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+*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 78202 ***
+
+
+
+
+Transcriber’s Note
+
+  Italic text displayed as: _italic_
+  Bold text displayed as: =bold=
+
+
+
+
+  The Changing of
+  Historic Place Names
+
+  _By_ George P. Donehoo
+
+  Secretary of the Pennsylvania Historical
+  Commission and President of the
+  Potter County Historical Society
+
+  [Illustration: River in the woods]
+
+  With an Introduction and Glossary of Some Historic
+  Names Changed or Misspelled In Pennsylvania
+
+  _By_ Henry W. Shoemaker
+
+  Member of the Historical Society of Pennsylvania
+  and Chairman of the Committee on Historical
+  Activity, Pennsylvania Federation of
+  Historical Societies
+
+  Published under the Auspices of the Pennsylvania Alpine Club,
+  J. Herbert Walker, Secretary and Historian
+
+  Altoona, Pennsylvania
+
+  [Illustration]
+
+  Tribune Press, 1921
+
+
+
+
+Contents
+
+
+  Prefatory Note                                            2
+  Introduction                                              2
+  Changing Historic Place Names                             3
+  A Partial List of Historic Place Names Changed or
+    Misspelled in Pennsylvania                              8
+  The Spirit of the Name-Vandal! Exit Muckelrat and
+    Enter Woodland Hills                                   13
+  Changing the Face of History                             13
+  Pennsylvania Alpine Club                                 14
+
+
+
+
+“There are vicissitudes in all things.”—Terence.
+
+
+
+
+Prefatory Note
+
+
+The author wishes to state that this brief monograph is written at the
+suggestion of Col. Henry W. Shoemaker, who has not only assisted in the
+writing, but who also has kindly paid the expense of publication. The
+article could be extended very greatly. The author thinks, however,
+that enough is written to call attention to the evil of changing place
+names.
+
+  G. P. D.
+
+
+
+
+Introduction
+
+
+It is indeed a privilege, through the agency of the Pennsylvania Alpine
+Club, to assist in the publication of so timely a monograph as that of
+Dr. Donehoo’s, on the subject of changing historic place names. Every
+month the senseless shifting is going on, newcomers wresting from the
+historic past the heritage of honored names. It will be difficult a
+century hence to follow the course of history in Pennsylvania; even
+now it is hard to identify the places visited by early travelers like
+Spangenberg, Ettwein and Col. Weiser, as innovators have changed
+and re-changed even the names of the streams and mountains that
+they crossed. It will be hard to trace the racial and philological
+development of the State, as the haphazard system of renaming
+places destroys all historic sequence of nationality and individual
+tendencies. One bright spot remains. Pennsylvania has discarded
+fewer of her Indian names than most other States; personal vanity or
+prejudice was hardly strong enough to obliterate these—for even more
+than “their names are on the waters and you cannot blot them out,” the
+Indian-named mountains, valleys, lakes, rivers and streams persist
+and bid fair to defy the ruthlessness of the ages. Let the constant
+watchfulness of every public-spirited Pennsylvanian be directed to
+“save the ancient landmarks” and keep inviolate the sturdy, distinctive
+nomenclature and spelling handed down by our fore-fathers.
+
+  HENRY W. SHOEMAKER.
+
+  “RESTLESS OAKS,” MCELHATTAN, PA., APRIL 30, 1921.
+
+
+
+
+[Illustration: United States Flag]
+
+
+
+
+Changing Historic Place Names
+
+
+The Mosaic Law contained the following: “Cursed be he that removeth his
+neighbor’s landmark: and all the people shall say, Amen.”
+
+They did not have a Historical Society during the early development
+of the Jewish Commonwealth, or Moses might have added to these wise
+regulations, “Cursed be he that changeth one of the historic names of
+towns and villages, and all the people shall say, Amen.”
+
+A place name is not only a landmark, but it is a historic landmark,
+often of more real value than the landmark of an individual occupant of
+the soil. Sometimes the whole history of a region can be dug up by the
+careful student of the names which are given to the towns, villages,
+streams and mountains in that region. Very few of the earlier place
+names in Pennsylvania were given in a haphazard way. They all meant
+something, and in most cases something of real historic value.
+
+Some of these early names are most beautiful to hear, and some are
+not. But they are all of interest and historic value. Many of the most
+beautiful sounding names, and names of historic value, have disappeared
+entirely from the map of the state. Wyoming is an illustration of the
+disappearance of an old, beautiful and historic name. Many people think
+that the name “Wyoming” belongs to the state to which it migrated from
+the beautiful vale of Pennsylvania, where it was made historic for all
+time.
+
+Some of the earliest place names now are applied to towns and
+topographical features far removed from the place which gave them
+birth. Shamokin is an illustration of this change. This name is one of
+the very oldest on the Susquehanna River, and it was used during the
+entire period of settlement, as well as during the period of Indian
+occupancy, when the Vice-Gerent of the Iroquois Confederacy made it
+the Indian capitol of Pennsylvania. All of the early travelers and all
+of the official documents relating to Indian affairs use this name for
+the present Sunbury. The name Shamokin has been given to a town which
+is in no way connected with the historic town from which this name was
+taken. In order to avoid confusion, a historical writer now has to
+always refer to the old, historic place in this manner: “Shamokin (now
+Sunbury).” The same rule has to apply to the other historic village of
+Wyoming. When this place is mentioned, the statement must be made as
+“Wyoming (now Wilkes-Barre).” Probably the greatest crime of all is
+that which was committed by some classical school teacher in the change
+which was made from Tioga to Athens. The author in other publications
+has referred to the trail of the massacre of Indian place names by
+these classic school teachers from New England. It was one of the sad
+results of the Connecticut Settlement of Pennsylvania and Western New
+York. The Indian names were slaughtered without pity. The Scotch-Irish
+in Pennsylvania killed the Indians, but spared the names which the
+Indians had given to the rivers and mountains in the region in which
+they had lived. The New England school teacher slaughtered the names.
+Follow the trail of these classical scholars from Athens up into New
+York and you find a veritable trail of blood of historic and beautiful
+Indian names.
+
+Imagine, if you please, the following names within the historic habitat
+of the mighty Iroquois: Cato, Ovid, Camillus, Rome, Utica, Troy,
+Syracuse, Marathon, Ithaca, Geneva, Sempronius, Aurelius, Marcellus,
+Scipioville, Aurora, Romulus, Junius—and so on _ad nauseam_, there is
+hardly any limit to the list. The beautiful lake region of New York
+seems to have been the “Gettysburg” of the New England teacher, where
+the “high tide” of classical slaughter was done. By direct trail he
+reached the headwaters of the Susquehanna, where he killed Tioga in
+cold blood, and then erected “Athens.” About this time the tide of
+Scotch-Irish and German “Pennamites” swept up the Susquehanna River
+and ended the advance of the classical scholar and prevented the
+continuation of the slaughter along the Susquehanna River.
+
+I have always been thankful that this classic invasion of Pennsylvania
+soil did not come into the State by the way of the Allegheny River. Had
+it done so, the Ohio, or La Belle Riviere, might probably have been
+re-baptized the “Styx,” and the old twin towns at the headwaters of
+this stream called Romulus and Remus.
+
+A “name” means something. It stands for the person or place. To the
+Israelite the name of the Deity was so sacred and awful that it was
+not pronounced at all. One of the Commandments relates to the taking
+of “the name in vain.” We Americans are losing our spirit of reverence
+for almost everything. Names of places are changed without a feeling of
+loss. Sometimes these changes are due to the errors of clerks or map
+makers. There are so many illustrations of this method of change that
+only a few can be mentioned. Carter Camp, in Potter County, has been
+substituted for Cartee Camp—the name of a historic family, of which
+General Cartee was a member. One can easily see how this change was
+made by a copyist glancing at the name Cartee and then writing the more
+familiar “Carter.” Another illustration of the same sort of error is
+found in the name “Queen’s Run,” which should be Quinn’s Run—named for
+a famous early settler and Indian lighter who settled above Lock Haven,
+on the West Branch.
+
+Col. Henry W. Shoemaker calls my attention to a few other changes of
+this sort. The Cattleman River should be “Casselman,” being named for
+a famous family of pioneers which settled in Western Pennsylvania. One
+of the townships in Clinton County is now named “Gallagher” instead
+of “Gallauher,” in honor of Judge Abraham Gallauher. The recent maps
+of Pennsylvania are literally filled with such clerical errors, which
+finally have the authority of the United States Government to back them
+up, in the Geological Survey Maps and naming of Post Offices. These
+errors could all be avoided by having the proofs of maps and other
+official documents submitted to the County Historical Societies before
+final publication.
+
+Other changes of names are intentional, as in the case of the many
+names, such as Athens, for Tioga Point; Sunbury, for Shamokin;
+Wilkes-Barre, for Wyoming. These changes were made so long ago that
+the more recent name has become historic. But changes are being made
+which have no historic significance whatever. One of the worst, which
+the author often thinks about because he remembers the place by its
+old name, is that of the large and growing town of Coraopolis, below
+Pittsburg, which formerly had the historic name of Vance Fort—which
+means something of the romantic period when the early settlers on
+the Ohio had to fly to Vance’s Fort for protection from the Indians.
