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diff --git a/78278-h/78278-h.htm b/78278-h/78278-h.htm new file mode 100644 index 0000000..14893e0 --- /dev/null +++ b/78278-h/78278-h.htm @@ -0,0 +1,7286 @@ +<!DOCTYPE html> +<html lang="en"> +<head> + <meta charset="UTF-8"> + <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1"> + <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no,date=no,address=no,email=no,url=no"> + <title> + The authorized life of Marie C. Stopes | Project Gutenberg + </title> + <link rel="icon" href="images/cover.jpg" type="image/x-cover"> + <style> + +body { + margin-left: 10%; + margin-right: 10%; +} + +h1,h2,h3,h4,h5,h6 { + text-align: center; /* all headings centered */ + clear: both; +} + +p { + margin-top: .5em; + text-align: justify; + margin-bottom: .5em; +} + +.p2 {margin-top: 2em;} +.p4 {margin-top: 4em;} + + +hr { + width: 33%; + margin-top: 2em; + margin-bottom: 2em; + margin-left: 33.5%; + margin-right: 33.5%; + clear: both; +} + +hr.tb {width: 45%; margin-left: 27.5%; margin-right: 27.5%;} +hr.chap {width: 65%; margin-left: 17.5%; margin-right: 17.5%;} +@media print { hr.chap {display: none; visibility: hidden;} } + +div.chapter {page-break-before: always;} +h2.nobreak {page-break-before: avoid;} + + +table { + margin-left: auto; + margin-right: auto; +} + + +.tdl {text-align: left; vertical-align:bottom;} +.tdr {text-align: right; vertical-align:top;} +.tdc {text-align: center;vertical-align:top;} + +.pagenum { /* uncomment the next line for invisible page numbers */ + /* visibility: hidden; */ + position: absolute; + left: 92%; + font-size: small; + text-align: right; + font-style: normal; + font-weight: normal; + font-variant: normal; + text-indent: 0; +} /* page numbers */ + + + +blockquote { + margin-top: 0; + margin-bottom: 0; + margin-left: 5%; + margin-right: auto; +} + + +.footnote {margin-left: 10%; margin-right: 10%; font-size: 0.9em;} + +.footnote .label {position: absolute; right: 84%; text-align: right;} + +.fnanchor { + vertical-align: super; + font-size: .8em; + text-decoration: + none; +} + + + +.center {text-align: center; text-indent: 0;} + +.right {text-align: right;} + +.smcap {font-variant: small-caps;} + +.allsmcap {font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;} + + + +.big {font-size:larger;} + +.bold {font-weight:bold;} + + + +figcaption {font-weight: bold;margin-bottom: 1em;font-size:smaller;} +figcaption p {margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 1em; text-align: inherit;} + +/* Images */ + +img { + max-width: 100%; + height: auto; +} +img.w100 {width: 100%;} + + +.figcenter { + margin: auto; + text-align: center; + page-break-inside: avoid; + max-width: 100%; +} + + +/* Transcriber's notes */ +.transnote {background-color: #E6E6FA; + color: black; + font-size:small; + padding:0.5em; + margin-bottom:5em; + font-family:sans-serif, serif; +} + + +.sm {font-size: smaller;} + + + +/* Prevents text from wrapping */ +.nw { + white-space: nowrap; +} + +/* disable underlining of links */ +a {text-decoration: none} + + +/*some indent options*/ +.hang15 {text-align: justify; padding-left: 1.5em; text-indent: -1.5em;} + + +/* illustration columns*/ + + + +/*inserted text*/ +ins {text-decoration:none; border-bottom: thin dotted gray;} + +/*page number color */ +.pagenum { + color: gray; +} + + + +/* table with no borders*/ +table.autotable3 {border-collapse: collapse; max-width:30em; margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto} +table.autotable3 td, +table.autotable3 th {padding: 0.25em;} + + +.tight {margin-left:10%;margin-right:10%;} + + + +/* Illustration classes */ +.illowp53 {width: 53%;} +.x-ebookmaker .illowp53 {width: 100%;} +.illowp94 {width: 94%;} +.x-ebookmaker .illowp94 {width: 100%;} +.illowp100 {width: 100%;} +.illowp51 {width: 51%;} +.x-ebookmaker .illowp51 {width: 100%;} +.illowp61 {width: 61%;} +.x-ebookmaker .illowp61 {width: 100%;} +.illowp95 {width: 95%;} +.x-ebookmaker .illowp95 {width: 100%;} +.illowp55 {width: 55%;} +.x-ebookmaker .illowp55 {width: 100%;} +.illowp52 {width: 52%;} +.x-ebookmaker .illowp52 {width: 100%;} + </style> +</head> +<body> +<div style='text-align:center'>*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 78278 ***</div> + + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_i">i</span></p> + + + + + + + + +<figure class="figcenter illowp53" id="i_f001" style="max-width: 30.5em;"> + <img class="w100" src="images/i_f001.jpg" alt=""> + <figcaption> + <span class="smcap">Dr. Marie Stopes</span><br> + as thousands have seen her on the lecture platform. + </figcaption> +</figure> + + + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_ii">ii</span></p> + +<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop"> + +<div class="chapter"> +<h1> +<span class="sm">THE</span><br> +AUTHORIZED LIFE<br> +<span class="sm">OF</span><br> +<span class="big">MARIE C. STOPES</span><br> +</h1> +<p class="center"> +<span class="sm">BY</span><br> +AYLMER MAUDE<br> +<br> +<span class="sm">AUTHOR OF</span><br> +<br> +<i>Life of Tolstoy</i>. +</p> +</div> + + +<p class="center"><i>Editor of the “Maude Tolstoy” in the World’s +Classics Series.</i></p> + + +<div class="center sm"> +<p class="p4 center"> +LONDON:<br> +WILLIAMS & NORGATE, LTD.<br> +14, HENRIETTA STREET, COVENT GARDEN, W.C.2<br> +<br> +1924 +</p> +<p class="p2 center"> +MADE AND PRINTED IN GREAT BRITAIN +</p> +</div> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_iii">iii</span></p> + + + + + +<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop"> +<div class="chapter"> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_iv">iv</span></p> + + + <p class="center bold"> + ACKNOWLEDGMENT. + </p> +</div> + + +<p class="tight">The author expresses his grateful thanks +to the following firms who have kindly given +permission for the use of some of the photographs +illustrating this book:—Messrs. +Swaine, Elliott & Fry and Neame.</p> + +<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop"> +<div class="chapter"> +<table class="autotable3"> +<tr> +<th colspan="2"> +TABLE OF CONTENTS +</th> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdc"> +<a href="#CHAPTER_I">I.</a> +</td> +<td class="tdl"> +<span class="smcap">The Theme.</span> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdc"> +<a href="#CHAPTER_II">II.</a> +</td> +<td class="tdl"> +<span class="smcap">Glimpses of Childhood.</span> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdc"> +<a href="#CHAPTER_III">III.</a> +</td> +<td class="tdl"> +<span class="smcap">The Student.</span> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdc"> +<a href="#CHAPTER_IV">IV.</a> +</td> +<td class="tdl"> +<span class="smcap">Academic Life.</span> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdc"> +<a href="#CHAPTER_V">V.</a> +</td> +<td class="tdl"> +<span class="smcap">World Travel.</span> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdc"> +<a href="#CHAPTER_VI">VI.</a> +</td> +<td class="tdl"> +<span class="smcap">Marriage.</span> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdc"> +<a href="#CHAPTER_VII">VII.</a> +</td> +<td class="tdl"> +<span class="smcap">“Married Love” and its Developments.</span> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdc"> +<a href="#CHAPTER_VIII">VIII.</a> +</td> +<td class="tdl"> +<span class="smcap">Opponents.</span> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdc"> +<a href="#CHAPTER_IX">IX.</a> +</td> +<td class="tdl"> +<span class="smcap">Inner Life.</span> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdr nw"> +<a href="#APPENDIX_A">APP. A.</a> +</td> +<td class="tdl"> +List of Books and Pamphlets by Dr. Marie Stopes. +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdc nw"> +<a href="#APPENDIX_B">APP. B.</a> +</td> +<td class="tdl"> +List of Dr. Stopes’s Scientific Memoirs, etc., Embodying her New Discoveries. +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdc nw"> +<a href="#APPENDIX_C">APP. C.</a> +</td> +<td class="tdl"> +The tenets of the C.B.C. +</td> +</tr> +</table> +</div> + + +<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop"> +<div class="chapter"> +<table class="autotable3"> +<tr> +<th colspan="2"> +LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS +</th> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="tdr"> +<a href="#i_f001">1.</a> +</td> +<td class="tdl"> +Dr. Marie Stopes as thousands have seen her on the lecture platform. +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdr"> +<a href="#i_p048b_top">2.</a> +</td> +<td class="tdl"> +The author at Givons Grove with Mrs. Zangwill on his left, Dr. Marie Stopes kneeling, and her mother on his right. +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="tdr"> +<a href="#i_p048b_bottom">3.</a> +</td> +<td class="tdl"> +Marie Stopes as a student, with a group of professors, in the mountains. Prof. Goebel on her left. +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="tdr"> +<a href="#i_p066b">4.</a> +</td> +<td class="tdl"> +The first portrait in her robes as Doctor of Science of London. +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="tdr"> +<a href="#i_p120b">5.</a> +</td> +<td class="tdl"> +Humphrey Verdon Roe. +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="tdr"> +<a href="#i_p124b">6.</a> +</td> +<td class="tdl"> +Dr. Marie Stopes at the time of her marriage to Mr. H. V. Roe. 1918. +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="tdr"> +<a href="#i_p126b">7.</a> +</td> +<td class="tdl"> +An Industrial Conference at Givons Grove. +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="tdr"> +<a href="#i_p128a_top">8.</a> +</td> +<td class="tdl"> +Dr. Stopes, seated, with her husband’s father and mother. +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="tdr"> +<a href="#i_p128a_bottom">9.</a> +</td> +<td class="tdl"> +Mr. H. V. Roe and “Wuffles” as a puppy. +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="tdr"> +<a href="#i_p130a">10.</a> +</td> +<td class="tdl"> +Members of the Birth Rate Commission. The Bishop of Birmingham in the centre. Dr. Stopes on his left. +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="tdr"> +<a href="#i_p130d">11.</a> +</td> +<td class="tdl"> +Dr. Marie Stopes and her Baby, Harry Verdon Stopes-Roe, aged 3 months. +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="tdr"> +<a href="#i_p178a">12.</a> +</td> +<td class="tdl"> +Dr. Marie Stopes. +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="tdr"> +<a href="#i_p200a">13.</a> +</td> +<td class="tdl"> +Dr. Marie Stopes. +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="tdr"> +<a href="#i_p208a">14.</a> +</td> +<td class="tdl"> +Inner home life: Dr. Stopes as gardener, and her husband with the car. +</td> +</tr> +</table> +</div> + + +<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop"> +<div class="chapter"> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_v"></a><a id="Page_1"></a>1</span></p> + + + <h2 class="nobreak" id="CHAPTER_I"> + CHAPTER I. + <br> + <span class="smcap">The Theme.</span> + </h2> +</div> + + +<p>To write the life of a friend who is still +very much alive presents difficulties, +but they are compensated for in the +present case by the fact that I am able to +consult the subject of my work and her +family, and draw much of my material +direct from the fountain head. I had a +similar experience when I wrote <i>The +Life of Tolstoy</i>, but there my subject was +eighty years of age and had nearly completed +his life’s span, whereas my present +subject is still young, and her work in full +progress without any sign of exhaustion. In +the former case I wrote of the ablest man I +had met, and now I am writing of the ablest +woman I have met. In both instances their +personality and the influence exercised by +their works, as well as misunderstanding +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_2">2</span>and misrepresentation to which they have +been exposed, invite attention.</p> + +<p>Dr. Stopes’s world-wide reputation as a +scientist, especially as a leading authority +on palæobotany and coal-research, is not the +sort of reputation that quickly reaches the +general public. What has made her name +rapidly familiar the world over has been the +revolution she has effected in the general +attitude towards sex. When, under the influence +of painful personal experience, she +began to touch that question, six years ago, +no intelligible principles were recognisable +among us to guide people in their matrimonial +arrangements. There was, on the +one hand, an obscure impression that virginity, +celibacy, and the suppression of the +sex-instinct, were ideals for normal men and +women to aim at, while on the other hand +there was an equally cloudy belief that +married couples ought either to avoid +marital relations or produce as many offspring +as chance might send—regardless +of whether such offspring were likely to be +healthy or unhealthy and whether the +parents could support them or not; regardless +also of the effect continuous child-bearing +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_3">3</span>would have on the health, or even on the +life, of the mother. Guidance was sometimes +offered on the basis of a misapplication +of the 38th chapter of Genesis—which +relates to a pre-Mosaic state of morality and +has to be violently twisted before it can even +be made to appear to apply to the problems +of to-day. All this was merely a darkening +of counsel with words, unsatisfying alike to +those who read the Bible for themselves, and +to those who sought reasonable guidance +elsewhere for their sex-relationships.</p> + +<p>Many felt the need of a sensible principle +on which sex morality could rest, and in the +chapter on “The Sex Question” in my book +<i>Leo Tolstoy</i> I ventured to say: “It may +be necessary to overhaul the accepted ideals +on this subject and to consider it afresh,” +and had suggested the principle that “those +things are good in sexual relations which +make for the health, happiness, and efficiency +of the present and future generations”; +but this was a cold philosophic conclusion, +and it was Dr. Stopes who supplied what +was really needed, namely, an application +to the detailed treatment of the sex problem +of a keenly trained scientific brain in combination +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_4">4</span>with artistic ability to convey her +feelings, and an appreciation of the immense +importance of the subject for the welfare of +mankind.</p> + +<p>Love and hunger are the two great driving +forces of humanity, and we cannot afford to +allow a taboo to inhibit the application of +thought to the problems relating to either of +these, nor can any system of morality be +effective the reason for which cannot be so +stated as to commend it to the acceptance +of rational people frankly facing the facts +life sets before us.</p> + +<p>In relation to ordinary normal humanity +Dr. Stopes agrees with what is said in the +Bible: that it is not good that “man should +be alone,” and with the implication of the +text which says that “male and female +created he them.” She also agrees with +St. Paul’s injunction to husbands and +wives: “Defraud ye not one the other, +except it be by consent for a season”; and +she is sure that it is nothing less than a crime +for people recklessly, or deliberately, to +bring into the world children who cannot be +healthy or be decently provided for, and +that it is also a crime to sacrifice the health +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_5">5</span>and lives of women by demanding that they +shall bear children beyond their capacity +to do so healthily and willingly.</p> + +<p>To indicate on the one hand scientific +reasons why normal marital relations are +favourable to the development of one’s +mental and physical powers and one’s +capacity to serve God and man, and why on +the other hand the ascetic type of celibate is +often cantankerous, embittered, and troublesome, +required up-to-date knowledge of the +action of secretions in the human body. To +discover and point out the hidden rocks on +which many marriages are wrecked owing +to ignorance of a normal sex-rhythm in +healthy women, was work specially suitable +for a woman scientist. Considerable courage +was needed to present these matters to the +general public (whom they so greatly concern) +in defiance of the social taboo that then +still prevailed, and of a medical prejudice +against the lay public being permitted to +understand things that pertain to their +peace. Besides these qualities, literary skill +was needed, and much tact had to be employed, +to present the case so that it should +reach a wide circle of readers and convince +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_6">6</span>them, without creating any avoidable +friction.</p> + +<p>The effect of Dr. Stopes’s efforts, in so +short a time as six years, has amounted to +nothing less than a revolution in the general +attitude towards sex. She has created a +new atmosphere and a new terminology. +Even her opponents now use her language; +the difference noticeable before and after the +publication of <i>Married Love</i> is most marked. +Heaps of imitators and heaps of converts +have appeared.</p> + +<p>On the special question of birth control +(which by the way is only briefly alluded to +in a couple of pages of <i>Married Love</i>) a +great deal had been written before Dr. +Stopes dealt with the matter, and as long +ago as 1868 there had even been a voluminous +correspondence about it in a leading +London newspaper, but, in spite of much +discussion concerning this and some other +special aspects of the sex problem, it somehow +happened that up to the time when Dr. +Stopes began her work ignorance on the +general subject was so prevalent, and so +widespread was the superstition that peculiar +moral virtue pertained to ignorance, +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_7">7</span>that it was still possible for an intelligent, +alert, and scientifically-minded woman to +experience great difficulty in obtaining information +that to-day is readily accessible to +every intelligent inquirer.</p> + +<p>The battle is now set between a reasonable +and an unreasonable moral code; and +though the force of inertia and a long tradition +of ignorance are on the side of the +obscurantists, the ultimate triumph of light +against darkness is already assured.</p> + +<p>In this introductory chapter I will merely +quote the opinions expressed by two writers +well qualified to judge of the value of Dr. +Stopes’s work. Owing to the extreme +urgency of the need, the public has over-emphasized +her birth control work and +under-estimated her general work on sex. +Concerning this latter Dr. Havelock Ellis, +the leading world authority on sexology, +writing in the <i>Medical Review of Reviews</i> +(Vol. 25, No. 2, Feb., 1919), says of some of +the new observations in <i>Married Love</i>:—</p> + +<blockquote> +<p>“This seems to represent the most notable +advance made during recent years in the +knowledge of women’s psycho-physiological +life.”</p> +</blockquote> + +<p>And Mr. Luther Munday wrote:—</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_8">8</span></p> + +<blockquote> +<p>“There always have been situations experienced +that neither the Bible nor Science +have hitherto explained.... But through +your thought has come, once for all, a message +clean and pure, linking the mystery of +sex with the majesty of the Eternal and +giving happiness to all during life’s little +part of immortality here on Earth.”</p> +</blockquote> + +<p>The following chapters furnish some +account of the preparation Dr. Stopes had +for her work, of the fields in which she has +made her mark, of what she herself is like, +of the personal experiences that directed her +attention to the problems of sex, and of the +opposition she has encountered.</p> + +<p>It is greatly to be hoped that, both on the +problems of sex and on other subjects, Dr. +Stopes will add much in the future to what +she has already given us.</p> + + +<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop"> +<div class="chapter"> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_9">9</span></p> + + + <h2 class="nobreak" id="CHAPTER_II"> + CHAPTER II. + <br> + <span class="smcap">Glimpses of Childhood.</span> + </h2> +</div> + + +<p>Marie Carmichael Stopes, the +first child of Henry Stopes and +Charlotte Carmichael, his wife, was +born in Edinburgh, the town of her mother’s +birth and upbringing, but her father was +pure English, and at the age of six weeks +the baby girl became a Londoner, which, in +essence, she has remained ever since.</p> + +<p>Henry Stopes was by profession an architect, +but since early childhood had a passion +for fossils and the stone tools left by prehistoric +man. Indeed, at the age of eight +years he was whipped soundly for insisting +on taking his stones to bed with him, and +through life his passion for archæological +research furnished him with a second career, +which undoubtedly greatly influenced the +home surroundings of his children and, in +the case of his elder daughter, largely directed +the line of her development. Long before +his death Henry Stopes had accumulated the +largest private collection in the world of prehistoric +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_10">10</span>stone implements, and their constant +care and classification, as well as +collection, was a great feature in his elder +daughter’s life from her earliest childhood. +Henry Stopes’s interests were profound in +many directions and very human; in addition +to these two main interests he was a +noted agricultural expert, writing regularly +under a <i>nom-de-plume</i> for agricultural +papers, and being Chairman of the British +Judges of Barley; being indeed a pioneer in +the critical judging of grain. He accumulated +statistics on the effects of different +rotations of crops in connection with prize-winning +strains and so on, which meant a +great deal of statistical work from the +records of numerous entrants for the annual +barley competitions, in which his little girl, +before she was twelve years old, used to help +him, or was led to believe that she was helping +him, while undoubtedly he was training +her in arithmetic and in a scientific attitude +of mind towards life in general.</p> + +<p>Marie Stopes sometimes calls herself a +“British Association Baby,” for Henry +Stopes and Miss Carmichael were first introduced +at a meeting of the British Association; +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_11">11</span>and Marie was taken, from childhood, +to almost every meeting of the Association +during her school days, only missing +those meetings which were held overseas.</p> + +<p>Charlotte Carmichael Stopes, her mother, +was one of the pioneers of women’s University +education, having been the first woman +to take the University Certificate in Literature, +Philosophy, and a number of other +subjects at Edinburgh University when they +were given by the Professors privately for +the ladies, who were afterwards examined +with the same examination papers as the +men, but from whom degrees were withheld. +Charlotte Carmichael headed many a list in +the early days when Miss Jex Blake was +studying medicine. After marriage Miss +Carmichael came to live in London, and +took up the study of Shakespearean contemporary +history, becoming an expert in reading +early records and ferreting out many of +the facts time had rendered obscure about +Shakespeare’s life history. She is the +author, among other works, of “The Bacon-Shakespeare +Question Answered,” “Shakespeare’s +Warwickshire Contemporaries,” +“The Life of the Earl of Southampton,” +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_12">12</span>and a large number of serious original contributions +published by the learned and +periodical press.</p> + +<p>Thus on both sides the baby Marie inherited +a variety of intellectual interests. +One of her maternal great grandfathers was +Brown, the Royal Architect, in Edinburgh, +who not only repaired Holyrood Palace but +designed and built many of the finest streets +and squares in the West End of Edinburgh +which still delight the town-planners of to-day. +Another maternal great grandfather +was William Carmichael, Writer to the +Signet, assistant and then successor to +Sir Walter Scott. The Scott family were +intimate with the Carmichaels, and Lady +Scott personally embroidered a beautiful +Christening robe for one member of the +family, which descended to Marie, was used +for her own Christening, and is now handed +on to her son.</p> + +<p>On her father’s side, behind an immediate +Quaker connection, there was a long +line of Anglican clergy.</p> + +<p>Inherited also was a great liking, indeed +almost a passion, for travel. After the +journey at six weeks from Edinburgh to +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_13">13</span>London, the nine-months-old baby was +taken to the seaside and plunged into the +sea, and thereafter never less than twice a +year, and often more frequently, she made +a journey to some part of England or Scotland, +becoming later on a world-wide +traveller.</p> + +<p>After a few years little Marie had a sister, +called Winifred, and these two were the +only children of their parents, no boys being +wished for. This fact, and the attitude of +generous appreciation towards women that +was characteristic of her father, undoubtedly +had a favourable influence on her character +and achievements through life, for she was +brought up from her earliest consciousness +not only to feel that her birth had been +desired, but that she, as a girl, had been +wished for and that no boy would have +satisfied her parents as she did. For an +eldest child who has the misfortune to be a +girl when a boy is desired, a very different +home and outlook must develop. Whilst +still a tiny child, when asked by enquirers +if, besides her sister there was no brother, +she would gravely announce that pussy was +her brother, and she thinks she was probably +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_14">14</span>8 or 9 years old before she realised that +pussy was not a brother. Her father being +particularly fond of cats, and having an +almost magical power of training them, the +family pussy had its own dinner-service and +used to sit up at table with the children, +eating off its own plate on the table from a +high chair just like Marie’s little sister.</p> + +<p>From her uneventful childhood, a few +points stand out in her memory as being of +great importance in the development of her +character. One of these was a nurse who +was for many years their devoted attendant, +and after whom the favourite doll was called +“Little Annie.” Nurse Annie, one day, +looking at the doll’s dress which the child +was sewing, remarked that it was very good +“for a lady,” and Marie, at that time not +more than six or seven years of age, blazed +with indignation that it should not be very +good in itself. In some queer childish way +she resented the fact that a lady should be +considered incapable of doing things as well +as other people, and determined that she +would sew, at any rate, as well as a servant. +This she did, but unfortunately the nurse +said nothing about knitting like a lady; so +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_15">15</span>that when she was twelve years old and +went first to school, she immediately took +first place in the sewing class and bottom +place in the knitting class.</p> + +<p>A rather absurd introduction to her later +well-known birth control ideas also may be +traced to the nursery. Her mother one day, +when the nurse told her that new boots were +needed, laughingly remarked, “Oh, what +should I do if I had a dozen children?” +Little Marie gravely remarked: “You would +drown all the others, and keep Winnie and +me.”</p> + +<p>In London the Stopes family lived beside +the Crystal Palace in a house in Cintra +Park, overlooking private grounds on one +side and with ground behind the three +central gardens of the neighbouring circle +of houses, which went uphill and downhill, +so that the children had much space in +which to play. Mr. Stopes built a wing on +to the house that they took and, having very +enlightened architectural ideas for those +days, had an open verandah connecting the +back parts of the house, for the convenience +of the maids and to make an open-air playground +for the children in wet weather. +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_16">16</span>In the garden an old quince tree was a +favourite resort of the children, because +they could lie on its branches and overlook +the stableyard, and watch the horses being +groomed. It was under this quince tree, +too, that Marie Stopes says she first got the +idea, as a very small child, which finds expression +in her pamphlet “Mother, how was +I born?”—for it was just by that quince +tree that, as a prattling child of four or five, +she was talking about babies and where her +little sister had come from, and she felt, +rather than saw, that people were laughing +while telling her the gooseberry-bush fiction, +and she then felt, with a flush of insight and +indignation, that they were lying to her. +The matter however did not actually +interest her, but the vivid impression of +that moment has painted on her memory +every leaf, and the exact arrangement of the +grass and of the border walks, so that it is +the most vividly remembered scene of the +whole of that home.</p> + +<p>The children were taken regularly once or +twice a year to some seaside place, and for +many years they went to different seaside +resorts in the South of Scotland. At about +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_17">17</span>the age of nine, North Berwick was the +choice, and Marie’s inherited passion for +fossils had full vent in the collection of +crinoids which were washed up thickly on +the seashore. There too Marie Stopes tells +me that she has a very vivid memory of +lying on her back in the garden at North +Berwick and really, for the first time in her +life, noticing the clouds; noticing them, that +is to say, in such a way that to this day she +can remember their shapes and patterns +and the thrilling sense of portentous glory +their mounting and swiftly riding god-like +forms created in her mind. She thinks this +was connected in some way with the reading +of a book, “Tales of Ancient Greece,” +which had been given to her not long before; +but she says it felt as though she had suddenly +looked through a glass-door into the +whole Universe, peopled with mysterious +beings she had never seen before and never +ceased to see thereafter. A little later, +indeed she thinks that very summer, a sense +of personal shame and inferiority developed +in her, which she did not get over for many +years, and at that time almost her only consolation +was the story of the Ugly Duckling +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_18">18</span>in Hans Andersen’s Fairy Tales. The first +sense of personal shame resulted from her +mothers’ advanced, and as we moderns +would think very sensible, ideas. Little +Marie had been given a knitted dress to +wear, when no one else, at any rate in that +seaside place, was advanced enough to be +wearing knitted dresses; and instead of feeling +happy and distinctive in it she felt +utterly ashamed to appear different from +other children; a feeling that was accentuated +by the fact that a young cousin +laughed at her. About this same time, +owing to the curious inaccuracy and incompleteness +of a child’s ideas, this feeling was +emphasised and increased by the following +incident. The Stopes family and three or +four other families in the district combined +to employ the services of a private dance-mistress, +who came in turn to each of the +four houses, where the class was held in +rotation. Mrs. Stopes, when her turn came, +gave the children a nice tea of wholesome +cakes without currants, and to make them +attractive used to send to town for cakes +with coloured icings and various fancy +things she thought the children would like. +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_19">19</span>One of the other households, however, gave +only rock buns and milk. Poor little Marie +thought that rock buns, as they contained +currants, which she was never allowed to +have at home, were something much +grander and more expensive, and was +always ashamed of the fact that they were +not rich enough to have rock buns for tea. +As usual with her however no external sign +of this deep shame was ever shown, but for +years she felt crushed and humiliated by the +fact that to her a halfpenny rock bun was +far grander than an iced gateau. At this +time and all through her earlier childhood +her father was very well-to-do—but he had +great financial losses when she was about +eleven, which left them permanently impoverished +in comparison with the earlier +expectations.</p> + +<p>Marie’s education was exceptional in +many ways. Her mother having been +brought up in the good old Scottish school, +started the little girl of about five on Greek +and Latin roots, so as to give her a fundamental +knowledge of the structure of the +English language. But Marie proved so +stupid that this was dropped and, beyond +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_20">20</span>being taught to read and write, she had +indeed almost no education until, a few +days before she was twelve, she was sent to +school. This statement should however be +qualified by mention of something that, +again, greatly influenced her mental attitude +towards the Universe. A large atlas +was solemnly brought out every morning, +and on its title-page this atlas had a circle +in which part of the world was drawn with +clouds around it. Her first memory of any +lesson at all was pointing with a stubby +little baby finger at this circle, representing +a sphere, and repeating “The world is round +and rolls in space.” This formula, which +was repeated daily for years, so impressed +itself on her that she was always trying to +feel the world rolling in space and even, as +a very small child, used to wonder which +way up she was standing at any given +moment.</p> + +<p>Marie and her sister Winifred were sent +to St. George’s School in Edinburgh for +their first schooling, and then the unusual +nature of her preliminary training, pitted +against the ordinary school curriculum, left +her woefully behind her age in attainments, +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_21">21</span>so that she was put with a class of girls +much younger than herself. In half a term +however she began to find her feet, but not +before her backwardness had emphasised +the feeling of shame and humiliation at her +inferiority, which indeed throughout her +schooldays was strongly characteristic of +her, and which she tried to hide by making +the most of any attainments that she +thought she had; and she undoubtedly had +some that were unusual in a child of her age. +For instance, she had been entrusted by her +father with a small collection of flint implements +he was presenting to the Museum of +the Society of Antiquaries in Edinburgh, +and when she was taken down with them to +Dr. Anderson, the learned Director of the +Museum, without any hesitation or embarrassment +she gave him what amounted to a +lecture on their nature and uses, and told +him what to write on the labels for the +exhibition cases. So amused were her +elders by her expert knowledge of these +implements, that her head mistress asked +her to lecture to the assembled school on +the subject. This she did, her audience +consisting of the entire school including the +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_22">22</span>teachers. Having never been brought up to +an acute personal consciousness or any personal +conceit, she did not realise then that +there was anything unusual or surprising in +facing such an audience. A diary which +Dr. Stopes kept as a child for some weeks +still exists, and begins with an entry concerning +her first day at school: “Oct. +Tuesday 4. I went to school at 10 o’clock +and did not like it at all. I went to bed very +cross.” Three days later comes an entry +relating to what subsequently became one of +her chief studies. “Friday, 7th. Went to +school. It was so nice we had an object +lesson on coal mines and coal.”