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+      The Changing of Historic Place Names | Project Gutenberg
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+<body>
+<div style='text-align:center'>*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 78202 ***</div>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 85%">
+<img src="images/cover.jpg" alt="">
+</div>
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+
+
+
+
+<div class="pageborder">
+<h1>
+The Changing of<br>
+Historic Place Names
+</h1>
+
+<p class="center no-indent">
+  <span class="fs150"><em>By</em> George P. Donehoo</span><br>
+  <br>
+  <span class="fs80">Secretary of the Pennsylvania Historical<br>
+  Commission and President of the<br>
+  Potter County Historical Society</span></p>
+  <br>
+
+  <figure class="figcenter illowp75" id="titlepage" style="max-width: 76.625em;">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/titlepage.jpg" alt="River in the woods">
+  </figure>
+  <br><br>
+
+<p class="center no-indent">
+  <span class="fs120 lh">With an Introduction and Glossary of Some Historic<br>
+  Names Changed or Misspelled In Pennsylvania</span>
+  <br>
+  <em>By</em> Henry W. Shoemaker<br>
+  <br>
+  <span class="fs80">Member of the Historical Society of Pennsylvania<br>
+  and Chairman of the Committee on Historical<br>
+  Activity, Pennsylvania Federation of<br>
+  Historical Societies</span><br>
+  <br>
+  <span class="fs120">Published under the Auspices of the Pennsylvania Alpine Club,<br>
+  J. Herbert Walker, Secretary and Historian</span><br>
+  <br>
+  <span class="fs70">Altoona, Pennsylvania</span></p>
+
+  <figure class="figcenter illowp10" id="titlepage2" style="max-width: 8.625em;">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/titlepage2.jpg" alt="" data-role="presentation">
+  </figure>
+
+  <p class="center no-indent"><span class="fs70">Tribune Press, 1921</span>
+</p>
+</div>
+
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+
+<div class="chapter">
+<h2 class="nobreak" id="CONTENTS">CONTENTS</h2>
+</div>
+
+<table class="autotable">
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">
+Prefatory Note
+</td>
+<td class="tdr">
+<a href="#Prefatory_Note">2</a>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">
+Introduction
+</td>
+<td class="tdr">
+<a href="#Introduction">2</a>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">
+Changing Historic Place Names
+</td>
+<td class="tdr">
+<a href="#Changing_Historic_Place_Names">3</a>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">
+A Partial List of Historic Place Names Changed or Misspelled in Pennsylvania
+</td>
+<td class="tdr">
+<a href="#A_Partial_List_of_Historic_Place_Names">8</a>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">
+The Spirit of the Name-Vandal! Exit Muckelrat and Enter Woodland Hills
+</td>
+<td class="tdr">
+<a href="#The_Spirit_of_the_Name-Vandal">13</a>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">
+Changing the Face of History
+</td>
+<td class="tdr">
+<a href="#Changing_the_Face_of_History">13</a>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">
+Pennsylvania Alpine Club
+</td>
+<td class="tdr">
+<a href="#Pennsylvania_Alpine_Club">14</a>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+<div class="chapter">
+  <p class="center no-indent fs80">
+  “There are vicissitudes in all things.”—Terence.
+  </p>
+</div>
+
+
+<div class="chapter">
+  <h2 class="nobreak" id="Prefatory_Note">
+    Prefatory Note
+  </h2>
+</div>
+
+<div>
+  <img class="drop-cap" src="images/image002a.jpg" width="25" height="38" alt="drop-cap">
+</div>
+
+<p class="drop-cap"><span class="upper-case">
+The</span> author wishes to state that this brief monograph is
+written at the suggestion of Col. Henry W. Shoemaker,
+who has not only assisted in the writing, but who also
+has kindly paid the expense of publication. The article
+could be extended very greatly. The author thinks, however,
+that enough is written to call attention to the evil of changing
+place names.</p>
+
+<p class="right">
+  G. P. D.
+</p>
+
+
+<div class="chapter">
+  <h2 class="nobreak" id="Introduction">
+    Introduction
+  </h2>
+</div>
+
+<div>
+  <img class="drop-cap" src="images/image002b.jpg" width="25" height="36" alt="drop-cap">
+</div>
+
+<p class="drop-cap"><span class="upper-case">It</span>
+is indeed a privilege, through the agency of the Pennsylvania
+Alpine Club, to assist in the publication of so
+timely a monograph as that of Dr. Donehoo’s, on the
+subject of changing historic place names. Every month
+the senseless shifting is going on, newcomers wresting from the
+historic past the heritage of honored names. It will be difficult a
+century hence to follow the course of history in Pennsylvania;
+even now it is hard to identify the places visited by early travelers
+like Spangenberg, Ettwein and Col. Weiser, as innovators have
+changed and re-changed even the names of the streams and
+mountains that they crossed. It will be hard to trace the racial
+and philological development of the State, as the haphazard system
+of renaming places destroys all historic sequence of nationality
+and individual tendencies. One bright spot remains.