+“Coraopolis” means nothing whatever. There are “opolis” without number
+in the United States. There was only one Vance Fort. The change of
+Venango to Franklin is another illustration of giving up an early and
+historic name.
+
+Another change which Col. Shoemaker tells me of is the suggested change
+of Shousetown to Glenwillard. The Shouse family was one of the early
+pioneer families on the upper Ohio in the days when the male members of
+the family defended the frontiers of civilization. There are “glens”
+of every possible style and degree of fashion in the State, but there
+is only one Shousetown, or Shouse Ferry. Somehow, whenever a certain
+type of people move into a locality, it seems to be about the first
+thing which these modern pioneers think of, is that of changing a name,
+which does not have an up-to-date sound, to “glen”-something-or-other.
+Instead of cutting down trees, they cut down names. My very good friend
+Gifford Pinchot is a perfect friend of “forestry conservation,” so is
+my other friend, Col. Henry W. Shoemaker—more power to both of them
+in their good work! Let us all start a movement for the “preservation
+and conservation of the historic place names of Pennsylvania.” Some
+of these names are not as “pretty” as they might be, but they mean
+something, and they are historic. I know that Mary is a rather
+old-fashioned name for a girl, when compared with Gladys or Ethyl—but
+somehow the name means more. It has the historic light of ages
+playing about it. One thinks of deep-blue Syrian skies and the lakes
+of Killarney, and a lot of other things, when it is mentioned. So,
+Shousetown has a sort of crude sound when compared with “Glenwillard.”
+But if you think of the sturdy frontiersman who ferried across the
+Ohio in the early days, the name becomes romantic. So also with the
+other names. If you know why they were given, you will realize why they
+should stay.
+
+Another matter which calls for the attention of Historical Societies
+is that of giving names to places which never had a name. These names
+should have some meaning, either in local or state history. Oftentimes
+new towns are given names which bear no relation to anything in local
+or State history. Such names as “Mexico,” “Arroyo,” “Vera Cruz,” etc.,
+have no relation whatever to anything local or State. Many of these
+names are intrusive. They have historical significance elsewhere, but
+not here.
+
+In view of these very brief remarks about Pennsylvania place names,
+the author would suggest to the various Historical Societies in the
+State the passage of an Act of Assembly forbidding the giving of names
+to any place, or the changing of any place name, without the authority
+of either the Historical Commission or of some other historical body,
+such as the Historical Society of Pennsylvania. The author understands
+that many European countries and some of our own States already have
+such laws. A person has the right to call his own country place or
+farm by whatever name he wishes. But State names of places become the
+property of the State, and become a part of the State’s archives. Such
+a law would prevent the ignorant vandalism which has been so much in
+evidence in the past, in blotting out historic names, and it would also
+prevent the thoughtless and, oftentimes, utterly ridiculous bestowal of
+names.
+
+There are hundreds of appropriate and beautiful historic names in early
+Pennsylvania history, among which are many really significant Indian
+names, which have never been given to any places or topographical
+features. These names, rather than meaningless ones, could be given
+to new towns and villages, and even to country places. Now is the
+fitting time for the Historical Societies of the State to commence a
+movement having in view the results mentioned in this article. Nearly
+every county in the State now has a Historical Society, or has such a
+society under way. This work can be made a most valuable part of the
+activity of such societies. The change of historic place names may seem
+a small matter, but it is not. Equally offensive is the mis-spelling of
+historic names, for it adds a studied indifference to the illustrious
+names or events in history, which no patriotic American should pass
+over lightly. We must hold to our historic place names as the tangible
+links in the chain of our historical development.
+
+[Illustration: Female American Indian]
+
+
+
+
+A Partial List of Historic Place Names Changed or Misspelled in
+Pennsylvania
+
+(Compiled by Henry W. Shoemaker)
+
+
+     =Old Name=                                            =New Name=
+                                                          =or Spelling=
+
+  Louisbourg        { Even the State Capitol was not   } Harris’ Ferry,
+                    {   spared!                        } Harrisburg
+
+  Wyoming                                                Wilkes-Barre
+
+                    { “The Place of the Horns,”        }
+  Shamokin          {   where the deer performed       } Sunbury
+                    {   their mewing.                  }
+
+  Ohe-yu            { “The Beautiful River—La Belle    } Allegheny River
+                    {   Riviere”                       }
+
+  Cartee Camp                                          { New Bergen,
+                                                       { “Carter” Camp
+
+                    { Sturdy Indian fighters,          }
+  Shousetown        {   ancestors of Hon. Jouett       } Glenwillard
+                    {   Shouse, lived here.            }
+
+  Muckelrat         { How perfectly flat and innocuous } Woodland Hills
+                    {   the new name!                  }
+
+  White’s Eddy                                           Ritchie
+
+  Young Woman’s     { Here Mary Wolford, beautiful     }
+    Town            {   pioneer girl, was drowned      } North Bend
+                    {   escaping from Indians.         }
+
+  Eyersburg                                              Bloomsburg
+
+  Longstown                                              New Berlin
+
+  Stroupstown                                            Freeburg
+
+                    { How inane the new name,          }
+  Swinefordstown    {   compared to the old! Middle    } Middleberg
+                    {   of what?                       }
+
+                    { Why this was changed is a        }
+  Christunn         {   puzzle, as new name has little } Middle Creek
+                    {   special significance           }
+
+                    { There are no less than thirty    }
+                    {   other places called “Mifflin”  }
+  Youngmanstown     {   in State, and Youngmanstown    } Mifflinburg
+                    {   had a delicious West           }
+                    {   Country, Irish flavor!         }
+
+  Muhlenberg                                             Newton Hamilton
+
+  Messimersville                                         Sheridan
+
+  Dengler’s                                              Mount Penn
+
+                    { Stony Run really means nothing   }
+  Wessnersville     {  definite; State is full of      } Stony Run
+                    {  them.                           }
+
+  Quinn’s Run                                            Queen’s Run
+
+  Suedberg                                               Suedburg
+
+  Reidersville                                           Newport
+
+  Peter’s Camp                                           Blossburg
+
+  Parkinson’s Ferry                                    { Monongahela City
+                                                       { Monongahela
+
+                    { This atrocity is gradually       }
+  Casselman River   {   getting on all maps, even some } Castleman River
+                    {   of those of State Forestry     }
+                    {   Department.                    }
+
+  Casselman                                              Castleman
+
+  Shireman’s Creek                                       Sherman’s Creek
+
+  Zerby                                                  Sober
+
+  Gallauher         }
+    (Township),     } Another victim of “Sinn Fein”      Gallagher
+    Clinton County  }
+
+  Tioga Point                                            Athens
+
+  Vance Fort                                             Coraopolis
+
+  Venango                                                Franklin
+
+  Shoemakertown                                          Ogontz
+
+  Kreamersville     { A quaint old town re-baptized    } Smullton
+                    {   to please a local politician.  }
+
+  Hamburg           }                                    Mackeyville
+    (Clinton Co.)   }
+
+                    { “H,” in these days of simplified }
+                    {   spelling, and after having     }
+                    {   been laid aside for nearly     }
+                    {   a century, tacked on by        }
+                    {   P. R. R. in 1902 to suit a     }
+                    {   resident Vice-President born   }
+  Pittsburg         {   in Edinburgh, pronounced       } Pittsburgh
+                    {   Edinborough; which itself is   }
+                    {   philologically incorrect, the  }
+                    {   original name of the “Athens   }
+                    {   of the North” having been      }
+                    {   Edwins-burg, an early          }
+                    {   settlement of Angles, not      }
+                    {   Celts.                         }
+
+  Brunerstown                                            Somerset
+
+  Bloody Run        { Here immortal hero blood was     } Everett
+                    {   shed. Why change it?           }
+
+  Bismarck          { A victim of war hysteria and     } Quentin
+                    {   over-zealous “patriotism.”     }
+
+  Fort Hunter                                            Rockville
+
+  Siegfried                                              Northampton
+
+  Allenville          (Name changed twice)             { Northampton
+                                                       { Allentown
+
+                    { Hard to trace pioneer localities }
+  Heidelberg        {   since these old names are      } Schaefferstown
+                    {   nearly all gone.               }
+
+  Derry             { With its old church, cruelly     } Hershey
+                    {   wiped off the map.             }
+
+                    { In Penn’s Valley, Centre County. }
+  High Head         { There are no less than           }
+    (Mountain)      { 100 other mountains and          } Round Top
+                    { hills in State called “Round     }
+                    { Top.”                            }
+
+  Old Eagle                                              Strafford
+
+                    { A stalwart Indian fighter’s      }
+                    {   name obliterated to make       }
+  Stucktown         {   way for a stockholder in a     } McClure
+                    {   new railroad through the       }
+                    {   town.                          }
+
+  Dunnsburg                                              Dunnstown
+
+  Lewis’ Lake       { Why this sentimental, slushy     } “Eaglesmere”
+                    {   new name?                      }
+
+  Strasburg                                              Shrewsbury
+    (York County)
+
+  Greersburg                                             Darlington
+
+  Exetertown          (Name changed twice)             { Exeter
+                                                       { Lorane
+
+  Saltzburg                                              Saltsburg
+
+  Anderson’s Ferry                                       Marietta
+
+  Dekanoagah                                             Bainbridge
+
+  Kloster (Cloister)                                     Ephrata
+
+  Wright’s Ferry                                         Wrightsville
+
+  Tiadaghton                                             Pine Creek
+
+  Karoondinha                                          { John Penn’s Creek
+                                                       { Penn’s Creek
+
+  Standing Stone                                         Huntingdon
+    Town
+
+  Reinholds                                              Blainsport
+
+  Petersburg       { Changed, as another town of       } Duncannon
+                   {   same name in State.             }
+
+                   { The name of old Reuben            }
+  Stover’s         {   Stoyer, pioneer and hunter,     } Livonia
+                   {   deserved to be thus             }
+                   {   perpetuated. Why Livonia?       }
+
+  Weirickstettle                                       { Penn’s Creek P.O.
