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diff --git a/78199-h/78199-h.htm b/78199-h/78199-h.htm new file mode 100644 index 0000000..e1d7644 --- /dev/null +++ b/78199-h/78199-h.htm @@ -0,0 +1,3117 @@ +<!DOCTYPE html> +<html lang="en"> +<head> + <meta charset="UTF-8"> + <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1"> + <title> + A Trip to California And Several Addresses to the + Negro Farmers’ Congress of + North Carolina | Project Gutenberg + </title> + <link rel="icon" href="images/cover.jpg" type="image/x-cover"> + <style> + +body { + margin-left: 10%; + margin-right: 10%; +} + +h1,h2,h3,h4,h5,h6 { + text-align: center; /* all headings centered */ + clear: both; +} + +p { + margin-top: .5em; + text-align: justify; + margin-bottom: .5em; + text-indent: 1em; +} + +hr { + width: 33%; + margin-top: 2em; + margin-bottom: 2em; + margin-left: 33.5%; + margin-right: 33.5%; + clear: both; +} + +hr.chap {width: 65%; margin-left: 17.5%; margin-right: 17.5%;} +@media print { hr.chap {display: none; visibility: hidden;} } + +hr.double {width: 100%; border-top: 6px double; margin-left: 0%; margin-right: 0%;margin-top: 0em; margin-bottom: 0em;} + +div.chapter {page-break-before: always;} +h2.nobreak {page-break-before: avoid;} + +.pagenum { /* uncomment the next line for invisible page numbers */ + /* visibility: hidden; */ + position: absolute; + left: 92%; + font-size: small; + text-align: right; + font-style: normal; + font-weight: normal; + font-variant: normal; + text-indent: 0; + color: #A9A9A9; +} /* page numbers */ + +blockquote { + margin-top: 0; + margin-bottom: 0; + margin-left: 5%; + margin-right: 10%; +} + +.center {text-align: center; text-indent: 0;} + +.right {text-align: right;} + +.smcap {font-variant: small-caps;} + +figcaption {font-weight: bold;} +figcaption p {margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: .2em; text-align: inherit;} + +/* Images */ + +img { + max-width: 100%; + height: auto; +} +img.w100 {width: 100%;} + + +.figcenter { + margin: auto; + text-align: center; + page-break-inside: avoid; + max-width: 100%; +} + +/* Transcriber's notes */ +.transnote {background-color: #E6E6FA; + color: black; + font-size:small; + padding:0.5em; + margin-bottom:5em; + font-family:sans-serif, serif; +} + +.fs70 {font-size: 70%} +.fs80 {font-size: 80%} +.fs150 {font-size: 150%} +.fs120 {font-size: 120%} + +.no-indent {text-indent: 0em;} +.bold {font-weight: bold;} + +.pageborder {width: 450px; border: 4px double; padding: 10px; margin: auto;} + +/* Illustration classes */ +.illowp15 {width: 15%;} +.x-ebookmaker .illowp15 {width: 100%;} + </style> +</head> +<body> +<div style='text-align:center'>*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 78199 ***</div> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 85%"> +<img src="images/cover.jpg" alt="" data-role="presentation"> +</div> + +<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop"> + +<div class="chapter"> + +<div> + <p style="float: left;">August 15, 1922</p> + <p style="float: right;">Supplementary to the Brick News</p> +</div> +<div style="clear:both;"></div> + +<hr class="double"> + <br> +<h1> + <span style="line-height: 2em;">A TRIP TO CALIFORNIA</span><br> + <span class="fs80">And Several Addresses to the<br> + Negro Farmers’ Congress of<br> + North Carolina</span></h1> + <br> + +<p class="center no-indent bold"> + BRICK SCHOOL IN RETROSPECT</p> + <br> + + <figure class="figcenter illowp15" id="titlepage" style="max-width: 19.6875em;"> + <img class="w100" src="images/titlepage.jpg" alt=""> + </figure> + <br> + <br> + <br> + +<hr class="double"> +<br> + +<p class="center no-indent"> + <span class="bold">By Principal T. S. INBORDEN<br> + Joseph Keasby Brick Agricultural, Industrial and Normal School<br> + Bricks, North Carolina</span><br> + <br> + President of the North Carolina Negro Farmers Congress<br> + President of the North Carolina Negro Historical Association<br> + Twenty-seven years Principal of Brick School<br> + <br> + <span class="fs70">MITCHELL PRINTING CO., RALEIGH</span> +</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_3">[Pg 3]</span></p> +</div> + + +<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop"> +<div class="chapter"> + <h2 class="nobreak" id="INTRODUCTORY"> + INTRODUCTORY + </h2> +</div> + + +<p class="right"> + <span class="smcap">April 22, 1922.</span></p> +<p class="no-indent"> + <span class="smcap">My Dear Friend</span>: +</p> + +<p>You will be interested to know that I am again back from my five +months trip to the North and Northwest. While away I covered, according +to the railroad time tables, about twelve thousand miles. This took +me through most of the Northern States and the New England States +and in the Western States.</p> + +<p>I left Chicago the 21st of January and visited and stopped at the following +places: St. Paul and Minneapolis in Minnesota; Aberdeen in +South Dakota; Marmarth in North Dakota; Miles City, Three Forks, +Butte and Gerson Hot Springs in Montana; crossing Idaho into Spokane, +Washington. We crossed the Continental Divide a few miles east of Butte +in four or five feet of snow in an elevation of six thousand feet above sea +level. This train was pulled by powerful electrical engines for six hundred +miles over the most picturesque mountains in the world. We crossed +the tributaries of the great Missouri River more than a score of times, +and scaled many mountains, from the highest elevations and glided down +into Seattle, Washington, into an elevation of fifteen feet on Puget +Sound. Trees were budding and many flowers were already in bloom. +After a few days we went to Tacoma in Washington and Portland in +Oregon. Then we were off to Sacramento, San Francisco in California. +The course took us from the beginning of the Sacramento River in the +Siskiyou and Shasta Mountains to its mouth at San Francisco Bay or to +the Straits of Carquinez, landing us at Port Costa for Richmond, Berkley +and Oakland in Alameda County. At the fine Oakland pier we disembarked +from the train and took the ferry boat four miles to San Francisco, +passing the Government Island to the left looking right into the +setting sun through the Golden Gate.</p> + +<p>A few days here in this beautiful setting and we were off for Los +Angeles, five hundred miles to the south still. Fresno, Bakersfield, +Tehachapi, across the snow-clad Sierra Madre ten thousand feet elevation +and in sight of Mount Whitney four thousand feet higher. Down a +mountain incline for fifty or more miles to Mojave Desert into Death +Valley and to San Fernando and Burbank and Los Angeles. Then to the +Orange Show at San Bernardino, passing on our way Pomona, San Gabriel, +Claremont and Garrett & Co.’s grape vineyards, one of the homes of +the Virginia Dare Extracts. Mr. Garrett is an Enfield man. We could +spend only a few days at Los Angeles, then we were off the Coast Route +to San Francisco again. Santa Barbara, Ventura, Guadaloupe, San +Luis Obispo, Delmonte, Santa Cruz, San Jose, Santa Clara, Red Wood +Cities are familiar names. It took three steam engines to pull the train +over the mountains coming north. A few days later we were off again +for Sacramento, and Salt Lake City in Utah, and Glenwood Hot Springs +in Colorado. Passing Florence we came into sight of Pike’s Peak more +than a hundred miles east of us, and passing the water-swept city of +Pueblo and Colorado Springs into Denver the mile high city. A few +days spent here and I was off again for Phillipsburg and Des Moines +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_4">[Pg 4]</span>and to Chicago, coming through Nevada, Utah, Wyoming, Colorado, +Nebraska, Kansas, Iowa and Illinois. I spent a few days in Chicago, +was held up on my arrival from the station to my stopping place in +Chicago, but was not robbed. My outcry for “Police and help!” thwarted +their plans. Then I was off to Washington City and home on the 22nd +of March. At the station I was overwhelmed by the students, teachers +and friends in the community who had come to welcome me home with +school yells and band music.</p> + +<p>I traveled two thousand miles in California alone. I gave twenty-eight +addresses, attended eight recitals, fourteen lectures, four theaters +where persons of color were the stars, three ministers’ meetings, one +annual conference, the meeting of the American Missionary Association, +the annual meeting of the Connecticut Congregational Association, visited +ten colleges and schools, nine state capitals, seventeen city, state and +municipal and school museums, twenty public markets. In addition I +talked with Japanese and Chinese farmers, fruit growers, cattle men, +sheep men, miners, negro ranchmen. I met them on the trains, on the +farms, in the hotels and restaurants, on the boats, on the streets, in the +stores, markets, and everywhere. I came back with a few pounds less in +weight, but with a vision that money could not buy.</p> + +<p class="right"> + I am very truly, + <span style="padding-left: 9em;"><span class="smcap">T. S. Inborden</span>.</span> +</p> + + +<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop"> +<div class="chapter"> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_5">[Pg 5]</span></p> + + + <h2 class="nobreak" id="JUST_A_MINUTE"> + JUST A MINUTE + </h2> +</div> + + +<p>I am here for only a couple of days. It is a long ways from Bricks, +North Carolina, to Seattle, Washington. I still have two thousand +miles before me before I turn my face eastward. One gets an idea of +this great big country only by traveling over it, as I have done for the +past three months. He can get it no other way. Such a trip ought to +condition every young man graduating from an Eastern college.</p> + +<p>Here we go from Bricks in the eastern part of North Carolina to +Washington City. The Atlantic Coast Line train takes us through the +most historic setting of the Coastal Plains of that eastern section into +the foothills of the Old Dominion, through the Civil War battlegrounds +of national fame, up the historic Potomac, passing Richmond, Fredericksburg, +the rustic triangular monument to the great general who in +his unfortunate retreat met death at the hands of his own men, into +Alexandria, the most historic and conservative town of the pre-war days. +Alexandria, the other end of the old pike leading from the “far west” +through Winchester Town seventy-five or more miles away. This old +pike was put in history by Sheridan’s ride, twenty miles away from +Winchester Town.</p> + +<p>Well, we cannot stop in Washington City. It needs nothing that I +can say. From Washington we went up into Old Virginia. Taking the +Southern train we went through the Virginia Valley and the Shenandoah +Valley. The trip took us right through the heart of the battle-fought +country of Manassas, Bull Run, over “Goose Creek,” “Painter Skin,” +“Jeffries”—creeks that are well known to all Virginians. We went right +into the heart of the Old Blue Ridge, and looking down on Harper’s +Ferry, Winchester, Middleburg, Leesburg, Upperville, Berryville, the +Shenandoah River, on to Washington itself, sixty miles away. Here are +five counties: Fauquier, Loudon, Warren, Clark, Jefferson and others in +the distance, covering an area of more than ten thousand square miles of +the finest country in the world, all to be seen from one level space without +moving ten feet on this historic old mountain. Corn, wheat, cattle, +and sheep, fill her valleys. There is no part of these valleys and mountains +that cannot, and that do not, grow the finest apples and peaches +that are grown in the world. (I am saying this in Seattle, Washington.)</p> + +<p>I went back to Washington from this fine country, and from Washington +to Jersey City. From there I went over to New York and +Brooklyn, and out on Long Island Sound. From New York I went to +Springfield, Mass. From Springfield I went to the great meeting of the +American Missionary Association, which was held at New London, +Connecticut. From there I went back to New Haven for Armistice Day +and to see Marshal Foch receive his degree from Yale, and the great football +game where there were eighty thousand people. I went back to New +York again, where I put in two very profitable weeks studying racial +and living conditions.</p> + +<p>From New York City I went to Rochester and put in several days +speaking here and there to small groups of people. From there I went +to Batavia for only a few hours, and then to the city of Buffalo. From +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_6">[Pg 6]</span>Buffalo to Cleveland and Oberlin, Ohio, and in two weeks on to Detroit, +Mich. A few days spent in Detroit, and I was on my way to Ann Arbor, +Jackson and Kalamazoo, Mich. I reached Chicago a few days before +the Christmas holidays. After the Christmas vacation I visited the high +schools of Gary, Indiana, and put in another week attending the Mid-Winter +Conference of Congregational Workers of the United States. +Only three other colored men were in attendance at this conference. +They were Dr. Alfred Lawless, of New Orleans; Dr. Kingsley, of Cleveland; +Dr. C. W. Burton, of Chicago.</p> + +<p>We learned in this great Mid-Winter Conference that there are other +problems besides the Negro problem. Indeed, he was scarcely discussed +at all.</p> + +<p>Immediately after the Conference I turned my face westward. It did +not seem safe that I should go alone to buy my ticket and to have my +money put into travelers cheques before leaving, so our good friend, Mr. +J. E. Wade, of the police force, offered his services and accompanied me +to the bank and ticket office. Mr. Wade was formerly from Elerby, +N. C. He and his nephew from Richmond County are giving fine services +on the police force of Chicago. I was told that they have about a +hundred colored men on the police force. All of these men are giving +excellent service. I was surprised and glad to see in many of the largest +business houses in Chicago our colored men and women doing business +over the counters. I saw them in the shipping houses and in the ticket +offices. In the city postoffice of Chicago I was told by one of the +“checkers” that out of about eight thousand or more employees that +nearly two thousand were colored. I was escorted through every department +of the great postoffice and saw the men handling the nine hundred +tons of mail that go through the office every day. Many of the men I +knew personally, and some were relatives. Most of the men were experts +at their job. A very large number of them are graduates from our best +colleges. All of them were fine looking, well groomed men. They were +not the least in appearance when compared with the other racial groups.</p> + +<p>From Chicago I took the Chicago, Milwaukee and St. Paul train to +St. Paul. The glacial swept areas of Illinois, Wisconsin and Minnesota +abounds with natural resources aside from the farm products. This is +a community of wheat, corn and flour mills. It is the home of the world’s +best packing houses. Minnesota is the synonym for “Gold Medal”; it +also says the last word on poultry feed and products. I was shown +through a sanitary packing-house where nearly or quite a thousand people +were given employment. Coffee, tea, spices and sugar and other commodities +are shipped in daily by the train loads and made into new +products, repacked and shipped out daily to all parts of the world. The +amount of all sorts of candy, cakes, etc., handled was a revelation. +Machinery has taken care of every operation in this great establishment, +except the absolute thought of man. To the uninitiated it might seem to +think also. The world’s best brand of cheese comes from these parts +also. I was surprised to learn that one little community east of St. Paul, +in Wisconsin, called Rio, shipped two years ago more than two hundred +and twenty-five thousand dollars worth of the finest grades of tobacco.</p> + +<p>Some of the soldier boys will be interested to know that some of the +buildings, probably most of them, at Camp Douglass were still intact +as we sped by them through the cliffs and dells.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_7">[Pg 7]</span></p> + +<p>From St. Paul we turned our face westward for a two thousand mile +jaunt on one of the best equipped and finest trains that ever rolled the +iron. Not a minute late on its own account, up hill, down grade, across +deep canyons, under the mountains, over the top of the mountains, +spanning valleys, across the river beds and lowlands, with the same speed, +whether in eight feet of snow on the Cascade Mountains or whether there +is no snow, and on to the Pacific Coast. Pulled by the most powerful +electric engines in the world, she leaps onward by the touch of her engineer +like a thing of life and thought.</p> + +<p>Our first stop was in Aberdeen, in South Dakota. It was night on our +arrival, and I left the train to spend the night for the rest, so that I +might have the day to see—yes, just to see. I had been to Aberdeen in +1909 and knew what to expect. The porter advised me not to go out +without wrapping up well, as it was about twenty degrees below zero. +I went to the first place where the sign read “hotel.” I was comfortably +located, and after I had gotten a lunch thought I would find the school +where I once spoke, but before I had gone very far I decided that my +room was the best place for a stranger in that sort of weather. My face +could not have been colder if it had been buried for twenty minutes between +two blocks of ice. This particular community is noted for its fine +quality of white potatoes. They are grown in great quantities, and they +are the last word in potato growing. There are none any better anywhere +else in the world for flavor and texture.</p> + +<p>In a country so cold and bleak one would not expect to find much +vegetation. Quick maturing crops of wheat and corn are grown. Hogs, +cattle and sheep abound. For hundreds of miles in every direction there +is absolutely nothing but a barren track of land which affords great +quantities of the finest hay, which grows naturally. Every mile looks +for the world just like the one from which you have just come. There is +nothing to break the monotony of the landscape except the monotony of +another one. The porter or conductor comes in and says, “Twin Brooks,” +“Stone Falls,” “Odessa,” etc., and you look out when the snow does not +blind the view and you see nothing but a few houses, a wheat elevator, +or a lot of sleds drawn by two or four horses; not a tree except perhaps +a few planted by the government agents. As you reach the North Dakota +line not a tree to mark even the site of the little towns that may be more +pretentious.</p> + +<p>At Marmarth we come into Montana at an elevation of 2700 feet, +having put behind us nine hundred and ninety-five miles since leaving +Chicago. We have already passed Wakpala, an Indian Reservation, and +school. These are easily in sight. We have also left the Missouri River +and the Little Missouri River behind. We come into Musselshell Division, +and soon cross the Yellowstone River. Miles City is our station +for the night. It is nearly twelve hundred miles out of Chicago with +2300 feet elevation. Several smaller tributaries to the Yellowstone +River are passed. Small shrubbery and a few trees in the river courses +are a great relief to the landscape. But before we reach the “City” to +which we are destined for the night we come into “Bad Lands.” Here +nature went into contortions and left an awful frown upon her face. +I asked the white porter, a very fine fellow (a Lutheran by faith), what +was the matter with the country. He said “This is Bad Lands.”