+Pennsylvania has discarded fewer of her Indian names than most
+other States; personal vanity or prejudice was hardly strong
+enough to obliterate these—for even more than “their names are
+on the waters and you cannot blot them out,” the Indian-named
+mountains, valleys, lakes, rivers and streams persist and bid
+fair to defy the ruthlessness of the ages. Let the constant
+watchfulness of every public-spirited Pennsylvanian be directed
+to “save the ancient landmarks” and keep inviolate the sturdy,
+distinctive nomenclature and spelling handed down by our fore-fathers.</p>
+
+<p class="right">
+  <span class="smcap">Henry W. Shoemaker.</span></p>
+
+<p class="no-indent"><span class="smcap">“Restless Oaks,” McElhattan, Pa., April 30, 1921.</span>
+</p>
+
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+<div class="chapter">
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_3">[Pg 3]</span></p>
+
+
+<figure class="figcenter illowp35" id="image003a" style="max-width: 33.6875em;">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/image003a.jpg" alt="United States Flag">
+</figure>
+
+
+  <h2 class="nobreak" id="Changing_Historic_Place_Names">
+    Changing Historic Place Names
+  </h2>
+</div>
+
+<div>
+  <img class="drop-cap" src="images/image002a.jpg" width="25" height="38" alt="drop-cap">
+</div>
+
+<p class="drop-cap"><span class="upper-case">
+The</span> Mosaic Law contained the following: “Cursed be he
+that removeth his neighbor’s landmark: and all the people
+shall say, Amen.”</p>
+
+<p>They did not have a Historical Society during the early
+development of the Jewish Commonwealth, or Moses might have
+added to these wise regulations, “Cursed be he that changeth one
+of the historic names of towns and villages, and all the people
+shall say, Amen.”</p>
+
+<p>A place name is not only a landmark, but it is a historic landmark,
+often of more real value than the landmark of an individual
+occupant of the soil. Sometimes the whole history of a region
+can be dug up by the careful student of the names which are
+given to the towns, villages, streams and mountains in that region.
+Very few of the earlier place names in Pennsylvania were given
+in a haphazard way. They all meant something, and in most
+cases something of real historic value.</p>
+
+<p>Some of these early names are most beautiful to hear, and
+some are not. But they are all of interest and historic value.
+Many of the most beautiful sounding names, and names of historic
+value, have disappeared entirely from the map of the state.
+Wyoming is an illustration of the disappearance of an old, beautiful
+and historic name. Many people think that the name
+“Wyoming” belongs to the state to which it migrated from the
+beautiful vale of Pennsylvania, where it was made historic for
+all time.</p>
+
+<p>Some of the earliest place names now are applied to towns
+and topographical features far removed from the place which
+gave them birth. Shamokin is an illustration of this change.
+This name is one of the very oldest on the Susquehanna River,
+and it was used during the entire period of settlement, as well as
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_4">[Pg 4]</span>during the period of Indian occupancy, when the Vice-Gerent
+of the Iroquois Confederacy made it the Indian capitol of Pennsylvania.
+All of the early travelers and all of the official documents
+relating to Indian affairs use this name for the present
+Sunbury. The name Shamokin has been given to a town which
+is in no way connected with the historic town from which this
+name was taken. In order to avoid confusion, a historical writer
+now has to always refer to the old, historic place in this manner:
+“Shamokin (now Sunbury).” The same rule has to apply to the
+other historic village of Wyoming. When this place is mentioned,
+the statement must be made as “Wyoming (now Wilkes-Barre).”
+Probably the greatest crime of all is that which was
+committed by some classical school teacher in the change which
+was made from Tioga to Athens. The author in other publications
+has referred to the trail of the massacre of Indian place
+names by these classic school teachers from New England. It
+was one of the sad results of the Connecticut Settlement of
+Pennsylvania and Western New York. The Indian names were
+slaughtered without pity. The Scotch-Irish in Pennsylvania
+killed the Indians, but spared the names which the Indians had
+given to the rivers and mountains in the region in which they
+had lived. The New England school teacher slaughtered the
+names. Follow the trail of these classical scholars from Athens
+up into New York and you find a veritable trail of blood of
+historic and beautiful Indian names.</p>
+
+<p>Imagine, if you please, the following names within the historic
+habitat of the mighty Iroquois: Cato, Ovid, Camillus, Rome,
+Utica, Troy, Syracuse, Marathon, Ithaca, Geneva, Sempronius,
+Aurelius, Marcellus, Scipioville, Aurora, Romulus, Junius—and
+so on <em>ad nauseam</em>, there is hardly any limit to the list. The beautiful
+lake region of New York seems to have been the “Gettysburg”
+of the New England teacher, where the “high tide” of
+classical slaughter was done. By direct trail he reached the
+headwaters of the Susquehanna, where he killed Tioga in cold
+blood, and then erected “Athens.” About this time the tide of
+Scotch-Irish and German “Pennamites” swept up the Susquehanna
+River and ended the advance of the classical scholar and
+prevented the continuation of the slaughter along the Susquehanna
+River.</p>
+
+<p>I have always been thankful that this classic invasion of
+Pennsylvania soil did not come into the State by the way of the
+Allegheny River. Had it done so, the Ohio, or La Belle Riviere,
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_5">[Pg 5]</span>might probably have been re-baptized the “Styx,” and the old
+twin towns at the headwaters of this stream called Romulus and
+Remus.</p>
+
+<p>A “name” means something. It stands for the person or
+place. To the Israelite the name of the Deity was so sacred and
+awful that it was not pronounced at all. One of the Commandments
+relates to the taking of “the name in vain.” We Americans
+are losing our spirit of reverence for almost everything.
+Names of places are changed without a feeling of loss. Sometimes
+these changes are due to the errors of clerks or map
+makers. There are so many illustrations of this method of
+change that only a few can be mentioned. Carter Camp, in
+Potter County, has been substituted for Cartee Camp—the name
+of a historic family, of which General Cartee was a member.
