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diff --git a/.gitattributes b/.gitattributes new file mode 100644 index 0000000..6833f05 --- /dev/null +++ b/.gitattributes @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ +* text=auto +*.txt text +*.md text diff --git a/78287-0.txt b/78287-0.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..9456ab6 --- /dev/null +++ b/78287-0.txt @@ -0,0 +1,2152 @@ +*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 78287 *** + + + + + +The Survey, Volume 30, Number 9, May 31, 1913 + + + + +THE COMMON WELFARE + + +CHILD LABOR LEGISLATION FIGHT IN PENNSYLVANIA + +More children are employed in factories and mills under sixteen years of +age in Pennsylvania than in any other state. For years efforts have been +made to get better legislation to protect child workers, but every step +has been won only after a determined fight. + +This year the Pennsylvania Child Labor Association and the National +Child Labor Committee have worked together to get a law that would +put Pennsylvania on a par with the more advanced industrial states. +The Walnut child labor bill drafted by the Pennsylvania Child Labor +Association and sponsored by the Republican State Committee is based upon +the uniform law adopted by the American Bar Association. The principal +new features of this act are that no child under sixteen is permitted +to work more than eight hours a day; all night work is prohibited for +children under sixteen, whereas at present glass factories are exempt; +provision is made for the regulation of street trading; and the age limit +for night messenger service is put at twenty-one years. The age at which +children may go to work still remains fourteen, but certain dangerous +occupations are prohibited for children under sixteen. + +So powerful has been the pressure to eliminate important features of +the proposed law, that the Pennsylvania Child Labor Association has +felt compelled to appeal for popular support. Herschel H. Jones of the +National Child Labor Committee has spent most of the last two months +traveling throughout the state, holding public meetings and interesting +individually the influential people of the larger cities. With few +exceptions the newspapers have taken up the campaign enthusiastically. + +The opposition has come chiefly from two industries. The textile +manufacturers complain that eight hours a day for children will +disorganize their plants and compel the discharge of those under sixteen. +This they assert would put them at a disadvantage with Massachusetts. In +the Legislature in Massachusetts they are saying the same thing about +Pennsylvania. The experience of New York, the largest manufacturing +state and the third in textile production where no child under sixteen +has been permitted to work before eight in the morning or after five +in the evening since 1907, does not bear out this claim. In both Ohio +and Illinois children are being used in certain industries in groups or +shifts so as to keep the maximum amount of machinery in operation the +full working time. The eight-hour provision in Illinois has been in force +since 1903; in Ohio since 1908. + +In the textile industry alone in Pennsylvania there are over 15,000 +children under sixteen. Of this number, two-thirds are girls. +Pennsylvania permits girls of fourteen and fifteen to work fifty-eight +hours a week, or longer than most states permit adult women to labor. + +The glass manufacturers assert that they must have boys on the night +shifts else the men can not work. Advocates of the proposed law point out +that in Ohio, Illinois, New Jersey and every other glass manufacturing +state except West Virginia older boys and men are employed for the night +work. + +In an investigation of glass factories in western Pennsylvania made by +Mr. Jones for the National Child Labor Committee in 1912 it was found +that in many towns large numbers of boys between sixteen and eighteen +were loafing until they grew big enough to work in the mines or coke +ovens. At the same time the glass factories were taking boys of fourteen +and using them on both night and day shifts. + +Effort is being exerted to weaken the bill before it gets out of the +Judiciary Special Committee of the Senate. This committee held a public +hearing on May 14 on three important labor bills: the Bigger minimum wage +bill which establishes a board to determine on a minimum wage for women; +the Walnut woman’s bill drafted by the Consumers’ League and restricting +employment of women to nine hours a day and fifty hours a week; and the +Walnut child labor bill. Over 2,000 manufacturers came to Harrisburg for +this hearing. The State Federation of Labor came to Harrisburg in a body +to urge the passage of these bills. + +In addition to the efforts to get better laws a step toward better +enforcement has been taken by the passage of the law which establishes a +new department of labor and industry. It resembles closely the law passed +by the New York Legislature this year. The Bureau of Factory Inspection +comes under the department. An industrial board is established to make +rules and regulations and the inspectors are graded and required to have +special qualifications. + + +NEW YORK CHARITIES IN CONFERENCE + +Once more the May meetings of the New York City Conference of Charities +were divided between Manhattan, Brooklyn and the country. The Colored +Orphan Asylum at Riverdale was chosen this time for the final session. + +Municipal needs was the first topic of discussion, and the speakers were +O. F. Lewis and Frederick C. Howe, chairman of the committee appointed +to study this subject. The latter dwelt particularly on the use of the +school as a center for leisure. Edward M. Bassett and George B. Ford, +lecturer on city planning at Columbia University, spoke on subways as a +factor in distributing the population of a city. Mr. Ford suggested as +a substitute for subways on some thoroughfares the noiseless elevated +railroads found in Paris and Berlin. These, he said, should be placed +only in the center of streets from 130 to 180 feet wide. Trees could be +planted on either side to screen the structures. + +Families, public institutions and the sick were the subjects on the +following day. The chairman of the committee on families, Mrs. William +Grant Brown, recommended the removing of one great cause of family +pauperism by “following in the path already blazed by some of our western +states, and legally restraining the marriage of those mentally deficient, +delinquent or tainted by hereditary disease or crime.” One of the other +speakers, Porter R. Lee, gave a good illustration of overlapping in +relief work in a story of a poor woman in Chicago, who after receiving +her fourth consecutive visitor in one afternoon went to the nearest +settlement to express her gratitude because no one had called from there, +remarking: “There doesn’t seem to be anything for the poor to do but to +have office hours!” + +On the live subject of widows’ pensions there was no discussion this year +beyond the statement in Mrs. Florence Kelley’s address, which was read in +her absence: + + “Private charity having cut off public outdoor relief has never + been able to accomplish the task which it rashly undertook. + We have a monument to its failure—38,000 children in New York + state institutions paid for out of taxes because their natural + guardians have, through death or disability, failed to meet the + requirements which the law establishes for children in this + city. Few of these institutions are schools in the true sense. + They are in the main free municipal boarding-houses. They are + communist institutions in which the city attempts, chiefly + through the intervention of various religious sects, the task + of bringing up children away from their mothers, by wholesale, + out of the public funds.” + +The discussion of public institutions centered around those for the sick. +Sidney E. Goldstein, chairman of the committee on this subject, dwelt +especially on the fact that while government, church and school are more +and more affected by the social movement, the hospital and dispensary are +as yet but dimly aware of the larger work that society can rightfully +expect of them. Mr. Goldstein questioned whether the dispensary is +organized and administered with the needs of the community foremost in +mind, and stated that the time is not distant when neither hospital nor +dispensary will be reception houses for the sick, experiment stations in +medicine or apprentice shops for medical students. + +After care and the prevention of insanity were treated in a paper by +Everett S. Ellwood of the State Charities Aid Association. Fred M. Stein +of the Montefiore Home showed by statistics that the large percentage +of “graduates” of tuberculosis sanatoria die or become worse, and urged +after care of patients in their homes by social workers connected with +sanatoria as an essential part of the work of such institutions. + +The session on the sick carried on the same themes. Louis C. Ager, chief +of the medical staff of the Brooklyn Home for Consumptives, showed +the inadequacy of present hospital facilities, especially those for +contagious diseases. Richard C. Cabot discussed the “efficiency and +deficiencies” of the hospitals and dispensaries, and Isabel Stewart of +Teachers College spoke of the social service work in the homes done by +these institutions, as a logical and necessary supplement to their indoor +work. She recommended courses on the “sociology” of disease as part of a +nurse’s training. + +In her report for the Committee on Children Carolena M. Wood, president +of the Colored Orphan Asylum of Riverdale, called attention to the fact +that of the 25,000 city children in institutions, many are kept there +for years so as to be near their parents when often their parents show +no interest or are unsuitable because of health or morals to exercise +any influence over them. The committee advised that such children be +given a fresh start by being placed with families that can train them +to be worthy members of the future state, even though this involves the +dissolving of the family tie. Charles D. Hilles, president of the Board +of Managers of the New fork Juvenile Asylum, and Robert W. Hebberd spoke +on various aspects of education as a preparation for life. The report of +the Committee on Delinquency, read by Patrick A. Whitney, commissioner of +corrections, was an appeal for more and better institutions. + +Throughout the sessions the subject of recreation came up, as when, +for instance, Mrs. Brown supplemented the usual recommendation for +recreational use of the school house by the suggestion that the armories +could be used as music centers. Ernest A. Coulter, formerly clerk of the +Children’s Court, held that the failure to provide opportunities for +play was largely the cause of juvenile delinquency. + +One method of treatment of adult delinquency, the farm colony, was the +subject of a paper by Franklin H. Briggs, superintendent of the New York +Training School for Boys at Yorktown. Said Professor Briggs: + + “The farm colony treatment substitutes an appeal to the best + that is in a delinquent. It seeks to develop self control in + the individual. It endeavors to build up, not break down, the + delinquent’s self respect. In large masses delinquents must do + the things which they are ordered to do, while in the small + group of the farm colony, the individuals are encouraged to do + things upon their own initiative. One most important feature of + farm colony life is the almost numberless healthful interests + with which it surrounds those for whom it cares.” + + +PROF. HENDERSON NOW HEADS CHICAGO’S UNITED CHARITIES + +The United Charities of Chicago has made a strong rejoinder to the +persistent attacks of the “investigating” committee of the Illinois +Legislature which have included other philanthropic agencies and +institutions as well as prominent individuals. In an editorial, How Not +to Investigate, the Chicago _Evening Post_ describes the methods pursued +by this committee: + + “A new standard of efficiency in judicial investigation has + been set by the Curran legislative committee now sitting in + judgment upon certain of Chicago’s charitable agencies which + have been selected as the object of its displeasure. + + “It used to be that an inquiry the purpose of which was to + decide upon the social value of an institution or individual + was carried on by an impartial group to which the pros and cons + of evidence were submitted for its careful and conscientious + sifting. Due allowance had to be made for personal bias or + selfish motive of the witness, and care had to be used to make + a just decision. But we are learning that this is an outgrown + custom. The examiner of the future will know from the fullness + of his own personal knowledge the agency that is ineffective or + the individual that is guilty. This settled in advance, he will + summon before him whosoever is known to be at odds with the + condemned, and his vilifications will be solemnly taken down as + the findings of the examiner. The condemned, under this system, + stripped of counsel, will be brought in only to receive the + gibes of his inquisitor. + + “This method may insure a remarkable number of convictions, but + are its results of any value?... + + “Anyone who has followed the rise of social work as a + profession looks in vain for the introduction into the + examination of that sort of trained and expert testimony which + would lend to it some claim to the consideration of thoughtful + people.” + +Accompanying the announcement of Prof. Charles R. Henderson’s election as +president of the United Charities of Chicago the directors in a signed +statement gave their answer to this method of attack. This defense +applies also to other institutions and individuals now under fire. The +value of the personal and social service rendered by modern philanthropy +and the economy of present methods are summarized in this statement: + + “First as to money matters: It cost the United Charities last + year less than 2 per cent to collect $271,000. + + “We employ no solicitors and pay no commissions. + + “A summary of the divisions of our expenditures for the year is + as follows: 76 per cent for direct assistance, 10 per cent for + administration salaries, 14 per cent for provision of relief + centers and equipment plus $1,000 payment on land at Algonquin. + + “Of the 76 per cent for direct assistance in the various + departments 62 per cent went for material aid in cash, + groceries, etc. This does not include approximately $20,000 + worth of such aid which it is estimated our visitors secured + from relatives, friends, etc., and which does not show on our + books. + + “The remainder of the expenditures for relief was for such + personal services (to mention only a few) as led to the + securing of employment, to the reconciliation with relatives, + to the keeping of families together, to the saving of lives + through instructions in the care of babies and procuring + of expert medical and nursing aid, to the developing of + competency, ambition, and a sense of responsibility in people + who showed tendencies toward pauperism and crime. If the + economic value of restoring all the poor to self-support, who + were restored through the ministrations of our employes, could + be computed, it would mount into hundreds of thousands of + dollars. + + “We have included under administration also the salaries of + the general superintendent, the general district secretary, + and the nine district superintendents—persons of the highest + qualifications and of long practical experience, who train and + direct the daily work of many younger agents, labor constantly + to secure prompt and harmonious charitable action throughout + the city, and encourage and guide the benevolent impulses of + hundreds of kind volunteers. + + “Strictly speaking the cost of such service is no more + ‘administration expense’ than the salaries of superintendents + and assistant superintendents of school who do not teach, but + who improve the efficiency of all teachers under them. + + “The average salary of our workers is $684 per year (123 out + of 156 receiving less than $900), while the average salary of + the county relief department is $1,332 per year. Every one of + our employes is carefully selected and most of them specially + trained for their duties.... + + “The United Charities is putting at the disposal of the + community the services of 750 volunteers, in many different + capacities, in addition to its paid staff.” + +Professor Henderson’s acceptance of the presidency and the removal of +the central office from the old outgrown building, to an entire floor +in the advantageously located new Federal Life Insurance Building, 163 +N. Michigan Avenue, is expected to effect a new era of progress in the +Chicago United Charities under the superintendency of Eugene T. Lies. + + +THE STRIKE OF THE JERSEY SILK WEAVERS + +The strike of silk workers in Paterson, N. J., which was chronicled in +THE SURVEY of April 19, is still in progress. There has been very little +breaking away on the part of the strikers, nor have the manufacturers on +the other hand made any serious attempt to bring in strike breakers. The +entire industry in this city of silk manufacturers has been practically +at a standstill for three months. + +Recently there have been some indications on both sides of a willingness +to compromise. A number of the important mills have made direct +overtures to their employes, and one small mill has actually effected +a settlement and is in operation. In some of the outlying New Jersey +towns where the Paterson strike has been duplicated on a smaller scale, +temporary settlements, pending an agreement in Paterson, have been made +including an eight-hour day, an increase in wages and non-recognition of +the Industrial Workers of the World. In Paterson efforts to bring the +manufacturers and the strike committee together have continued without +avail. The most recent move was the appointment by Mayor Andrew McBride +of a committee of twenty-five citizens with John W. Griggs, formerly +attorney general of the United States, as chairman. + +The grand jury, some weeks ago, returned indictments against the strike +leaders, William D. Haywood, Elizabeth Gurley Flynn, Carlo Tresca and +Patrick Quinlan, charging Haywood with unlawful assemblage and the +others with inciting to riot. On May 7 the trials began, and, it having +been agreed that the defendants should be tried separately, the case of +Patrick Quinlan was the first to go before the jury. Quinlan was charged +with having urged the strikers on the first day of the strike to go to +the mills and get the remaining workers out and with using physical +violence to accomplish that end. The jury reported on May 10 that they +were unable to agree and were dismissed. Two days later, a new jury was +secured and Quinlan’s second trial followed. Before the week was out, he +was found guilty by this second jury on a charge of inciting to riot. It +has been announced that sentence will not be pronounced upon him until +after the trials of the other leaders. The maximum sentence which could +be pronounced in this case is said to be seven years in the penitentiary. + +The conviction of Quinlan has stirred up bitterness among the strikers. +Their feeling against the police, upon whose testimony alone Quinlan was +convicted, has run especially high. The week following the trial, some +plain-clothes detectives and a court stenographer attending a meeting of +the strikers in Turn Hall were threatened with summary violence if they +did not leave. That evening the Board of Police and Fire Commissioners +of the city of Paterson decided to close Turn and Helvetia Halls, the +two meeting places of the strikers. Information received from the city +authorities of Paterson is to the effect that the strikers will not be +permitted to hold meetings in any hall in Paterson, but that they may +hold out-of-door meetings on private property if they can secure the +consent of the owners. Strike meetings, meanwhile, are being held in +Haledon, a borough adjoining Paterson, where the Socialist mayor stands +for “free speech.” + +The trials of the other strike leaders have been delayed pending an +appeal on the part of the strikers’ counsel to have a jury selected +from outside Passaic county, because of the present feeling against +the Industrial Workers of the World. On May 22 this appeal was granted +by Justice Minturn, who decided that at the present time it would be +impossible to secure a fair trial from a jury made up of citizens of the +community. + +Many arrests have been made by the police recently on account of the +picketing of the Price mill, where a settlement has been made. Although +the strikers on the picket line were not guilty of any violence +eighty-five of them were arrested on Monday, May 19, and fifty-seven on +the following day. Some of them were charged with disorderly conduct and +were sentenced by Recorder Carroll to a fine of $5 or ten days in jail. +Others were charged with unlawful assemblage and were held for action by +the grand jury. + + + + +CITY PLANNING AS A CIVIC ASSET + + GRAHAM ROMEYN TAYLOR + + +That the city planning idea has gotten beyond the experts and has +“arrived” in the mind of the average citizen became evident at the Fifth +National Conference on City Planning, held in Chicago May 5-7. The +delegates, representing seventy or eighty cities and towns and a score of +different states, included not only students and experts but real estate +operators and business men. City planning as a civic asset was shown to +have gained recognition when twelve important cities made earnest appeals +for the conference next May. + +It is significant that this new grip of the idea on the country +accompanied an important shift of emphasis—from spectacular and elaborate +schemes for reconstructing the heart of the city to practical details +of city building. As Dr. Werner Hegemann of Berlin, whose stimulating +contribution from European city planning proved a distinct feature of the +conference, put it: “City planning should not be primarily for attracting +the traveler, but for the people who live in the city. The spectacular +captured our imaginations; we must turn the resultant impulse into the +work of planning the every day living conditions of city dwellers.” +“Psychologically it is quite justifiable,” said George B. Ford, “that +American city planning began with the ‘City Beautiful.’ The ‘City +Scientific’ would never have aroused such enthusiasm. However, after +floundering around for a number of years we have now got our perspective +and a sense of the proportion of things, and we know that considerations +of health, convenience and efficiency are of fundamental importance.” + +The emphasis on guiding the normal growth of cities was shown +particularly in the report of the committee which has been at work a +year on plans for the development of a typical tract on the outskirts of +a growing city, and also in the discussion of transportation problems. +The committee started with certain “given conditions.” The tract was +assumed to be four miles from the center of a city having a population of +500,000; land cost was put at $2,500 an acre; costs of sewers and other +fundamental improvements were fixed on the basis of business experience; +and the topography, country roads, railroads and rapid transit lines were +mapped. The development was assumed to be for a factory population. The +committee presented nine plans prepared by nine groups of participants +and these were accompanied by detailed figures covering all costs, +interest on capital, profits and selling prices. In this careful +attention to costs and financing of the development, the work of the +committee has an especial value beyond the city planning competition +of the Chicago City Club which also concerned the development of a +residential tract in an outlying portion of the city. The prize plans in +this competition were shown to the conference when it visited the Chicago +City Club. + +“No city can afford to build subways”—this was the bomb thrown into the +discussion of transportation. And there was a surprising consensus of +opinion that American cities have gone subway-mad. This point of view +came out at a discussion at which the leading paper, written by Milo R. +Maltbie of the New York Public Service Commission, was read and commented +on by E. P. Goodrich, consulting engineer of the Borough of Manhattan. + +Henry C. Wright of New York showed graphically that subways are +predicated upon extreme congestion. The high cost of construction as +compared with other methods of rapid transit does not warrant investment +unless heavy traffic is assured by crowded tenements of three to four +stories or more in height throughout the region served by the subway. He +strongly recommended elevated structures or rapid transit lines running +in open cuts, except in the most crowded down town sections of large +cities. This point of view was reinforced by Dr. Hegemann who cited the +experience with subways in English and continental as well as American +cities. + +Cheap land values and the consequent possibility of low rents were shown +to depend upon cheap, though rapid and good and ramifying transportation. +Without this factor it is impossible to secure a wholesome spread of city +population. + +How to pay the costs of the local improvements which city planning +suggests received special attention in a paper by George E. Kessler, upon +the development of parks in Kansas City. The system of local assessments +was shown to secure practically all the results which could be obtained +through the use of “excess condemnation,” with less trouble and with +better co-operation on the part of all citizens, including real estate +men who so often object to excess condemnation. The success of the Kansas +City method was attested by a leading real estate man of that city, J. C. +Nichols, who said that despite the fact that park boulevards and similar +local improvements are almost entirely paid by local assessments, the +property owners who have to foot the bills are now the first to demand +these improvements. + +Whether through modification of systems of local assessment or +through the direct application of excess condemnation, the principle +of financing improvements through the increase in value of the areas +benefiting was felt by all to be an essential in accomplishing the +realization of city plans. Two points in this connection were much +discussed—first, the distance to which local assessment should go back +from the improvements and the proportion in which it should diminish; +and second, the question of paying locally for improvements in outlying +unimproved land. The conference seemed to feel in regard to the first +point that it is impossible to make any hard and fast rule and that each +case could be decided on its own merits. With regard to the second point, +opinion seemed to be that the local assessment should be paid in small +installments over a long period and that a much larger portion should be +assessed on the city as a whole than in the case of improvements in the +built-up sections. + +An important paper by Edward M. Bassett of New York discussed the legal +powers which a city should have to enable it to carry out city planning +successfully. He particularly sought to show the necessity for removing +the legal wrappings which retard a city from applying the principle of +“excess condemnation.” Some of his illustrations of the way a real estate +speculator can secure the values which ought to accrue to the whole city +were most striking. In the Bronx, he said, a speculator obtained an award +for a house lying in the way of a newly opened street, whereupon he +moved it to the center of another street soon to be opened. He obtained +another award, and so far as the law is concerned he may continue the +process with each new street opened. The exercise of the police power was +also shown by Mr. Bassett to be of the utmost importance in establishing +regulations for public health and safety, and in dealing with such +matters as the limitation of the height of buildings. + +The National City Planning Conference, as its name implies, is not so +much a convention for propaganda as a gathering of students. Each session +was devoted to but one or two papers, of which advance copies were in the +hands of delegates. There was thus opportunity for careful discussion. + +The papers were characterized not so much by inspirational flights as by +a hard-headed, common-sense attention to every-day facts and conditions, +and the “humdrum human mechanism,” to quote Chairman Frederick Law +Olmsted, “by which city plan visions are to be realized.” Mr. Olmsted’s +address on A City Planning Program dealt with such prosaic things as the +system of records whereby a city should know all the essential facts +about its sewers, conduits and sub-surface pipes, its poles and wires, +gutters, pavement, car lines, and character of buildings. He emphasized +the importance of topographical, social, economic and legal surveys, and +showed how a municipality’s future city planning “office” should have an +equipment of such information and a co-operative relation with all the +agencies, public and private, whose activities affect the problems and +efforts of city planning. + +A similar point of view was displayed in the paper by George B. Ford on +The City Scientific. He discussed the various types