</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_8">[Pg 8]</span></p> + +<p>Miles City was not a bad looking city. It had all the modern improvements. +For several hundred miles we followed the valleys of the +Musselshell River and the Yellowstone River, crossing and recrossing the +rivers and valleys, sometimes over a high mountain and then almost +precipitously down and under another mountain, only to rejoin the river +again through another tortuous valley. We reached the Rocky Mountains +Division at Harlowton, Montana, thirteen hundred miles west of +Chicago at an elevation of 4,000 feet. If you have any heart trouble you +will know that something outside in the physical world has happened +before you get here. On we go over the “Summitt of Big Belts” literally +up, up, up, around this curve, across that ravine, up by this tall hill, +finally on the top, and you look back for five, ten, fifteen or twenty miles +and you see the ribbon of track you have spun out. You see the thousands +of waste acres of snow and the cattle hugging the hills for protection +against the winter’s cold. They are inured to it. Ours would die +the first night out. The reader would get sleepy before he had spent one +hour out there. That is the way you freeze to death; you just get +sleepy. We pass Ringling, the Montana Canyon, and again miles further +Montana Canyon, with rocks projecting hundreds of feet above you, still +we speed along and cross the great Missouri River seven hundred miles +above where we crossed a few days ago. Near Eustis we cross the Jefferson, +Madison, Gallitin rivers forming the Missouri River. Bull Mountains +have been left three hundred miles behind and still we speed along. +Our horse neither tires nor pants. They feed him “white coal” generated +at great substations from fifty to a hundred miles apart. Generated by +mountain streams in their mad rush to the great bosom of waters.</p> + +<p>At dark I wanted to stop at some small mining town for the night so +as not to miss any scenery. The conductor advised against this because +of the condition of the people and their accommodation for strangers. +I listened, and stopped at his advice at Three Forks, almost fifteen hundred +miles out from Chicago, and still 4,000 feet elevation. This was +in a valley of farming land of more than three hundred thousand acres +of the best farming land in Montana. The great valley was very beautiful, +with the mountains ten, twenty, thirty, fifty and a hundred miles +away in every direction, silhouetted above the clouds, and dotted with its +own shadows. As the sun came up from the east and spread its majesty +over the snow-clad peaks every one was made a diamond of beauty. But +we were not to stay at Three Forks over Sunday. We are traveling on +trains 15 and 17. If we leave 15 over night we take 17 the next morning, +and so we had 15 or 17 every day. At 8:50 we departed in very cold +weather—ten degrees below zero, they said. It was only three hours ride +from Butte, Montana. I did not want to pass the highest point reached +on the whole trip in the dark. I wanted to have my eyes open and see +when I went over the real top. Well I did. It was 10:53 by my watch—1,505 +miles out from Chicago, 6,322 feet elevation.</p> + +<p>The writer of the “Ex-Colored Man” said when he was in Paris with +his landlord he was very fond of music, etc., and so one night he went +to one of the finest theaters in the city. Soon after he had taken his seat +a very aristocratic looking gentleman came in whom he had at one time +seen at his mother’s house in the state of Georgia. He was very small +at the time he saw him in Georgia, and he was sure it was the same gentleman. +He had with him his beautiful wife and a more beautiful +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_9">[Pg 9]</span>daughter. To his amazement they sat almost adjoining him in the +theater so close that he might have touched them. They did not know +him. He knew that it was his own father, and this beautiful girl just +finishing high school was his own sister, flesh and blood. He wanted to +speak, but conventionality and tradition had closed his mouth, and to +save tragedy he arose and left in silence.</p> + +<p>I have looked forward all my life for just such an opportunity to see +this great country, as I have now had, and as I am having, because I still +have 5,000 miles ahead. Most of my younger life was spent in trying +to get an education. Most of my grown life has been spent in missionary +service on small salary, and with a family of children to educate and +prepare for a larger life than I had the opportunity of having. This +opportunity now comes to me through the officials and friends of the +American Missionary Association under whose auspices I have worked +for thirty-two years. It comes as an appreciation on their part for my +long service. I may not have done everything they wanted me to do, but +I have tried to follow the dictates of an honest conviction.</p> + +<p>When I passed over the great <em>Continental Divide</em> I remembered my +dream of forty years. I knew no one and had no one to talk to about it. +I looked into space and thanked the Lord of all of us that I had cast my +lot where the rewards had been faithful and abundant. I felt like crying +out in paroxisms of joy.</p> + +<p>We are still “a-going.” We reached Butte, Montana, at noon Sunday, +January 29th. It was very cold, but I found a good hotel near the +station, so that I did not have to be in the cold very long. I was advised +and was quick in deciding that I would in an hour take the trip to Gerson +Hot Springs, eighteen miles away. Several miles from the place I saw +what seemed to be smokestacks with steam pouring out each one. I +found on arrival that these were just openings in the roof, forming +vents for the steam from the hot water as it comes from the mountains +at a temperature of 195 degrees. The water has wonderful healing +properties. I did not take the bath because of the extreme temperature +outside. The hot springs are very numerous in these parts of the country. +All the rivers were frozen several feet deep but here and there +where the streams pass very close to the mountain gorges one can see the +temperature of the water change by the warmer currents coming right +out of the hills.</p> + +<p>Butte is the largest mining center in the world. One hill is the richest +hill in all the world—is worth more than all of Wall Street, New York. +The bar-iron, copper, silver, gold, and other by-products probably go +down to the center of the earth. I went 2,200 feet down, and I was then +800 feet from the bottom of it. I was donned in a real miner’s outfit, +including a miner’s acetelyne lamp. Our descending cage was about +four feet square, and held four men. It was built to bring up twenty +tons of ore about every minute of the day. State laws define how fast +human beings shall be brought up or taken down. The installation that +operates this mine cost more than a million dollars. It is the finest +electrical outfit I ever saw. The house in which the machinery is located +that operates the pulleys, under air pressure, is more than a hundred +feet square. When the signals are given, twenty-eight feet down, one +man brings the load to the tenth of an inch exactness to any level in the +pit or on top of the ground, a hundred feet high if necessary. Thousands +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_10">[Pg 10]</span>of wheels, belts, pulleys, pistons, etc., move in every part of this building +to the touch of one man. If he makes a single mistake it may cost one +life or a thousand in the mine. It may cost a mint of money in destruction. +Efficiency, absolute efficiency is the only thing that counts.</p> + +<p>Five very large pumps about twelve feet square each bring up the +surplus water from below. They are located many feet below the surface +of the ground, and it is never cold down there. The water is +charged with copper, and this disintegrates any other metals, so that the +pipes must be lined with wood and brass. This water is run through +long troughs over old tin cans and iron waste, where the copper is deposited +and afterwards taken off. I did not have time to get all +the details of the process. Mr. J. D. Rockefeller, I was told, owned most +of the stock of this particular mine.</p> + +<p>In the morning of the same day I visited one of the best schools in +this country. It was a city high school. Everything taught in this school +leads to mining. That is the big job there. The youths are prepared to +do the things they will have to do when they leave school. Boys ten to +fifteen years old are experts already in the machine shop.</p> + +<p>We left at noon Tuesday, and my destination was Spokane, Washington. +We crossed the Missouri River, the valley of the same name, and +saw scores of apple orchards. Near East Portal we crossed Bitter Root +Summit and Bitter Root Valley, also made famous by its fine apples and +vegetables. We passed again under the mountains two miles. Here we +were eighteen hundred miles from Chicago in an elevation more than +4,000 feet. At Superior we were delayed several hours in the night on +account of a freight wreck. We arrived in Spokane about noon Thursday. +We crossed the Cascade Mountains in eight feet of snow. This was +after leaving Spokane. We visited the Spokane Valley, another valley +made famous by its apples. I talked with a banker about the products +of the community. They are trying to get emigrants from the East to +come into the community. It is a farming and lumber community. I +visited the exhibits of farm products kept by the chamber of commerce +of the city. They are wide awake. I saw all sorts of vegetables grown +on irrigated land and by dry farming methods that would make our +farmers take notice. I never saw finer vegetables anywhere. They are +grown under great pressure.</p> + +<p>From Spokane 1,900 miles west of Chicago, in an elevation of 1,882 +feet, we dropped down here (Seattle) in a few hours to 2,200 miles west +of Chicago and to sea level. From eight feet of snow crossing into a +temperature of 36 degrees above zero. No snow and no ice.</p> + +<p>February 2nd we arrived at Seattle. Twelve days and about twenty-two +hundred miles from Chicago. This is considered the chief city of all +this part of the country. It has a population of about 350,000 people. +Its scenic environment, with its background of mountains and its valley +intersected by sounds, bays and rivers, make it the most beautiful city +in the world. It is called the “Floral Paradise.” I saw many flowers +blooming in the open. It is said to be the cleanest and best lighted city +in the world.</p> + +<p>I wanted to see Puget Sound, so the next morning bright and early I +found my way over the network of railroads on a high elevation above +the streets to the fine pier several hundred feet above the water. Here +I had a fine view of the Sound and the great expanse of water and mountains +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_11">[Pg 11]</span>yonder a few miles, and literally thousands of boats of every kind +and from everywhere in the world. The place from which I made the +observation was a fine room with large glass windows, leather seats, heat, +restaurant, etc., to make the weary traveler rested and welcome. This +was Puget Sound. This is where literacy has the highest rating of any +American city. If any city is cleaner or better lighted I have yet to +see it.</p> + +<p>In these parts there are billions of feet of lumber untouched by the +despoiler. I saw fir trees measuring four and six feet in diameter. I was +told they were three and four hundred feet tall. I saw two men sawing +with a cross-cut saw, one on one side and one on the other side, and the +diameter was so great that only one man could be seen below his head.</p> + +<p>The Sound itself is said to be large enough to contain all the navies +of the world and still have more room. The diversity of scenery, its +climate, air, beautiful sunshine, mountains, sounds, and inland waterways, +woods, flowers, parks, fine hotel, theaters, public markets, and city +railway system, postoffice, and the State University, give that place a +setting hard to describe in this limited space. The three or four public +markets are works of art. One on Second Street was terraced, and is +the cleanest market I ever saw, and I have seen a great many. The +markets will generally indicate what the farmers are doing. They show +the best products raised in the community. The arrangement of these +country products will give you an idea of their artistic values. The +Japanese were in evidence everywhere. They were universally polite and +clean. They may be ubiquitous, but they are certainly utilitarian. They +know how to get the best results from the soil as farmers. They had the +best things I ever saw from the farms. They are credited with having a +lot of sense and of being very industrious. These are very important +assets in the development of any community, whether in California or +in North Carolina. Having sense means having efficiency, knowing how +to do. Industry means power and wealth.</p> + +<p>As much as I would have loved to linger here longer, I had to divide +my time with other points of interest. I left there early Sunday morning, +the fifth of February, for Tacoma, about forty miles away. Through +miles and miles of orchards of raspberries, loganberries and blackberries, +apples and pears and walnuts, passing great canning and packing houses, +irrigation projects, mining sections, etc., and at 10 o’clock the Olympian +rolled into Tacoma. Mount Rainier, Mount St. Helena, Mount Hood, +and Mount Adams, off in the distance had already come into view. You +are overwhelmed by their vastness and grandeur. Their snow-capped +peaks, timbered inclines and fertile valleys cannot be equaled anywhere +else in the world.</p> + +<p>We are still on the Puget Sound. The city has a population of more +than a hundred thousand souls. They represent every nationality under +the sun. It has the finest harbor and the most equitable climate in the +world. The rainfall is around thirty-five inches a year, which insures +better farming conditions. The Chamber of Commerce of Seattle and +Tacoma are vieing with each other as to which will show the best +exhibits of the state. Their great varieties of wheat, corn, flax, rye, oats, +grasses, barley, buckwheat, apples, pears, small fruits and nuts, and +their by-products: honey, preserved fruits, tomatoes, and manufactured +products, views and paintings of cattle and sheep raising, lumbering, +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_12">[Pg 12]</span>etc., simply baffle the imagination. You want to sit and look for hours +and write impressions in your notebook, and then go out and come +back again and do the same thing as long as you have a minute to spare.</p> + +<p>Tacoma has a stadium that seats forty thousand people. Nothing else +like it in the United States except the college stadia at Cambridge and +New Haven. Schools and churches are the finest in the whole country. +It was my pleasure to speak twice the Sunday I was there in one of the +largest and finest churches in the city (white), and in the evening to one +of our colored churches. The museum contains pictures of the early +pioneers and Indian history curios. It was in this community where the +earliest white settlements were made. The stadium and Stadium High +School are located on one of the highest points in the city overlooking +Puget Sound, which is precipitously, several hundred feet at the base +of the hill. Trains may be seen for miles and miles coming from the +East and North, and boats from Alaska, Seattle and Vancouver as they +turn the western promontory. I traveled with an elderly gentleman who +built almost the first house in that part of the city for the father of the +present occupant, and I also had dinner in that house overlooking the +stadium and the Sound. The minister living in the house is an eastern +man, and his wife is the daughter of a missionary to Honolulu. She went +over in the Morning Star soon after its construction forty years ago, in +company with President Fairchild of Oberlin College. At that time she +was a small child.</p> + +<p>The state of Washington produced in 1921 28,000,000 bushels of +apples alone that were worth more than $30,000,000. At the same time +New York is said to have produced 14,000,000, California 6,000,000, and +Michigan 6,000,000 bushels of apples. At the time Spokane County, in +which Spokane is located, is said to have produced 80,000,000 bushels of +wheat. I went through this valley, a part of Yakima and a part of +Wenatchee valleys. One wonders at the great productivity of this country +when he thinks of the great mountains almost everywhere—mountains +where absolutely nothing can grow. The valleys are protected by +these mountains. They are for the most part virgin soil. Irrigation +projects have brought the melting snow to the ripening fruit and grain. +The sun, penetrating into these mountain recesses have brought color +and flavor equaled by no other community.</p> + +<p>Pity it is that we cannot stay here to see more of this environment. +We must go to Portland, Oregon. “We pass Rainier National Park on +the left closed to winter tourists, and the towering sentinels already mentioned. +We are in sight of them until we get to Portland, nearly two +hundred miles away. Portland is a fine city of unusual wealth, fine +houses, parks, hotels, banks, more than two hundred miles of street car +lines, beautiful stores and public buildings, and flowers, flowers, everywhere +flowers. The mountains back of the city are circled by beautiful +drives and street car lines, and every sort of house that can be built on +the face of the earth, terraced from top to bottom, trees, ferns, flowers, +vines, form the most perfect menagerie of vegetation and of art that one +can conceive. It looked like the composition of one mind. It was the +coöperation of many minds for civic beauty. The view from Council +Crest—see it once and you will never forget it if you have any imagination. +The Columbia River cutting in half and stretching away for miles +in the distance, the towering snow-capped mountains already named above, +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_13">[Pg 13]</span>the beautiful Willamette River whose course for several hundred miles +we shall soon follow, the Cascade Range, thousands of acres of fine farms +and beautiful farm homes spreading out in every direction as far as the +eye can see, a flock of sheep, a few thousand cattle, a herd of ponies and +horses, the weird whistle of steamers coming up the river, and trains +passing up the several valleys, all seen from Council Crest give you a +feeling of scenic beauty that you cannot overcome. What a paradise for +botanists. How I would like to have lingered in that environment until +the foliage came into their glory! The markets are again gems of +beauty. One has to buy whether he needs anything or not. The sellers +are so courteous and polite. The arrangement of the products are so +unique and artistic; they have so much and so great a variety; the people +handling the goods were so clean in their pure white garbs; the +tables and stands were immaculately clean; everything put on the +market was absolutely clean and pretty. You just had to stop and taste +here and there and buy. I bought here several kinds of honey for samples, +which I brought six thousand miles home. I carried it all the way. +Sage honey, clover honey, alfalfa honey, apple honey, orange honey, +olive honey, raspberry honey, etc.