+One can easily see how this change was made by a copyist
+glancing at the name Cartee and then writing the more familiar
+“Carter.” Another illustration of the same sort of error is
+found in the name “Queen’s Run,” which should be Quinn’s Run—named
+for a famous early settler and Indian lighter who settled
+above Lock Haven, on the West Branch.</p>
+
+<p>Col. Henry W. Shoemaker calls my attention to a few other
+changes of this sort. The Cattleman River should be “Casselman,”
+being named for a famous family of pioneers which settled
+in Western Pennsylvania. One of the townships in Clinton
+County is now named “Gallagher” instead of “Gallauher,” in
+honor of Judge Abraham Gallauher. The recent maps of Pennsylvania
+are literally filled with such clerical errors, which finally
+have the authority of the United States Government to back them
+up, in the Geological Survey Maps and naming of Post Offices.
+These errors could all be avoided by having the proofs of maps
+and other official documents submitted to the County Historical
+Societies before final publication.</p>
+
+<p>Other changes of names are intentional, as in the case of the
+many names, such as Athens, for Tioga Point; Sunbury, for
+Shamokin; Wilkes-Barre, for Wyoming. These changes were
+made so long ago that the more recent name has become historic.
+But changes are being made which have no historic significance
+whatever. One of the worst, which the author often thinks
+about because he remembers the place by its old name, is that of
+the large and growing town of Coraopolis, below Pittsburg,
+which formerly had the historic name of Vance Fort—which
+means something of the romantic period when the early settlers
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_6">[Pg 6]</span>on the Ohio had to fly to Vance’s Fort for protection from the
+Indians. “Coraopolis” means nothing whatever. There are
+“opolis” without number in the United States. There was only
+one Vance Fort. The change of Venango to Franklin is another
+illustration of giving up an early and historic name.</p>
+
+<p>Another change which Col. Shoemaker tells me of is the suggested
+change of Shousetown to Glenwillard. The Shouse family
+was one of the early pioneer families on the upper Ohio in the
+days when the male members of the family defended the frontiers
+of civilization. There are “glens” of every possible style and
+degree of fashion in the State, but there is only one Shousetown,
+or Shouse Ferry. Somehow, whenever a certain type of people
+move into a locality, it seems to be about the first thing which
+these modern pioneers think of, is that of changing a name, which
+does not have an up-to-date sound, to “glen”-something-or-other.
+Instead of cutting down trees, they cut down names. My very
+good friend Gifford Pinchot is a perfect friend of “forestry conservation,”
+so is my other friend, Col. Henry W. Shoemaker—more
+power to both of them in their good work! Let us all
+start a movement for the “preservation and conservation of the
+historic place names of Pennsylvania.” Some of these names are
+not as “pretty” as they might be, but they mean something, and
+they are historic. I know that Mary is a rather old-fashioned
+name for a girl, when compared with Gladys or Ethyl—but
+somehow the name means more. It has the historic light of ages
+playing about it. One thinks of deep-blue Syrian skies and the
+lakes of Killarney, and a lot of other things, when it is mentioned.
+So, Shousetown has a sort of crude sound when compared with
+“Glenwillard.” But if you think of the sturdy frontiersman who
+ferried across the Ohio in the early days, the name becomes
+romantic. So also with the other names. If you know why they
+were given, you will realize why they should stay.</p>
+
+<p>Another matter which calls for the attention of Historical
+Societies is that of giving names to places which never had a
+name. These names should have some meaning, either in local
+or state history. Oftentimes new towns are given names which
+bear no relation to anything in local or State history. Such names
+as “Mexico,” “Arroyo,” “Vera Cruz,” etc., have no relation
+whatever to anything local or State. Many of these names are
+intrusive. They have historical significance elsewhere, but not
+here.</p>
+
+<p>In view of these very brief remarks about Pennsylvania place
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_7">[Pg 7]</span>names, the author would suggest to the various Historical Societies
+in the State the passage of an Act of Assembly forbidding
+the giving of names to any place, or the changing of any place
+name, without the authority of either the Historical Commission
+or of some other historical body, such as the Historical Society
+of Pennsylvania. The author understands that many European
+countries and some of our own States already have such laws. A
+person has the right to call his own country place or farm by
+whatever name he wishes. But State names of places become the
+property of the State, and become a part of the State’s archives.
+Such a law would prevent the ignorant vandalism which has been
+so much in evidence in the past, in blotting out historic names,
+and it would also prevent the thoughtless and, oftentimes, utterly
+ridiculous bestowal of names.</p>
+
+<p>There are hundreds of appropriate and beautiful historic
+names in early Pennsylvania history, among which are many
+really significant Indian names, which have never been given to
+any places or topographical features. These names, rather than
+meaningless ones, could be given to new towns and villages, and
+even to country places. Now is the fitting time for the Historical
+Societies of the State to commence a movement having in view the
+results mentioned in this article. Nearly every county in the
+State now has a Historical Society, or has such a society under
+way. This work can be made a most valuable part of the activity
+of such societies. The change of historic place names may seem
+a small matter, but it is not. Equally offensive is the mis-spelling
+of historic names, for it adds a studied indifference to the illustrious
+names or events in history, which no patriotic American
+should pass over lightly. We must hold to our historic place
+names as the tangible links in the chain of our historical development.</p>
+
+<figure class="figcenter illowp10" id="image007" style="max-width: 16.0em;">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/image007.jpg" alt="Female American Indian">
+</figure>
+
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+<div class="chapter">
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_8">[Pg 8]</span></p>
+
+
+  <h2 class="nobreak" id="A_Partial_List_of_Historic_Place_Names">
+    A Partial List of Historic Place Names<br>
+    Changed or Misspelled in Pennsylvania
+  </h2>
+</div>
+<p class="center no-indent bold fs120">(Compiled by Henry W. Shoemaker)</p>
+
+
+<table class="autotable">
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl bold" style="width:28%">
+Old Name
+</td>
+<td class="tdl" style="width:44%">
+
+</td>
+<td class="tdl bold" style="width:28%">
+New Name or Spelling
+</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">
+Louisbourg
+</td>
+<td class="tdl" style="margin-left: 2em; text-indent: -1em;">
+Even the State Capitol was not spared!