+                                                       { Centreville
+
+                   { Changed owing to there being      }
+  Millersburg,     {   another Millersburg in State,   } Bethel
+    (Berks County) {   but new name of no local        }
+                   {   significance.                   }
+
+                   { “All Wants,” meaning “Land        }
+                   {   of Plenty.” A very distinctive  }
+  Allemingle       {   cognomen. New name              } Albany
+                   {   of no local significance        }
+                   {   whatever.                       }
+
+  Riviere Le Boeuf   “River of Buffaloes”                French Creek
+
+                   { Changed by railroad. Indian       }
+  Sinnemahoning    {   name Sinne-Mahoning, or         } Sinnamahoning
+                   {   “Stony Lick.”                   }
+
+                   { Another railroad infliction. Old  }
+  Nippeno          {   name “Nippeno,” from            } Nippono
+                   {   Nippe-nuse, an Indian Chief     }
+                   {   of the locality.                }
+
+  Manayunk                                               Schuylkill
+
+  Jaysburg          { Changed so as to be the “soul    } Newberry
+                    {   mate” of Sunbury.              }
+
+  Jacobsburg                                             Woodward
+
+                    { A sturdy pioneer sounding        }
+  The Forks         {   name. Changed by railroad      } Coburn
+                    {   land agents to please an       }
+                    {   influential citizen of county. }
+
+  Panther Run       { An abbreviation which destroys   } Panther
+                    {   most of the local significance.}
+
+  Hightown                                               White Deer
+
+  Littlestown                                            Bradford
+
+  Rattlesnake       { Changed to “honor” a railroad    } Whetham
+                    {   contractor.                    }
+
+                    { Changed on account of being      }
+  Susquehanna       {   other town of same name in     } Nisbet
+                    {   State.                         }
+
+                    { On former domain of Queen        }
+  Riansares         {   Maria Christina of Spain.      } Penny Hill
+    (Mountain)      {   Named for her husband, the     }
+                    {   Duke of Riansares.             }
+
+  Stavertown                                             Glen
+
+  Burgettstown                                           Langeloth
+
+  Reastown                                             { Raystown,
+                                                       { Bedford
+
+  Coryell’s Ferry                                        New Hope
+
+  Quiggleville                                           Lycoming
+
+  Geulich,                                               Gulick
+    (Township)
+    Clearfield
+    County
+
+                    { Another railroad blunder in      }
+  Benezet           {   spelling. Named for Anthony    } Benezette
+                    {   Benezet, Quaker Abolitionist.  }
+
+  Chatham’s Run,                                         Charlton
+    (Hamlet)
+
+  Barclay                                                Wyside
+
+                    { Here was a big camp of Irish     }
+  Paddy’s Run       {   railroad laborers when Sunbury } East Renovo
+                    {   and Erie Railroad was          }
+                    {   built about 1864.              }
+
+  Saltzman                                               East Ferney
+
+                    { Named by early Scotch-Irish      }
+  Swatragh,         {   pioneers for a brook in        } Swatara
+    (Stream)        {   Derry, Ireland—Sewataro,       }
+                    {   Swetarrow.                     }
+
+  Powl’s Creek      { Pronounced Pole’s Creek.         } Powell’s Creek
+                    {   Spelling should conform.       }
+
+  Matawanna                                              McVeytown
+
+                    { Named for early tribe of         }
+  Mingoville        {   redmen. New name given by      } Hecla Park
+                    {   owners of a picnic park.       }
+
+
+                    { A regrettable abbreviation of    }
+  Hartley Hall      {  Major-General  Thomas           } Hartleton
+                    {  Hartley’s name.                 }
+
+  Oak Grove         { Changed because other town       } Avis
+                    {   of same name in State.         }
+
+                    { An unaccountable substitution    }
+  Derrstown         {   of first name of Lewis Derr,   } Lewisburg
+                    {   pioneer, for his last name.    }
+
+
+  Stitestown        { Named for the first settler in   } Lebanon
+                    {   locality.                      }
+
+                    { An obstinate blunder creeping    }
+  Paxtang           {   like a canker into history,    } Paxton
+                    {   as original name was Peshtank! }
+
+  Funkstown                                            { Altodale
+                                                       { Mont Alto
+
+  Obold                                                  Mount Pleasant
+
+  Rumberger                                              DuBois
+
+  Morgan’s Gap                                           Bull Run Gap
+
+  Great Shawanese                                        Ganoga Lake
+    Lake
+
+  Woodruffstown                                        { Blockhouse
+                                                       { Liberty
+
+  Watsonburg                                             Watsontown
+
+  Upland              An early Swedish settlement        Chester
+
+  Boyersville                                            Mazeppa
+
+  Green Castle                                           Greencastle
+
+  Adamsburg                                              Beaver Springs
+
+  Moose’s Pond                                           Mose’s Pond
+
+  Chinkalacamoose     “Meeting place of the Moose”       Clearfield
+
+  Straus                                                 Schuyler
+
+  Zermatt                                                Holstein
+
+  Germantown                                           { North
+    Junction                                           { Philadelphia
+
+                    { Changed by Railroad Company,     }
+                    {   which had another station      }
+  Georgetown        {   of same name. New name         } Dalmatia
+                    {   sounds nice, but of no local   }
+                    {   significance.                  }
+
+  Kishekokelas                                           Kishacoquillas
+
+  Jamesburg                                              Oriole
+
+  Swartztown                                             Milton
+
+  Cameronia                                              Montandon
+
+
+
+
+The Spirit of the Name-Vandal!
+
+Exit Muckelrat and Enter Woodland Hills
+
+
+Muckelrat is gone forever, the “Village of Woodland Hills” takes its
+place and every citizen holds his head erect these days and smiles a
+happy smile.
+
+The territory comprising the one-time Muckelrat includes that part of
+Wilkins Township, hounded by Braddock road, Filmore road, Glasgow road,
+Fairview avenue and Ridge avenue.
+
+The formal announcement of this change was made in a communication to
+The Sun today, signed “Citizens of Woodland Hills.”—PITTSBURG SUN, 1921.
+
+
+
+
+Changing the Face of History
+
+
+There is another aspect of the ruthless spirit of the day which holds
+nothing of the past sacred and secure. That is the modernization of
+Civil War memorials. Most of these erected thirty years ago, instead of
+showing the rugged, long-haired, bearded, loosely clad soldier of Civil
+War times represented the “Civil War” warrior to look like the trim
+National Guardsman of the Nineties, with short hair, curled mustache,
+and tight-fitting uniform. Those erected recently, take, for example,
+the Bucktail monument at Driftwood, and the Union League Club Regiment
+monument at Philadelphia, represent the Civil War soldier as short
+haired and clean shaven. The typical Civil War soldier was neither of
+these, even if a few shaved their whole faces once in six weeks. All
+let their hair stay long; that was part of the tradition of the war,
+while most of the boys allowed their beards to grow and have never
+shaved them off to this day. The short-haired, clean-shaved Civil War
+soldier never existed outside of the careless imagination of modern
+sculptors, and in only a single monument at Gettysburg Battlefield is
+the real soldier of the period depicted, that sole exception being in
+the bronze figure on the monument of the Fifth Minnesota Regiment.
+Even Violet Oakley has fallen into the popular error with her Lincoln
+and Meade murals in the Senate Chamber at Harrisburg, but she goes
+most artists one better by giving her clean-shaven soldier boys “Dutch
+cuts,” from which their locks were as free as their cheeks were of the
+razor. Why can’t real Civil War soldiers be put on these monuments,
+and not faces and costumes typical of 1915-1921—a crime in the eyes of
+historic exactitude. The Civil War soldier, South as well as North,
+was a Poilu, and the razor applied by sculptors half a century later
+has stripped him of one of his principal claims to individuality. As
+the noted French author, Maurice Barres, remarked, in speaking of the
+hairy French soldiers of the World War, “Their beards have been part
+of the war, and of our courage.” The bearded Civil War soldier bespoke
+his period, and told the story of camp and campaign, and any attempt
+to change him now makes the memorials historically ineffective. This
+is a phase of monument construction for our able State Art Commission
+to consider in co-operation with Dr. Donehoo’s Historical Commission.
+Clean-shaved Civil War soldiers are as historically out of place as if
+the typical American “Doughboy” of the World War were put on a pedestal
+with Lord Rocksavage side-whiskers or Lord Fauntleroy tresses. Let us
+be correct and exact in every detail, if we are to build for the ages
+to come!
+
+  H. W. S.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+
+Pennsylvania Alpine Club
+
+[Illustration: P.A.C.]