</p> + +<p>While in Edinburgh she had the immense +advantage of the kindly personal friendship +of Miss S. E. S. Mair, her mother’s friend, +one of the originators of the St. George’s +Girls’ School, the best school in Edinburgh, +and a leader of social life and advanced +thought in that city. Miss Mair used to +give famous parties for little girls, at which, +after a sumptuous tea, each child was asked +to make a clever remark to entertain the +whole company. Marie’s remarks, though +presumably not clever, were extremely +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_23">23</span>embarrassing to her and kept her petrified +with fear throughout the whole tea, so that +she used to feel that it was a great pity the +remarks were not asked for before tea, because +then her appetite would have been so +much better for the tea itself—a feeling that +no doubt many after-dinner speakers have +shared. In Edinburgh also the horizon of +the two little girls was enlarged by the +kindly care and interest of Miss Menzies, +who had a great interest in Iceland and read +many Icelandic and Northern sagas aloud to +them. Miss Menzies too had a comfortable +elderly cook who took Marie’s domestic +education in hand and on Saturdays taught +her home cooking and the making of real +Scotch scones and shortbreads, interesting +her in cooking, and sowing the seeds of an +accomplishment which later in life proved +of great value when she was out camping, +or living under unusual conditions, as she +often did.</p> + +<p>After two years in Edinburgh the children +were brought back to London and were sent +to the North London Collegiate School, +whose head mistress was Dr. Sophie Bryant, +the successor of Miss Buss, the original +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_24">24</span>founder of the School. Although two years +of Edinburgh schooling had made Marie +rather better able to meet girls of her own +age on an equality, she was still far behind +her years in many of the routine school subjects; +and when she finally passed the +London matriculation, second-class, her +Latin mistress said to her: “I do not know +how you did it, you had no business to get +through,” and she replied: “I did it by +writing very clearly everything I knew and +saying nothing about the things I did not +know; for I thought it would save the +Examiners’ time”—a remark which showed +much penetration, for in later years, when +Dr. Marie Stopes herself became an examiner, +she learnt how examiners are worried +by illegible handwriting and screeds of +mazy reading which do not make it clear to +them what the candidates know and what +they do not know. At the North London +Collegiate School the two girls were still +educated in a rather unusual way. They +were not permitted to go to afternoon school, +and only lived in London from Monday +mornings till Friday middays, going home +to a country house in the then beautiful +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_25">25</span>village of Swanscombe. The house there +was an old Elizabethan oak-panelled house +which Marie was old enough to appreciate, +and the charm of which, and the mysterious +beauty of some of its rooms, fascinated her +in her early adolescence. At the age of +about fourteen she often got up at four or +five in the morning in order to be alone in +the old rooms, one or two of which she +sketched very industriously though with +little talent. These pictures however are +still precious to her as recalling the house +she has ever loved. It had a very high stone +wall along the tiny village street on one side, +and opened into cherry orchards leading to +woodlands on the other, and it was in these +woods and flowery lanes that Marie first +really saw the beauty of flowers. She says:</p> + +<blockquote> +<p>“At the age of fifteen I remember observing +the faces of flowers as passionately as I had +at the age of about nine observed the sky. +I escaped by myself one day into the woods +and spent several hours lying motionless, +gazing into the faces of the violets. That +too was the opening of a door into another +universe. Of course, I suppose I must have +seen flowers before, but till then I had never +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_26">26</span>felt the sight of them.”</p> +</blockquote> + +<p>This home in +Swanscombe had been taken because of +Henry Stopes’s great interest in the brick-earths +and gravels of the surrounding neighbourhood, +which teemed with relics of prehistoric +man in the shape of both palæoliths +and neoliths, and there Marie, and to a less +extent her sister Winifred, spent nearly all +their holiday time and almost the whole of +every Saturday and Sunday, collecting specimens +with their father in the quarries and +on the fields, washing them, labelling them, +and cataloguing them, with him. To this +house also came many visitors of interest to +the growing children.</p> + +<blockquote> +<p>“One of my schoolgirl +memories of Swanscombe is the famous +editor, Mr. Norman Maccoll, the editor of +the then thunderer, the <i>Athenæum</i>. He +was always very charming to us children, +but disapproved of our going into the woodlands +without gloves, as he said we were to +be young ladies in the future and should +have white hands. So on the days that he +came to lunch we used to put on gloves to +go round the woodlands with him, but never +on other occasions. He was a very stout, +elderly gentleman with long beard and a +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_27">27</span>benign, fatherly face, though his literary +criticisms were the terror of many a serious +author. We did not look upon him with +such awe as we undoubtedly should have +done, and I remember once luring him to +sit on a very firm bush, through which he +promptly went, leaving only his head and +his feet sticking up, and from which the +united strength of my little sister and myself +were insufficient to extricate him, red and +indignant, and very much less pompously +impressive than usual. I remember another +occasion when, to avoid climbing a high +fence, we children stepped through, and he, +miscalculating the width of the bar, followed +us but stuck midway. No pushing or pulling +could get him either in or out. He +became purple in the face, and we were all +frantic. My mother, as one of his reviewers +and an author whose reputation could be +made or marred by his paper, was almost in +tears, and my father at last was so genuinely +concerned that he ran home for a saw. I +also remember Seton Karr, the famous lion hunter, +lunching with us and being escorted +across the cherry orchard by my sister and +myself, wherein we encountered two or three +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_28">28</span>cows from whom Seton Karr fled with teeth +chattering, while my sister and I remained +a protective bodyguard between him and the +cows. We were firmly convinced at the time +that he was in real fear of them, and I remember +preaching to myself a moral lesson +on the vanity of courage. Now, however, I +begin to wonder whether he was not an +adept in the art of pleasing children. A +man who also made a great impression on +my early childhood was the very lovable late +Dr. Furnivall, the famous Shakespearean, +who often came to lunch with us in his pink +shirt and with his pink bald head, and went +with us through the woods in a state of +childlike glee. He first among all my +acquaintances showed me the delight of +lying flat on one’s back in the baking sunshine, +and I well remember his refusal to +proceed round the woodland with my mother +and the rest of the party, and insisting on +lying where he was on the violet-decked +slope in the sun for an hour at a time, while +the rest took the decorous walk round the +crest and picked him up on their return. I +remember also there Professor Sayce, the +famous Assyriologist, whose life has just +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_29">29</span>been published, and who was much interested +in my father’s implements; and also +Mr. Mabson, the owner and editor of the +<i>Statist</i>, a journal for which my father sometimes +wrote.</p> + +<p>“As a young girl I met so many of my +parents’ friends, mostly people who were +doing something in the world of thought, +that it is difficult to say who influenced me +and who did not; but I clearly remember an +outstanding influence from one talk with Sir +Francis Galton and also from Mrs. Alec +Tweedie, whose house I was sometimes +taken to visit. Once at a party at Robert +Mond’s country house she introduced me to +him as ‘a girl who is going to do great +things.’ I felt it was incumbent upon me +to try to live up to such an introduction!”</p> +</blockquote> + +<p>With the exception of one annual day for +their chief school friends, the children had +almost no young companionship, but listened +to the talk of scientific or literary experts at +their parents’ table, and found their chief +amusement in the constant companionship +of their father. When the elder girl was +about fifteen however the parents thought +it wise to come nearer to their school, and +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_30">30</span>the family moved to Hampstead, by chance +to the house next door to Professor Bonney, +the geologist. Professor Bonney had not +grasped who his new neighbour was, and +when hundreds of butter boxes were piled in +the garden, he gave out a groan round the +neighbourhood, that his new neighbour was +a wretched grocer. Professor Bonney, who +was more a geologist than an archæologist, +showed only a polite interest in the boxes +when he found out that the contents were +museum specimens of stone implements and +not the remains of a grocery business.</p> + +<p>The continuous unconscious education +which companionship with her father gave +Marie was supplemented, whilst settling +into this house, by really expert lessons in +carpentry. Her father, always anxious that +she should not do things in a “ladylike” +way, taught the girl when and how to use +screws instead of nails, and how to mitre +a corner, in making cabinets or shelves, +and both girls helped their father to put up +many shelves and make arrangements for +his specimens. This resulted in a passion +to do things for herself, and a small room +was allotted as a study for the girls, which +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_31">31</span>Marie distempered with a stencilled design +of her own make, and for which she constructed +a good deal of the furniture. In +this room she pursued her school studies in +an erratic way, hurrying through the official +homework and, as she grew older, reading +many books it would probably have surprised +her elders to know that she read. “Between +the ages of sixteen and seventeen I +read most of Kant and Swedenborg, a great +deal of comparative theology, as well as a +large number of out-of-the-way novels, and, +of course, many scientific books, such as +‘The Origin of Species’ and others then new +to me, which it would have shocked my +mother very much to know that I was taking +seriously.”</p> + +<p>In her later school years Marie had more +or less caught up to the standard for her age, +but until she reached the Sixth Form and +was a Prefect, she never felt really sure +among her school contemporaries. Even +though in many classes she headed the list, +she always came down in some other subject. +She was seldom indisputably top of +the class, but when she was nearly seventeen +the chemistry mistress, Miss Aitken, +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_32">32</span>developed scarlet fever, and for the next +morning’s work there was no teacher. +Marie, without hesitation, went to the headmistress +and said that as she had been spending +some hours in the laboratory she knew +just what Miss Aitken had intended to give +to those classes, and that she could show +where the apparatus was ready prepared. +Dr. Sophie Bryant, the headmistress, in +view of the crisis, and also possibly to test +the quality of a girl in whom she felt some +interest, asked Marie if she could take the +classes, which she did; and then for six +weeks, directed only by correspondence from +Miss Aitken, Marie took the chemistry for +the whole school, including the class of +which she was herself a member. She was +very proud when she received a present of +£5 for having done this, and much humiliated +when having sent a receipt without +a stamp on it, this was returned for her +to rectify the error. Nevertheless she went +through the school leaving a general impression +on most, if not all, the mistresses, +except Miss Aitken and Dr. Sophie Bryant +herself, that she was a stupid girl whose +plodding perseverance alone saved her from +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_33">33</span>disgracing herself in the examinations. +Among her school-mates she made a few +lasting friendships. Her great school friend, +and the only one whose life has remained in +close contact with her own, is Olga Kapteyn, +a girl of Dutch descent, niece of Professor +Kapteyn, the famous astronomer. These +two girls, who both had a passion for colour, +including a love of gold and orange tone for +silk (which was then almost unattainable), +came together over their intense appreciation +of their teacher, Miss Aitken. Of Miss +Aitken, Marie Stopes says: “She was, undoubtedly, +the greatest influence in my +school career. She opened to me the door +that led to all the exquisite beauty of Italian +art and of the school of artists represented +by Watts, Rossetti, and their contemporaries. +She taught me chemistry so well that I was +doing work of honours degree standard in +physical chemistry before I left school, and +she strengthened and hardened my character +by her mingled austerity and beauty. I +had undoubtedly the usual schoolgirl’s +‘Schwärmerei’ for other teachers whom I +thought I loved more at the time. But Miss +Aitken and Dr. Sophie Bryant are the two +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_34">34</span>mistresses who understood me and influenced +me, and to whom I owe a lasting debt +of gratitude.”</p> + +<p>On leaving school Marie Stopes was given +a leaving Scholarship in Science, and under +the influence of Miss Aitken she went to +University College, London, rather than to +a Woman’s College which had been suggested +for her. Miss Aitken wisely said: +“If you are going to do science at all, do it +under the biggest men of the day.”</p> + + +<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop"> +<div class="chapter"> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_35">35</span></p> + + + <h2 class="nobreak" id="CHAPTER_III"> + CHAPTER III. + <br> + <span class="smcap">The Student.</span> + </h2> +</div> + + +<p>Whether Marie Stopes should go to a +Women’s College or to University +College, London, was being discussed +by her parents, the headmistress +and teachers. The girl however settled it +for herself by going down to University +College and entering herself there as a +student in the faculty of science. That +was in the days of Miss Rosa Morrison as +the women’s tutor, and after due formalities +and recommendations had been put +through the question came up of the classes +she would take. As her last two years at +school had included considerably more training +in zoology and chemistry than is usual +for a schoolgirl, the chemistry indeed being +far beyond the intermediate standard, and +up to the degree standard, Marie wanted to +enter for honours in the intermediate examination +at the University. Professor Sir +William Ramsay was always very sympathetic +towards any student with ambitions, +but did not himself conduct the practical +classes for the juniors, though he gave them +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_36">36</span>their lectures. The Professor naturally +would not hear of her doing honours degree +work until the intermediate examination +had been passed, so that chemistry, from +being the young student’s chief interest and +most advanced study, dropped into second +place. Receiving considerable encouragement +from the Professor of Botany, Professor +Oliver, who was willing to give the +necessary attention even to one honours +student, the girl took up honours in that +subject, in which at school she had taken +very little interest; and she made botany her +main work for the first year at the University. +At the close of the first year, naturally, +there were the College class examinations, +and owing to the curious lack of personal +supervision—which, though it is in +many respects one of the best features of +University life, has its inconveniences—no +one, not even the dons under whom she was +working or the Dean of the University, ever +told her that by taking the class examinations +she would enable the Professors to +place her for some of the various scholarships +which were available. When the +young student asked Professor Oliver at the +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_37">37</span>end of the Session whether it was compulsory, +or wise, for her to take the class examination, +his reply was “It is a free country.” +The Professor of Zoology, the famous protozoologist, +Minchin, on the other hand, most +kindly came to her in the laboratory one +day shortly before the examinations, and +urged her to take sufficient trouble with the +nomenclature of the bones, saying that if +only she would work up the bones with their +foramina she would be nearly certain to get +the medal for the class. But the obstinate +young student replied that no medal would +be worth her wasting the small amount of +brains she felt she possessed on learning the +names of the bones, and that she could not +see the advantage of learning them, when +they were always available in a book; what +she wanted to do was to learn things she +could not find in books. The Professor +laughed, and had another friendly, but +rather reproachful, smile when she took the +second place in the class instead of the first.</p> + +<p>How much this unguided young student lacked +orientation was also shown by the +fact that on the annual Prize Day of the +College she was spending the morning fishing +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_38">38</span>for algæ in the Botanic Gardens with a +fellow-student, who urged her to come to +the College in the afternoon. Her dress was +wet and covered with the slimy green of the +algæ, and she did not feel inclined to go at +all, but her fellow-student pressed her to do +so, and she slipped into the back of the Hall +when prize distribution was in progress, +entirely unaware even of the possibility of +any prizes coming her way, and was incredulous +when the fact that she was the recipient +of a gold medal was announced and her name +was called. Instead of being pleased, she +was much distressed at receiving this gold +medal, for she felt that if work such as hers +secured a gold medal, it must indeed be a +disappointing thing to be a Professor with +such poor students. She told me she stayed +awake the whole night crying about it, and +vowed to herself to be worthy of it in the +future.</p> + +<p>Ridiculously unoriented also was she +about the little feminine things generally of +interest to girls. For some time after going +to the University, for instance, she wore a +ring on her engagement finger, and when +asked by her fellow-students when she was +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_39">39</span>going to be married, was amazed to learn +that this was the engagement finger, as she +had not known that there was any such +thing. The ring had been given her by her +mother, and the girl had no knowledge that +any significance was involved in wearing it. +Similarly, when in the first year of her +college course she received her first proposal +of marriage, the man was surprised at her +reply: “But I am not nearly old enough to +think about such things; surely I do not +look twenty-five.” And he had to learn +that, of course, she would not consider anything +of the sort until she was twenty-five, +“because nice girls do not.” Her father +had brought her up in this belief, with the +very proper intention of delaying her sex-consciousness +as long as possible, and so +strictly and implicitly had she accepted the +idea, that nothing the man could say could +persuade her that it was not most improper +of him even to have thought it possible that +marriage could be discussed with a nice girl +under twenty-five. Naturally such a girl +was not always understood by her fellow-students, +but she was popular enough to be +made the President of the Women’s Union +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_40">40</span>Debating Society and one of the hockey +eleven.</p> + +<p>Shortly after the College examinations +the open University examinations took +place. Marie Stopes took the first place in +first-class honours and gained the University +Scholarship.</p> + +<p>During that first year at the University, +in addition to the Intermediate work at +University College, she was pursuing, without +the Professors or anyone else knowing it, +work beyond the ordinary Degree standard +in zoology—partially under the tuition of an +old school teacher, a friend, and partly at +Birkbeck College, where she went to the +Evening Classes for the honours course in +zoology—on the small animaculæ and invertebrates. +In this way she gained a considerably +wider training and experience in zoology +than is generally recognised, and this point +is of some importance in connection with the +rather absurd criticisms sometimes levelled +at her work in human research, to the effect +that she is “only a botanist,” and therefore +has no business to make discoveries in fields +outside the floral world. She had in fact a +very adequate training in a number of +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_41">41</span>branches of science, including microscopic +zoological work which pre-eminently qualified +her to tackle scientifically the branch of +human research work in connection with +birth control which she took up later on.</p> + +<p>For the tripos for her degree she had +originally intended to take chemistry, but +having been diverted to an interest in botany +greater than she had expected, and also from +a sense of indebtedness to the Professor of +Botany who had so kindly encouraged her +work, as well as from the fact that her +scholarship was given on the results of the +botanic examination, she felt it incumbent +on her to take botany as the main subject. +Then, too, she had not outgrown the “inferiority +complex” which always made her +doubt her own powers, and without telling +any of her Professors, she secretly decided +that she would get some practice in taking +examinations, so she quietly entered for the +external honours degree at the end of one +year instead of at the end of three. For this +it was possible, in those days, to take only +two subjects instead of three, if the student +passed in honours standard in one subject +and obtained a first-class pass in the second. +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_42">42</span>When the Registrar of the University (Dr.—now +Sir—Frank Heath) received this entry +as an external examinee from an internal +student at University College, he sent for +her very kindly and begged her to reconsider +what she was doing, saying it was ridiculous +and impossible for anyone to try to do +honours as well as first-class pass in one +year. A kindly argument was of no avail, +and the headstrong girl said: “I will not +only get first-class pass, I will get honours +in <i>both</i> subjects at the end of the year,” an +undertaking which, as the event proved, she +made good under tragic circumstances. The +two subjects she then decided on were botany +and geology, and for the geological work she +had the immense advantage of a practical +training in the field all through the summer +from a member of the Geological Survey +who was training a couple of young men as +mining engineers in survey work. Shortly +before the actual examination took place, on +which she had started rather as a joke or a +purely experimental effort, it became seriously +urgent and important for her to +succeed, owing to the grave illness of her +father. Indeed, on the night of the main +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_43">43</span>examination in botany the girl was up all +night with the fear that her father would die +at any moment. This, though it reduced +the quality of her work, fortunately did not +prevent her winning a first-class honours +place, and as her father’s death appeared +imminent, her Professor very kindly obtained +the results of the degree for her +privately, so that she was able to tell her +father, before his death, what greatly +interested and pleased him, namely, that +she had passed the Bachelor of Science +Degree in double honours—though the published +lists were not out until after his +death. The mutual love between herself +and her father was exceptionally intense, +and the shock of his loss affected her inner +life for many years.</p> + +<p>The result of her hurried examination +brought her a further scholarship, which +was sufficient to take her abroad; but as she +had defied the Professors and taken the +degree after too brief a period of study, she +conscientiously made up the remains of +another year at University College, doing +minor research work and completing some +of the classes she ought to have taken. At +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_44">44</span>this period Professor Oliver and Dr. Scott +were actively engaged on a research of great +palæontological significance, which led to +the recognition of an entirely new group of +extinct plants. In order to find some small +clues necessary to complete the association +of the fragmentary remains of the fossils, +some Sherlock-Holmes-like scientific detective +work had to be done on all the leading +collections of fossil plants in England, and +the young student had the good fortune to +be deputed by Professor Oliver and Dr. Scott +to do this on their behalf in Manchester and +in some private collection in the north, as +well as at the Natural History Museum. +The work on the Owens College collection +in Manchester University was not only of +technical value to that research, but of great +educational value to the student, and an +incident that occurred in connection with it +proved important to Dr. Stopes later on. +Professor, now Sir William Boyd Dawkins, +was the Professor of geology in whose charge +the collections were, and he very kindly +arranged to take the student out on to the +moors and show her horizons in which fossils +occur in the Todmorden district. On the +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_45">45</span>morning of the little expedition there was a +hopeless downpour from early dawn, but the +opportunity of going to these districts was +too precious to lose, and of course Marie +Stopes turned up at the station, but equally +of course she found no Professor there to +meet her. She then decided to go by herself, +though she did not know the district at +all; and she spent the day walking the eight +or ten miles across the solitary moor in the +drenching rain, very pleased with herself +that she found the various spots they had +planned to visit, but feeling all the time that +the rain, and the absence of the instruction +Professor Boyd Dawkins would have given, +meant that she had seen much less than she +would have done on a fine day. She thought +no more of the event, but, curiously enough, +this little incident proved to be a turning +point in her career; for Professor Boyd +Dawkins was so impressed by her serious +interest in the subject and by her determination +and independence of character, that +later on, when a much-coveted post was +open for election, he used his influence in +her favour, and she was appointed the first +woman to teach science in the University of +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_46">46</span>Manchester. To return however to the +young student, the post-graduate scholarship +from the University was just sufficient +to take her for a year to some foreign University, +and her interest in fructifications +and the study of egg-cells and ovules +(fostered both by Professor Oliver’s researches +and by her zoological work), led +her to desire to study the fructifications of a +unique group of plants, the cycads. For +this purpose Munich was considered the best +continental locality, as Professor Goebel, the +famous morphologist, who had travelled far, +had an exceptionally fine collection there, +both of living and spirit material of the kind +suitable for research.</p> + +<p>Languages had always at school been a +main stumbling block between Marie Stopes +and class prizes, and it was therefore rather +adventurous of her to go to Germany, for +she had only had three or four lessons in +the language before she reached that country. +She found however that learning a language +in a country itself is a very different, and a +much easier thing, than learning it in classes; +and though her German was a source of +great amusement to her fellow research-students +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_47">47</span>in the laboratories, it carried her +not only through her University course, but +finally also through the <i>viva voce</i> examination +for the degree.</p> + +<p>On presenting herself to Professor Goebel, +the English student announced that she had +come to study under him the structure of +the ovules and the fertilization of the cycads, +and the genial and amused smile in the vivid +blue eyes of the Viking-like Professor encouraged +her, although his words were discouraging. +Though some women had +received degrees from Munich University, +none had hitherto entered from the Botanical +Institute, and it would require an alteration +in the Regulations to make it possible. Marie +Stopes was disappointed, but replied that +she had come to work, and would rather +stay and do the work than go elsewhere and +get a degree for work that did not interest +her as much; and after about three months +in Professor Goebel’s research laboratories +he came to her one day and said: “It is +ridiculous that any Regulations should stand +in the way of you getting your degree; I will +have them changed.” And the Regulations +were changed, so that at the end of the year +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_48">48</span>she was allowed to enter for the degree of +Doctor of Philosophy. During that year, +though working hard in the laboratory +which opened at eight o’clock in the morning, +the young student enjoyed all the pre-war +delights of Munich: the Opera, a great +deal of dancing, excursions every week-end +to the snow mountains in the winter and to +the Tyrolese flowering valleys in the summer; +while in Goebel’s laboratory she met as many +nationalities as there were research-students, +and entered with great zest into the profound +discussions which knots of students +often embarked on far from the fields of +their own immediate work. Most of the +research-students in the laboratory that +year were themselves Professors or lecturers +in their own countries, and they included a +Polish Professor, a Japanese, a Norwegian, +a Dutchman, an American, and a number of +other nationalities and types. Frequently a +quartet composed of a Buddhist, a Roman +Catholic, an atheist, and Marie Stopes, would +discuss with great earnestness and animation +the problems of the Universe.</p> + +<figure class="figcenter illowp94" id="i_p048b_top" style="max-width: 30.5625em;"> + <img class="w100" src="images/i_p048b_top.jpg" alt=""> + <figcaption> + The author at Givons Grove with Mrs. Zangwill on his left, + Dr. Marie Stopes kneeling, and her mother on his right. + </figcaption> +</figure> + +<figure class="figcenter illowp100" id="i_p048b_bottom" style="max-width: 30.875em;"> + <img class="w100" src="images/i_p048b_bottom.jpg" alt=""> + <figcaption> + Marie Stopes as a student, with a group of professors, in the + mountains. Prof. Goebel on her left. + </figcaption> +</figure> + +<p>Though life at a University College had +somewhat educated the girl, she was still +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_49">49</span>remarkably sexless, and quite unaware of +the nature of the stimulant her presence +must have been in this laboratory of men. +One rather amusing incident may be cited. +The geological and the botanical students +were taken into the mountains by their Professors +for scientific expeditions, and on one +of these occasions a lecturer from another +faculty joined the party and insisted on +talking, in English, to the only girl there. +His English however was very poor, and +he neither attracted nor interested her. She +spent most of the time chatting in lively +colloquial German with a man on her other +hand, merely saying “Yes, yes,” at intervals +to be polite to the lecturer. A day or +two later she was rather surprised to be sent +for by Professor Goebel to his private sanctum, +where he broke the news to her startled +incredulity that the relatives of the lecturer +who had bored her on the expedition had +been to Professor Goebel with a request to +induce her not to drive this man mad, as +they feared for his reason and that he would +have to go to a lunatic asylum if she persisted +in her attitude of not recognising their +engagement to be married. Marie Stopes, +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_50">50</span>in open-mouthed amazement, denied any +knowledge of being supposed to be engaged, +and said that the man had never even proposed +to her. It transpired however that +the bad English and the many boring exclamations +he had made, to which she had +automatically replied “Yes, yes,” had really +included a proposal of marriage, to which +the “Yes, yes,” was naturally enough taken +to signify her acceptance. The family were +much distressed when it was made quite +clear that no marriage would be contemplated +by Marie Stopes, and they begged +that she would at least permit the man to +write to her until she left the country. As +a result she possesses to this day a large pile +of unread love letters in a very small German +hand, unread and for her unreadable, as she +has long since forgotten how to read German +handwriting.</p> + +<p>In such a narrative as this it is perhaps +difficult to make it clear how much hard +brain work was included in her days. She +told me once her longest spell of <i>uninterrupted</i> +mental work was thirty hours at a +stretch, when she worked with beef-tea +and a spirit stove at her elbow, and +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_51">51</span>did not leave her work even for meals. +Steady work, and the extremely valuable +and interesting material supplied by Professor +Goebel, yielded sufficient results in +the discovery of new and interesting features +in the cycads to justify the preparation of +her thesis towards the end of the first year, +and this she herself wrote in German, but it +was German of such an amusing quality +that the Professor kindly suggested that a +Swiss student should sit at the same table +as she did in the laboratory and go through +it with her. He was a very handsome and +attractive, but safely married, man, so that +a few days later, when the Professor inquired +how she was getting on with him, +the whole laboratory was sent into convulsions, +and the Professor himself, with tears +hopping out of his bright blue eyes, sank +into a chair shaking with laughter beyond +his control, when she replied that he had +been very kind, “Er ist es mit mir durchgegagen.”</p> + +<p>She meant this to be, as it is, a literal +translation of “He has gone through it with +me,” and was quite unaware of the fact that +the German phrase means “He has eloped +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_52">52</span>with me.” Laughable however as her +German was, it was very fluent, and when +the day of the <i>viva voce</i> examination came +it served its purpose sufficiently well. Professor +Hertwig, the great zoologist, meaning +no doubt to be kind, questioned the +young botanist on the structure of volvox, +a microscopic organism; and Professor +Rothpletz, also meaning to be kind, whispered, +“Have they been nice to you?” before +he began his <i>viva voce</i> in geology—for the +<i>viva voce</i> examination for the German +degree takes place audibly in the presence +of the University Court, so that the student +has not only the nervous work of replying to +the Professor, but of knowing that outsiders, +and critical outsiders at that, are listening +to the replies. She however got a high +degree, <i>Magna cum laude</i>, and all the members +of the research laboratory were cordially +enthusiastic. Professor Goebel was +exceedingly generous and kind to the young +foreign student, and of him Marie Stopes +says:</p> + +<blockquote> +<p>“Although, of course, lots of people +had been kind to me before, Professor +Goebel was the first who really treated me +as a father might have done. Toward the +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_53">53</span>end of my time in Munich, when I told him +that I was returning to England, where I +must take up work that would bring me a +salary, he said, ‘But it is a shame that you +should not continue doing research work, +and if you would only permit me I would, +out of my own purse, defray all the expenses +for you for another few years if you would +stay and do research work here.’ He and +his wife lived almost opposite the University +Institute and were on many occasions +extraordinarily kind to me, and this was all +the more remarkable as Professor Goebel +did not like women to study, and until I +went to his Department and practically +forced my way in, he had never permitted a +woman student to work in his laboratories. +I shall never forget his noble generosity and +his fine impatience at the trend of modern +life, particularly of German life, his hatred +of the Prussians, and his Viking-like appearance +and zest and joyous gallantry when, in +Tyrolese costume, he went to his mountain +laboratories. Munich was a second home to +me until the war and the desolation the war +brought.”</p> +</blockquote> + +<p>A junior lectureship in botany at Manchester +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_54">54</span>University was vacant at the close +of the year in Germany, and for this Marie +Stopes sent in her application. No woman +had ever lectured in the science faculty at +Manchester University, and the Committee +was nervous about appointing a woman, for +the classes of the junior students were large, +and contained medical students who were +notoriously hilarious. The Committee was +helped in its decision to select Marie Stopes, +in preference to any of the male applicants, +by an extraordinarily cordial recommendation +from Professor Boyd Dawkins, which +resulted from the impression she had made +on him more than a year before, when she +had gone by herself through the drenching +rain, over the moors to Todmorden.</p> + + +<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop"> +<div class="chapter"> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_55">55</span></p> + + + <h2 class="nobreak" id="CHAPTER_IV"> + CHAPTER IV. + <br> + <span class="smcap">Academic Life.</span> + </h2> +</div> + + +<p>In other Universities women were beginning +to obtain posts hitherto given only +to men, but Manchester had not before +had a woman on the science staff, though a +lecturer in English literature had been in +office for some years. Biological classes were +attended by large numbers of the young +medical students, who with the engineers +are generally the rowdy element in any +University, and the authorities of the +College were in some trepidation as to the +result of their experiment in appointing a +young girl to the Staff. With Dr. Marie +Stopes however no untoward events occurred, +and the junior classes were indeed quieter +when she lectured or demonstrated to them +than they were in a good many other departments. +The staff of Professors and Lecturers, +mostly men from Oxford, Cambridge, +and other Universities, formed a very +friendly circle and became truly colleagues +to the junior lady lecturer. Indeed in after +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_56">56</span>years, when Dr. Stopes was appointed to the +staff of her own college in London, she felt +the contrast, for there the Professors’ Common +Room was barred to women, whereas +in Manchester she was immediately made a +member of the Professors’ Common Room +and always cordially welcomed and made to +feel at home whenever she used it. Her +immediate chief and those members of the +staff associated with her work made things +very easy and pleasant, and outside the +University, too, she made many friends, +notably old Mr. R. D. Darbishire, the +philanthropist and founder of the Whitworth +Galleries, who with Miss Dymes, his +secretary and companion, made his home in +Victoria Park ever open with a warm welcome +for the girl, who learnt both to reverence +and love the fine autocratic old gentleman. +Professor, now Sir Arthur, and Lady +Schuster, also in Victoria Park, were +friendly, and the social life in Manchester +was an attractive feature and much more +real and cordial than life in London. After +the plentiful dancing and opera of Munich, +Dr. Marie Stopes missed dancing very +greatly and, in addition to private dances, +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_57">57</span>took the then rather audacious social step +of giving a dance herself, and cajoled the +elderly Professors to come to it in fancy +dress. Out of that sprang a little dancing +club among the members of the staff, which +survived for a good many years after Dr. +Stopes left Manchester. The young lecturer, +feeling that she was very inadequately +trained in the art of lecturing, went to hear +a number of the Professors and lecturers in +the University deliver their lectures to +their students. Mostly, it seems, she learnt +what to avoid in lecturing; she observed a +good many little points which explained the +reputed rowdiness of the junior classes. On +one occasion she was present at the back of +the room when a distinguished Professor of +world-wide fame faced his class of 200 +juniors, and with a quivering hand took a +piece of chalk, drawing a wriggly thing +which might have been a triangle or a hexagon, +and commenced his lecture by saying, +“Let us suppose that a circle is a circle”; +and he could not understand the roars, and +the cloud of dust from the stamping feet, +with which this opening was greeted. Dr. +Marie Stopes was amused to see how well +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_58">58</span>her own students behaved when they were +given the chance.</p> + +<p>In addition to the teaching work in the +biological classes, time was available for the +young lecturer to follow up her own researches; +and the great interest in fossil +plants which must always associate itself +with Manchester University where Williamson’s +original work was done, combined with +the fact that the coal mining districts lay so +close all round the town, led her to penetrate +to a number of collieries in search of fossils, +as well as to follow out some research on +the structure and deposition of the coal +seams. In this connection she came into +personal contact with a number of mine +owners, who always met her with warm +cordiality and helpfulness, and among whom +a Mr. Sutcliffe should be particularly remembered. +He purchased an extensive +series of microscopic sections of a rare new +fossil which had been discovered, and presented +them to the University to be placed +at the service of Dr. Marie Stopes, who +undertook the work of their scientific investigation +and description. The fossil proved +to be a species unique in the British Isles, +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_59">59</span>which she named <i>Tubicaulis sutcliffii</i>, and +was the subject of the first paper that she +read to the Manchester Philosophical and +Literary Society. The work on the collieries +and coal mining industry which began with +this connection in Manchester was persisted +in and is still actively continued by Dr. +Stopes to the present time, and has led her +to a large number of scientific discoveries +and to the contribution of publications in +the Royal Society and elsewhere (see Appendix +B, p. 216). Among the many interesting +people that this collegiate life gave her the +opportunity of meeting, Captain Scott, the +Antarctic explorer, was one who most impressed +the girl. She was invited by Lady +Schuster to meet him at a luncheon and, +fired by her intense enthusiasm for the +palæontological history of coal, she begged +Captain Scott to take her with him on his +then projected Antarctic Expedition. They +met again at a dancing party in the evening. +She found him the most “divine waltzer +and reverser” she had ever met, and he +promised to take both her and Lady Scott +with him if that was possible, or failing +that he undertook to bring her back the +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_60">60</span>fossil she wanted from the Antarctic. He +came down to the University before leaving +Manchester and spent an hour or two with +her studying the external appearance of the +fossils, so as to bring back with him exactly +what she desired. The tragedy of this expedition +is known to the world, and it is also +known that he was found dead with a few +fragments of fossil plants by him. These +however, although so obviously collected for +her, were not given to Dr. Marie Stopes to +describe; and she was glad of it, for unfortunately +they were not those she had longed +for from the Antarctic regions.</p> + +<p>In all this busy, happy life in Manchester +there was however one secret trial, and that +was that after a very few weeks there Dr. +Stopes, whose vitality and general health +were quite exceptional, developed acute +neuralgia. This neuralgia vanished immediately +vacations came and she could leave +Manchester, but always returned within +three days of sleeping in Manchester. In +spite of this her intense vitality kept her +going in many directions, and lectures to +the students were followed by an attempt to +organise a seminar on similar lines to those +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_61">61</span>she had had experience of in Germany, excursions, +plant collecting and fossil collecting +up on the moors and, in addition, evening +lecturing to the very poor in the slums at +Ancoats; where the Ancoats Settlement had +organised classes of factory hands and others +anxious for intellectual work. There for a +time she came in touch with some of the +worst conditions of city life, and she only +gave up these lectures when neuralgia and +the acute pain of seeing human beings under +such appalling conditions were undermining +her strength to such an extent that it was +impossible to go on. Among her treasured +possessions is a glowing testimonial spontaneously +given to her by her poor students +at the Settlement.</p> + +<p>By no means exclusively serious, Dr. +Stopes, in a skittish mood, instituted the first, +and I believe the only, international comic +scientific journal. She called it <i>The Sportophyte</i>, +and in it made fun of a good many of +the great biologists, and lampooned the style +of more than one publication. It achieved +not a little success, and one learned Professor +said to her: “Oh, of course it is very funny, +but you cannot possibly do it again.” +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_62">62</span>“Why not?” said Dr. Stopes. “You must +not be allowed to do it again; think what +<i>power</i> it gives you.” This was hardly the +way to stop the activities of an independent +and enterprising young woman, and <i>The +Sportophyte</i> lived until the international +calamity of the war killed the spirit of international +jocularity.</p> + +<p>The suffrage movement naturally attracted +Dr. Stopes’s interest, and without becoming +an aggressive extremist she put a good deal +of time into quiet work for the suffrage, +joining the Tax Resistance League and +lecturing from time to time, as well as joining +in processions and deputations. Fired +by a sense of the injustice of obliging women +either to forego marriage or to forego a +career, she ardently supported the efforts to +stop the restrictions on married women’s +work, and in that connection met Miss +Margaret Ashton, who was then a Councillor +and one of the most active of women’s +champions in the north. Her attention also +was drawn to the yet deeper problems of +married women by an incident which +occurred to one of her own students, who +happened to be a woman older than herself +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_63">63</span>and who had been assisting a doctor in dealing +with out-patients at a hospital, when a +woman had brought in a miserable little +baby which wailed all the time and which, +the mother explained, would not put on any +flesh or grow into a nice, healthy baby whatever +she did with it. The mother, with +tears in her eyes, made an intensely earnest +appeal to the doctor to tell her what was, to +her, unaccountably wrong with the infant. +She said this was her fourth, and the others +had all died when they were very little. The +doctor put her off with some soothing platitudes, +but the woman, driven to despair, +said: “I believe there’s something wrong +with my man. If there’s something wrong +with my man I won’t have babies no more—it’s +just cruel to see them miserable like +this and have them dying one after the +other. Won’t you, for God’s sake, tell me +whether there’s anything wrong with my +man or not?” This appeal was met by the +assurance that there was nothing wrong, +and she should do her duty by her husband +and go on having babies. The medical +woman student said that it was glaringly +obvious that the baby was syphilitic.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_64">64</span></p> + +<p>That not only such ill-fated mothers, but +that <i>all</i> mothers, should be freed from the +appalling slavery of unwilling and undesired +motherhood became a conviction so intense +as to necessitate action. Dr. Stopes realized +with the astonishment that youth always +feels towards the cruelty of its elders, that +although the knowledge of birth control has +been freely circulating in our country for +very many years, it has been available +chiefly for the educated and the well-to-do.</p> + +<p>While Dr. Stopes studied more and more +deeply the work on the coal mines, she was +following up several branches of research in +connection not only with fossils and their +deposition but with their mode of origin, +and in connection with the petrifaction of +the internal tissues which is so wonderful +a feature of some structurally preserved +specimens, she was led to the belief that, +given certain conditions in the surrounding +horizons, the existence of the type of fossil +for which she was searching could be more +or less predicted. Combining this with an +intense desire to discover the origin of the +angiosperms, which was one of the desiderata +then, as it still is, of biological +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_65">65</span>science, she considered the horizons in any +and every country in the world from which +she could get the necessary data, and came +to the conclusion that in an horizon in the +northern mountainous Island of Hokkaido +petrified specimens of angiosperms, such as +she sought, should be found; and she applied +to the Royal Society for financial assistance +to go there and investigate the matter, at the +same time having a sample specimen sent +over from Japan, from the rocks <i>in situ</i>, and +she had the thrilling experience of seeing her +scientific prediction fulfilled, and finding in +the very first cut a beautiful petrified angiosperm. +This strengthened her application +to the Royal Society, which was still under +consideration, and though they had never +before sent a young woman out of the +country on any such work, her application +was so well backed that an exception was +made in her favour, and she finally went to +Japan alone, with a grant from the Royal +Society, and with the assistance of the +Japanese Government, through the Imperial +University at Tokio. There she went up +country and collected large quantities of +unique and hitherto unknown fossils which, +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_66">66</span>on her return to Tokio, she cut with the +assistance and collaboration of Professor +Fujii, who together with her wrote a +memoir, subsequently published by the +Royal Society in its Transactions, containing +an account of a number of plants new to +science, and containing also the first petrifaction +of the flower, and the only one yet +discovered. In Japan, as in Manchester, +she found the Professorial staff cordial and +kindly, and Baron Hamao, the President +of the Imperial University, made her +an honorary member of the Professors’ +Luncheon Club, where she met the personnel +of the various faculties, and thus saw +the true life of Japanese intellectual circles +in a way seldom permitted to a foreigner. +A room and research facilities were allotted +to her in the Institute of the Imperial +University, and in exchange for all this +courtesy she gave a short course of lectures +on plant palæontology to the students and +to others of the staff who cared to attend. A +fairly full account of her manifold interests +and experiences in Japan was published by +Blackie in her book entitled <i>A Journal +from Japan</i>. She returned <i>via</i> America, and +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_67">67</span>a fresh post in Manchester University was +offered to her: the first lectureship in palæobotany +in this country. It was exactly the +post for which her researches fitted her and +which her heart desired, and she was happy to +get back to her many friends in Manchester; +but it was no good, for the neuralgia, which +had not touched her all the time she was +away, returned after a week in Manchester +as violently as before and became intolerable, +so that at the end of the first year of +this new post she had to leave it and finally +settle in London, which all along had been +her home.</p> + +<figure class="figcenter illowp51" id="i_p066b" style="max-width: 30.5em;"> + <img class="w100" src="images/i_p066b.jpg" alt=""> + <figcaption> + The first portrait in her robes as Doctor of Science of London. + </figcaption> +</figure> + +<p>After obtaining the degree of Ph.D. in +Munich she had, on returning to England, +followed up her B.Sc. in London by obtaining +the Doctorate of Science, London, when +she became, I believe, the youngest Doctor +of Science in England, and shortly afterwards +she was made a Fellow of University +College, London. She was invited by the +Geological Department of the British +Museum to prepare a special memoir for +them on the Cretaceous Flora of the World, +a memoir that took several years to complete, +and which was published ultimately +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_68">68</span>in two volumes by the Trustees of the British +Museum. The Royal Society published in +their Transactions some of the results of +the Japanese Expedition and she was +invited to exhibit her specimens from Japan +at the ladies’ soirée, where she met Count +Solms-Laubach, the veteran palæontologist +of Germany, whose classic treatise had been +her original text-book. He, though a woman +hater and extremely reserved, showed the +kindliest appreciation of her new species. +The advantage of meeting such men, which +all men of any note in the scientific world +can do by attending the Royal Society’s +meetings, was a rare privilege to this young +woman. When some of her later discoveries +were made she was invited by representatives +of the Royal Society to send her specimens +for exhibition, but not on ladies’ night. +She said she could not send them without +being there herself to demonstrate and guard +them, and was told that she could send any +of her own men-students, or even her butler, +but could not be admitted herself. With +natural indignation she refused to exhibit. +It seems strange that to this day, however +brilliant a woman’s scientific work may be, +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_69">69</span>her sex precludes her from equality of treatment +in the senior Society of Science in the +world, and she can never hope to be made +an F.R.S. The Royal Society of Literature, +however, early recognised her, and on the +proposal of old Lord Halsbury she was +elected a Fellow.</p> + +<p>In the course of her travels for palæontological +research Dr. Stopes was once again +in the United States, and took the opportunity +of attending the American Association +of Science at St. Louis, where she met +Dr. Gates. He, like many others before +him, immediately fell passionately in love, +and proposed marriage within a few days +of making her acquaintance. He was a +botanist and in many respects apparently a +suitable husband, and Dr. Stopes and he +were married before her return to England +a few months later.</p> + +<p>Dating from her earliest childhood, and +strengthened by her interest in the suffrage, +Dr. Marie Stopes has always very keenly felt +the rightness of the old Scottish and Norwegian +customs, whereby a married woman +retains her patronymic after marriage, and +she arranged with Dr. Gates that she should +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_70">70</span>retain her own name. In English law—though +many people are unaware of it—provision +is made for such cases, and to +retain her own name legally, all a married +woman has to do is to announce at the time +of her marriage that she intends to do so, +and to use it systematically for legal documents +and transactions. The effect of loss +of personality arising from change of name +has undoubtedly had a psychological influence +on women, and such a change is most +unreasonable when one has made such a +name for herself as Dr. Stopes had; a name +which was then already recorded in thousands +of card-indexes and catalogues in +Universities all over the world. A good +deal of press interest was shown in her +revival of this old custom of keeping her +own name, and a number of women have +followed the example since, though old-fashioned +people try to make things difficult +for a woman who thus desires to preserve +her identity, and Dr. Stopes on more than +one occasion has had to threaten to take +legal action against scientific committees +and other persons who endeavoured arbitrarily +to decide for her what her name +is to be.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_71">71</span></p> + +<p>This marriage seems to have been +arranged by destiny to give Dr. Stopes +the almost unique experience which completed +her fitness to undertake the work +on sex-reform by which she is now best +known. On her marriage she was still, in +spite of her zoological training and her +travel and experience of men of many +countries, amazingly innocent, and she was +quite happy for six months or more. +After that she began to feel instinctively +that something was lacking in her marriage. +Although she was living within a stone’s +throw of her mother and of her family +doctor, they neither of them detected what +was amiss or offered any help or solution of +the problems which confronted her. Finally +her life became quite intolerable, and I +heard her say one day: “I should go mad +if it were not that I say to myself, ‘Why +have I a scientific brain and all my scientific +knowledge, if it is not to find out things that +seem to puzzle everybody?’” and, in a very +impersonal manner, she took up her own +case as a piece of scientific research. She +went to the British Museum and read pretty +nearly every book on sex in English, French, +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_72">72</span>or German, just as she would read every +book on palæontology before publishing on +her own subject. She also read Lord +Halsbury’s Laws of England, and then returned +to her family doctor and family +lawyer, and when matters were made +thoroughly clear to them, it became a comparatively +easy matter to put through a +nullity suit, in which she sued as <i>virgo +intacta</i> for the legal annulment of her marriage, +which her husband’s abnormality had +never allowed him to consummate. Dr. +Gates was a passionate lover but an incomplete +husband, and as a result, after years of +marriage, was not only leaving his wife a +virgin, but had developed an absurd jealousy +and attempted a domination which rendered +life intolerable. At that time I was frequently +a witness of ridiculous little scenes, +one, for instance, in which he “forbade” +this independent and high-spirited young +woman even to purchase a paper which she +had been reading for years. As was natural +perhaps, Dr. Gates made things as difficult +and in some respects as scandalous for her +as he could, but the war was on before the +legal case was finally settled, and shortly +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_73">73</span>after its outbreak he left England and +sought refuge in America, returning however +before hostilities were over. Meanwhile, +throughout all her heartbreaking +difficulties, Dr. Marie Stopes remained outwardly +very calm, and continued her +palæontological work at the British Museum +and at University College, where, following +on her Manchester work, a palæobotanical +lectureship was founded for her in London +University. This attracted much interest +and attention at the time and her first +lecture was widely attended and published, +and there is little doubt that but for the war, +which swept away her classes of young men, +it would have led to the founding of a +regular school of palæobotany. Meanwhile +however the war diverted all who were able +to do anything of practical utility, and the +more abstruse and academical aspects of +palæobotany were left on one side, and Dr. +Stopes concentrated on what seemed immediately +useful, namely, the application of +her knowledge to the problems of fuel, and +of coal in particular. The Scientific and +Industrial Research Department of the +Government, under Sir Frank Heath, +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_74">74</span>actively supported her work, and she collaborated +with Dr. R. V. Wheeler of the Home +Office Experimental Station in the preparation +of what <i>Nature</i> described as a +“classic”—a Monograph on the Structure, +Chemical and Palæontological, of Coal. +(See Appendix B, p. 216.) Following on this, +Dr. Stopes continued researches, both in +collaboration with Professor Wheeler and +independently; and the Royal Society, in +1919, published her short paper on the four +ingredients of coal, in which she originated +the now well-known words, clarain, durain +and vitrain.</p> + +<p>Professor Wheeler and his students and +collaborators, and many others now doing +research on fuel, have followed up the initial +research of Dr. Stopes on the ingredients of +coal; for her work made possible for the +first time a discrimination in the analysis +of different zones in the same coal, which is +leading to a knowledge of its intimate structure +and potential uses of a much more +accurate kind than was previously possible.</p> + +<p>In the course of her scientific researches +Dr. Stopes has made a great number of +original discoveries, and has published the +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_75">75</span>results in a number of learned <i>Transactions</i> +and journals, a more or less complete list of +which is given in Appendix B.</p> + +<p>Among so many additions to scientific +knowledge it is difficult to say in a few +words which are her most important contributions, +but, in the main, they deal with +three themes: (<i>a</i>) the structure of the reproductive +organs both in living and extinct +forms; (<i>b</i>) the composition and structure of +coal; and (<i>c</i>) the structure of the vegetable +inhabitants of the Cretaceous epoch.</p> + +<p>Her discoveries of fossils in Japan, which +were published jointly with Professor Fujii +in the <i>Transactions</i> of the Royal Society +(Appendix B, p. 219), brought to light a +flora of the existence of which nothing was +known, and which was of interest and importance +as including the only petrified +flower hitherto discovered in any part of the +world. The public perhaps do not realize +that the vegetation which is conspicuous to-day +in the landscape, and which alone provides +all our agricultural plants and food, +did not come into existence until the early +Cretaceous epoch.</p> + +<p>The earliest known angiosperms in the +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_76">76</span>world were also discovered by Dr. Stopes +and described in the <i>Transactions</i> of the +Royal Society (Appendix B, p. 218), and +further facts about them are embodied in +her big volume published by the Trustees of +the British Museum. Of this Dr. (now Sir A.) +Smith Woodward said: “There is so much +that is new in it. No one would have believed +it possible to get so much out of the +Lower Greensand; it is quite wonderful.”</p> + +<p>As regards coal, when she was first appointed +as a junior lecturer in Manchester, +a centre of one of England’s coal mining +districts, she enthusiastically investigated +the local mines. She read an important +paper on the subject before the British Association. +It was the first time she had done +so, and the then Director of the Geological +Survey, Sir Jethro Teall, attended the +lecture. The discussion proved most interesting +and cleared up a number of points +hitherto obscure, and Sir Jethro (then Dr.) +Teall said that he was “astonished at the +quality and quantity of the detail given. I +went to encourage a young girl, and I remained +to learn from a master.”</p> + +<p>Her short paper on the composition of +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_77">77</span>coal before the Royal Society (Appendix B., +p. 216) has led to an enormous change in +the attitude both of palæontologists and +chemists towards coal structure, and the +terminology instituted by Dr. Stopes is now +not only almost universally followed, but +the ideas in that short paper of hers have +proved fruitful in many directions—see, for +instance the work of Dr. Lessing on coking, +of Dr. Ivan Graham, the Assistant Director +of Mining Research at Birmingham, and the +many papers in the technical journals arising +from the inspiration in her original +paper.</p> + +<p>Although the outer public did not know +her as a lecturer until recently, in the course +of her academic career Dr. Stopes lectured +regularly in Manchester and London Universities, +and had given brief courses or +single lectures in the University of Tokio, +in the Parliament House in Hokkaido, in +Chicago University, in Toronto University, +and in many other institutes and halls in +various parts of the British Isles and other +countries, and her palæontological work was +utilized by various Government Departments +in addition to the British Museum +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_78">78</span>and the Home Office. The Canadian +Government, for instance, sent for her to +settle a problem which had been in dispute +for over 40 years, about the age of certain +potential coal-bearing deposits in Eastern +Canada, and the results of her investigations +were published by the Geological +Survey of Canada in a large Memoir. (See +Appendix B, p. 217.) Amidst this life of manifold +activities her relation to her students +was such that she always brought to every +lecture some fresh idea of vital interest. No +doubt had she taken up some popular subject +instead of so remote and academic a +field as she pursued, her name would have +become a household word among us years +sooner than was actually the case. Her personality +was bound to make its impression +on our national life even had she never +touched so burning a subject as that with +which she has been recently associated.</p> + +<p>In addition to her many scientific associates, +Dr. Stopes has had warm friendships +and interesting literary associations with +many distinguished literary men. For instance, +with Maurice Hewlett, the novelist +and poet, who was so retiring and <i>difficile</i>, +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_79">79</span>a warm friendship started long before she +was known to the world. Hewlett wrote to +her:—</p> + +<blockquote> +<p>“Yes, the writer of the ‘Letters to +Sanchia’ is Senhouse. I can’t say that he +is a portrait of anybody in particular, +though it does so happen that I have known +a man who lived, and still lives, much the +same life. But the two have nothing else +in common, and I think my man is more +what I should like to believe myself to be +than anything more definite. <i>Video meliora.</i> +He is one of the better things I see. I won’t +go nearer than that as yet.</p> + +<p>“But if you, who have travelled far and +been quit (for a time, at all events) of our +horrible trammel of circumstance, find truth +and reason in the substance of what I have +imagined, I feel enormously encouraged to +go on. It was really kind of you to tell me +so.”</p> +</blockquote> + +<p>And soon after he wrote:—</p> + +<blockquote> +<p>“Senhouse will feel that he has done something +when such a letter as yours is communicated +to him. You evidently haven’t +read his third volume, ‘Rest Harrow’—which +I beg leave to send you herewith. +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_80">80</span>Therein you will discover how he and Mrs. +Germain parted company, and in what unearthly +manner he and his Sanchia found +each other—the where and when as well as +the how. I personally am unable to distinguish +the fairy tale from the other tales, or +the dream from the daylight reflection. I +don’t know whether I write truth or lies. +To me they are truth—to a large proportion +of mankind foolishness: but I write for +myself because I have to, and am lucky to +have such readers as you.”</p> +</blockquote> + +<p>Israel Zangwill, the author-dramatist, and +his wife, the novelist, were both cordial +friends much interested in her literary work +before she became well known through +“Married Love,” and it was Edward Carpenter +who first encouraged her to publish +“Married Love.”</p> + +<p>Both before and after she was well known +she has had some friendly and amusing +little encounters with Bernard Shaw, and I +may quote a postcard which he sent to the +C.B.C. regretting his inability to attend the +Annual Dinner in November, 1923:—</p> + +<blockquote> +<p>“I shall not be able to come as I shall not +be in London. If it could possibly be made<span class="pagenum" id="Page_81">81</span> +an M.S. (Marie Stopes) dinner without +being a B.C. one, I should greatly regret +this. As it is, it is rather convenient for +me, because I cannot find a satisfactory +public position about B.C. If I went into +the movement merely to fight the Malthusians +I should do more harm than good; and +I really could not sit quiet in it and seem +to acquiesce with them. I am sure M.’s +(Marie’s) psycho-physiology is right; but +neither of us can prove it.</p> +</blockquote> + +<p class="right"> + “<span class="smcap">G. B. Shaw.</span>” +</p> + +<p>Her poems brought her many warm and +interesting letters from literary men whom +she had never met personally. For instance, +about these poems Sir Arthur Quiller-Couch +wrote:—</p> + +<blockquote> +<p>“First let me thank you for the little book +that brought me such jolly discoveries as +‘Marjorie’ and ‘Tokio Snow’—and such fine +ones as ‘The Beaters’ and ‘The Brother’ +(this last the sort of thing that walks straight +and takes a seat in memory for the rest of +one’s days).”</p> +</blockquote> + + +<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop"> +<div class="chapter"> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_82">82</span></p> + + + <h2 class="nobreak" id="CHAPTER_V"> + CHAPTER V. + <br> + <span class="smcap">World Travel.</span> + </h2> +</div> + + +<p>The taste Dr. Stopes had inherited for +travel found practical justification in +many journeys in connection with +her scientific research work. In addition to +these expeditions, which were often long +ones, she was continually travelling both in +the British Isles and on the Continent. At +the close of the first Session after her +appointment to Manchester she attended a +scientific Congress in Vienna, where she +enjoyed the gathering of learned men, and +also the city and its beautiful surroundings. +She then returned to Munich for a further +couple of months’ work in Professor Goebel’s +department, including some research in his +Alpine laboratory perched high up on the +Bavarian Tyrolese mountains. The research +she was engaged on was on the structure and +development of the fertilized ovum or egg-cell, +together with a study of its actual fertilization +by the male sperm cell and the +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_83">83</span>introduction of food granules from the +sperm into the ovum. This work led to +very interesting original observations, to +make which she had to be up all night for +a series of nights, cutting into the living +ovules and examining their structure under +the microscope at regular intervals through +the whole 24 hours. These investigations, +though minor in comparison with her other +researches, were part of the preparation +which subsequently enabled her to speak +with authority on problems of fertilization in +other connections; for the nucleus and the +detailed structure of ovum and spermatozoa +and the immediate after-effects of fertilization, +are remarkably uniform wherever life +is sufficiently evolved to have two distinct +sexes.