</p> + +<p>At night I saw a big roller machine actually scrubbing the streets. +Beat that if you can. I saw it. The Chamber of Commerce gives out +every year free literature telling about the products of the state, and they +have a show of the farm and mineral products that simply cannot be +equaled anywhere. The market stands I was told were owned by the +city and are rented to the farmers and others on condition that only farm-grown +products produced by themselves were to be on sale in them. The +rent was just a nominal rent to encourage the farmer to bring his wares +and sell it.</p> + +<p>The Southern Pacific train took us south from Portland. The road +leads for many miles up the Willamette River through the most beautiful +valley, then up the Umpqua River, and the Umpqua River Valley, +and into the Rogue River Valley. The climatic conditions are well +adapted for grains, grasses, fruits and walnuts. The growing seasons are +especially long, and there is not much danger from frost. The fruit +orchards yield from five hundred dollars to a thousand dollars an acre. +Some of course with less care, yield much less. The higher figures show +the possibilities under the best care. On my way south I saw a great +many apples thrown out in the fields. I was advised that the fruit association +were not getting their prices, and they were thrown away to +save cheap sales. They picked last year 2,650,000 boxes of apples valued +at $2,600,000. These apples were the Spitzenbur, Yellow Newton Pippins, +Jonathan, Rome Beauty. These are the varieties prized for their +color, keeping quality, flavor and conformity to the best types. The trees +come into bearing the fourth and fifth years, and increase their yield +from one bushel to seven a year, and as they get older the increase may +reach twenty boxes a year. Their apple pests are the same as ours. They +must spray to get the best results. The trees are not large. The average +yield to the acre is from three hundred to four hundred bushels, at a total +cost of about forty and sixty cents a bushel.</p> + +<p>Large acreages of pear trees of the standard varieties are grown, and +they are more prolific bearers. The yield is said to be higher per acre than +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_14">[Pg 14]</span>that of apples. I saw scores and scores of very large pear orchards. The +trees are less trouble to care for than apple trees.</p> + +<p>I saw thousands and thousands of trees in the Willamette, Umpqua +and Rogue River valleys that baffled me to know what they were. They +did not look like any sort of trees I had even seen, and yet I did not +want to appear too ignorant to my fellow travelers. I had only one way +to find out, and that was to ask somebody who knew. They were <em>prune</em> +trees. The cost of caring for a prune orchard is said to be from five to +seven dollars an acre. The average crop an acre is about five tons. The +average value per acre is from $75 to $250. About thirty million tons +are produced, and the demand is growing. They have not begun to fill the +demand. People are learning more than ever the food and medicinal +value of this fruit.</p> + +<p>Nearly fifty million pounds of cherries are produced annually at a +value of more than two hundred thousand dollars. They yield about six +thousand pounds to the acre at a profit of from one hundred to eight +hundred dollars an acre. In Western Oregon, the Upper Columbian +Valley, and the southwestern part of the state peaches are grown on a +large scale and at great profit. Grapes, strawberries, raspberries, blackberries, +loganberries and currants are grown in great quantities. At La +Grande, Oregon, there is a sugar beet factory whose capacity is three +hundred and fifty tons daily. Beets are grown largely in that section. +French walnuts are grown in large quantities. Seedlings are grafted +with improved varieties. The largest I ever saw were in the markets. +I stopped one night at Grant’s pass and saw some of the largest and +finest pumpkins that can be grown in the world.</p> + +<p>Stock raising probably stands at the head of the productive resources +of the state. Great quantities of cattle, sheep, horses, mules, hogs, and +even goats are raised. The income from this industry would be many +millions of dollars. Poultry is grown all the year, and millions of dollars +are realized yearly from dairying. The annual output of honey is around +two million pounds, averaging more than three hundred thousand dollars.</p> + +<p>I have said nothing about the fisheries, the fertility of the rivers, lakes +and bays, and the lumber conditions. There are about twenty million +acres of land in Oregon unappropriated, waiting for brain and brawn. +It belongs to the government. You may have it if you will qualify and +meet the conditions.</p> + +<p>On my way to San Francisco I had planned to stop at Eugene and +see the State University, but I found that I could not do so without very +much delay, and also because the weather conditions were bad. It is a +railway center of considerable importance. Passing Cottage Grove we +crossed the Umpqua River and went up the valley some distance, and up +the Rogue Valley close by the river of the same name into Grant’s Pass. +Here I preferred to stay all night so as not to miss any view or things of +interest. We were never out of sight of picturesque scenery and mountains +of great height and beauty. Orchards and fine gardens of vegetables +were ever in sight. Our train has taken us into Cow Creek Canyon, +beautiful and picturesque. Grant’s Pass is the fruit shipping center for +this part of the state, and I saw many packing houses. On to Ashland +at the foothills of the Siskiyou, where the lythia water and mineral +springs attract your attention as you pull into the station, and all get out +to try the water as it comes fresh up into the glass receptacles for you to +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_15">[Pg 15]</span>drink. Ahead and around you on every side nothing but mountains +towering a mile high. You wonder how you are to scale that tower in +your front. Your train takes on another engine, possibly two, and off +you go up the Rogue Valley till the Rogue River is lost in the mountain +stream. When you can go no further your train cuts across the head of +the valley on a high bridge and climbs the opposite mountain parallel to +the track you have just come on the other side, going directly north, exactly +reversing your course. We zig-zag up that mountain for an hour till +we reach an elevation of nearly ten thousand feet. All this time we are +in sight of Ashland, fourteen miles below, lying placid, warm and quiet. +The snow plows are busy keeping away the snow and the men are clad +in the warmest sheep skins from head to foot. A mile off to the left, a +thousand feet higher, is “Pilot Rock,” lying as if it had been hurled by +some powerful giant. This is the landmark that guided the early pioneers +and Indians in their early explorations through that unknown +country. Freeing our train from her extra engines, we sped off at a +tangent through a fine growth of timber and cut over land. This is the +Shasta route, and we have just scaled the Siskiyou Mountains. Now we +start down the slope, entering the Cantara Loop and crossing at the very +head of the Sacramento River.</p> + +<p>Now we have crossed the line into California. Mount Shasta, the +most majestic peak of the western continent, fourteen thousand feet and +more, towers above us, and off at some distance. We enter Sacramento +River Canyon and stop at Shasta Springs, which is a source of this river. +There we got off the train and drank the finest water that ever came +from the earth. This is probably the greatest summer resort on the +Pacific Coast. I saw one rabbit sitting in his burrow on the side of the +hill. The snow was falling terrifically.</p> + +<p>Miles and miles down this canyon we go, passing ferns and moss hanging +from a thousand crags. We pass Castle Crags away to the west like +sentinels guarding our entrance. More than four hundred miles we go, +following this tortuous river valley until it spreads out into San Francisco +Bay. We pass Chico, a community of fruit interest and great vineyards. +If one will look at the map of the state of California he will see that +almost all the state is included in two great valleys, especially in the +northern part of the state called Northern California. These valleys +lie north of the Sierra Madre Mountains, which form the natural divide +between Northern and Southern California. These are the valleys of +Sacramento adjacent to the Sacramento River, which runs the entire +length of the valley and into the Straits of Carquinez and into the San +Francisco Bay. The other valley is San Joaquin. In the first of these +is located Sacramento, the capital of the state, and in the second valley +is Fresno, near the southern part of the valley, and also Bakersfield.</p> + +<p>We are told that about half of the cultivated land in California, or that +which may be cultivated, is in the valleys. They form more than fourteen +million acres. They are about four hundred and fifty miles long +and more than forty miles wide. The Sacramento and San Joaquin +rivers are the drainage for this great basin. These two great rivers +come together near Walnut Grove, one from the south and one from the +north. I traveled the entire valleys of both these rivers. There are +almost three millions of acres in the Sacramento Valley alone, and from +my observation not more than half of it seems to be in cultivation. +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_16">[Pg 16]</span>Thousands of acres of it are in citrous fruits and other fruits and +walnuts. At the same time of my visit large areas of the two valleys were +under water. The lands are rich and yield readily to various kinds of +cultivation.</p> + +<p>When the overflow from the rivers during the rainy season is controlled, +there is no reason why these lands should not be more valuable to +the state. Large areas are still in the formation, and look as if they +might make great rice plantations. I heard while out there that something +was being done to get Japanese farmers to work these low areas into +rice farms.</p> + +<p>I stopped one night at Redding. This is only a few miles inside of +the state line. It was here that the “Gold Rush” was made in 1849. +Some of the old settlers are still here and remember the “rush.” I was +told that two per cent of our gold still comes from this community. It +was here that I really saw the first sign of California. The next morning +after my arrival, while waiting for my train, I saw oranges in the parks +and about the homes near the central part of the town. Magnolia trees +and palm trees showed that we were in a new and strange country. +Tropical plants of one sort or another can be grown from one end of +the state to the other. One man said that he could pick oranges at the +same time watch the melting snow on the nearby mountains.</p> + +<p>The rainfall varies from fifteen to thirty inches, whether in the lower +or upper part of the state. Irrigation projects are on foot, and furnish +all the water needed for the crops. As the acreage increases these +projects will grow. Sacramento River and Feather River are the main +sources of water for this upper country. I traveled through both of +these valleys and to the very mouth of the rivers.</p> + +<p>We arrived at Benecia late in the afternoon, and the entire train is put +aboard the largest ferry boat in the world, and carried across four miles +to Port Costa, across the Strait of Carquinez. We pass Richmond, Berkley, +Oakland. At Oakland we pull into the Oakland ferry and disembark +again to a large ferry boat, and in twenty minutes we are in the +city of San Francisco. We are here for only a few days, then we leave +for the southern part of the state. We reserve our impressions of the +city till our return.</p> + +<p>The other valley further south is supposed to be eleven thousand +square miles, and has about seven million acres of arable land. It is a +boundless area and productive of the greatest quantity of oranges, olives, +grapes, etc. We spent a part of two days at Fresno, and addressed the +colored Baptist Church at night. There are some colored farmers in +that section who are doing well on their farms. We regretted very much +that we could not count them by the thousand. They are altogether too +few.</p> + +<p>Bakersfield, which is in the southern part of this valley, is a great oil +section of the state. There are four such centers in this state. Their +combined output a few years ago was ninety-two million barrels. Oil +has taken the place of coal in almost all the industries of the state. The +refineries are seen almost everywhere. Stock raising, grapes, orange +orchards, peach orchards, olive orchards, fig orchards border every road. +I saw at least one flock of sheep numbering more than three thousand.</p> + +<p>We crossed the Sierra Madre over the Tehachapi loop at an elevation +of more than seven thousand feet. Going down the mountain we passed +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_17">[Pg 17]</span>into the great Mojave Desert. Death Valley, 290 feet below sea level, +forms a part of this desert. There must be several thousand square miles +of country in this area, and I would not give fifty cents for the whole +of it. The discovery of oil may give value or the irrigation projects may +save it for farm developments. Yucca, sage and sand seemed to be its +chief products at present. Mojave, Lancaster and San Fernando are +our next stop. A few hours later we are in Los Angeles.</p> + +<p>The object of my trip West was to study farming conditions with +reference to the colored people and to acquaint myself with living conditions +in that part of the country.</p> + +<p>There is little that I can say about Southern California, and Los +Angeles especially, that the world does not know. It is separated from +the northern part of the state by the range of mountains already referred +to, known as the Tehachapi Mountains, which are a part of the Sierra +Madre. There are seven counties south of this mountain divide. It has +a reputed population of more than six hundred thousand people. They +represent every nationality. There are forty-five thousand colored people +in the city. The state as a whole is the most cosmopolitan I ever saw.</p> + +<p>I wanted to take some data from the printed matter sent out from the +Chamber of Commerce. The products of the county must measure in a +very large way the industry and happiness of the citizens.</p> + +<p>It is the leading county in the United States in the value of all crops. +It ranks first in the value of farm property, in the value of all farm +crops, in the value of fruits and nuts, hay and forage, dairy products, +bearing lemon trees, beet sugar production, and in bearing olive trees. +It ranks second in poultry, bearing orange trees, irrigation enterprise, +and walnuts products.</p> + +<p>The conduit which brings the city water for more than two hundred +miles was built at a cost of twenty-five million dollars. There are four +trans-continental railways that enter the city of Los Angeles, and probably +a dozen other smaller lines. They have more than twelve hundred +miles of improved streets and more than nine miles of sewer. There are +twenty-five public parks. I visited a number of them. They have more +than five hundred miles of electrical car lines and more than a thousand +miles of electrical lines running to all parts of the county. Their schools +are the best in the whole country. They have hundreds of churches that +are well attended.</p> + +<p>I took daily tours to many of the suburban towns in twenty and thirty +miles radius. Culver City, Santa Monica, Venice, Beverly, Hollywood, +Long Beach, Redondo, Pasadena, Pomona, Claremont, Ontario, San +Gabriel, Burbank, etc. These are all beautiful spots. Some of them are +real little cities with every modern facility. I thought at the time of +my visit that if people who live under such an environment as I saw +were not happy, they have no need to go to heaven when they die. They +told me that I ought to have made my trip in the summer when I could +see the country in its glory. I went in an auto bus to San Bernardino +seventy miles through the country to the orange show. It is called the +Gate City to Southern California. The county itself is a wonder in its +output of fruits and walnuts, oranges especially. I saw millions of +bushels of the yellow fruit everywhere for miles and miles till the eye +tired of seeing what I called an awful waste of nature’s products. The +city is called the commercial center of the orange belt. It is a beautifully +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_18">[Pg 18]</span>laid out city with semi-tropical plants growing everywhere, luxuriantly +beautiful. The show takes up more than an acre of ground, and oranges +were blended in the most gorgeous display in every conceivable figure. +Oranges, lemons, grape fruit and their by-products by the millions.</p> + +<p>The trip through the valley took me over the finest roads in the world. +They could not be finer. I was more than interested to pass “Garrett +and Company’s” vineyards, one of the homes of the Virginia Dare products. +Mr. Garrett himself is an Enfield, N. C., man. The extracts are +bound to be right if it is “Virginia Dare.”</p> + +<p>What is said of any one of the southern counties may be well said of +any other, except perhaps the “Imperial Valley County.” I did not go +to that county, but from what I heard about the county it looks as if a +special edict was issued from the maker of all the counties to do some +special work on that county alone. It was the last county formed in the +state, and its area is more than four thousand square miles. It is in the +extreme southwest part of the state. The lay of the land, the soil +itself, the climate, location, altitude make it the best place in the world +for stock raising and fruit production. There are more turkeys grown in +this one county than in other similar sections in the world.</p> + +<p>I was very much impressed with the fine school houses and churches. +No money or care seemed to be lacking in the construction of these +important centers. Every one I saw in the country or city was decked +with profusive growths of shrubbery and flowers. While I was in +Spokane, the city claimed the lowest death rate per thousand of its populations. +When I was in Seattle that city claimed the same thing. When +I was in Tacoma they claimed they had the lowest death rate; when in +Sacramento they claimed to have the lowest death rate. In San Francisco +they claimed the lowest death rate; Oakland claimed the same; +Los Angeles claimed the lowest also. When we were crossing the Tehachapi +Mountains ten thousand feet elevation I saw a fine graveyard up +further on the side of the hill, and I was surprised. They might have +been soldiers killed in the war. One almost wonders why folks should ever +die in such a beautiful country. Conditions are so good for living right +along. Good churches, excellent schools, clean cities, perfect climate, all +must contribute greatly to long life. They ought to be happy, but happiness +cannot be bought with luxuries; it contributes more than anything +else to long life when other conditions are good.