of surveys which +should be undertaken and showed how a body of data can be secured, +so as to reduce such matters as street widening and extension and +transportation almost to an exact science. He advocated a program survey +which would lay out in order of urgency the matters which the local +commission should undertake. Especially he urged that it is futile +to attempt to get planning results from one expert but that at least +three—representing the engineering and economic side, the aesthetic +side and the social side—should work together harmoniously, calling in +specialists along particular lines. + +The organization and functions of a city planning commission was a +subject on which there was much discussion, following a paper by Mayor +William A. Magee of Pittsburgh. + +The Chicago plan appropriately came in for consideration, and at the +banquet a toast was drunk to the memory of Daniel H. Burnham, a fine +portrait of whom appeared back of the speakers’ table. Charles H. Wacker, +chairman of the Chicago Plan Commission, told of the efforts, methods +and experience in rallying the whole citizenship of Chicago, even to +the education of the school children through a manual on the plan. He +referred to the wonderful civic spirit which reached a high tide when the +western metropolis gave to the nation the glorious beauty of the World’s +Fair “White City”; and he expressed the firm faith that around the vision +of the Chicago plan the people would again rise to a practical idealism +expressed in a nobler conception of what their city might become. At a +previous session Edward H. Bennett, who was associated with Mr. Burnham +in the designing of the Chicago plan, discussed various aspects of a +newer interest in the scientific study of such elements as transportation +and housing. + +Faith in the civic idealism of the average man and woman, as expressed +by Mr. Wacker, was a note which well followed a noteworthy address by +Lawson Purdy. Rarely does the economic and the spiritual blend as it did +when he showed that so material a thing as land value becomes, when we +try to distribute it equitably and for the community welfare, the vehicle +for a larger brotherhood of neighbors and citizens. And in discussing +the relation of the public rights to the liberty of the individual, he +brought it all to the test of the law of love, so well expressed—and the +reference went straight to the hearts of those who treasure the memories +of personal friendship with one of the most lovable “people’s men” of our +generation—by Sam Jones, the “Golden Rule” mayor of Toledo. + + + + +EDITORIAL GRIST + + +THE GUARANTEE OF SECURITY + + JOHN HAYNES HOLMES + Church of the Messiah, New York + +Amid such a confusion of “chance and change” as seems to be +characteristic of our age in the various phases of its social life, it +is not surprising perhaps to find that many persons, not over—given to +timidity on ordinary occasions, are genuinely disturbed at the course +which events are taking; and are asking of the agitators and reformers of +the time, in terms more and more insistent, what guarantee they have to +offer that their words and works do not spell destruction for the whole +existing fabric of civilization. + +Those of us who feel the thrill of the new movement of social +transformation, and hail the advent of the new day with an exultation +which leaves little place in our hearts for any regrets for the passing +of the old, do not always realize, I imagine, how numerous are the +revolutions of ancient custom which are involved in the demands which +are being pressed upon every hand, and therefore fail to recognize the +fears for the security of the nation, which are latent in many noble +and devoted hearts. What with the indefinite extension of the machinery +of our democracy by such devices as the initiative, the referendum +and the recall, which may well seem subversive of that whole form of +representative government which is at the bottom of our constitutional +system; the multiplying assaults upon the integrity and authority of +our courts, which have so long been regarded as the very bulwark of our +institutions; the call for the active interference of the state with the +administration of industry in such matters as workmen’s compensation, +the eight-hour day for women and children, the minimum wage, etc.; the +rapidly growing sentiment of our people in favor of the socialization of +the resources of nature and of the public; regulation, if not ownership, +of all means of production and distribution—the whole great movement, in +a word, for an unfettered democracy upon the one hand and an unlimited +social control upon the other—what with all these startling innovations +sweeping down upon us at once, it is not surprising that many an earnest +soul is wondering as to what the outcome of it all is to be and is +seeking rather vainly for any evidence that these cures, which are being +offered for our ills, do not mean the dissolution rather than the healing +of the patient. + +What guarantee can you give us, amid the utter chaos in which we are +involved, that there is any real security for the future? + +What assurance can you offer that this flood of reform, which is +certainly destined to “bear [us] far,” will not break its bonds and thus +sweep us to destruction? + +What reasons can you present for believing that we may safely try these +untested schemes of political and industrial revolution, and still have +anything left of this great republic, which was founded in the blood and +tears of the fathers, and was strengthened and extended by the undaunted +labors of four generations of valiant sons? Is there anything which may +even partially persuade us that this new movement really involves “the +strength and stability of the times?” + +These are the questions which are being asked today by many a restless +heart, and they are questions which challenge a respectful answer. + +There are some of us (of whom I beg to be counted one!) who find our all +sufficient reply to these inquiries in our abounding faith in humanity. +We believe that in a country where illiteracy is at a minimum, general +education on the increase, caste barriers unknown, freedom of speech, +press and assembly granted and practiced, religious liberty everywhere +enjoyed, the people can be trusted to control their own affairs. This +does not mean that the voice of the people is necessarily the voice of +God in all places and under all conditions. But it does mean that the +people, if given the privilege of responsibility and a due opportunity +for self-knowledge and self-instruction, will quite as often decide for +the right as for the wrong; and that in the latter case will learn from +their experience of error the certain way of avoiding similar blunders +in the future. Thus, by the very practice of their freedom do the people +grow in wisdom and virtue. Thus, by the very fact of its operation does +democracy perfect itself, as water purifies itself. Thus does the voice +of the people become in course of time as if it were the voice of God. +Which is all we mean by the ancient maxim that the cure for the ills of +democracy is more democracy! It is such a faith in the people that gives +to many of us, amid the political and industrial transformations of the +time, the guarantee of security which must be had, and for any guarantee +beyond this pledge of faith, we see no need. + +It is obvious, however, that, to many minds, moral faith of any kind +can give no guarantee of things material. Blind trust in human nature +means nothing when we are talking about such matters as governments and +economic systems. We must have something more tangible than this is the +cry, if we are to believe that the new social movements of the age are +anything more than so many heedless attacks upon the integrity of our +civilization. + +To this demand I am confident that a satisfactory answer can be given; +and I find this answer, not in the field of ideals, but in the field +of method. The guarantee of security, amid the chaos about us, is to +be found in the method of action characteristic of the true social +reformer of the times, which is nothing less than the method of exact +science. Visionaries, dreamers, agitators, blind propagandists, there +are a-plenty in the social field today, and many are they who follow +whithersoever they lead. But the reformer who really counts as an +influence at this moment, and therefore may be regarded as typical of +effective social progress, is nothing more, and certainly is nothing +less, than a scientist who makes society his laboratory and who follows +therein the expert’s well-approved methods of observation and experiment. +The social leader of this new age is primarily an investigator, and only +secondarily a reformer. His first demand is for facts; and only when +these are gathered in sufficient numbers, are classified and tabulated +and compared, and then at last made to tell their tale, does he draw his +inferences, formulate his doctrines and lay down his program of reform. +There is much of the prophet in the true sociologist—much of the poet, +much of the humanitarian and lover of mankind. These qualities must never +disappear, if the social movement is to remain wholesome, idealistic and +thus genuinely beneficent. But at bottom, at least for the present, must +be the scientist as the perpetual guarantee of sanity and safety. + +What Darwin did with his barnacles and earth-worms; what De Vries did +with his evening-primroses; what Professor Loeb is doing with his +sea-urchins, and Dr. Carrel with his transplanted organs and revivified +tissues; all this is the true social worker doing more and more with his +tenement dwellers, child laborers, factory women, tuberculosis victims, +immigrants, white slaves, and so on indefinitely through the social +groups. More and more we have work which is primarily scientific, and +which may fittingly be ranked, from the standpoint of scientific method, +with any of the researches of the biologists, zoologists or astronomers +of modern times. Well does a recent writer declare, “In recent years, +this [altruistic] spirit, which began in a humanistic sentiment and +hardly developed beyond the limits of kindliness, has become so infused +with exact knowledge of social conditions ... that it has assumed the +dignity of a scientific pursuit.” + +Here now is the guarantee of security for which so many cautious persons +of our time are vainly seeking. So long as we look upon the new moral +and political movements, which are so characteristic of our age, as mere +agitations, we may feel alarm for the future. It is when we look closer, +and see that, behind the agitation for change, there is the accuracy, +precision, and certainty of the scientific method, that we may feel that +“all is well.” + + +TEACHING SOCIOLOGY IN NORTH DAKOTA + + ALEXANDER JOHNSON + +The _Quarterly Journal_ of the University of North Dakota has recently +published a reprint of an article by Professor Gillette of the Department +of Sociology which is an extremely useful and interesting document. + +The state has a board of control which administers its state +institutions, but like most such boards, pays little or no attention to +the county and municipal charities and correction nor to the voluntary +philanthropic agencies. To remedy this defect of the state government, +the Department of Sociology of the university compiled a most valuable +report on Poor Relief and Jails, and that report was spread broadcast in +the form of a reprint. + +Professor Gillette describes his experience on beginning as follows: + + “The first endeavors to obtain information in a new state + relative to such subjects as this paper treats are likely to + prove far from satisfactory because of the non-existence of + published information. Two years ago, after vainly endeavoring + to obtain information on the state as a whole relative to the + general subjects of poor-relief and conditions of jails, I + began a personal investigation into those matters. + + “Whenever I found myself in a county seat, I collected such + facts as the county offices held, inspected the jails, visited + the poor farms where they were accessible, and inquired into + the workings of the poor-relief system. In this manner, + seventeen counties were investigated. Eight counties were + visited in connection with the occasional lectures I was + called on to give in the state. Information from the other + nine counties was obtained by means of field work which very + meager departmental funds enabled me to make. It is one of the + traditional conditions, which still persists in educational + institutions that are supposed to foster research, that + departments which use mechanical instruments to carry on + experiment are given thousands of dollars, while departments + whose field of research lies in the world outside are denied + any investigative funds or given a mere pittance. I expected, + therefore, to be able to report on conditions in those + seventeen counties only. + + “As an illustration of the inchoate conditions which may + obtain in a civilized society it may be well to recount that + while investigating the sixteenth county I fairly stumbled + into evidence that, filed in the archives of the statehouse + at Bismarck, lay unpublished data on the cost of poor-relief + and to a less extent the cost of supporting the state insane + and feeble-minded for all the counties of the state. For it + appeared that county auditors and treasurers are required to + file what is called Auditor and Treasurer’s Annual Report to + the State Examiner of North Dakota. Correspondence with the + state examiner’s office caused the compilation of such data + as existed relative to the other thirty-one counties of the + state. I give this experience to illustrate the need there + is for gathering and publishing state-wide information on + matters pertaining to the backward classes we know as paupers, + criminals, and defectives.” + +The report shows many facts that needed airing, especially as to the +conditions of the jails, and the rapid increase (for such a young and +progressive state) of the amount of pauper relief. + + “The cost of poor-relief in the state almost doubled in + the five-year period, increasing from $128,917.15 in 1907 + to $240,469.80 in 1911. The total population of the state + in 1905 was 437,070; in 1910 it was 557,056. These figures + approximately represent the years ending June 30, 1906 and + 1911. That is, while the population was gaining 32 per cent the + cost of maintaining the poor in the state enlarged 86.5 per + cent. _In that time the expenditure for that purpose grew 2.7 + times as fast as the population._” + +This it must be remembered is in a prohibition state, one in which +probably one-half of the prisoners in the jail are “piggers,” which +is the picturesque vernacular for people convicted of violating the +prohibition law, or “running a blind pig.” In one jail, of twenty-four +prisoners nineteen were “piggers.” + +Most of the poor relief is “outdoor.” Only a few counties have poor +farms, some of these being far from satisfactory. The county aids all +poor and indigent who are in need according to laws of settlement, and +the county commissioners levy a tax to this end. The overseers “allow and +pay relief to needy persons of sound mind; also to poor parents of idiots +and helpless children an amount common in such cases.” + +The provision to pay relief to parents of idiots and helpless children +reminds one of the celebrated relief by the state to the parents of +idiots in Kentucky, which has been described as an act “to promote the +propagation of idiots and imbeciles.” Since the report was issued, the +Legislature of North Dakota has been in session. Among the new laws is +one creating a state supervisory board to regulate the public relief of +the poor. This is based on Professor Gillette’s findings and is a copy of +the Indiana law on the subject, which Professor Gillette recommended as +being the best code of the kind in this country. + +Next year the Department of Sociology will present a similar report on +the insane and feeble-minded. The University of North Dakota is only one +of several—Wisconsin, Minnesota and Texas might be mentioned—in which the +department of sociology is becoming an extremely practical and useful +thing for the state. + + +CRIMINAL TRAFFIC IN COCAINE + + LOUIS C. AGER, M. D. + Brooklyn, N. Y. + +We always have with us a considerable number of inhuman beings who +are willing to make capital out of the weaknesses and sins of their +neighbors. The illicit sale of cocaine is only one example of this fact. +Similar conditions have always existed in the abuse of opium products, +and the sale of alcohol to irresponsible persons has become so much a +part of our vaunted civilization that we find it difficult to realize +that this drug abuse dwarfs into insignificance all others combined. + +We hear periodically of the “ether jag,” the “cologne drunk” and the +“coke fiend.” It is the novelty of these habits that makes them good +newspaper copy. The actual number of individuals addicted to these habits +is exceedingly small, and their economic value to the community is +practically nil. Normal, well balanced people do not acquire drug habits +of any kind and it is only those of extreme mental instability who take +to the more unusual practices. + +Cocaine is at present receiving a large amount of advertising and its +sale is therefore being boosted. Unfortunately there are always a number +of people whose mental instability takes the form of having ready at +a moment’s notice a sure remedy for any social evil that may be under +discussion. Such people are fully as harmful to the community as the drug +users, and sooner or later a society will learn to ignore them. + +What are the facts about the abuse of cocaine in this country, and what +ought to be done to eradicate the evil? Users of this drug are not +perhaps numerous, but the number has undoubtedly increased during the +past five years. It is generally accepted as a fact that the proportion +of mental deficients in our population is also on the increase and the +two naturally go hand in hand. It is also true that debased individuals +have lately made efforts to encourage the use of this drug habit for +their own financial benefit, and as a result cocaine has become more +widely known than ever before. + +All this ought to be corrected, but legislation alone will not accomplish +it. Numerous bills were introduced into the recent New York Legislature +and at one time it looked as though the Walker bill would become a law—in +spite of the opposition of all reputable physicians and the fact that its +complicated provisions violated professional privilege. + +The proposed federal law is a simple, sane regulation based upon the +internal revenue system. It provides graded licenses for the sale of the +habit-forming drugs, with a complete supervision of their distribution. +The purchase of a large amount by one individual would at once be +noticed and his disposal of it followed up. If his explanation were +not satisfactory his license could be revoked. It is to be hoped that +Congress will enact this law. + + + + +[Illustration] FINGER PRINTS [Illustration] + +A BIT OF EVIDENCE + + SCOTT NEARING + + +James Rawley had come to a parting of the ways. Time after time the court +had overlooked his truancy and misdoings, but James had taken the pitcher +once too often to the well, and the open doors of the state reform school +stared him grimly in the face. + +“It will be best for him in the long run,” commented the judge. “Each +month of this wild life makes him a little less fit to keep his place in +the community. He has had his last chance.” + +Yet there was one ray of hope, for James lived in and out of Boston, +which is fortunate in having the Newton Technical High School. Here let +me say, by way of explanation, that the Newton Technical High School +is a part of the school system presided over by F. E. Spaulding,[1] a +veritable wizard in the organization and direction of educational work. +Among his many “queer” ideas, Mr. Spaulding believes that children of +high school age should be in the high school, whether they have passed +their eight years of grade work or not. An absurd theory? Well, perhaps; +but the first year he put this theory into practice, Mr. Spaulding +transferred seventy fifteen-year-old boys and girls from the seventh and +eighth grades, where they had learned the art of failing, to the high +school building, where they were to be taught success. + +Grouped in special classes, these “grade-floaters” devoted more than +half their time to technical work—cooking, sewing, shopwork and machine +work—and the remainder to academic subjects. So prepared more than +two-thirds of the youngsters entered the high school on probation in the +same class with their former seventh and eighth grade school-fellows, who +had spent all their time the previous year at academic work. Here was the +test—could these children who had been devoting three-fifths of their +time to technical activities keep pace with children from the regular +grades? + +At the end of the first quarter, when the marks of all the pupils in the +school were analyzed, it was found that the 800 scholars had an average +of .54 of one failure for each pupil. The twenty-seven girls who were +promoted on probation had .17 of one failure each, only a third as many +as the school at large. Of the seventeen boys promoted on trial, only +one failed and in but one subject. The probationers had therefore made +records which were, as a whole, far superior to the records made by the +average pupils in the high school. + +These facts, pretty generally known in educational circles in and around +Boston, led James’ custodians to propose to the judge that he give James +one more trial, this time in the Newton Technical High School. The judge +agreed to the suggestion, and James, a dismal eighth-grade failure, +entered the Newton Technical High School in one of the special transfer +classes. + +James began life badly. His mother died when he was young, and his +father, a rather indifferent man, boarded the boy out during his early +years with an aunt. She first spoiled him through indulgence, and then, +inconsistently enough, hated him because he was spoiled. Growing up in +this uncongenial atmosphere, James became entirely uncontrollable. He was +disagreeable in the extreme, wild and unmanageable. + +The people with whom James was boarding grew tired of his continued +truancy, and he was placed on a farm near Boston. There, too, he was +discontented, dissatisfied and disobedient. Time after time he ran away +to Boston. He went from bad to worse, falling in with vagrants, learning +their talk and their ways, acquiring a love for wandering, and a distaste +for regularity and direction. Taken into custody by the juvenile court +and placed on probation with a family outside of Boston, James again ran +away, mingling with a crowd of his old associates in Boston. It was at +this point that the court decided to send him to the reform school. Then +it was that an understanding friend took him in charge, found him a home +in Newton, and started his life anew in the Technical High School. + +That was how the record stood a while ago. How does it stand now? +Promoted to the regular freshman class on trial, James has renewed his +interest in education and shows an entirely new trait. He does not +exactly dote on all his work, but he is doing it and doing it well. He +hated school before. The new deal is different, he even likes it at times. + +He has found something to interest him. The boy was just bursting with +the need of expressing his self, his personality. The street gave his +worst half its chance. Now the better stuff that is in him is getting its +opportunity and he is taking it. + +Good and evil are always contending for the boy as for the man, and the +function of education is to give the good the better chance. If there be +stale pedagogues who do not understand, let them take notice, for after +all the boy is the one to be considered. + + +FOOTNOTES: + +[1] See One Dollar in the Educational Market, THE SURVEY for May 24, 1913. + + + + +BOOKS + + +THE NECESSARY EVIL + + By Charles Rann Kennedy Harper and Brothers. 110 pp. Price + $1.00; by mail of THE SURVEY $1.08. + + +THE BLINDNESS OF VIRTUE + + By Cosmo Hamilton. George H. Doran Co. 127 pp. Price $1.00; by + mail of THE SURVEY $1.07. + +Charles Rann Kennedy has again in The Necessary Evil given us a strong +though unpleasant play. It is an appeal to the young girl growing into +womanhood to consider what the desecration of that womanhood means, and +a demand that she refuse to allow herself to be sold either into the +prostitution of the street or that of a moneyed, loveless marriage. + +John Heron, a composer, living in his music, his daughter and in the +memory of his wife, is a man apart from the problems of the day. His +daughter, just entering womanhood, has been for years an invalid, living +in her father’s music and her books. + +We meet them on her birthday. They are waiting for her brother’s return +from the outside world in celebration of the day. The girl, filled +with wonder at the beauty of life, with thankfulness for her recovered +health, stands looking out of the window while her father plays Brahms’ +Intermezzo Op. 118, No. 6. A woman passing in the street attracted by the +music looks up and their eyes meet. In the woman’s eyes is the misery +of all the fallen women since the creation, and it seems to the girl to +carry a direct appeal for help. The music stops, and to her questioning +the father tells her of her mother’s life of sacrifice for these erring +sisters and of her death from a broken heart. It is the girl’s first +knowledge of evil. Just here her brother comes. + +In her joy over his return the woman is forgotten, but while they are at +the birthday supper the woman comes in with her message of the misery of +the lives of her lost sisters; her plea for a union between man and woman +that is mental and spiritual, beyond the physical, and her demand for the +love and pity of the girl’s innocence for her companions. + +Were this scene handled by any less masterly hand than Mr. Kennedy’s it +would be impossible; but in his messenger we find again that same note +of mysticism that has characterized his other plays. We cannot, however, +but sympathize with the girl’s brother in his indignation that his sister +should have the veil so ruthlessly torn from her eyes. Surely we can +teach our girls the sanctity and beauty of marriage without taking away +their joy in living. + +Approach the problem, however, from whatever road we will, it always +comes back to the one fundamental question—What right have parents to let +their children grow to manhood or womanhood without the knowledge that is +their right? + +During the past few seasons we have had many plays on sex problems. Some +of them have been strong, virile, excellently written, from both an +acting and a literary point of view, but they have failed to waken in +their hearers any sense of personal responsibility towards the problem +presented. This is due mainly to the fact that they have dealt with +unusual situations or a too sordid group. The average listener feels +sorry for the victim with the same impersonal feeling that is aroused by +the reading of similar horrors in the daily press. + +But this is not so in Cosmo Hamilton’s strong play—The Blindness of +Virtue. The scene is laid in the vicarage of a small rural parish outside +of London—but it might as truly be outside of New York. The Reverend +Harry Pemberton and his wife, lovable examples of the broad human element +of the church, in their zeal to do their duty by God’s unfortunate +children are leaving to a very lonely life their one child, a girl just +reaching womanhood, anxious to try her wings, to be doing, to be helping, +but sheltered by her parents from any conflict with the world and its +problems. + +Into this household comes young Archie Graham, sent down by his father, +the minister of education, to read with the vicar. Archie is given +a thoroughly bad character by this father, who has been too busy +legislating for the education of the masses to have had time to help in +the development of his motherless son. + +By the second act a charming love interest has developed between the boy +who, under the warmth of the vicar’s trust and companionship, has grown +every inch a man, and the girl—unconscious on her part, realized on his +as something to be worthy of. + +In this act, Mary Ann Lemmins, a village girl, who was lost eight months +previous, comes to see the vicar. + + _The Vicar_: “Why didn’t he marry you, Mary Ann?” + + _Mary Ann_: “’E ’a got a wife. I was to blame fer this, ’e + said. Me knowing nothing—’e explained it all right to me—Me + knowing nothing, and what it all meant—brought it about. If I’d + a bin told when I was old enough to understand I should a sent + him away ’e says, double quick, and saved ’im and me and the + little one. ’E says as how if we was taught to think, and knew + as much as the man, there’d be very little of this ’ere trouble + fer us. It’s the mother first, ’e says, and then us, who is ter + blame.” + +With his eyes opened to what a parent’s responsibilities should be, the +vicar calls his wife and begs that she give Effie the knowledge which +would protect her. The mother brings every old-time argument behind which +false modesty has hidden for years to prove that Effie should not be +told. “Girls must learn for themselves. My mother never told me.” Only +when he insists that if she does not tell Effie he will, does she agree +to do so that night. She delays, however, and a few mornings later the +father finds Effie in Archie’s bedroom, quite innocently come to hear +of his trip to London the previous day. The vicar, refusing to believe +that his daughter, knowing what he thinks her mother has told her, could +have come to the room voluntarily, accuses the boy of having enticed her +there. A violent quarrel between the two men ends the act. But in the +last act the vicar learns that the young people have acted innocently, +and it all ends happily. + +The play is beautifully written, the characters so human, so lovable, +that one feels grateful to Mr. Hamilton for having introduced us to them. +It is by far the strongest and most convincing appeal for sex education +that has yet been written for the stage. One cannot imagine any parent +who has been blind to his duty, as had been the vicar, not crying with +him, “My child might have been Mary Ann.” + +The Blindness of Virtue should do much good. It might be considered the +cause to effect as shown in Brieux’ Damaged Goods. + + OLIVE CROSBY. + + +OPPORTUNITIES FOR VOCATIONAL TRAINING IN BOSTON + + The Women’s Municipal League of Boston. 