+
+THE CREED: To protect, study and preserve, wherever possible, the
+history, folk lore, folk songs and proverbs of our mountain people.
+To preserve historic place names and their rightful spelling, Indian
+traditions and Indian names. To secure the Pennsylvania Mountains a
+wider popularity and appreciation. To work for pure air, pure water,
+pure manhood and womanhood against the inroads of the modern complex,
+urban civilization. To save the ancient landmarks, such as old forts
+and other pioneer structures and memorials, and historic and noteworthy
+trees and groves. To create a sentiment for the education and moral
+encouragement of the Pennsylvania mountain children, neglected in favor
+of the children of the Kentucky and Tennessee mountains. To stand at
+all times for the American Flag and Pennsylvania Beautiful.
+
+For the establishment of new Chapters and membership, apply to J.
+Herbert Walker, Secretary and Historian, Box 328, Scranton Pa. Program
+of Spring and Fall Outings on Application.
+
+  _=Finis=_
+
+
+
+
+  Transcriber’s Notes
+
+  pg 4 changed: into New York and you find a vertiable
+            to: into New York and you find a veritable
+
+  pg 8 changed: How perfectly flat and inocuous
+            to: How perfectly flat and innocuous
+
+  pg 12 changed: Named for early tribe of red-men.
+             to: Named for early tribe of redmen.
+
+*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 78202 ***
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+      The Changing of Historic Place Names | Project Gutenberg
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+<body>
+<div style='text-align:center'>*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 78202 ***</div>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 85%">
+<img src="images/cover.jpg" alt="">
+</div>
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+
+
+
+
+<div class="pageborder">
+<h1>
+The Changing of<br>
+Historic Place Names
+</h1>
+
+<p class="center no-indent">
+  <span class="fs150"><em>By</em> George P. Donehoo</span><br>
+  <br>
+  <span class="fs80">Secretary of the Pennsylvania Historical<br>
+  Commission and President of the<br>
+  Potter County Historical Society</span></p>
+  <br>
+
+  <figure class="figcenter illowp75" id="titlepage" style="max-width: 76.625em;">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/titlepage.jpg" alt="River in the woods">
+  </figure>
+  <br><br>
+
+<p class="center no-indent">
+  <span class="fs120 lh">With an Introduction and Glossary of Some Historic<br>
+  Names Changed or Misspelled In Pennsylvania</span>
+  <br>
+  <em>By</em> Henry W. Shoemaker<br>
+  <br>
+  <span class="fs80">Member of the Historical Society of Pennsylvania<br>
+  and Chairman of the Committee on Historical<br>
+  Activity, Pennsylvania Federation of<br>
+  Historical Societies</span><br>
+  <br>
+  <span class="fs120">Published under the Auspices of the Pennsylvania Alpine Club,<br>
+  J. Herbert Walker, Secretary and Historian</span><br>
+  <br>
+  <span class="fs70">Altoona, Pennsylvania</span></p>
+
+  <figure class="figcenter illowp10" id="titlepage2" style="max-width: 8.625em;">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/titlepage2.jpg" alt="" data-role="presentation">
+  </figure>
+
+  <p class="center no-indent"><span class="fs70">Tribune Press, 1921</span>
+</p>
+</div>
+
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+
+<div class="chapter">
+<h2 class="nobreak" id="CONTENTS">CONTENTS</h2>
+</div>
+
+<table class="autotable">
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">
+Prefatory Note
+</td>
+<td class="tdr">
+<a href="#Prefatory_Note">2</a>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">
+Introduction
+</td>
+<td class="tdr">
+<a href="#Introduction">2</a>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">
+Changing Historic Place Names
+</td>
+<td class="tdr">
+<a href="#Changing_Historic_Place_Names">3</a>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">
+A Partial List of Historic Place Names Changed or Misspelled in Pennsylvania
+</td>
+<td class="tdr">
+<a href="#A_Partial_List_of_Historic_Place_Names">8</a>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">
+The Spirit of the Name-Vandal! Exit Muckelrat and Enter Woodland Hills
+</td>
+<td class="tdr">
+<a href="#The_Spirit_of_the_Name-Vandal">13</a>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">
+Changing the Face of History
+</td>
+<td class="tdr">
+<a href="#Changing_the_Face_of_History">13</a>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">
+Pennsylvania Alpine Club
+</td>
+<td class="tdr">
+<a href="#Pennsylvania_Alpine_Club">14</a>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+<div class="chapter">
+  <p class="center no-indent fs80">
+  “There are vicissitudes in all things.”—Terence.
+  </p>
+</div>
+
+
+<div class="chapter">
+  <h2 class="nobreak" id="Prefatory_Note">
+    Prefatory Note
+  </h2>
+</div>
+
+<div>
+  <img class="drop-cap" src="images/image002a.jpg" width="25" height="38" alt="drop-cap">
+</div>
+
+<p class="drop-cap"><span class="upper-case">
+The</span> author wishes to state that this brief monograph is
+written at the suggestion of Col. Henry W. Shoemaker,
+who has not only assisted in the writing, but who also
+has kindly paid the expense of publication. The article
+could be extended very greatly. The author thinks, however,
+that enough is written to call attention to the evil of changing
+place names.</p>
+
+<p class="right">
+  G. P. D.
+</p>
+
+
+<div class="chapter">
+  <h2 class="nobreak" id="Introduction">
+    Introduction
+  </h2>
+</div>
+
+<div>
+  <img class="drop-cap" src="images/image002b.jpg" width="25" height="36" alt="drop-cap">
+</div>
+
+<p class="drop-cap"><span class="upper-case">It</span>
+is indeed a privilege, through the agency of the Pennsylvania
+Alpine Club, to assist in the publication of so
+timely a monograph as that of Dr. Donehoo’s, on the
+subject of changing historic place names. Every month
+the senseless shifting is going on, newcomers wresting from the
+historic past the heritage of honored names. It will be difficult a
+century hence to follow the course of history in Pennsylvania;
+even now it is hard to identify the places visited by early travelers
+like Spangenberg, Ettwein and Col. Weiser, as innovators have
+changed and re-changed even the names of the streams and
+mountains that they crossed. It will be hard to trace the racial
+and philological development of the State, as the haphazard system
+of renaming places destroys all historic sequence of nationality
+and individual tendencies. One bright spot remains.
+Pennsylvania has discarded fewer of her Indian names than most
+other States; personal vanity or prejudice was hardly strong
+enough to obliterate these—for even more than “their names are
+on the waters and you cannot blot them out,” the Indian-named
+mountains, valleys, lakes, rivers and streams persist and bid
+fair to defy the ruthlessness of the ages. Let the constant
+watchfulness of every public-spirited Pennsylvanian be directed
+to “save the ancient landmarks” and keep inviolate the sturdy,
+distinctive nomenclature and spelling handed down by our fore-fathers.</p>
+
+<p class="right">
+  <span class="smcap">Henry W. Shoemaker.</span></p>
+
+<p class="no-indent"><span class="smcap">“Restless Oaks,” McElhattan, Pa., April 30, 1921.</span>
+</p>
+
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+<div class="chapter">
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_3">[Pg 3]</span></p>
+
+
+<figure class="figcenter illowp35" id="image003a" style="max-width: 33.6875em;">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/image003a.jpg" alt="United States Flag">
+</figure>
+
+
+  <h2 class="nobreak" id="Changing_Historic_Place_Names">
+    Changing Historic Place Names
+  </h2>
+</div>
+
+<div>
+  <img class="drop-cap" src="images/image002a.jpg" width="25" height="38" alt="drop-cap">
+</div>
+
+<p class="drop-cap"><span class="upper-case">
+The</span> Mosaic Law contained the following: “Cursed be he
+that removeth his neighbor’s landmark: and all the people
+shall say, Amen.”</p>
+
+<p>They did not have a Historical Society during the early
+development of the Jewish Commonwealth, or Moses might have
+added to these wise regulations, “Cursed be he that changeth one
+of the historic names of towns and villages, and all the people
+shall say, Amen.”</p>
+
+<p>A place name is not only a landmark, but it is a historic landmark,
+often of more real value than the landmark of an individual
+occupant of the soil. Sometimes the whole history of a region
+can be dug up by the careful student of the names which are
+given to the towns, villages, streams and mountains in that region.
+Very few of the earlier place names in Pennsylvania were given
+in a haphazard way. They all meant something, and in most
+cases something of real historic value.</p>
+
+<p>Some of these early names are most beautiful to hear, and
+some are not. But they are all of interest and historic value.
+Many of the most beautiful sounding names, and names of historic
+value, have disappeared entirely from the map of the state.
+Wyoming is an illustration of the disappearance of an old, beautiful
+and historic name. Many people think that the name
+“Wyoming” belongs to the state to which it migrated from the
+beautiful vale of Pennsylvania, where it was made historic for
+all time.</p>
+
+<p>Some of the earliest place names now are applied to towns
+and topographical features far removed from the place which
+gave them birth. Shamokin is an illustration of this change.
+This name is one of the very oldest on the Susquehanna River,
+and it was used during the entire period of settlement, as well as
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_4">[Pg 4]</span>during the period of Indian occupancy, when the Vice-Gerent
+of the Iroquois Confederacy made it the Indian capitol of Pennsylvania.