</p> + +<p>The city of Los Angeles is twenty miles from the Pacific Ocean, and +I venture to predict that in less than twenty years the city will extend +and include Venice, Santa Monica, Long Beach and all the little coast +towns along the water front, and the largest ocean vessels will be doing +business in the heart of the business section as they are in Seattle, +Tacoma, Portland, San Francisco, Oakland. Their population will soon +be in the millions. It is growing by leaps and bounds every day, every +week and every month. Fourteen thousand people come there every year. +The people are busy everywhere. They have the secret of getting a +larger population. Create industrial interests and the folks follow. +Good schools and good churches; a community in which there is compatibility +between all classes and not hatred. These are the best drawing +cards.</p> + +<p>One does not travel many miles in California without asking questions. +Many of the questions will have to be answered by history. Cortez, Juan +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_19">[Pg 19]</span>Rodriguez, Cabrillo, Don Gasper de Portola, Fray Junipero Serre are +familiar names in its early history. The country was known as Alta +and Baja, which was upper and lower California. It began in the +extreme southern part of the state and went as far north as the foot of +man could tread. The old maps show the southern part of the state as +being a part of Mexico. It was sometimes called the land of the Heart’s +Desire. To use the words of another it was in 1769, “That destiny +marked Southern California for its own, ordering the fig and the vine +to make soft the dessert wastes, lemon and orange bloom for the upland +slopes, herds for a thousand hills, living water to make green the sun-browned +land; and, last, not the dream of seven mythical cities of gold, +but the bright reality of thrice seven times seven golden cities that now +throb with the tides of commerce and the tread of countless feet.”</p> + +<p>At the beginning of its history the King of Spain ordered that in +order to make the country safe for Spain and its religion, that missions +should be established. Under the orders of the great Catholic church +fifteen or more missions were established—fifteen of them along the coast. +My trip back to San Francisco, five hundred miles north, took me along +the Pacific Coast in sight of many of these missions. We follow what +was called the “Highway of the King.” Those we passed were San +Buenaventura, Santa Barbara, San Miguel, and Santa Clara. The +southern part of the state especially owes a lot to these early missionaries. +They gave harbor to the traveler, irrigated the land and started the early +settlers and Indians to farming.</p> + +<p>From San Francisco to Los Angeles along the coast is a country backed +by mountains of great height and beauty with slopes and valleys surpassing +any description. For hundreds of miles our train slipped right +along the edge of the Pacific waters, sometimes forty or a hundred feet +above these waters, sometimes nearer, then off on a hill top, then across +an arm of the sea, then headlong toward the water as if to go right into +it, only to swerve around some high hill and then out into some beautiful +valley. You have to see it to appreciate it.</p> + +<p>Passing San Fernando, Oxnard, Ventura, we come to Santa Barbara +in Santa Barbara County. The county is mountainous and has four +large valleys. The valleys are the Santa Ynez, Los Alamos, Lompoc, +and Santa Maria. The last named valley is said to have four hundred +square miles, and can support ten times its population. Mustard seed is +the leading agricultural product in the county. The whole county is +well adapted to all vegetables and fruits that are common to that part +of the state. I saw many orchards of great size. It is said that three-fifths +of the prunes and three-fourths of the apples grown in the state +grow in these valleys adjacent to the coast. This is due to the fact that +perhaps the rainfalls is greater than further inland. Printed matter on +this section tell us that the products of this coast range are the following: +beet sugar, wheat, barley, hay, garden seed, oil, coal, asphaltum, cement, +lime, live stock, butter and cheese, fruits, berries, vegetables, olive oil, +walnuts.</p> + +<p>I saw great flocks of sheep, cattle and horses. Millions of wild ducks, +and we were never out of sight of sea gulls. They are the scavengers on +land and water. I was fortunate in meeting people here and there who +could give me lots of the sort of information I wanted.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_20">[Pg 20]</span></p> + +<p>As our train rounded the coast of Santa Barbara we caught sight of +the Islands of Santa Cruz, Santa Rosa, San Miguel. They may have +been thirty miles to our left.</p> + +<p>Passing Point Conception, a lighthouse here and there, a large open +field in the actual making, or a sandhill thrown up in the past few +months, crossing Santa Maria River, leaving Lompoc and Ynez Valleys +behind, we came to San Louis Obispo. Great quantities of oil are delivered +to this port for shipment. It is also the seat of the state polytechnic +school. The rainfall here is very light, so that farming is not +profitable. The western slopes of the mountains for nearly a hundred +miles afford good grazing for cattle and sheep. The water is largely +mist from the Pacific Ocean with a very low rainfall. At this point our +train leaves the sight of the coast and we climb the Coastal Range, being +pulled by three powerful steam engines up an elevation of great height, +more than seven thousand feet, and head into the Salinas and Santa +Clara Valley. Salinas Valley has an area of 500,000 acres and the +two valleys are almost 150 miles in length and fifty miles wide. We +head toward “Bishop Peak” no less than four times climbing this mountain. +We go down into Monterey County and follow the Salina River +till we get to Monterey Bay near Del Monte. Santa Cruz is our next +stop. We pass the Lick Observatory. We enter Santa Clara Valley +crossing the mountains by the same name. We also pass Stanford University. +We leave San Mateo County on the left and we speed along. +We pass San Jose. Dark covers us, but at Redwood City we come into +sight of San Francisco Bay and thirty miles further we are in San +Francisco again.</p> + +<p>Five hundred miles are covered in about fourteen hours. The mountain +ranges on both sides for several hundred miles, and the mountain +on one side and the Pacific Ocean on the other for several more hundred +miles with an ever changing view of mountain inclines, rivers, +valleys, irrigation projects here and there, the excitement of high elevation, +crossing some divide, farming operations throughout the entire +course, fruit orchards, vineyards, gardens, great flocks of sheep, cattle, +etc., chateaux, villages, mining operations and oil wells. This is the +panorama that simply bewitches the brain. It was such as this that the +old colored preacher saw when he could no longer contain his emotions +when he said, “My God, look at that Glory.” It is glory, and the man +whose soul does not feel it is dead. Add to this the ocean scene with every +angle the train makes, the steamers away out, the sunset behind these +beautiful waters, and do you wonder that I have been dreaming this +thing every night since I had the experience of it. It gets into your soul +in some way. Some one has said, “Its all California from east to west, +from north to south.” I traveled two thousand miles in the state alone +in every direction. The inspiration is the same.</p> + +<p>I spoke in one of the largest churches out there, heard some of the finest +speakers in the world, saw some of the best shows, tramped over some +of the orange, apple, fig, prune and berry orchards, bee and poultry +yards. I visited soldiers’ homes, city parks, city museums and farms +in the country. I visited some of the best schools in the West and +Northwest, including the state universities where they are really doing +things.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_21">[Pg 21]</span></p> + +<p>Our eyes are now set toward the east and home. We are at San +Francisco. Before we leave here we must revert to the lower part of the +state again. The city of Los Angeles gets its water from a distance +of more than two hundred miles from the snow-capped slope of Mount +Whitney. They are the highest mountains in the United States, except in +Alaska. The aqueduct is the largest in the world. The reservoirs are +located in the San Fernando Valley. The pipes taking this water from +its source to its outlet are eight to ten feet in diameter. Forty miles of +this water is run in open lined canals. The line was pointed out to me +many miles out of Los Angeles by a fellow traveler who knew the history +of its construction.</p> + +<p>As one travels from north to south in this state and from east to west +he is very much impressed with the great network of wires stretched +everywhere, apparently reaching every farmhouse and factory. These +are high-powered electric wires carrying power to the industrial centers +and to the farms for light and power—for power more than light. Water +has to be supplied to all the farms by irrigation. Where gravity does not +do the work they must depend on pumps. The electric power is used to +run the pumps. This power is generated by the mountain streams hundreds +of miles away. The great power plants are largely owned by companies +in the East. The irrigation projects, I presume, are the most +wonderful in the world. I was advised that it cost about eight dollars +an acre to get the canals into operation.</p> + +<p>Another interest of great importance in the growth of a country is the +public roads. The roads were universally good. I traveled several hundred +miles over the public roads in Los Angeles and San Bernardino +counties, and for the long stretches I never saw better roads.</p> + +<p>Hollywood, which is really a part of the larger city, is a very pretty +place. The streets are paved and there was not a shoddy nor a cheaply +constructed house to be seen. I counted seven moving picture studios. +I had no idea that these studios were built on so vast a scale. It seems +that all the stars in the moving picture world have their studios here, and +their fine homes—Charlie Chaplin, Douglass Fairbanks, Mary Pickford, +and others. Many of the great meat packers of Chicago, Omaha and +Denver have million-dollar homes in or near this little suburb. The south +side of Beverly Hills is covered with these expensive homes.</p> + +<p>There are a number of these studios in Culver City. This is a small +place about fifteen miles toward the Pacific from Los Angeles. The dominating +genius of it is Mr. Harry Culver. Ten years ago it was not born, +and today it has a population of about two thousand people. The little +railroad station, the little homes, the well paved streets and business +houses, all show signs of taste and industry. Here is where “Fatty +Arbuckle” got his start, and his studio is still there as a reminder. +Several boulevards and electric lines pass through the town from Los +Angeles to the Pacific Ocean, which is only five miles away. Venice, +with a dozen other settlements along the coast for ten or more miles, is +the Coney Island of Southern California. Street cars and boulevards +give one ready access to every part of the beach. They have all the +eating houses, cheap shows, swindling games and junk shops for the +attractions.</p> + +<p>The building lots in some of these little villages are sold under restrictions. +I was curious to know the restrictions. Houses that are put on +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_22">[Pg 22]</span>them must not cost less than twenty-five hundred dollars, and no lot +shall be sold to any one except purely Anglo-Saxon—a fine opportunity +for unanimity of spirit and exclusiveness if not tested under the state +law by some ubiquitous spirit.</p> + +<p>The problem of racial identity is a complex one in that country. I +saw Mexicans who looked all the world like Negroes, and Negroes who +looked all the world like Mexicans. Their language was the only distinguishing +features, and in many cases the Negroes were better clad and +better groomed. Negroes spoke the unadulterated English language. +Their Alabama, Mississippi, Georgia, Louisiana or Texas previous environment +may have given them more of the Southern brogue. The +Mexicans have clung to their Spanish tongue or some broken dialect. +Japanese, Chinese, Filipinos, Porto Ricans and others form another +group. Then there is another group from northern Europe and southern +Europe belonging to the white races, and all these units speak a language +of their own and follow largely the customs of their country. I wondered +who was <em>fit</em> and who could <em>qualify</em> under “The Restrictions.”</p> + +<p>I will say nothing about Chicago, but let me start at Butte, Montana. +From Butte, Montana, to Spokane, Seattle, Portland, Sacramento, San +Francisco, Oakland, Fresno, Los Angeles to the least city in the West +there are all sorts of secret organizations and labor unions, selfish and +otherwise, cliques and clans, to whom you must pay obeisance. Add to +this the rankest Bolsheviki spirit, from the four ends of the earth, and +you have a problem worth the attention of our best statesmen.</p> + +<p>I have been trying to get away from San Francisco, but it is hard to +leave a community of so inviting environment. I can only name a few +places now that are strikingly full of interest. Here is the Golden Gate +Park, over yonder a short distance the Presidio, a little further around +on the bay the Art Palace. Here is where the exposition was held. +Down on the beach are the Sutro baths and cliff houses. From this fine +eminence I saw seven seals, some sleeping, some bathing, some growling. +They were on the rock a few hundred feet off the beach. Rural paintings +in the museums, depicting wild animal life in their natural setting with +the mountain background, etc., were very real.</p> + +<p>The Southern Pacific station, located between Third and Fourth streets, +and the ferry at the foot of Market Street, or at the head possibly, are +works of art. They are the last word on station building. Market Street +has four electric lines, and it is the leading thoroughfare of the city. +Practically all the other streets of the city run into it at some angle. +Sixteen blocks from the ferry is the civic center. Here are located the +city auditorium, which seats ten or twelve thousand people, the courthouse, +one of the finest buildings in the state next to the capitol itself, +the city library, and one of the high schools. These are circled about a +square which has a large fountain of flowing water. A very large area +of the city was burned when the earthquake was some years ago, but this +has been rebuilt so well and completely that one would never know it. +I went over most of this area.</p> + +<p>I visited the University of California, which is located in Berkley, +and had only time to go through the library and agricultural building. +They have a campus of 264 acres and an enrollment of ten thousand +students. They have a theater that seats ten thousand people. They have +a tower 302 feet high built of white granite. In this tower is located +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_23">[Pg 23]</span>the clock and chimes. They have in mind a large project for an athletic +field and stadium. This will be located back of the college in the hills, +which is the property of the college. Oakland is the San Francisco +terminal of three trans-continental railroads. They are the Southern +Pacific, the Western Pacific, and the Santa Fe.</p> + +<p>We take the Western Pacific for Sacramento at 9 o’clock in the morning. +At 2 o’clock in the afternoon we have made the trip of more than +a hundred miles through the San Joaquin Valley and again into Sacramento +Valley. We spend a part of two days here. The state capitol is a +very fine building. The ground adjoining the building forms the finest +park in the world. They have searched all the world to find trees and +rare plants for this wonderful park. They have them from every known +country and from every accessible community. Many of these trees were +in full bloom the 28th of February when I was there. An officer of the +grounds told me to find the keeper and he would give me all the cuttings +I wanted, but unfortunately I could not find him.</p> + +<p>The city is located in rather a flat country. It has not been a great +many years, geologically, since this was all under water and a part of +San Francisco Bay. The two large rivers intersecting this valley have +done their work in transporting silt, sand and debris from the mountains +so well that most of the community is inhabited. The periodical overflow +of these rivers still gives the traveler an idea that it is a part of the bay. +I saw nearly a hundred miles of it under water, when I wondered how +the farmers got from the house to the barn.</p> + +<p>We leave Sacramento at midnight on the Western Pacific Railroad for +Salt Lake City, Utah. We pass Marysville, which we have already seen +on our southern journey, Oroville a little further north, and we follow +the Feather River and the Feather River Canyon. At daylight we find +ourselves climbing the mountains again in snow several feet deep. The +canyons are narrow and deep. The mountains above are beautiful, +rugged. Vegetation and all sorts of timber come into sight again. The +mountain streams are beautiful and clear. We arrive at Reno Junction +about 10 o’clock in the morning. At Paxton we pass the little narrow +gauge road leading into Indian Valley. The canyons look too narrow for +another railroad, but just below us clinging to the rocks and the mountains +the little road leads off into another mining section and through +gorges that look impassable.</p> + +<p>Of the more than two hundred stations along the way a great many of +them are scarcely stopping places. A few are only places for the train +crew to examine the cars. At Reno Junction, Nevada, we come into a +country that is more open, and where the population is larger.</p> + +<p>We cross Honey Valley, Winnemucca Valley, scale the Virginia +Range, and come into Smoke Creek Desert, pass to the right of Granite +Peak, and we come into Black Rock Desert. We pass what is called the +Alkali Flats. This is a vast area of country with no vegetable growth +of any sort. Nothing can grow on it. This reminds one of a very large +bowl. We are moving along with great speed through the valley with +the side of the bowl towering up at a tremendous height. We cross the +Antelope Range in the northern part of Granite Spring Valley. A few +miles further we come into the little town of Winnemucca. This is a +railroad center and a cattle country.