+</td>
+<td class="tdl">
+Harris’ Ferry, Harrisburg
+</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">
+Wyoming
+</td>
+<td class="tdl">
+
+</td>
+<td class="tdl">
+Wilkes-Barre
+</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">
+Shamokin
+</td>
+<td class="tdl" style="margin-left: 2em; text-indent: -1em;">
+“The Place of the Horns,” where the deer performed their mewing.
+</td>
+<td class="tdl">
+Sunbury
+</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">
+Ohe-yu
+</td>
+<td class="tdl" style="margin-left: 2em; text-indent: -1em;">
+“The Beautiful River—La Belle Riviere”
+</td>
+<td class="tdl">
+Allegheny River
+</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">
+Cartee Camp
+</td>
+<td class="tdl">
+
+</td>
+<td class="tdl">
+New Bergen, “Carter” Camp
+</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">
+Shousetown
+</td>
+<td class="tdl" style="margin-left: 2em; text-indent: -1em;">
+Sturdy Indian fighters, ancestors of Hon. Jouett Shouse, lived here.
+</td>
+<td class="tdl">
+Glenwillard
+</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">
+Muckelrat
+</td>
+<td class="tdl" style="margin-left: 2em; text-indent: -1em;">
+How perfectly flat and innocuous the new name!
+</td>
+<td class="tdl">
+Woodland Hills
+</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">
+White’s Eddy
+</td>
+<td class="tdl">
+
+</td>
+<td class="tdl">
+Ritchie
+</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">
+Young Woman’s Town
+</td>
+<td class="tdl" style="margin-left: 2em; text-indent: -1em;">
+Here Mary Wolford, beautiful pioneer girl, was drowned escaping from Indians.
+</td>
+<td class="tdl">
+North Bend
+</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">
+Eyersburg
+</td>
+<td class="tdl">
+
+</td>
+<td class="tdl">
+Bloomsburg
+</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">
+Longstown
+</td>
+<td class="tdl">
+
+</td>
+<td class="tdl">
+New Berlin
+</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">
+Stroupstown
+</td>
+<td class="tdl">
+
+</td>
+<td class="tdl">
+Freeburg
+</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">
+Swinefordstown
+</td>
+<td class="tdl" style="margin-left: 2em; text-indent: -1em;">
+How inane the new name, compared to the old! Middle of what?
+</td>
+<td class="tdl">
+Middleberg
+</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">
+Christunn
+</td>
+<td class="tdl" style="margin-left: 2em; text-indent: -1em;">
+Why this was changed is a puzzle, as new name has little special significance
+</td>
+<td class="tdl">
+Middle Creek
+</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">
+Youngmanstown
+</td>
+<td class="tdl" style="margin-left: 2em; text-indent: -1em;">
+There are no less than thirty other places called “Mifflin” in State, and Youngmanstown had a delicious West Country, Irish flavor!
+</td>
+<td class="tdl">
+Mifflinburg
+</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">
+Muhlenberg
+</td>
+<td class="tdl">
+
+</td>
+<td class="tdl">
+Newton Hamilton
+</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">
+Messimersville
+</td>
+<td class="tdl">
+
+</td>
+<td class="tdl">
+Sheridan
+</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">
+Dengler’s
+</td>
+<td class="tdl">
+
+</td>
+<td class="tdl">
+Mount Penn
+</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">
+Wessnersville
+</td>
+<td class="tdl" style="margin-left: 2em; text-indent: -1em;">
+Stony Run really means nothing definite; State is full of them.
+</td>
+<td class="tdl">
+Stony Run
+</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">
+Quinn’s Run
+</td>
+<td class="tdl">
+
+</td>
+<td class="tdl">
+Queen’s Run
+</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">
+Suedberg
+</td>
+<td class="tdl">
+
+</td>
+<td class="tdl">
+Suedburg
+</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">
+Reidersville
+</td>
+<td class="tdl">
+
+</td>
+<td class="tdl">
+Newport<span class="pagenum" id="Page_9">[Pg 9]</span>
+</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">
+Peter’s Camp
+</td>
+<td class="tdl">
+
+</td>
+<td class="tdl">
+Blossburg
+</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">
+Parkinson’s Ferry
+</td>
+<td class="tdl">
+</td>
+<td class="tdl">
+Monongahela City, Monongahela
+</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">
+Casselman River
+</td>
+<td class="tdl" style="margin-left: 2em; text-indent: -1em;">
+This atrocity is gradually getting on all maps, even some of those of State Forestry Department.
+</td>
+<td class="tdl">
+Castleman River
+</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">
+Casselman
+</td>
+<td class="tdl">
+
+</td>
+<td class="tdl">
+Castleman
+</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">
+Shireman’s Creek
+</td>
+<td class="tdl">
+
+</td>
+<td class="tdl">
+Sherman’s Creek
+</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">
+Zerby
+</td>
+<td class="tdl">
+
+</td>
+<td class="tdl">
+Sober
+</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">
+Gallauher (Township), Clinton County
+</td>
+<td class="tdl" style="margin-left: 2em; text-indent: -1em;">
+Another victim of “Sinn Fein”
+</td>
+<td class="tdl">
+Gallagher
+</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">
+Tioga Point
+</td>
+<td class="tdl">
+
+</td>
+<td class="tdl">
+Athens
+</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">
+Vance Fort
+</td>
+<td class="tdl">
+
+</td>
+<td class="tdl">
+Coraopolis
+</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">
+Venango
+</td>
+<td class="tdl">
+
+</td>
+<td class="tdl">
+Franklin
+</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">
+Shoemakertown
+</td>
+<td class="tdl">
+
+</td>
+<td class="tdl">
+Ogontz
+</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">
+Kreamersville
+</td>
+<td class="tdl" style="margin-left: 2em; text-indent: -1em;">
+A quaint old town re-baptized to please a local politician.