300 pp. + +Some excitement has been aroused in the ranks of those who are interested +in vocational guidance to youths by the conclusion of several students +of the subject that young people between fourteen and sixteen need to be +guided into further training rather than into gainful occupations. If +this conclusion be correct a distinct service will be rendered by listing +and analyzing existing opportunities for vocational training. Without +committing itself to either point of view, the Women’s Municipal League +of Boston has pioneered by compiling a handbook of such opportunities in +that city. + +For the purposes of this book vocational training is defined as “any +education the controlling purpose of which is to fit for profitable +employment.” It is obvious that in any attempt to analyze and +discriminate among agencies offering vocational education, the value +of the work will be determined largely by the manner in which it is +conducted. The investigations for this treatise were done mainly by +students from Harvard, Radcliffe and Wellesley Colleges, from the School +for Social Workers, and from Boston University. Their work, says the +preface, was closely supervised. A tentative chart made from the written +reports of the students was subjected to the comparative scrutiny of the +heads of all the schools concerned. Before the final charts were made +conferences were held with experts in each type of education listed. + +Besides an alphabetical list of 292 subjects taught in vocational schools +and classes in Boston, the book contains classified information regarding +professional schools, commercial schools, industrial schools and schools +for training in the household arts. Both public and private schools are +included. Among industrial schools are included pre-vocational, manual +training, trade, technical and other improvement schools. With regard +to each school the book tells briefly its purpose, courses, admission +requirements, tuition, season, and what the school undertakes in the way +of placing its students. + +A supplement lists organized opportunities for training for the +physically handicapped in Massachusetts, opportunities for vocational +training in settlements and other social centers and organized +opportunities for finding employment. + + WINTHROP D. LANE. + + +SOCIALISM SUMMED UP + + By MORRIS HILLQUIT. The H. K. Fly Co. 110 pp. Price $1.00; by + mail of THE SURVEY $1.06. + +THE TRUTH ABOUT SOCIALISM + + By ALLAN L. BENSON. B. W. Huebsch. 188 pp. Price $1.00; by mail + of THE SURVEY $1.10. + +SOCIALISM AND DEMOCRACY IN EUROPE + + By SAMUEL P. ORTH. Henry Holt. 352 pp. Price $1.50; by mail of + THE SURVEY $1.62. + +MY LIFE + + By AUGUST BEBEL. The University of Chicago Press. 343 pp. Price + $2.00; by mail of THE SURVEY $2.14. + +FURTHER REMINISCENCES + + By H. M. HYNDMAN. The Macmillan Co. 545 pp. Price $5.00; by + mail of THE SURVEY $5.20. + +THE LARGER ASPECTS OF SOCIALISM + + By WILLIAM ENGLISH WALLING. The Macmillan Co. 406 pp. Price + $1.50; by mail of THE SURVEY $1.63. + +The chapters of Mr. Hillquit’s summary of the principles of Socialism +and the industrial conditions, which, in his opinion, make its coming +inevitable, appeared in the _Metropolitan Magazine_. As its name +indicates, this little book of 110 pages makes no original contributions +to the subject; in it one of the best known of American Socialists +presents in a style which, though dry, is easy to understand, the +forces that have made Socialists; their aims; the program of practical +reform through legislation favored by the party; something of the +accomplishments of international Socialism; and a short resume of its +history in America. Socialism, as presented by Mr. Hillquit, is a purely +political movement. The best presentation of its immediate aims and its +methods of accomplishing them is given in the chapter entitled Political +Program. + + * * * * * + +Mr. Benson’s book, The Truth About Socialism, covers the same ground as +Mr. Hillquit’s and was written originally for _Pearson’s Magazine_. It is +more picturesque and readable in style, as Mr. Benson is magazine writer +even before Socialist, and deals with the subject less methodically. + +An introductory chapter covers the general principles of Socialism and +succeeding chapters deal with the objections to Socialism. Further +chapters take up its bearing on the vital questions of the day and +contrast the radical and the Socialist plans of meeting these problems. +As for the practical method of attaining the industrial commonwealth, +Mr. Benson appears to favor compensation for industries taken over by +the government and the payment to employes in these industries of wages +commensurate with their services. + +Neither Mr. Hillquit’s nor Mr. Benson’s book are intended to cover the +subject thoroughly or to do more than is the legitimate function of +magazine articles—to arouse the reader’s interest so that he will himself +attempt to learn more. + + * * * * * + +Mr. Orth in Socialism and Democracy in Europe, has presented a good +review of the accomplishments of international Socialism under the +dominance of an opportunist parliamentarian policy. He has well presented +the relations, conscious and unconscious, of the practical evolutionary +Socialism of today with the radical or liberal movements of the various +European countries. The mass of facts which he has gathered together +into small compass bear careful study. They cover the development of +radicalism, political Socialism and syndicalism in France; of the +co-operative and political sides of the Belgian Socialist movement as +well as their frequent use of the direct action of the general strike +to gain political rights; the development of the German Socialist +movement in the political field and the German trade union movement; +and the history of the Independent Labor Party and of the liberalism of +Lloyd-George in England. + +Such a book as Mr. Orth’s tends to confirm the more inflexible theorists +of the class struggle in their contention that Socialism should, if it is +to retain its separate existence as a revolutionary movement, be able to +suggest the rough outlines of an industrial commonwealth of the future +which shall be convincingly different from the bureaucratic “Socialistic” +state toward which Mr. Orth evidently believes the Socialist and radical +movements of the various European countries are moving. Constructive +Socialism has, up to this time, meant the outlining of the successive +steps in a program looking toward the Socialist state. Now that many of +the “immediate demands” of Socialist platforms have been taken over by +other parties, the next step for Socialists is to show what is the social +structure toward which they are working. + + * * * * * + +In My Life, the first volume of his autobiography, August Bebel, the most +prominent figure in the German Socialist movement, covers in Germany +practically the same period that the first volume of H. M. Hyndman’s +reminiscences, reviewed on this page, covers in England. It stops in +1878 with the beginning of the persecution of Socialists and with reform +legislation by the government, dictated by the ideas of the Socialist +Lasalle and prompted partly by the fear of Socialism, then at their +height. + +Autobiography is not history, but it throws an invaluable sidelight +on history. Supplemented by the compact review of the history of that +period of German Socialism in Professor Orth’s book. Bebel’s life +becomes absorbingly interesting. It tells of his own development, of +his practical work in the non-Socialist German labor movement and of +his conversion to Socialism. Last of all comes his subsequent part +in the struggle between the opportunist Socialism of Lasalle and the +revolutionary Socialism of Marx, ending in that compromise between +the two wings in 1875 which made the modern German movement. Equally +interesting is the story of the first acts of Bismarck’s bitter +persecution of Socialism, which had much to do with bringing these two +wings together and which gave its greatest impetus to the growth of the +party’s membership in Germany. + +Some of the details of the persecution are worth repeating. In 1878 two +attempts were made on the emperor’s life. Neither was by a Socialist +but they were used, nevertheless, as an excuse for persecution. The +first effort to suppress Socialism by legislation was a failure, but the +government found other means of making it undesirable to belong to the +party. Under laws of _lese majeste_ and other laws, in the first half of +1878 the prison sentences of Socialists arrested in a certain section of +North Germany amounted to 500 or 600 years. Bebel gives the following +general account of conditions: + + “Thousands and thousands of workers who were known to be Social + Democrats were summarily dismissed. The newspapers published in + their advertisement columns declarations signed by working-men + who engaged themselves for the future not to join any Socialist + organization, not to buy or read Social-Democratic papers, + not to pay contributions for Social-Democratic purposes. This + terrorism on the part of the employers became so violent that + our papers advised members to sign anything they were asked to + sign, but afterwards to do as they liked, because, in face of + such terrorism, they were not bound to keep such pledges. This + terrorism even went farther; patriotic houseowners gave notice + to their Social-Democratic tenants, and restaurant-keepers who + for years had been only too glad to have Social-Democrats for + their customers asked them to keep off their premises.” + +The pre-Socialist period of Bebel’s life is no less interesting than his +part in the movement. His vivid account of the bitter poverty of his +childhood—the days when his “highest ambition was to be able to eat his +fill of bread and butter”—is almost enough to account for his subsequent +development into a revolutionary Socialist. Throughout almost the whole +period covered by this volume, indeed, Bebel combined a bitter struggle +for the livelihood of his family with a keen and unrelenting fight to +establish a state of society which should do away with poverty. + + * * * * * + +The second volume of the memoirs of that old warhorse of English +Socialism, H. M. Hyndman, is as delightfully readable as was the first, +published a year ago. It is not, like Bebel’s life, an orderly record of +his activities as a Socialist propagandist, for this is but one, though +the most important, side of Hyndman’s life. From the time he lost his +hereditary fortune because of his espousal of Socialism he has been a +hard working but unfortunately not a very successful business man and at +the same time an indefatigable Socialist agitator. + +In his judgment of people and events he sometimes shows flashes of +insight; though he is by no means judicial but always dogmatic, +“opinionated,” and not infrequently wrong-headed. In his facts, though +he has a marvelous store of knowledge—frequently indeed, inside +information—he is often inaccurate. + +In no affairs but those of America, however, are his facts fundamentally +wrong, and this complete and amusing ignorance of American affairs he +shares with a large part of the English press. Of those few American +Socialists whom he happens to know personally his characterizations are +interesting. Among them is William D. Haywood, who in his opinion is the +“most thorough-going and one of the most determined working-class leaders +I have ever met, and I have come across a good many.” + +An illustration of Hyndman’s tendency to be “opinionated” is his +attitude toward the worldwide movement of which Haywood is the American +representative. “Syndicalism,” he says, “is scarcely worth criticizing,” +and his whole criticism of the philosophy of the new labor movement +runs in this vein. Nevertheless, he is appreciative of the personality +and influence of the leading exponent of syndicalism in England, Tom +Mann, whom he regards “as the boldest, most vehement, and most stirring +agitator and organiser” he has ever known. + +In the great English strikes of the last two years Hyndman was evidently +less impressed than most observers by the solidarity of the workers, and +he even appears to criticize the democratic control of those strikes +which was their other distinguishing characteristic. Perhaps this is +because he himself has always been somewhat autocratic in his leadership +of the Social-Democratic federation, and thus tends to regard leaders as +unduly important. + +Of late years Hyndman’s name has been associated with his struggle, +contrary to all Socialist precedent, for a large navy and a citizen army +to handle a possible German attack on England. His defense of this stand, +based largely on conditions existing at the time of the Franco-Prussian +war, is not entirely convincing, especially in view of the aggressive +action that the German Social Democracy has taken recently in preventing +warlike preparations on the part of Germany. In this connection his +appreciation of the leader of the German Social Democracy, who is the +subject of the German autobiography just reviewed, is well worth quoting. +“I have rarely met,” he says of Bebel, “any one who had done so much to +be proud of who was so simple and modest in his private conversation, +or who took so little upon himself in his every-day intercourse with +his fellows. His influence over his own party was obviously quite +unbounded. The voluntary respect paid to Bebel was in fact a tribute paid +through him to their own organization and themselves, of whom he was the +acknowledged representative.” + + * * * * * + +For the second time William English Walling has made a notable +contribution to the literature of Socialism. In his earlier book, +Socialism as It Is, he discussed the various and often contradictory +lines of thought and policy which have crept in and divided the Socialist +movement as organized in the political and economic fields. His +contention there was that the struggle of Socialism today is not against +capitalism but against bureaucratic State Socialism. Not the least +important thing he attempts in the present volume, The Larger Aspects of +Socialism, is to differentiate the philosophies underlying revolutionary +Socialism and State Socialism. + +This volume, like the earlier books, is not based so much on Mr. +Walling’s own interpretation of “all the great modern forces, thought, +science, art, religion and humanity’s conquest of the universe,” as on +quotations from recognized authorities on these subjects. Mr. Walling +shows how all modern thought is tending toward a new philosophy of +civilization, without which political and economic Socialism could never +be attained. Socialism: a New Civilization is his subject. Throughout +all aspects of this subject he identifies the pragmatic philosophy with +Socialism. This identification he supports by quotations not only from +pragmatic but from the writings of the fathers of Socialism. Briefly +stated, this philosophy holds man to be, for human purposes, not for +purposes of abstract thought, the centre of the universe. Society in +its view is meant for the protection of man, so that each individual +shall be enabled not to “serve the state”—this is the State Socialist +philosophy—but to be free and to reach his own fullest development. The +various aspects of this idea Mr. Walling considers under the headings +science, evolution, biology, morality and various aspects of sex. What he +regards as the chief reactionary influences of the present civilization +he considers in chapters on religion, education and the abuse of history, +and he brings out strongly the charge that the class education of the +present day is the greatest of impediments to the new civilization, and +that the invasion of education—that is, the invasion of the minds of the +mass of the people—by the new ideas is necessary before Socialism can +prevail. + +With the dominance of this new philosophy in all lines of human thought +Mr. Walling believes that for the first time human society, bent upon the +perfection of the individual, will be guided by other than involuntary +forces. It will be determined not by natural forces or by the brute force +of class rule, but by the creative intelligence of humanity exercised on +environment purposefully for the good of its members. “With socialism,” +he quotes Marx as saying, “real history begins.” For its contribution +of a new social philosophy he holds Socialism, not as it is generally +regarded, constructive of the future on the foundation of the past, but +rather creative of a future society which has nothing in common with the +past. + + MARY BROWN SUMNER. + + +A SUNNY LIFE: THE BIOGRAPHY OF SAMUEL JUNE BARROWS + + By ISABEL C. BARROWS. Little, Brown & Co. 323 pp. Price $1.50; + by mail of THE SURVEY $1.62. + +This is the story of a rarely beautiful and many-sided life. It shows +us the little boy becoming a wage-earner at eight to help his widowed +mother; joining the church at fifteen and doing volunteer religious work +among the sailors on the docks, who mounted the boy on a barrel to talk +to them, and loved “the little barrel preacher”; becoming one of New +York’s best short-hand reporters; at twenty-one taking the city editor’s +place on the _Tribune_ during the regular editor’s vacation; marrying +at twenty-two; coming in close touch with great issues at the national +capital as private secretary to William H. Seward, secretary of state; +earning his way through the Harvard theological school by adventurous +trips with General Custer and others as correspondent for the New York +_Tribune_; pastor for four years of the historic First Congregational +(Unitarian) Church of Dorchester, Mass.; editor for sixteen years of the +_Christian Register_; congressman for one term, full of manifold service; +finally secretary, for ten years, of the New York Prison Association, +a leading penologist, securing important improvements in the laws, and +doing more than any other one man toward changing American prisons from +brutalizing dungeons to great reformatories. + +The story of his life is vividly and lovingly told by the gifted wife +who was the close associate of his labors for forty-three years. The +book includes also extracts from his writings and letters; hymns that +he composed, words and music; and a number of memorial tributes. It is +enriched with sixteen photographs. This intimate narrative will have deep +interest for all who knew and loved Mr. Barrows. + +Mr. Barrows fought many good fights, but kept his sweetness and serenity +through all. As Rabbi Wise said of him: “He was no man’s foe, but always +the foe of wrong.” His legislative successes were won by hard, clean work. + + “An acquaintance said to him, ‘Mr. Barrows, if you want to + get that [probation] bill made into a law, you will have to + put your temperance scruples into your pocket and give the + newspaper men a champagne supper.’... That was not the method + of this hard-working total abstainer. Instead, he made eleven + trips to the capital that winter, interviewed personally + every member of the committees having the bill in charge, + convinced each one individually of its importance, converted + the governor, wrote editorials week after week for the leading + papers in New York, and so directed public intelligence and + sympathy that the bill was passed without a dissenting vote.” + He was wise enough to see that “the forces which develop + virtue are more potent in reducing crime than the forces which + suppress vice.” + +He had a singular catholicity. As national prison commissioner, as +representative of the United States at the International Prison Congress +and the Interparliamentary Union for Arbitration, as a student of foreign +prisons and an attendant at many national and international gatherings, +he traveled widely and met all sorts and conditions of men, and he met +them all on the same simple human footing, from a king or president down +to the street gamins to whom he taught new games of jackstones while +waiting for a belated car. He had friends of all nationalities, and +carried a brotherly heart toward all races and colors. He knew a dozen +languages, and kept on learning fresh ones after he was sixty. + +He was many-sided, not only in his accomplishments, but in his devotion +to good causes—peace, equal suffrage, temperance, social purity, kindness +to animals, and justice for the Indian, the Negro, the persecuted +Armenian, the Russian struggling for freedom. Full of talent, he “never +had time to make money”; and he was fortunate in having a wife as +variously gifted and unconventional as himself—one who could aid him in +every way, from making a complete suit of clothes for him when he was a +poor theological student, or carpentering a drawer to hold his music, to +taking his place at the editorial desk in his absence, and going, after +his death, to Paris as the representative of the United States government +to explain his plans for the great International Prison Congress of which +he was the president-elect. Never a rich man, he always led a rich life; +and this record of it will go on helping humanity long after he has +passed away from earth. + + ALICE STONE BLACKWELL. + + + + +COMMUNICATIONS + + +WHO? + +TO THE EDITOR: + +(_On seeing the White Slave by Abastenia St. Leger Eberle._) + +This is the man that sells women’s souls into hell fire. Who is the buyer? + + LOUISE W. KNEELAND. + + +THE WHITE SLAVE + +[_Concerning the reproduction, on the cover of the May magazine number of +THE SURVEY, of Miss Eberle’s sculpture of that name._] + + * * * * * + +TO THE EDITOR: + +I have to ask that you will remove my name and cancel my subscription to +your publication, THE SURVEY. + +I was educated as an artist; have studied from the nude under Bonnat in +Paris, and am by no means “squeamish;” but I am altogether unwilling to +expose myself to the risk of having any such picture as appears upon the +cover of THE SURVEY for the week of May 3 sent into my home at the risk +of its being seen by my four sons, the eldest of whom is a Methodist +clergyman, and the three others of whom are under age. + +I saw the statue of “a Gorilla carrying off a woman,” when it was first +exhibited and much criticized, even at the time, in Paris—when it was +first exhibited in the Paris salon. + +The “idea” of this cover is, evidently, taken from that statue, but for +offensiveness this goes it 500 per cent better. + + WOODBURY G. LANGDON. + +Morristown, N. J. + + * * * * * + +TO THE EDITOR: + +As a subscriber and one who highly appreciates the work of THE SURVEY, +permit me to express my surprise and criticism on the lack of good +judgment and good taste that permitted the design on the cover of the +number just out, May 3. In my opinion, the aims and purposes of such a +magazine as THE SURVEY in endeavoring to meet and counteract the evils +of the day are not furthered by such sensational eye pictures as this, +and moreover, it has the characteristics of brutality and indecency, I +am sure, from the point of view of a large number of your readers, and +might have the result of lessening their opinion of your good judgment +and taste in your manner of approaching this subject and others you are +dealing with. I will offer no excuse for thus expressing my opinion +sincerely, as I will assume that you desire to have such from your +subscribers and readers. + + J. B. NOEL WYATT. + +Baltimore. + + * * * * * + +TO THE EDITOR: + +In addition to an unusually valuable list of articles, permit me to +thank you for the cover of the issue of May 3. The picture is profoundly +educational, and those who have had some dealing at close quarters see in +this picture of the White Slave a finished sermon on the subject. + + RUDOLPH I. COFFEE. + +[Member Pittsburgh Morals Commission and Rabbi.] + +Pittsburgh. + + * * * * * + +TO THE EDITOR: + +For the enclosed, please send me a copy of your issue of May 3, with the +White Slave picture on cover. + +Allow me to congratulate you for giving that group just the prominent +place you did. + + [REV.] ELIOT WHITE. + +Rahway, N. J. + + * * * * * + +TO THE EDITOR: + +As a regular subscriber, reader and admirer of your magazine and its +valued work, I must earnestly protest against the outside cover of your +May 3 issue. With several boys in my family, the only way I could lay +the issue on my library table was _after_ tearing off the cover, which +is certainly glaringly offensive. We oppose (or should do so) indecent +bill-board, newspaper advertising, etc., and therefore should not offend +ourselves, _no matter what the motive_. Trust thee will be guarded for +the future. + + WILLIAM HAGER. + +Lancaster, Pa. + + * * * * * + +TO THE EDITOR: + +As friends of THE SURVEY and of what it stands for, allow us to write our +protest against placing such a subject as the White Slave on the outside +cover of your issue of May 3, Vol. XXX, No. 5. + +The publication of such a subject, treated in a sensational way with +a conspicuous background, on the cover of any magazine seems to us +ill-advised, and especially so on one which finds its way into private +houses where decency and modesty are inculcated. + +As your paper is to a certain degree technical, intended to be read +chiefly by social workers who are cognizant of these conditions, the +_inside_ of its covers is excusable, but its _outside_, open to the +observation of all, young and old, should to our minds be severely +censured. + +Please bring up this matter before your board of Survey Associates. + + L. E. OPDYCKE and + EDITH OPDYCKE. + +New York. + + * * * * * + +TO THE EDITOR: + +Thank you for the frontispiece on THE SURVEY of May 3. The beast carrying +the woman did effective service in the Atlanta campaign, but this +picture of a low human brute hawking into slavery a poor little immature +girl will, I believe, be yet more effective in rousing the sluggish +consciences of our American people. If it is art to use the pencil or the +graver’s tool to portray sin in such a manner as to apply the lash to +conscience, then I prefer this, under the existing dreadful conditions +of tolerance of vice, to the Venus de Milo, and I thank the courageous +artist who so consecrates her talents to the highest possible service of +humanity. + +A picture of this kind will do more to instruct my daughters and my sons +as to the dangers which surround them and their obligations to help the +down-trodden daughters of the poor than many arguments. Thank God we have +brought these reptiles out into the open where we can handle them with +due violence, and we can now place the responsibility where it belongs—on +our churches. + +Can you loan me the original to make a lantern slide to use in my public +talks on vice? + + HOWARD A. KELLY, M. D. + +Baltimore. + + * * * * * + +TO THE EDITOR: + +I cannot forbear making a protest against the horrible and suggestive +picture, which you have printed on the cover of your issue of May 3, +Vol. XXX, No. 5. It is a picture calculated to suggest ideas which the +whole country nowadays is trying to suppress. Teaching young people the +facts of life is one thing—doubtless necessary. Making public the fact +that there are people wicked enough to pander to vicious men is also, I +am sure, necessary for efforts to suppress this traffic; but it is very +demoralizing to send out broadcast and publicly such pictures as this. +It shows that the familiar speaking and writing of this white slave—so +called—traffic has blunted the judgment as to fitness and decency that +this picture is displayed in this public way. + +Miss Robins’ book, My Little Sister, is a true picture doubtless. She +seems to affirm so with great confidence, but it will do more harm than +good I fear in arousing evil thoughts and an unwholesome curiosity in +the minds of young people in whose hands it falls. Published first in a +reputable magazine, and then hawked about in trains, etc., recommended in +your magazine, which claims to be devoted to the improvement of morals, +it will do a great deal of harm. At the rate you are going on in freedom +of speech and discussion of filth which should not even be named when +young and inexperienced people can hear, you will soon be