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_24">[Pg 24]</span></p> + +<p>We are in Humboldt County and follow Humbolt River. We have +passed Winnemucca Peak, Black Butte, the Eugene Mountains, and other +points of interest and beauty. It would tire the reader to follow us for +the next several hundred miles through this tortuous river course, through +large and small valleys, through mountain gorges, up the side of mountain +ranges, over some of the highest peaks, under the tunnels and +through great banks of snow. At Sulphur we passed several men and +their horses with a big mountain lion they had just killed. The government +pays twenty-five dollars for each lion killed. They are destructive +to sheep. The Denver Sunday papers had the incident written up in +the papers Sunday following the killing.</p> + +<p>We cross the Desert Range at Wendover, Utah, and strike out for +forty-eight miles through the Great Salt Lake Desert, leaving Grass +Mountain Summit to our left, we enter another range of mountains to +emerge near the south end of Salt Lake. I do not know the area of the +Great Salt Lake Desert, but it is a very large area numbering perhaps +several thousand square miles of country. Water and irrigation would +do it no good. It looks like desolation carried to the nth degree. It +must have been at some time a part of the Salt Lake. It supports absolutely +no vegetation of any sort. It is a barren waste.</p> + +<p>There is no other place in the world exactly like Salt Lake and Salt +Lake City. The city is eighteen miles from the Lake. One cannot +drown in the water of this lake because of the density of the water.</p> + +<p>The city is one of the best laid out in the world. The mentioning of +Salt Lake City suggests to you at once the Mormon Church. This church +was organized in 1830 in the state of New York. The Mormons located +later in Kirkland, Ohio, and there erected a temple which is said to be +standing today. The church was persecuted, and Joseph Smith was +martyred. It was moved from place to place, and finally Brigham +Young, its President, had a vision. He saw a land in the far west, and +was directed to go to this remote country, far away from persecutions, +where the colony might worship in their own way. They started out +for this far country, and were many months making the trip. The +party was composed of 143 men, three women and two children, and +three colored servants. The names of all are on the fine monument at +the head of the principal street of the city.</p> + +<p>When they had reached the place the President said, “This is the place +I saw in the vision.” The men were advised to go to work at once on +small farms. The first year they grew a good crop by irrigation, but +about the time the crops matured the cricket’s came and almost ate the +crops. The sea gulls from the lake eighteen miles away came and ate up +the crickets. This saved the pioneers. They have in the sacred square +a monument to the sea gulls. It is known as the Temple Square. The +temple is the most unique building in the world. It was forty years in +construction, and it cost a million dollars. It is built of native gray +granite which was hauled by teams for more than twenty miles away.</p> + +<p>The Tabernacle standing in the same square is also a unique construction. +It will seat ten thousand people and has in it one of the best +organs made. The building is a “long, oval shape, dome top. The hearing +qualities are perfect. One may drop a pin in a hat or on the floor, +and two hundred feet away, at the other end of the auditorium, hear it +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_25">[Pg 25]</span>fall.” No nails are used in its construction. Pillows support the arches, +while wooden pegs tied with raw hide support the individual pieces.</p> + +<p>The gray stone Assembly Hall, where relics and art collections are +kept, is also in the same square.</p> + +<p>One should visit the state capital. It is located on one of the nearby +mountains. This mountain is at the head of several streets and had an +electric line running around it and to the top. The building itself is one +of the finest in the country. It has large granite supports measuring +three or four feet in diameter, twenty or more feet in length, of Georgia +marble, polished to a finish, each weighing twenty-five thousand pounds. +These great pillows were brought from Georgia on forty-six cars.</p> + +<p>One could spend weeks in this fine building studying the art of it and +the great display of relics of the early pioneer life. Several Mormon +sisters have charge of the collections, and they are very interesting as +well as very entertaining.</p> + +<p>We leave Salt Lake City, and forty miles east we come to Provo. We +are more than four thousand feet in elevation. It is called the “Garden +City.” It is near the Wasatch Mountains. We pass through the Provo +Canyons. This is unlike anything else we have seen. We climb the +mountains overlooking a most beautiful valley off to the left with a very +fine stream said to contain trout. There are fine homes and orchards +and many flocks of sheep and cattle. There is some mining a few miles +across the valley on the opposite mountain side.</p> + +<p>A railroad stretches across the valley to connect with this mine from +the main line. A few apple orchards. Some fine red barns. The +meadows evidently afford a great deal of hay. Hundreds of stacks of +hay, as green as if just cut, dotted the valley. We are in several feet of +snow and being drawn by several massive steam engines. Up, up, up we +go till we reach Soldiers’ Summit, seven thousand and four hundred feet +high. Your heart begins to beat a little faster, some one has the headache, +another has bleeding of the nose. If you have slept all the way +through the valley and up the mountains you will begin to wake up +when you reach this high elevation. Unless your heart is seriously +affected you do not need to worry, for you are in this elevation only a +few minutes, when you begin to drop to normal altitude for these parts. +The snow is about six feet deep and sparkling. The air is fine and pure, +and your mouth grows dry for some of the crystal liquid you have just +passed. It comes from crags and crevices for more than a half mile +above you, scarcely missing the sides of your train as it passes its narrow +channel.</p> + +<p>A crowd of a dozen or more school girls get on the train. They are +all the world like our own girls, only they were white, every one of them. +They sang songs, made speeches, moved from place to place on the train, +recited their lessons, talked kindly of their teachers and their fellows, of +the loved ones they have left behind for a few months—they were just +school girls, that was all. The tourists, including my lonely self, were +glad to have this merry bunch—this innovation to break the monotony. +They leave us at Green River, and we settle down again to our usual +repose when we are soon disturbed by the news butcher saying, “The +mountain ahead is one-half mile high, the canyon ten feet wide, just wide +enough for the train to pass.” “It is Castle Gate.” The walls of the red +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_26">[Pg 26]</span>stone stand up like the walls of a sixty-story sky-scraper. On both sides +these walls tower up till your neck tires looking up at them.</p> + +<p>Here the engineers have defied nature. You follow the river and the +canyon, sometimes on this side, sometimes on that side, rising and falling +in elevation till you reach Mack, near the state line of Colorado at an +elevation of four thousand and five feet. You pass through a valley +widening out from a ten-foot gorge to forty or fifty miles, and absolutely +fenced all around by these massive walls for fifty or more miles as +effectively as if done by the master hand of some giant. We follow Hog +Back Canyon and a tributary of the Colorado River. We arrive at +Glenwood Hot Springs at 10:30 at night, four hundred miles from Salt +Lake City in an elevation of five thousand and seven hundred feet. We +stop here for the night and take the 6 a. m. train the next morning for +Denver.</p> + +<p>We are on the Denver and Rio Grande Railroad. We pass up the +Colorado River Canyon. The road is tortuous, the stream abounds like +the waters of “Galore,” the mountain crags are high and precipitous, +every foot has tested the skill of the engineer. It is wonderful. We go +through Tennessee Pass, sight Mount Jackson toward the west. Mount +Elbert to the left more than fourteen thousand feet high is seen. We +leave Readville to the left and pass through the richest mining region in +the world. Georgetown, Red Cliff, Fair Play, Platt Ranch, Buena +Vista, Cripple Creek, Anaconda Goldfield. All these are centers of +mining interests. They abound in gold, silver, lead, copper, zinc, etc. +We come south from Glenwood Springs to Salida nearly a hundred miles +and into the Arkansas River Valley and follow this river to Florence +and Pueblo.</p> + +<p>It will be remembered that in the summer of 1921 there was a cloudburst +in that section of the country, and Pueblo was in the midst of the +washout. Hundreds of lives and millions of dollars worth of property +were lost. The valley still shows great evidence of that destruction +everywhere you look. This was particularly true of the city itself. I +stood under the pier of their fine station, and the high water mark was +two feet above my head. We are seven hundred miles from Salt Lake City +and still seventy-five miles from Denver. We are at Colorado Springs. +Denver is our destination for the night. As we leave Cannon City and +Florence we sight to our north perhaps a hundred miles Pike’s Peak. +This is early in the afternoon, and we do not lose sight of that majestic +wonder of the world until we have passed Denver for almost another +hundred miles.</p> + +<p>We spend four days in Denver very pleasantly and profitably. It is +the “Mile High City.” We have left all the mountains behind. The +community, including Colorado Hot Springs and Denver and Pike’s +Peak need no description from me. They are too well known. It is the +healthiest place in all the world. I saw no graveyards, and I presume +they are few and very far between. The elevation is more than five +thousand feet. We are now seven hundred and fifty miles east of Salt +Lake City. Denver is a fine place in which to live. I am not so sure +about the conditions of earning a living.</p> + +<p>We leave Denver at 10 in the morning and stop for the night at +Phillipsburg in Kansas. The country is practically all prairie land +suited for cattle, horses and sheep, corn, wheat, and the grasses. It is +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_27">[Pg 27]</span>an open country with few trees excepting the low sections and river +bottoms.</p> + +<p>We pass Lincoln City in Nebraska and later the city of Omaha. We +have already crossed the La Platte River and now at Omaha we cross the +Missouri River. Passing Council Bluffs in Iowa we speed along to Des +Moines, Iowa, where we plan to spend the next night. We arrived late +in the evening and left early the next morning for Chicago. The country +was largely given to farming and stock raising.</p> + +<p>We were in Chicago about two weeks, and were then off for Washington +City, where we spent another week, then we came home, arriving +here at Bricks the 22nd of March. A most cordial reception awaited me +here. I was met at the station by teachers, students and friends of the +community, all led by the school band.</p> + +<p>Not many colored people on the Pacific Coast as compared with our +eastern country. They are scattered here and there throughout the +middle west. Most of those I saw looked as if they had good jobs and +were busy. I saw a great many very nice homes of our colored people. +I visited a great many places of business entirely colored. The colored +ministers were all educated men. The colored churches were up to date. +I spoke in a number of them, and the audience looked well groomed and +happy. I quizzed the professional men, and they advised me that the +outlook for the colored people generally was good. All advised that +colored men going west ought to have some money to start a business.</p> + +<p>If colored men would go west and enter farming their opportunities +would be unlimited. They ought to have money enough to carry them +till their crops come to maturity. If they grow fruit it takes the young +trees five years to come into bearing, and they must have something to +depend upon during that time. At the same time there is no time of +the year in California when a farmer cannot grow vegetables. There +are fruit growers’ associations that take care of everything the farmer +grows. He can become a member of any of them irrespective of his color. +He must have some money and some farming sense. There are forty-five +thousand colored people in Los Angeles. Only a few are farming. There +are not enough farmers to attract any attention. I am always sorry to +see so many of our folks flock to the cities when the farms are offering +so many opportunities for independence and a better living.</p> + +<p>There is nothing needed in the west so much as water and people—<em>water +and people</em>. If they get the people the irrigation projects will soon +give the water. They need not only people who are not dependent upon +others for every move they make, but people who are industrious and +who have the brain.</p> + +<p>We hear in the East a great deal about the Japanese. I hear more +about them here than I heard on the coast. Out there they have the +reputation of being industrious, smart and great organizers. I do not +think those are bad qualities. They are qualities that we have been +taught to prize. There is no reason why we should prize them in one +race and despise them in another. They are universally courteous. +Some Northern people think they will get all the land. I saw millions +and millions of acres of land in California alone that somebody needs to +get and put to use. Then I saw other millions stretched four thousand +miles and more across the American continent that will feed all the +world when brought under cultivation and development.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_28">[Pg 28]</span></p> + +<p>They tell us out West that all the mountains in that country are full of +minerals. If that is true we have not touched the world’s supply. From +the unoccupied land I saw there must be enough to feed a hundred times +our present population. In some of these states one can travel almost a +hundred miles and not see a sign of human life except the little station +settlements. New York, Cleveland, Detroit, Chicago, and a few other +cities are too congested for healthy environment, and some propaganda +ought to be started by some organization or somebody to popularize the +country and the farms.</p> + +<p>The spirit of competition in our large cities in any occupation is +virulent. It is not worth the struggle. Manhood and womanhood is +stagnant. It is truly the survival of the fittest. I never saw a Negro +farmer in the South begging bread. Vast areas of our best farming land +ought to be bought by this congested crowd filling our large cities.</p> + +<p>Our people go to the city because of the lack of compatibility of people +in the community where they want to live. They may not like the other +races out West, but there was great silence and a unanimity of opinion +relative to an open expression of their hatred. Poor execution of the +laws, open expressions of hatred, fear of personal molestation. These +were the expressions I met in Cleveland, Detroit and Chicago.</p> + +<p>Norman Angell expresses it in his book, “The Fruits of Victory,” +when he gives the cause of the world’s restlessness and war. He says they +have resulted from our wrong thinking. We have got to be big enough +to forget some things and start off right. Correct our thinking. I attended +a Christian Science Church in St. Paul, Minnesota, and one of +the tenets of their church is that if you have a pain just forget about it +and it goes. It seems to work, for that church is doing a great business +all over the country. That is what we have got to do in the political +world and in the world where our relations interlock. We do not get +anywhere by hatred and fighting.</p> + +<p>Every city and every town I visited from Spokane to Seattle to San +Bernardino, seventeen hundred miles south is on a boom and every one +you meet is a boomer. That is the way to build up a community or a +city or a town, or anything else. I was not supposed to give any +addresses while on this trip, unless there was some fine opportunity to +make friends for the American Missionary Association and for Brick +School. I could not afford to let such opportunities pass even though I +was out seeking recreation and rest and change. This opportunity came +to me at least twenty-eight times. I was invited to speak twice in Dr. +H. H. Proctor’s Church in Brooklyn, N. Y. Dr. Proctor was a classmate +of the writer at Fisk University. He had one of the largest churches +in all the South, the First Congregational Church in Atlanta. When +the migration of colored people began to be a problem in the Northern +centers, Dr. Proctor was called to Brooklyn to meet the impending +onrush. He has projected one of the largest church enterprise in Greater +New York, and his bringing the enterprise to a successful fruition will +mean great things for New York and for the colored people generally.</p> + +<p>Dr. Proctor is a large man, mentally and physically, and he has a +large vision. His vision is not larger than the times are demanding. +Our church people are demanding a larger programme. Some of our +churches, perhaps all of them, have been too reticent and conservative, +holding on to the dead past and lost prestige with the masses. Dr. +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_29">[Pg 29]</span>Proctor is planning a progressive and constructive programme. I could +not lose the opportunity which his kind invitation gave me to tell our +Northern friends what our Southern brethren are doing along many +lines. I also had the invitation to address a large Baptist Church in +Brooklyn where more than a third of its membership of more than three +hundred members were from Gloucester County in Virginia. A former +Brick School boy was the shepherd of this flock.</p> + +<p>Out on Long Island we had the pleasure of addressing a small Congregational +Church under the leadership of Rev. G. W. Hinton. We +found here a goodly number of our North Carolina friends, and they +were glad to hear from their friends here in North Carolina.</p> + +<p>Later the Fisk University singers from Nashville, Tenn., met with the +Greater New York Fisk Club at the Y. W. C. A. in a Harlem Cafeteria, +and a fine programme was given. I was invited to speak at the Baptist +Ministers’ meeting in New York in one of the largest churches in the +city. If the size of the church, the furnishings, etc., and the appearance +of the men meant anything it certainly looked as if our friends in New +York City were very prosperous. The young lady who directs all the +work of the Y. W. C. A. on 137th Street is a Brick School girl who later +graduated from Pratt, and we have every evidence that she is making +good in that great city.