+</td>
+<td class="tdl">
+Smullton
+</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">
+Hamburg (Clinton Co.)
+</td>
+<td class="tdl">
+
+</td>
+<td class="tdl">
+Mackeyville
+</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">
+Pittsburg
+</td>
+<td class="tdl" style="margin-left: 2em; text-indent: -1em;">
+“H,” in these days of simplified spelling, and after having been laid aside for nearly
+a century, tacked on by P. R. R. in 1902 to suit a resident Vice-President born
+in Edinburgh, pronounced Edinborough; which itself is philologically incorrect, the
+original name of the “Athens of the North” having been Edwins-burg, an early settlement of Angles, not Celts.
+</td>
+<td class="tdl">
+Pittsburgh
+</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">
+Brunerstown
+</td>
+<td class="tdl">
+
+</td>
+<td class="tdl">
+Somerset
+</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">
+Bloody Run
+</td>
+<td class="tdl" style="margin-left: 2em; text-indent: -1em;">
+Here immortal hero blood was shed. Why change it?
+</td>
+<td class="tdl">
+Everett
+</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">
+Bismarck
+</td>
+<td class="tdl" style="margin-left: 2em; text-indent: -1em;">
+A victim of war hysteria and over-zealous “patriotism.”
+</td>
+<td class="tdl">
+Quentin
+</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">
+Fort Hunter
+</td>
+<td class="tdl">
+
+</td>
+<td class="tdl">
+Rockville
+</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">
+Siegfried
+</td>
+<td class="tdl">
+
+</td>
+<td class="tdl">
+Northampton
+</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">
+Allenville
+</td>
+<td class="tdl">
+(Name changed twice)
+</td>
+<td class="tdl">
+Northampton, Allentown
+</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">
+Heidelberg
+</td>
+<td class="tdl" style="margin-left: 2em; text-indent: -1em;">
+Hard to trace pioneer localities since these old names are nearly all gone.
+</td>
+<td class="tdl">
+Schaefferstown
+</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">
+Derry
+</td>
+<td class="tdl" style="margin-left: 2em; text-indent: -1em;">
+With its old church, cruelly wiped off the map.
+</td>
+<td class="tdl">
+Hershey
+</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">
+High Head (Mountain)
+</td>
+<td class="tdl" style="margin-left: 2em; text-indent: -1em;">
+In Penn’s Valley, Centre County. There are no less than 100 other mountains and hills in State called “Round Top.”
+</td>
+<td class="tdl">
+Round Top
+</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">
+Old Eagle
+</td>
+<td class="tdl">
+
+</td>
+<td class="tdl">
+Strafford<span class="pagenum" id="Page_10">[Pg 10]</span>
+</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">
+Stucktown
+</td>
+<td class="tdl" style="margin-left: 2em; text-indent: -1em;">
+A stalwart Indian fighter’s name obliterated to make way for a stockholder in a new railroad through the town.
+</td>
+<td class="tdl">
+McClure
+</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">
+Dunnsburg
+</td>
+<td class="tdl">
+
+</td>
+<td class="tdl">
+Dunnstown
+</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">
+Lewis’ Lake
+</td>
+<td class="tdl" style="margin-left: 2em; text-indent: -1em;">
+Why this sentimental, slushy new name?
+</td>
+<td class="tdl">
+“Eaglesmere”
+</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">
+Strasburg (York County)
+</td>
+<td class="tdl">
+
+</td>
+<td class="tdl">
+Shrewsbury
+</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">
+Greersburg
+</td>
+<td class="tdl">
+
+</td>
+<td class="tdl">
+Darlington
+</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">
+Exetertown
+</td>
+<td class="tdl" style="margin-left: 2em; text-indent: -1em;">
+(Name changed twice)
+</td>
+<td class="tdl">
+Exeter, Lorane
+</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">
+Saltzburg
+</td>
+<td class="tdl">
+
+</td>
+<td class="tdl">
+Saltsburg
+</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">
+Anderson’s Ferry
+</td>
+<td class="tdl">
+
+</td>
+<td class="tdl">
+Marietta
+</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">
+Dekanoagah
+</td>
+<td class="tdl">
+
+</td>
+<td class="tdl">
+Bainbridge
+</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">
+Kloster (Cloister)
+</td>
+<td class="tdl">
+
+</td>
+<td class="tdl">
+Ephrata
+</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">
+Wright’s Ferry
+</td>
+<td class="tdl">
+
+</td>
+<td class="tdl">
+Wrightsville
+</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">
+Tiadaghton
+</td>
+<td class="tdl">
+
+</td>
+<td class="tdl">
+Pine Creek
+</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">
+Karoondinha
+</td>
+<td class="tdl">
+
+</td>
+<td class="tdl">
+John Penn’s Creek, Penn’s Creek
+</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">
+Standing Stone Town
+</td>
+<td class="tdl">
+
+</td>
+<td class="tdl">
+Huntingdon
+</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">
+Reinholds
+</td>
+<td class="tdl">
+
+</td>
+<td class="tdl">
+Blainsport
+</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">
+Petersburg
+</td>
+<td class="tdl" style="margin-left: 2em; text-indent: -1em;">
+Changed, as another town of same name in State.