</p> + +<p>Holland, especially Amsterdam, and also +Leiden, the home of so much of Holland’s +scientific life, were visited several times, as +also was Switzerland and France. On one +occasion, after having spent a few weeks in +the University of Caen where she was visiting +Professor Lignier, one of France’s great +palæobotanists, she set out to walk from +that town to the distant coast of Brittany, +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_84">84</span>there to form one of an expedition organized +by Professor Oliver, on then new and interesting +lines, for the study of œcology. Sending +her luggage on in advance, she started with a +knapsack across Normandy, first making a +bee-line for the coast and then following the +ins-and-outs of the rugged headlands and +bays. A characteristic anecdote may be told +of this expedition. Failing to find an hotel +in one of the further portions of Brittany, +she decided to sleep on a ledge of rock on the +coast which seemed safely far from the sea +and afforded some shelter approximating to +a roof. Having a camper’s equipment with +her, she made her evening meal and, curling +up in her long cloak, went peacefully to +sleep. Next morning she was waked by a +gurgling suck of water at her very toes, and +found that the ledge, that had afforded a roof +at night, shut her in with no possible outlet +of escape. The tide had come in much +further than had seemed possible the evening +before. Fortunately the sea was calm, +and Dr. Stopes examined the rock on which +she sat and, finding certain lichens in its +crevices, she felt reassured that she would +not be swamped out, and turning round +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_85">85</span>went to sleep again until the tide had +receded.</p> + +<p>It has sometimes been said by those +anxious to destroy her reputation that she +spent her vacations in “very curious ways,” +implying that what she did was improper. +Unusual many of her vacations undoubtedly +were. Not the least so was one spent in +Norway, when she and the only Norwegian +woman Professor, Frau Resvoll, went together +to the north on an œcological expedition, +touching the Lofodon Islands and then +going to the northern coast of Norway, into +the Arctic Circle. They walked back in a +bee-line over snowy mountain passes, and +past glaciers, in places where houses were +sometimes forty miles apart, carrying provisions, +as well as their clothes, on their backs, +sleeping on more than one occasion in little +isolated huts provided by the community +for those who travel in the only way possible +in these districts, namely, on foot. In +Norway, accompanied by one so well known +and appreciated as Frau Professor Resvoll, +she saw something of the type of life which +years before had influenced Ibsen when +writing his plays. A deep impression was +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_86">86</span>made upon her by the austerity and difficulty +of the life in some of those isolated homes, +where the flatbrød was baked only once a +year, and the muscles of dried reindeer were +scraped to a kind of powder for meat, and +where, except for brief seasons in the summer, +potatoes and fruit were an unknown +luxury. She will never forget looking down +from a mountain crest and seeing a herd of +reindeer fording the icy water below, and +she has an equally keen recollection of the +exhilarating effect of a sun that set at 11 p.m. +and rose again at 1 a.m. In Christiania she +and Frau Professor Resvoll were the only +women present at the opening of the University +by King Haakon, and was afterwards +heard laughingly to say he was the +only king with whom she could fall in love! +However abstruse and scientific the work +occupying her days in the laboratories and in +the various Universities she visited, time +was always found in the evening for opera +or theatre, and she was fortunate enough to +see “Peer Gynt” presented in its native +theatre, as well as to meet some of those +who had been connected with its original +production.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_87">87</span></p> + +<p>The journey to Japan, of which mention +has already been made (p. 66) and which +preceded her marriage to Dr. Gates, opened +new and delightful vistas. Dr. Stopes went +across the Continent, embarking at Genoa, +visiting Naples and the great aquarium +there, and then proceeded down the Red +Sea. Of this she says: “I was peculiarly +fortunate when travelling through the Red +Sea to have it shown me in such a way as to +understand its name. One evening I came +on deck and found the whole sky from east +to west and north to south one blazing crimson +and copper fiery mass of light; this was +reflected in the sea itself, so that it looked +blood red, and the desert rocks on either side +glowed in orange and coppery colours. I +should never have believed such a sight possible +had I not seen it with my own eyes. +After a quarter of an hour or so it had +almost faded, but I saw that the Red Sea +undoubtedly can be red.” Aden, with its +ostrich feathers and diving natives, its +pathetic “ladies’ garden” and rock-bound +sterility, was succeeded by the luxuriant +beauty of Ceylon and Singapore. At Singapore +the ship stayed in port two or three +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_88">88</span>days, enabling Dr. Stopes to visit the +botanical gardens, one of the famous +gardens of the world, where she collected +specimens, besides seeing living in their +native haunts many plants which had +hitherto only been significant names to her. +Shanghai, with its great river, affords a +curious little memory. Of this Dr. Stopes +says: “I noticed telegraph lines, and thought +them incongruous enough in ancient China, +but I was surprised to see them made of +what looked like barbed wire. On closer +examination I found that what I had taken +for the barbs were seated dragon-flies +perched at intervals from each other as far +as the eye could see all along the wire.” In +Shanghai a sidelight on the population problem +gripped the girl’s heart. With the rest +of the tourists she was investigating the +town in a rickshaw; there on the street, +kicked aside by the passers-by like garbage +in the gutter, was a dead baby.</p> + +<p>Penang left a memory of moonlight and +wonderful sleeping trees. Some of the wide +streets were lined by avenues of some kind +of leguminous tree which folded its leaves +in sleep as a clover does. In the native +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_89">89</span>quarter an outdoor stage was showing one +of the interminable Chinese plays, which +had lasted all day and was still going on at +midnight. Finally Japan was reached, and +about this I need not say very much, for the +<i>Journal</i> kept by Dr. Stopes has been published. +From that book, <i>A Journal from +Japan</i> (Blackie, 1909), one may take a few +characteristic passages, but, first of all, let us +note Dr. Stopes’s remarks on a trait in her +own character which, though perhaps an +inevitable accompaniment of some of her +best qualities, has struck many people as a +defect. It is not surprising that an able, +energetic and successful woman should exhibit +a high degree of self-confidence, tenacity +and perseverance in pursuing her aims. +There is a driving power about Dr. Stopes +which, if mistakenly applied, would be +blameworthy, and those who have not had +experience of her uncanny trick of being +right have often been taken aback by the +decision and emphasis with which she +speaks and acts. It is unwise to expect a +racehorse always to go quietly, and if one +expected Dr. Stopes to be placid in her +activities and struggles, one would be courting +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_90">90</span>disappointment. But let us see what +she herself says on this matter in her +<i>Journal</i>.</p> + +<blockquote> +<p>“In many ways I had wonderful opportunities +of touching the living reality in the +Japanese; opportunities so exceptional that +it is to my lasting shame that my stock of +patience and sympathy was not always +equal to them.... It is true that from +an ordinary standpoint there are many +things in Japan which are exasperating to +a Westerner, but that was no excuse for me. +Let me quote as an illustration a small incident +that I have ever since regretted. On +page 43 (of the <i>Journal</i>) you will find the +account of my involuntary visit to the courteous +principal of a College, when I was +really bound for a coal mine. This young +gentleman asked me to give a lecture to his +young men, and I refused. It is true that +I was really anxious to go directly to that +mine, that it would upset my plans if I were +at all delayed, and that at the moment the +disturbance of those plans seemed a serious +matter. But nevertheless I was the first +European woman that many of the people +there had seen, and the first scientific +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_91">91</span>woman that any of them had seen or heard +of. Their curiosity and interest about me +were as natural as my curiosity and interest +about their coal mine, but I gratified my +own curiosity and not theirs.... It +would be practically impossible for them to +realize how many other claims had been +made on that hasty young scientist who +visited them; they would only feel that in +place of the human interest and understanding +which might have been shown there was +a blank wall of refusal. I tried to explain +that science is a hard taskmaster, but what +good are explanations?...”</p> +</blockquote> + +<p>The following entries in the <i>Journal</i> give +some idea both of her work and her play +while in Japan:—</p> + +<blockquote> +<p>“Some of the Professors kindly took me +to visit the Principal of the University in +solemn state; he was most gracious, and +(through an interpreter) said most ridiculously +flattering things. According to him +only one ‘specialist’ lady has visited Japan +before, and she was elderly. Therefore, they +all marvel at me, as though I were some +curious kind of butterfly! We then visited +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_92">92</span>the Director of the Imperial Geological +Survey. The Director is <i>most</i> kind, as is +also the Chief Inspector of Mines, and they +put every facility in my way. The Director +gave me all the information he could and +the largest geological map of the district, +which is very small, only about one-hundredth +part of the scale I am accustomed +to do geological work with, so that +things will be difficult. The Government +here has kindly written to the Governor of +Hokkaido and to the owners of the mines, +so that I shall fare as well as possible.”</p> + +<hr class="tb"> + +<p>[In Hokkaido.] “The Governor insists +that as well as Professor Y—— (who is to +be interpreter), <i>as well</i> as an official from +the Department of Agriculture and Commerce, +<i>as well</i> as several coolies, I must have +a policeman to escort me to the mountains. +I besought him not to enforce him on me, +but it is an honour they delight to give me, +and I had to submit. Too much zeal and +too much kindness are as difficult to contend +with as too little. We then called on the +Department of Agriculture and Commerce, +and there were more formalities and more +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_93">93</span>talk—when I shall get to the actual hammering +of rocks I can’t imagine.”</p> + +<hr class="tb"> + +<p>“We began the day at five, and the regular +escort is now raised to ten, with temporary +additions between every stage! I have +given up protesting that so many people +require quantities of food, which will have +to be carried, and will now look on 100 without +a murmur.</p> + +<p>“We went through the forest and up the +river prospecting, and found scrambling +along the steep banks of friable shale by no +means easy; but the escort assists me greatly, +and one of them carries me on his back on +the frequent occasions when it is necessary +to cross the river. The only use the policeman +has been so far was to lend his sword +to cut chopsticks which had been forgotten, +and of course we had no knives and forks +with us at all, for I have learnt to get on +very comfortably without.”</p> + +<hr class="tb"> + +<p>“A long day going up-stream collecting +nodules, which are very big and very hard +to break. The scenery up the rivers, with +the magnificent forests, is very fine. It is +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_94">94</span>a curious sensation to be in the midst of this +boundless forest and see peak after peak +densely clad by trees which no man has +touched.”</p> + +<hr class="tb"> + +<p>“Really it is hard work to carry tents and +everything along these rivers. Often I alone +find it difficult to go, and I have nothing to +carry—except my fan and my hammer, both +of which are in constant use. Sometimes it +would be impossible to go where we have +been with boots, the straw-sandals give such +a clinging grasp that we are able to get a +foothold on a steep rock which in boots it +would be mad to attempt.</p> + +<p>“Fortunately the river, into which one +would be precipitated, is seldom deep +enough to be dangerous. The day’s scientific +results are solid, but not thrilling. +Tents are a luxury, but I would rather sleep +out under the stars. With all these coolies +and people I am not allowed to do my own +cooking, but I most fervently wish I might.”</p> + +<hr class="tb"> + +<p>“Sapporo once more. A day of official +calls, bowing, compliments and formalities. +They asked me to lecture to the women’s<span class="pagenum" id="Page_95">95</span> +Aikoku Fujinkai: the request of the Governor +can hardly be refused after all he has +done, so it had to be. The lecture was held +in the large hall of the Government House, +the body of the hall filled with women, the +galleries with men; the Governor acting as +Chairman and giving an immensely lengthy +introductory speech, of which I could only +guess the drift from words here and there, +Professor My—— following on with another. +It is easy to speak in an interpreted address, +because there is so much time to think between +the paragraphs; but I am sure it has +not the same effect on an audience as the +direct address. Some, of course, understood +my English. Before the lecture there was +a reception, and I was regaled with tea and +cakes and left to the tender mercies of the +ladies, and men who can only speak +Japanese; later, however, the Governor’s +German was available, and so it was all +right, and we were quite cheerful till the +interpreter arrived with a solemn face and +a black suit.”</p> + +<hr class="tb"> + +<p>“[Tokio.] Professor Sakurai took me to +visit Count Okuma in the morning; he has<span class="pagenum" id="Page_96">96</span> +a lovely house and grounds, which he was +gracious enough to show me. Every ordinary +day he has about thirty or forty +visitors, and is one of the busiest men in the +country. He has an old face, with almost +no hair, and is tall for a Japanese, and dignified +in his silken robes, and distinctly pleasing. +He could speak no English, so that +conversation was rather limited, as he spoke +more than usually indistinctly, but he was +amused with Professor S——’s account of +me and very gracious. The rooms are nearly +all provided with European chairs and +tables, rich and handsome, the drawing-room +in which he received me upholstered +in gold brocaded silk, which harmonized +well with the handsome old gold and painted +screens from ancient Japan which stood +around the room. I begged to see the +Japanese wing of the house, which he +showed me. His Japanese guest chambers +were, to my taste, far more beautiful, though +perforce less able to display his wealth. He +is the Chamberlain of Japan in one sense, +and has the finest orchid houses in the +country.”</p> + +<hr class="tb"> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_97">97</span></p> + +<p>“November 24.—This morning early I +started off on foot in glorious hot sunshine +to get the fossils, and succeeded in getting +more than my coolie could carry. I am +almost the only visitor in the place, and +everyone is very kind and very interested. +My colloquial Japanese comes a cropper now +and then—but I get what I want, which is +the main thing. The rocky valleys and +woods are very lovely, and I appreciate the +loneliness after these Tokio weeks. I should +like always to live in complete solitude two +days in seven.”</p> + +<hr class="tb"> + +<p>“[Tokio.] All yesterday the Institute had +been undergoing extensive cleaning, and +this morning was spent in expectation and +preparation of exhibits—the great Dr. Koch, +the world-famed German bacteriologist, +was coming to see the Institute. Professor +Fujii was brought back from the mountain +before his cure was finished, to be on duty; +my fossil slides were borrowed and put +under microscope, and the spermatozoids of +<i>ginkgo</i> were on show. He came, after the +whole Institute and Baron Hamao had +waited in a flutter of excitement for nearly +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_98">98</span>an hour; he is a big stout man, not very +intellectual-looking. Though interested, he +had evidently been trotted round a great +deal. He seemed to like my fossils, and +asked me to show him a section of a leaf, as +well as those I had under the microscope.”</p> + +<hr class="tb"> + +<p>“[Tokio.] I went early to the Institute, +where there is grand excitement over +<i>ginkgo</i>; the sperms are just swimming out, +and they only do it for a day or two each +year. It is no such easy business to catch +them, in 100 you can only get five with +sperms at the best of times, and may get one +and be thankful. I spent pretty well the +whole day over them and got three, and +several in the pollen tube, not yet quite ripe. +It is most entertaining to watch them swimming, +their spiral of cilia wave energetically.”</p> + +<hr class="tb"> + +<p>“[Tokio.] At work all the morning, +lunch with the Faculty at the Goten, and +then at work all the afternoon. The fossils +proved so enticing that though I had worn +a traily frock all day intending to go to the +Belgian Legation garden party, when it<span class="pagenum" id="Page_99">99</span> +came to the point the fossils won, and I +didn’t go. In the evening I cycled down to +dinner at our Embassy.</p> + +<p>“When once one makes up one’s mind to +a cycle, one can even go out to dinner on it. +I wondered, however, what the footman +thought when he had to lift it into the +Embassy hall in case of thieves getting it in +the garden (I was told he has a brother who +is an attaché at the French Embassy! The +Japanese are very quaint that way—one +Count or Baron or other is driven up to the +door every day by his own brother as a +coachman). Thanks to the unmoved countenance +of flunkeydom, added to the immobility +of the Japanese, I could sail into +the dining-room, past the same man, trailing +a pink silk skirt with apparent dignity.”</p> + +<hr class="tb"> + +<p>“[Tokio.] ... When I got to the Embassy +garden party (it was given to welcome +Admiral Sperry and the American fleet) I +found it had been postponed in the morning, +but as the weather was now so lovely it was +put on again. That is to say, it was half on +and would be repeated to-morrow. So we +had one of the bands and quite a lot of the +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_100">100</span>American officers and other people turned +up. The chief sight was seeing Admiral +Sperry and Admiral Togo sitting side by +side looking on at a kind of sword dance.... +Admiral Sperry, though not imposing +or impressive in any way, seemed +pleasant and keen, and was tall.”</p> + +<hr class="tb"> + +<p>“[Tokio.] Sven Hedin lectured to-day at +the University, and I had been asked to tea +previously to meet him before it.... He +gave me the impression of being a genial, +friendly, hardy, <i>pushful</i>, but not a great +man. The only other lady there was +Madame G——, the mother of the French +Ambassador, whom I think I have mentioned +before. She was very gracious, as +she always is, but cannot speak a word of +anything but French. We all walked over +to the Lecture Hall from the Goten—a slow +and solemn procession. About the only +people who spoke were Hedin and Madame +G——, a few people said a sentence or two +to me, but even the genial Dean seemed to +be overpowered by the funereal solemnity +of the march. I had my cycle, and the +French Ambassador helped me to haul it +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_101">101</span>up the steps! His only remark was <i>très +moderne</i>, which was very moderate of him. +In the lecture I was placed in the front row, +between Madame G—— and Baron K——, +and got into nice hot water! The poor lady +couldn’t understand a word of the lecture, +and Hedin often said things to make us +laugh, and she could not join in, so now and +then I translated a word or two for her. +This upset Baron K——, who nudged me +violently from the other side, so I had to +stop, but then I hurt the lady, for I didn’t +dare answer her further questions.”</p> + +<hr class="tb"> + +<p>“[Tokio.] Almost immediately after +lunch we went over to—where do you think?—Lafcadio +Hearn’s house to see his wife +and family! A rare privilege, for the sanctum +is unusually well guarded. But Mrs. +Noguchi’s friendship has won me the way +in, for, as I said, the eldest boy learns +English from her and is devoted to her....</p> + +<p>“As we entered we passed along an +<i>engawa</i> (verandah) bounding a tiny internal +square of garden on our way to the reception-room. +This was in the purest Japanese +style, well-built, with pretty woodwork, <span class="pagenum" id="Page_102">102</span>a +thing one learns to notice in this country. I +immediately observed the <i>kakemono</i>, which +was exceptionally beautiful, tall peaks of +bare rock pillars standing up against a grey +sky, where a moon half shone through a +band of cloud. A picture that one could +never forget and yet would ever wish to see +instead of merely remembering. I remarked +on it to Mrs. Hearn, who told me that +‘Lafcadio had very good taste in <i>kakemonos</i>,’ +and always bought only what +pleased him exactly. Wise man! when he +had the cash! There was also a bronze in +the room, the bent stalk of a fading lotus +leaf with the collapsed blade of the leaf, and +though there sounds no beauty in that, the +bronze throbbed with it. Mrs. Hearn was +very friendly: less shy and quiet than most +Japanese women, she was yet distinctly +Japanese in her shyness and quietness. +Without beauty, she pleased.</p> + +<p>“She and the children were all in usual +Japanese costume, and the only ‘foreign’ +things in the room were ourselves and the +cakes and cups of tea she brought us. I inquired +if she liked foreign food, and she told +me that she did, <i>very</i> much, and that +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_103">103</span>‘Lafcadio’ always ate it, for though he +liked all the things to be pure Japanese, and +would have nothing he could help that was +not, Japanese food upset him, and he +always had foreign food, but that now she +never prepared it. We chatted about many +things, and she spoke freely of Hearn, of +whom I did not dare at first to ask any questions +till she had spoken voluntarily so +much, to show that she liked to speak of +him....</p> + +<p>“The children were with us most of the +evening, showing Brownie picture-books, +of which they had a fine stock. Hearn evidently +liked Andrew Lang’s fairy books, for +they were nearly all there.</p> + +<p>“In his study, where we had supper, was +the little family shrine, built rather like a +miniature temple of plain wood; within was +Hearn’s photo, and before it burnt a tiny +lamp and stood dainty vases of small +flowers. According to Japanese ideas, the +spirit of the departed inhabits this dwelling +and needs the love and attention of his +kindred, and takes part in their life. Is +Christianity more consoling to the bereaved +than this? From the window by the shrine +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_104">104</span>could be seen the grove of the tall bamboo +Hearn loved, and in the room floated one or +two of the mosquitoes with which he had +such sympathy.”</p> +</blockquote> + +<p>Some of the Japanese ways must have +startled a girl brought up in the propriety of +the Stopes family. One finds indications of +this in such passages as the following of +<i>A Journal from Japan</i>:—</p> + +<blockquote> +<p>“The life in this train is different from +anything I have yet seen in trains, yet very +comfortable, with dining-car where they +cook beside you what you order. Near me +was sitting a smart man, cultured-looking, +and extremely well-dressed in perfect English +style. Thus he remained for an hour; +then, the heat being great, he took off his +coat, then his waistcoat, and finally came to +his shirt alone! Then he pulled over him a +loose kimono and removed every stitch but +that, finally winding a soft silk sash round +his waist and sitting down, all without +removing his gold-rimmed glasses or turning +a hair! The transformation was extraordinary, +and during the whole ridiculous +scene, acted within two feet of me, he was +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_105">105</span>so utterly unconscious and dignified, and so +many others in the long car did the same, +that I began to wonder if we aren’t a little +super-prudish in England. During the night +that man was most thoughtful and kind to +me, insisting on my using his rug, and +finally doing an act of service that called for +such unselfishness that I am sure we underrate +the innate courtesy of Japanese men to +women; and he was, of course, a perfect +stranger.”</p> +</blockquote> + +<p>And also from Hokkaido:</p> + +<blockquote> +<p>“I arrived at +Aomori early this morning, and lost much +temper because I had to lose much time in +getting on to the ship. The language, of +course, was partly the difficulty, but the +natives are excruciatingly slow to move. +After <i>three hours</i> of talking and arguing and +going over things again and again, at last I +reached the steamer—a very good little ship +with nice state-rooms and saloons; of course +<i>very</i> small. The state-rooms have three +berths, and I find my two companions are +men. It was a shock at first, but they +seemed so surprised at my being surprised, +that I thought again that we have too much +of the trail of the serpent about our customs. +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_106">106</span>I slept in the train with men near me, why +not in the steamer? It is only for one night.”</p> +</blockquote> + +<p>And again:</p> + +<blockquote> +<p>“Life in the Club-house last +night was not without its interest. I +couldn’t get to bed for constant visits and +interviews from officials; the last gentleman +came after I had prepared for bed, and I +conversed with him in my night-gown +(which, mercifully, was long and rather like +a tea-gown), but he never turned a hair—coming +in on me before I could put on a +dressing-gown. The maids are all excessively +sweet and polite, but they slide open the +partitions noiselessly, with no warning, and +catch me unawares.</p> + +<p>“I put up at a little hotel near the sea, and +after six went down for a bathe. The coast +was perfect, shelving rocks sloping out to +sea, with little bathing coves and sheltering +rocks, and, as I imagined, perfect solitude. +But, of course, in this out-of-the-way place +I had been noticed, and before I was in the +water a minute a crowd of women and children +had collected. Nothing I could do or +say would drive them away, and so I had to +get out and dress under the fire of their eyes +and criticisms. In their long-drawn country +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_107">107</span>tones they kept up a running commentary, +‘Ooá—how white she is!’ ‘Is she married?’ +‘Why does she wear a dress in the sea?’ +‘How old can she be?’ ‘Perhaps twenty +years.’ There was no escape from nearly +fifty people forming a cordon but three feet +away from me; if I had fled they would have +followed, so I dressed, as leisurely and as +unconcernedly as if I were at home, and +gravely buttoned the little buttons of my +bodice and put on my stockings while I returned +the compliment and made a searching +examination of them.</p> + +<p>“The boy children were naked, with +smooth glowing copper limbs like sun-burned +clay—as indeed they were. The girl +children had usually some floating robe of +a dressing-gown nature, open to show the +whole body, or caught at the waist and +turned down to leave the upper part free. +Bright-eyed they were and muddy-cheeked, +but neither pretty nor attractive. The +women were naked to below the waist, the +kimono being turned down over the girdle to +form a kind of double skirt. No one wore any +ornament of any kind, save a few coloured +beads to tie their hair, but few of them had +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_108">108</span>even that. The men wore three inches +of cloth round their waists and sometimes +a band round their heads made of a small +Japanese towel. All were perfectly quiet, +and the remarks were made one at a time by +the older women; the children stood open-mouthed. +I know that the blue of the sea-water +makes one gleam like white ivory, +and as all my clothes were white, I suppose +the effect must have seemed novel to them. +The deep colour of the Japanese is chiefly +due to sunburn, but as they are exposed to +it from their earliest days, it gets so ingrained +that they may not realize it is an +attempt at clothing on the part of a body +otherwise so unprotected.”</p> +</blockquote> + +<p>From the above extracts it will be realized +that, after a short stay at Tokio, Dr. Stopes +set off by herself to the northern trackless +forests in Hokkaido. She found however +that the introductions kindly sent by Sir +Edward Grey and the Royal Society left her +less free than she would otherwise have been +to travel in obscurity, and on arriving in +Hokkaido an interchange of visits with the +Governor was necessary. Before matters +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_109">109</span>were settled she found that an escort of +considerable magnitude was considered +essential. Among them of course was an +interpreter, as she had no knowledge of the +Japanese language. Whilst on the expedition +with a party of coolies however the +town of Hakodate was burnt down entirely +and the interpreter had to return hurriedly +to see to his family affairs, leaving her, with +the meagerest smattering of Japanese, to +cope with her entire expedition, an experience +she found most salutary and not a little +amusing. In many of the villages to which +Dr. Stopes penetrated, no white person of +any sort, male or female, had ever been seen +before, and the curiosity her arrival aroused +was naturally great and often embarrassing, +as, for instance, when an entire school was +brought to watch her dress, the natives +having noiselessly removed the sliding +panels of her room before waking her. The +fossils she sought proved to be there, and +her coolies returned laden with specimens of +great interest and new to science. From +Tokio she made many expeditions in other +directions, including one to the Southern +Island of Amakusa, where coal mines of a +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_110">110</span>very primitive sort existed. Throughout her +stay in Japan she continually experienced +difficulties in consequence of the ramifications +of Japanese interests she aroused. “It +was so difficult,” she said, “to get anywhere +I wanted to go because they always +wanted me to do something else!”</p> + +<p>In Japan the aristocratic or “No” plays +greatly attracted and interested Dr. Stopes, +and she attended as many performances of +these as possible; and in collaboration with +Professor Sakurai, then the Dean of the +Imperial University, she made the first +translation of three of them into English. +They were published by Heinemann in 1913, +with her notes on this most interesting and +archaic of all still living forms of the drama. +Concerning this, Baron Kato, then Japanese +Ambassador, wrote of Dr. Stopes and her +co-translator: “I am glad to be able to +extend to them my sincere congratulations +on their remarkable achievement. They +have succeeded in their work to the best +extent anyone can hope to succeed, and in +my opinion have placed Western students +of Japanese art and literature under a debt +of gratitude to them.”</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_111">111</span></p> + +<p>After living for some time as a paying +guest with a Japanese officer’s family, Dr. +Stopes decided to try the experiment of +having a little Japanese home of her own +in Tokio, which city she always made her +headquarters. To run this, she had a delightful +Japanese maid, and lived as nearly +as was convenient in the Japanese style, +using chopsticks and sleeping on silk quilts +on the floor, though she kept to European +cooking. As the French Ambassador said, +“Next to the French, the properly trained +Japanese made the very best cooks in the +world,” and her maid was remarkably skilful +over a little charcoal brazier.</p> + +<p>The many dances and dinners, garden-parties, +and receptions at the Embassies, +which social life at Tokio offered, afforded +ample gaiety as a contrast to her serious and +arduous palæontological work. At an “At +Home” in Tokio one day a matron, talking +to a slender young woman in a pretty art +gown of blue velvet, said: “Who is this Dr. +Stopes people are talking about? He collects +fossils, and I expect he is a bit of a fossil +himself.” Later on the same lady said to +her hostess: “Who is that nice girl I have +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_112">112</span>been talking to in the blue dress?”—“That +is Dr. Stopes, the learned geologist,” said +the hostess, and the Yokohama matron +collapsed. But Dr. Stopes wanted some +social activity rather more serious than any +that were available, and so she hit on the +idea of founding a ladies’ debating society +like one her mother founded many years +earlier in London. For the ladies in Tokio +nothing beyond the superficialities of social +life existed, since, being foreigners, the +various fields of social usefulness open to +women in their own countries were not +available, and her idea was taken up with +zest. The debates were both animated and +interesting, but, to the amazement of all +concerned, no men were admitted. This of +course, in such a circle as the Tokio diplomatic +one, caused great astonishment, and +Baroness d’Anethon, the English wife of the +Belgian Minister, who was the doyen in +Tokio, pleaded in vain when the debate +was held in her house, for exception to be +made in favour of the Baron. This being +sternly refused, he hid in the room, and had +to be dislodged amid laughter. In looking +back, Dr. Stopes thinks that this unexpected +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_113">113</span>attitude of the women was what secured the +initial success of the little Society. It undoubtedly +filled a want, and it took root, +and in an expanded form, with many added +activities, is now the Tokio Ladies’ Club. +Dr. Stopes also initiated a club for both men +and women, the London University Club, +in Tokio. She, as a graduate of London +University, felt that the graduates of Oxford +and Cambridge, who each had their club in +Japan, should not be the only ones to foregather. +In this undertaking she was much +helped by the fact that several of the most +distinguished statesmen in Japan, as well as +Professor Sakurai, the Dean of the Imperial +University, were graduates, or had been +students, at London University. That club, +too, still maintains its existence and from +time to time communicates with her.