advising a +moving picture of what goes on in the dens of vice in order to teach +young people what they should _not_ do.... This artist must have allowed +her imagination to go deep into the haunts of vice before she made this +statue. + + —— —— + +Newport, R. I. + + * * * * * + +TO THE EDITOR: + +I do wish to express my extreme regret that you should have made public +such a picture as appears on the cover of your issue of May 3. It ought +never in my opinion to have been allowed to pass through the mail. + +The readers of THE SURVEY do not need any such reminder of the horrors of +the white slave traffic, and to others, especially to young people and +indifferent persons who are likely to pick up the magazine at random, +such a picture with its unmistakable suggestions cannot fail to be +demoralizing. + +I find that other readers of THE SURVEY here hold the same opinion. + + —— —— + +Newport, R. I. + + * * * * * + +TO THE EDITOR: + +As a subscriber to THE SURVEY and as one who has always tried to further +its influence and increase its circulation, I beg to gravely remonstrate +against your cover design of the issue of May 3. + +Had you seen fit to place this most loathsome picture within the pages of +your magazine, it would possibly have served a sufficient purpose, but to +place it where it cannot fail to be seen by innocent children makes this +issue unfit to appear in any home and appears to be, therefore, not only +an instance of bad taste, but of bad morals. + +Such lurid and outrageous efforts to excite the hysterical side of public +opinion, pitifully defeat their aims and appear to be most unworthy of +THE SURVEY’s standards. + + LUCIA H. K. SHERMAN. + +San Francisco. + + * * * * * + +TO THE EDITOR: + +Kindly send to us C. O. D., twenty-five copies of THE SURVEY, cover page +of which contains the cut of a figure portraying the white slave traffic. +The date and number cannot be furnished as the magazine has been loaned +and we do not know to whom it was given. + +We hope to secure, from the distribution of this issue among the ladies +who are interested in social service, quite a number of subscriptions. + + JOHN L. GREEN. + +[Superintendent Mississippi Children’s Home Society.] + +Jackson, Miss. + + * * * * * + +One or two of these protests are so unrestrained that the temptation is +strong to reply without mincing matters. Others are so moderate that they +must provoke the respect of people who hold different opinions. In the +same way we trust that those who break with the editor of THE SURVEY on +the reproduction of Miss Eberle’s statue, or on its use as a cover, will +regard that use as a considered act. + +Unquestionably there is a cleavage of judgment in the matter of public +education as to the social evil and its prevention. It is not THE +SURVEY’S purpose to overemphasize the vice situation. But it is a part of +our regular service in the field of preventive social measures to keep +our readers thoroughly alive to the movements to protect girls and boys +from ruin and disease, for that, as we see it, is of the very essence of +the present discussion of commercialized prostitution. + +In Miss Eberle’s statuette, the White Slave, and in Elizabeth Robins’ +book, My Little Sister, art and literature have this spring added fire +and conviction to the abolition movement against prostitution—that +“twin of slavery, as old and outrageous as slavery itself and even more +persistent,” to use Miss Addams’ phrase. + +So we printed a photograph of the White Slave on our cover as a challenge +to public conscience searching. And we printed a review of My Little +Sister, in which Mrs. Laidlaw brought out the American aspects of the +story of the sheltered little English girl who was kidnapped. + +In the same issue was a ringing report of how the newly enfranchised +women of San Francisco forced a reluctant Legislature to pass a bill +which will close the notorious “red light district.” More than that, +these women of the California Civic League and the Women’s Christian +Temperance Union are caring for the helpless girls thrown out of the +segregated district, befriending them and putting them on their feet +again. It was the kind of story that led a subscriber to write the other +day: “Every time I read an issue of THE SURVEY I feel like getting right +up and _doing_ something worth while for somebody.” + +On another page, A. Leo Weil, the militant president of the Pittsburgh +Voters League, entered a plea for a special body of men in every city to +deal with vice. And a physician in a New York village told how the local +doctors, aghast at the amount of social disease among the young people of +their little community—their own sons among the rest—banded together to +wipe it out. + +Up to the time of going to press it had been expected that Mr. Kneeland’s +incisive analysis of commercialized prostitution in New York, made for +the Bureau of Social Hygiene, would have been released by the Century +Company by May 3, so that his findings could be added to this group of +articles.[2] All this was in THE SURVEY’S spirit of facing hard facts +for the sake of the future, and in line with its editorial policy with +respect to this special subject: i.e. of banking up material rather than +stringing it along. + +Here, then, in a field to which THE SURVEY bears special obligation, +at a time when we were handling a group of articles interpretative of +that obligation, was a piece of sculpture with the same message—with a +thought-compelling quality which “linked it as a social force,” as Miss +Merriman rightly pointed out, “with, say, the dispassionate but terrible +report of the Chicago Vice Commission.” + +Of course, the strength in such a challenge to public +conscience-searching lies in its exceptionalness—repetition would dull +its edge. There is no prospect of another such cover in the months ahead; +we know of no “sermon in stone” of like calibre. For the same reason, +when such an exceptional work does appear, our course is clear: we should +bring it out. + +Those moralists who feel that the work was suggestive read into it +something which is not there. It is not unclean. + +Those artists who have criticised the group on the ground that the +woman’s figure alone should have been done—that, in other words, the +sculptor should have abstracted all the pathos and beauty possible from +the situation, but not the horror—miss its social message. + +Those parents who protest against it as opening a dark world to sheltered +members of their households must make the same protest against the +sermon which would do more than skim the surface of the moral needs of a +community; against the general periodical which would broach these things +in ways specific enough to be helpful; against the play like Damaged +Goods, which puts the consequences of evil living in human terms; for +in all these audiences are there likely to be young people. And after +all, in all these fields, we are not at this stage faced with the choice +between home education and public education, but of rousing the home. + +While the leaders in sex hygiene are bound to have a difficult task on +their hands in restraining unscientific and slap-dash agencies who assume +to give public instruction, the fact remains that the larger and most +difficult task of those leaders is still that of arousing the public, a +general and wide-spread process of education both as to the things that +should be known and as to the need for knowing them. The reason for this +is that the old policies of reticence have failed—failed so far that +not only has America contributed nothing to the solution of a world-old +problem, but has imported new commercialized phases of it and let them +become rampant, to bring destruction and disease to thousands. + +At such a juncture THE SURVEY must give respectful hearing to those +whose outlook is personal, but must draw its counsels rather from those +who bring larger measure of social experience to the question—from +superintendents of orphanages,[3] who know what the old policies of +ignorance have cost in the lives of boys and girls; from neurologists, +who see the after consequences of that same ignorance; from reformatory +heads; from educators; from physicians. + +Without the fact of commercialized vice such a searching piece of work +as Miss Eberle’s would lack truth; without the added fact that such vice +exists, not merely because of the greed and lust of men, but because +of the inertia, the reticence, the acceptance of things as they are by +people who, if they aroused themselves, could put an end to it, it would +lack occasion. + +If such conditions exist, then it has blazing truth and insistent +occasion and like Nast’s cartoons it may well be looked back upon as +a crashing social force breaking through the crusts of toleration and +neglect. + +If such conditions exist—if they exist because the public does not +know, or knowing, does not act; if the public’s ignorance or inaction +is due in whole or in part to the benumbing effects of these same +policies on journalism, on the church, and on the other channels of +enlightenment—then it is the part of THE SURVEY of all journals, standing +as it does midway between the doctor, the social investigator, the +criminologist and the general public, to bring out the truth and to bring +it out in ways that will strike fire. + +If under such promptings THE SURVEY uses the White Slave, then it should +use it in such a way as to cleave through to the widest circle of its +audience. Hence the cover. Probably in all his long pastorate, Henry Ward +Beecher was never more criticized than when he emphasized the auction of +two fugitive slave girls at the Broadway Tabernacle. Those who in his day +were shocked at what they felt to be sensationalism and the desecration +of God’s temple have given way in the passage of time to those who see +that the desecration was mankind’s in the toleration of slavery itself. + +Dr. Abbott in his life of Beecher says: + + “He believed that thousands who would regard with apathy if not + complacency the slave system at a distance, would regard with + abhorrence the reform of an individual slave girl to a life of + enforced sin and shame.... + + “He said: ‘The very men who give counsel and zeal and money + _against_ the unseen slave of the South irresistibly pity the + particular fugitive whom they may _see_ running through the + North.’ + + “Had he been inclined to defend his method from those who + criticized it as sensational, he might have referred them to + the methods used by the Hebrew prophets, who taught so often + and so effectually by dramatic object-lessons.” + +New times bring new needs. + +Miss Eberle has modeled the auction block of a new slavery. + +In the Brooklyn _Eagle_ of April 21 appeared a powerful sermon by Dr. +Hillis from Dr. Beecher’s old pulpit on social diseases and heredity, +in which such strong language as the following was used in speaking of +the “conspiracy of silence”: “It is a guilty, cruel, dastardly, damnable +silence on the part of preacher, teacher and parent.”—Ed. + + +FOOTNOTES: + +[2] See Rockefeller Report on Commercialized Vice. THE SURVEY, May 24, p. +257. + +[3] See Post-graduates of the Hired Man, by R. R. Reeder, superintendent +of New York Orphanage, Hastings on Hudson, who is the educator and foster +father to 250 boys and girls. THE SURVEY, March 8, p. 816. + + +THE PATERSON STRIKE + +TO THE EDITOR: + +For a number of years I have been a reader and subscriber of THE SURVEY +and it both shocks and pains me to find that THE SURVEY has apparently +taken a biased view of the strike here in Paterson. I understand that +several SURVEY investigators have been to Paterson before preparing +the news items on pages 81-82 and 83 in your issue of April 19. These +investigators did not call upon those in our city to whom it seems to me +they should naturally have turned, the Charity Organization Society. If +they had, they would not have made some of the glaring and ill-advised +statements contained in your editorial. + +They would have been better posted as to the type of looms which they +have called multiple or automatic looms throughout the article. Both +names so far as applied to silk are erroneous. All broad silk looms with +few exceptions are supplied with either side or center filling stop +motions. This stops the loom when the thread in the shuttle breaks. This +has been common for years and does not constitute an automatic loom. Some +looms have been equipped with warp stop motions, stopping the loom when a +warp end breaks. This does not constitute an automatic loom. An automatic +loom is one in which either the shuttle, which has already been filled +with new thread, or quill or bobbin changes automatically. It would also +very likely be equipped with both warp and filling stop motions. Such +looms as last mentioned have never proven satisfactory on silk. + +In the article you make certain statements but have not made them +clearly. As your paper is read by many charitable and philanthropic +people, it is hardly fair to the charitable and philanthropic people of +Paterson to have such statements as you have made concerning Paterson +go forth to the world without objections on our part. You have not made +clear the meaning of the three and four loom system. The word system, as +used here, has an arbitrary meaning and means one weaver to three or four +looms. You state that Paterson is “importing” the four loom system. This +is not true because there is nothing to import. + +You further made a statement that competition between Pennsylvania and +New Jersey is over. This is not so, it is just as keen today as ever. You +further make a statement that great factories are equipped with automatic +looms in Pennsylvania, four of these looms being operated by one boy or +girl.[4] Can you name a single mill where this is so? I have been fifteen +years calling on the silk mills and I have yet to learn of an automatic +loom being used to weave silk or where four looms are operated by a boy +or girl. You further make a statement that weavers are required to tend +three looms. I think this is wrong. There is no question but that they +could operate three to four looms of their own free will, but there is no +compulsion about it.[5] + +In quoting from the _Paterson Evening News_ you infer that an additional +strain is placed on a weaver in taking care of three or four looms. If +this is so, it remains to be proven. I have talked about this with a +number of weavers and they state that they have not noticed this fact, +if it is one. You further imply that it will change the character of +work in Paterson if the three and four loom system is put in operation. +I think this is a mis-apprehension because only about 40 per cent of the +looms of Paterson, of which there are about 16,000 would be affected in +any way by this so-called three and four loom system. As you quoted, in +a statement made by the silk manufacturers, only a percentage of these +would be affected because many plain looms have jacquards mounted over +them and the manufacturers have never attempted to run more than two +looms of this nature to one weaver, nor does the so-called three and four +loom system reduce the wages. I know of one mill in this town that is in +operation today despite the fact of the strike where sixteen looms are +being operated by three weavers. One of these weavers in this particular +mill has been operating four looms since last October and her earnings +have averaged over $75 every two weeks. + +Further along you say the multiple looms are large and equipped with +automatic devices and can only be installed in large mills. This is +absolutely incorrect. There is nothing to prevent a small mill from using +any loom that is now manufactured. The smaller mill, in only a few cases, +has so far taken over jacquard weaving which is the most intricate of all +the weaving, and requires the most skill, and as intimated, is largely +confined to the large factories. The smaller mills are mostly equipped +with plain looms. Quite a few of these are mills running three to four +looms to a weaver. + +In making your contrast of the average wages paid in Paterson and the +average paid in Pennsylvania, have you been fair? According to the +reports which I have, the weavers of Paterson earn on an average about +$12.55 a week and I am afraid in taking your Pennsylvania average you +included all classes of textile workers, including the very low paid help +in throwing mills, so cutting the average Pennsylvania wage down.[6] + +The employers have not refused to confer with their employes except +that they have rightly refused to treat with the Industrial Workers of +the World agitators towards this settlement. You have not made clear +the doctrines or propaganda of the Industrial Workers of the World whom +you have called Industrial Socialists. The Socialists as you know have +repudiated Haywood. Your statements in regard to the arrest of William D. +Haywood and his subsequent release when arrested on March 30 are correct. +I sincerely hope that you will immediately send other investigators +to Paterson who will call on the Charity Organization Society and the +ministers who formed the committee invited to the aldermanic meeting, +Rev. A. H. Stein, Rev. D. S. Hamilton, Rev. W. C. Snodgrass, Rev. J. F. +Shaw and Dr. Jones. I would also suggest some of the business men of the +town whose stores you could enter along Main street or Market street. +I would suggest William Wieda; John C. Mason, Quackenbush & Co.; A. P. +Van Saun, Van Dyk Furniture Co.; Ex-Judge Francis Scott; Ex-Judge James +Inglis; John W. Ferguson; H. H. Parmelee; Hamilton Trust Co.; Edward T. +Bell, First National Bank; and Wm. H. Blauvelt, Second National Bank. + +I would suggest that you call attention to the articles in The Survey of +May 4, 1912 and April 6, 1912 telling about the Industrial Workers of the +World. I am also enclosing an article written by Lincoln Steffens in the +Globe and Commercial Advertiser of March 29, 1912. + +Will you kindly publish this letter in fairness not only to Paterson but +to the “things” THE SURVEY stands for, as your news items contain so many +technical errors which have a vital bearing to a certain extent on this +strike? + + W. L. KINKEAD. + +[Secretary Central Charities Committee.] + +Paterson, N. J. + + +FOOTNOTES: + +[4] See Note A below. + +[5] See Note B below. + +[6] See Note C below. + + * * * * * + +[THE SURVEY is more than willing to accept Mr. Kinkead’s corrections +as to looms and textile processes, for his business is mill machinery. +It does not quite agree with him, however, as to the importance of the +matter, since the technical terms were incidental merely to the subject +of the strike. + +Three points in Mr. Kinkead’s letter should perhaps be footnoted: + + A. The three and four loom systems are now in use in + Pennsylvania. The federal report on the Condition of Woman + and Child Wage-Earners in the United States, says: “In + Pennsylvania, where the broad silks manufactured are of the + plainer grades, not requiring the skill, efficiency and + attention given to the higher grades made in Paterson, woman + and child weavers have the field practically to themselves.” + + B. Mr. Kinkead would certainly not wish to maintain that, + when the change is made from a two to a four loom system, the + earnings of weavers, who preferred to stick to two looms, would + not be cut. If you cut a chair caner’s wage from ten to eight + cents a chair, there is no compulsion for him to make more + chairs than before; but he does if he has a family hanging on + his earnings. The silk manufacturer who, when he makes the + change, pays a weaver more than before if he will work four + looms instead of two, and less than before if he continues to + work two is merely dodging if he claims there is no compulsion + about it. + + C. A more accurate analysis of the government figures would + give the average wage of Paterson weavers as $11.80 instead of + $11.69; that of the Pennsylvania weavers as $6.99 instead of + $6.56. The error that Mr. Kinkead suggests was, however, not + made. + +As a matter of fact, such a staff inquiry as Mr. Kinkead suggests has +been in progress and in the June magazine number THE SURVEY will publish +an article by John A. Fitch.—Ed.] + + + + +JOTTINGS + + +DRAMATIZING THE PATERSON STRIKE + +Seizing on the suggestion that some master of pageantry ought to give +symbolic expression to the mass strike, a leader of the Paterson strike +proposed that the silk workers should themselves present to the public +the meaning of its chief incidents. Within a few days Madison Square +Garden had been rented for June 7, and large committees, composed in no +small degree of volunteers from the 10,000 silk strikers in New York +city, were at work on the details of the arrangements. + +A pageant of six episodes has been planned by John Reed, a magazine +writer who was himself arrested on the Paterson picket line a few weeks +ago. + +The episodes, as interpreted by the pageant committee, divide themselves +into two groups: the one representing the struggle of the strikers +against economic and legal tyranny; the other, the democratic government +of the strike by the workers. + +Brief titles of the episodes are: The Mills Alive—The People Dead—The +Strike; The Mills Dead—The People Alive—The Picket Line and Arrests; +Forty Pickets before an Irresponsible Judge; The Strike Victim’s Funeral; +The Striking Mothers Send their Children to Strike Mothers in New York; +The Legislature of the Strikers in Helvetia Hall Passes the Eight Hour +Law. The strike leaders, in this last scene, will give propaganda +speeches addressed to the audience. Their speeches are to be the only +monologues in the performance. + +A thousand strikers will march from Paterson to New York to take part in +the pageant. The music will be furnished by their mass singing and by +their bands which now play at all large strike meetings. Both the actors +and singers are being trained by John Reed. + + +CITY FATHERS TO FOREGATHER + +At Binghamton on June 5-7 the mayors and other municipal officials of +New York state are to hold their fourth annual conference. Each of the +forty-eight mayors is to tell in five minutes what is the greatest +problem of his city. + + +VACANT LOT GARDENING IN TORONTO + +Toronto has joined the ranks of the cities in which there is an active +vacant lot gardening movement. Over thirty parcels of vacant land in +the business section of the city have been loaned to the Playgrounds +Association and prepared for gardening by the Plowmen’s Association of +York Township. + +Early in this month the actual tilling began and the start of the new +venture was celebrated by a dinner to the plowmen on the evening of that +day. Seeds and implements have been promised so that the children will +have everything necessary for successful gardening. + + May 31, 1913 + +*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 78287 *** diff --git a/78287-h/78287-h.htm b/78287-h/78287-h.htm new file mode 100644 index 0000000..092cdb7 --- /dev/null +++ b/78287-h/78287-h.htm @@ -0,0 +1,3141 @@ +<!DOCTYPE html> +<html lang="en"> +<head> + <meta charset="UTF-8"> + <title> + The Survey, Volume 30, Number 9, May 31, 1913 | Project Gutenberg + </title> + <link rel="icon" href="images/cover.jpg" type="image/x-cover"> + <style> + +a { + text-decoration: none; +} + +body { + margin-left: 10%; + margin-right: 10%; +} + +h1,h2 { + text-align: center; + clear: both; +} + +h2.nobreak { + page-break-before: avoid; +} + +h3,h4 { + clear: both; + +} + +h3.fn, h4.fn { + margin-left: 5%; +} + +h3.book { + margin: 0; +} + +hr.chap { + margin-top: 2em; + margin-bottom: 2em; + clear: both; + width: 65%; + margin-left: 17.5%; + margin-right: 17.5%; +} + +hr.tb { + margin-top: 1em; + margin-bottom: 1em; + clear: both; + width: 75%; + margin-left: 12.5%; + margin-right: 12.5%; +} + +img.w100 { + width: 100%; +} + +div.chapter { + page-break-before: always; +} + +p { + margin-top: 0.5em; + text-align: justify; + margin-bottom: 0.5em; + text-indent: 1em; +} + +blockquote { + margin: auto 10%; +} + +.center { + text-align: center; + text-indent: 0; +} + +.figleft { + float: left; + clear: left; + margin-left: 0; + margin-bottom: 1em; + margin-top: 1em; + margin-right: 1em; + padding: 0; + text-align: center; +} + +.figright { + float: right; + clear: right; + margin-left: 1em; + margin-bottom: 1em; + margin-top: 1em; + margin-right: 0; + padding: 0; + text-align: center; +} + +.footnotes { + margin-top: 1em; + border: dashed 1px; +} + +.footnote { + margin-left: 10%; + margin-right: 10%; + font-size: 0.9em; +} + +.footnote .label { + position: absolute; + right: 84%; + text-align: right; +} + +.fnanchor { + vertical-align: super; + font-size: .8em; + text-decoration: none; +} + +.hanging { + padding-left: 3em; + text-indent: -2em; +} + +.noindent { + text-indent: 0; +} + +.pagenum { + position: absolute; + right: 4%; + font-size: smaller; + text-align: right; + font-style: normal; +} + +.right { + text-align: right; +} + +.smaller { + font-size: 80%; +} + +.smcap { + font-variant: small-caps; + font-style: normal; +} + +.x-ebookmaker img { + max-width: 100%; + width: auto; + height: auto; +} + +.x-ebookmaker blockquote { + margin: auto 5%; +} + +/* Illustration classes */ +.illowp50 {width: 50%;} +.x-ebookmaker .illowp50 {width: 100%;} + </style> + </head> +<body> +<div style='text-align:center'>*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 78287 ***</div> + +<h1>The Survey, Volume 30, Number 9, May 31, 1913</h1> + +<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop"> + +<div class="chapter"> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_297">[297]</span></p> + +<h2 class="nobreak" id="THE_COMMON_WELFARE">THE COMMON WELFARE</h2> + +</div> + +<h3>CHILD LABOR LEGISLATION FIGHT IN PENNSYLVANIA</h3> + +<p>More children are employed in factories and +mills under sixteen years of age in Pennsylvania +than in any other state. For years efforts +have been made to get better legislation to protect +child workers, but every step has been won +only after a determined fight.</p> + +<p>This year the Pennsylvania Child Labor Association +and the National Child Labor Committee +have worked together to get a law that +would put Pennsylvania on a par with the more +advanced industrial states. The Walnut child +labor bill drafted by the Pennsylvania Child +Labor Association and sponsored by the Republican +State Committee is based upon the uniform +law adopted by the American Bar Association. +The principal new features of this act +are that no child under sixteen is permitted to +work more than eight hours a day; all night +work is prohibited for children under sixteen, +whereas at present glass factories are exempt; +provision is made for the regulation of street +trading; and the age limit for night messenger +service is put at twenty-one years. The age at +which children may go to work still remains +fourteen, but certain dangerous occupations are +prohibited for children under sixteen.</p> + +<p>So powerful has been the pressure to eliminate +important features of the proposed law, that +the Pennsylvania Child Labor Association has +felt compelled to appeal for popular support. +Herschel H. Jones of the National Child Labor +Committee has spent most of the last two months +traveling throughout the state, holding public +meetings and interesting individually the influential +people of the larger cities. With few exceptions +the newspapers have taken up the campaign +enthusiastically.</p> + +<p>The opposition has come chiefly from two +industries. The textile manufacturers complain +that eight hours a day for children will disorganize +their plants and compel the discharge of +those under sixteen. This they assert would put +them at a disadvantage with Massachusetts. In +the Legislature in Massachusetts they are saying +the same thing about Pennsylvania. The experience +of New York, the largest manufacturing +state and the third in textile production where +no child under sixteen has been permitted to +work before eight in the morning or after five +in the evening since 1907, does not bear out +this claim. In both Ohio and Illinois children +are being used in certain industries in groups +or shifts so as to keep the maximum amount of +machinery in operation the full working time. +The eight-hour provision in Illinois has been in +force since 1903; in Ohio since 1908.</p> + +<p>In the textile industry alone in Pennsylvania +there are over 15,000 children under sixteen. Of +this number, two-thirds are girls. Pennsylvania +permits girls of fourteen and fifteen to work +fifty-eight hours a week, or longer than most +states permit adult women to labor.</p> + +<p>The glass manufacturers assert that they must +have boys on the night shifts else the men can +not work. Advocates of the proposed law point +out that in Ohio, Illinois, New Jersey and every +other glass manufacturing state except West +Virginia older boys and men are employed for +the night work.</p> + +<p>In an investigation of glass factories in western +Pennsylvania made by Mr. Jones for the National +Child Labor Committee in 1912 it was +found that in many towns large numbers of +boys between sixteen and eighteen were loafing +until they grew big enough to work in the mines +or coke ovens. At the same time the glass factories +were taking boys of fourteen and using +them on both night and day shifts.