+</td>
+<td class="tdl">
+Duncannon
+</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">
+Stover’s
+</td>
+<td class="tdl" style="margin-left: 2em; text-indent: -1em;">
+The name of old Reuben Stoyer, pioneer and hunter, deserved to be thus perpetuated. Why Livonia?
+</td>
+<td class="tdl">
+Livonia
+</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">
+Weirickstettle
+</td>
+<td class="tdl">
+
+</td>
+<td class="tdl">
+Penn’s Creek P.O. Centreville
+</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">
+Millersburg, (Berks County)
+</td>
+<td class="tdl" style="margin-left: 2em; text-indent: -1em;">
+Changed owing to there being another Millersburg in State, but new name of no local significance.
+</td>
+<td class="tdl">
+Bethel
+</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">
+Allemingle
+</td>
+<td class="tdl" style="margin-left: 2em; text-indent: -1em;">
+“All Wants,” meaning “Land of Plenty.” A very distinctive cognomen. New name of no local significance whatever.
+</td>
+<td class="tdl">
+Albany
+</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">
+Riviere Le Boeuf
+</td>
+<td class="tdl" style="margin-left: 2em; text-indent: -1em;">
+“River of Buffaloes”
+</td>
+<td class="tdl">
+French Creek
+</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">
+Sinnemahoning
+</td>
+<td class="tdl" style="margin-left: 2em; text-indent: -1em;">
+Changed by railroad. Indian name Sinne-Mahoning, or “Stony Lick.”
+</td>
+<td class="tdl">
+Sinnamahoning
+</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">
+Nippeno
+</td>
+<td class="tdl" style="margin-left: 2em; text-indent: -1em;">
+Another railroad infliction. Old name “Nippeno,” from Nippe-nuse, an Indian Chief of the locality.
+</td>
+<td class="tdl">
+Nippono
+</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">
+Manayunk
+</td>
+<td class="tdl">
+
+</td>
+<td class="tdl">
+Schuylkill<span class="pagenum" id="Page_11">[Pg 11]</span>
+</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">
+Jaysburg
+</td>
+<td class="tdl" style="margin-left: 2em; text-indent: -1em;">
+Changed so as to be the “soul mate” of Sunbury.
+</td>
+<td class="tdl">
+Newberry
+</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">
+Jacobsburg
+</td>
+<td class="tdl">
+
+</td>
+<td class="tdl">
+Woodward
+</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">
+The Forks
+</td>
+<td class="tdl" style="margin-left: 2em; text-indent: -1em;">
+A sturdy pioneer sounding name. Changed by railroad land agents to please an influential citizen of county.
+</td>
+<td class="tdl">
+Coburn
+</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">
+Panther Run
+</td>
+<td class="tdl" style="margin-left: 2em; text-indent: -1em;">
+An abbreviation which destroys most of the local significance.
+</td>
+<td class="tdl">
+Panther
+</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">
+Hightown
+</td>
+<td class="tdl">
+
+</td>
+<td class="tdl">
+White Deer
+</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">
+Littlestown
+</td>
+<td class="tdl">
+
+</td>
+<td class="tdl">
+Bradford
+</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">
+Rattlesnake
+</td>
+<td class="tdl" style="margin-left: 2em; text-indent: -1em;">
+Changed to “honor” a railroad contractor.
+</td>
+<td class="tdl">
+Whetham
+</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">
+Susquehanna
+</td>
+<td class="tdl" style="margin-left: 2em; text-indent: -1em;">
+Changed on account of being other town of same name in State.
+</td>
+<td class="tdl">
+Nisbet
+</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">
+Riansares (Mountain)
+</td>
+<td class="tdl" style="margin-left: 2em; text-indent: -1em;">
+On former domain of Queen Maria Christina of Spain. Named for her husband, the Duke of Riansares.
+</td>
+<td class="tdl">
+Penny Hill
+</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">
+Stavertown
+</td>
+<td class="tdl">
+
+</td>
+<td class="tdl">
+Glen
+</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">
+Burgettstown
+</td>
+<td class="tdl">
+
+</td>
+<td class="tdl">
+Langeloth
+</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">
+Reastown
+</td>
+<td class="tdl">
+
+</td>
+<td class="tdl">
+Raystown, Bedford
+</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">
+Coryell’s Ferry
+</td>
+<td class="tdl">
+
+</td>
+<td class="tdl">
+New Hope
+</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">
+Quiggleville
+</td>
+<td class="tdl">
+
+</td>
+<td class="tdl">
+Lycoming
+</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">
+Geulich, (Township) Clearfield County
+</td>
+<td class="tdl">
+
+</td>
+<td class="tdl">
+Gulick
+</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">
+Benezet
+</td>
+<td class="tdl" style="margin-left: 2em; text-indent: -1em;">
+Another railroad blunder in spelling. Named for Anthony Benezet, Quaker Abolitionist.
+</td>
+<td class="tdl">
+Benezette
+</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">
+Chatham’s Run, (Hamlet)
+</td>
+<td class="tdl">
+
+</td>
+<td class="tdl">
+Charlton
+</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">
+Barclay
+</td>
+<td class="tdl">
+
+</td>
+<td class="tdl">
+Wyside
+</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">
+Paddy’s Run
+</td>
+<td class="tdl" style="margin-left: 2em; text-indent: -1em;">
+Here was a big camp of Irish railroad laborers when Sunbury and Erie Railroad was built about 1864.