+All of the early travelers and all of the official documents
+relating to Indian affairs use this name for the present
+Sunbury. The name Shamokin has been given to a town which
+is in no way connected with the historic town from which this
+name was taken. In order to avoid confusion, a historical writer
+now has to always refer to the old, historic place in this manner:
+“Shamokin (now Sunbury).” The same rule has to apply to the
+other historic village of Wyoming. When this place is mentioned,
+the statement must be made as “Wyoming (now Wilkes-Barre).”
+Probably the greatest crime of all is that which was
+committed by some classical school teacher in the change which
+was made from Tioga to Athens. The author in other publications
+has referred to the trail of the massacre of Indian place
+names by these classic school teachers from New England. It
+was one of the sad results of the Connecticut Settlement of
+Pennsylvania and Western New York. The Indian names were
+slaughtered without pity. The Scotch-Irish in Pennsylvania
+killed the Indians, but spared the names which the Indians had
+given to the rivers and mountains in the region in which they
+had lived. The New England school teacher slaughtered the
+names. Follow the trail of these classical scholars from Athens
+up into New York and you find a veritable trail of blood of
+historic and beautiful Indian names.</p>
+
+<p>Imagine, if you please, the following names within the historic
+habitat of the mighty Iroquois: Cato, Ovid, Camillus, Rome,
+Utica, Troy, Syracuse, Marathon, Ithaca, Geneva, Sempronius,
+Aurelius, Marcellus, Scipioville, Aurora, Romulus, Junius—and
+so on <em>ad nauseam</em>, there is hardly any limit to the list. The beautiful
+lake region of New York seems to have been the “Gettysburg”
+of the New England teacher, where the “high tide” of
+classical slaughter was done. By direct trail he reached the
+headwaters of the Susquehanna, where he killed Tioga in cold
+blood, and then erected “Athens.” About this time the tide of
+Scotch-Irish and German “Pennamites” swept up the Susquehanna
+River and ended the advance of the classical scholar and
+prevented the continuation of the slaughter along the Susquehanna
+River.</p>
+
+<p>I have always been thankful that this classic invasion of
+Pennsylvania soil did not come into the State by the way of the
+Allegheny River. Had it done so, the Ohio, or La Belle Riviere,
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_5">[Pg 5]</span>might probably have been re-baptized the “Styx,” and the old
+twin towns at the headwaters of this stream called Romulus and
+Remus.</p>
+
+<p>A “name” means something. It stands for the person or
+place. To the Israelite the name of the Deity was so sacred and
+awful that it was not pronounced at all. One of the Commandments
+relates to the taking of “the name in vain.” We Americans
+are losing our spirit of reverence for almost everything.
+Names of places are changed without a feeling of loss. Sometimes
+these changes are due to the errors of clerks or map
+makers. There are so many illustrations of this method of
+change that only a few can be mentioned. Carter Camp, in
+Potter County, has been substituted for Cartee Camp—the name
+of a historic family, of which General Cartee was a member.
+One can easily see how this change was made by a copyist
+glancing at the name Cartee and then writing the more familiar
+“Carter.” Another illustration of the same sort of error is
+found in the name “Queen’s Run,” which should be Quinn’s Run—named
+for a famous early settler and Indian lighter who settled
+above Lock Haven, on the West Branch.</p>
+
+<p>Col. Henry W. Shoemaker calls my attention to a few other
+changes of this sort. The Cattleman River should be “Casselman,”
+being named for a famous family of pioneers which settled
+in Western Pennsylvania. One of the townships in Clinton
+County is now named “Gallagher” instead of “Gallauher,” in
+honor of Judge Abraham Gallauher. The recent maps of Pennsylvania
+are literally filled with such clerical errors, which finally
+have the authority of the United States Government to back them
+up, in the Geological Survey Maps and naming of Post Offices.
+These errors could all be avoided by having the proofs of maps
+and other official documents submitted to the County Historical
+Societies before final publication.</p>
+
+<p>Other changes of names are intentional, as in the case of the
+many names, such as Athens, for Tioga Point; Sunbury, for
+Shamokin; Wilkes-Barre, for Wyoming. These changes were
+made so long ago that the more recent name has become historic.
+But changes are being made which have no historic significance
+whatever. One of the worst, which the author often thinks
+about because he remembers the place by its old name, is that of
+the large and growing town of Coraopolis, below Pittsburg,
+which formerly had the historic name of Vance Fort—which
+means something of the romantic period when the early settlers
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_6">[Pg 6]</span>on the Ohio had to fly to Vance’s Fort for protection from the
+Indians. “Coraopolis” means nothing whatever. There are
+“opolis” without number in the United States. There was only
+one Vance Fort. The change of Venango to Franklin is another
+illustration of giving up an early and historic name.</p>
+
+<p>Another change which Col. Shoemaker tells me of is the suggested
+change of Shousetown to Glenwillard. The Shouse family
+was one of the early pioneer families on the upper Ohio in the
+days when the male members of the family defended the frontiers
+of civilization. There are “glens” of every possible style and
+degree of fashion in the State, but there is only one Shousetown,
+or Shouse Ferry. Somehow, whenever a certain type of people
+move into a locality, it seems to be about the first thing which
+these modern pioneers think of, is that of changing a name, which
+does not have an up-to-date sound, to “glen”-something-or-other.
+Instead of cutting down trees, they cut down names. My very
+good friend Gifford Pinchot is a perfect friend of “forestry conservation,”
+so is my other friend, Col. Henry W. Shoemaker—more
+power to both of them in their good work! Let us all
+start a movement for the “preservation and conservation of the
+historic place names of Pennsylvania.” Some of these names are
+not as “pretty” as they might be, but they mean something, and
+they are historic. I know that Mary is a rather old-fashioned
+name for a girl, when compared with Gladys or Ethyl—but
+somehow the name means more. It has the historic light of ages
+playing about it. One thinks of deep-blue Syrian skies and the
+lakes of Killarney, and a lot of other things, when it is mentioned.
+So, Shousetown has a sort of crude sound when compared with
+“Glenwillard.” But if you think of the sturdy frontiersman who
+ferried across the Ohio in the early days, the name becomes
+romantic. So also with the other names. If you know why they
+were given, you will realize why they should stay.</p>
+
+<p>Another matter which calls for the attention of Historical
+Societies is that of giving names to places which never had a
+name. These names should have some meaning, either in local
+or state history. Oftentimes new towns are given names which
+bear no relation to anything in local or State history. Such names
+as “Mexico,” “Arroyo,” “Vera Cruz,” etc., have no relation
+whatever to anything local or State. Many of these names are
+intrusive. They have historical significance elsewhere, but not
+here.</p>
+
+<p>In view of these very brief remarks about Pennsylvania place
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_7">[Pg 7]</span>names, the author would suggest to the various Historical Societies
+in the State the passage of an Act of Assembly forbidding
+the giving of names to any place, or the changing of any place
+name, without the authority of either the Historical Commission
+or of some other historical body, such as the Historical Society
+of Pennsylvania. The author understands that many European
+countries and some of our own States already have such laws. A
+person has the right to call his own country place or farm by
+whatever name he wishes. But State names of places become the
+property of the State, and become a part of the State’s archives.
+Such a law would prevent the ignorant vandalism which has been
+so much in evidence in the past, in blotting out historic names,
+and it would also prevent the thoughtless and, oftentimes, utterly
+ridiculous bestowal of names.</p>
+
+<p>There are hundreds of appropriate and beautiful historic
+names in early Pennsylvania history, among which are many
+really significant Indian names, which have never been given to
+any places or topographical features. These names, rather than
+meaningless ones, could be given to new towns and villages, and
+even to country places. Now is the fitting time for the Historical
+Societies of the State to commence a movement having in view the
+results mentioned in this article. Nearly every county in the
+State now has a Historical Society, or has such a society under
+way. This work can be made a most valuable part of the activity
+of such societies. The change of historic place names may seem
+a small matter, but it is not. Equally offensive is the mis-spelling
+of historic names, for it adds a studied indifference to the illustrious
+names or events in history, which no patriotic American
+should pass over lightly. We must hold to our historic place
+names as the tangible links in the chain of our historical development.</p>
+
+<figure class="figcenter illowp10" id="image007" style="max-width: 16.0em;">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/image007.jpg" alt="Female American Indian">
+</figure>
+
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+<div class="chapter">
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_8">[Pg 8]</span></p>
+
+
+  <h2 class="nobreak" id="A_Partial_List_of_Historic_Place_Names">
+    A Partial List of Historic Place Names<br>
+    Changed or Misspelled in Pennsylvania
+  </h2>
+</div>
+<p class="center no-indent bold fs120">(Compiled by Henry W. Shoemaker)</p>
+
+
+<table class="autotable">
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl bold" style="width:28%">
+Old Name
+</td>
+<td class="tdl" style="width:44%">
+
+</td>
+<td class="tdl bold" style="width:28%">
+New Name or Spelling
+</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">
+Louisbourg
+</td>
+<td class="tdl" style="margin-left: 2em; text-indent: -1em;">
+Even the State Capitol was not spared!
+</td>
+<td class="tdl">
+Harris’ Ferry, Harrisburg
+</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">
+Wyoming
+</td>
+<td class="tdl">
+
+</td>
+<td class="tdl">
+Wilkes-Barre
+</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">
+Shamokin
+</td>
+<td class="tdl" style="margin-left: 2em; text-indent: -1em;">
+“The Place of the Horns,” where the deer performed their mewing.