</p> + +<p>At Springfield in Massachusetts we had the pleasure of speaking three +times for Rev. William N. DeBerry. Dr. DeBerry is a product of Fisk +University and Oberlin Theological School. He has the finest work of +any of our men. His church organization is unique; he is progressive +and constructive, at the same time scholarly and conservative. He is the +most aristocratic Negro preacher we have today. His spirit is contagious, +and he has the finest coöperation of his members from the oldest to the +youngest.</p> + +<p>At Rochester we had the invitation to address a very fine gathering of +friends who had met at a reception to the teacher of their Sunday-school +class and to the minister of their church.</p> + +<p>At Buffalo we also gave an address at another Baptist Church. In +all of these places we met scores of people from North Carolina.</p> + +<p>In Cleveland, Ohio, I had the invitation to speak several times at +the Mount Zion Congregational Church. Rev. Harold Kingsley is the +present pastor. Rev. Kingsley is a product of Talladega College, Ala. +His wife was a former teacher here at Bricks. We had a most cordial +reception at his church and at his home.</p> + +<p>It was in this church where I read my first essay nearly forty years +ago. Its pastor at that time was Rev. Dr. S. N. Brown, who is now +Dean of Theology at Howard University. The church has had a great +history. The former pastor was Rev. George V. Clark, of Charlotte, +N. C. Dr. Clark was a Liberty County (Georgia) boy and a product +of Atlanta University. The church is now in the most congested Negro +section of Cleveland and has before it a great destiny and future. The +present minister is a young man of great enthusiasm and well prepared +to meet its growth. The city of Cleveland has a congested Negro population: +I saw a statement in the Cleveland papers from the head of the +Cleveland “Community Chest” that of all racial groups in the city the +colored people had more than done their part with the least expenditure +of effort.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_30">[Pg 30]</span></p> + +<p>I visited several of the larger churches—Baptist and Methodist +churches. All the Cleveland churches seem to be in the most progressive +state. Their church buildings are among the very best in the country. +Their membership and attendance are very large.</p> + +<p>In Detroit we attended Rev. Dr. Bradby’s church, which is said to have +a membership of four thousand people. I also spoke at one of the services. +They had four services going at the same time. About a third of +these people held up their hands indicating that they were from North +Carolina. The day was very cold, but their spirits were very warm. +Dr. Bradby is a Canadian, but understands thoroughly the Negro temperament, +and gives them exactly what is best fitted to that temperament. +He speaks with authority.</p> + +<p>At night I attended one of our churches ministered to by Rev. Brooks. +The church has some institutional feature and is doing excellent service +for the community. Mrs. E. E. Scott, of Montgomery, Ala., is assistant +in these civic service features.</p> + +<p>In Kalamazoo, Mich., we attended a revival meeting in the Methodist +Church. The temperature outside did not disturb the emotional elements +the least when the several ministers put on the “arousements.” +I had to wonder whether I was in northern Michigan or in North Carolina.</p> + +<p>I spoke in a Baptist Church in Chicago where they are said to have a +membership of ten thousand people. Several services were going on at +the same time. I also addressed a congregational audience in Chicago +presided over by Rev. Dr. C. W. Burton. Dr. Burton is a product of +Talladega College, and Yale Theological School. He is a fine type of +minister and is doing great good.</p> + +<p>In Butte, Montana, I was told there are about five hundred colored +people and three colored churches. These churches had no regular +ministers at the time of my visit. The colored men work as porters and +miners. They have mixed schools. They have several social clubs and +secret orders, such as the Masons and Odd Fellows.</p> + +<p>In almost all of the cities I visited mixed schools are the rule, and +many of them have a percentage of colored teachers. In Cleveland especially +I was told that the colored teachers are liked very much by their +students and parents of the opposite races. In many places it would be +most difficult to tell who are colored and who are white. Most of the +teachers I met are very efficient and alive to their job.</p> + +<p>In Tacoma I spoke to the Sunday-school in the morning and in the +evening I spoke at the evening services of the First Congregational +Church, Rev. Dr. Edgar C. Wheeler, minister. Prof. Oliver H. Richardson, +of the University of Washington, followed me with an address on +the “Study of International Relations.” The subject of my address +might have been “Inter-Racial Relations.” At the close of this address +I visited the colored Methodist Church, and also spoke there. The +church was well filled, and the services were full of interest. The +minister was a well trained man, and had the best order and system in +the church.</p> + +<p>In Portland I attended a meeting of a select group of ladies and gentlemen +of the Theosophical Society. I did not speak, but went primarily +to hear an old friend speak on the subject of “Racial Unity.” His +lectures covered a number of cities on the coast, and his subjects, “The +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_31">[Pg 31]</span>Unity of Religions,” “Seven Valleys,” “Inter-racial Amity,” “Harmony +Between Religion and Science,” “The Mashrak; Ulkar or Universal +Science,” “What is a Bahai?” “Four Stages in Man’s Growth.” All of +these different lectures are summed up in the one though, “The Fundamental +Unity of Races and Religion.” The object of the lectures are +the promotion of universal brotherhood, international coöperation, universal +education, the abandonment of prejudices. The lecturer was a +colored man, a product of Fisk University, and of the law school of +Howard University. He has traveled through Europe, Egypt, and Palestine. +His thought and language is clear and convincing. Our friend +Dr. Gregory proved himself a master with these subjects.</p> + +<p>The subjects above are very suggestive. There is nothing else to be said +when the speaker has finished his address. What does it mean? In New +York, Buffalo, Cleveland, Detroit, Chicago, St. Paul, and all our large +centers there are the finest temples and edifices built to the new cult, +new thought, new religion. Many of our traditional churches in these +large centers have a hard fight to get a hearing. I attended one of these +new thought churches in St. Paul where the interest was at white heat +with an attendance of more than seven hundred people. The temperature +outside was fourteen degrees below zero. This was at night. All +these cults are based in one way or another on the Bible, but we seem to +have adapted for our own spiritual edification and practice that which +fits our own mind and temperament. We then argue that everybody +else is dead wrong. Some of the finest minds I know are lined up with +these new cults. Surely they must have some basis for their mental +attitude.</p> + +<p>I was asked by the Secretary, Rev. Dr. George Hinman, of the American +Missionary Association office in San Francisco, to fill an appointment +for him in Berkley, Cal., February 26th. This was at the North Congregational +Church at Berkley. This church was right under the shadow +of the University of California, and I counted it a great honor to be +asked to speak there. The minister of the church was Rev. Mr. Ralph +Baxter Larkin. He was sick the day of my visit, and I was introduced +by Rev. Dr. Sargent. The printed programme announcing the service +for the day with my address had this on the first page, “A Church of +Reverent Worship, open mind, intellectual freedom, social conscience, +spiritual aspiration and human sympathy. It seeks to discover and +interpret the meaning of life in the life of the eternal.” This expression +gave me great poise for what I had to say. I was at once at ease.</p> + +<p>It is fine to speak to people who have a sympathetic spirit especially +when you have a feeling that you have an unpopular subject. My racial +identity was not clear in the mind of the gentleman who introduced me. +He said something like this: “Professor Steiner, of the University of +California said somewhere that if he had to be born again he would +like to be born a colored man, so that he might be able to study the +colored problem from the inside. We have with us today a gentleman +who understands the colored problem, and who did not have to be born +colored either.” These may not be the exact words, but it is the thought. +The first thing that I had to do was to dispel the mind of my audience +of the fact or statement just made, that I did not have to be born a +colored man, and that I wanted them to know that the traditions of our +country and the laws in many, if not all the states, had said that any +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_32">[Pg 32]</span>man is colored who has one iota of Negro blood in his veins. “I am glad +to have the honor to address you as a colored man.” Those who know +me best tell me that I do not have many stopping places. So I fore-warned +my friends in the front of me that sometimes my address was +three in one and sometimes one in three. Three in one when I have only +one hour in which to speak and one in three when I have three hours +in which to speak. Speaking to a Congregational Church, and a white +church, too, one has to observe the traditions very closely. These traditions +limit us to about thirty minutes, and unless one is very interesting +he had better stop in twenty-five minutes. So my address had to be +three in thirty.</p> + +<p>The audience was scarcely dismissed when a large crowd gathered at +the corner of the church to ask more about certain topics which I had +only the time to touch. They were seeking to discover and to interpret +the meaning of life. I was invited to go home with many friends, but I +could not go with all, so a compromise was effected, and several families +joined, and I was the guest for the afternoon of these families. One +of these families had been missionaries in China. Others had worked +among the Japanese. There we were exchanging our experiences each +for the edification of the other. We were all happy that our lot had been +cast in these divergent directions.</p> + +<p>I cannot continue this without becoming monotonous. I was most +happily received in a great many other churches, colored as well as +white. My message was generally, “The Amistad,” “The American Missionary +Association,” “General O. O. Howard and Reconstruction,” “The +Schools of the American Missionary Association,” “The Progress of the +Colored People,” “Inter-Racial Relations,” etc. One can see a wide latitude +in these subjects.</p> + +<p>At the theaters we saw several colored stars. In Buffalo Charles +Gilpin in “Emperor Jones.” Gilpin is an artist of the first magnitude, +but I did not like his selection. I am not a critic of such matters, but it +did seem to me that his piece was coarse. It was very popular. One +could hardly find seating room in the large house where the play was +given.</p> + +<p>In New York “Shuffle ’Long” was exciting great interest. There must +have been twenty or more taking part in the play, and every character +was an artist. I never saw anything finer. These people played in New +York in one house for nearly a year, and while the entrance fees were +high the house was packed every night.</p> + +<p>In Chicago Bert Williams was the whole attraction. I saw him at the +Studebaker in “The Loop” just before his breakdown. I was told that +after his death the company broke up. They could not find another +“Bert Williams.” In his death the race has lost one of the greatest stars +in the theatrical world, irrespective of color. It is an awful tragedy of +our times that racial prejudice is blind to art when the artist happens to +be colored. It is no fault of the artist that he was born colored. The +theatrical field has been rather restricted so far as our colored artists are +concerned, but wherever they have had the opportunity they have not +been found wanting.</p> + +<p>“Broadway Rastus and Sambo” are in a class by themselves. The +play is clean and fine, every whit of it. It will cure the blues. The +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_33">[Pg 33]</span>singers are the best on the American stage. The vaudeville is equal to +any I have seen in the best white theaters.</p> + +<p>Every place visited we met very prominent colored men and women +who were formerly from North Carolina. We are compiling some +interesting data on them which we hope to give to the public later.</p> + +<p>In Cleveland we met our old friend Lawyer J. P. Green. He has been +a lawyer there for forty years. He has written a splendid book of his +life. He has been Recorder of Deeds in Washington, and for several +terms member of the Ohio Legislature.</p> + +<p>Mr. Charles Smith, whose parents were North Carolina people, has +served on the Cleveland police force twenty-five years, and is now +retired. His parents lived at Chapel Hill this state, and migrated to +Oberlin where he, with several other brothers and sisters, were educated.</p> + +<p>Mrs. Mary Talbert, of Buffalo, is President of the Negro Women’s +League, which is a national organization of women. She was educated +in Oberlin. Her parents migrated there before the Civil War from this +state. It would take a chapter to tell what great things she has done +for the colored women and what she is now doing. She is a traveler, +lecturer and scholar. She has recently raised the money to have the Fred +Douglass Home in Washington City as a Memorial to the greatest Negro +who ever lived. It will be dedicated the 12th of August, 1922. Her +husband, Mr. William Talbert, is a city official in the treasurer’s office, +of Buffalo, New York.</p> + +<p>Mrs. Clara Hardy, of St. Paul, Minnesota, a sister of Mrs. Talbert, +is also a graduate of Oberlin College. She has held many places of honor +in her adopted city. She is now Court Bailiff. She is a writer and +speaker of no mean ability. Her home was a perfect model.</p> + +<p>In California it was my pleasure to stop with Dr. R. R. Robinson. +He is a Halifax County man. He was a student here for a number of +years working his way with his hands. He laid out our walks, planted +many of our older trees and helped to “Start Bricks.” He took an agricultural +course at the A. and T. College in this state and went to Tuskegee, +where he taught several years. He married a North Carolina +girl from Bethel, who was a trained nurse. Later he went to Nashville, +Tennessee, and took a course in medicine. After graduating he practiced +medicine in Brunswick, Ga., through the flue, and was very successful. +After the world war he went to Tulsa, Oklahoma, and was there +when the riot broke out. He saved his life by hiding in the woods three +days, he and his wife. He lost all his office fixtures and medical instruments, +and every remnant of personal apparel. He is now a very successful +physician in Los Angeles, California.</p> + +<p>I have given only an outline of some impressions of my trip to California +with the hope that it may inspire some reader to know, to go, and +to acquire a larger vision of the world and of life.</p> + + +<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop"> +<div class="chapter"> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_34">[Pg 34]</span></p> + + + <h2 class="nobreak" id="FARM_LIFE"> + FARM LIFE + </h2> +</div> + + +<p>For many years the farmer has been the laughing stock of the country. +The conduct of his farm and his business methods have brought +him more gibes and thrusts than are brought to any other professional +class. The late Booker T. Washington described the characteristics of +his class many years ago. The poor old mule or horse and often the ox, +hitched to a single plow, scratching the earth with as much effectiveness +as an old Plymouth Rock rooster would scratch for newly planted oats. +The farmer follows behind this slow plodding plow in tatters and rags, +illy fed, too often diseased with hook worm or some other infectious +malady.</p> + +<p>His road sides and ditch banks for ten or twenty feet back are filled +with weeds and shrubby growth to sap the vitality from the growing +crops in their proximity. He has stagnant pools all over his patch in +wet weather to further deplete the growth of his crops that may be left +from the weeds by the roadside and ditch banks.</p> + +<p>His home, the home of the old farmer, is the last thing to which any +attention need be given. He has followed his methods for “Fifty years +or more.” He has cotton right up to the door, potatoes, peanuts or corn +filling the yard. No place is left for flowers or ornamentation of any +sort. The old log house, just a place in which to sleep and in which to +hide when it storms outside. It has only two rooms for a large family. +The old man is in tatters, the wife is in tatters and the children are in +tatters, I have seen many, the least of the little ones, as naked as they +came into the world.</p> + +<p>The implements of such a farmer never saw shelter or protection from +the weather from the time they were bought from the store until they had +been disintegrated by rust and rot and had gone back into the original +mother earth to rest forevermore.</p> + +<p>The farmer himself had a personality that was uninviting and dirty. +He thought the good Lord had created him for just the sort of life he +was eking out, and he eschewed all progress. Good roads and decent +schools were things he never needed and he would not consent for such +improvements if they cost him anything. The old mongrel hen was +good enough because she could roost in the trees and lay at the same +time. The pinewood rooters were all right because they could make +their living by eating pine roots and other people’s crops. A half dozen +dogs were useful to feed. The old cow was still kept in the family because +of the ancestral history and not because of her utility.</p> + +<p>Slipshod methods in business have been the handicap of more farmers +than all the evils attending them. We very often receive congratulatory +letters from business men on our farmers’ programme and at the same +time these business men lament the fact that our farmers’ business methods +are so poorly managed.