+</td>
+<td class="tdl">
+East Renovo
+</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">
+Saltzman
+</td>
+<td class="tdl">
+
+</td>
+<td class="tdl">
+East Ferney
+</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">
+Swatragh, (Stream)
+</td>
+<td class="tdl" style="margin-left: 2em; text-indent: -1em;">
+Named by early Scotch-Irish pioneers for a brook in Derry, Ireland—Sewataro, Swetarrow.
+</td>
+<td class="tdl">
+Swatara
+</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">
+Powl’s Creek
+</td>
+<td class="tdl" style="margin-left: 2em; text-indent: -1em;">
+Pronounced Pole’s Creek. Spelling should conform.
+</td>
+<td class="tdl">
+Powell’s Creek
+</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">
+Matawanna
+</td>
+<td class="tdl">
+
+</td>
+<td class="tdl">
+McVeytown<span class="pagenum" id="Page_12">[Pg 12]</span>
+</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">
+Mingoville
+</td>
+<td class="tdl" style="margin-left: 2em; text-indent: -1em;">
+Named for early tribe of redmen. New name given by owners of a picnic park.
+</td>
+<td class="tdl">
+Hecla Park
+</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">
+Hartley Hall
+</td>
+<td class="tdl" style="margin-left: 2em; text-indent: -1em;">
+A regrettable abbreviation of Major-General Thomas Hartley’s name.
+</td>
+<td class="tdl">
+Hartleton
+</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">
+Oak Grove
+</td>
+<td class="tdl" style="margin-left: 2em; text-indent: -1em;">
+Changed because other town of same name in State.
+</td>
+<td class="tdl">
+Avis
+</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">
+Derrstown
+</td>
+<td class="tdl" style="margin-left: 2em; text-indent: -1em;">
+An unaccountable substitution of first name of Lewis Derr, pioneer, for his last name.
+</td>
+<td class="tdl">
+Lewisburg
+</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">
+Stitestown
+</td>
+<td class="tdl" style="margin-left: 2em; text-indent: -1em;">
+Named for the first settler in locality.
+</td>
+<td class="tdl">
+Lebanon
+</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">
+Paxtang
+</td>
+<td class="tdl" style="margin-left: 2em; text-indent: -1em;">
+An obstinate blunder creeping like a canker into history, as original name was Peshtank!
+</td>
+<td class="tdl">
+Paxton
+</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">
+Funkstown
+</td>
+<td class="tdl">
+
+</td>
+<td class="tdl">
+Altodale, Mont Alto
+</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">
+Obold
+</td>
+<td class="tdl">
+
+</td>
+<td class="tdl">
+Mount Pleasant
+</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">
+Rumberger
+</td>
+<td class="tdl">
+
+</td>
+<td class="tdl">
+DuBois
+</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">
+Morgan’s Gap
+</td>
+<td class="tdl">
+
+</td>
+<td class="tdl">
+Bull Run Gap
+</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">
+Great Shawanese Lake
+</td>
+<td class="tdl">
+
+</td>
+<td class="tdl">
+Ganoga Lake
+</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">
+Woodruffstown
+</td>
+<td class="tdl">
+
+</td>
+<td class="tdl">
+Blockhouse, Liberty
+</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">
+Watsonburg
+</td>
+<td class="tdl">
+
+</td>
+<td class="tdl">
+Watsontown
+</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">
+Upland
+</td>
+<td class="tdl" style="margin-left: 2em; text-indent: -1em;">
+An early Swedish settlement
+</td>
+<td class="tdl">
+Chester
+</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">
+Boyersville
+</td>
+<td class="tdl">
+
+</td>
+<td class="tdl">
+Mazeppa
+</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">
+Green Castle
+</td>
+<td class="tdl">
+
+</td>
+<td class="tdl">
+Greencastle
+</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">
+Adamsburg
+</td>
+<td class="tdl">
+
+</td>
+<td class="tdl">
+Beaver Springs
+</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">
+Moose’s Pond
+</td>
+<td class="tdl">
+
+</td>
+<td class="tdl">
+Mose’s Pond
+</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">
+Chinkalacamoose
+</td>
+<td class="tdl" style="margin-left: 2em; text-indent: -1em;">
+“Meeting place of the Moose”
+</td>
+<td class="tdl">
+Clearfield
+</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">
+Straus
+</td>
+<td class="tdl">
+
+</td>
+<td class="tdl">
+Schuyler
+</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">
+Zermatt
+</td>
+<td class="tdl">
+
+</td>
+<td class="tdl">
+Holstein
+</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">
+Germantown Junction
+</td>
+<td class="tdl">
+
+</td>
+<td class="tdl">
+North Philadelphia
+</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">
+Georgetown
+</td>
+<td class="tdl" style="margin-left: 2em; text-indent: -1em;">
+Changed by Railroad Company, which had another station of same name. New name sounds nice, but of no local significance.