+</td>
+<td class="tdl">
+Sunbury
+</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">
+Ohe-yu
+</td>
+<td class="tdl" style="margin-left: 2em; text-indent: -1em;">
+“The Beautiful River—La Belle Riviere”
+</td>
+<td class="tdl">
+Allegheny River
+</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">
+Cartee Camp
+</td>
+<td class="tdl">
+
+</td>
+<td class="tdl">
+New Bergen, “Carter” Camp
+</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">
+Shousetown
+</td>
+<td class="tdl" style="margin-left: 2em; text-indent: -1em;">
+Sturdy Indian fighters, ancestors of Hon. Jouett Shouse, lived here.
+</td>
+<td class="tdl">
+Glenwillard
+</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">
+Muckelrat
+</td>
+<td class="tdl" style="margin-left: 2em; text-indent: -1em;">
+How perfectly flat and innocuous the new name!
+</td>
+<td class="tdl">
+Woodland Hills
+</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">
+White’s Eddy
+</td>
+<td class="tdl">
+
+</td>
+<td class="tdl">
+Ritchie
+</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">
+Young Woman’s Town
+</td>
+<td class="tdl" style="margin-left: 2em; text-indent: -1em;">
+Here Mary Wolford, beautiful pioneer girl, was drowned escaping from Indians.
+</td>
+<td class="tdl">
+North Bend
+</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">
+Eyersburg
+</td>
+<td class="tdl">
+
+</td>
+<td class="tdl">
+Bloomsburg
+</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">
+Longstown
+</td>
+<td class="tdl">
+
+</td>
+<td class="tdl">
+New Berlin
+</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">
+Stroupstown
+</td>
+<td class="tdl">
+
+</td>
+<td class="tdl">
+Freeburg
+</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">
+Swinefordstown
+</td>
+<td class="tdl" style="margin-left: 2em; text-indent: -1em;">
+How inane the new name, compared to the old! Middle of what?
+</td>
+<td class="tdl">
+Middleberg
+</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">
+Christunn
+</td>
+<td class="tdl" style="margin-left: 2em; text-indent: -1em;">
+Why this was changed is a puzzle, as new name has little special significance
+</td>
+<td class="tdl">
+Middle Creek
+</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">
+Youngmanstown
+</td>
+<td class="tdl" style="margin-left: 2em; text-indent: -1em;">
+There are no less than thirty other places called “Mifflin” in State, and Youngmanstown had a delicious West Country, Irish flavor!
+</td>
+<td class="tdl">
+Mifflinburg
+</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">
+Muhlenberg
+</td>
+<td class="tdl">
+
+</td>
+<td class="tdl">
+Newton Hamilton
+</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">
+Messimersville
+</td>
+<td class="tdl">
+
+</td>
+<td class="tdl">
+Sheridan
+</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">
+Dengler’s
+</td>
+<td class="tdl">
+
+</td>
+<td class="tdl">
+Mount Penn
+</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">
+Wessnersville
+</td>
+<td class="tdl" style="margin-left: 2em; text-indent: -1em;">
+Stony Run really means nothing definite; State is full of them.
+</td>
+<td class="tdl">
+Stony Run
+</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">
+Quinn’s Run
+</td>
+<td class="tdl">
+
+</td>
+<td class="tdl">
+Queen’s Run
+</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">
+Suedberg
+</td>
+<td class="tdl">
+
+</td>
+<td class="tdl">
+Suedburg
+</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">
+Reidersville
+</td>
+<td class="tdl">
+
+</td>
+<td class="tdl">
+Newport<span class="pagenum" id="Page_9">[Pg 9]</span>
+</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">
+Peter’s Camp
+</td>
+<td class="tdl">
+
+</td>
+<td class="tdl">
+Blossburg
+</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">
+Parkinson’s Ferry
+</td>
+<td class="tdl">
+</td>
+<td class="tdl">
+Monongahela City, Monongahela
+</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">
+Casselman River
+</td>
+<td class="tdl" style="margin-left: 2em; text-indent: -1em;">
+This atrocity is gradually getting on all maps, even some of those of State Forestry Department.
+</td>
+<td class="tdl">
+Castleman River
+</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">
+Casselman
+</td>
+<td class="tdl">
+
+</td>
+<td class="tdl">
+Castleman
+</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">
+Shireman’s Creek
+</td>
+<td class="tdl">
+
+</td>
+<td class="tdl">
+Sherman’s Creek
+</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">
+Zerby
+</td>
+<td class="tdl">
+
+</td>
+<td class="tdl">
+Sober
+</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">
+Gallauher (Township), Clinton County
+</td>
+<td class="tdl" style="margin-left: 2em; text-indent: -1em;">
+Another victim of “Sinn Fein”
+</td>
+<td class="tdl">
+Gallagher
+</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">
+Tioga Point
+</td>
+<td class="tdl">
+
+</td>
+<td class="tdl">
+Athens
+</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">
+Vance Fort
+</td>
+<td class="tdl">
+
+</td>
+<td class="tdl">
+Coraopolis
+</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">
+Venango
+</td>
+<td class="tdl">
+
+</td>
+<td class="tdl">
+Franklin
+</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">
+Shoemakertown
+</td>
+<td class="tdl">
+
+</td>
+<td class="tdl">
+Ogontz
+</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">
+Kreamersville
+</td>
+<td class="tdl" style="margin-left: 2em; text-indent: -1em;">
+A quaint old town re-baptized to please a local politician.
+</td>
+<td class="tdl">
+Smullton
+</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">
+Hamburg (Clinton Co.)
+</td>
+<td class="tdl">
+
+</td>
+<td class="tdl">
+Mackeyville
+</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">
+Pittsburg
+</td>
+<td class="tdl" style="margin-left: 2em; text-indent: -1em;">
+“H,” in these days of simplified spelling, and after having been laid aside for nearly
+a century, tacked on by P. R. R. in 1902 to suit a resident Vice-President born
+in Edinburgh, pronounced Edinborough; which itself is philologically incorrect, the
+original name of the “Athens of the North” having been Edwins-burg, an early settlement of Angles, not Celts.
+</td>
+<td class="tdl">
+Pittsburgh
+</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">
+Brunerstown
+</td>
+<td class="tdl">
+
+</td>
+<td class="tdl">
+Somerset
+</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">
+Bloody Run
+</td>
+<td class="tdl" style="margin-left: 2em; text-indent: -1em;">
+Here immortal hero blood was shed. Why change it?
+</td>
+<td class="tdl">
+Everett
+</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">
+Bismarck
+</td>
+<td class="tdl" style="margin-left: 2em; text-indent: -1em;">
+A victim of war hysteria and over-zealous “patriotism.”
+</td>
+<td class="tdl">
+Quentin
+</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">
+Fort Hunter
+</td>
+<td class="tdl">
+
+</td>
+<td class="tdl">
+Rockville
+</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">
+Siegfried
+</td>
+<td class="tdl">
+
+</td>
+<td class="tdl">
+Northampton
+</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">
+Allenville
+</td>
+<td class="tdl">
+(Name changed twice)
+</td>
+<td class="tdl">
+Northampton, Allentown
+</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">
+Heidelberg
+</td>
+<td class="tdl" style="margin-left: 2em; text-indent: -1em;">
+Hard to trace pioneer localities since these old names are nearly all gone.
+</td>
+<td class="tdl">
+Schaefferstown
+</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">
+Derry
+</td>
+<td class="tdl" style="margin-left: 2em; text-indent: -1em;">
+With its old church, cruelly wiped off the map.
+</td>
+<td class="tdl">
+Hershey
+</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">
+High Head (Mountain)
+</td>
+<td class="tdl" style="margin-left: 2em; text-indent: -1em;">
+In Penn’s Valley, Centre County. There are no less than 100 other mountains and hills in State called “Round Top.”
+</td>
+<td class="tdl">
+Round Top
+</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">
+Old Eagle
+</td>
+<td class="tdl">
+
+</td>
+<td class="tdl">
+Strafford<span class="pagenum" id="Page_10">[Pg 10]</span>
+</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">
+Stucktown
+</td>
+<td class="tdl" style="margin-left: 2em; text-indent: -1em;">
+A stalwart Indian fighter’s name obliterated to make way for a stockholder in a new railroad through the town.
+</td>
+<td class="tdl">
+McClure
+</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">
+Dunnsburg
+</td>
+<td class="tdl">
+
+</td>
+<td class="tdl">
+Dunnstown
+</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">
+Lewis’ Lake
+</td>
+<td class="tdl" style="margin-left: 2em; text-indent: -1em;">
+Why this sentimental, slushy new name?