</p> + +<p>On leaving Japan Dr. Stopes was the +recipient of many beautiful gifts from +various departments, including a pair of +exquisite silver cloisonné vases, with a dedication +to her from the Japanese Government +“in recognition of the service she had been +to science in Japan.”</p> + +<p>After a year and a half in Japan Dr. +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_114">114</span>Stopes returned home across the Pacific and +<i>via</i> Canada. The ship encountered a terrific +storm. The manuscript containing her +original drawings and the only copy of the +results of Professor Fujii’s and her work for +the last year and a half was with her in her +cabin. The sea broke in, bursting the port-hole, +and before anything could be done +water was waist deep in her cabin and the +precious manuscript was floating about with +the rest of her luggage. When rescued it +was well-nigh ruined, but, having been +tightly tied up, there was some hope of +saving it if it could be dried quickly. The +storm by this time was so terrific that she +could not walk along the corridor of the ship +at all, and, with her heart in her mouth, had +to see the manuscript taken out of her care +to the engine-room to be dried, while she +was tightly wedged in with pillows and +fastened into her bunk. Some days later +the manuscript, with its pages entirely disarranged, +was retrieved; and from that experience +the authoress learnt a lesson she +has never forgotten, and never now allows +a manuscript of hers to remain uncopied.</p> + +<p>On her arrival in Vancouver she was asked +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_115">115</span>to lecture before the Women’s Canadian +Club. In Toronto, too, she was most cordially +received and made much of by Dr. +Helen MacMurchy, a well-known figure in +the medical and Government circles of +Canada. She then proceeded to New York, +where she received much cordial and +friendly hospitality.</p> + +<p>It was not very long before she returned +to America for a stay of over three months, +a large part of which was spent in Washington, +where she was correlating the palæontological +collections with those in the British +Museum, in preparation for the volumes +published later by the Trustees of the +British Museum. She was the guest then +of Hennen Jennings and his charming wife, +who gave her many delightful opportunities +of meeting Americans of note. At a dinner-party +to meet Viscount Bryce, in whom she +found an Ambassador not merely broad and +sympathetic, but with a profound knowledge +of unexpected subjects, as he showed +in his table talk. Of him she says: “He +was the only man of general world-culture +and note I have ever met who knew the +correct scientific names of fossils in coal-bearing +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_116">116</span>horizons and mentioned them as +though they were everyday matters of conversation. +He amazed and delighted me.”</p> + +<p>In New York she met Andrew Carnegie, +who invited her to his palatial home, and +she found him very different from the hard +old man rumour had described him as being. +He gave her tea in tête-à-tête comfort, and +though he refused an endowment for palæontological +research in London, which she +asked him for, he received the request with +such humour and such personal charm that +she went away feeling she had gained a +great deal. And perhaps she had, for this +wise old man said to her: “You are far too +clever, my dear, to be wasting your time +over fossils; <i>things that live matter more</i>. +If you had come to me with a proposition +that would help the peace of the world, I +would not have given you a quarter of a +million” (dollars, presumably), “I would +have given you a million, and gladly. Take +my advice, and do not waste your time over +these dead-and-gone things.” (Alas for the +later work of Dr. Stopes, that is so essentially +calculated to help the peace of the +world, Carnegie died before she was ready +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_117">117</span>to ask him to redeem his promise.) The +palæontological enthusiast then pointed out +to him that the whole of his wealth rested +on the use of coal, and therefore the palæontological +study of its nature and structure +must have value, even to him. But he +would not see it, and said: “You are clever +enough to make all the millions you want +for yourself. We dug coal before you scientists +existed, and we can go on digging it +without you.” Patting her kindly, he led +her downstairs, right down his front steps +on to the street in most kindly and fatherly +fashion, and next day sent her a book of his +own, inscribed as follows: “For relief from +severer studies likely to destruct the brain.”</p> + +<p>In St. Louis, as has already been mentioned, +Dr. Marie Stopes met Dr. Gates +whom she afterwards married, and in +Chicago, where she was invited to lecture at +the University, she met Jane Adams, the +great social worker, and a number of +academic men of world note. Of American +cities, Boston, next to Washington, attracted +her most, and there she was entertained by +old Mrs. Fields, whose home was one of the +last links between modern times and the +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_118">118</span>glorious days of American literature, and +who showed her a manuscript collection of +many of the great English authors. Other +friends in Boston gave a dinner for her to +meet Henry James on his native heath. +“That night,” she said, “I really felt that +I had achieved fame. Henry James entertained +the dinner-table with a number of +stories from one of my books. I suppose he +had forgotten their origin, but I played up, +and laughed in the proper place every time. +I felt for the first time in my life that I really +had accomplished something.”</p> + +<p>In Ottawa she was the guest, at Government +House, of the Governor-General and +Lady Grey. Here she met the Premier, Sir +Wilfred Laurier, who was full of reminiscences +and confidences about his youth. +The Minister of Finance sat next to her at +dinner one evening, and semi-officially asked +her to name her own terms for remaining in +Canada to develop palæontological work in +connection with their Government departments, +but she then felt that she would +rather have a junior’s salary in London than +comparative riches elsewhere.</p> + +<p>Shortly after this she went on to Montreal, +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_119">119</span>staying only a few days. Lord Grey, who +was visiting Montreal at the time, opened +Lord Strathcona’s house and gave a +luncheon party to Dr. Stopes. In Montreal +she visited Professor Penhallow, the palæobotanist, +who had charge of many interesting +fossil specimens, some of them dating +from the famous Dawson’s time. She also +met Sir John Macdonell and Professor +Adami and others of the University staff.</p> + +<p>In Montreal she was married to Dr. Gates, +who came to meet her there for that purpose.</p> + +<p>Dr. Stopes has twice seen Niagara: once +in brilliant summer sunshine, pouring over +in torrential floods, and once frozen, with an +ice halo round all the neighbouring trees, +with an ice bridge across it, and a rainbow +sparkling in the sunshine from the small +central stream.</p> + +<p>In Stockholm, Professor Nathorst, one of +the greatest palæobotanists in the world, +had unique collections it was necessary for +her to correlate with those in the British +Museum. She stayed a good many weeks +in Stockholm, and while she was there the +city was also visited by Professor Seward +(now the Master of Downing College, Cambridge), +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_120">120</span>a palæobotanist, and his wife and +daughter. This palæobotanical party, together +with Professor Nathorst, was invited +to a lunch by the British Minister, Sir Cecil +Spring Rice, at his beautiful summer villa +some way out of Stockholm, who made +a deep personal impression on Dr. Stopes. +His sympathetic and charming personality +and real interest in science was unusual. +She had often experienced in Japan, where +she moved freely among the diplomats, and +at Washington and elsewhere where she +met Ambassadors and their kind, a superficial +courtesy and a pretence of interest +which seemed to her unreal, but Sir Cecil +created an impression of noble sincerity and +sympathetic understanding.</p> + +<p>Since the war Dr. Stopes has travelled +little, though she has been once to New York +and in 1923 attended the Fuel Congress in +Paris, where she had been invited to give a +paper on her researches on the structure of +coal.</p> + +<figure class="figcenter illowp53" id="i_p120b" style="max-width: 35.375em;"> + <img class="w100" src="images/i_p120b.jpg" alt=""> + <figcaption> + <span class="smcap">Humphrey Verdon Roe.</span> + </figcaption> +</figure> + + +<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop"> +<div class="chapter"> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_121">121</span></p> + + + <h2 class="nobreak" id="CHAPTER_VI"> + CHAPTER VI. + <br> + <span class="smcap">Marriage.</span> + </h2> +</div> + + +<p>About eighteen months after having +been freed from the legal matrimonial +entanglement which had +proved itself no true marriage, Dr. Marie +Stopes and her real husband met at a +luncheon party given by a mutual friend. +They were immediately attracted to each +other under rather curious circumstances, +each having been invited to meet the other +and each of them thinking that the other +had not turned up, but that the delightful +young person they were meeting was a son +or daughter of the one they were to have +met.</p> + +<p>Humphrey Verdon Roe was the son of Dr. +Edwin H. Roe and Annie Verdon, his wife, +and was one of seven children. Medical +men were numerous in his family, and he +was the son, nephew, and brother, of medicals. +He himself went straight into the +Army from school and from his crammer, +and entered the First Battalion of the Manchester +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_122">122</span>Regiment as a subaltern. The regiment +was stationed in Gibraltar, where he +first saw foreign service with its vivid new +experiences, and the regiment was drafted +to South Africa in 1899, where he served +through the whole siege of Ladysmith, +suffering permanently in health to some +slight extent from the starvation he then +endured. At the end of the South African +war he resigned his commission and entered +first one and then another business, making +himself independent of his family. A brother +a year older than he, Alliott, who had a +varied engineering experience and a great +gift for invention, was interested from a +very early date in the possibilities of flying. +Humphrey Verdon Roe placed his business +knowledge and resources at his brother’s +command, and the two worked in partnership: +a partnership in which Alliott benefited +by the keen common sense of Humphrey, +who kept a steering-wheel on the +development of the many ideas coruscating +from his brother. The development of those +that could lead to solid results was organized +by Humphrey, and the machine they then +constructed is still of value. Together the +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_123">123</span>two brothers founded the firm which manufactured +the “Avro” biplane in 1910, when +flying was still thought to be almost an impossibility, +and only a few years after <i>The +Times</i> had published an article saying +that from an engineering point of view it +was not possible to fly, the brothers had +mastered the obstacles before them. In the +first year of the war Humphrey Roe’s policy +was more than justified. Avros were on +active service all over the place, and in +November, 1914, Avros were selected for +the successful raid on the Zeppelin headquarters +at Fridrichshafen.</p> + +<p>The development of the production of +Avros, and others modelled on them, +naturally expanded enormously during the +war, but Humphrey Roe, though at the head +of a rapidly increasing business, at once +endeavoured to take up a fresh commission +in the Army, but was held back as being of +more service to the country as a producer of +flying machines. In 1917 however, the huge +expansion of production having been fully +organized and established, he succeeded in +rejoining the Army; and resigning all +direct interest in the firm, got his commission, +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_124">124</span>and went flying in France. At this +time, at the age of 39, he was in such good +physical condition that he went night-bombing +over the German lines. His machine +was brought down, and he was sent home +with a broken foot and a jarred spine, gaining +a wound stripe early in 1918. An +account, with a photograph, of his night-bombing +work is given in the “Annals of +the 100th Squadron.”</p> + +<p>Besides being a successful business man +of many interests, H. V. Roe has been +through life a most abstemious liver, a teetotaller, +a non-smoker, and of very simple +personal tastes and habits. Before he met +Dr. Marie Stopes, in conjunction with Councillor +Margaret Ashton, M.A., the well-known +philanthropist and social worker in +Manchester, he had, for some time, been +endeavouring to improve the lot of the +working women by founding a clinic for +birth control. Indeed he made an offer to +a Manchester Hospital of £1,000 a year for +five years and £12,000 at his death if they +would open such a clinic, but through fear +of losing some of their other supporters if +they took such an advanced step, they +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_125">125</span>regretfully refused to do so. On going to +the front Mr. Roe made a will, leaving his +whole property for the endowment of birth +control and the foundation of various +scholarships. It is an indication of the +extraordinary ignorance that then prevailed +on that very important subject, that his solicitors +in 1917 were exceedingly chary about +allowing him to make any bequest for birth +control, warning him that probate might be +refused. Fortunately however his marriage +with Dr. Marie Stopes in 1918, who was +equally anxious to promote birth control, +resulted in the mutual efforts they have made +to do this in their own lifetimes. They +founded the first clinic for birth control in +the British Empire, which under their supervision +has steadily progressed.</p> + +<figure class="figcenter illowp61" id="i_p124b" style="max-width: 30.3125em;"> + <img class="w100" src="images/i_p124b.jpg" alt=""> + <figcaption> + Dr. Marie Stopes at the time of her marriage to Mr. H. V. Roe. 1918. + </figcaption> +</figure> + +<p>His meeting with Dr. Marie Stopes took +place just before he went to France, but on +his return he and she decided to marry as +soon as he was allowed out of hospital, and +arrangements were made for the marriage to +take place at St. Margaret’s, Westminster, +the Bishop of Birmingham, an old friend of +Dr. Stopes, and Mr. Roe’s uncle, the Rev. +Russell Napier, the Vicar of Old Windsor, +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_126">126</span>were to officiate. The demand for officers +was then so great however that he was +ordered to the front sooner than had been +anticipated, and they were hastily and +secretly married a month earlier than had +been planned, at the Registrar’s Office at +Westminster. Then, fortunately, his orders +were changed, and the religious marriage at +St. Margaret’s, Westminster, could proceed. +The couple were then in the amusing position +of having been really married a month when, +with all due pomp and solemnity, they were +in the eyes of the world, being married for +the first time. No one but myself, and one +other friend,—not even the bride’s mother—had +been informed of the first marriage +hastily arranged in view of the tragic possibilities +at that time.</p> + +<p>Humphrey Verdon Roe had many years +previously determined to retire from business +at 40, and, after his marriage, he and +his wife decided, when the war should be +over, to devote their whole leisure to public +service in one form or another. In addition +to his interest in birth control Mr. Roe, as +an employer of labour, had often endeavoured +to bring employers and employed to +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_127">127</span>a better understanding, and he actively +took up the work of the Industrial League +and Council, joining its committee and +furthering its efforts to promote Whitleyism. +He was also interested in other public +service, in particular, town planning. Dr. +Stopes had for some time been living at +Leatherhead, and as the district offered just +the kind of beauty and facility of access to +London they desired, he bought a beautiful +property and they settled down at Givons +Grove, where they now live.</p> + +<figure class="figcenter illowp100" id="i_p126b" style="max-width: 53.6875em;"> + <img class="w100" src="images/i_p126b.jpg" alt=""> + <figcaption> + An Industrial Conference at Givons Grove. + </figcaption> +</figure> + +<p>After they had been married fifteen +months their first baby son was born, a +beautiful and well-built boy of 8-3/4 lb., whose +tragic death, and all the attendant circumstances, +involve a story too strange and +horrible for me to tell here. Fortunately, +their second son, who was born in 1924 (and +who also weighed 8-3/4 lb. at birth), is another +beautiful and sturdy baby, so like the first +that he might be his own elder brother come +to life again.</p> + +<p>Humphrey Verdon Roe was so severely +injured in France, where he had a foot +broken and two bones in his spine jarred, +that he was invalided out of the Army before +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_128">128</span>the close of the war. With the exception of +a brief visit to Switzerland, he and his wife +have done none of the travelling they had +planned, but have lived very quietly since +their marriage. Whatever strength each of +them has had has been devoted principally +to work in connection with birth control: +the founding of the clinic for birth control, +and the Society for Constructive Birth Control, +of which H. V. Roe is honorary secretary. +Further reference to this will be given +later (p. 221).</p> + +<p>Those who, like myself, have often stayed +at Givons Grove, know well how complete +and real a marriage this is. Much is said of +the Brownings’ ideal marriage, but here, in +living fact, is another equally perfect in +harmony and sentiment and in many +respects more actively vital. Each with a +pioneering instinct, though exercised in +different directions, each serene in disregard +of their own immediate advancement, each +having an almost childlike sentiment and +sensitiveness, they have strengthened and +completed each other in the happiest way. +No reference to life at Givons Grove would +be complete without mention of their beloved +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_129">129</span>Chow dog, who goes everywhere with +them, even on their honeymoons, and whose +affectionate disposition fits well into the +home life there.</p> + +<figure class="figcenter illowp95" id="i_p128a_top" style="max-width: 30.6875em;"> + <img class="w100" src="images/i_p128a_top.jpg" alt=""> + <figcaption> + Dr. Stopes, seated, with her husband’s father and mother. + </figcaption> +</figure> + +<figure class="figcenter illowp94" id="i_p128a_bottom" style="max-width: 30.5em;"> + <img class="w100" src="images/i_p128a_bottom.jpg" alt=""> + <figcaption> + Mr. H. V. Roe and “Wuffles” as a puppy. + </figcaption> +</figure> + +<p>I am convinced that Dr. Stopes is one of +those rare people whose mental and moral +energy never allows them to rest long on +their oars, but who when they have mastered +one problem have to engage on another. +The mere diversity of tasks she has already +undertaken indicates this, including as it +does a considerable body of important scientific +work, besides elementary text-books, a +book of travels, a book of poems, plays, a +cinema story, and fairy tales, as well as the +series of works on sex that have had such a +large circulation here, and have been translated +into French, German, Swedish, +Danish, Czeck, Polish, Roumanian, Dutch +and Spanish. This forms a surprisingly +varied output for anyone, and still more for +a woman of her age, and there is every +reason to expect much more from her yet.</p> + +<p>The characteristics observable when one +gets to know her well are a curious blend of +feminine charm with a trenchant intellectuality +such as one rarely encounters. She is +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_130">130</span>clear-headed, but not of the aridly intellectual +type; on the contrary she frequently +jumps to conclusions by a kind of intuition, +though she verifies and tests them afterwards. +I have already alluded to the exceptional +tenacity—some people would say +obstinacy—with which she clings to her +purpose, great or small, and also to the surprising +frequency with which she reaches +her aim when an onlooker does not see at all +why she should. Perhaps I may illustrate +this by an example. When her husband +bought Givons Grove, Dr. Stopes set to +work to beautify and decorate it, a task for +which she is highly qualified. Well, at +Givons Grove she resolved, among other +things, that the upper part of the dining-room +walls were to be painted a particular +shade of blue. It was war-time, and after +the decorators at her instigation had +tried a dozen different sources, they declared +the required paint to be quite unobtainable. +Dr. Stopes would not have the +walls painted any other colour. About that +time she underwent the serious operation +previously mentioned, and stayed at Torquay +to recuperate. The first day she was +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_131">131</span>strong enough to go out, she asked a policeman +to direct her to the best oil and colour +shop in the town. He did so, and on reaching +it Dr. Stopes asked for two pots of the +shade of blue paint she required. The shop-keeper +said he had none of it, but Dr. Stopes +insisted he had. She said she must have it, +and would he please be quick and examine +the stock in his cellar, as she was not at all +well and very weak, did not want to wait +long, and <i>knew</i> he had it in the shop. She +was, in fact, by this time so exhausted with +weakness as to be almost collapsing over the +counter at which she sat. The man replied +that he had no cellar; but, on being questioned, +he admitted that he had a small +attic, and at her bidding he went to see what +was there. He soon returned, having to +his surprise found just two pots of the identical +shade required, which Dr. Stopes +promptly purchased, and the paint from +which is now on her dining-room walls.</p> + +<figure class="figcenter illowp100" id="i_p130a" style="max-width: 50.75em;"> + <img class="w100" src="images/i_p130a.jpg" alt=""> + <figcaption> + Members of the Birth Rate Commission. The Bishop of Birmingham in the centre. + Dr. Stopes on his left. + </figcaption> +</figure> + +<figure class="figcenter illowp55" id="i_p130d" style="max-width: 29.9375em;"> + <img class="w100" src="images/i_p130d.jpg" alt=""> + <figcaption> + Dr. Marie Stopes and her Baby, Harry Verdon Stopes-Roe, + aged 3 months. + </figcaption> +</figure> + +<p>Physically Dr. Stopes matured slowly, and +must have been nearly thirty before her sex-instincts +were at all fully developed. Slowness +of development does not however imply +any incompleteness, and besides being very +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_132">132</span>happily married, she is the mother of an +unusually fine baby: a particularly bonny, +healthy little chap, whom she nurses herself +and who, in the first six months of his life, +has never had a wakeful night, and spends +all his waking daylight hours laughing and +crowing.</p> + + +<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop"> +<div class="chapter"> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_133">133</span></p> + + + <h2 class="nobreak" id="CHAPTER_VII"> + CHAPTER VII. + <br> + <span class="smcap">“Married Love” and its Developments.</span> + </h2> +</div> + + +<p>The book, <i>Married Love</i>, was the +outcome of Dr. Stopes’s scientific +investigation of her own case, in the +course of which, as already mentioned, she +had read in the British Museum and elsewhere +nearly everything that mattered on +cognate subjects. This research revealed to +her the great gaps that exist in the information +available to ordinary people, as well as +the lack of a book of instruction in sex, sufficiently +simple to be understood, scientifically +accurate, yet sympathetic, and written +with a basis of romance and poetry, which +she deemed to be the atmosphere in which +alone the subject can properly be broached. +In addition to this, she made a very fundamental +physiological discovery on the subject +of women’s spontaneous sex-rhythm +and potential response to sex appeal. Concerning +this Dr. Stopes brought to the science +of human physiology a contribution which +has already had, and should yet have, far-reaching +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_134">134</span>sociological results. In her chapter +on Rhythm, together with charts, a fundamental +law was laid down, or rather the +existence of it was detected, but couched in +simple and direct language suitable for the +readers of any ordinary book instead of for +the <i>Transactions</i> of a learned Society. Its +profound value has still perhaps not been +fully realized, although it was followed up +by Havelock Ellis, whose reference to it has +already been quoted.</p> + +<p><i>Married Love</i>, drafted at first to crystallize +her own ideas, was approximately completed +in 1914, but Dr. Stopes then made no +definite effort to publish it, and it was early +in 1918 before she felt that the time for it +was absolutely ripe and that it should immediately +be published. I had read it in manuscript, +and thought it of great interest, but +I did not think it would find a ready market, +and told her she would be fortunate if +2,000 copies of it were sold in twenty years +in the form in which it was being published. +In her usual independent way Dr. Marie +Stopes laughed, and her laughter was justified, +for the first 2,000 copies were sold in a +fortnight. The second and third editions +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_135">135</span>were sold without a single advertisement, +and Mr. Fifield, who was the original publisher, +soon began to be oppressed with the +burden of keeping the market supplied. +When Dr. Marie Stopes, who knew him to +be in general an active, efficient and capable +publisher, went to him with the book (sole +control of which she retained), she asked +him in the initial interview whether he +could deal with a book likely to sell by the +ten thousand for some years, and probably +ultimately by the million, and Mr. Fifield +assured her that such was his capacity and +desire. He put his heart into the publication +of the book, and it owes much to his initial +care. When, however, it had begun to get +into the ten thousands the successful author +was rather astonished to receive urgent telegrams +from the publisher saying, “Stop this +boom,” and letters bewailing that he had to +sit up all night to deal with the orders, and +she was startled to find that where she had +ordered a printing of 10,000 copies he had +cut it down to 7,000. She pathetically remarked, +“Most publishers, I should have +thought, would be only too glad to have an +author who helped them sell their books,” +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_136">136</span>particularly when no financial responsibility +was involved. In order to get the book out +early in 1918, when paper was at a premium, +Dr. Marie Stopes took everything in hand +herself, and within three weeks of deciding +it should be published, had it on the market. She +bought the paper herself, and had to go +from one wholesaler to another to obtain the +supplies of paper needed for the successive +reprintings, as paper was at that time +rationed, and it was no small achievement +to have kept the book on the market in the +way it was. Ultimately, as Mr. Fifield was +in any case retiring from business, in the +most friendly fashion she transferred the +book to Messrs. Putnam, who have published +since then.</p> + +<p>When first bringing out <i>Married Love</i> +I remember hearing Dr. Stopes say that she +thought knowledge on these sex matters now +so urgent and so well worth her time that +she would risk her academic position in +London University and everything short of +life itself to bring it out. She was quite +prepared to be imprisoned. The one thing +she was not prepared for was the avalanche +of thanks and heartfelt gratitude, the thousands +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_137">137</span>and tens of thousands of touching +letters which inundated her from all parts of +the world. Indeed, for the first year or two +after the publication of <i>Married Love</i> Dr. +Stopes’s life was made a positive burden by +grateful readers. She had deliberately in +this book said very little on the subject of +birth control, deeming it a minor matter, +for <i>Married Love</i> presupposes a knowledge +of birth control, and was planned to give +instruction in the general problems facing +potentially happy married people. But such +a large number of her letters were not only +from private individuals requiring birth +control help, but from those who had been to +their doctors and been refused information, +or whose doctors knew nothing satisfactory +to tell them, and so large a proportion were +from medical men themselves thanking her +for the information she gave and asking for +more, that it became impossible to reply to +the individual letters, and instead of a letter +she wrote a very small book called <i>Wise +Parenthood</i>, which was first published in +paper covers as a pamphlet. This has +grown, and been kept up-to-date as a +small book concerning several methods of +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_138">138</span>contraception, and is planned for the +general reader. Public memory is very +short, and it may not be generally realized +or remembered how great has been the effect +of Dr. Stopes’s outspoken and scientific +work on the subject of sex in general and +contraception in particular. Before 1918 it +was the exceptional doctor who was able +and willing to give contraceptive information +to his parents; to-day the position is +almost reversed. After some time a further +need became apparent, for a centre where +trained experts could give personal advice to +the very large number of people who require +individual attention and cannot follow written +instructions, and Dr. Stopes and Mr. +Roe often spoke of the idea of a clinic and +endeavoured to urge suitable societies and +institutions to found one. Everyone feared +to do so and shirked the responsibility. At +last they said: “We seem to be the only two +people independent enough, and with the +necessary freedom, resources, and determination, +to do it. No one can oust us from +our positions, no one can stop us; obviously +<i>we have got to do it ourselves</i>.”</p> + +<p>The first birth control clinic in the British +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_139">139</span>Empire therefore was founded by Dr. Marie +Stopes and her husband in 1921 as a demonstration +of what was needed throughout the +country. It was deliberately kept small and +simple, because they did not desire, as reformers +often do, to create a large institution +with an expensive staff, but desired to +demonstrate how, with a simple everyday +shop and rooms, easy of access, with equipment +costing only a small sum well within +the means of every welfare centre in the +country, the knowledge of the control of +conception could be brought to the very poor +and ignorant. As they explain in the little +brochure describing the first foundation of +the clinic: “Here mothers will be considered +not only as the producers of mere babies, <i>but +as the creators of splendid babies</i>. Only +motherhood which is in the control of the +mother, can now truly advance our race.... +Birth control knowledge will be +given not in the crude repulsive form it is +advocated in some quarters, but as the keystone +in the arch of progress towards racial +health and happiness.”</p> + +<p>In order not to be hampered by the conflict +of ideas and ideals, no committee was +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_140">140</span>organized in connection with this first clinic, +but a number of distinguished persons from +different social circles kindly showed their +interest in the work by lending their names +as patrons, including several distinguished +medical men and women. The clinic was +opened on March 17, 1921, and its simple +accommodation was very soon overtaxed +to such an extent that it has hardly dared +to advertise its existence since the first +great meeting of welcome which was held at +the Queen’s Hall.</p> + +<p>Dr. Stopes served as a member both on +the Cinema Commission and on the Birth +Rate Commission. The latter in its previous +Report had dealt with birth control questions, +and in the Sessions arranged for 1920-1921 +intended not to deal with that subject. +Dr. Stopes was willing to take no active part +in drawing attention to it; but witness after +witness skirted so near the subject in giving +evidence, that questions on it were unavoidable, +and it ultimately became one of the +most important topics before this Commission +as it had been on the former one.</p> + +<p>At the conclusion, however, contrary to +the weight of the evidence, a majority of +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_141">141</span>the Commission signed a reservation opposed +to scientific birth control; whereupon +a minority resolution was drawn up by Dr. +Marie Stopes, which was signed by Lord +and Lady Willoughby de Broke, Dr. C. W. +Saleeby and herself.</p> + +<p>About the time of the foundation of the +clinic Dr. Marie Stopes, in connection with +coal mining and other work, was to some +extent in touch with Downing Street and +met the Prime Minister personally, who +naturally could not at that stage commit +himself to any open approval of a subject +which had not yet been voiced in a reputable +public manner. He said to her however, +“Show us that there is a public behind you; +hold great meetings. There has never been +a really <i>respectable</i> great meeting on the +subject in the country.” Dr. Marie Stopes +responded. “All right,” she said, “I will +take the Queen’s Hall myself and pack it,” +and this she did without any committee or +backing beyond that of a small number of +private friends, and a brilliant platform of +speakers gathered round her. The Hall +itself was packed to overflowing, and the +phrase “Constructive Birth Control” coined +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_142">142</span>and set in circulation. An American journalist +who was present said: “That meeting +took my breath away; twice you knocked +us sideways. Once by daring to do it at all, +and the second time when you gave us that +idea that birth control could be <i>constructive</i>, +a pro-baby idea; we had always thought of +it as a purely negative and repressive movement.” +Letters of cordial approval and +support were sent for public reading at this +meeting by Miss Maude Royden, Lady Constance +Lytton, the Lady Glenconnor, Sir +James Barr, C.B.E., M.D., and many others.</p> + +<p>Speeches were made by Rt. Hon. G. H. +Roberts, Dr. Jane L. Hawthorne, Dr. +Killick Millard, Admiral Sir Percy Scott, +Councillor H. V. Roe, Dr. Marie Stopes, and +myself.</p> + +<p>All the speeches were reported verbatim, +and are published in a pamphlet,⁠<a id="FNanchor_1_1" href="#Footnote_1_1" class="fnanchor">[1]</a> together +with some impressions of the meeting by +people who were present.</p> + +<p>Dr. Jane Hawthorne said:</p> + +<blockquote> +<p>“I am here this evening to represent those +who have neither the opportunity nor the +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_143">143</span>power to make their own appeal, and therefore +I am anxious to put before you as +clearly as possible the position of the very +poor, hard-worked wife and mother.... +The other week a woman came into one of +our clinics to tell us that in twelve years she +was the mother of nine children, and of +these two only were alive, and this, ladies +and gentlemen, is the history of that family.”