</p> + +<p>Effort is being exerted to weaken the bill +before it gets out of the Judiciary Special Committee +of the Senate. This committee held a +public hearing on May 14 on three important +labor bills: the Bigger minimum wage bill +which establishes a board to determine on a +minimum wage for women; the Walnut woman’s +bill drafted by the Consumers’ League and +restricting employment of women to nine hours +a day and fifty hours a week; and the Walnut +child labor bill. Over 2,000 manufacturers +came to Harrisburg for this hearing. The State +Federation of Labor came to Harrisburg in a +body to urge the passage of these bills.</p> + +<p>In addition to the efforts to get better laws a +step toward better enforcement has been taken +by the passage of the law which establishes a +new department of labor and industry. It resembles +closely the law passed by the New York +Legislature this year. The Bureau of Factory +Inspection comes under the department. An industrial +board is established to make rules and +regulations and the inspectors are graded and required +to have special qualifications.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_298">[298]</span></p> + +<h3>NEW YORK CHARITIES IN CONFERENCE</h3> + +<p>Once more the May meetings of the New York +City Conference of Charities were divided between +Manhattan, Brooklyn and the country. +The Colored Orphan Asylum at Riverdale was +chosen this time for the final session.</p> + +<p>Municipal needs was the first topic of discussion, +and the speakers were O. F. Lewis and +Frederick C. Howe, chairman of the committee +appointed to study this subject. The latter dwelt +particularly on the use of the school as a center +for leisure. Edward M. Bassett and George B. +Ford, lecturer on city planning at Columbia +University, spoke on subways as a factor in distributing +the population of a city. Mr. Ford +suggested as a substitute for subways on some +thoroughfares the noiseless elevated railroads +found in Paris and Berlin. These, he said, should +be placed only in the center of streets from 130 +to 180 feet wide. Trees could be planted on +either side to screen the structures.</p> + +<p>Families, public institutions and the sick were +the subjects on the following day. The chairman +of the committee on families, Mrs. William +Grant Brown, recommended the removing of one +great cause of family pauperism by “following +in the path already blazed by some of our western +states, and legally restraining the marriage +of those mentally deficient, delinquent or tainted +by hereditary disease or crime.” One of the +other speakers, Porter R. Lee, gave a good illustration +of overlapping in relief work in a story +of a poor woman in Chicago, who after receiving +her fourth consecutive visitor in one afternoon +went to the nearest settlement to express +her gratitude because no one had called from +there, remarking: “There doesn’t seem to be anything +for the poor to do but to have office hours!”</p> + +<p>On the live subject of widows’ pensions there +was no discussion this year beyond the statement +in Mrs. Florence Kelley’s address, which was +read in her absence:</p> + +<blockquote> + +<p>“Private charity having cut off public outdoor +relief has never been able to accomplish the task +which it rashly undertook. We have a monument +to its failure—38,000 children in New York +state institutions paid for out of taxes because +their natural guardians have, through death or +disability, failed to meet the requirements which +the law establishes for children in this city. Few +of these institutions are schools in the true sense. +They are in the main free municipal boarding-houses. +They are communist institutions in +which the city attempts, chiefly through the intervention +of various religious sects, the task of +bringing up children away from their mothers, +by wholesale, out of the public funds.”</p> + +</blockquote> + +<p>The discussion of public institutions centered +around those for the sick. Sidney E. Goldstein, +chairman of the committee on this subject, dwelt +especially on the fact that while government, +church and school are more and more affected +by the social movement, the hospital and dispensary +are as yet but dimly aware of the larger +work that society can rightfully expect of them. +Mr. Goldstein questioned whether the dispensary +is organized and administered with the needs of +the community foremost in mind, and stated that +the time is not distant when neither hospital nor +dispensary will be reception houses for the sick, +experiment stations in medicine or apprentice +shops for medical students.</p> + +<p>After care and the prevention of insanity were +treated in a paper by Everett S. Ellwood of the +State Charities Aid Association. Fred M. Stein +of the Montefiore Home showed by statistics that +the large percentage of “graduates” of tuberculosis +sanatoria die or become worse, and urged +after care of patients in their homes by social +workers connected with sanatoria as an essential +part of the work of such institutions.</p> + +<p>The session on the sick carried on the same +themes. Louis C. Ager, chief of the medical +staff of the Brooklyn Home for Consumptives, +showed the inadequacy of present hospital facilities, +especially those for contagious diseases. +Richard C. Cabot discussed the “efficiency and +deficiencies” of the hospitals and dispensaries, +and Isabel Stewart of Teachers College spoke of +the social service work in the homes done by +these institutions, as a logical and necessary supplement +to their indoor work. She recommended +courses on the “sociology” of disease as part of +a nurse’s training.</p> + +<p>In her report for the Committee on Children +Carolena M. Wood, president of the Colored +Orphan Asylum of Riverdale, called attention to +the fact that of the 25,000 city children in institutions, +many are kept there for years so as +to be near their parents when often their parents +show no interest or are unsuitable because of +health or morals to exercise any influence over +them. The committee advised that such children +be given a fresh start by being placed with families +that can train them to be worthy members +of the future state, even though this involves the +dissolving of the family tie. Charles D. Hilles, +president of the Board of Managers of the New +fork Juvenile Asylum, and Robert W. Hebberd +spoke on various aspects of education as a preparation +for life. The report of the Committee on +Delinquency, read by Patrick A. Whitney, commissioner +of corrections, was an appeal for more +and better institutions.</p> + +<p>Throughout the sessions the subject of recreation +came up, as when, for instance, Mrs. Brown +supplemented the usual recommendation for +recreational use of the school house by the suggestion +that the armories could be used as music +centers. Ernest A. Coulter, formerly clerk of +the Children’s Court, held that the failure to provide +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_299">[299]</span>opportunities for play was largely the cause +of juvenile delinquency.</p> + +<p>One method of treatment of adult delinquency, +the farm colony, was the subject of a paper by +Franklin H. Briggs, superintendent of the New +York Training School for Boys at Yorktown. +Said Professor Briggs:</p> + +<blockquote> + +<p>“The farm colony treatment substitutes an appeal +to the best that is in a delinquent. It seeks +to develop self control in the individual. It endeavors +to build up, not break down, the delinquent’s +self respect. In large masses delinquents +must do the things which they are ordered to do, +while in the small group of the farm colony, the +individuals are encouraged to do things upon +their own initiative. One most important feature +of farm colony life is the almost numberless +healthful interests with which it surrounds those +for whom it cares.”</p> + +</blockquote> + +<h3>PROF. HENDERSON NOW HEADS CHICAGO’S UNITED CHARITIES</h3> + +<p>The United Charities of Chicago has made a +strong rejoinder to the persistent attacks of +the “investigating” committee of the Illinois +Legislature which have included other philanthropic +agencies and institutions as well as prominent +individuals. In an editorial, How Not to +Investigate, the Chicago <i>Evening Post</i> describes +the methods pursued by this committee:</p> + +<blockquote> + +<p>“A new standard of efficiency in judicial +investigation has been set by the Curran +legislative committee now sitting in judgment +upon certain of Chicago’s charitable +agencies which have been selected as the object +of its displeasure.</p> + +<p>“It used to be that an inquiry the purpose +of which was to decide upon the social +value of an institution or individual +was carried on by an impartial group to +which the pros and cons of evidence were +submitted for its careful and conscientious +sifting. Due allowance had to be made for +personal bias or selfish motive of the witness, +and care had to be used to make a just +decision. But we are learning that this is +an outgrown custom. The examiner of the +future will know from the fullness of his +own personal knowledge the agency that is +ineffective or the individual that is guilty. +This settled in advance, he will summon +before him whosoever is known to be at +odds with the condemned, and his vilifications +will be solemnly taken down as the +findings of the examiner. The condemned, +under this system, stripped of counsel, will +be brought in only to receive the gibes of +his inquisitor.</p> + +<p>“This method may insure a remarkable +number of convictions, but are its results of +any value?...</p> + +<p>“Anyone who has followed the rise of +social work as a profession looks in vain for +the introduction into the examination of that +sort of trained and expert testimony which +would lend to it some claim to the consideration +of thoughtful people.”</p> + +</blockquote> + +<p>Accompanying the announcement of Prof. +Charles R. Henderson’s election as president of +the United Charities of Chicago the directors in +a signed statement gave their answer to this +method of attack. This defense applies also to +other institutions and individuals now under fire. +The value of the personal and social service +rendered by modern philanthropy and the economy +of present methods are summarized in this +statement:</p> + +<blockquote> + +<p>“First as to money matters: It cost the +United Charities last year less than 2 per +cent to collect $271,000.</p> + +<p>“We employ no solicitors and pay no commissions.</p> + +<p>“A summary of the divisions of our expenditures +for the year is as follows: 76 +per cent for direct assistance, 10 per cent +for administration salaries, 14 per cent for +provision of relief centers and equipment +plus $1,000 payment on land at Algonquin.</p> + +<p>“Of the 76 per cent for direct assistance +in the various departments 62 per cent went +for material aid in cash, groceries, etc. This +does not include approximately $20,000 worth +of such aid which it is estimated our visitors +secured from relatives, friends, etc., and +which does not show on our books.</p> + +<p>“The remainder of the expenditures for +relief was for such personal services (to +mention only a few) as led to the securing +of employment, to the reconciliation with +relatives, to the keeping of families together, +to the saving of lives through instructions +in the care of babies and procuring of expert +medical and nursing aid, to the developing +of competency, ambition, and a sense +of responsibility in people who showed tendencies +toward pauperism and crime. If +the economic value of restoring all the poor +to self-support, who were restored through +the ministrations of our employes, could be +computed, it would mount into hundreds +of thousands of dollars.</p> + +<p>“We have included under administration +also the salaries of the general superintendent, +the general district secretary, and the +nine district superintendents—persons of the +highest qualifications and of long practical +experience, who train and direct the daily +work of many younger agents, labor constantly +to secure prompt and harmonious +charitable action throughout the city, and +encourage and guide the benevolent impulses +of hundreds of kind volunteers.</p> + +<p>“Strictly speaking the cost of such service +is no more ‘administration expense’ than +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_300">[300]</span>the salaries of superintendents and assistant +superintendents of school who do not teach, +but who improve the efficiency of all teachers +under them.</p> + +<p>“The average salary of our workers is $684 +per year (123 out of 156 receiving less than +$900), while the average salary of the county +relief department is $1,332 per year. Every +one of our employes is carefully selected and +most of them specially trained for their +duties....</p> + +<p>“The United Charities is putting at the disposal +of the community the services of 750 +volunteers, in many different capacities, in +addition to its paid staff.”</p> + +</blockquote> + +<p>Professor Henderson’s acceptance of the presidency +and the removal of the central office from +the old outgrown building, to an entire floor in +the advantageously located new Federal Life Insurance +Building, 163 N. Michigan Avenue, is expected +to effect a new era of progress in the +Chicago United Charities under the superintendency +of Eugene T. Lies.</p> + +<h3>THE STRIKE OF THE JERSEY SILK WEAVERS</h3> + +<p>The strike of silk workers in Paterson, N. J., +which was chronicled in THE SURVEY of +April 19, is still in progress. There has been +very little breaking away on the part of the strikers, +nor have the manufacturers on the other +hand made any serious attempt to bring in strike +breakers. The entire industry in this city of +silk manufacturers has been practically at a +standstill for three months.</p> + +<p>Recently there have been some indications on +both sides of a willingness to compromise. A +number of the important mills have made direct +overtures to their employes, and one small mill +has actually effected a settlement and is in +operation. In some of the outlying New Jersey +towns where the Paterson strike has been duplicated +on a smaller scale, temporary settlements, +pending an agreement in Paterson, have been +made including an eight-hour day, an increase in +wages and non-recognition of the Industrial +Workers of the World. In Paterson efforts to +bring the manufacturers and the strike committee +together have continued without avail. The most +recent move was the appointment by Mayor +Andrew McBride of a committee of twenty-five +citizens with John W. Griggs, formerly attorney +general of the United States, as chairman.</p> + +<p>The grand jury, some weeks ago, returned indictments +against the strike leaders, William D. +Haywood, Elizabeth Gurley Flynn, Carlo Tresca +and Patrick Quinlan, charging Haywood with +unlawful assemblage and the others with inciting +to riot. On May 7 the trials began, and, it +having been agreed that the defendants should +be tried separately, the case of Patrick Quinlan +was the first to go before the jury. Quinlan was +charged with having urged the strikers on the +first day of the strike to go to the mills and get +the remaining workers out and with using physical +violence to accomplish that end. The jury +reported on May 10 that they were unable to +agree and were dismissed. Two days later, a +new jury was secured and Quinlan’s second trial +followed. Before the week was out, he was +found guilty by this second jury on a charge of +inciting to riot. It has been announced that +sentence will not be pronounced upon him until +after the trials of the other leaders. The maximum +sentence which could be pronounced in +this case is said to be seven years in the penitentiary.</p> + +<p>The conviction of Quinlan has stirred up bitterness +among the strikers. Their feeling against +the police, upon whose testimony alone Quinlan +was convicted, has run especially high. The week +following the trial, some plain-clothes detectives +and a court stenographer attending a meeting +of the strikers in Turn Hall were threatened +with summary violence if they did not leave. +That evening the Board of Police and Fire Commissioners +of the city of Paterson decided to +close Turn and Helvetia Halls, the two meeting +places of the strikers. Information received +from the city authorities of Paterson is to the +effect that the strikers will not be permitted to +hold meetings in any hall in Paterson, but that +they may hold out-of-door meetings on private +property if they can secure the consent of the +owners. Strike meetings, meanwhile, are being +held in Haledon, a borough adjoining Paterson, +where the Socialist mayor stands for +“free speech.”</p> + +<p>The trials of the other strike leaders have +been delayed pending an appeal on the part of +the strikers’ counsel to have a jury selected from +outside Passaic county, because of the present +feeling against the Industrial Workers of the +World. On May 22 this appeal was granted +by Justice Minturn, who decided that at the +present time it would be impossible to secure +a fair trial from a jury made up of citizens of +the community.</p> + +<p>Many arrests have been made by the police +recently on account of the picketing of the +Price mill, where a settlement has been made. +Although the strikers on the picket line were not +guilty of any violence eighty-five of them were +arrested on Monday, May 19, and fifty-seven +on the following day. Some of them were +charged with disorderly conduct and were +sentenced by Recorder Carroll to a fine of $5 +or ten days in jail. Others were charged with +unlawful assemblage and were held for action +by the grand jury.</p> + +<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop"> + +<div class="chapter"> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_301">[301]</span></p> + +<h2 class="nobreak" id="CITY_PLANNING_AS_A_CIVIC_ASSET">CITY PLANNING AS A CIVIC ASSET</h2> + +</div> + +<p class="right">GRAHAM ROMEYN TAYLOR</p> + +<p>That the city planning idea has gotten beyond +the experts and has “arrived” in the mind of the +average citizen became evident at the Fifth National +Conference on City Planning, held in Chicago +May 5-7. The delegates, representing +seventy or eighty cities and towns and a score +of different states, included not only students +and experts but real estate operators and business +men. City planning as a civic asset was +shown to have gained recognition when twelve +important cities made earnest appeals for the +conference next May.</p> + +<p>It is significant that this new grip of the idea +on the country accompanied an important shift +of emphasis—from spectacular and elaborate +schemes for reconstructing the heart of the city +to practical details of city building. As Dr. +Werner Hegemann of Berlin, whose stimulating +contribution from European city planning proved +a distinct feature of the conference, put it: “City +planning should not be primarily for attracting +the traveler, but for the people who live in +the city. The spectacular captured our imaginations; +we must turn the resultant impulse into +the work of planning the every day living conditions +of city dwellers.” “Psychologically it is +quite justifiable,” said George B. Ford, “that +American city planning began with the ‘City +Beautiful.’ The ‘City Scientific’ would never +have aroused such enthusiasm. However, after +floundering around for a number of years we +have now got our perspective and a sense of the +proportion of things, and we know that considerations +of health, convenience and efficiency are of +fundamental importance.”</p> + +<p>The emphasis on guiding the normal growth +of cities was shown particularly in the report of +the committee which has been at work a year +on plans for the development of a typical tract +on the outskirts of a growing city, and also in +the discussion of transportation problems. The +committee started with certain “given conditions.” +The tract was assumed to be four miles +from the center of a city having a population of +500,000; land cost was put at $2,500 an acre; +costs of sewers and other fundamental improvements +were fixed on the basis of business experience; +and the topography, country roads, +railroads and rapid transit lines were mapped. +The development was assumed to be for a factory +population. The committee presented nine +plans prepared by nine groups of participants and +these were accompanied by detailed figures covering +all costs, interest on capital, profits and +selling prices. In this careful attention to costs +and financing of the development, the work of the +committee has an especial value beyond the city +planning competition of the Chicago City Club +which also concerned the development of a residential +tract in an outlying portion of the city. +The prize plans in this competition were shown +to the conference when it visited the Chicago +City Club.</p> + +<p>“No city can afford to build subways”—this +was the bomb thrown into the discussion of +transportation. And there was a surprising consensus +of opinion that American cities have gone +subway-mad. This point of view came out at a +discussion at which the leading paper, written by +Milo R. Maltbie of the New York Public Service +Commission, was read and commented on by +E. P. Goodrich, consulting engineer of the Borough +of Manhattan.</p> + +<p>Henry C. Wright of New York showed graphically +that subways are predicated upon extreme +congestion. The high cost of construction +as compared with other methods of rapid +transit does not warrant investment unless heavy +traffic is assured by crowded tenements of three +to four stories or more in height throughout the +region served by the subway. He strongly +recommended elevated structures or rapid transit +lines running in open cuts, except in the +most crowded down town sections of large cities. +This point of view was reinforced by Dr. Hegemann +who cited the experience with subways in +English and continental as well as American +cities.</p> + +<p>Cheap land values and the consequent possibility +of low rents were shown to depend upon +cheap, though rapid and good and ramifying +transportation. Without this factor it is impossible +to secure a wholesome spread of city population.</p> + +<p>How to pay the costs of the local improvements +which city planning suggests received +special attention in a paper by George E. Kessler, +upon the development of parks in Kansas City. +The system of local assessments was shown to +secure practically all the results which could be +obtained through the use of “excess condemnation,” +with less trouble and with better co-operation +on the part of all citizens, including real +estate men who so often object to excess condemnation. +The success of the Kansas City +method was attested by a leading real estate man +of that city, J. C. Nichols, who said that despite +the fact that park boulevards and similar local +improvements are almost entirely paid by local +assessments, the property owners who have to +foot the bills are now the first to demand these +improvements.</p> + +<p>Whether through modification of systems of +local assessment or through the direct application +of excess condemnation, the principle of +financing improvements through the increase in +value of the areas benefiting was felt by all to be +an essential in accomplishing the realization of +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_302">[302]</span>city plans. Two points in this connection were +much discussed—first, the distance to which local +assessment should go back from the improvements +and the proportion in which it should diminish; +and second, the question of paying locally for +improvements in outlying unimproved land. The +conference seemed to feel in regard to the first +point that it is impossible to make any hard and +fast rule and that each case could be decided on +its own merits. With regard to the second +point, opinion seemed to be that the local assessment +should be paid in small installments over a +long period and that a much larger portion should +be assessed on the city as a whole than in the +case of improvements in the built-up sections.</p> + +<p>An important paper by Edward M. Bassett of +New York discussed the legal powers which a +city should have to enable it to carry out city +planning successfully. He particularly sought +to show the necessity for removing the legal +wrappings which retard a city from applying the +principle of “excess condemnation.” Some of his +illustrations of the way a real estate speculator +can secure the values which ought to accrue to +the whole city were most striking. In the Bronx, +he said, a speculator obtained an award for a +house lying in the way of a newly opened street, +whereupon he moved it to the center of another +street soon to be opened. He obtained another +award, and so far as the law is concerned he may +continue the process with each new street opened. +The exercise of the police power was also +shown by Mr. Bassett to be of the utmost importance +in establishing regulations for public +health and safety, and in dealing with such matters +as the limitation of the height of buildings.</p> + +<p>The National City Planning Conference, as its +name implies, is not so much a convention for +propaganda as a gathering of students. Each session +was devoted to but one or two papers, of +which advance copies were in the hands of delegates. +There was thus opportunity for careful +discussion.</p> + +<p>The papers were characterized not so much by +inspirational flights as by a hard-headed, common-sense +attention to every-day facts and conditions, +and the “humdrum human mechanism,” +to quote Chairman Frederick Law Olmsted, “by +which city plan visions are to be realized.” Mr. +Olmsted’s address on A City Planning Program +dealt with such prosaic things as the system of +records whereby a city should know all the essential +facts about its sewers, conduits and sub-surface +pipes, its poles and wires, gutters, pavement, +car lines, and character of buildings. He +emphasized the importance of topographical, social, +economic and legal surveys, and showed +how a municipality’s future city planning “office” +should have an equipment of such information +and a co-operative relation with all the +agencies, public and private, whose activities affect +the problems and efforts of city planning.</p> + +<p>A similar point of view was displayed in the +paper by George B. Ford on The City Scientific. +He discussed the various types of surveys which +should be undertaken and showed how a body of +data can be secured, so as to reduce such matters +as street widening and extension and transportation +almost to an exact science. He advocated +a program survey which would lay out in +order of urgency the matters which the local +commission should undertake. Especially he +urged that it is futile to attempt to get planning +results from one expert but that at least three—representing +the engineering and economic side, +the aesthetic side and the social side—should +work together harmoniously, calling in specialists +along particular lines.</p> + +<p>The organization and functions of a city planning +commission was a subject on which there +was much discussion, following a paper by Mayor +William A. Magee of Pittsburgh.</p> + +<p>The Chicago plan appropriately came in for +consideration, and at the banquet a toast was +drunk to the memory of Daniel H. Burnham, a +fine portrait of whom appeared back of the +speakers’ table. Charles H. Wacker, chairman +of the Chicago Plan Commission, told of the efforts, +methods and experience in rallying the +whole citizenship of Chicago, even to the education +of the school children through a manual on +the plan. He referred to the wonderful civic +spirit which reached a high tide when the western +metropolis gave to the nation the glorious +beauty of the World’s Fair “White City”; and +he expressed the firm faith that around the vision +of the Chicago plan the people would again +rise to a practical idealism expressed in a nobler +conception of what their city might become. +At a previous session Edward H. Bennett, who +was associated with Mr. Burnham in the designing +of the Chicago plan, discussed various +aspects of a newer interest in the scientific study +of such elements as transportation and housing.</p> + +<p>Faith in the civic idealism of the average man +and woman, as expressed by Mr. Wacker, was +a note which well followed a noteworthy address +by Lawson Purdy. Rarely does the economic +and the spiritual blend as it did when he showed +that so material a thing as land value becomes, +when we try to distribute it equitably and for +the community welfare, the vehicle for a larger +brotherhood of neighbors and citizens. And in +discussing the relation of the public rights to the +liberty of the individual, he brought it all to the +test of the law of love, so well expressed—and +the reference went straight to the hearts of +those who treasure the memories of personal +friendship with one of the most lovable “people’s +men” of our generation—by Sam Jones, the +“Golden Rule” mayor of Toledo.</p> + +<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop"> + +<div class="chapter"> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_303">[303]</span></p> + +<h2 class="nobreak" id="EDITORIAL_GRIST">EDITORIAL GRIST</h2> + +</div> + +<h3>THE GUARANTEE OF SECURITY</h3> + +<p class="right">JOHN HAYNES HOLMES<br> +Church of the Messiah, New York</p> + +<p>Amid such a confusion of “chance and change” +as seems to be characteristic of our age in the +various phases of its social life, it is not surprising +perhaps to find that many persons, not +over—given to timidity on ordinary occasions, are +genuinely disturbed at the course which events +are taking; and are asking of the agitators and +reformers of the time, in terms more and more +insistent, what guarantee they have to offer +that their words and works do not spell destruction +for the whole existing fabric of civilization.