</p> + +<p>Not long ago we received notice that two of the wealthiest farmers, +Negro farmers, in Georgia had died. They were reputed to be worth +more than a hundred thousand dollars in cash besides the great land +holdings and other property they owned. Later when their estates were +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_35">[Pg 35]</span>settled up their business was in such a tangled condition, all interwoven +with that of their neighbors’, that there was nothing left for the wife and +children. I hope that we do not have in North Carolina such tangles +as the above. Whatever else the farmer does he ought to keep his business +straight. We have found out through our Federal Farm Loan Organization +that many farmers have bought and paid for farms and +have paid taxes on these farms for twenty years, but it would take a +“Philadelphia Lawyer” to find out whether the legal owner was the +farmer, the banker, or the land company, or the merchant. That is bad +business. Any man who mortgages his farm after he has paid for it +seriously jeopardizes his future as far as his farm is concerned. If +you have debts that must be met you had better sell a portion of your +farm outright and keep the other clean and clear. The mortgage business +is a bad business for the average farmer to take into his partnership. +The merchants, the business men, the state government and +national government, are all emphasizing every movement tending to +the exit of this mortgage system. The farmer, first of all, should give +it a hard kick.</p> + +<p>It is a matter of education first. These farmers’ meetings give us an +opportunity to inform ourselves. Our schools and our colleges are +helping us to get informed. The local conferences have no other purpose +than to help you to be informed on farm and business matters +relative to your farm. Bulletins sent out by the State and National +governments are among the greatest educational agencies. They are all +practically free. The farmer <em>who does not and will not</em> take advantage +of such agencies of information is certainly destined to be at the foot of +the ladder; and there is where he belongs. The farmer who is given +all the agencies and says he will not pull himself up ought to go down. +The sooner he goes with that spirit the better, so that some other man +can take his place and make good. I still see some of these old timers +carrying water across the field a half mile away, still taking care of the +family wash down by the river side, still holding on to the old ash pile. +These relics have been heirlooms in the family and we are reluctant to +let them go. It takes some spirit, some purpose and a great will to tear +away from these old traditions. It must be done if we are going to +advance. We must learn the lessons of experience. They have been sad +lessons to many farmers. These farmers’ conferences are bringing to +you lessons of scientific farming. Let the traditions go to the wind and +take hold of the new problems in your farming and farming business +that will bring success, happiness and a life.</p> + +<p>Today as never before the farmer is coming into his own. Watch +the agricultural papers and magazines. Visit our county and state fairs. +See the interest and note the comparisons in our community fairs. Progress +is in the air. If there are those who do not believe it, they will +believe it, and feel the impress of the upward move, or they must get +out of the business. Any farmer, white or colored, who does not line up +with the best farming methods of the community is bound to lose out on +his farm. The lessons may be hard, but as a class of farmers you must +get these lessons.</p> + +<p>The first lesson that must come to every farmer is that he must line +up or unite with other farmers in the prosecution of his work. Every +industry is organized except that of farming. The farmer produces his +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_36">[Pg 36]</span>crops, and, unorganized, sells them to any bidder who comes along and +takes his price or nothing. Organization will help the farmer to get the +best price for his products. No man works very long by himself at anything. +You cannot make it alone. Coöperation is the word. You get +coöperation by organization. Every industry that is worth the name is +organized.</p> + +<p>Organization helps you to buy as well as it helps you to sell. It will +get you the lowest prices for what you have to buy, and the highest +prices for what you have to sell. Single handed you pay what is charged +and sell it for what you can get, much or little. The government is fostering +the Federal Farm Loan Organization in order to put the farmer +on his feet. Are you using that organization? The state is encouraging +farm unions. They can be formed in every community where you +can find ten men, <em>ten real men</em>. Are you using this organization? +Some communities are using them very effectively. Our own Federal +Farm Loan Organization, the Tri-County Federal Farm Loan Organization, +of Bricks, N. C., has put into Negro farms and farm improvements +about seventy-five thousand dollars and has applications for +nearly as much more. Do we have your application?</p> + +<p>Let us illustrate what we want to impress relative to coöperation and +organization. A few years ago two renters came to the Brick School +farm. Each had one horse. The wives had a lot of small children +and could not be expected to do very much on the farm. One day I saw +a team of two horses plowing. The two men had united their horses +and were plowing their ground with a double team. One was plowing +and the other man was clearing up the ditch banks. They worked +tandem all summer and seemed to get fine results. They were happy in +their work and each was company for the other.</p> + +<p>A few years ago we needed here on the Brick School farm a peanut +thresher. No one could get the thresher alone, so an organization was +perfected and a peanut thresher was bought for two hundred dollars. +This thresher did fine work for many years, and brought the stockholders +a nice little revenue as long as it was in service. I cannot see +why a few men in every community cannot unite their efforts and get +everything they need on their farms.</p> + +<p>Every time I go to Rocky Mount I see scores and scores of wagons +on the road hauling tobacco to market. These wagons go in groups for +company and mutual help. I have counted as many as twenty in one +group, and I am sure the different groups represent a certain community. +These communities of small farmers ought to unite and buy jointly a +truck. Some of these grouped teams travel, to my personal knowledge, +thirty miles with their tobacco. This trip takes two days and one night +to land the sale. The teams and the men alike are unfit for work for +several days thereafter. Count the cost of man, wagon and animals. +The automobile will do the same work in a few hours and be ready +instantly for other work. If the farmer drives his wagon half of his time +on the road is lost driving this way and that getting out of the road for +trucks and automobiles. If you cannot put your products on the market +as fast as your neighbor you cannot compete with him. That is all. +If you cannot do it single handed unite your forces. That is the commonest +of common sense.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_37">[Pg 37]</span></p> + +<p>Farmers cannot hire ditching done any more. Ditching with pick +and shovel is a past art. You cannot pay the price, and you cannot +find the ditcher. Ditching is now a profession. The last time we had +our work done by hand the gentleman came in a large Buick, worked a +few hours for a few days and the job was done. The element of drudgery +is too great. We are living in an age of steam and gas and power. +Why strain the muscles when you can turn the throttle with the weight +of one finger and the work is done? You can buy a machine ditcher, +drawn by horse power, for as little as forty dollars. If done with hired +help it does not take but a few yards to cost forty dollars. Two mules +and a machine ditcher will make more ditches in a day than ten men can +make in a week. Here the drudgery is eliminated. Any boy can drive +the team. Why not join your forces and buy a ditcher or buy it by +yourself? A dozen peanut growers will pay more to thresh their peanuts +in one year than a whole peanut outfit will cost. At the same time +it is yours and you can thresh your peanuts when you please to do it. +You will have the outfit for many years, depending upon the care you +give it. We are paying now around ten dollars a cord for cutting wood. +The best woodcutters cannot cut more than two cords of wood in the +woods a day. Do you know that you can buy a wood saw that will fell +the tree and cut up the wood, and that one man can cut as much as fifteen +cords in one day? Muscular strength and drudgery are again +eliminated. Why not a few of you unite your forces and buy a machine, +and in a few days lay in all the wood you need for the winter and summer +use? Do you like to trudge along the old way because it is traditional? +I do not know of anything more annoying than to have to run +to the woods or wood pile morning, noon and night, to cut wood for the +preparation of the meal. To me it would be enough to spoil the temper +of a saint.</p> + +<p>Here is a fine proposition suggested to me by a former Brickite. I +am not sure that it is original with him, but it is a fine proposition and +I am passing it along:</p> + +<p>The average farmer who is working on his own farm or farming on +his own account must grow not less than four or five hundred bushels of +peanuts yearly or more. Some, to my knowledge, grow eight hundred +and a thousand bushels. It usually costs twenty-five cents a sack to +thresh this amount. One sack holds about four bushels. It will cost +twenty-five dollars to thresh one hundred sacks or four hundred bushels. +Form a company of sufficient numbers and let them pay for their stock +exactly what they would pay to an outsider for threshing their peanuts. +If properly handled it would pay for itself in one year and after that +it ought to clear a dividend.</p> + +<p>There is one outstanding difficulty in this as in nearly everything in +which we engage in coöperative manner. That one man who will take +the leadership. Where is he? He must be unselfish, honest and level-headed.</p> + +<p>I am speaking especially with reference to farmers who have limited +means and not much help. Coöperation and organization ought to +mean more than a little partnership. To organize and coöperate for +community uplift and progress takes a lot of intelligence and honesty. +I would not impugn your citizenship and standing in the community to +say that you lacked either as farmers. It is a fact that most of us as +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_38">[Pg 38]</span>farmers are hard to understand some of the simplest business relations. +When the business demands that we shall pay our bills by a bank check +and require a receipt, and that all these operations should be booked, and +when an auditor is called in to balance our accounts and check up our +mistakes we are too quick to think that our honesty is questioned. There +is no other way to do business when others are involved in that business. +<em>The honest man wants to be checked up.</em> It gives him a standing that +nothing else will. Treasurers and secretaries of any organization, +whether churches, Sunday Schools, secret orders, debating societies, or +what not, have no business keeping other people’s money in their personal +possession. The banks are the national depositories for all such +organizations and other people’s money ought to be kept there.</p> + +<p>It should not only be put in the bank, but it ought to be put there to +the credit of the institution to which it belongs. This may not be good +farming, but it is good business. I know of at least one man who went +to the penitentiary for using other people’s money for only a few days +and could not replace it. Organizations and companies should demand +cancelled checks and receipts for all expenses every so often in a joint +meeting. If officers count this an infringement upon their personal +integrity dismiss them and get officers who do not so regard it. It is +the only way to do business.</p> + +<p>We do not organize more and do not succeed better because we lack +faith in each other. This is perfectly natural. The Negroes have been +schooled in credulousness for a great many years. The encumbrance +of so long an inheritance cannot be so easily thrown off. Expect the +best that is in your neighbor and your neighbor will prove up to your +highest expectation. You not only make your neighbor better by your +good thoughts of him, but you add to your own spiritual and mental +growth incalculably. You grow yourself.</p> + +<p>Farmers must buy modern machinery for their farm. It is the best +investment you can make. Corn planters, cotton planters, gang plows, +and machinery of every sort that will save you worry and steps should +be bought. You cannot afford to farm without these implements. If +you do you must be left behind in the occupation of farming. You can +not make it. I think a farmer who can buy an automobile ought to be +able to buy a tractor engine. With a tractor engine you can plow, +harrow, and plant your ground while your neighbor is breaking his +ground, and you have beaten him a hundred miles in the manner in +which you have prepared the soil. At the close of the day you are +not too tired to go with your family to the moving picture show or to +some community entertainment where you may get an inspirational +uplift for the next day’s work. Look at your neighbors. That is what +they do and keep ahead of you.</p> + +<p>I think the farmer who is making good ought to buy a Ford car. I +saw a big farmer the other day who lived out about eight miles from +Rocky Mount. He was driving a horse and buggy. I asked him how +much money he had cleared the year before on his farm and he said +that he had cleared over and above all expenses about three thousand +dollars. It took him a good half day to drive to Rocky Mount for his +plow point. He might have saved the trip or run over there in twenty +minutes and made his purchase and had the rest of the day for work +on his farm if he had owned a Ford car. I am not arguing that one +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_39">[Pg 39]</span>should purchase modern machinery with which to facilitate his work +in order to give him more time to be idle. It will give him more time +to do the things that machinery cannot do. The good farmer never +has idle time. Time spent at a farmers’ conference is not idle time. +The matter of getting the latest and best information on farming methods +is the most important thing that a farmer can do. One cannot put +into practice on his farm or anywhere else what he does not know.</p> + +<p>Improved machinery means more intelligence on the farm. Farming +is the most complicated and diversified occupation there is in the world. +It takes a horticulturist to grow apples to perfection. It takes a dairyman +of the best type to put milk and butter on the market to meet state +and county inspection and public approval. It takes a mechanic of the +highest quality to keep up repair on the farm of fences, houses and machinery. +It takes a bookkeeper to keep farm accounts and records. He +must be something of a Wall Street broker to keep up with market prices +so that he will know how and when to sell his farm products. He must +be an electrician and an engineer as well if he is going to compete with +his neighbor who lights his house with a Delco light and runs all of his +machinery with power.</p> + +<p>When you come to live stock you have a world without end of necessary +information for your success. Cattle, cows, sheep, hogs, horses, +poultry, bees, and scores of special strains of each, every one of them requiring +special treatment and expert knowledge. If the farmer has the +inclination and the will he can become specialist in any one of these +lines. There are men who do nothing but breed the special brands of +high bred stock. There are those who breed bees and who supply the +world’s demands of purebred queen bees. The higher you go in this +specialization the more you become the world’s greatest benefactor.</p> + +<p>I have been studying about the value of limes upon the soils. To be +a first-class farmer you must be a chemist of the first magnitude. You +as farmers, have no idea of the part that chemicals must play in the production +of your crops. The fertilizer that will bring to perfection one +crop will kill another. You must know the fertilizer and know the +nature of the soil on which this fertilizer is to be used and you must know +how well a certain grade of fertilizer is adapted to the seed you want +to produce. Every first-class farm is a chemical laboratory and the +farmer is a chemist. Every first-class farmer must be something of a +physicist as well. Every first-class farmer must be something of a doctor +as well for all animals are subject to bodily disorders that must be +corrected by medical advice. He must also be a weather prophet. You +cut your hay and let the storm come on it and see where your profits +go. You must be able to read the signs in the heavens and the published +directions. Your job is a big one requiring as you go up the +most complicated knowledge about every thing under the sun. I have +said nothing about plant diseases and insect life affecting the success of +the farmer nor that world or destruction hid in the unseen bacteria. As +farmers you may be sluggards moving along on the lowest possible level +of life or you may be a prince living in a palace. There are a lot of us +on the lower levels who ought to move up to the higher gradations. You +can get more out of your farm life but you must <em>know how</em>.</p> + +<p>If you expect to work simply as a hireling you will not need this +information to any great extent. You only have to do as you are told +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_40">[Pg 40]</span>to do as a hireling. You may never as a hireling be asked to use even +your own initiative in an emergency. If you expect to manage a farm +you must have initiative and some executive ability. Twenty acres or +more constitute a farm. If you have that much land you are a farmer +and you must move on your own initiative.</p> + +<p>The days of ignorant farming are passing. The government cannot +and does not encourage ignorant farming. The times are demanding +better schools and better roads. These two improvements are here and +the farmers must pay the bills. Your farm must make you a living and +enough more to meet these public expenses. If your intelligence will +not make the ends meet, then before a great while the taxes will eat you +up and your land will go into the ownership of men who have the intelligence +to make the land meet the bills for public improvements. As +farmers you must subscribe to every public improvement that comes into +your community. You must buy stocks, bonds and meet public taxes. +These improvements all increase the value of your farm. Selfishness +and personal ends must not hold back community progress in any line. +You are a part of the community and when you hold back its progress +you defeat yourself. Not to know is no longer an excuse. <em>You must +know.</em> You cannot stay at home and pride yourself that you never go +to a farmers’ meeting and expect to know. Wherever people are gathered +together to discuss public problems there you may go to learn. There is +where you get in the spirit of things. There is where you get knowledge. +There is where you get the inspiration. The spirit of rivalry and competition +will go a long way to help us in our farm operations. There is a +farmer in Nash County who thinks he can beat every one else in the +county growing watermelons. There is a score of farmers in his community +quietly trying to beat <em>him</em>. The result is that there are better +watermelons grown in that community than in any other community in +the county.