</p> +</blockquote> + +<p>After giving terrible details of this and a +second family, Dr. Hawthorne continued:</p> + +<blockquote> +<p>“Another woman, whom I know well, +comes regularly to the Infant Welfare Clinic +every eighteen months with a new baby, +and that mother is mentally deficient, whilst +her husband is deaf and dumb. None of +these children are normal, and so they are +born to very quickly find their way into the +hospitals, the asylums and other institutions.</p> + +<p>“These, ladies and gentlemen, are only a +few—a very few—of the hundreds of similar +cases which one meets with in the year, and +yet it seems to me that these few voice an +appeal which ought to be irresistible to those +of us who have ears to hear, and those of us +who have the knowledge and power to help. +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_144">144</span>By what right do we withhold this knowledge +and take upon ourselves so great a +responsibility?”</p> +</blockquote> + +<p>In the course of her own speech Dr. Stopes +said:</p> + +<blockquote> +<p>“Sometimes those who feel intensely with +me, yet shrink from doing anything for the +poor mothers, because they think that by so +helping them young girls and others will +learn methods of birth control and may thus +be sent downhill on a life they ought not to +embark upon. So I want to make it clear +once and for all that such an idea must not +be allowed to hinder us. One of the very +first experiences in the Birth Control Clinic +was a strong case to show how misguided +that would be. The second person who +came to my Clinic when it was first opened +came on behalf of a girl of twenty who was +pregnant for the sixth time! And every +previous time she had had an abortion performed +by her own mother! We, of course, +had no help for that girl. We cannot deal +with such cases. Yet it shows that in that +terrible underworld of misery and anguish +which we selfish, self-centred, lazy people so +seldom visualize and understand, there <i>is</i> +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_145">145</span>already ‘knowledge’ of a kind. ‘Knowledge’ +is going round which is utterly detrimental, +utterly unwholesome and tragic in +its effects. The true knowledge which we +are bringing to counteract that is clean and +wholesome, and is pure physiological information +to replace the miserable half-knowledge +which already exists.</p> + +<p>“Then, too, another aspect of my Birth +Control Clinic is lit up by the fact that by +the word ‘control’ I mean <span class="allsmcap">CONTROL</span>. It is +extraordinary how the words ‘birth control’ +have become associated with a negative and +repressive movement. Now, in my opinion, +control consists in being able to go uphill +just as well as to go downhill; to turn to the +right as well as to the left. I will tell you +the story of one woman who came a fortnight +ago.</p> + +<p>“She was one of the type that certain +clergymen in their pulpits would refer to as +‘those wicked women who refuse maternity.’ +All through her marriage she had +openly declared she did not want children. +But to me she came for help and said: ‘I +have been married seventeen years and have +not had a child.’ I asked her whether she +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_146">146</span>wished she had one and she said: ‘Of +course, <i>of course</i> I want a child, but I’ve +never told anyone; I pretend that I do not +want one because I can’t get it,’ and then +she cried, and exclaimed: ‘I would give +my life, and suffer any torture to have a +child.’ We gave her information which I +think will help, and I hope that in about +nine months there may be a Clinic baby in +that home.”</p> +</blockquote> + +<p>There have been many other cases yielding +“Clinic babies” since then.</p> + +<p>Dr. Stopes continued:</p> + +<blockquote> +<p>“Another incredible thing is the general +lack of knowledge about sex and all the +wonderful and beautiful mysteries of marriage. +The extent of this ignorance is extraordinary. +Do you know we had five cases +of people married for years, and in each case +the husband has not known how to play his +part, and the wife is still a virgin and she +wonders why she does not have a child!...</p> + +<p>“We have already to-day sufficient sound +physiological knowledge to, from this +moment (if one could only get everyone to +know of it), check the birth of every diseased, +unhealthy, unprepared-for child. We<span class="pagenum" id="Page_147">147</span> +really can, as Dr. Killick Millard quoted, +stem at the source this incessant stream of +misery which is always greater than our +resources can deal with.</p> + +<p>“How great this misery, and how great +the expense of it is to our race, can be found +by reading a few of these Blue-books. You +could very advantageously spend a few +shillings at Imperial House, Kingsway, buying +Reports in regard to prisons, costs of +maintenance of schools of detention for the +feeble-minded, asylums for the blind, schools +for the defective, and so forth. Surely it is far +better to spend the money on healthy, happy +children who cost us far less per head than +the wastrels! (Applause.)</p> + +<p>“To get rid of the wastrels in a Christian +way we must see that they are not born.</p> + +<p>“Beyond this, this ideal which I present +is not <i>merely</i> that we shall be simply healthy +people and have only healthy children born; +it is further that we shall consciously step +forward to a greater potentiality of health, +beauty, happiness, and understanding of life. +An old false idea, which early got incorporated +into Christianity, is that the enjoyment +of beauty and sex-life in marriage was +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_148">148</span>a wrong, or at any rate a lesser thing than +the ascetic and repressed life. That idea is +now doing us infinite harm. It is a lower +and baser ideal which was suited to the +earlier stages of evolution, but we have now +passed through the stages of human evolution, +when that idea is of any further use. +The ideal which humanity to-day needs is the +ideal of a full joyous life of real understanding, +coupled with control, and with the full +use of every beautiful aspect of the life of +man and woman together....</p> + +<p>“I absolutely deny that the so-called ‘self-control’ +which consists of the ascetic repressing +of mutual love between man and +woman is a high ideal. It was a temporary +ideal suited to a phase of life in which there +was no scientific knowledge. I now say +quite clearly that the truest and a far higher +ideal is for a man and woman to love each +other profoundly as a pair of individuals, +and to benefit by that love and interchange +which each needs from the other. And at +the same time, but as a separate conscious +act, to create only those children for which +they have sufficient means, sufficient love, +and sufficient health. That is to say, that +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_149">149</span>married lovers should play the part of +parents <i>only</i> when they can add individuals +of value to the race.”</p> +</blockquote> + +<p>Following Dr. Stopes, I said:</p> + +<blockquote> +<p>“Some three or four thousand years ago +Moses and his successors, using the scientific +knowledge of their times, and well understanding +the difficulties and dangers of the +small Jewish tribe they represented, formulated +a code of morality based on the broad +common-sense principle that everything +possible should be done to induce their +women to bear as many children as possible +for fear the race should be exterminated by +the hostile nations and the wild beasts that +surrounded them on all sides.</p> + +<p>“That morality no longer fits our case to-day. +If every woman in England were induced +to bear a score of children the resulting +misery would totally eclipse the sufferings +caused by the Great War. It was very +well 3,000 years ago to say: ‘Happy is the +man that hath his quiver full of them (i.e., +children); they shall not be ashamed when +they speak with their enemies in the gate.’ +With twenty fine, strapping sons of his own, +he could indeed talk ‘like a father’ to any +foe.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_150">150</span></p> + +<p>“But times have changed. We no longer +insist on a man going to his deceased +brother’s widow to perform the husband’s +duty and raise up seed to increase the +family. We even place obstacles in the way +of his marrying his deceased brother’s +widow if he wants to. Then again, we do +not tolerate public polygamy in the old-fashioned +way, and we should be much +scandalized if we had a king whose matrimonial +experiences were as melancholy and +as multitudinous as those of King Solomon.</p> + +<p>“Evidently in our new conditions we need +some clear guidance suited to our present-day +conditions, but which shall preserve the +spirit of ancient religion by dealing with the +questions of marriage and motherhood on +lines as clear, broad, reasonable, and +humane, as were the precepts of Mosaic +morality for the people and time when they +were formulated. It is not creditable to +those who now sit in Moses’s seat that they +have made no serious attempt to do this. +They have tithed the mint and anise of +church ceremonies and legal enactments +while forgetting the weightier matters necessary +to the promotion of healthy and happy +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_151">151</span>homes for men and women rearing cheerier +and sturdier offspring to fill our places when +we have passed to the Great Beyond. It +was under these circumstances that Dr. +Stopes, three years ago, produced her great +work, ‘Married Love,’ which has since been +followed by ‘Radiant Motherhood’ and +other works.</p> + +<p>“These offer sound and sane guidance +which we can oppose to the quackery, +ignorant confusion of thought, and ascetic +malignity, of those who love the darkness +rather than the light. That is why I wish +particularly to emphasize the thanks due to +Dr. Marie Stopes.”</p> +</blockquote> + +<p>Mrs. Zangwill, the authoress, wrote of +that meeting:</p> + +<blockquote> +<p>“I had not heard Dr. Stopes speak in +public before, and so was unprepared for +the beauty of her voice, and the amazing +way in which it carries. She put forward +yet another aspect of the case. Birth control +is control and not negation, she insisted. +Her clinic is not only to prevent the unwanted +baby; it is to produce the wanted. +She touched on instances of disastrous +marital ignorance—ignorance that is only +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_152">152</span>possible through our ignoring the most important +subject in life—the subject that <i>is</i> +life.”</p> +</blockquote> + +<p>It seemed that the enthusiasm and interest +showed at this meeting should not be +allowed to die down with no permanent +growth, and consequently a Society was +founded to carry on birth control propaganda +and work on the lines indicated at +the meeting. The Society for Constructive +Birth Control and Racial Progress was +founded at the Hotel Cecil on August +16, 1921, Mr. H. V. Roe being elected +honorary secretary and Dr. Marie Stopes +president, with a distinguished committee +and list of vice-presidents. In a few weeks +this Society secured more public support +than the old Malthusian League had done in +forty years, for it was run in a way more in +keeping with the feeling of the time, a yearning +for constructive help for a pro-baby +organization which recognized the sacredness +of motherhood and the need of knowledge +to space babies so as to give the best +conditions for both mother and child. This +spirit is embodied in the tenets of the Society +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_153">153</span>(see Appendix C). Regular meetings have +been held in London, and a number of others +all over the country, which have stimulated +men and women in many directions, so that +now the birth control movement is a powerful +constructive movement in the country, +though it is not yet fully organized, nor are +its adherents all conscious of how large is +the number of those who, like themselves, +privately approve but still fear their next +door neighbour—who also probably privately +approves, but fears to say so.</p> + +<p>Following her first presidential address +to the Constructive Birth Control Society, +Dr. Marie Stopes responded to an invitation +to speak in the Town Hall in New York, and +“popped across” the Atlantic for a three-days’ +visit. She found herself compelled to +stay five days, as there was no suitable +return sailing, and during that time she +gave an address to the first great meeting on +the subject in the Town Hall in New York, +a verbatim report of which was published by +the Voluntary Parenthood League; besides +which she spoke at some private drawing-room +meetings at which the formation of +clinics for birth control in America was +discussed and a scheme set on foot.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_154">154</span></p> + +<p>Dr. Stopes’s little book, “Truth About +Venereal Disease,” had the good fortune to +be mentioned with praise and approval in +the House of Lords by the presidents of both +the then opposing Societies that were combating +the evil—Lord Gorell and Lord +Willoughby de Broke—and it did something +towards the object with which it was written, +namely, the unification of the opposing +factions.</p> + +<p>The Society for Constructive Birth Control, +finding the press indifferent, needed an +organ, and when it held its first public +dinner (a very successful affair), Dr. Marie +Stopes produced from under her dinner +napkin, as a surprise, the first number of the +<i>Birth Control News</i>, which was circulated +among the guests. This monthly, in the +form of an ordinary newspaper so as to be +readable and attractive to the man-in-the-street, +has ever since then chronicled the +world-wide development and interest in +birth control, which is now beginning to be +recognized by thinkers in all directions as +one of the most useful and urgent subjects +for social consideration.</p> + +<p>When <i>Married Love</i> was first published +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_155">155</span>Dr. Marie Stopes won the approval of almost +everyone, as it was written in a sympathetic +strain of idealism. With its plea for temperate +wholesome living and the spread of +sound knowledge it was difficult to disagree, +and she had too, in the first six +editions of the book, the cordially expressed +support of a Roman Catholic priest of the +Society of Jesus, who said:</p> + +<blockquote> +<p>“<span class="smcap">Dear Dr. Stopes</span>,—</p> + +<p>“I have read <i>Married Love</i> with deep +interest. As a piece of thoughtful, scientific +writing I find it admirable throughout, and +it seems to me that your theme could not +have been treated in more beautiful or more +delicate language, or with a truer ring of +sympathy for those who, through ignorance +or want of thought, make shipwreck of their +married happiness.</p> + +<p>“Your clear exposition of the rhythmic +curve of sex-feeling and of the misinterpretation +on the part of so many husbands +of what they call their wives’ contrariness, +arising from their ignorance of its existence, +should bring happiness to many married +couples whose lives are drifting apart +through want of knowledge. In the exercise +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_156">156</span>of my ministry I have repeatedly traced the +beginnings of the rift to this want of knowledge, +and consequently of sympathy.</p> + +<p>“So far we are in complete agreement, but +our ways part when you treat of birth control.”</p> +</blockquote> + +<p>Then follow the usual Roman Catholic +objections to birth control, in the course of +which he says:</p> + +<blockquote> +<p>“Let me take in illustration of my meaning +the case you give of the worn-out mother +of twelve. The Catholic belief is that the +loss of health on her part for a few years of +life and the diminished vitality on the part +of her later children would be a very small +price indeed to pay for an endless happiness +on the part of all.”</p> +</blockquote> + +<p>He does not explain why “endless happiness” +should be obtained by irrational conduct, +but concludes his letter with the +words:</p> + +<blockquote> +<p>“I cannot end without thanking you very +sincerely for allowing me to read your book. +Apart from what, as a Catholic, I object to +in it, it contains so much most helpful +matter that I feel sure it will bring to many +a happiness in married life now wanting +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_157">157</span>through the ignorance and the consequent +want of sympathy which you so rightly deplore.”</p> +</blockquote> + +<p>After Dr. Stopes and her husband founded +the clinic however, and thus came into the +arena not merely as dreamers and talkers, +but as people who were practically active, +hostilities arose of which something will +be said in the next chapter. These pioneers +naturally enough encountered sporadic animosity +often in unexpected quarters, and +sometimes, much to their distress and surprise, +in the very quarters from which they +had expected helpful co-operation; but no +organized opposition exists except in one +direction, namely, in the official attitude of +the Roman Catholic Church and its associates, +which became actively hostile after +the founding of the clinic. Until then many +Roman Catholics had been Dr. Stopes’s +ardent admirers and public supporters, but +after that date they were forbidden to express +public approval, and were positively +encouraged to suppress knowledge of her and +of her work, as well as to pursue a hostile +policy. These hostilities began to take the +form of scurrilous articles in the press, which +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_158">158</span>Dr. Stopes was advised to ignore. Later +however a Roman Catholic medical practitioner +published a book which contained +statements against which Dr. Stopes, as the +leader of a movement, felt herself bound to +take legal proceedings. Owing to the fact +that at the time of writing an appeal is +before the House of Lords, this case is still +<i>sub judice</i>, and cannot be discussed in detail; +but I may be permitted to say that among +its remarkable features were the medical +contradictions voiced by the defendant’s +witnesses. In the <i>Birth Control News</i> for +November, 1923, some of this medical evidence +was analysed.</p> + +<p>This case, though costing Dr. Stopes many +thousands of pounds and incalculable worry +and waste of time, did not hinder the birth +control movement; on the contrary it gave +it a great advertisement and educated +large numbers of people into becoming +sympathizers who had previously held +aloof not realizing the issue at stake. +All over the country, meetings continued +to be held on the whole question of +contraception, social economics, and sex +life. Among the larger meetings addressed +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_159">159</span>by Mr. H. V. Roe and Dr. Marie +Stopes was one at Stockport, organized by +the Labour Party, which was attended by a +packed audience of 3,000. A couple of +thousand squeezed into the Central Hall in +Edinburgh; a meeting of 1,000 was held in +the Battersea Town Hall; a meeting of over +1,000 in Liverpool.</p> + +<p>Previously, in 1922, a meeting had been +held at the Town Hall at Deptford, when the +mayor in office officially countenanced the +meeting by taking the chair. Delicate health +alone has prevented Dr. Marie Stopes from +“stumping the country”; for a few years +ago she had to undergo a serious operation, +and has never regained sufficient +strength to travel as she did previously. +From the point of view of the movement this +is unfortunate, for undoubtedly the time is +ripe, and Dr. Marie Stopes, going from town +to town, would set fire to the great mass of +public opinion now smouldering red hot in +its demand that birth control shall be made +available at the Welfare Centres, or in small +clinics all over the country, and that the +self-respecting, thrifty, and healthy, members +of the community shall no longer be +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_160">160</span>burdened with the upkeep of large families +of C3’s and wastrels who are on the rates, +and, still more important, that the enslavement +of mother shall no longer exist among +us.</p> + +<p>Unable herself to speak night after night, +she devised the idea of making others speak +for her, and wrote a play. Nothing has so +far been said here of Dr. Stopes’s interest in +the drama. That also is, perhaps, inherited +from her mother’s passionate interest in +Shakespeare. But I know that if she had +not so many other calls on her time, she +would have devoted herself to the drama. +As it is she has published an interesting +volume on the <i>No</i> plays of Japan (see p. 110 +and Appendix A), one of which was produced +at the Birmingham Repertory Theatre, besides +being set to music by Boughton and +performed several times by the Glastonbury +Festival Company. She has also published +two or three modern plays besides “Our +Ostriches.” One of them, “Conquest,” is +symptomatic of the tendencies which led up +to the inception of the League of Nations.</p> + +<p>The birth control play, “Our Ostriches,” +ran at the Royal Court Theatre, London, +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_161">161</span>for three months, and contained an amusing +scene in which a Commission (a replica +of many official Commissions) sat on +the stage, the heroine of the play eliciting +ardent applause every night from the audience. +“Our Ostriches” afforded Dr. Marie +Stopes the experience of a riotously successful +first night, when, in reply to calls for +“Author,” she gave a short speech in which +she mentioned that this birth control play +had been permitted, but another play of +hers, a pro-baby one, had been blocked by +the Lord Chamberlain.</p> + + +<div class="footnote"><p><a id="Footnote_1_1" href="#FNanchor_1_1" class="label">[1]</a> <i>Queen’s Hall Meeting on Constructive Birth Control.</i> +Putnam’s Sons, Ltd. 1921. 1s. net.</p></div> + + +<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop"> +<div class="chapter"> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_162">162</span></p> + + + <h2 class="nobreak" id="CHAPTER_VIII"> + CHAPTER VIII. + <br> + <span class="smcap">Opponents.</span> + </h2> +</div> + + +<p>No one of so dynamic a temperament +could pass through life without +making some enemies and rousing +opposition, but until recent years the number +of Dr. Stopes’s opponents or enemies +was remarkably few. Before she published +“Married Love” she once said to me: “I +believe the only people who do not like me, +and try to minimize what I do, are the men +who have made love to me—and, of course, +to whom I have not been able to respond.” +There were also a few small-minded wives +of the professional men with whom she +came in contact, whose instinct was to feel +that any woman who could enter into the +intellectual fields pursued by their husbands +must be dangerous, but beyond these trifling +and sporadic difficulties she might be said +to have had no enemies until she encountered +the Roman Catholics. That she encountered +them, purely by accident, was due +to the publication of her book of poems, +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_163">163</span><i>Man, Other Poems and a Preface</i>. Up to +that date she had not realized that such a +thing as organized Roman Catholic hostility +to any person existed, nor, consequently, +that it was possible to arouse it, and she was +much surprised to find she had aroused the +rabid hostility of a botanist on the staff of +the British Museum, Mr. James Britten. He +was a Roman Catholic and an exceedingly +active worker for the Catholic Truth Society.</p> + +<p>Dr. Stopes tried, but failed, to make him +understand she had had no intention of +offending Roman Catholics, and could not +imagine that they would apply to themselves +the words of her poem, as she had +no antagonistic thought when they were +penned. The hostility of this Roman +Catholic botanical editor was unappeasable +however.</p> + +<p>Warned by this previous encounter, when +she published <i>Married Love</i>, she thought +she would secure herself by obtaining a commendation +from a Roman Catholic, and, as +previously mentioned (see p. 155), she obtained +a most cordial foreword of approval +of the book from a member of the Society of +Jesus. Undoubtedly this safeguarded the +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_164">164</span>first appearance of the work, which was +hailed by many Roman Catholics and was +pushed actively by them in many directions +until her more practical work in the foundation +of a birth control clinic aroused the +hostility of the Church of Rome. Thereafter +her books were taboo, the cordial treatment +she had received from many experienced +Catholics who well knew the value of her +work was quenched, and organized hostility +against her was instituted which, to those +who have not themselves suffered from such +organized hostility, may appear incredible +in England in the twentieth century. What +Dr. Stopes has to tell of underground opposition +would fill a volume, and includes +whispered slander of the most personal kind, +definite tales and stories circulated in London +clubs, some of which sound very +plausible, for almost correct anecdotes about +her are subtly twisted to convey a false +meaning. Almost every newspaper has been +bombarded by her enemies.</p> + +<p>In illustration, let me note what happened +in <i>The Times</i>. Up to the date of this hostility, +and after the publication of <i>Married Love</i>, +Dr. Marie Stopes had always had very kindly +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_165">165</span>treatment from <i>The Times</i> newspaper. She +was, for instance, one of the few people of a +literary tendency who had never had a letter +refused for publication, nor an article rejected. +Indeed, one day she took down an +article of a column length and said: “This +simply <i>must</i> go in to-morrow, and I hope +you will put it in,” and it appeared. Other +papers would often telegraph to her to send +articles by return, but since the Roman +Catholic campaign against her began +changes in the attitude of the newspaper +press became so remarkable that some details +of them should be mentioned. One +may say, in general, that editors and advertisement +managers are very busy people +whose chief contact with their public is +through correspondence, and that if they +receive two or three dozen letters expressing +more or less similar opinions, they are apt to +imagine that these letters represent a general +feeling, and to allow themselves to be guided +by them.</p> + +<p>A skilfully organized campaign of anonymous +and also of signed letters, against Dr. +Stopes and the work that she stands for, is a +part of the Roman Catholic campaign. Evidence +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_166">166</span>of this appeared in the course of the +trial in the High Court between herself and +Dr. Sutherland, a Roman Catholic, when, +before giving judgment, Lord Justice +Scrutton made the following statement:—</p> + +<blockquote> +<p>“Since we reserved judgment in this case +I, in common with other members of the +Court, have been pestered by anonymous +communications all proceeding from and +advocating the side of the defendant. Of +course, I acquit the legal representatives of +the defendant absolutely of having anything +to do with these communications. I have +also no reason to believe that the defendant +himself had anything to do with these communications, +but I think it is right to say +that such communications are absolutely +improper and are punishable as contempt of +Court.”</p> +</blockquote> + +<p>Judges in the High Court are not, of +course, swayed by correspondents, but +letters fictitiously signed, or signed by persons +paid to write them, in addition to those +written by individuals who really feel what +they write, are handy weapons to use +against an opponent whose natural outlet +through the press certain people wish to +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_167">167</span>stop. The result of such influences is seen +in <i>The Times’</i> refusal of advertisements of +her books for the last year or two, though +they were previously advertised in its +columns, as indeed in those of almost every +other reputable paper in the country. <i>The +Times</i> also began to refuse the lecture announcements +of the C.B.C. Society when +they contained Dr. Stopes’ name as taking +the chair, and it was necessary to see one of +the Directors to get this ban lifted, as it has +recently been, since when the Society’s announcements +have regularly appeared. Still +more incredible seems the fact that a double +advertisement of the birth of her son was +refused by <i>The Times</i>, although the announcement +was worded in the simplest +and quite usual form,⁠<a id="FNanchor_2_2" href="#Footnote_2_2" class="fnanchor">[2]</a> first, under the surname +“Roe”; second, under the surname +“Stopes” (as the baby will have both surnames, +Stopes-Roe), and in the exact wording +of the announcement which appeared in +the <i>Morning Post</i>, the <i>Daily Telegraph</i>, and +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_168">168</span>other first-class papers. Moreover this +refusal was not made to an employee, but +personally to Mr. Roe, who took the advertisement +himself to all the offices that there +should be no mistake. After the birth of her +son Dr. Marie Stopes was seriously ill for a +long time.—As a consequence of her world-wide +travels she has many friends in various +parts of the world who are anxious to have +news of her. <i>The Times</i> is the principal +paper to penetrate Embassies and outlying +British homes, and was therefore practically +the only convenient medium of communication +with those friends, but a short paragraph +for the Social Column, announcing +that she was out of danger, was also refused, +and friends consequently remained in +ignorance of the state of her health, although +a little later on an advertisement was +accepted by a different department for the +personal column. Neither Dr. Stopes nor +her friends attribute such disheartening incidents +to any definite policy on the part of +the press, but to the sporadic successes her +enemies achieve through individuals who +come directly or indirectly under their +influence.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_169">169</span></p> + +<p><i>The Times</i> report of the Sutherland case +had been quite fair, yet in its legal columns +reporting her application against two Roman +Catholic editors, the words of her own Counsel, +as also of the Judge, were altered so as +to degrade her from being “Dr. Stopes” to +“Mrs. Stopes.” On the day that this +appeared, her solicitor wrote to <i>The Times</i> +drawing the editor’s attention to this mistake. +Nevertheless a few days later in +the Judgment of Mr. Justice Roche <i>The +Times</i> report again altered his words so as +to alter her description, and this in a case +in which the title to which, as a learned +Doctor of Science, she is by Act of Parliament +entitled, was of material importance +to her. This is amazing, considering the +reputation <i>The Times</i> has long enjoyed for +accuracy, and the fact that it is frequently +referred to in Court as evidence of what has +occurred.</p> + +<p>It is hard to calculate what Dr. Stopes’s +movement has lost by the absence of the +normal press publicity and support to which +her work is entitled, and which it would no +doubt have continued to receive from the +press had it not been for the machinations +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_170">170</span>of the Roman Catholics, for the public forms +its opinions of persons and movements very +largely by what it reads of them in the press.</p> + +<p>Those who wish to minimize her work +sometimes say of Dr. Stopes: “But she is +not a <i>proper</i> doctor, and is therefore not +qualified to deal with these matters.” But, +in the first place, under the laws of the land, +only the learned doctors of the various +Faculties, that is to say, Doctors of Science, +Doctors of Laws, Doctors of Medicine, +Doctors of Music, Doctors of Divinity, and +so on, are legally entitled to be called +“Doctor,” though the practising medical +profession very frequently and impudently +appropriates that title, and many who are +only Bachelors of Medicine, or even less, call +themselves “Doctors,” and are so called by +the public.</p> + +<p>An M.B. (<i>bachelor</i> of medicine) is, of +course, fully qualified to practise in this +country as a physician, but this does not +legally, and should not in any way, confuse +him with the learned <i>doctors</i>. If a short +name is wanted, he should be called a +“Medico.” Dr. Marie Stopes, as a learned +Doctor of Science, has more right to the +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_171">171</span>title than the majority of the medical +profession.</p> + +<p>It should also be pointed out that what +the ordinary medico practises, he or she has +learned from the Doctors of Biological and +Medical Science. Pasteur was not a practising +medical, but nearly the whole science +of medicine now bases itself upon his scientific +foundations. It is fully within the province +of a learned Doctor of Biology to instruct +practising medicals on the scientific +bases of any advances in any branch of their +science, and to contribute new knowledge to +it. To give a more recent example, the late +lamented Sir William Bayliss, the greatest +physiologist in the world, was not a practising +medical, but medical practitioners all +over the world are proud to learn from him.</p> + +<p>Dr. Stopes has even lectured to medical +students at more than one medical school. +As a fully trained biologist she has published +the first medical and scientific manual +in any language on contraception. This +book is entitled “Contraception: Its Theory, +History and Practice, A Manual for the +Medical and Legal Professions.” It is published +by a Medical Publisher, and has been +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_172">172</span>cordially received by the medical press, the +<i>Lancet</i> saying:</p> + +<blockquote> +<p>“Much of the evidence contained in the +book is quite unobtainable elsewhere.”</p> +</blockquote> + +<p>Dr. Christopher Rolleston, a Medical +Officer of Health, said of this publication:</p> + +<blockquote> +<p>“I predict a great success for the work, +and I wish to record my thanks to the author +for her pioneer work in preventive medicine.”</p> +</blockquote> + +<p>It is also warmly endorsed by Sir James +Barr, M.D., a former president of the Medical +Association, and many doctors from all over +the world use it as the source of their +practice.</p> + +<p>The fact is that the medical profession had +in the past seriously neglected this subject, +which greatly affects the health of the present +and future generations. No instruction +in the use of contraceptives was included in +the training of doctors at any of our hospitals +before Dr. Stopes’s work appeared, +and practising doctors are generally too busy +to investigate matters not included in their +training, and even if they had the time, +most of them lack the kind of training +needed for original research in sex-problems +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_173">173</span>and especially in the relation of those problems +to women. Yet when a qualified +woman scientist specializes in the matter +and supplies what the doctors had failed to +provide—the objection is raised that she does +not belong to their trade union, and that +matters should continue to be neglected till +one of them some day finds time to deal with +the matter.</p> + +<p>But while the doctors neglected the subject, +another class of people were actively +harmful in disseminating erroneous information. +These were the Roman Catholic +priests, whose celibacy, one would suppose, +deprives them of sexual experience and +renders them ill-qualified to deal with the +problems of married life, even apart from +the fact that a theological training is a poor +substitute for the scientific training needed +for the investigation of such questions.