dublin, and if the Prime Minister’s first proposal could pass you
would be simply extending the area of the next insurrection to Derry
and Tyrone and Enniskillen.

I don’t deny--Mark Tapley himself could scarcely deny--that at this
time of day you may fail to produce any general Irish agreement even
through such a Conference as we propose. You have let one golden
opportunity after another slip through your fingers. It is tragic
to think that if the Government had only made their alternative
proposal six or seven years ago, and if the Irish bishops, Catholic
and Protestant, had only then issued their recent manifesto, all
these troubles might have been long ago blessedly composed, and the
whole course of the war might have been very considerably altered.
It may quite possibly be now too late. But the point is, you have
never yet tried it. That is the astounding fact, but fact it is. The
Prime Minister’s own letter confesses it, and fail how you might, you
could never at the worst reach a more humiliating position than you
occupy to-day before the nations of the world, confessing that you
have incurred obligations to Ireland which you are in honour bound to
discharge and that you cannot do it.

I am still not altogether without hope that a Government which had the
grit to tackle all the might of Germany unflinchingly may no longer
stand shivering before two opposite sets of extremists in the Irish
seas. Unfortunately the Prime Minister’s speech which, I am afraid,
lacked a good deal of his usual magnetic attraction, did not afford
very much evidence of the fearlessness and high purpose which alone can
pluck a successful Irish settlement out of the dangers in which the
miserable bungling of the politicians has entangled us. If you break
down now--I pray you not to delude yourself on this point--if you
break down now, you will not kill the Irish cause, but you will kill
any reasonable chance for our time of reconstructing the Constitutional
Movement upon an honest basis. You will kill all Irish belief in this
House or in any Party in it. You will set up the right of Rebellion,
whether for the Covenanters or the Sinn Feiners, as the only arbiter
left in Irish affairs. You will justly make Parliamentary methods even
more despised and detested than they are at the present moment by the
young men of Ireland. You will force the Irish people, sorely against
their will, to turn their eyes altogether away from this Parliament
to the International Peace Congress. I daresay it will turn out to be
an equally hopeless mirage, but at all events, you will have left the
Irish people no alternative except to haunt your path at that Congress
and to join all the other small nations of Europe in a final appeal for
freedom to that supreme tribunal of European and American democracy and
humanity.




CORRESPONDENCE WITH THE PRIME MINISTER


The following correspondence has taken place:--

  10 DOWNING STREET,
  WHITEHALL, S.W.,

  _13th June, 1917_.

DEAR MR. O’BRIEN--Pursuant to my statement in the House of Commons on
the 11th instant, I now have the satisfaction of requesting you to
nominate two representatives of the Party under your leadership who may
be invited to serve as members of the Convention.

With the terms of reference you are familiar. I stated them in my
letter to you of the 16th May in these words:--

“Would it be too much to hope that Irishmen of all creeds and parties
might meet together in a Convention for the purpose of drafting a
Constitution for their country which should secure a just balance of
all the opposing interests, and finally compose the unhappy discords
which have so long distracted Ireland and impeded its harmonious
development.”

I further referred to them in the House of Commons as follows:--

“The Government, therefore, propose to summon immediately, on behalf
of the Crown, a Convention of representative Irishmen in Ireland,
to submit to the British Government a Constitution for the future
government of Ireland within the Empire.”

I shall be glad to learn as soon as may be convenient to you the names
of the gentlemen to whom invitations should now be sent.

  Yours very truly,

  D. LLOYD GEORGE.

  WILLIAM O’BRIEN, ESQ., M.P.,
  _House of Commons, S.W._

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  MALLOW,
  _June 18th, 1917_.

DEAR MR. LLOYD GEORGE--To my deep disappointment, the details of how
“The Irish Convention” is to be composed confirm the apprehensions
which I endeavoured to express in the House of Commons. The rejoicing
excited by the courageous Amnesty for the Insurrection of last year
cannot be allowed to blind the country to the danger.

1. While the Government have nominally adopted the principle of
allowing the future Constitution of Ireland to be settled by agreement
among Irishmen themselves, they have done so under conditions which
render that principle a nullity. There can be little or no hope that
a Convention constituted as the Government have directed can arrive
at any decision except some hateful bargain for the partition of the
country under a plausible disguise. To attribute the blame for such a
decision or for the failure to arrive at any better one to the Irish
people would be little short of an outrage upon Ireland, and would be a
gross imposition on the credulity of friendly nations abroad.

2. The proposed Convention would both be too large to make a prompt
and carefully-considered agreement practicable, and too small for a
National Assembly purporting to represent all the great interests
concerned. The fact that the scheme excludes from any direct
representation whatever the 400,000 Ulster Nationalists whom any
Partition proposal hitherto contemplated would cut off from their
country; the agricultural and urban labourers, comprising one-third
of the Irish population; the great farming interest in the area of
the Rural District Councils, and the Universities and other teaching
professions--must surely make it unnecessary to emphasise the latter
point.