</p> + +<p>Those of us who feel the thrill of the new +movement of social transformation, and hail the +advent of the new day with an exultation which +leaves little place in our hearts for any regrets +for the passing of the old, do not always realize, +I imagine, how numerous are the revolutions of +ancient custom which are involved in the demands +which are being pressed upon every hand, +and therefore fail to recognize the fears for the +security of the nation, which are latent in many +noble and devoted hearts. What with the indefinite +extension of the machinery of our +democracy by such devices as the initiative, the +referendum and the recall, which may well seem +subversive of that whole form of representative +government which is at the bottom of our constitutional +system; the multiplying assaults upon +the integrity and authority of our courts, which +have so long been regarded as the very bulwark +of our institutions; the call for the active interference +of the state with the administration of +industry in such matters as workmen’s compensation, +the eight-hour day for women and children, +the minimum wage, etc.; the rapidly growing +sentiment of our people in favor of the socialization +of the resources of nature and of the public; +regulation, if not ownership, of all means of +production and distribution—the whole great +movement, in a word, for an unfettered democracy +upon the one hand and an unlimited social +control upon the other—what with all these +startling innovations sweeping down upon us at +once, it is not surprising that many an earnest +soul is wondering as to what the outcome of it +all is to be and is seeking rather vainly for any +evidence that these cures, which are being offered +for our ills, do not mean the dissolution +rather than the healing of the patient.</p> + +<p>What guarantee can you give us, amid the +utter chaos in which we are involved, that there +is any real security for the future?</p> + +<p>What assurance can you offer that this flood +of reform, which is certainly destined to “bear +[us] far,” will not break its bonds and thus +sweep us to destruction?</p> + +<p>What reasons can you present for believing +that we may safely try these untested schemes +of political and industrial revolution, and still +have anything left of this great republic, which +was founded in the blood and tears of the fathers, +and was strengthened and extended by the undaunted +labors of four generations of valiant +sons? Is there anything which may even partially +persuade us that this new movement really +involves “the strength and stability of the times?”</p> + +<p>These are the questions which are being asked +today by many a restless heart, and they are +questions which challenge a respectful answer.</p> + +<p>There are some of us (of whom I beg to be +counted one!) who find our all sufficient reply +to these inquiries in our abounding faith in humanity. +We believe that in a country where +illiteracy is at a minimum, general education on +the increase, caste barriers unknown, freedom +of speech, press and assembly granted and practiced, +religious liberty everywhere enjoyed, the +people can be trusted to control their own affairs. +This does not mean that the voice of +the people is necessarily the voice of God in all +places and under all conditions. But it does +mean that the people, if given the privilege of +responsibility and a due opportunity for self-knowledge +and self-instruction, will quite as often +decide for the right as for the wrong; and that +in the latter case will learn from their experience +of error the certain way of avoiding similar +blunders in the future. Thus, by the very practice +of their freedom do the people grow in +wisdom and virtue. Thus, by the very fact of +its operation does democracy perfect itself, as +water purifies itself. Thus does the voice of the +people become in course of time as if it were the +voice of God. Which is all we mean by the +ancient maxim that the cure for the ills of +democracy is more democracy! It is such a faith +in the people that gives to many of us, amid the +political and industrial transformations of the +time, the guarantee of security which must be +had, and for any guarantee beyond this pledge +of faith, we see no need.</p> + +<p>It is obvious, however, that, to many minds, +moral faith of any kind can give no guarantee +of things material. Blind trust in human nature +means nothing when we are talking about such +matters as governments and economic systems. +We must have something more tangible than this +is the cry, if we are to believe that the new +social movements of the age are anything more +than so many heedless attacks upon the integrity +of our civilization.</p> + +<p>To this demand I am confident that a satisfactory +answer can be given; and I find this +answer, not in the field of ideals, but in the field +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_304">[304]</span>of method. The guarantee of security, amid the +chaos about us, is to be found in the method of +action characteristic of the true social reformer of +the times, which is nothing less than the method +of exact science. Visionaries, dreamers, agitators, +blind propagandists, there are a-plenty in +the social field today, and many are they who +follow whithersoever they lead. But the reformer +who really counts as an influence at this +moment, and therefore may be regarded as typical +of effective social progress, is nothing more, +and certainly is nothing less, than a scientist +who makes society his laboratory and who follows +therein the expert’s well-approved methods +of observation and experiment. The social leader +of this new age is primarily an investigator, +and only secondarily a reformer. His first demand +is for facts; and only when these are gathered +in sufficient numbers, are classified and tabulated +and compared, and then at last made +to tell their tale, does he draw his inferences, +formulate his doctrines and lay down his program +of reform. There is much of the prophet +in the true sociologist—much of the poet, much +of the humanitarian and lover of mankind. These +qualities must never disappear, if the social +movement is to remain wholesome, idealistic and +thus genuinely beneficent. But at bottom, at +least for the present, must be the scientist as +the perpetual guarantee of sanity and safety.</p> + +<p>What Darwin did with his barnacles and earth-worms; +what De Vries did with his evening-primroses; +what Professor Loeb is doing with +his sea-urchins, and Dr. Carrel with his transplanted +organs and revivified tissues; all this is +the true social worker doing more and more with +his tenement dwellers, child laborers, factory +women, tuberculosis victims, immigrants, white +slaves, and so on indefinitely through the social +groups. More and more we have work which is +primarily scientific, and which may fittingly be +ranked, from the standpoint of scientific method, +with any of the researches of the biologists, +zoologists or astronomers of modern times. Well +does a recent writer declare, “In recent years, +this [altruistic] spirit, which began in a humanistic +sentiment and hardly developed beyond the +limits of kindliness, has become so infused with +exact knowledge of social conditions ... that +it has assumed the dignity of a scientific pursuit.”</p> + +<p>Here now is the guarantee of security for +which so many cautious persons of our time +are vainly seeking. So long as we look upon +the new moral and political movements, which +are so characteristic of our age, as mere agitations, +we may feel alarm for the future. It is +when we look closer, and see that, behind the +agitation for change, there is the accuracy, precision, +and certainty of the scientific method, that +we may feel that “all is well.”</p> + +<h3>TEACHING SOCIOLOGY IN NORTH DAKOTA</h3> + +<p class="right">ALEXANDER JOHNSON</p> + +<p>The <i>Quarterly Journal</i> of the University of +North Dakota has recently published a reprint of +an article by Professor Gillette of the Department +of Sociology which is an extremely useful +and interesting document.</p> + +<p>The state has a board of control which administers +its state institutions, but like most such +boards, pays little or no attention to the county +and municipal charities and correction nor to the +voluntary philanthropic agencies. To remedy this +defect of the state government, the Department +of Sociology of the university compiled a most +valuable report on Poor Relief and Jails, and +that report was spread broadcast in the form of +a reprint.</p> + +<p>Professor Gillette describes his experience on +beginning as follows:</p> + +<blockquote> + +<p>“The first endeavors to obtain information in +a new state relative to such subjects as this paper +treats are likely to prove far from satisfactory +because of the non-existence of published information. +Two years ago, after vainly endeavoring +to obtain information on the state as a whole relative +to the general subjects of poor-relief and +conditions of jails, I began a personal investigation +into those matters.</p> + +<p>“Whenever I found myself in a county seat, +I collected such facts as the county offices held, +inspected the jails, visited the poor farms where +they were accessible, and inquired into the workings +of the poor-relief system. In this manner, +seventeen counties were investigated. Eight +counties were visited in connection with the occasional +lectures I was called on to give in the +state. Information from the other nine counties +was obtained by means of field work which very +meager departmental funds enabled me to make. +It is one of the traditional conditions, which still +persists in educational institutions that are supposed +to foster research, that departments which +use mechanical instruments to carry on experiment +are given thousands of dollars, while departments +whose field of research lies in the +world outside are denied any investigative funds +or given a mere pittance. I expected, therefore, +to be able to report on conditions in those seventeen +counties only.</p> + +<p>“As an illustration of the inchoate conditions +which may obtain in a civilized society it may be +well to recount that while investigating the sixteenth +county I fairly stumbled into evidence +that, filed in the archives of the statehouse at +Bismarck, lay unpublished data on the cost of +poor-relief and to a less extent the cost of supporting +the state insane and feeble-minded for all +the counties of the state. For it appeared that +county auditors and treasurers are required to +file what is called Auditor and Treasurer’s Annual +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_305">[305]</span>Report to the State Examiner of North +Dakota. Correspondence with the state examiner’s +office caused the compilation of such data +as existed relative to the other thirty-one counties +of the state. I give this experience to illustrate +the need there is for gathering and publishing +state-wide information on matters pertaining +to the backward classes we know as paupers, +criminals, and defectives.”</p> + +</blockquote> + +<p>The report shows many facts that needed airing, +especially as to the conditions of the jails, +and the rapid increase (for such a young and progressive +state) of the amount of pauper relief.</p> + +<blockquote> + +<p>“The cost of poor-relief in the state almost +doubled in the five-year period, increasing from +$128,917.15 in 1907 to $240,469.80 in 1911. The +total population of the state in 1905 was 437,070; +in 1910 it was 557,056. These figures approximately +represent the years ending June 30, 1906 +and 1911. That is, while the population was +gaining 32 per cent the cost of maintaining the +poor in the state enlarged 86.5 per cent. <i>In that +time the expenditure for that purpose grew 2.7 +times as fast as the population.</i>”</p> + +</blockquote> + +<p>This it must be remembered is in a prohibition +state, one in which probably one-half of the +prisoners in the jail are “piggers,” which is the +picturesque vernacular for people convicted of +violating the prohibition law, or “running a blind +pig.” In one jail, of twenty-four prisoners nineteen +were “piggers.”</p> + +<p>Most of the poor relief is “outdoor.” Only +a few counties have poor farms, some of these +being far from satisfactory. The county aids all +poor and indigent who are in need according to +laws of settlement, and the county commissioners +levy a tax to this end. The overseers “allow +and pay relief to needy persons of sound mind; +also to poor parents of idiots and helpless children +an amount common in such cases.”</p> + +<p>The provision to pay relief to parents of idiots +and helpless children reminds one of the celebrated +relief by the state to the parents of idiots +in Kentucky, which has been described as an act +“to promote the propagation of idiots and imbeciles.” +Since the report was issued, the Legislature +of North Dakota has been in session. +Among the new laws is one creating a state +supervisory board to regulate the public relief of +the poor. This is based on Professor Gillette’s +findings and is a copy of the Indiana law on the +subject, which Professor Gillette recommended as +being the best code of the kind in this country.</p> + +<p>Next year the Department of Sociology will +present a similar report on the insane and feeble-minded. +The University of North Dakota is +only one of several—Wisconsin, Minnesota and +Texas might be mentioned—in which the department +of sociology is becoming an extremely +practical and useful thing for the state.</p> + +<h3>CRIMINAL TRAFFIC IN COCAINE</h3> + +<p class="right">LOUIS C. AGER, M. D.<br> +Brooklyn, N. Y.</p> + +<p>We always have with us a considerable number +of inhuman beings who are willing to make +capital out of the weaknesses and sins of their +neighbors. The illicit sale of cocaine is only +one example of this fact. Similar conditions +have always existed in the abuse of opium products, +and the sale of alcohol to irresponsible +persons has become so much a part of our +vaunted civilization that we find it difficult to +realize that this drug abuse dwarfs into insignificance +all others combined.</p> + +<p>We hear periodically of the “ether jag,” the +“cologne drunk” and the “coke fiend.” It is +the novelty of these habits that makes them +good newspaper copy. The actual number of +individuals addicted to these habits is exceedingly +small, and their economic value to the community +is practically nil. Normal, well balanced +people do not acquire drug habits of any kind +and it is only those of extreme mental instability +who take to the more unusual practices.</p> + +<p>Cocaine is at present receiving a large amount +of advertising and its sale is therefore being +boosted. Unfortunately there are always a number +of people whose mental instability takes the +form of having ready at a moment’s notice a sure +remedy for any social evil that may be under +discussion. Such people are fully as harmful to +the community as the drug users, and sooner or +later a society will learn to ignore them.</p> + +<p>What are the facts about the abuse of cocaine +in this country, and what ought to be done to +eradicate the evil? Users of this drug are not +perhaps numerous, but the number has undoubtedly +increased during the past five years. It is +generally accepted as a fact that the proportion +of mental deficients in our population is also on +the increase and the two naturally go hand in +hand. It is also true that debased individuals +have lately made efforts to encourage the use of +this drug habit for their own financial benefit, +and as a result cocaine has become more widely +known than ever before.</p> + +<p>All this ought to be corrected, but legislation +alone will not accomplish it. Numerous bills +were introduced into the recent New York Legislature +and at one time it looked as though +the Walker bill would become a law—in spite +of the opposition of all reputable physicians +and the fact that its complicated provisions +violated professional privilege.</p> + +<p>The proposed federal law is a simple, sane regulation +based upon the internal revenue system. +It provides graded licenses for the sale of the +habit-forming drugs, with a complete supervision +of their distribution. The purchase of a large +amount by one individual would at once be noticed +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_306">[306]</span>and his disposal of it followed up. If his +explanation were not satisfactory his license +could be revoked. It is to be hoped that Congress +will enact this law.</p> + +<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop"> + +<div class="chapter"> + +<figure class="figleft illowp50" style="max-width: 10%;"> + <img class="w100" src="images/fingerprint1.jpg" alt=""> +</figure> + +<figure class="figright illowp50" style="max-width: 10%;"> + <img class="w100" src="images/fingerprint2.jpg" alt=""> +</figure> + +<h2 class="nobreak" id="FINGER_PRINTS">FINGER PRINTS<br> +<span class="smaller">A BIT OF EVIDENCE</span></h2> + +</div> + +<p class="right">SCOTT NEARING</p> + +<p>James Rawley had come to a parting of the +ways. Time after time the court had overlooked +his truancy and misdoings, but James had taken +the pitcher once too often to the well, and the +open doors of the state reform school stared +him grimly in the face.</p> + +<p>“It will be best for him in the long run,” commented +the judge. “Each month of this wild +life makes him a little less fit to keep his place +in the community. He has had his last chance.”</p> + +<p>Yet there was one ray of hope, for James lived +in and out of Boston, which is fortunate in having +the Newton Technical High School. Here +let me say, by way of explanation, that the Newton +Technical High School is a part of the school +system presided over by F. E. Spaulding,⁠<a id="FNanchor_1" href="#Footnote_1" class="fnanchor">[1]</a> a veritable +wizard in the organization and direction of +educational work. Among his many “queer” +ideas, Mr. Spaulding believes that children of +high school age should be in the high school, whether +they have passed their eight years of grade +work or not. An absurd theory? Well, perhaps; +but the first year he put this theory into practice, +Mr. Spaulding transferred seventy fifteen-year-old +boys and girls from the seventh and eighth +grades, where they had learned the art of failing, +to the high school building, where they were to +be taught success.</p> + +<p>Grouped in special classes, these “grade-floaters” +devoted more than half their time to +technical work—cooking, sewing, shopwork and +machine work—and the remainder to academic +subjects. So prepared more than two-thirds of +the youngsters entered the high school on probation +in the same class with their former seventh +and eighth grade school-fellows, who had spent +all their time the previous year at academic work. +Here was the test—could these children who had +been devoting three-fifths of their time to technical +activities keep pace with children from the +regular grades?</p> + +<p>At the end of the first quarter, when the marks +of all the pupils in the school were analyzed, it +was found that the 800 scholars had an average +of .54 of one failure for each pupil. The twenty-seven +girls who were promoted on probation +had .17 of one failure each, only a third as +many as the school at large. Of the seventeen +boys promoted on trial, only one failed and +in but one subject. The probationers had therefore +made records which were, as a whole, far +superior to the records made by the average +pupils in the high school.</p> + +<p>These facts, pretty generally known in educational +circles in and around Boston, led James’ +custodians to propose to the judge that he give +James one more trial, this time in the Newton +Technical High School. The judge agreed to the +suggestion, and James, a dismal eighth-grade +failure, entered the Newton Technical High +School in one of the special transfer classes.</p> + +<p>James began life badly. His mother died when +he was young, and his father, a rather indifferent +man, boarded the boy out during his early years +with an aunt. She first spoiled him through indulgence, +and then, inconsistently enough, hated +him because he was spoiled. Growing up in this +uncongenial atmosphere, James became entirely +uncontrollable. He was disagreeable in the extreme, +wild and unmanageable.</p> + +<p>The people with whom James was boarding +grew tired of his continued truancy, and he was +placed on a farm near Boston. There, too, he +was discontented, dissatisfied and disobedient. +Time after time he ran away to Boston. He +went from bad to worse, falling in with vagrants, +learning their talk and their ways, acquiring a +love for wandering, and a distaste for regularity +and direction. Taken into custody by the juvenile +court and placed on probation with a family +outside of Boston, James again ran away, mingling +with a crowd of his old associates in Boston. +It was at this point that the court decided to +send him to the reform school. Then it was +that an understanding friend took him in charge, +found him a home in Newton, and started his +life anew in the Technical High School.</p> + +<p>That was how the record stood a while ago. +How does it stand now? Promoted to the regular +freshman class on trial, James has renewed +his interest in education and shows an entirely +new trait. He does not exactly dote on all his +work, but he is doing it and doing it well. He +hated school before. The new deal is different, +he even likes it at times.</p> + +<p>He has found something to interest him. The +boy was just bursting with the need of expressing +his self, his personality. The street gave +his worst half its chance. Now the better stuff +that is in him is getting its opportunity and he +is taking it.</p> + +<p>Good and evil are always contending for the +boy as for the man, and the function of education +is to give the good the better chance. If there +be stale pedagogues who do not understand, let +them take notice, for after all the boy is the +one to be considered.</p> + +<div class="footnotes"> + +<h3 class="fn">FOOTNOTES:</h3> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a id="Footnote_1" href="#FNanchor_1" class="label">[1]</a> See One Dollar in the Educational Market, <span class="smcap">The +Survey</span> for May 24, 1913.</p></div> + +</div> + +<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop"> + +<div class="chapter"> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_307">[307]</span></p> + +<h2 class="nobreak" id="BOOKS">BOOKS</h2> + +</div> + +<h3 class="book">THE NECESSARY EVIL</h3> + +<p class="hanging">By Charles Rann Kennedy Harper and Brothers. +110 pp. Price $1.00; by mail of <span class="smcap">The Survey</span> $1.08.</p> + +<h3 class="book">THE BLINDNESS OF VIRTUE</h3> + +<p class="hanging">By Cosmo Hamilton. George H. Doran Co. 127 pp. +Price $1.00; by mail of <span class="smcap">The Survey</span> $1.07.</p> + +<p>Charles Rann Kennedy has again in The Necessary +Evil given us a strong though unpleasant +play. It is an appeal to the young girl growing +into womanhood to consider what the desecration +of that womanhood means, and a demand +that she refuse to allow herself to be sold either +into the prostitution of the street or that of a +moneyed, loveless marriage.</p> + +<p>John Heron, a composer, living in his music, +his daughter and in the memory of his wife, is +a man apart from the problems of the day. His +daughter, just entering womanhood, has been for +years an invalid, living in her father’s music and +her books.</p> + +<p>We meet them on her birthday. They are +waiting for her brother’s return from the outside +world in celebration of the day. The girl, +filled with wonder at the beauty of life, with +thankfulness for her recovered health, stands +looking out of the window while her father +plays Brahms’ Intermezzo Op. 118, No. 6. A +woman passing in the street attracted by the +music looks up and their eyes meet. In the +woman’s eyes is the misery of all the fallen +women since the creation, and it seems to the +girl to carry a direct appeal for help. The +music stops, and to her questioning the father +tells her of her mother’s life of sacrifice for +these erring sisters and of her death from a +broken heart. It is the girl’s first knowledge of +evil. Just here her brother comes.</p> + +<p>In her joy over his return the woman is forgotten, +but while they are at the birthday supper +the woman comes in with her message of the +misery of the lives of her lost sisters; her plea +for a union between man and woman that is +mental and spiritual, beyond the physical, and +her demand for the love and pity of the girl’s innocence +for her companions.</p> + +<p>Were this scene handled by any less masterly +hand than Mr. Kennedy’s it would be impossible; +but in his messenger we find again that same +note of mysticism that has characterized his +other plays. We cannot, however, but sympathize +with the girl’s brother in his indignation +that his sister should have the veil so ruthlessly +torn from her eyes. Surely we can teach our +girls the sanctity and beauty of marriage without +taking away their joy in living.</p> + +<p>Approach the problem, however, from whatever +road we will, it always comes back to the +one fundamental question—What right have +parents to let their children grow to manhood +or womanhood without the knowledge that is +their right?</p> + +<p>During the past few seasons we have had +many plays on sex problems. Some of them +have been strong, virile, excellently written, +from both an acting and a literary point +of view, but they have failed to waken in their +hearers any sense of personal responsibility towards +the problem presented. This is due mainly +to the fact that they have dealt with unusual +situations or a too sordid group. The average +listener feels sorry for the victim with the same +impersonal feeling that is aroused by the reading +of similar horrors in the daily press.</p> + +<p>But this is not so in Cosmo Hamilton’s strong +play—The Blindness of Virtue. The scene is +laid in the vicarage of a small rural parish outside +of London—but it might as truly be outside +of New York. The Reverend Harry Pemberton +and his wife, lovable examples of the broad +human element of the church, in their zeal to +do their duty by God’s unfortunate children are +leaving to a very lonely life their one child, a +girl just reaching womanhood, anxious to try +her wings, to be doing, to be helping, but sheltered +by her parents from any conflict with the +world and its problems.</p> + +<p>Into this household comes young Archie Graham, +sent down by his father, the minister of +education, to read with the vicar. Archie is +given a thoroughly bad character by this father, +who has been too busy legislating for the education +of the masses to have had time to help in +the development of his motherless son.</p> + +<p>By the second act a charming love interest +has developed between the boy who, under the +warmth of the vicar’s trust and companionship, +has grown every inch a man, and the girl—unconscious +on her part, realized on his as something +to be worthy of.</p> + +<p>In this act, Mary Ann Lemmins, a village girl, +who was lost eight months previous, comes to +see the vicar.</p> + +<blockquote> + +<p><i>The Vicar</i>: “Why didn’t he marry you, Mary +Ann?”</p> + +<p><i>Mary Ann</i>: “’E ’a got a wife. I was to blame +fer this, ’e said. Me knowing nothing—’e explained +it all right to me—Me knowing nothing, +and what it all meant—brought it about. If I’d +a bin told when I was old enough to understand +I should a sent him away ’e says, double quick, +and saved ’im and me and the little one. ’E says +as how if we was taught to think, and knew as +much as the man, there’d be very little of this +’ere trouble fer us. It’s the mother first, ’e +says, and then us, who is ter blame.”</p> + +</blockquote> + +<p>With his eyes opened to what a parent’s responsibilities +should be, the vicar calls his wife +and begs that she give Effie the knowledge which +would protect her. The mother brings every old-time +argument behind which false modesty has +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_308">[308]</span>hidden for years to prove that Effie should not +be told. “Girls must learn for themselves. My +mother never told me.” Only when he insists +that if she does not tell Effie he will, does she +agree to do so that night. She delays, however, +and a few mornings later the father finds Effie in +Archie’s bedroom, quite innocently come to hear +of his trip to London the previous day. The +vicar, refusing to believe that his daughter, +knowing what he thinks her mother has told +her, could have come to the room voluntarily, +accuses the boy of having enticed her there. A +violent quarrel between the two men ends the +act. But in the last act the vicar learns that the +young people have acted innocently, and it all +ends happily.</p> + +<p>The play is beautifully written, the characters +so human, so lovable, that one feels grateful +to Mr. Hamilton for having introduced us to +them. It is by far the strongest and most convincing +appeal for sex education that has yet +been written for the stage. One cannot imagine +any parent who has been blind to his duty, as +had been the vicar, not crying with him, “My +child might have been Mary Ann.”