</p> + +<p>I have no feeling of ill-will towards the +Roman Catholics, whose Church at various +times has rendered great service to +humanity, but I feel sure that many Catholics +who value intellectual integrity must +blush to read the pitiful futilities that are +put forward as the Catholic case against +birth control.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_174">174</span></p> + +<p>Beyond the bald assertion that it is +“wrong”—which, being the very question +at issue, cannot be decided by mere assertion—they +rely on an obvious misrepresentation +of the plain meaning of the 38th +chapter of Genesis, and on other statements +and arguments that are so childish as to be +ridiculous. For instance, they habitually +confuse abortion—that is, the killing of the +embryo after conception—which is a dangerous +and harmful practice, and a criminal +offence in English law, with the prevention +of conception, which is neither dangerous, +nor harmful, nor a legal offence. Those who +confuse these two different matters are either +so ignorant that they have no business to +offer guidance on the subject, or they seek +with deliberate mendacity to darken counsel +by their words.</p> + +<p>Besides this, we have statements that a +rational control of births, to ensure a moderate +birth rate with a high survival rate +among those who are born, and a healthy +posterity, is “race suicide,” leading to the +depopulation of the world, the spread of +immorality, and various other evils. These +assertions are backed by references to the +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_175">175</span>state of France (a Roman Catholic country, +in which birth control information and the +sale of contraceptives is illegal), where, in +spite of a terrible amount of abortion, the +birth rate, as shown by recent statistics, is +higher than in England, but the death-rate +among children is so great that the survival +rate is very low.</p> + +<p>It is natural that people who obstinately +opposed the dissemination of knowledge on +these subjects, and have no better arguments +than these to adduce in support of their +views, are tempted to betake themselves +to methods such as those referred to above +in what has been said about the pressure +exerted on the press to stifle news of the +birth control movement, and the falsehoods +disseminated about Dr. Stopes herself.</p> + +<p>Before long it may occur to the more intelligent +among Dr. Stopes’s opponents, that +when a great public question fundamentally +affects the vigour of the race, the health of +mothers and children, and the happiness of +the whole people, a thin black line of priests +and their dupes cannot permanently block +the way to the free and open discussion of +the subject.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_176">176</span></p> + +<p>The public is naturally asking for an +authoritative statement from the medical +profession on the matter, and it should be +more generally known that there is now a +Medical Research Committee dealing with +the technique of contraception. When it +issued a statement to the medical and +general press early this year after sitting +two years its composition was as follows: +Sir James Barr, C.B.E., M.D., LL.D., +F.R.C.P., F.R.S.E.; Professor Sir William +Bayliss, F.R.S., M.A., D.Sc.; Harold +Chapple, Esq., M.C., F.R.C.S.; Dr. Jane L. +Hawthorne; Geo. Jones, Esq., M.A., M.B., +D.P.H., Barrister-at-Law; Dr. Maude Kerslake; +Sir W. Arbuthnot Lane, Bart., C.B., +M.B., M.S.; Sir John MacAlister, F.S.A., +F.R.G.S.; Sir Archdall Reid, M.B., F.R.S. +Ed.; Christopher Rolleston, Esq., M.D., +M.R.C.P., D.P.H.; D. Sommerville, Esq., +B.A., M.Sc., M.D., M.R.C.P.; Marie C. +Stopes, D.Sc., Ph.D., F.L.S., F.G.S.; H. M. +Telling, Esq., M.D., F.R.C.P.; Dr. Mather +Thomson; E. B. Turner, Esq., F.R.C.S.</p> + +<p>It will be noted that the majority of the +Committee are medicals, and biological +science was represented by Sir William +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_177">177</span>Bayliss, Dr. Sommerville, and the President +of the Society, Dr. Marie Stopes. In addition +to the medical members of the Committee, +other distinguished practitioners are +in helpful association with it.</p> + +<p>In accordance with the objects of its foundation, +the Committee considers a variety of +current affairs concerning Contraception, but +its proceedings and minutes are strictly confidential +and none of its deliberations are +published, except about points which are +specially passed for publication. The Committee, +feeling the importance of the questions +concerned, is in no hurry to draw up +reports or make public statements, but +desires to observe and investigate carefully. +A number of new, or supposedly new +methods have been brought before it from +various quarters. Due consideration confirms +the view that no one method is +applicable, but that several of the simple +and well-known methods which have had a +long trial still are the best to meet ordinary +requirements.</p> + +<p>At a Committee meeting last spring the +following resolution was passed for publication +in suitable quarters:</p> + +<blockquote> +<p>“The Medical +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_178">178</span>Research Committee of the Society for Constructive +Birth Control and Racial Progress +wishes to place on record its joint and several +opinion that the methods now used at the +<i>Mothers’ Clinic</i> are the best known at the +present time.”</p> +</blockquote> + +<p>The Mothers’ Clinic, it will be remembered, +is the Birth Control Clinic founded by +Dr. Stopes and her husband which has been +the subject of so much ignorant attack.</p> + +<figure class="figcenter illowp51" id="i_p178a" style="max-width: 32.8125em;"> + <img class="w100" src="images/i_p178a.jpg" alt=""> + <figcaption> + <span class="smcap">Dr. Marie Stopes.</span> + </figcaption> +</figure> + +<p>Her Roman Catholic opponents scored a +great coup in connection with Dr. Marie +Stopes’s film <i>Married Love</i>, or <i>Maisie’s +Marriage</i>, which was beautifully produced +by Messrs. Samuelsons. The producers, +Captain Walter Summers who collaborated +and Dr. Stopes, all agreed that it should <i>not</i> +be pre-eminently a birth control play, but a +melodramatic story of general interest. Dr. +Stopes had been a member of the Cinema +Commission, and always desired to produce +a film to which no exception could be taken. +This she thought she had done, and the producers +did not believe it possible that any +objection could be made to a film which had +been so cautiously produced. The trade +show was very successful, but the Censor, +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_179">179</span>instead of giving the certificate necessary for +universal exhibition in a few hours or a day +or two as is usually done, <i>held up the matter +for four weeks</i>, a delay which caused great +loss to the producers, for in the cinema +world everything must come like hot cakes +after the first announcements. It is an unfortunate +coincidence in this case that the +Chief Censor, Mr. T. P. O’Connor, is a +Roman Catholic. In a personal interview +all the facts presented to him failed to influence +him, and he insisted on alterations +so harassing that the author could not consent +to them. For instance, though no exception +was taken to a cabaret scene that +occurs in the picture, he considered a beautiful +rose which faded into a baby’s face to +be improper, and demanded its excision! The +play however in its <i>complete</i> form, exactly +as written by the author, was shown to the +trade, was rapturously received, and obtained +excellent reviews in many solid papers +such as the <i>Daily Telegraph</i>, and has been +shown in its original form in many of the +large towns in England with the approval +of the local Watch Committees; for instance, +the very strict Manchester Watch Committee +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_180">180</span>approved of it, and the film was shown to +packed houses in Manchester. Sometimes +efforts were made locally to block it, but +generally the committees came out in its +favour; for as Colonel Giles, of the Folkestone +Watch Committee, reported in the +<i>Morning Post</i>, said: “One could safely take +one’s grandmother to see it, there being +nothing obnoxious in it.” Scotland too +welcomed it in its original form. Mr. T. P. +O’Connor wanted to enforce his alterations, +though he had no real <i>power</i> to do so if local +Watch Committees approve of a film he bans. +The L.C.C., misinformed about details, +backed the Censor, and at one time even +endeavoured to stop the use of the words +“Married Love” in association with the +film. Dr. Marie Stopes received a letter from +the L.C.C., however, as a result of her personal +interview with the Theatres and +Music Halls Committee, in which they +stated: “The Council has not raised, and +will not raise, objection to the use, in posters +and descriptive pamphlets issued in connection +with the film, of the description +‘Maisie’s Marriage,’ a story by Dr. Marie +Stopes, the author of ‘Married Love,’ provided +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_181">181</span>that the words ‘the author of +“Married Love”’ are printed in type which +is appropriate to the description of that +nature, and relatively small compared +with the type used for the title ‘Maisie’s +Marriage.’”</p> + +<p>One wonders under what statutory right +they dictated to the advertising world of the +cinema the size of type they may use!</p> + +<p>Mr. O’Connor’s intervention with the +Home Office led to a circular letter being +sent out from the Home Office to every Chief +Constable in England. Such communications +from the Home Office led to local trouble +here and there, notably in Portsmouth, +where the booking was cancelled. Dr. +Stopes was personally in Portsmouth the +same week and saw the Chief Constable, +and the Town Clerk under whose orders he +acted, and they assured her that there was a +misapprehension and mistake in the matter, +and if it came up again no exception would +be taken to the display and exhibition of the +film under the above title. Fortunately +those authorities did not take a tape measure +to the lettering.</p> + +<p>It was a curious coincidence that the week +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_182">182</span>she was banned in the cinema, Dr. Stopes +spoke from the pulpit in Portsmouth. At +the Sunday evening service at which she +spoke, the crowds down the aisle, and standing +even on the gravestones outside to hear +through the windows, were so great that +people asked if some member of the Royal +Family was there, as they could think of no +other attraction likely to draw such crowds.</p> + +<p>Mr. T. P. O’Connor’s interference seemed +likely to become the subject of a public +inquiry. In the printed order of the day for +the House of Lords, “Bills appointed and +Notices” for Wednesday, November 13, +1923, the following appeared:</p> + +<blockquote> +<p>“The Earl Russell.—To call attention to a +communication from the Home Office, +of June 30 last, addressed to the +Chief Constables and Watch Committees +and marked ‘Confidential,’ +attempting to interfere with the production +of a film entitled ‘Married +Love,’ by Dr. Marie Stopes, and to +ask His Majesty’s’ Government what +official status, if any, the Board of +Film Censors has; whether the censorship +is in fact administered by Mr. +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_183">183</span>T. P. O’Connor; and whether it is the +practice of the Home Office to act as +Mr. T. P. O’Connor’s representative +in endeavouring to interfere with the +production of particular films without +any independent inquiry on their +part.”</p> +</blockquote> + +<p>Unfortunately it was a few hours too late, +for the Baldwin Ministry resigned, and +under the rules of the House the subject +could not again be raised in the succeeding +Administration, despite the injury done to +private individuals, who, one would think, +should have some means of obtaining redress +from those who succeeded to office. It is a +pity that Mr. Baldwin did not hold the reins +a little longer, for in a debate in the Lords +many things of considerable general interest +would have come to light.</p> + + +<div class="footnote"><p><a id="Footnote_2_2" href="#FNanchor_2_2" class="label">[2]</a> Exact wording of the advertisement was—“Roe—On the +27th March to Dr. Marie Stopes, wife of H. V. Roe, of Givons +Grove, Leatherhead, Surrey—a son”; and “Stopes—On the 27th +March, to Marie Carmichael Stopes and her husband, Humphrey +Verdon Roe, of Givons Grove, Leatherhead, Surrey—a son.”</p></div> + + +<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop"> +<div class="chapter"> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_184">184</span></p> + + + <h2 class="nobreak" id="CHAPTER_IX"> + CHAPTER IX. + <br> + <span class="smcap">Inner Life.</span> + </h2> +</div> + + +<p>In any life that is worth writing at all the +outward events have but a superficial +interest in comparison with the landmarks +in the development of consciousness +and the soul. This was pre-eminently so in +the life of Tolstoy, whose biography I wrote +chiefly because it was in so marked a degree +a spiritual adventure.</p> + +<p>My many years’ acquaintance with Dr. +Marie Stopes have made me in some small +degree acquainted with the landmarks in the +development of her inner life, but as in the +case of Tolstoy the data carrying conviction +are those afforded by autobiographical +evidence. So I feel in the present instance +that we must await an autobiography fully +to understand the character whose life it has +here been my task to sketch in outline.</p> + +<p>A certain amount of autobiographical +detail is to be found in the volume of travels +already referred to, the <i>Journal from +Japan</i>, as also in the preface to <i>Man, +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_185">185</span>Other Poems, and a Preface</i>; on these I +have drawn, but for the main outline of her +spiritual growth I depend upon personal +notes which I asked Dr. Stopes to write.</p> + +<blockquote> +<p>“From my earliest childhood religion, not +in its narrowest sense of outward performance +but in the inner sense of absolute +reality, has been a matter of the very +greatest concern to me. My mother was +Scottish of almost Calvinistic tendencies, +and my father a Quaker, but one who felt +that the religious education of a little girl +should be left absolutely to the mother. I +was brought up in the rigours of the stern +Scottish old-fashioned Presbyterianism, in +which hell was presented to me as an absolute +reality which I stood in imminent +danger of inheriting; special books were kept +for Sunday reading; no toys were allowed on +Sundays, when Bible chapters and texts had +to be learnt as well as church attendances +fulfilled. All this I took with childlike +literalness, which was rendered all the more +intense by a feeling of guilt at being unable +to <i>see</i> Christ and the angels, which I felt, +somehow, was my own fault. In spite of +my father’s lack of interference I used, even +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_186">186</span>in the very earliest days, to feel that he was +wiser than mother, and that his aloofness +from our religious observances was not +hostile, but something superior; that in +fact he dwelt in more direct communion +with God than we, who had to make an outward +office of it. This, I think, shows how +through all the early years of my childhood +he must have exercised the greatest care not +to interfere in any way with my mother’s +more specific instructions.</p> + +<p>“One of the earliest religious landmarks +that I remember was when, at the age of six +or seven, my manifold sins had been made +very evident to me, and I felt that if only I +were a better girl I would <i>feel</i> the actual +floods of the Blood of Jesus which would +purify me. I felt I must try to be converted +in such a way that I really could see and feel +these things. I remember placing myself at +the foot of a long flight of stairs at the bottom +of which was a sheepskin mat, dyed crimson, +and I rubbed myself in the crimson +wool of the mat and shut my eyes and tried +to picture the stream of the Blood of the +Lamb cascading down the stairs and over +me, purifying me and taking away my manifold +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_187">187</span>sins. I was discovered by nurse before +this process had completed itself, and was +led away, but I remember to this day the +feeling that the only barrier between me and +an actual sensation of the Blood of the Lamb +was my manifold crimes of omission and +commission, and that I stood in imminent +danger of hell-fire if I did not succeed in +persuading my senses really to feel the Blood +of Jesus.</p> + +<p>“Childhood’s memory fades concerning +the resolution of that problem; and next I +remember clearly, at the age of about eight, +getting into very profound religious difficulties +over the conflict between the existence +of hell-fire, in which human beings, and +even children, were burnt eternally, and an +all-loving and all-kind God. These difficulties +worried me to the extent of keeping +me awake at night. The problem was not +one that I could take to my mother, because +when I was seven years old I had one day +observed her sewing in her bedroom on a +Sunday, and had hence come to the conclusion +that she was ‘not truly religious.’ +My grandmother, however, who read the +Bible every day and was always spoken of +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_188">188</span>as a very saintly woman, seemed to me to be +in immediate communication with God and +to be the person to whom I should take this +very profound difficulty. I well remember +going into her room with her breakfast tray, +finding her reading her Bible as usual in bed. +Sitting down near her, I began to ask her +about the problem of hell and a loving God. +She laughed; I suppose I must have sounded +absurd, but it shut me up so completely +within myself that I do not think I ever +spoke of the difficulty to anyone for years. +But I remember, most clearly, thinking it +out for myself, and in the course of a few +months evolving in elaborate detail, something +that resembled the Roman Catholic +faith, with the exception that I omitted, of +course, any idea of the Pope. No Roman +Catholic was in contact with me, and my +home, as I have explained, was a Calvinistic +and Quaker establishment, and yet I +came to the conclusion that the only possible +God, that was the true God, must be one +who did not entirely burn people up in hell, +but only allowed them to burn so far as to +burn the badness out of them, and that the +goodness was then allowed to go into Heaven +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_189">189</span>as a very tiny baby and grow there big +enough to be a grown-up soul in Heaven; in +short, the theory of purgatory. I evolved +also, in my inner consciousness, the theory +of saints, and I remember most clearly, +night after night through the winter, lying +on my side, taking up the least possible +room at the edge of my bed, and spreading +the bed-clothes comfortably across the part +of the bed that I did not inhabit, so as to +allow the saints, whom I fancied were there +guarding me and talking to me, to be comfortable +and warm while they were there. I +was convinced that they were there, and felt +that it was my own wickedness which prevented +my feeling their presence.</p> + +<p>“This phase, of course, also passed, +although I do not remember when. Then I +remember clearly, from the age of about +eight to ten, or nine to ten, reading the whole +of the Bible through, including all the enormously +long and dreary chapters in the Old +Testament. I was still ignorant of the +Roman numerals, and could not understand +them, and I remember going through the +Bible with a pencil and counting up on my +fingers the numbers of the chapters as I +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_190">190</span>read them and writing them in ordinary +numerals, so that I should know how far I +had got. The thin pages adhering here and +there, naturally the sequence of the Roman +numerals was transcribed quite wrongly, a +thing I only discovered a good many years +after, when I came to look through the same +Bible again. At the time I felt that perhaps, +if I were good enough to read the +whole Bible without skipping a word, I +might understand the religious puzzles +which still haunted me. At the age of +eleven I was still so much a believer in the +literal understanding of the Bible that when +I was asked by one of my aunts what I +wanted for a birthday present, I asked for a +New Testament small enough to put in my +little pocket, so that I could continue to +study it and try to learn the whole of the +New Testament by heart.</p> + +<p>“At the age of eleven I remember most +vividly another experience which was perhaps +rather remarkable for a young child. +My grandmother was then apparently in +good health, living in Edinburgh, and my +mother and we children were staying a night +or two in Edinburgh. No anxiety had +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_191">191</span>warned us of my grandmother’s condition, +but one evening, after being put to bed, I +could not sleep for a terrible feeling of icy +coldness and death. I had never thought of +death before, and my sister and I were sharing +a large bed, and all night through I kept +putting my hand across, quietly, to see if +she were cold, or if it was only I who was +cold, and wondering who was dead and what +death meant, feeling that it was very, very +near. The next day my grandmother was +found, quietly sleeping after her afternoon +nap, dead in her bed. I may say that quite +a number of times during my life similar +premonitions of events before they have +happened have come to me, but not with a +sufficient regularity to allow me to plan my +life on the assurance that they will come. +Such foreknowledge is always scrappy and +incompletely conveyed.</p> + +<p>“A few days before I was twelve I was +sent to school in Edinburgh, living with a +family and attending St. George’s School. +The family with whom I stayed were also +old-fashioned, extremely Protestant, Scottish +people, and I remember being shown, with +such strong expressions of disapproval that +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_192">192</span>I looked upon the whole surrounding atmosphere +as contaminated by it, an Anglican +Church near Alva Street in which the +people were wicked enough to have an organ +to sing with. I remember my young indignation +at such ‘Popery,’ a word that by +that time I had learnt, although I still did +not realize its meaning. At that age, too, +the sense of responsibility, which I felt very +early became intensely oppressive. I think +it was due to the fact that my parents had +admonished me so very much to take care +of my younger sister, but it was deeper in +origin and seemed to embrace the whole +world. It developed about that age into a +feeling that I was so terribly guilty that I +corresponded to a ‘Jonah,’ like the one +whose presence risked the lives of all his +fellow-travellers in the ship, and that my +guilty presence in the world was responsible +for disasters to others. I remember clearly +one day the lady with whom we stayed reading +some paragraph from a paper about a +great calamity abroad—I think an earthquake—when +I burst out crying, and said: +‘Oh, but I can’t help it; I can’t help it. It +is really not my fault.’ I have never +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_193">193</span>entirely lost this sense of <i>burden</i>, and I still +do my birth control work because I feel that +the responsibility for the unborn whom I +had not helped would be unbearable if I +were not to carry it on.</p> + +<p>“Life in the more mellowed atmosphere of +Kent, where the only church possible for us +to attend at Swanscombe was the English +Parish church, removed some of the childish +supersensitive feeling of guilt, and life became +a little easier, more normal, and less +narrow. I remember, however, always feeling +on my guard against the errors of the +Anglican Church, and although I became a +communicant, there were certain words and +phrases in the creeds and hymns that would +cause me to close my mouth firmly, and that +nothing could induce me to say. My father +still held aloof from religious discussion, but +I had a feeling that when I grew up to him, +there within him was wisdom that would +understand me and that I could meet. Looking +back on the extraordinary intimacy and +quite exceptionally profound affection between +my father and myself, I feel it very +curious that I did not go to him with my +religious puzzles. I think possibly I may +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_194">194</span>have done so, and that he may have said +that I must do what my mother told me in +these things till I was older. Certainly +about the age of fifteen or sixteen I began to +realize the difference between a Friend, that +is, a member of the Quaker Society of +Friends, and members of other religions, and +to feel all my sympathies with the Friends.</p> + +<p>“When at the age of sixteen I was away +at the seaside, somewhere near Folkestone, +in a little village (I do not know what was +its name), I used to take long rambles by +myself, and I remember one Sunday attending +a Quaker meeting on an explorative expedition +of my own. At that Quakers’ meeting +a very remarkable incident occurred +which made the profoundest impression +upon me, and which I have narrated literally +in a poem called ‘The Brother’ in +<i>Man, Other Poems, and a Preface</i>. This +incident coloured my life for many years, +and inhibited all further desire openly to +become a Quaker. So deep was my affection +for my father and our mutual understanding, +that I always felt that if I could find the +proper, old-fashioned type of Quaker community, +there would be my spiritual home.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_195">195</span></p> + +<p>“About this time we gave up the Swanscombe +home and moved to Hampstead. In +this house I had a little study in which I prepared +my ordinary school work and, in addition, +read unobserved and without even the +companionship of my sister. This was a +great pleasure, for by this time I had +developed a characteristic which has remained +with me, that is, intensely to desire +as much solitude as is possible, and to feel +certain powers and the capacity to understand +what I am reading very much reduced +by the presence of any other person in the +room. From the age of sixteen to eighteen +I read voraciously. The Hampstead Lending +Library was an exceptionally good one, +and I tapped its uttermost resources. I also +had access to a number of other supplies of +books. I read all sorts of things, but particularly +comparative theology, and a number +of works seldom read even by adults +to-day; for instance, in these years I read +pretty nearly everything that I could get in +English by Swedenborg, all Kant’s voluminous +philosophy, and a number of old-fashioned +and curiously abstruse books, +such as the early histories of the Rosicrucians, +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_196">196</span>translations of the Vedas, books +of Buddhistic philosophy, Confucius’s writings, +and many theological works. Walter +Pater and George Meredith were my +favourite authors of a lighter kind. I also +read all Darwin’s published books, and can +well remember one Sunday, when about sixteen +or seventeen, my mother’s sister, a very +religious Scottish woman, being shocked by +some chance phrase of my father, who was +speaking of his collection of flint implements. +This aunt was shocked to learn that +my father read Darwin and took his work +seriously, and still more shocked that mention +of such a man should be made in the +presence of an innocent young girl. I, +naturally enough, championed the cause for +which my father stood, and proudly boasted +that I also had read Darwin. I remember +my aunt said no more, but followed me up +to my little study to demand my repentance +and recantation. When she could not obtain +these, she solemnly committed me to hell. I +was still young enough, and the childish +memories of hell were still sufficiently easily +revived, for this to make a great impression +upon me, but, of course, not in the least to +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_197">197</span>alter my loyalty to my father or to affect the +scientific attitude of mind which was growing +in me. I remember not very long after +that, I think when I was sixteen and a half, +being taken for our spring vacation to +Jersey, and there delighting in the stretches +of rock and solitude into which it was possible +to escape owing to the fact that my +sister had caught a cold on the voyage and +was laid up, and, my mother taking care of +her, I was sent out for walks by myself. +Here then I found sunny corners and +enjoyed what had already become, and has +remained through life, one of my deepest +enjoyments as well as my greatest restorative—lying +flat on my back without moving +for hours. In Jersey a spiritual renaissance, +one might call it, took place after a succession +of such happy days, and that experience +is also published in <i>Man</i>, in a form +written at the time, ‘Revelation.’</p> + +<p>“I was always very sensitive to the marital +relations of those with whom I came in +contact, and I remember, as a very young +girl, being shocked and hurt by matrimonial +bickering. We met Mr. and Mrs. James +Huddart (the Huddart who originally +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_198">198</span>planned, many years before, the All Red +Route <i>via</i> Canada and Australia), and I was +enchanted by something exceptionally feminine +and sweet in Mrs. Huddart, and also +by the beautiful devotion of her husband and +sons. She reciprocated to some extent the +feeling I had for her and became one of my +warmest friends, and as a girl I was often +invited to stay at her house, and there learnt +many things that only an older woman of +sweet disposition could teach a girl, and +which I should never have learnt but for her. +Certainly chief among the lessons she taught +me was the recognition of the vital importance +of the relationship between the two +who are the centre of any home life, and how +far-reaching may be the influence of any +home. I think I may say that here was laid +the first seeds of a desire to do the work +which ultimately resulted in <i>Married Love</i>.</p> + +<p>“The religious phases of my early childhood +having been lived through, I naturally +enough entered into a phase of scientific +materialism, but had already grown out of +it by the time I was commencing my college +studies, and I remember the keen sense of +appreciation and delight with which I +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_199">199</span>listened to Professor Sir William Ramsay, +whose classes I attended, once speaking to +his large chemistry class, when dealing with +the waves of light in vacuum tubes, of the +mysticism which is compatible with a profound +knowledge of science. I cannot remember +his exact words, but they were to +the effect that atheism and hostility to religion +was no longer in keeping with a really +profound knowledge of the wonders of +natural science, and that whenever one +knew more deeply the details of any subject, +it led always to an ultimate mystery in +which one might well maintain that the +truths of religion could reside. So far as I +can remember that was the only reference of +any sort at all that I heard to either religion +or the deeper philosophy of life in the whole +of my time as a student at the University, +and his few words, passed over so swiftly in +his physical chemistry lecture, left me with +a sense of tremendous respect for Sir William +Ramsay.</p> + +<p>“Before my first term at college I had +reached the phase in my inner development +that included a great deal of reading on +psychological and psychic themes, and so, +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_200">200</span>naturally enough, I wanted to see if I had +any psychic powers. At first I spoke to no +one about these subjects. No one at all, +neither my teacher, nor my college friends; +only my school friend, Olga Kapteyn, was in +the least degree in my confidence, and she +not very completely, as by this time she was +staying once more in Amsterdam. I tested +in one or two ways at the University whether +I had power to hypnotize and perform some +of the various semi-psychic tricks made much +of in some of the books I was then reading. +Under the influence of a member of the +Theosophical Society I found I had undoubtedly +such powers, but I very sanely +came to the conclusion that their use was +mean—not quite playing the game—and also +that I should undoubtedly be in danger of +becoming nervous and ‘queer,’ as I observed +the people who claimed such powers generally +were. Hence I, to myself, formally, +definitely and specifically renounced their +use, and decided for the next few years, at +any rate, to lead my life in accordance with +the revelation in Jersey. I have never again +attempted to use these powers.</p> +</blockquote> + +<figure class="figcenter illowp52" id="i_p200a" style="max-width: 30.1875em;"> + <img class="w100" src="images/i_p200a.jpg" alt=""> + <figcaption> + <span class="smcap">Dr. Marie Stopes.</span> + </figcaption> +</figure> + +<blockquote> +<p>“Now, many years later, I still think it +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_201">201</span>most important not to hasten the human +acquisition of what we call supernatural or +supernormal powers. I feel that having +taken so long a time to become human, and +being now in the present imperfect link +between the past and the future, we serve +the race and whatever cosmic design there +may be behind our existence best by being +the best kind of human beings we can; by +starving neither our bodies nor our minds, +nor wearing out one aspect of ourselves at +the expense of normality. The neurotic, +half-starved, highly-abnormal ascetic, the +psychic, the ‘spiritual’ healer, and other +cranks generally fill me with a slight feeling +of repugnance and a profound feeling of +regret that they took on a job for which they +are so obviously unfitted. Even as a young +girl I did not wish to become like that. My +ambition is to be as normal, healthy, and +wholesome a human being as I can be while +I am a human being; it will not be very +long in any event, even if one outlives the +Biblical three-score years and ten.</p> + +<p>“I have always had a peculiar sympathy +with stones, undoubtedly inherited, for my +father’s delight in fossils and flint implements +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_202">202</span>is traceable to his earliest childhood, +and I have a sympathy with them which, +curiously enough, often includes a knowledge +of where they are, almost as if I were +a stone-diviner, like water-diviners. Their +smell delights me. Of course not all stones +have a very noticeable smell, but to me, in +quarries, almost every freshly chipped stone +has a peculiar, and most have a pleasing, +smell. The consciousness of fossils, even at +a distance from them, has often manifested +itself most usefully in my expeditions, and +I may give just one example of this. I remember +Dr. D. H. Scott, the leading English +palæobotanist, in a discussion at the Linnean +Society, speaking of a classical find of a well-preserved +fossil in the Isle of Wight, saying +that in this deposit, which he had himself +examined, there remained no more petrifactions. +Like a sudden flash of light a +queer, intense feeling came to me that there +were lots of petrifactions there calling to me +and waiting to be found. Within a few +weeks I was able to take my vacation in that +locality, at Luccomb Chine in the Isle of +Wight, and spent the first day lying comfortably +on the shore in hot sunshine gazing up +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_203">203</span>at the cliffs. By the afternoon I had come +to the conclusion that at a certain point up +the cliffs I should find these specimens, and +the next day I went there and found enough +to enable me to bring away nearly a bushel, +many of which were new to science, and +some of which are described and illustrated +in my volume on the Palæontology of this +horizon, published by the Trustees of the +British Museum (Appendix B, p. 217).