3. While the politicians’ organizations are in appearance restricted
to a delegation of five apiece, the pretence is, to the knowledge of
everybody in Ireland, a misleading one. The twin organizations of
the Irish Parliamentary Party--the most powerful of the two being of
a secret and rigidly sectarian character--would command a majority
of the Convention as disciplined as if directly delegated by these
organizations, and, in the event of “a deal” with the Ulster Unionist
body of at least twenty-five delegates, would represent an overwhelming
vote for some scheme of Partition, such as the two Nationalist
organizations referred to strove hard last year to force upon the
Nationalists of Ireland, and have never since categorically pledged
themselves to renounce. Their leaders have, on the contrary, on more
than one recent occasion expressed their regret that the Partition
bargain of last year did not succeed.

I do not impugn the sincerity of those who may believe any compromise
would be better than failure to secure an agreement, but am absolutely
convinced, for my own part, that Partition under any disguise would
mean the destruction of the ideal of Ireland a Nation, and could not,
indeed, be enforced at all without bloodshed and disorder.

4. The solid majority--apart even from the aid of the direct nominees
of the Government--which the Irish Parliamentary Party would thus be
able to cast in favour of any such Partitionist compromise--would
consist principally of Mayors and Chairmen of County Councils, all of
whom were the choice of the Board of Erin wing of the Ancient Order
of Hibernians and of the United Irish League, and could not have been
elected without the imprimatur of these organisations. This fact might
not be material if the Board of Erin Hibernians and the United Irish
League could still pretend to enjoy the confidence of the country;
but their leaders have owned that the contrary is the truth, and, as
a matter of fact, have not attempted to hold a free public meeting
anywhere throughout the country for more than a year past. The local
governing bodies, like the Irish Parliamentary Party themselves, have
outstayed their mandate from the country by several years. The greater
number of those whom the Government arrangements will constitute a
majority of the Convention would quite certainly be defeated if they
were obliged to face their constituents at the polls. The will of
the people is, therefore, rendered powerless to control the secret
deliberations of the Convention, and would be forced to find other and
regrettable means of resisting any such Partitionist compromise, as
there is only too substantial reason to apprehend.

5. On the other hand, while my friends and myself would welcome the
most generous representation of the unofficial Unionist population of
Ireland, the Government scheme ensures to the official Ulster Unionist
Council a full third of the voting power of the Convention--under the
direction, moreover, of a Committee not present at the Convention, but
specially nominated by the Council to supervise its proceedings from
outside. The terms of the Resolution under which the Ulster Unionist
Council consented to enter the Convention make it clear that they have
only done so as a War measure, and, relying upon the assurances of
the Government that they need fear no Parliamentary pressure if they
should adhere to their demand for the exclusion of the six counties
as a minimum--a demand, indeed, which was conceded to them last year
by the Irish Parliamentary Party. It is consequently obvious that the
chances of any agreement by the Ulster Unionist Council other than one
based on the separation of the six counties are all but hopelessly
handicapped from the start, and the temptation dangerously increased to
those Nationalist politicians who have already committed themselves to
dismemberment.

6. As you are aware, my friends and myself have long since urged upon
the Cabinet a constructive proposal, by which alone, in our judgment,
any agreement involving a genuine settlement of the Irish difficulty
can now be obtained, viz., a small Conference of responsible Irishmen,
on the Land Conference model, to draft the headings of a project of
Self-government for Ireland such as would guarantee a future of the
fullest security and power to the Unionists of Ulster and of the South
as well in the government of our common native land; such agreement, if
arrived at, to be submitted to a vote of the people of Ireland by way
of Referendum.

Recent experience has convinced me more deeply than ever that it is to
a small Round Table Conference of thoughtful and competent Irishmen,
and not to a heterogeneous assembly, mostly composed of pre-committed
partisan politicians, we must look for the materials on which the
country might with confidence be called upon for a judgment, and that
a Referendum, giving the whole mass of the population a direct and
influential voice, would be the only means of eliciting a decision so
overpowering as to put an end to all further controversy among rational
men.

It is because I am driven to the conclusion that the Government
scheme, while making a specious appearance of adopting the Conference
method, in reality adopts it only to destroy its efficacy--because
it forbids all reasonable hope of any agreement other than one which
could only inflame and intensify Irish discontent, and because it
would most unjustly cast upon the Irish people the blame for a failure
of the Government’s own producing--that I have made up my mind, with
reluctance, and, indeed, with poignant personal sorrow, that I must
decline to undertake any responsibility in connection with a Convention
so constituted.

  Yours very truly,
  WILLIAM O’BRIEN.

  RIGHT HON. D. LLOYD GEORGE, M.P.,
  _Prime Minister_.

       *       *       *       *       *

Transcriber’s Note:

Punctuation has been made consistent.

*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 78446 ***