+</td>
+<td class="tdl">
+“Eaglesmere”
+</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">
+Strasburg (York County)
+</td>
+<td class="tdl">
+
+</td>
+<td class="tdl">
+Shrewsbury
+</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">
+Greersburg
+</td>
+<td class="tdl">
+
+</td>
+<td class="tdl">
+Darlington
+</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">
+Exetertown
+</td>
+<td class="tdl" style="margin-left: 2em; text-indent: -1em;">
+(Name changed twice)
+</td>
+<td class="tdl">
+Exeter, Lorane
+</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">
+Saltzburg
+</td>
+<td class="tdl">
+
+</td>
+<td class="tdl">
+Saltsburg
+</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">
+Anderson’s Ferry
+</td>
+<td class="tdl">
+
+</td>
+<td class="tdl">
+Marietta
+</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">
+Dekanoagah
+</td>
+<td class="tdl">
+
+</td>
+<td class="tdl">
+Bainbridge
+</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">
+Kloster (Cloister)
+</td>
+<td class="tdl">
+
+</td>
+<td class="tdl">
+Ephrata
+</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">
+Wright’s Ferry
+</td>
+<td class="tdl">
+
+</td>
+<td class="tdl">
+Wrightsville
+</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">
+Tiadaghton
+</td>
+<td class="tdl">
+
+</td>
+<td class="tdl">
+Pine Creek
+</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">
+Karoondinha
+</td>
+<td class="tdl">
+
+</td>
+<td class="tdl">
+John Penn’s Creek, Penn’s Creek
+</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">
+Standing Stone Town
+</td>
+<td class="tdl">
+
+</td>
+<td class="tdl">
+Huntingdon
+</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">
+Reinholds
+</td>
+<td class="tdl">
+
+</td>
+<td class="tdl">
+Blainsport
+</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">
+Petersburg
+</td>
+<td class="tdl" style="margin-left: 2em; text-indent: -1em;">
+Changed, as another town of same name in State.
+</td>
+<td class="tdl">
+Duncannon
+</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">
+Stover’s
+</td>
+<td class="tdl" style="margin-left: 2em; text-indent: -1em;">
+The name of old Reuben Stoyer, pioneer and hunter, deserved to be thus perpetuated. Why Livonia?
+</td>
+<td class="tdl">
+Livonia
+</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">
+Weirickstettle
+</td>
+<td class="tdl">
+
+</td>
+<td class="tdl">
+Penn’s Creek P.O. Centreville
+</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">
+Millersburg, (Berks County)
+</td>
+<td class="tdl" style="margin-left: 2em; text-indent: -1em;">
+Changed owing to there being another Millersburg in State, but new name of no local significance.
+</td>
+<td class="tdl">
+Bethel
+</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">
+Allemingle
+</td>
+<td class="tdl" style="margin-left: 2em; text-indent: -1em;">
+“All Wants,” meaning “Land of Plenty.” A very distinctive cognomen. New name of no local significance whatever.
+</td>
+<td class="tdl">
+Albany
+</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">
+Riviere Le Boeuf
+</td>
+<td class="tdl" style="margin-left: 2em; text-indent: -1em;">
+“River of Buffaloes”
+</td>
+<td class="tdl">
+French Creek
+</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">
+Sinnemahoning
+</td>
+<td class="tdl" style="margin-left: 2em; text-indent: -1em;">
+Changed by railroad. Indian name Sinne-Mahoning, or “Stony Lick.”
+</td>
+<td class="tdl">
+Sinnamahoning
+</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">
+Nippeno
+</td>
+<td class="tdl" style="margin-left: 2em; text-indent: -1em;">
+Another railroad infliction. Old name “Nippeno,” from Nippe-nuse, an Indian Chief of the locality.
+</td>
+<td class="tdl">
+Nippono
+</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">
+Manayunk
+</td>
+<td class="tdl">
+
+</td>
+<td class="tdl">
+Schuylkill<span class="pagenum" id="Page_11">[Pg 11]</span>
+</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">
+Jaysburg
+</td>
+<td class="tdl" style="margin-left: 2em; text-indent: -1em;">
+Changed so as to be the “soul mate” of Sunbury.
+</td>
+<td class="tdl">
+Newberry
+</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">
+Jacobsburg
+</td>
+<td class="tdl">
+
+</td>
+<td class="tdl">
+Woodward
+</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">
+The Forks
+</td>
+<td class="tdl" style="margin-left: 2em; text-indent: -1em;">
+A sturdy pioneer sounding name. Changed by railroad land agents to please an influential citizen of county.
+</td>
+<td class="tdl">
+Coburn
+</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">
+Panther Run
+</td>
+<td class="tdl" style="margin-left: 2em; text-indent: -1em;">
+An abbreviation which destroys most of the local significance.
+</td>
+<td class="tdl">
+Panther
+</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">
+Hightown
+</td>
+<td class="tdl">
+
+</td>
+<td class="tdl">
+White Deer
+</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">
+Littlestown
+</td>
+<td class="tdl">
+
+</td>
+<td class="tdl">
+Bradford
+</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">
+Rattlesnake
+</td>
+<td class="tdl" style="margin-left: 2em; text-indent: -1em;">
+Changed to “honor” a railroad contractor.
+</td>
+<td class="tdl">
+Whetham
+</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">
+Susquehanna
+</td>
+<td class="tdl" style="margin-left: 2em; text-indent: -1em;">
+Changed on account of being other town of same name in State.
+</td>
+<td class="tdl">
+Nisbet
+</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">
+Riansares (Mountain)
+</td>
+<td class="tdl" style="margin-left: 2em; text-indent: -1em;">
+On former domain of Queen Maria Christina of Spain. Named for her husband, the Duke of Riansares.
+</td>
+<td class="tdl">
+Penny Hill
+</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">
+Stavertown
+</td>
+<td class="tdl">
+
+</td>
+<td class="tdl">
+Glen
+</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">
+Burgettstown
+</td>
+<td class="tdl">
+
+</td>
+<td class="tdl">
+Langeloth
+</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">
+Reastown
+</td>
+<td class="tdl">
+
+</td>
+<td class="tdl">
+Raystown, Bedford
+</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">
+Coryell’s Ferry
+</td>
+<td class="tdl">
+
+</td>
+<td class="tdl">
+New Hope
+</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">
+Quiggleville
+</td>
+<td class="tdl">
+
+</td>
+<td class="tdl">
+Lycoming
+</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">
+Geulich, (Township) Clearfield County
+</td>
+<td class="tdl">
+
+</td>
+<td class="tdl">
+Gulick
+</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">
+Benezet
+</td>
+<td class="tdl" style="margin-left: 2em; text-indent: -1em;">
+Another railroad blunder in spelling. Named for Anthony Benezet, Quaker Abolitionist.
+</td>
+<td class="tdl">
+Benezette
+</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">
+Chatham’s Run, (Hamlet)
+</td>
+<td class="tdl">
+
+</td>
+<td class="tdl">
+Charlton
+</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">
+Barclay
+</td>
+<td class="tdl">
+
+</td>
+<td class="tdl">
+Wyside
+</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">
+Paddy’s Run
+</td>
+<td class="tdl" style="margin-left: 2em; text-indent: -1em;">
+Here was a big camp of Irish railroad laborers when Sunbury and Erie Railroad was built about 1864.
+</td>
+<td class="tdl">
+East Renovo
+</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">
+Saltzman
+</td>
+<td class="tdl">
+
+</td>
+<td class="tdl">
+East Ferney
+</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">
+Swatragh, (Stream)
+</td>
+<td class="tdl" style="margin-left: 2em; text-indent: -1em;">
+Named by early Scotch-Irish pioneers for a brook in Derry, Ireland—Sewataro, Swetarrow.
+</td>
+<td class="tdl">
+Swatara
+</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">
+Powl’s Creek
+</td>
+<td class="tdl" style="margin-left: 2em; text-indent: -1em;">
+Pronounced Pole’s Creek. Spelling should conform.
+</td>
+<td class="tdl">
+Powell’s Creek
+</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">
+Matawanna
+</td>
+<td class="tdl">
+
+</td>
+<td class="tdl">
+McVeytown<span class="pagenum" id="Page_12">[Pg 12]</span>
+</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">
+Mingoville
+</td>
+<td class="tdl" style="margin-left: 2em; text-indent: -1em;">
+Named for early tribe of redmen. New name given by owners of a picnic park.
+</td>
+<td class="tdl">
+Hecla Park
+</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">
+Hartley Hall
+</td>
+<td class="tdl" style="margin-left: 2em; text-indent: -1em;">
+A regrettable abbreviation of Major-General Thomas Hartley’s name.
+</td>
+<td class="tdl">
+Hartleton
+</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">
+Oak Grove
+</td>
+<td class="tdl" style="margin-left: 2em; text-indent: -1em;">
+Changed because other town of same name in State.
+</td>
+<td class="tdl">
+Avis
+</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">
+Derrstown
+</td>
+<td class="tdl" style="margin-left: 2em; text-indent: -1em;">
+An unaccountable substitution of first name of Lewis Derr, pioneer, for his last name.
+</td>
+<td class="tdl">
+Lewisburg
+</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">
+Stitestown
+</td>
+<td class="tdl" style="margin-left: 2em; text-indent: -1em;">
+Named for the first settler in locality.
+</td>
+<td class="tdl">
+Lebanon
+</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">
+Paxtang
+</td>
+<td class="tdl" style="margin-left: 2em; text-indent: -1em;">
+An obstinate blunder creeping like a canker into history, as original name was Peshtank!