</p> + +<p>The Blindness of Virtue should do much +good. It might be considered the cause to effect +as shown in Brieux’ Damaged Goods.</p> + +<p class="right"><span class="smcap">Olive Crosby.</span></p> + +<h3 class="book">OPPORTUNITIES FOR VOCATIONAL TRAINING IN BOSTON</h3> + +<p class="hanging">The Women’s Municipal League of Boston. 300 pp.</p> + +<p>Some excitement has been aroused in the +ranks of those who are interested in vocational +guidance to youths by the conclusion of several +students of the subject that young people between +fourteen and sixteen need to be guided into +further training rather than into gainful occupations. +If this conclusion be correct a distinct +service will be rendered by listing and analyzing +existing opportunities for vocational +training. Without committing itself to either +point of view, the Women’s Municipal League of +Boston has pioneered by compiling a handbook of +such opportunities in that city.</p> + +<p>For the purposes of this book vocational training +is defined as “any education the controlling +purpose of which is to fit for profitable employment.” +It is obvious that in any attempt to analyze +and discriminate among agencies offering +vocational education, the value of the work will +be determined largely by the manner in which +it is conducted. The investigations for this +treatise were done mainly by students from Harvard, +Radcliffe and Wellesley Colleges, from the +School for Social Workers, and from Boston +University. Their work, says the preface, was +closely supervised. A tentative chart made from +the written reports of the students was subjected +to the comparative scrutiny of the heads of +all the schools concerned. Before the final charts +were made conferences were held with experts +in each type of education listed.</p> + +<p>Besides an alphabetical list of 292 subjects +taught in vocational schools and classes in Boston, +the book contains classified information regarding +professional schools, commercial schools, +industrial schools and schools for training in the +household arts. Both public and private schools +are included. Among industrial schools are included +pre-vocational, manual training, trade, +technical and other improvement schools. With +regard to each school the book tells briefly its +purpose, courses, admission requirements, tuition, +season, and what the school undertakes in +the way of placing its students.</p> + +<p>A supplement lists organized opportunities for +training for the physically handicapped in Massachusetts, +opportunities for vocational training in +settlements and other social centers and organized +opportunities for finding employment.</p> + +<p class="right"><span class="smcap">Winthrop D. Lane.</span></p> + +<h3 class="book">SOCIALISM SUMMED UP</h3> + +<p class="hanging">By <span class="smcap">Morris Hillquit</span>. The H. K. Fly Co. 110 pp. +Price $1.00; by mail of <span class="smcap">The Survey</span> $1.06.</p> + +<h3 class="book">THE TRUTH ABOUT SOCIALISM</h3> + +<p class="hanging">By <span class="smcap">Allan L. Benson</span>. B. W. Huebsch. 188 pp. +Price $1.00; by mail of <span class="smcap">The Survey</span> $1.10.</p> + +<h3 class="book">SOCIALISM AND DEMOCRACY IN EUROPE</h3> + +<p class="hanging">By <span class="smcap">Samuel P. Orth</span>. Henry Holt. 352 pp. Price +$1.50; by mail of <span class="smcap">The Survey</span> $1.62.</p> + +<h3 class="book">MY LIFE</h3> + +<p class="hanging">By <span class="smcap">August Bebel</span>. The University of Chicago Press. +343 pp. Price $2.00; by mail of <span class="smcap">The Survey</span> $2.14.</p> + +<h3 class="book">FURTHER REMINISCENCES</h3> + +<p class="hanging">By <span class="smcap">H. M. Hyndman</span>. The Macmillan Co. 545 pp. +Price $5.00; by mail of <span class="smcap">The Survey</span> $5.20.</p> + +<h3 class="book">THE LARGER ASPECTS OF SOCIALISM</h3> + +<p class="hanging">By <span class="smcap">William English Walling</span>. The Macmillan Co. +406 pp. Price $1.50; by mail of <span class="smcap">The Survey</span> $1.63.</p> + +<p>The chapters of Mr. Hillquit’s summary of the +principles of Socialism and the industrial conditions, +which, in his opinion, make its coming inevitable, +appeared in the <i>Metropolitan Magazine</i>. +As its name indicates, this little book of 110 +pages makes no original contributions to the subject; +in it one of the best known of American +Socialists presents in a style which, though dry, +is easy to understand, the forces that have made +Socialists; their aims; the program of practical +reform through legislation favored by the party; +something of the accomplishments of international +Socialism; and a short resume of its history +in America. Socialism, as presented by Mr. +Hillquit, is a purely political movement. The +best presentation of its immediate aims and its +methods of accomplishing them is given in the +chapter entitled Political Program.</p> + +<hr class="tb"> + +<p>Mr. Benson’s book, The Truth About Socialism, +covers the same ground as Mr. Hillquit’s +and was written originally for <i>Pearson’s Magazine</i>. +It is more picturesque and readable in +style, as Mr. Benson is magazine writer even before +Socialist, and deals with the subject less +methodically.</p> + +<p>An introductory chapter covers the general +principles of Socialism and succeeding chapters +deal with the objections to Socialism. Further +chapters take up its bearing on the vital questions +of the day and contrast the radical and the Socialist +plans of meeting these problems. As for +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_309">[309]</span>the practical method of attaining the industrial +commonwealth, Mr. Benson appears to favor +compensation for industries taken over by the +government and the payment to employes in these +industries of wages commensurate with their +services.</p> + +<p>Neither Mr. Hillquit’s nor Mr. Benson’s book +are intended to cover the subject thoroughly or +to do more than is the legitimate function of magazine +articles—to arouse the reader’s interest so +that he will himself attempt to learn more.</p> + +<hr class="tb"> + +<p>Mr. Orth in Socialism and Democracy in Europe, +has presented a good review of the accomplishments +of international Socialism under +the dominance of an opportunist parliamentarian +policy. He has well presented the relations, conscious +and unconscious, of the practical evolutionary +Socialism of today with the radical or +liberal movements of the various European +countries. The mass of facts which he has gathered +together into small compass bear careful +study. They cover the development of radicalism, +political Socialism and syndicalism in +France; of the co-operative and political sides of +the Belgian Socialist movement as well as their +frequent use of the direct action of the general +strike to gain political rights; the development +of the German Socialist movement in the political +field and the German trade union movement; +and the history of the Independent Labor Party +and of the liberalism of Lloyd-George in England.</p> + +<p>Such a book as Mr. Orth’s tends to confirm +the more inflexible theorists of the class struggle +in their contention that Socialism should, if +it is to retain its separate existence as a revolutionary +movement, be able to suggest the rough +outlines of an industrial commonwealth of the +future which shall be convincingly different from +the bureaucratic “Socialistic” state toward which +Mr. Orth evidently believes the Socialist and +radical movements of the various European +countries are moving. Constructive Socialism +has, up to this time, meant the outlining of +the successive steps in a program looking toward +the Socialist state. Now that many of the “immediate +demands” of Socialist platforms have +been taken over by other parties, the next step +for Socialists is to show what is the social structure +toward which they are working.</p> + +<hr class="tb"> + +<p>In My Life, the first volume of his autobiography, +August Bebel, the most prominent figure +in the German Socialist movement, covers in +Germany practically the same period that the +first volume of H. M. Hyndman’s reminiscences, +reviewed on this page, covers in England. It +stops in 1878 with the beginning of the persecution +of Socialists and with reform legislation by +the government, dictated by the ideas of the Socialist +Lasalle and prompted partly by the fear +of Socialism, then at their height.</p> + +<p>Autobiography is not history, but it throws an +invaluable sidelight on history. Supplemented by +the compact review of the history of that period +of German Socialism in Professor Orth’s book. +Bebel’s life becomes absorbingly interesting. It +tells of his own development, of his practical +work in the non-Socialist German labor movement +and of his conversion to Socialism. Last +of all comes his subsequent part in the struggle +between the opportunist Socialism of Lasalle and +the revolutionary Socialism of Marx, ending in +that compromise between the two wings in 1875 +which made the modern German movement. +Equally interesting is the story of the first acts +of Bismarck’s bitter persecution of Socialism, +which had much to do with bringing these two +wings together and which gave its greatest impetus +to the growth of the party’s membership +in Germany.</p> + +<p>Some of the details of the persecution are +worth repeating. In 1878 two attempts were +made on the emperor’s life. Neither was by a Socialist +but they were used, nevertheless, as an +excuse for persecution. The first effort to suppress +Socialism by legislation was a failure, but +the government found other means of making it +undesirable to belong to the party. Under laws +of <i>lese majeste</i> and other laws, in the first half +of 1878 the prison sentences of Socialists arrested +in a certain section of North Germany +amounted to 500 or 600 years. Bebel gives the +following general account of conditions:</p> + +<blockquote> + +<p>“Thousands and thousands of workers who +were known to be Social Democrats were summarily +dismissed. The newspapers published in +their advertisement columns declarations signed +by working-men who engaged themselves for the +future not to join any Socialist organization, not +to buy or read Social-Democratic papers, not to +pay contributions for Social-Democratic purposes. +This terrorism on the part of the employers +became so violent that our papers advised +members to sign anything they were asked +to sign, but afterwards to do as they liked, because, +in face of such terrorism, they were not +bound to keep such pledges. This terrorism even +went farther; patriotic houseowners gave notice +to their Social-Democratic tenants, and restaurant-keepers +who for years had been only too glad +to have Social-Democrats for their customers +asked them to keep off their premises.”</p> + +</blockquote> + +<p>The pre-Socialist period of Bebel’s life is no +less interesting than his part in the movement. +His vivid account of the bitter poverty of his +childhood—the days when his “highest ambition +was to be able to eat his fill of bread and butter”—is +almost enough to account for his subsequent +development into a revolutionary Socialist. +Throughout almost the whole period covered by +this volume, indeed, Bebel combined a bitter +struggle for the livelihood of his family with a +keen and unrelenting fight to establish a state of +society which should do away with poverty.</p> + +<hr class="tb"> + +<p>The second volume of the memoirs of that old +warhorse of English Socialism, H. M. Hyndman, +is as delightfully readable as was the first, published +a year ago. It is not, like Bebel’s life, an +orderly record of his activities as a Socialist +propagandist, for this is but one, though the most +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_310">[310]</span>important, side of Hyndman’s life. From the +time he lost his hereditary fortune because of his +espousal of Socialism he has been a hard working +but unfortunately not a very successful +business man and at the same time an indefatigable +Socialist agitator.</p> + +<p>In his judgment of people and events he sometimes +shows flashes of insight; though he is by +no means judicial but always dogmatic, “opinionated,” +and not infrequently wrong-headed. In +his facts, though he has a marvelous store of +knowledge—frequently indeed, inside information—he +is often inaccurate.</p> + +<p>In no affairs but those of America, however, +are his facts fundamentally wrong, and this complete +and amusing ignorance of American affairs +he shares with a large part of the English +press. Of those few American Socialists +whom he happens to know personally his characterizations +are interesting. Among them is +William D. Haywood, who in his opinion is the +“most thorough-going and one of the most determined +working-class leaders I have ever met, +and I have come across a good many.”</p> + +<p>An illustration of Hyndman’s tendency to be +“opinionated” is his attitude toward the worldwide +movement of which Haywood is the American +representative. “Syndicalism,” he says, “is +scarcely worth criticizing,” and his whole criticism +of the philosophy of the new labor movement +runs in this vein. Nevertheless, he is appreciative +of the personality and influence of the +leading exponent of syndicalism in England, +Tom Mann, whom he regards “as the boldest, +most vehement, and most stirring agitator and +organiser” he has ever known.</p> + +<p>In the great English strikes of the last two +years Hyndman was evidently less impressed than +most observers by the solidarity of the workers, +and he even appears to criticize the democratic +control of those strikes which was their other +distinguishing characteristic. Perhaps this is +because he himself has always been somewhat +autocratic in his leadership of the Social-Democratic +federation, and thus tends to regard leaders +as unduly important.</p> + +<p>Of late years Hyndman’s name has been associated +with his struggle, contrary to all Socialist +precedent, for a large navy and a citizen +army to handle a possible German attack on +England. His defense of this stand, based largely +on conditions existing at the time of the Franco-Prussian +war, is not entirely convincing, especially +in view of the aggressive action that the +German Social Democracy has taken recently in +preventing warlike preparations on the part of +Germany. In this connection his appreciation of +the leader of the German Social Democracy, who +is the subject of the German autobiography just +reviewed, is well worth quoting. “I have rarely +met,” he says of Bebel, “any one who had done so +much to be proud of who was so simple and +modest in his private conversation, or who took +so little upon himself in his every-day intercourse +with his fellows. His influence over his +own party was obviously quite unbounded. The +voluntary respect paid to Bebel was in fact a +tribute paid through him to their own organization +and themselves, of whom he was the acknowledged +representative.”</p> + +<hr class="tb"> + +<p>For the second time William English Walling +has made a notable contribution to the literature +of Socialism. In his earlier book, Socialism as +It Is, he discussed the various and often contradictory +lines of thought and policy which have +crept in and divided the Socialist movement as +organized in the political and economic fields. +His contention there was that the struggle +of Socialism today is not against capitalism but +against bureaucratic State Socialism. Not the +least important thing he attempts in the present +volume, The Larger Aspects of Socialism, is to +differentiate the philosophies underlying revolutionary +Socialism and State Socialism.</p> + +<p>This volume, like the earlier books, is not based +so much on Mr. Walling’s own interpretation of +“all the great modern forces, thought, science, +art, religion and humanity’s conquest of the universe,” +as on quotations from recognized authorities +on these subjects. Mr. Walling shows how +all modern thought is tending toward a new philosophy +of civilization, without which political and +economic Socialism could never be attained. Socialism: +a New Civilization is his subject. +Throughout all aspects of this subject he identifies +the pragmatic philosophy with Socialism. This +identification he supports by quotations not only +from pragmatic but from the writings of the +fathers of Socialism. Briefly stated, this philosophy +holds man to be, for human purposes, +not for purposes of abstract thought, the centre +of the universe. Society in its view is meant +for the protection of man, so that each individual +shall be enabled not to “serve the state”—this is +the State Socialist philosophy—but to be free +and to reach his own fullest development. +The various aspects of this idea Mr. Walling +considers under the headings science, +evolution, biology, morality and various aspects +of sex. What he regards as the chief reactionary +influences of the present civilization he considers +in chapters on religion, education and the +abuse of history, and he brings out strongly the +charge that the class education of the present +day is the greatest of impediments to the new +civilization, and that the invasion of education—that +is, the invasion of the minds of the mass of +the people—by the new ideas is necessary before +Socialism can prevail.</p> + +<p>With the dominance of this new philosophy in +all lines of human thought Mr. Walling believes +that for the first time human society, bent upon +the perfection of the individual, will be guided by +other than involuntary forces. It will be determined +not by natural forces or by the brute force +of class rule, but by the creative intelligence of +humanity exercised on environment purposefully +for the good of its members. “With socialism,” he +quotes Marx as saying, “real history begins.” +For its contribution of a new social philosophy +he holds Socialism, not as it is generally regarded, +constructive of the future on the foundation of +the past, but rather creative of a future society +which has nothing in common with the past.</p> + +<p class="right"><span class="smcap">Mary Brown Sumner.</span></p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_311">[311]</span></p> + +<h3 class="book">A SUNNY LIFE: THE BIOGRAPHY OF SAMUEL JUNE BARROWS</h3> + +<p class="hanging">By <span class="smcap">Isabel C. Barrows</span>. Little, Brown & Co. 323 pp. +Price $1.50; by mail of <span class="smcap">The Survey</span> $1.62.</p> + +<p>This is the story of a rarely beautiful and +many-sided life. It shows us the little boy becoming +a wage-earner at eight to help his widowed +mother; joining the church at fifteen and +doing volunteer religious work among the sailors +on the docks, who mounted the boy on a barrel +to talk to them, and loved “the little barrel +preacher”; becoming one of New York’s best +short-hand reporters; at twenty-one taking the +city editor’s place on the <i>Tribune</i> during the regular +editor’s vacation; marrying at twenty-two; +coming in close touch with great issues at the +national capital as private secretary to William +H. Seward, secretary of state; earning his way +through the Harvard theological school by adventurous +trips with General Custer and others +as correspondent for the New York <i>Tribune</i>; +pastor for four years of the historic First Congregational +(Unitarian) Church of Dorchester, +Mass.; editor for sixteen years of the <i>Christian +Register</i>; congressman for one term, full of manifold +service; finally secretary, for ten years, of +the New York Prison Association, a leading +penologist, securing important improvements in +the laws, and doing more than any other one +man toward changing American prisons from +brutalizing dungeons to great reformatories.</p> + +<p>The story of his life is vividly and lovingly +told by the gifted wife who was the close associate +of his labors for forty-three years. The +book includes also extracts from his writings and +letters; hymns that he composed, words and music; +and a number of memorial tributes. It is +enriched with sixteen photographs. This intimate +narrative will have deep interest for all +who knew and loved Mr. Barrows.</p> + +<p>Mr. Barrows fought many good fights, but +kept his sweetness and serenity through all. +As Rabbi Wise said of him: “He was no man’s +foe, but always the foe of wrong.” His legislative +successes were won by hard, clean work.</p> + +<blockquote> + +<p>“An acquaintance said to him, ‘Mr. Barrows, +if you want to get that [probation] bill made into +a law, you will have to put your temperance +scruples into your pocket and give the newspaper +men a champagne supper.’... That was not +the method of this hard-working total abstainer. +Instead, he made eleven trips to the capital that +winter, interviewed personally every member of +the committees having the bill in charge, convinced +each one individually of its importance, +converted the governor, wrote editorials week +after week for the leading papers in New York, +and so directed public intelligence and sympathy +that the bill was passed without a dissenting +vote.” He was wise enough to see that “the +forces which develop virtue are more potent in +reducing crime than the forces which suppress +vice.”</p> + +</blockquote> + +<p>He had a singular catholicity. As national +prison commissioner, as representative of the +United States at the International Prison Congress +and the Interparliamentary Union for Arbitration, +as a student of foreign prisons and an attendant +at many national and international gatherings, +he traveled widely and met all sorts and +conditions of men, and he met them all on the +same simple human footing, from a king or president +down to the street gamins to whom he taught +new games of jackstones while waiting for a belated +car. He had friends of all nationalities, and +carried a brotherly heart toward all races and +colors. He knew a dozen languages, and kept +on learning fresh ones after he was sixty.</p> + +<p>He was many-sided, not only in his accomplishments, +but in his devotion to good causes—peace, +equal suffrage, temperance, social purity, +kindness to animals, and justice for the Indian, +the Negro, the persecuted Armenian, the Russian +struggling for freedom. Full of talent, he +“never had time to make money”; and he was +fortunate in having a wife as variously gifted +and unconventional as himself—one who could +aid him in every way, from making a complete +suit of clothes for him when he was a poor theological +student, or carpentering a drawer to hold +his music, to taking his place at the editorial +desk in his absence, and going, after his death, +to Paris as the representative of the United +States government to explain his plans for the +great International Prison Congress of which he +was the president-elect. Never a rich man, he +always led a rich life; and this record of it will +go on helping humanity long after he has passed +away from earth.</p> + +<p class="right"><span class="smcap">Alice Stone Blackwell.</span></p> + +<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop"> + +<div class="chapter"> + +<h2 class="nobreak" id="COMMUNICATIONS">COMMUNICATIONS</h2> + +</div> + +<h3>WHO?</h3> + +<p class="noindent"><span class="smcap">To the Editor</span>:</p> + +<p class="center">(<i>On seeing the White Slave by Abastenia St. Leger Eberle.</i>)</p> + +<p>This is the man that sells women’s souls into +hell fire. Who is the buyer?</p> + +<p class="right"><span class="smcap">Louise W. Kneeland.</span></p> + +<h3>THE WHITE SLAVE</h3> + +<p class="smaller">[<i>Concerning the reproduction, on the cover of the May +magazine number of <span class="smcap">The Survey</span>, of Miss Eberle’s sculpture +of that name.</i>]</p> + +<p class="noindent"><span class="smcap">To the Editor</span>:</p> + +<p>I have to ask that you will remove my name +and cancel my subscription to your publication, +<span class="smcap">The Survey</span>.</p> + +<p>I was educated as an artist; have studied from +the nude under Bonnat in Paris, and am by no +means “squeamish;” but I am altogether unwilling +to expose myself to the risk of having any +such picture as appears upon the cover of <span class="smcap">The +Survey</span> for the week of May 3 sent into my home +at the risk of its being seen by my four sons, +the eldest of whom is a Methodist clergyman, and +the three others of whom are under age.</p> + +<p>I saw the statue of “a Gorilla carrying off +a woman,” when it was first exhibited and much +criticized, even at the time, in Paris—when it was +first exhibited in the Paris salon.</p> + +<p>The “idea” of this cover is, evidently, taken +from that statue, but for offensiveness this goes +it 500 per cent better.</p> + +<p class="right"><span class="smcap">Woodbury G. Langdon.</span></p> + +<p>Morristown, N. J.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_312">[312]</span></p> + +<hr class="tb"> + +<p class="noindent"><span class="smcap">To the Editor</span>:</p> + +<p>As a subscriber and one who highly appreciates +the work of <span class="smcap">The Survey</span>, permit me to express +my surprise and criticism on the lack of good +judgment and good taste that permitted the design +on the cover of the number just out, May 3. +In my opinion, the aims and purposes of such a +magazine as <span class="smcap">The Survey</span> in endeavoring to meet +and counteract the evils of the day are not furthered +by such sensational eye pictures as this, +and moreover, it has the characteristics of brutality +and indecency, I am sure, from the point of +view of a large number of your readers, and +might have the result of lessening their opinion +of your good judgment and taste in your manner +of approaching this subject and others you +are dealing with. I will offer no excuse for thus +expressing my opinion sincerely, as I will assume +that you desire to have such from your subscribers +and readers.</p> + +<p class="right"><span class="smcap">J. B. Noel Wyatt.</span></p> + +<p>Baltimore.</p> + +<hr class="tb"> + +<p class="noindent"><span class="smcap">To the Editor</span>:</p> + +<p>In addition to an unusually valuable list of +articles, permit me to thank you for the cover of +the issue of May 3. The picture is profoundly +educational, and those who have had some dealing +at close quarters see in this picture of the +White Slave a finished sermon on the subject.</p> + +<p class="right"><span class="smcap">Rudolph I. Coffee.</span></p> + +<p class="smaller">[Member Pittsburgh Morals Commission and Rabbi.]</p> + +<p>Pittsburgh.</p> + +<hr class="tb"> + +<p class="noindent"><span class="smcap">To the Editor</span>:</p> + +<p>For the enclosed, please send me a copy of +your issue of May 3, with the White Slave picture +on cover.</p> + +<p>Allow me to congratulate you for giving that +group just the prominent place you did.</p> + +<p class="right"><span class="smcap">[Rev.] Eliot White.</span></p> + +<p>Rahway, N. J.</p> + +<hr class="tb"> + +<p class="noindent"><span class="smcap">To the Editor</span>:</p> + +<p>As a regular subscriber, reader and admirer of +your magazine and its valued work, I must earnestly +protest against the outside cover of your +May 3 issue. With several boys in my family, +the only way I could lay the issue on my library +table was <i>after</i> tearing off the cover, which is +certainly glaringly offensive. We oppose (or +should do so) indecent bill-board, newspaper advertising, +etc., and therefore should not offend +ourselves, <i>no matter what the motive</i>. Trust +thee will be guarded for the future.</p> + +<p class="right"><span class="smcap">William Hager.</span></p> + +<p>Lancaster, Pa.</p> + +<hr class="tb"> + +<p class="noindent"><span class="smcap">To the Editor</span>:</p> + +<p>As friends of <span class="smcap">The Survey</span> and of what it +stands for, allow us to write our protest against +placing such a subject as the White Slave on +the outside cover of your issue of May 3, Vol. +XXX, No. 5.</p> + +<p>The publication of such a subject, treated in a +sensational way with a conspicuous background, +on the cover of any magazine seems to us ill-advised, +and especially so on one which finds its +way into private houses where decency and +modesty are inculcated.</p> + +<p>As your paper is to a certain degree technical, +intended to be read chiefly by social workers who +are cognizant of these conditions, the <i>inside</i> of +its covers is excusable, but its <i>outside</i>, open to +the observation of all, young and old, should to +our minds be severely censured.</p> + +<p>Please bring up this matter before your board +of Survey Associates.</p> + +<p class="right"><span class="smcap">L. E. Opdycke</span> and <span class="smcap">Edith Opdycke</span>.</p> + +<p>New York.</p> + +<hr class="tb"> + +<p class="noindent"><span class="smcap">To the Editor</span>:</p> + +<p>Thank you for the frontispiece on <span class="smcap">The Survey</span> +of May 3. The beast carrying the woman +did effective service in the Atlanta campaign, but +this picture of a low human brute hawking into +slavery a poor little immature girl will, I believe, +be yet more effective in rousing the sluggish consciences +of our American people. If it is art to +use the pencil or the graver’s tool to portray +sin in such a manner as to apply the lash to conscience, +then I prefer this, under the existing +dreadful conditions of tolerance of vice, to the +Venus de Milo, and I thank the courageous artist +who so consecrates her talents to the highest +possible service of humanity.