</p> + +<p>“Useful in another way is this sympathy +with stones, and I remember on one occasion +my sister and I had spent a whole holiday +together camping in a cave on the coast of +Devonshire. She and I had played at +Robinson Crusoe and Man Friday for five or +six weeks, sleeping in this cave by the sea +with a sense of perfect security and peace, +when one night I suddenly felt that I must +not allow her to stop there, for it would be +most dangerous for us to sleep there, and we +must go into the open. We shifted our sleeping +bags along the pebbles of the beach, right +into the open and away from the cave, leaving +however all our little cooking utensils +and other camp equipment in the cave. +When I went back next morning I found +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_204">204</span>part of the roof had fallen in, with a large +slab of stone just where my head would have +been. The next night we were quite calmly +and happily sleeping in the cave again, probably +most foolishly, but nothing happened.</p> + +<p>“Possibly correlated with this feeling for +stones is the consciousness I have had since +early childhood in my spine of the direction +of the north. It is as though I were a +magnet, and I shall never forget my delight, +when I was a girl, at discovering Du +Maurier’s book, ‘Peter Ibbetson,’ in which +one of the characters is conscious of the position +of the north, for I thought I alone was +peculiar in this, and was greatly pleased to +find that someone else shared that sensitiveness. +In childhood it took the curious form +of making me twist round and wake with a +dazed feeling in bed if my bed was placed +wrongly. And still, unless I sleep either +north and south, or south and north, I tend +to twist round in the night and lie in the +direction of the magnetic field, sometimes +waking up to find myself lying right across +the bed if I am staying in a house where the +bed cannot be placed correctly before I go to +sleep. A long illness, or a number of nights +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_205">205</span>in London or a big city, tend to reduce this +sensitiveness, but when I have been long +alone or in the country it becomes intensely +strong, and I remember being tested once in +a thick fog—a fog so blanket-like that one +could not see a yard before one’s face, when +I was being trained by Mr. W. H. Dalton, +F.G.S., a member of the Geological Survey. +At first he laughed at my saying that I could +feel the north, and led me zigzags and twists +and turns, and then tested me with his compass. +Every time I was dead right. Since +I have had an operation however this capacity +is much reduced, and I only feel it +intermittently, depending, I fancy, on some +electrical condition of the atmosphere.</p> + +<p>“My passion for solitude resulted in a very +curious initiation for me at the beginning of +the war. I had, when staying earlier as a +guest of Lord and Lady Grey at Howick +Castle, been greatly attracted by the long +stretches of sandy bays and quiet rocks in +the neighbourhood, absolutely out of reach +of the tripper, and longed to pitch my tent +there, which I did, through their kindness, +in the summer of 1914. This time I had not +even my sister with me, desiring to be absolutely +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_206">206</span>alone, because I felt within me ripe for +birth a very long poem which, at the time, +seemed important. Life in my tiny tent, +weighing only two pounds, had for years +been one of my principal enjoyments, and I +fixed my tent on psamma grass at the corner +of a rocky bay with wide stretches of sand +between me and the sunsets. There I deliberately +cut myself off from everyone, only +going into a neighbouring farmhouse now +and then to get fresh scones and bread, and +having milk brought to me by one of the +farmer’s bonny children. I deliberately +refused to read newspapers, and the result +was that I had no conception that even a +cloud or rumour of war had settled on +Europe. I had not heard of the murders at +Serajevo. One evening, however, I suddenly +felt that the long poem I had come to +write had died within me. In the dusk I +felt, literally, that I suddenly saw, green +and horrible, the corpse of a young man and +another standing over him smiting at his +dead body. The impression was most vivid, +and for two days afterwards I was restless, +and could not concentrate in the least on the +work I had intended to do. The third night +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_207">207</span>after this I, still unconscious as an unborn +babe that anything in the way of war was +affecting Europe, tucked myself into my +sleeping bag, lying with my head and +shoulders outside my tent, as I generally +slept, and went off into a sound sleep, to be +awakened most startlingly by a young man +with a bayonet shouting to me ‘Halt! Who +goes there?’ Wakened out of sleep, I replied +rather absurdly, ‘Halt yourself; I am lying +down.’ I had not succeeded in explaining +my existence to the young man before +another young man with a fixed bayonet +rushed up to him and the bayonets clashed. +I thought the two were going to fight each +other, both contending that I was their +prisoner. I, thinking it was some absurd +joke and that an appeal to Lord Grey would +straighten matters out, explained that I was +there, although not in the house, in a sense +as the guest and under the protection of the +Greys, and they might leave me in peace +until the morning and then decide whose +prisoner I really was. Their story that a +war was on I took as nonsense. They +allowed me to sleep, and by six o’clock in the +morning, after some hours of cold, wet mists, +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_208">208</span>both of them were very thankful, rancour +ended, to creep to my tent for a cup of hot +cocoa. One, a young fellow from Manchester, +had not weathered a night on a +solitary coast before, and his teeth were +literally chattering. I got out my maps and +directed them to the nearest place where +they could get a square meal, and that was +the last I heard of being anybody’s prisoner. +I went however into the village to buy newspapers +and, running across Viscount Howick +(now Lord Grey), was reassured by his telling +me that his uncle, Sir Edward, was at +the helm and doing everything possible to +maintain peace. He asked me to hop into +his car, and went round villages and outlying +districts reassuring and calming the +people. Soon, warships were stationed +directly opposite us and rushed up and +down, because a landing was actually expected +within a mile or two of where I was +camping, and the Greys were hurriedly +turning Howick Castle into a potential hospital. +I think no one who was plunged into +the horror of the war thus with no preparation, +can ever get over the shock of the first +few days and of the news of what was done +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_209">209</span>in Belgium. Perhaps the next generation +may again feel the ease and security that +we all felt before this war, but shall never +feel again. Since that poem was slain on +Howick shore, I have never really been able +to do the things that I have personally +wanted most to do, always being impelled to +expend what power I had only on things +that seem urgently necessary, either in connection +with scientific research on coal and +fuel, or in connection with the sex and birth +control work. Since the publication of +<i>Married Love</i> early in 1918, nearly the +whole of my time has been spent in a very +inadequate response to the anguished cries +of poor mothers and their potential babies +for that knowledge and help which is available +if it can but be brought to them.</p> +</blockquote> + +<figure class="figcenter illowp100" id="i_p208a" style="max-width: 53.5625em;"> + <img class="w100" src="images/i_p208a.jpg" alt=""> + <figcaption> + Inner home life: Dr. Stopes as gardener, and her husband with the car. + </figcaption> +</figure> + +<blockquote> +<p>“1918 was an important year; I published +<i>Married Love</i>, <i>Wise Parenthood</i>, and, in +conjunction with Dr. R. V. Wheeler, <i>The +Constitution of Coal</i>, and I met and married +my husband, Humphrey Verdon Roe.</p> + +<p>“In 1920 I was impelled, against my +worldly judgment, to publish a brief piece +of writing called <i>The New Gospel to All +Peoples</i>. In its preface I explained how +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_210">210</span>and why it was written, and sent to each of +the Bishops in Conference at Lambeth in +that year. About sending it to the Bishops +I had no hesitation, my orders were so explicit, +but my mundane intelligence was +perfectly aware that from a purely worldly +point of view I was doing a foolish thing in +<i>publishing</i> it. The matter was simply taken +out of my hands however, and my inner life +rendered unlivable until I decided to do +what was necessary to get it published. +When I say that I was unwilling to publish +it, I do not mean to imply that I in any way +shirk what is said therein; but knowing the +materialistic spirit which rules the greater +part of the intellectual world at present, I +knew very well that I was, to some extent, +jeopardizing the approval of those whose +opinion I valued. Beyond a little chaff +however and the antagonism of a few materialists, +I have suffered nothing to weigh in +the balance against the wonderful adherence +of other souls and the joy of seeing my message +spreading in the whole Empire, now +often from the lips of others. For instance, +that great heroine, Lady Constance Lytton, +wrote to me: ‘I cannot say how much I +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_211">211</span>thank you for sending me your beautiful <i>A +New Gospel</i>. It is so reverently given forth, +so beautiful in the way it is given. I have +promised to write a little article on Constructive +Birth Control. I hope you will +approve of it, for all I know of constructive +birth control is through you.’</p> + +<p>“The work for birth control and a reformation +in the sex life of the people has for +years been a consciously performed task—but +all the time I realize that the need for it +is a phase in human progress, and my immortal +soul has other interests—and a desire +‘to paint the things as I see them for the God +of things as they are.’ And among the +things I have always desired to do is to write +a volume of fairy tales. In my opinion, +fairy tales rank among the very highest form +of literature. I remember Professor Alexander, +the Professor of Philosophy, once saying +that all our scientific discoveries were +ephemeral and bound to be swept away, +and that the only really lasting thing anyone +could do is to write a poem. I incline now +to agree with him, although then I hotly +disputed his conclusion. A good fairy tale, +being essentially a poem though in prose, +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_212">212</span>might have well-nigh as long a life as a +poem. But in the press of work of recent +years I have not had time to write the +volume of tales I so much desire, and only +one or two have been completed and published. +Certainly one of my proudest +achievements is the fact that I have had a +fairy tale in the <i>Fortnightly Review</i>, the +only fairy tale, I think, that periodical ever +published. I have also had two or three +fairy tales in the <i>English Review</i>; but the +rest have either been slaughtered unborn, or +await the leisure I am always longing once +more to have, to do the things that <i>I want +to do</i> instead of those I am impelled to do +by the present crisis in human affairs.</p> + +<p>“What am I? An immortal soul, having +lived previously to this particular life on +earth, and destined to live again after my +body wears out; of that I am as certain as +that I am in the world at present. <i>Nothing</i> +can remove me from the universe; one plays +at being human for a while, and it is great +fun. <i>Why</i> one is given such hard jobs and +has to encounter such difficulties on one’s +own behalf and on behalf of others I don’t +know, but I still feel as I felt at the age of sixteen +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_213">213</span>and a half when I wrote the poem ‘Revelation’ +(later on published in <i>Man, Other +Poems, and a Preface</i>), that one should ‘be +tranquil, at the same time that you strive +... for <i>joyous</i> life alone is perfected.’”</p> +</blockquote> + +<p>The sketch of her inner life given in the +above autobiographical notes may well conclude +this short life of one who is still in +mid-career.</p> + +<p>Dr. Stopes is an example of the truth of +John Stuart Mill’s forecast that, as soon as +the obstacles that hampered the exercise of +women’s powers were removed, they would +prove themselves the equals of the best men +in fields where they had heretofore always +been regarded as inferior. Though she is a +very modern woman, Dr. Stopes, in another +aspect, reminds one by the variety of her +achievements of those artist-scientists of the +Renaissance who, before specialization had +become so customary as it is to-day, claimed +all science and all art as their province.</p> + + +<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop"> +<div class="chapter"> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_214">214</span></p> + + + <h2 class="nobreak" id="APPENDIX_A"> + APPENDIX A. + <br> + List of Books and Pamphlets by Dr. Marie Stopes. + </h2> +</div> + + +<p class="center">SEXOLOGY.</p> + +<blockquote class="hang15"> +<p>“<b>Contraception.</b>” Published by Bale and Danielsson, +1923, pp. xxiii, 1-418, plates iv.</p> + +<p>“<b>Married Love.</b>” First published by Fifield, 1918; now +in Fourteenth Edition, published by Putnams, pp. +xxi, 1-169.</p> + +<p>“<b>Wise Parenthood.</b>” First published by Fifield, 1918; +now in Eleventh Edition, published by Putnams, 1918, +pp. xii, 1-62.</p> + +<p>“<b>Radiant Motherhood.</b>” Published by Putnams, 1920, +pp. ix, 1-236.</p> + +<p>“<b>Truth about Venereal Disease.</b>” Published by Putnams, +1921, pp. vii, 1-52.</p> + +<p>“<b>A New Gospel.</b>” Published by A. L. Humphreys, 1922, +pp. 1-27.</p> + +<p>“<b>A Letter to Working Mothers.</b>” Published by the +Author, 1919; now by the Clinic; pp. 1-16.</p> + +<p>“<b>Early Days of Birth Control.</b>” Published by Putnams, +1922, pp. 1-32.</p> + +<p>“<b>Mother, how was I Born?</b>” Published by Putnams, +1923, pp. 1-25.</p> + +<p>“<b>The Control of Parenthood.</b>” By the Bishop of +Birmingham and others. Edited by Rev. Sir James +Marchant. (One Chapter in this published by Putnams.)</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_215">215</span></p> + +<p>“<b>Queen’s Hall Meeting on C.B.C.</b>” Published by +Putnams, 1921, pp. 1-48. (Contains report of Dr. +Stopes’s speech.)</p> + +<p>“<b>Verbatim Report of the Town Hall Meeting.</b>” Published +by the Voluntary Parenthood League, New York +City, 1921, pp. 1-23. (Contains report of Dr. Stopes’s +speech.)</p> +</blockquote> + + +<p class="center">BOTANY.</p> + +<blockquote class="hang15"> +<p>“<b>Ancient Plants.</b>” Published by Blackie and Son, 1910. +Pp. viii, 1-199.</p> + +<p>“<b>The Study of Plant Life.</b>” Published by Blackie, 1906. +Pp. xii, 1-202.</p> + +<p>“<b>Exploitation of Plants.</b>” Edited by Prof. Oliver. Published +by Dent. (One Chapter in this.)</p> + +<p>“<b>The Sportophyte: ‘The Botanical Punch.</b>’” Founded +and Edited for the years 1911-1914.</p> +</blockquote> + + +<p class="center">TRAVEL.</p> + +<blockquote class="hang15"> +<p>“<b>A Journal from Japan.</b>” Pp. 1-250, illustrated. Published +by Blackie.</p> +</blockquote> + + +<p class="center">LITERARY.</p> + +<blockquote class="hang15"> +<p>“<b>Man, Other Poems and a Preface.</b>” Pp. 1-76. Published +by Heinemann.</p> + +<p>“<b>Conquest</b>,” a Three-Act Play. Published by French. +Pp. 1-94.</p> + +<p>“<b>Gold in the Wood</b>” and “<b>The Race</b>.” Two Plays. +Published by Fifield. Pp. 1-101.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_216">216</span></p> + +<p>“<b>Our Ostriches.</b>” Produced at the Court Theatre. Published +by Putnams, 1923, pp. 1-105.</p> + +<p>“<b>Plays of Old Japan: The Nõ.</b>” (With Prof. J. Sakurai.) +Published by Heinemann. Pp. 1-102, illustrated.</p> + +<p>“<b>A Japanese Mediæval Drama.</b>” <i>Transactions of the +Royal Society of Literature</i>, vol. 29; (separate) pp. 1-26.</p> +</blockquote> + +<p>Also fairy stories in the <i>Fortnightly Review</i>, <i>English +Review</i>; articles in <i>The Times</i>, <i>Manchester Guardian</i>, +<i>Science Progress</i>, Reviews in the <i>Athenæum</i>, etc.</p> + + +<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop"> +<div class="chapter"> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_217">217</span></p> + + + <h2 class="nobreak" id="APPENDIX_B"> + APPENDIX B. + <br> + List of Dr. Stopes’s Scientific Memoirs, etc., + Embodying her New Discoveries. + </h2> +</div> + + +<blockquote class="hang15"> +<p>“<b>Contribution Paléobotanique à la Connaissance du +Charbon.</b>” Résumé of Communication to the Congress +in Paris. Published in <i>Chaleur et Industrie</i>, +Paris, 1923.</p> + +<p>“<b>The Spontaneous Combustion of Coal.</b>” (With Prof. +R. V. Wheeler.) Bulletin No. 1 of “Fuel.” Published +<i>Colliery Guardian</i>, London, 1923, pp. 1-125, 2 plates +and text figs.</p> + +<p>“<b>Terminology in Coal Research.</b>” (With Prof. R. V. +Wheeler.) In “Fuel,” London, 1923, pp. 5-9, 1 plate.</p> + +<p>“<b>The Constitution of Coal, Palæobotanical Aspects.</b>” +Lecture published (with those of others in pamphlet +called “Coal”), Colliery Guardian Company, London, +1922, pp. 1-8, and text figs.</p> + +<p>“<b>The Missing Link in <i>Osmundites</i>.</b>” <i>Annals of Botany</i>, +vol. 35, 1921, pp. 56-61, text fig. and plate.</p> + +<p>“<i>Bennettites Scottii</i>, Sp. Nov., <b>A European Petrifaction +with Foliage</b>.” Extr. <i>Linnean Society’s Journal</i>, +1920, vol. 44, pp. 483-496, plates xix and xx.</p> + +<p>“<b>The Four Visible Ingredients in Banded Bituminous +Coal: Studies in the Composition of Coal</b>,” No. 1. +<i>Proceedings Royal Society B</i>, vol. 90, 1919, pp. 470-487, +plates xi and xii.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_218">218</span></p> + +<p>“<b>New Bennettitean Cones from the British Cretaceous.</b>” +<i>Phil. Transactions Royal Society B</i>, vol. 208, +1918, pp. 389-440, plates xix-xxiv.</p> + +<p>“<b>The Constitution of Coal.</b>” (With Dr. R. V. Wheeler.) +Monograph, published by H.M. Stationery Office for +the Department of Scientific and Industrial Research, +1918, pp. 1-58, plates i-iii.</p> + +<p>“<b>Roots in <i>Bennettites</i>.</b>” <i>Annals of Botany</i>, vol. 31, 1917, +No. 122, pp. 257-259, plate xiv.</p> + +<p>“<b>Plants as a Source of National Power in the Exploitation +of Plants.</b>” Edited by Prof. F. W. Oliver. +Published Dent, 1917, pp. 155-170.</p> + +<p>“<b>An Early Type of the Abietineæ (?) from the Cretaceous +of New Zealand.</b>” <i>Annals of Botany</i>, vol. 30, +1916, pp. 111-125, text figs. 1-7, plates iv.</p> + +<p>“<b>The Cretaceous Flora in the British Museum (Natural +History), Part II: Lower Greensand (Aptian) +Plants of Britain.</b>” Published by the Trustees of +the British Museum, 1915, pp. i-xxxvi, 1-360, plates +i-xxxii, 112 text figs.</p> + +<p>“<b>The ‘Fern Ledges’ Carboniferous Flora of St. John, +New Brunswick.</b>” Published by the Geological +Survey of Canada: Memoir 41, Ottawa 1914, pp. i-vi, +1-142, plates i-xxv, 21 text figs.</p> + +<p>“<b>The Cretaceous Flora in the British Museum (Natural +History), Part I: Bibliography, Algæ and Fungi.</b>” +Published by the Trustees of the British Museum, +1913, pp. i-xxiii, 1-285, plates i-xi, 25 text figs.</p> + +<p>“<b>A New Cretaceous Plant from Nigeria.</b>” <i>Geological +Magazine</i>, Dec. 5, 1914, vol. 1, No. 604, pp. 433-435, +plate xxxiii, text fig.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_219">219</span></p> + +<p>“<b>A New <i>Araucarioxylon</i> from New Zealand.</b>” (Published +by permission of the Director of the Geological +Survey of New Zealand.) <i>Annals of Botany</i>, vol. 28, +1914, pp. 341-350, plates xx, text figs. 1-3.</p> + +<p>“<b>Palæobotany: Its Past and Its Future.</b>” <i>Knowledge</i>, +vol. 37, 1914, pp. 15-24, figs. 24-30.</p> + +<p>“<b>Palæobotany versus Stratigraphy in New Brunswick.</b>” +<i>British Association Report</i>, 1912, Dundee.</p> + +<p>“<b>The Red Crag Portrait.</b>” <i>Geological Magazine</i>, vol. 9, +Dec. 5, 1912, pp. 285-6, text fig. 1.</p> + +<p>“<b>Petrifactions of the Earliest European Angiosperms.</b>” +<i>Proceedings Royal Society B</i>, vol. 85, 1912 +(Abstract).</p> + +<p>“<b>Petrifactions of the Earliest European Angiosperms.</b>” +<i>Transactions Royal Society B</i>, vol. 203, +1912, pp. 75-100, plates vi-viii.</p> + +<p>“<b>The Correct Name for the Dragon Tree of the +Kentish Rag.</b>” <i>Geological Magazine</i>, vol. 8, 1911, +No. 568, pp. 467-9.</p> + +<p>“<b>The Dragon Tree of the Kentish Rag.</b>” <i>Geological +Magazine</i>, vol. 8, Dec. 5, 1911, pp. 55-59, text fig.</p> + +<p>“<b>On the True Nature of the Cretaceous Plant <i>Ophioglossum +granulatum</i>, Heer.</b>” <i>Annals of Botany</i>, vol. +25, 1911, pp. 903-907, text figs. 1-2.</p> + +<p>“<b>A Reply to Prof. Jeffrey’s Article on <i>Yezonia</i> and +<i>Cryptomeriopsis</i>.</b>” <i>Annals of Botany</i>, vol. 25, 1911, +pp. 269-270.</p> + +<p>“<b>The Value and Interest of Japanese Fossils.</b>” <i>Transactions +Japan Society</i>, vol. 9, 1910, pp. 1-12, plates i-iii.</p> + +<p>“<b>Further Observations on the Fossil Flower, <i>Cretovarium</i>.</b>” +<i>Annals of Botany</i>, vol. 24, 1910, pp. 679-681, +plates lvi-lvii.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_220">220</span></p> + +<p>“<b>Adventitious Budding and Branching in Cycas.</b>” <i>New +Phytologist</i>, vol. 9, 1910, pp. 235-241, text figs. 8-14.</p> + +<p>“<b>The Anatomy of Cretaceous Pine Leaves.</b>” (With +Miss Kershaw.) <i>Annals of Botany</i>, vol. 24, 1910, +pp. 395-402, plates xxvii-xxviii.</p> + +<p>“<b>The Internal Anatomy of <i>Nilssonia Orientalis</i>.</b>” <i>Annals +of Botany</i>, vol. 24, 1910, pp. 389-393, plate xxvi.</p> + +<p>“<b>Studies on the Structure and Affinities of Cretaceous +Plants.</b>” (With Prof. Fujii.) <i>Phil. Transactions Royal +Society B</i>, vol. 201, 1910, pp. 1-90, plates i-ix.</p> + +<p>“<b>Plant containing Nodules from Japan.</b>” <i>Quarterly +Journal Geological Society</i>, vol. 65, 1909, pp. 195-205, +plate ix.</p> + +<p>“<b>On the Tent-building Habits of the Ant <i>Lasius +niger</i> Linn. in Japan.</b>” (With Dr. Gordon Hewitt.) +“Memoirs” and <i>Proceedings Manchester Literary Philo. +Society</i>, vol. 53, 1909, pt. 3, pp. 1-6, plate 1.</p> + +<p>“<b>On the Present Distribution and Origin of the Calcareous +Concretions in Coal Seams, known as +‘Coal Balls.’</b>” (With D. M. S. Watson.) <i>Phil. +Transactions Royal Society B</i>, vol. 200, 1908, pp. 167-218, +plates xvii-xix.</p> + +<p>“<b>The Flora of the Inferior Oolite of Brora.</b>” <i>Quarterly +Journal Geological Society</i>, vol. 63, 1907, pp. 375-382, +plate xxvii.</p> + +<p>“<b>The Relation of the Concretionary Nodules of the +Yarra to the Calcareous Nodules known as ‘Coal +Balls.’</b>” <i>Geological Magazine</i>, Dec. 5, 1907, vol. 4, +pp. 106-108.</p> + +<p>“<b>The Xerophytic Character of the Gymnosperms.</b>” +<i>New Phytologist</i>, vol. 6, 1907, pp. 46-50.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_221">221</span></p> + +<p>“<b>A Note on a Wounded Calamite.</b>” <i>Annals Botany</i>, +vol. 21, 1907, pp. 277-280, plate xxiii, text figs. 1-4.</p> + +<p>“<b>The Nutritive Relations of the Surrounding Tissues +to the Archegonia in Gymnosperms.</b>” (With +Prof. Fujii.) <i>Beihefte zum Botan. Centralblatt</i>, vol. 20, +1906, pp. 1-24, plate 1.</p> + +<p>“<b>A New Fern from the Coal Measures: <i>Tubicaulis +Sutcliffii</i></b>, Sp. Nov.” “Memoirs” and <i>Proceedings +Manchester Literary Philo. Society</i>, vol. 50, 1906, +pp. 1-34, plates i-iii.</p> +</blockquote> + + +<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop"> +<div class="chapter"> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_222">222</span></p> + + + <h2 class="nobreak" id="APPENDIX_C"> + APPENDIX C. + <br> + <span class="allsmcap">THE TENETS OF THE C.B.C.</span> + </h2> +</div> + + +<p><b>The objects for which the C.B.C. was founded +are as follows:—</b></p> + +<p>The objects of the Society are (<i>a</i>) to bring home to all the +fundamental nature of the reforms involved in conscious and +constructive control of conception and the illumination of +sex life as a basis of racial progress; (<i>b</i>) to consider the +individual, national, international, racial, political, economic, +scientific, spiritual and other aspects of the theme, for which +purpose meetings will be held, publications issued, Research +Committees, Commissions of Enquiry and other activities +will be organized from time to time as circumstances require +and facilities offer; (<i>c</i>) to supply all who still need it with +the full knowledge of sound physiological methods of control.</p> + +<p>As these objects indicate, <b>the scope of the Society is +very wide, its interests far-reaching, and its possibilities +of future development very elastic</b>. Even to-day the +tenets which appear fundamental to different members of +the Society will naturally vary, hence <b>no one of the following +is binding on an individual member. General agreement +with the objects of the Society suffices for membership.</b></p> + +<p>Nevertheless, it has been felt that it would be useful +explicitly to state in concise form what may be described as +the bedrock of general agreement in the Society. This is +as follows:—</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_223">223</span></p> + +<p>1.—The hygiene of sex is as suitable and proper a subject +for scientific and serious study as the hygiene of nutrition, +locomotion, or any other human function.</p> + +<p>2.—Owing to the shamefaced attitude which has until +recently characterized our dealings with the subject, all the +manifold data involved in the different aspects of sex life +have not had the direct, scientific and physiological handling +they deserve and require. We deplore this and shall +endeavour to remedy it.</p> + +<p>3.—We maintain that the highest spiritual development, +the noblest intellectual illumination, and the sweetest +romantic possibilities of individual sex experience, are not +damaged by sound scientific knowledge, but contrariwise, +are enhanced and elevated.</p> + +<p>4.—We consider that in relation to the procreation of +additional members of the community, the best possible +knowledge of scientific and technical details should be +available to those undertaking this important social duty.</p> + +<p>5.—We believe that the haphazard production of children +by ignorant, coerced, or diseased mothers is profoundly +detrimental to the race. We believe, therefore, that parenthood +should no longer be the result of ignorance or accident, +but should be a power used voluntarily and with knowledge.</p> + +<p>6.—We maintain that to achieve this result a knowledge +of the simple hygiene of contraception is essential.</p> + +<p>7.—We advocate no individual contraceptive measure as +final or fundamental, but maintain that the <b>best</b> measures +<b>available</b> at any time should be taught and known by the +people.</p> + +<p>8.—We desire to keep constantly in touch with all +advances in science which may have a bearing on the +practical details of contraceptive measures, and for this +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_224">224</span>purpose we have organized a Medical Research Committee +to keep our Society informed as to the current scientific +position of the hygiene of contraception.</p> + +<p>9.—AS REGARDS THE POPULATION AT PRESENT. +We say that there are unfortunately many men and women +who should be prevented from procreating children at all, +because of their individual ill-health, or the diseased and +degenerate nature of the offspring that they may be expected +to produce. These considerations would not apply to a +better and healthier world.</p> + +<p>10.—There are many women unfortunately so constructed—suffering +from weakness of certain organs—that they +would risk death if they were to attempt to bear children, +and who, therefore, should not bear them.</p> + +<p>11.—There are unfortunately many couples so ill-provided +with this world’s goods, or with means to acquire +them, that they cannot support further children, and therefore +should not bear them. Women, owing to their own or their +husband’s incapacity to be self-supporting, may be permanently +or temporarily in such a position owing to disaster or +unemployment. The following Resolution was passed by +our Society:</p> + + +<p><i>Resolution passed at General Meeting November 22nd, 1921.</i></p> + +<blockquote> +<p>“Both to spare your own personal distress and to +avoid bringing a weakly child into the world, it +is important that all should realize that no one +should conceive in times of individual misery or +ill-health. Of course wherever a child is already +on the way, the best must be made of it. But +sound and wholesome methods of Birth Control +(Control of Conception) are known, and advice +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_225">225</span>will be given free by a qualified nurse to all +unemployed married persons who present this +slip at the Mother’s Clinic, 61, Marlborough Road, +Holloway, London, N. 19.”</p> +</blockquote> + +<p>12.—The Society approves and welcomes the work +done by the first British Birth Control Clinic (The Mother’s +Clinic, 61, Marlborough Road, Holloway, N.19), where the +very poor and ignorant receive personal instruction; but +we consider that this public service should not be left to +private enterprise to maintain, and hence that the Ministry +of Health should supply suitable help and contraceptive +instruction to working-class women at the many Ante-natal +Clinics, Welfare Centres, etc., already in existence all over the +country.</p> + +<p>13.—We maintain that science has already made available +contraceptive measures as safe and as simple to use as any +other hygienic measures widely known and practised, such +as brushing one’s teeth, or the removal daily of a dental plate +by one who has artificial teeth. We, therefore, maintain +that knowledge and instruction in these matters for the +normal and healthy is an <b>hygienic</b> and not a medical +matter. The problem of controlling conception on the part +of those who are diseased, abnormal and unhealthy is on the +other hand a purely medical matter and may involve +measures which this Society would not advocate for general +use.</p> + +<p>14.—We as a Society are at present working for the +dissemination of the best possible hygienic knowledge to all +who are intelligent enough to be capable of using it, but we +recognize the grave National problem raised by the fertility +of those too degenerate or too careless to be capable of +using any form of contraceptive.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_226">226</span></p> + +<p>15.—We are convinced that children spaced by voluntary +means have a less mortality, and that the mother of such +children has time to recover her health and attend to the +young child in a better way, than if the pregnancies follow +rapidly one after the other, and we are therefore in favour of +voluntarily spacing all the desired children of even the +healthiest woman.</p> + +<p>16.—In short, we are profoundly and fundamentally a +pro-baby organisation, in favour of producing the largest +possible number of healthy, happy children without detriment +to the mother, and with the minimum wastage of infants by +premature death. We, therefore, as a Society, regret the +relatively small families of those best fitted to care for +children. In this connection our motto has been “Babies +in the right place,” and it is just as much the aim of Constructive +Birth Control to secure conception to those married +people who are healthy, childless, and desire children, as it is +to furnish security from conception to those who are racially +diseased, already overburdened with children, or in any +specific way unfitted for parenthood.</p> + +<p>17.—We hold no fixed opinions concerning the total +numbers either of individual families or of populations, +desiring only that the <b>optimum</b> shall be attained.</p> + +<p class="right"> + Passed by the Executive Committee, C.B.C. +</p> +<p> +March, 1923. +</p> + + +<p><i>Everyone who is interested in securing the best future for our +Race should join the Society for Constructive Birth Control and +Racial Progress.</i> <i>Apply for Membership forms to the Hon. +Secretary</i>, <b>C.B.C., 4-5, Adam St., Adelphi, London, +W.C.2. Gerrard 4431.</b></p> + +<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop"> +<div class="chapter transnote"> +<p class="center"> Transcriber’s Notes.</p> + +<p> +Evident typographical and punctuation errors have been corrected silently. Inconsistent spelling/hyphenation has been normalised. +</p> + +<p>Half-titles and reiterations of chapter titles have been discarded.</p> + +<p> +End of page footnotes have been sequentially numbered and relocated to the end of the relevant chapter. +</p> + +<p> +Illustrations have been relocated between paragraphs. +</p> + +<p> +A Table of Contents and List of Illustrations have been compiled by the transcriber. +</p> + +<p>New original cover art included with this eBook is granted to the public domain.</p> + +</div> + + +<div style='text-align:center'>*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 78278 ***</div> +</body> +</html> diff --git a/78278-h/images/cover.jpg b/78278-h/images/cover.jpg Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..cdbef44 --- /dev/null +++ b/78278-h/images/cover.jpg diff --git a/78278-h/images/i_f001.jpg b/78278-h/images/i_f001.jpg Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..b7e10c7 --- /dev/null +++ b/78278-h/images/i_f001.jpg diff --git a/78278-h/images/i_p048b_bottom.jpg b/78278-h/images/i_p048b_bottom.jpg Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..06bfc73 --- /dev/null +++ b/78278-h/images/i_p048b_bottom.jpg diff --git a/78278-h/images/i_p048b_top.jpg b/78278-h/images/i_p048b_top.jpg Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..8a1487b --- /dev/null +++ b/78278-h/images/i_p048b_top.jpg diff --git a/78278-h/images/i_p066b.jpg b/78278-h/images/i_p066b.jpg Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..a667dfb --- /dev/null +++ b/78278-h/images/i_p066b.jpg diff --git a/78278-h/images/i_p120b.jpg b/78278-h/images/i_p120b.jpg Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..154b186 --- /dev/null +++ b/78278-h/images/i_p120b.jpg diff --git a/78278-h/images/i_p124b.jpg b/78278-h/images/i_p124b.jpg Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..d2cd4fd --- /dev/null +++ b/78278-h/images/i_p124b.jpg diff --git a/78278-h/images/i_p126b.jpg b/78278-h/images/i_p126b.jpg Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..6cb90e8 --- /dev/null +++ b/78278-h/images/i_p126b.jpg diff --git a/78278-h/images/i_p128a_bottom.jpg b/78278-h/images/i_p128a_bottom.jpg Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..160a327 --- /dev/null +++ b/78278-h/images/i_p128a_bottom.jpg diff --git a/78278-h/images/i_p128a_top.jpg b/78278-h/images/i_p128a_top.jpg Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..48513ce --- /dev/null +++ b/78278-h/images/i_p128a_top.jpg diff --git a/78278-h/images/i_p130a.jpg b/78278-h/images/i_p130a.jpg Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..5ead2ea --- /dev/null +++ b/78278-h/images/i_p130a.jpg diff --git a/78278-h/images/i_p130d.jpg b/78278-h/images/i_p130d.jpg Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..9421827 --- /dev/null +++ b/78278-h/images/i_p130d.jpg diff --git a/78278-h/images/i_p178a.jpg b/78278-h/images/i_p178a.jpg Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..3172917 --- /dev/null +++ b/78278-h/images/i_p178a.jpg diff --git a/78278-h/images/i_p200a.jpg b/78278-h/images/i_p200a.jpg Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..9ba0db5 --- /dev/null +++ b/78278-h/images/i_p200a.jpg diff --git a/78278-h/images/i_p208a.jpg b/78278-h/images/i_p208a.jpg Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..1e5ee88 --- /dev/null +++ b/78278-h/images/i_p208a.jpg |