+</td>
+<td class="tdl">
+Paxton
+</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">
+Funkstown
+</td>
+<td class="tdl">
+
+</td>
+<td class="tdl">
+Altodale, Mont Alto
+</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">
+Obold
+</td>
+<td class="tdl">
+
+</td>
+<td class="tdl">
+Mount Pleasant
+</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">
+Rumberger
+</td>
+<td class="tdl">
+
+</td>
+<td class="tdl">
+DuBois
+</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">
+Morgan’s Gap
+</td>
+<td class="tdl">
+
+</td>
+<td class="tdl">
+Bull Run Gap
+</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">
+Great Shawanese Lake
+</td>
+<td class="tdl">
+
+</td>
+<td class="tdl">
+Ganoga Lake
+</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">
+Woodruffstown
+</td>
+<td class="tdl">
+
+</td>
+<td class="tdl">
+Blockhouse, Liberty
+</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">
+Watsonburg
+</td>
+<td class="tdl">
+
+</td>
+<td class="tdl">
+Watsontown
+</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">
+Upland
+</td>
+<td class="tdl" style="margin-left: 2em; text-indent: -1em;">
+An early Swedish settlement
+</td>
+<td class="tdl">
+Chester
+</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">
+Boyersville
+</td>
+<td class="tdl">
+
+</td>
+<td class="tdl">
+Mazeppa
+</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">
+Green Castle
+</td>
+<td class="tdl">
+
+</td>
+<td class="tdl">
+Greencastle
+</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">
+Adamsburg
+</td>
+<td class="tdl">
+
+</td>
+<td class="tdl">
+Beaver Springs
+</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">
+Moose’s Pond
+</td>
+<td class="tdl">
+
+</td>
+<td class="tdl">
+Mose’s Pond
+</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">
+Chinkalacamoose
+</td>
+<td class="tdl" style="margin-left: 2em; text-indent: -1em;">
+“Meeting place of the Moose”
+</td>
+<td class="tdl">
+Clearfield
+</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">
+Straus
+</td>
+<td class="tdl">
+
+</td>
+<td class="tdl">
+Schuyler
+</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">
+Zermatt
+</td>
+<td class="tdl">
+
+</td>
+<td class="tdl">
+Holstein
+</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">
+Germantown Junction
+</td>
+<td class="tdl">
+
+</td>
+<td class="tdl">
+North Philadelphia
+</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">
+Georgetown
+</td>
+<td class="tdl" style="margin-left: 2em; text-indent: -1em;">
+Changed by Railroad Company, which had another station of same name. New name sounds nice, but of no local significance.
+</td>
+<td class="tdl">
+Dalmatia
+</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">
+Kishekokelas
+</td>
+<td class="tdl">
+
+</td>
+<td class="tdl">
+Kishacoquillas
+</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">
+Jamesburg
+</td>
+<td class="tdl">
+
+</td>
+<td class="tdl">
+Oriole
+</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">
+Swartztown
+</td>
+<td class="tdl">
+
+</td>
+<td class="tdl">
+Milton
+</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">
+Cameronia
+</td>
+<td class="tdl">
+
+</td>
+<td class="tdl">
+Montandon
+</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+<div class="chapter">
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_13">[Pg 13]</span></p>
+
+
+  <h2 class="nobreak" id="The_Spirit_of_the_Name-Vandal">
+    The Spirit of the Name-Vandal!</h2>
+
+  <hr class="r5">
+
+  <h3>Exit Muckelrat and Enter Woodland Hills</h3>
+
+</div>
+
+
+<p>Muckelrat is gone forever, the “Village of Woodland Hills” takes
+its place and every citizen holds his head erect these days and smiles
+a happy smile.</p>
+
+<p>The territory comprising the one-time Muckelrat includes that
+part of Wilkins Township, hounded by Braddock road, Filmore road,
+Glasgow road, Fairview avenue and Ridge avenue.</p>
+
+<p>The formal announcement of this change was made in a communication
+to The Sun today, signed “Citizens of Woodland Hills.”—PITTSBURG
+SUN, 1921.</p>
+
+
+<hr class="r5">
+<div class="chapter">
+  <h2 class="nobreak" id="Changing_the_Face_of_History">
+    Changing the Face of History
+  </h2>
+</div>
+
+
+<p>There is another aspect of the ruthless spirit of the day which
+holds nothing of the past sacred and secure. That is the modernization
+of Civil War memorials. Most of these erected thirty years ago,
+instead of showing the rugged, long-haired, bearded, loosely clad soldier
+of Civil War times represented the “Civil War” warrior to look
+like the trim National Guardsman of the Nineties, with short hair,
+curled mustache, and tight-fitting uniform. Those erected recently,
+take, for example, the Bucktail monument at Driftwood, and the
+Union League Club Regiment monument at Philadelphia, represent
+the Civil War soldier as short haired and clean shaven. The typical
+Civil War soldier was neither of these, even if a few shaved their
+whole faces once in six weeks. All let their hair stay long; that was
+part of the tradition of the war, while most of the boys allowed their
+beards to grow and have never shaved them off to this day. The
+short-haired, clean-shaved Civil War soldier never existed outside of
+the careless imagination of modern sculptors, and in only a single
+monument at Gettysburg Battlefield is the real soldier of the period
+depicted, that sole exception being in the bronze figure on the monument
+of the Fifth Minnesota Regiment. Even Violet Oakley has
+fallen into the popular error with her Lincoln and Meade murals in
+the Senate Chamber at Harrisburg, but she goes most artists one
+better by giving her clean-shaven soldier boys “Dutch cuts,” from
+which their locks were as free as their cheeks were of the razor. Why
+can’t real Civil War soldiers be put on these monuments, and not faces
+and costumes typical of 1915-1921—a crime in the eyes of historic
+exactitude. The Civil War soldier, South as well as North, was a
+Poilu, and the razor applied by sculptors half a century later
+has stripped him of one of his principal claims to individuality. As
+the noted French author, Maurice Barres, remarked, in speaking of
+the hairy French soldiers of the World War, “Their beards have been
+part of the war, and of our courage.” The bearded Civil War soldier
+bespoke his period, and told the story of camp and campaign, and any
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_14">[Pg 14]</span>attempt to change him now makes the memorials historically ineffective.
+This is a phase of monument construction for our able State
+Art Commission to consider in co-operation with Dr. Donehoo’s Historical
+Commission. Clean-shaved Civil War soldiers are as historically
+out of place as if the typical American “Doughboy” of the
+World War were put on a pedestal with Lord Rocksavage side-whiskers
+or Lord Fauntleroy tresses. Let us be correct and exact in every
+detail, if we are to build for the ages to come!</p>
+
+<p class="right">
+  H. W. S.
+</p>
+
+<hr class="tb">
+
+
+<div class="chapter">
+  <h2 class="nobreak" id="Pennsylvania_Alpine_Club">
+    Pennsylvania Alpine Club</h2>
+</div>
+<br>
+  <figure class="figcenter illowp20" id="image014" style="max-width: 21.125em;">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/image014.jpg" alt="P.A.C.">
+  </figure>
+<br>
+<p>THE CREED: To protect, study and preserve, wherever possible,
+the history, folk lore, folk songs and proverbs of our mountain people.
+To preserve historic place names and their rightful spelling, Indian traditions
+and Indian names. To secure the Pennsylvania Mountains a
+wider popularity and appreciation. To work for pure air, pure water,
+pure manhood and womanhood against the inroads of the modern
+complex, urban civilization. To save the ancient landmarks, such as
+old forts and other pioneer structures and memorials, and historic
+and noteworthy trees and groves. To create a sentiment for the education
+and moral encouragement of the Pennsylvania mountain children,
+neglected in favor of the children of the Kentucky and Tennessee
+mountains. To stand at all times for the American Flag and Pennsylvania
+Beautiful.</p>
+
+<p>For the establishment of new Chapters and membership, apply to
+J. Herbert Walker, Secretary and Historian, Box 328, Scranton Pa.
+Program of Spring and Fall Outings on Application.
+</p>
+<br>
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs120">
+  <em><b>Finis</b></em>
+</p>
+
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+
+<div class="chapter transnote">
+<h2 class="nobreak" id="Transcribers_Notes">Transcriber’s Notes</h2>
+
+<ul>
+<li>pg 4 changed: into New York and you find a vertiable<br>
+<span style="padding-left: 2em">to: into New York and you find a veritable</span></li>
+
+<li>pg 8 changed: How perfectly flat and inocuous<br>
+<span style="padding-left: 2em">to: How perfectly flat and innocuous</span></li>
+
+<li>pg 12 changed: Named for early tribe of red-men.<br>
+<span style="padding-left: 2em">to: Named for early tribe of redmen.</span></li>
+
+</ul>
+
+<p>New original cover art included with this eBook is granted to the public domain.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div style='text-align:center'>*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 78202 ***</div>
+</body>
+</html>
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+This book, including all associated images, markup, improvements,
+metadata, and any other content or labor, has been confirmed to be
+in the PUBLIC DOMAIN IN THE UNITED STATES.
+
+Procedures for determining public domain status are described in
+the "Copyright How-To" at https://www.gutenberg.org.
+
+No investigation has been made concerning possible copyrights in
+jurisdictions other than the United States. Anyone seeking to utilize
+this eBook outside of the United States should confirm copyright
+status under the laws that apply to them.
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+++ b/README.md
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+Project Gutenberg (https://www.gutenberg.org) public repository for eBook #78202
+(https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/78202)