</p> + +<p>A picture of this kind will do more to instruct +my daughters and my sons as to the dangers +which surround them and their obligations to +help the down-trodden daughters of the poor +than many arguments. Thank God we have +brought these reptiles out into the open where +we can handle them with due violence, and we +can now place the responsibility where it belongs—on +our churches.</p> + +<p>Can you loan me the original to make a lantern +slide to use in my public talks on vice?</p> + +<p class="right"><span class="smcap">Howard A. Kelly</span>, M. D.</p> + +<p>Baltimore.</p> + +<hr class="tb"> + +<p class="noindent"><span class="smcap">To the Editor</span>:</p> + +<p>I cannot forbear making a protest against the +horrible and suggestive picture, which you have +printed on the cover of your issue of May 3, Vol. +XXX, No. 5. It is a picture calculated to suggest +ideas which the whole country nowadays is +trying to suppress. Teaching young people the +facts of life is one thing—doubtless necessary. +Making public the fact that there are people +wicked enough to pander to vicious men is also, +I am sure, necessary for efforts to suppress this +traffic; but it is very demoralizing to send out +broadcast and publicly such pictures as this. It +shows that the familiar speaking and writing of +this white slave—so called—traffic has blunted +the judgment as to fitness and decency that this +picture is displayed in this public way.</p> + +<p>Miss Robins’ book, My Little Sister, is a true +picture doubtless. She seems to affirm so with +great confidence, but it will do more harm than +good I fear in arousing evil thoughts and an unwholesome +curiosity in the minds of young people +in whose hands it falls. Published first in +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_313">[313]</span>a reputable magazine, and then hawked about in +trains, etc., recommended in your magazine, +which claims to be devoted to the improvement +of morals, it will do a great deal of harm. At +the rate you are going on in freedom of speech +and discussion of filth which should not even be +named when young and inexperienced people can +hear, you will soon be advising a moving picture +of what goes on in the dens of vice in order +to teach young people what they should <i>not</i> do.... +This artist must have allowed her imagination +to go deep into the haunts of vice before +she made this statue.</p> + +<p class="right">—— ——</p> + +<p>Newport, R. I.</p> + +<hr class="tb"> + +<p class="noindent"><span class="smcap">To the Editor</span>:</p> + +<p>I do wish to express my extreme regret that +you should have made public such a picture as +appears on the cover of your issue of May 3. It +ought never in my opinion to have been allowed +to pass through the mail.</p> + +<p>The readers of <span class="smcap">The Survey</span> do not need any +such reminder of the horrors of the white slave +traffic, and to others, especially to young people +and indifferent persons who are likely to pick up +the magazine at random, such a picture with its +unmistakable suggestions cannot fail to be demoralizing.</p> + +<p>I find that other readers of <span class="smcap">The Survey</span> here +hold the same opinion.</p> + +<p class="right">—— ——</p> + +<p>Newport, R. I.</p> + +<hr class="tb"> + +<p class="noindent"><span class="smcap">To the Editor</span>:</p> + +<p>As a subscriber to <span class="smcap">The Survey</span> and as one who +has always tried to further its influence and increase +its circulation, I beg to gravely remonstrate +against your cover design of the issue of +May 3.</p> + +<p>Had you seen fit to place this most loathsome +picture within the pages of your magazine, it +would possibly have served a sufficient purpose, +but to place it where it cannot fail to be seen by +innocent children makes this issue unfit to appear +in any home and appears to be, therefore, not +only an instance of bad taste, but of bad morals.</p> + +<p>Such lurid and outrageous efforts to excite the +hysterical side of public opinion, pitifully defeat +their aims and appear to be most unworthy of +<span class="smcap">The Survey</span>’s standards.</p> + +<p class="right"><span class="smcap">Lucia H. K. Sherman.</span></p> + +<p>San Francisco.</p> + +<hr class="tb"> + +<p class="noindent"><span class="smcap">To the Editor</span>:</p> + +<p>Kindly send to us C. O. D., twenty-five copies +of <span class="smcap">The Survey</span>, cover page of which contains +the cut of a figure portraying the white slave +traffic. The date and number cannot be furnished +as the magazine has been loaned and we do not +know to whom it was given.</p> + +<p>We hope to secure, from the distribution of this +issue among the ladies who are interested in social +service, quite a number of subscriptions.</p> + +<p class="right"><span class="smcap">John L. Green.</span></p> + +<p class="smaller">[Superintendent Mississippi Children’s Home Society.]</p> + +<p>Jackson, Miss.</p> + +<hr class="tb"> + +<p>One or two of these protests are so unrestrained +that the temptation is strong to reply without +mincing matters. Others are so moderate that +they must provoke the respect of people who hold +different opinions. In the same way we trust that +those who break with the editor of <span class="smcap">The Survey</span> +on the reproduction of Miss Eberle’s statue, or +on its use as a cover, will regard that use as a +considered act.</p> + +<p>Unquestionably there is a cleavage of judgment +in the matter of public education as to the social +evil and its prevention. It is not <span class="smcap">The Survey’s</span> +purpose to overemphasize the vice situation. But +it is a part of our regular service in the field of +preventive social measures to keep our readers +thoroughly alive to the movements to protect girls +and boys from ruin and disease, for that, as we +see it, is of the very essence of the present discussion +of commercialized prostitution.</p> + +<p>In Miss Eberle’s statuette, the White Slave, +and in Elizabeth Robins’ book, My Little Sister, +art and literature have this spring added fire and +conviction to the abolition movement against +prostitution—that “twin of slavery, as old and +outrageous as slavery itself and even more persistent,” +to use Miss Addams’ phrase.</p> + +<p>So we printed a photograph of the White +Slave on our cover as a challenge to public conscience +searching. And we printed a review of +My Little Sister, in which Mrs. Laidlaw brought +out the American aspects of the story of the +sheltered little English girl who was kidnapped.</p> + +<p>In the same issue was a ringing report of how +the newly enfranchised women of San Francisco +forced a reluctant Legislature to pass a bill which +will close the notorious “red light district.” More +than that, these women of the California Civic +League and the Women’s Christian Temperance +Union are caring for the helpless girls thrown out +of the segregated district, befriending them and +putting them on their feet again. It was the kind +of story that led a subscriber to write the other +day: “Every time I read an issue of <span class="smcap">The Survey</span> +I feel like getting right up and <i>doing</i> something +worth while for somebody.”</p> + +<p>On another page, A. Leo Weil, the militant +president of the Pittsburgh Voters League, entered +a plea for a special body of men in every +city to deal with vice. And a physician in a New +York village told how the local doctors, aghast at +the amount of social disease among the young +people of their little community—their own sons +among the rest—banded together to wipe it out.</p> + +<p>Up to the time of going to press it had been expected +that Mr. Kneeland’s incisive analysis of +commercialized prostitution in New York, made +for the Bureau of Social Hygiene, would have +been released by the Century Company by May +3, so that his findings could be added to this group +of articles.⁠<a id="FNanchor_2" href="#Footnote_2" class="fnanchor">[2]</a> All this was in <span class="smcap">The Survey’s</span> spirit +of facing hard facts for the sake of the future, +and in line with its editorial policy with respect +to this special subject: i.e. of banking up material +rather than stringing it along.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_314">[314]</span></p> + +<p>Here, then, in a field to which <span class="smcap">The Survey</span> +bears special obligation, at a time when we were +handling a group of articles interpretative of +that obligation, was a piece of sculpture with the +same message—with a thought-compelling quality +which “linked it as a social force,” as Miss +Merriman rightly pointed out, “with, say, the dispassionate +but terrible report of the Chicago Vice +Commission.”</p> + +<p>Of course, the strength in such a challenge to +public conscience-searching lies in its exceptionalness—repetition +would dull its edge. There is +no prospect of another such cover in the months +ahead; we know of no “sermon in stone” of like +calibre. For the same reason, when such an exceptional +work does appear, our course is clear: +we should bring it out.</p> + +<p>Those moralists who feel that the work was +suggestive read into it something which is not +there. It is not unclean.</p> + +<p>Those artists who have criticised the group on +the ground that the woman’s figure alone should +have been done—that, in other words, the sculptor +should have abstracted all the pathos and +beauty possible from the situation, but not the +horror—miss its social message.</p> + +<p>Those parents who protest against it as opening +a dark world to sheltered members of their +households must make the same protest against +the sermon which would do more than skim the +surface of the moral needs of a community; +against the general periodical which would broach +these things in ways specific enough to be helpful; +against the play like Damaged Goods, which +puts the consequences of evil living in human +terms; for in all these audiences are there likely +to be young people. And after all, in all these +fields, we are not at this stage faced with the +choice between home education and public education, +but of rousing the home.</p> + +<p>While the leaders in sex hygiene are bound to +have a difficult task on their hands in restraining +unscientific and slap-dash agencies who assume +to give public instruction, the fact remains that +the larger and most difficult task of those leaders +is still that of arousing the public, a general and +wide-spread process of education both as to the +things that should be known and as to the need for +knowing them. The reason for this is that the +old policies of reticence have failed—failed so far +that not only has America contributed nothing +to the solution of a world-old problem, but has +imported new commercialized phases of it and let +them become rampant, to bring destruction +and disease to thousands.</p> + +<p>At such a juncture <span class="smcap">The Survey</span> must give respectful +hearing to those whose outlook is personal, +but must draw its counsels rather from +those who bring larger measure of social experience +to the question—from superintendents of +orphanages,⁠<a id="FNanchor_3" href="#Footnote_3" class="fnanchor">[3]</a> who know what the old policies of +ignorance have cost in the lives of boys and girls; +from neurologists, who see the after consequences +of that same ignorance; from reformatory heads; +from educators; from physicians.</p> + +<p>Without the fact of commercialized vice such +a searching piece of work as Miss Eberle’s would +lack truth; without the added fact that such vice +exists, not merely because of the greed and lust +of men, but because of the inertia, the reticence, +the acceptance of things as they are by people +who, if they aroused themselves, could put an +end to it, it would lack occasion.</p> + +<p>If such conditions exist, then it has blazing +truth and insistent occasion and like Nast’s cartoons +it may well be looked back upon as a crashing +social force breaking through the crusts of +toleration and neglect.</p> + +<p>If such conditions exist—if they exist because +the public does not know, or knowing, does not +act; if the public’s ignorance or inaction is due +in whole or in part to the benumbing effects of +these same policies on journalism, on the church, +and on the other channels of enlightenment—then +it is the part of <span class="smcap">The Survey</span> of all journals, +standing as it does midway between the doctor, +the social investigator, the criminologist and the +general public, to bring out the truth and to bring +it out in ways that will strike fire.</p> + +<p>If under such promptings <span class="smcap">The Survey</span> uses +the White Slave, then it should use it in such +a way as to cleave through to the widest circle +of its audience. Hence the cover. Probably in +all his long pastorate, Henry Ward Beecher was +never more criticized than when he emphasized +the auction of two fugitive slave girls at the +Broadway Tabernacle. Those who in his day +were shocked at what they felt to be sensationalism +and the desecration of God’s temple have +given way in the passage of time to those who +see that the desecration was mankind’s in the +toleration of slavery itself.</p> + +<p>Dr. Abbott in his life of Beecher says:</p> + +<blockquote> + +<p>“He believed that thousands who would regard +with apathy if not complacency the slave +system at a distance, would regard with abhorrence +the reform of an individual slave girl to +a life of enforced sin and shame....</p> + +<p>“He said: ‘The very men who give counsel and +zeal and money <i>against</i> the unseen slave of the +South irresistibly pity the particular fugitive +whom they may <i>see</i> running through the North.’</p> + +<p>“Had he been inclined to defend his method +from those who criticized it as sensational, he +might have referred them to the methods used +by the Hebrew prophets, who taught so often +and so effectually by dramatic object-lessons.”</p> + +</blockquote> + +<p>New times bring new needs.</p> + +<p>Miss Eberle has modeled the auction block of +a new slavery.</p> + +<p>In the Brooklyn <i>Eagle</i> of April 21 appeared a +powerful sermon by Dr. Hillis from Dr. Beecher’s +old pulpit on social diseases and heredity, in +which such strong language as the following +was used in speaking of the “conspiracy of silence”: +“It is a guilty, cruel, dastardly, damnable +silence on the part of preacher, teacher and +parent.”—Ed.</p> + +<div class="footnotes"> + +<h4 class="fn">FOOTNOTES:</h4> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a id="Footnote_2" href="#FNanchor_2" class="label">[2]</a> See Rockefeller Report on Commercialized Vice. <span class="smcap">The +Survey</span>, May 24, p. 257.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a id="Footnote_3" href="#FNanchor_3" class="label">[3]</a> See Post-graduates of the Hired Man, by R. R. Reeder, +superintendent of New York Orphanage, Hastings on Hudson, +who is the educator and foster father to 250 boys +and girls. <span class="smcap">The Survey</span>, March 8, p. 816.</p></div> + +</div> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_315">[315]</span></p> + +<h3>THE PATERSON STRIKE</h3> + +<p class="noindent"><span class="smcap">To the Editor</span>:</p> + +<p>For a number of years I have been a reader +and subscriber of <span class="smcap">The Survey</span> and it both shocks +and pains me to find that <span class="smcap">The Survey</span> has apparently +taken a biased view of the strike here +in Paterson. I understand that several <span class="smcap">Survey</span> +investigators have been to Paterson before preparing +the news items on pages 81-82 and 83 in +your issue of April 19. These investigators did +not call upon those in our city to whom it +seems to me they should naturally have turned, +the Charity Organization Society. If they had, +they would not have made some of the glaring +and ill-advised statements contained in your +editorial.</p> + +<p>They would have been better posted as to the +type of looms which they have called multiple +or automatic looms throughout the article. Both +names so far as applied to silk are erroneous. +All broad silk looms with few exceptions are +supplied with either side or center filling stop +motions. This stops the loom when the thread +in the shuttle breaks. This has been common for +years and does not constitute an automatic loom. +Some looms have been equipped with warp stop +motions, stopping the loom when a warp end +breaks. This does not constitute an automatic +loom. An automatic loom is one in which either +the shuttle, which has already been filled with +new thread, or quill or bobbin changes automatically. +It would also very likely be equipped +with both warp and filling stop motions. Such +looms as last mentioned have never proven satisfactory +on silk.</p> + +<p>In the article you make certain statements +but have not made them clearly. As your paper +is read by many charitable and philanthropic +people, it is hardly fair to the charitable and +philanthropic people of Paterson to have such +statements as you have made concerning Paterson +go forth to the world without objections on +our part. You have not made clear the meaning +of the three and four loom system. The word +system, as used here, has an arbitrary meaning +and means one weaver to three or four looms. +You state that Paterson is “importing” the four +loom system. This is not true because there is +nothing to import.</p> + +<p>You further made a statement that competition +between Pennsylvania and New Jersey is +over. This is not so, it is just as keen today as +ever. You further make a statement that great +factories are equipped with automatic looms in +Pennsylvania, four of these looms being operated +by one boy or girl.⁠<a id="FNanchor_4" href="#Footnote_4" class="fnanchor">[4]</a> Can you name a single +mill where this is so? I have been fifteen years +calling on the silk mills and I have yet to learn +of an automatic loom being used to weave silk +or where four looms are operated by a boy or +girl. You further make a statement that weavers +are required to tend three looms. I think +this is wrong. There is no question but that they +could operate three to four looms of their own +free will, but there is no compulsion about it.⁠<a id="FNanchor_5" href="#Footnote_5" class="fnanchor">[5]</a>⁠</p> + +<p>In quoting from the <i>Paterson Evening News</i> +you infer that an additional strain is placed on +a weaver in taking care of three or four looms. +If this is so, it remains to be proven. I have +talked about this with a number of weavers and +they state that they have not noticed this fact, +if it is one. You further imply that it will +change the character of work in Paterson if the +three and four loom system is put in operation. +I think this is a mis-apprehension because only +about 40 per cent of the looms of Paterson, of +which there are about 16,000 would be affected +in any way by this so-called three and four loom +system. As you quoted, in a statement made by +the silk manufacturers, only a percentage of these +would be affected because many plain looms have +jacquards mounted over them and the manufacturers +have never attempted to run more than +two looms of this nature to one weaver, nor +does the so-called three and four loom system +reduce the wages. I know of one mill in this +town that is in operation today despite the fact +of the strike where sixteen looms are being operated +by three weavers. One of these weavers +in this particular mill has been operating four +looms since last October and her earnings have +averaged over $75 every two weeks.</p> + +<p>Further along you say the multiple looms are +large and equipped with automatic devices and +can only be installed in large mills. This is +absolutely incorrect. There is nothing to prevent +a small mill from using any loom that is +now manufactured. The smaller mill, in only +a few cases, has so far taken over jacquard +weaving which is the most intricate of all the +weaving, and requires the most skill, and as +intimated, is largely confined to the large factories. +The smaller mills are mostly equipped +with plain looms. Quite a few of these are +mills running three to four looms to a weaver.</p> + +<p>In making your contrast of the average wages +paid in Paterson and the average paid in Pennsylvania, +have you been fair? According to the +reports which I have, the weavers of Paterson +earn on an average about $12.55 a week and I +am afraid in taking your Pennsylvania average +you included all classes of textile workers, including +the very low paid help in throwing mills, +so cutting the average Pennsylvania wage down.⁠<a id="FNanchor_6" href="#Footnote_6" class="fnanchor">[6]</a>⁠</p> + +<p>The employers have not refused to confer +with their employes except that they have rightly +refused to treat with the Industrial Workers of +the World agitators towards this settlement. You +have not made clear the doctrines or propaganda +of the Industrial Workers of the World whom +you have called Industrial Socialists. The Socialists +as you know have repudiated Haywood. +Your statements in regard to the arrest of William +D. Haywood and his subsequent release +when arrested on March 30 are correct. I sincerely +hope that you will immediately send other +investigators to Paterson who will call on the +Charity Organization Society and the ministers +who formed the committee invited to the aldermanic +meeting, Rev. A. H. Stein, Rev. D. S. +Hamilton, Rev. W. C. Snodgrass, Rev. J. F. +Shaw and Dr. Jones. I would also suggest some +of the business men of the town whose stores +you could enter along Main street or Market +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_316">[316]</span>street. I would suggest William Wieda; John +C. Mason, Quackenbush & Co.; A. P. Van Saun, +Van Dyk Furniture Co.; Ex-Judge Francis +Scott; Ex-Judge James Inglis; John W. Ferguson; +H. H. Parmelee; Hamilton Trust Co.; +Edward T. Bell, First National Bank; and Wm. +H. Blauvelt, Second National Bank.</p> + +<p>I would suggest that you call attention to the +articles in The Survey of May 4, 1912 and April +6, 1912 telling about the Industrial Workers of +the World. I am also enclosing an article written +by Lincoln Steffens in the Globe and Commercial +Advertiser of March 29, 1912.</p> + +<p>Will you kindly publish this letter in fairness +not only to Paterson but to the “things” <span class="smcap">The +Survey</span> stands for, as your news items contain +so many technical errors which have a vital +bearing to a certain extent on this strike?</p> + +<p class="right"><span class="smcap">W. L. Kinkead.</span></p> + +<p class="smaller">[Secretary Central Charities Committee.]</p> + +<p>Paterson, N. J.</p> + +<div class="footnotes"> + +<h4 class="fn">FOOTNOTES:</h4> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a id="Footnote_4" href="#FNanchor_4" class="label">[4]</a> See <a href="#A">Note A</a> below.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a id="Footnote_5" href="#FNanchor_5" class="label">[5]</a> See <a href="#B">Note B</a> below.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a id="Footnote_6" href="#FNanchor_6" class="label">[6]</a> See <a href="#C">Note C</a> below.</p></div> + +</div> + +<hr class="tb"> + +<p>[<span class="smcap">The Survey</span> is more than willing to accept +Mr. Kinkead’s corrections as to looms and textile +processes, for his business is mill machinery. +It does not quite agree with him, however, as to +the importance of the matter, since the technical +terms were incidental merely to the subject +of the strike.</p> + +<p>Three points in Mr. Kinkead’s letter should +perhaps be footnoted:</p> + +<blockquote> + +<p id="A">A. The three and four loom systems are +now in use in Pennsylvania. The federal +report on the Condition of Woman and +Child Wage-Earners in the United States, +says: “In Pennsylvania, where the broad +silks manufactured are of the plainer grades, +not requiring the skill, efficiency and attention +given to the higher grades made in +Paterson, woman and child weavers have +the field practically to themselves.”</p> + +<p id="B">B. Mr. Kinkead would certainly not wish +to maintain that, when the change is made +from a two to a four loom system, the +earnings of weavers, who preferred to stick +to two looms, would not be cut. If you cut a +chair caner’s wage from ten to eight cents a +chair, there is no compulsion for him to make +more chairs than before; but he does if he +has a family hanging on his earnings. The +silk manufacturer who, when he makes the +change, pays a weaver more than before if +he will work four looms instead of two, and +less than before if he continues to work two +is merely dodging if he claims there is no +compulsion about it.</p> + +<p id="C">C. A more accurate analysis of the government +figures would give the average wage +of Paterson weavers as $11.80 instead of +$11.69; that of the Pennsylvania weavers +as $6.99 instead of $6.56. The error that +Mr. Kinkead suggests was, however, not +made.</p> + +</blockquote> + +<p>As a matter of fact, such a staff inquiry as Mr. +Kinkead suggests has been in progress and in +the June magazine number <span class="smcap">The Survey</span> will +publish an article by John A. Fitch.—Ed.]</p> + +<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop"> + +<div class="chapter"> + +<h2 class="nobreak" id="JOTTINGS">JOTTINGS</h2> + +</div> + +<h3>DRAMATIZING THE PATERSON STRIKE</h3> + +<p>Seizing on the suggestion that some master +of pageantry ought to give symbolic expression +to the mass strike, a leader of the Paterson +strike proposed that the silk workers should +themselves present to the public the meaning +of its chief incidents. Within a few days Madison +Square Garden had been rented for June 7, +and large committees, composed in no small degree +of volunteers from the 10,000 silk strikers +in New York city, were at work on the details +of the arrangements.</p> + +<p>A pageant of six episodes has been planned by +John Reed, a magazine writer who was himself +arrested on the Paterson picket line a few weeks +ago.</p> + +<p>The episodes, as interpreted by the pageant +committee, divide themselves into two +groups: the one representing the struggle of the +strikers against economic and legal tyranny; the +other, the democratic government of the strike +by the workers.</p> + +<p>Brief titles of the episodes are: The Mills +Alive—The People Dead—The Strike; The Mills +Dead—The People Alive—The Picket Line and +Arrests; Forty Pickets before an Irresponsible +Judge; The Strike Victim’s Funeral; The Striking +Mothers Send their Children to Strike Mothers +in New York; The Legislature of the Strikers +in Helvetia Hall Passes the Eight Hour Law. +The strike leaders, in this last scene, will give +propaganda speeches addressed to the audience. +Their speeches are to be the only monologues in +the performance.</p> + +<p>A thousand strikers will march from Paterson +to New York to take part in the pageant. The +music will be furnished by their mass singing and +by their bands which now play at all large strike +meetings. Both the actors and singers are being +trained by John Reed.</p> + +<h3>CITY FATHERS TO FOREGATHER</h3> + +<p>At Binghamton on June 5-7 the mayors and +other municipal officials of New York state are +to hold their fourth annual conference. Each of +the forty-eight mayors is to tell in five minutes +what is the greatest problem of his city.</p> + +<h3>VACANT LOT GARDENING IN TORONTO</h3> + +<p>Toronto has joined the ranks of the cities in +which there is an active vacant lot gardening +movement. Over thirty parcels of vacant land +in the business section of the city have been +loaned to the Playgrounds Association and prepared +for gardening by the Plowmen’s Association +of York Township.</p> + +<p>Early in this month the actual tilling began +and the start of the new venture was celebrated +by a dinner to the plowmen on the evening +of that day. Seeds and implements have been +promised so that the children will have everything +necessary for successful gardening.</p> + +<p class="right">May 31, 1913</p> + +<div style='text-align:center'>*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 78287 ***</div> +</body> +</html> diff --git a/78287-h/images/cover.jpg b/78287-h/images/cover.jpg Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..fa04060 --- /dev/null +++ b/78287-h/images/cover.jpg diff --git a/78287-h/images/fingerprint1.jpg b/78287-h/images/fingerprint1.jpg Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..398a29f --- /dev/null +++ b/78287-h/images/fingerprint1.jpg diff --git a/78287-h/images/fingerprint2.jpg b/78287-h/images/fingerprint2.jpg Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..60e5418 --- /dev/null +++ b/78287-h/images/fingerprint2.jpg diff --git a/LICENSE.txt b/LICENSE.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..6c72794 --- /dev/null +++ b/LICENSE.txt @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +This book, including all associated images, markup, improvements, +metadata, and any other content or labor, has been confirmed to be +in the PUBLIC DOMAIN IN THE UNITED STATES. + +Procedures for determining public domain status are described in +the "Copyright How-To" at https://www.gutenberg.org. + +No investigation has been made concerning possible copyrights in +jurisdictions other than the United States. 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