+</td>
+<td class="tdl">
+Dalmatia
+</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">
+Kishekokelas
+</td>
+<td class="tdl">
+
+</td>
+<td class="tdl">
+Kishacoquillas
+</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">
+Jamesburg
+</td>
+<td class="tdl">
+
+</td>
+<td class="tdl">
+Oriole
+</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">
+Swartztown
+</td>
+<td class="tdl">
+
+</td>
+<td class="tdl">
+Milton
+</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">
+Cameronia
+</td>
+<td class="tdl">
+
+</td>
+<td class="tdl">
+Montandon
+</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+<div class="chapter">
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_13">[Pg 13]</span></p>
+
+
+  <h2 class="nobreak" id="The_Spirit_of_the_Name-Vandal">
+    The Spirit of the Name-Vandal!</h2>
+
+  <hr class="r5">
+
+  <h3>Exit Muckelrat and Enter Woodland Hills</h3>
+
+</div>
+
+
+<p>Muckelrat is gone forever, the “Village of Woodland Hills” takes
+its place and every citizen holds his head erect these days and smiles
+a happy smile.</p>
+
+<p>The territory comprising the one-time Muckelrat includes that
+part of Wilkins Township, hounded by Braddock road, Filmore road,
+Glasgow road, Fairview avenue and Ridge avenue.</p>
+
+<p>The formal announcement of this change was made in a communication
+to The Sun today, signed “Citizens of Woodland Hills.”—PITTSBURG
+SUN, 1921.</p>
+
+
+<hr class="r5">
+<div class="chapter">
+  <h2 class="nobreak" id="Changing_the_Face_of_History">
+    Changing the Face of History
+  </h2>
+</div>
+
+
+<p>There is another aspect of the ruthless spirit of the day which
+holds nothing of the past sacred and secure. That is the modernization
+of Civil War memorials. Most of these erected thirty years ago,
+instead of showing the rugged, long-haired, bearded, loosely clad soldier
+of Civil War times represented the “Civil War” warrior to look
+like the trim National Guardsman of the Nineties, with short hair,
+curled mustache, and tight-fitting uniform. Those erected recently,
+take, for example, the Bucktail monument at Driftwood, and the
+Union League Club Regiment monument at Philadelphia, represent
+the Civil War soldier as short haired and clean shaven. The typical
+Civil War soldier was neither of these, even if a few shaved their
+whole faces once in six weeks. All let their hair stay long; that was
+part of the tradition of the war, while most of the boys allowed their
+beards to grow and have never shaved them off to this day. The
+short-haired, clean-shaved Civil War soldier never existed outside of
+the careless imagination of modern sculptors, and in only a single
+monument at Gettysburg Battlefield is the real soldier of the period
+depicted, that sole exception being in the bronze figure on the monument
+of the Fifth Minnesota Regiment. Even Violet Oakley has
+fallen into the popular error with her Lincoln and Meade murals in
+the Senate Chamber at Harrisburg, but she goes most artists one
+better by giving her clean-shaven soldier boys “Dutch cuts,” from
+which their locks were as free as their cheeks were of the razor. Why
+can’t real Civil War soldiers be put on these monuments, and not faces
+and costumes typical of 1915-1921—a crime in the eyes of historic
+exactitude. The Civil War soldier, South as well as North, was a
+Poilu, and the razor applied by sculptors half a century later
+has stripped him of one of his principal claims to individuality. As
+the noted French author, Maurice Barres, remarked, in speaking of
+the hairy French soldiers of the World War, “Their beards have been
+part of the war, and of our courage.” The bearded Civil War soldier
+bespoke his period, and told the story of camp and campaign, and any
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_14">[Pg 14]</span>attempt to change him now makes the memorials historically ineffective.
+This is a phase of monument construction for our able State
+Art Commission to consider in co-operation with Dr. Donehoo’s Historical
+Commission. Clean-shaved Civil War soldiers are as historically
+out of place as if the typical American “Doughboy” of the
+World War were put on a pedestal with Lord Rocksavage side-whiskers
+or Lord Fauntleroy tresses. Let us be correct and exact in every
+detail, if we are to build for the ages to come!</p>
+
+<p class="right">
+  H. W. S.
+</p>
+
+<hr class="tb">
+
+
+<div class="chapter">
+  <h2 class="nobreak" id="Pennsylvania_Alpine_Club">
+    Pennsylvania Alpine Club</h2>
+</div>
+<br>
+  <figure class="figcenter illowp20" id="image014" style="max-width: 21.125em;">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/image014.jpg" alt="P.A.C.">
+  </figure>
+<br>
+<p>THE CREED: To protect, study and preserve, wherever possible,
+the history, folk lore, folk songs and proverbs of our mountain people.
+To preserve historic place names and their rightful spelling, Indian traditions
+and Indian names. To secure the Pennsylvania Mountains a
+wider popularity and appreciation. To work for pure air, pure water,
+pure manhood and womanhood against the inroads of the modern
+complex, urban civilization. To save the ancient landmarks, such as
+old forts and other pioneer structures and memorials, and historic
+and noteworthy trees and groves. To create a sentiment for the education
+and moral encouragement of the Pennsylvania mountain children,
+neglected in favor of the children of the Kentucky and Tennessee
+mountains. To stand at all times for the American Flag and Pennsylvania
+Beautiful.</p>
+
+<p>For the establishment of new Chapters and membership, apply to
+J. Herbert Walker, Secretary and Historian, Box 328, Scranton Pa.
+Program of Spring and Fall Outings on Application.
+</p>
+<br>
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs120">
+  <em><b>Finis</b></em>
+</p>
+
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+
+<div class="chapter transnote">
+<h2 class="nobreak" id="Transcribers_Notes">Transcriber’s Notes</h2>
+
+<ul>
+<li>pg 4 changed: into New York and you find a vertiable<br>
+<span style="padding-left: 2em">to: into New York and you find a veritable</span></li>
+
+<li>pg 8 changed: How perfectly flat and inocuous<br>
+<span style="padding-left: 2em">to: How perfectly flat and innocuous</span></li>
+
+<li>pg 12 changed: Named for early tribe of red-men.<br>
+<span style="padding-left: 2em">to: Named for early tribe of redmen.</span></li>
+
+</ul>
+
+<p>New original cover art included with this eBook is granted to the public domain.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div style='text-align:center'>*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 78202 ***</div>
+</body>
+</html>
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