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_41">[Pg 41]</span></p> + +<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop"> + +<div class="chapter"> +<h2> + RURAL LIFE</h2> +<p class="center no-indent">(continued)<br> +<br> +<span class="smcap">Farmers’ Congress, August 16, 17, 1921</span></p> +</div> + + +<p>It is worth very much to any man who is interested in agricultural +operations to take a leisurely trip four hundred miles through North +Carolina in an automobile. A party of us left Bricks July 11th and +joined Rev. P. R. DeBerry in Raleigh. Taking his big Studebaker car, +we were off the 12th for a two days trip among the colored farmers of +the central and western part of the state.</p> + +<p>We were not touring, nor sightseeing, nor joy riding. Our one purpose +was to study the land, the people and the conditions under which +our colored farmers were living. We wanted to see what conditions were +compatible and what were not compatible. The trip took us through +about eighteen counties.</p> + +<p>We started our study in Edgecombe County. This is the county in +which Brick School is located. This county should be the first in all of +its operations because of its educational advantages and the inspiration +it ought to receive from this institution.</p> + +<p>There are in the county now about 25,000 Negroes. These Negroes +own 4,000 farms and homes, numbering about 17,000 acres of land. +Some individuals own as much as 500 acres. We are sorry to say that +most of this land is not under the most improved condition. We have +not been able to have in this county a full time farm demonstration agent. +The Brick School and our farm meetings have given very much impulse +to farm operations, but even this has not reached all the farmers in ways +to stimulate them to their greatest efforts. We lack time, money and +authority that ought to come directly from the state. It has been demonstrated +in other counties that nothing is so valuable in stimulating the +farmers as a real, live, wide-a-wake farm demonstration agent who lives +and works among the farmers every day. A farm not half developed and +not improved is not an asset to the state nor to the owner. It ought to +come into the highest state of production, then only does it become +wealth.</p> + +<p>The school population of this county is about 7,000 children with an +enrollment of about 5,000 children, whose average attendance is about +3,000 under the compulsory law. The county has a colored school supervisor +who gives the work all of her time. Mrs. Carrie Battle has revolutionized +the school work under her charge. She is insistent and tireless. +Every one knows her and respects her. Her office is in the courthouse +at Tarboro. The white county officials hold her in the highest +esteem. The teachers and schoolhouses rank among the best in the state +for colored people.</p> + +<p>I do not know anything that affects public improvements and progress +more than good roads. The farmers are generally slow to vote for good +roads, but no class of people appreciate them more than the farmer when +they are built. The area of the county is 515 square miles, and yet I have +traveled over every part of the county and over some of the best roads +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_42">[Pg 42]</span>in the state. The local papers tell us that a cement road leading across +the county is now in process of construction. This road will eventually +lead into Raleigh, some fifty miles away.</p> + +<p>Halifax County has an area of 681 square miles, with a colored population +of nearly 30,000 souls. They own 70,000 acres of land. Their +school population is around 10,000, with an enrollment of about 7,000, +and an average attendance of about 3,000 children. This county has a +colored school supervisor who has done a very fine work among the +colored people. The colored people meet every condition set by the state +and county for the erection of colored schoolhouses. A few months ago +they had raised their part for twelve Rosenwald schoolhouses, and had to +wait on the county and state to recoupe their part. They will meet any +condition set for them. The colored population is not congested in any +one part of the county. They are located in every section of the county +and about evenly distributed. Their homes, for the most part, are clean, +and their houses are well constructed and show signs of thrift and happiness. +Very few colored farmers have migrated from this section of the +state. Those who have gone from Halifax County can hardly be missed. +This in itself shows that the racial equilibrium is not much disturbed.</p> + +<p>Nash County, which joins us on the west, is one of our best farming +communities. The fifteen thousand Negroes in the county own more +than 25,000 acres of land and more than 2,000 farms. They are a progressive +lot of colored people. They have a number of independent +schools aside from the public schools. They have excellent churches, and +their homes are being built on modern lines. This county has twelve +miles of cement road running from Rocky Mount to Nashville, the county +seat. The contour of the county is rolling and red clay. The important +towns are Nashville, Spring Hope, Middlesex, and let us say a part of +Rocky Mount. There is a great deal of the land in this county uncultivated +and developed. It waits only for the man who has the brain and +the energy. The county has no county farm demonstration agent nor +colored school supervisor. I do not know what can be more advantageous +to the success of the colored farmer than the addition of a colored farm +demonstration agent and a colored school supervisor. While the preachers +are ministering to the spiritual needs of our folks and the teachers +are directing their intellectual life, and the state and county health offices +are looking after the health of the masses, the farm demonstration +agents and the colored school supervisors are daily giving inspiration +and purpose to rural life everywhere. The state and county are the direct +beneficiaries of the work of these two agents. Having five children go to +school every day from one family where formerly only three went means +very much for the literacy of the state.</p> + +<p>Teaching boys how to grow forty bushels of corn on the same acreage +where their fathers could grow only ten is adding very much to the +wealth of the state. The community which does not appreciate and +recognize this truth is impervious to eternal values. Every farmers’ +conference tells how much increase there has been in corn, peas, cotton, +peanuts, oats, rye, tobacco, and other things under the direction of our +farm demonstration agents.</p> + +<p>We pass through Franklin County into Wake. Every one knows that +Raleigh is in Wake County. As soon as you arrive in Wakefield or +Zebulon, both small country hamlets, you know that you must be about +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_43">[Pg 43]</span>fifteen miles from the capital city. Hard-surfaced roads present such a +temptation to touch the accelerator just a little, and little, and again a +little more, and again, if you do not happen to see any motorcycles lurking +about. The colored population of this county is less than 30,000, +and they own less than 6,000 farms. They own about 60,000 acres of +land. Their school population is about 10,000, with an enrollment of +about 7,000, and an average daily attendance of about 4,000 children. +We ought to expect the school average to be higher, of course, being adjacent +to the seat of state authority. Wake County has had for a number +of years two colored agents, in the person of Miss Delany for the schools, +and Professor Roberts for the farmers. They have gone in and out of the +farm homes daily carrying inspiration and encouragement and inspiring +hope. The daily contact with these personalities has been the leavening +power in the county. We have seen for a number of years the finest +products that could be produced on exhibition in our colored State Fair. +In the city market in Raleigh every day in the year one will see these +same fine farm products. They will do justice to any racial group. +Here one will see what the agents are doing to help the farmers to conserve +and preserve their products. The homes of the farmers show neatness +and cleanliness. We have been greatly surprised to see how far +some of our farmers have gone in beautifying their homes and premises. +<em>This is as it should be.</em></p> + +<p>The excellent public schools of Raleigh, the fine institutions represented +by St. Augustine School and Shaw University have given the +colored rural population a great inspiration. The well ordered homes of +some of their city cousins have also been an inspiration to the colored +rural population.</p> + +<p>There are so many opportunities, educational and inspirational, about +the state capitol, that it is almost like living under the shadows of a +great university. Then the main thoroughfares are so fine that those +living in the most remote parts of the county ought to have no difficulty +or count it no hardship to go to the city for lectures, recitals, conventions, +conferences, and for general consultation with those under state authority. +These opportunities are the best sort of unearned increment.</p> + +<p>We pass from Wake County to Chatham County. There are no less +than 8,000 colored people in Chatham County. They own about 2,000 +farms and homes, and about 30,000 acres of land. The two small towns, +Moncure and Haywood, have quite a settlement of colored people. At +Haywood they seem rather isolated and some of the homes had a progressive +appearance. The disadvantages under which we started, the +social, industrial, business and educational status, in which we find ourselves +should not be allowed to differentiate from other people who live +in the same community and in the same environment.</p> + +<p>If other racial groups living in the same community have their homes +painted, flowers in their gardens and other ornaments that add to home +life and beauty, it is perfectly right that we should catch the inspiration. +If we cannot be leaders in these matters, we ought to be good followers. +We have the labor, and a gallon of paint and a paint brush will work +wonders in a few hours. If we cannot keep the yard fence looking decent +and in repair let us move it. We must take personal pride in the community +in which we live. It is the best sort of civic pride. In this +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_44">[Pg 44]</span>community we ought to prove our best selves. Chatham County has disgraced +itself recently with a lynching bee.</p> + +<p>Crossing the river into Lee County we were very much impressed with +the sign, “You are welcome to Lee County.” This large sign was in a +most conspicuous place and we interpreted it to mean what it said, and +that we were included in the invitation. We stopped to ponder and to +contrast the difference. We have been in parts of our country where the +overhead signs read, “Nigers and dogs not wanted.” We have seen in +other parts where land was advertised for sale and the biggest asset in +the advertisement was the absence of Negroes from the community.</p> + +<p>There are less than 4,000 colored people in Lee County. They own +about 700 farms and about 8,000 acres of land. The area of the county +is very small, and the entire population less than 15,000.</p> + +<p>I have been for several years on a local inter-racial committee. Since +the world war it has been necessary to have such a committee in the +South on inter-racial relations. I am also on the state inter-racial committee. +That means that I am always looking out for the small things +and the larger things, too, as we make our daily rounds, that count for +good will and peace between the two racial groups. At Sanford we saw +a large number of colored men at work as carpenters and bricklayers on +some of the finest buildings going up in the city. I was shown others +and advised that they were the work of colored carpenters, under colored +contractors. A former Brick School boy was foreman on one of the +jobs. These contractors and workmen were personal friends of mine, +and later I had the pleasure of seeing some of their own homes and +business. They were among the best in the community. Broadway, +Cumnock, and Jonesboro are progressive communities in which the +colored people are doing well. I was advised that only a few of the +colored people had migrated from this part of the state. It means that +they are happy and that they can buy homes in communities that are +compatible. After all, we must have compatibility in our homes and in +our neighborhood, in our community, in our relations with the outside +world. I would not live a week in a community that was not compatible. +To receive a gibe and a thrust every time one steps on the street, or into +a corner grocery, or on the public highway, by other racial groups is +contemptible, and especially so when one knows that there is absolutely +no redress for that sort of contempt. One wonders what the preachers +are preaching or what the schools are teaching. Patriotism, love of community, +social and personal progress are of slow growth in such communities +where there is so much incompatibility.</p> + +<p>All the world has heard of Moore County. It is an area of 798 square +miles. The main line of the Seaboard railroad crosses it from north to +south. It is crossed and recrossed by Page’s railroad. Here is Southern +Pines, Pinehurst, Jackson Springs, Carthage, and scores of other smaller +towns. The names are common to the resorter and tourist. It has a +population of less than 6,000 Negroes, who own about 16,000 acres of +land. Excluding the villages and towns, twenty-five years ago I would +not have paid the taxes for all the rest of the land. Twenty-five years +ago I went all over the county, and one could scarcely get anywhere for +the sand and roads were practically unknown. Sand, sand, sand—everywhere +sand.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_45">[Pg 45]</span></p> + +<p>Moore County is now the veritable garden spot of the state. The local +intersecting railroads have changed hands. Fine public highways have +been built in every direction. The tourist and capitalist, making their +annual visits to this section, have discovered in that vast land undiscovered +possibilities of wealth. Thousands and thousands of acres of +this waste have been converted into peach orchards. Peach packing stations +have been built all along the track for the convenience of the peach +shippers. I was told that several trains of peaches were shipped daily +to the Northern market. Where the land was not already planted I saw +the Fordson tractors getting it ready for fall planting. Most of this +undeveloped land was what is called cut-over land. It is absolutely +barren except for a lot of shrubby pines, shrubby oaks and some native +tough grasses and wild composite flowers. Tupelle and poplar may be +found in the swamps and lowlands.</p> + +<p>I wondered as I passed along to get a bit of information here and +there, if our colored people were learning to do by doing. I wondered +if they were getting the inspiration. Sixteen thousand acres of land +ought to be the nucleus of an industry. A hundred acres ought to make +a good peach farm. What an opportunity for the colored man who has +brain and industry and some little money and a great ambition. We have +not the faintest idea of the wonderful opportunities in the millions of +acres of the waste lands of our southern country. These lands are just +begging the capitalist to come and invest in the undeveloped resources +of its bosom. It is there, but it just needs the brain and some little +money. The brawn is there, too; it just needs the intelligent direction. +Compatible conditions will keep it there.</p> + +<p>The land in Moore County will never again sell for one dollar an +acre while peaches are selling for three dollars a bushel at the tree. Most +of the trees bear from two to five bushels of peaches. They are planted +about fifteen feet apart. It takes about 150 trees to the acre. Any one +can figure the income at that rate. These peaches ought to begin bearing +in three years. There is nothing so fabulous as the income per acre from +such an investment. There is nothing so sure. Some of the rows as we +viewed them seemed endless. Greensboro, sixty miles away, was sending +trucks to the peach area daily for loads of peaches for the local market, +in Greensboro. A little while back one of these peach orchards sold for +$85,000.</p> + +<p>The business of supervision has become so important that many of +the growers combine and employ an expert from the State Department of +Agriculture. They can pay more than the state can pay for such expert +supervision. The work is as yet in its infancy. We are advising our +Negro boys to go to our best agricultural schools and specialize in this +department of fruit cultivation so that they can manage such enterprises +as these large fruit farms. They do not seem to get the vision. As long +as our folks are buying farms, and they are increasing their holdings +every year, there are vast opportunities for their services as horticulturists. +Ten Negro farmers in Moore County, North Carolina, ought to +be able to get together and make peach-growing worth while to the +group. Their traditions and the local environment have taken away +their inspiration. They also lack knowledge. They have not been +schooled in initiative of this sort. Coöperation with most of us has been +a doubtful experiment. We must learn and grow more before we can +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_46">[Pg 46]</span>take hold of the larger industries that require large coöperation. Experience +and knowledge are vital to the success of any enterprise. The +great enterprises of the North have been growing coöperatively since the +country was discovered. The South has been giving its time to matters +of social adjustments. The adjustment of its racial groups has been its +nightmare by day as well as by night. Hatreds, jealousies, prejudices, +have entered too much into our daily contact and relations to allow us to +grow nationally. The conditions of all progress are in education, industry, +compatibility.</p> + +<p>I read somewhere that the conscious mind may not get a true perspective +and may error. Still it is conscious. When I read in the papers +every day and note all the deviltries perpetrated here and there all over +the South, I wonder that we have all gotten along as well as we have, +and especially do I wonder how the Negro has made such progress. Then +I hear that the subconscious mind never errors. The conscious mind +would have me riled and leaving the country, boot and baggage, when I +read what is happening somewhere else outside of North Carolina. The +subconscious mind comes in and says to me, when I am quiet and alone +and perhaps when I am half asleep, “No, do not get discouraged.” The +South is the garden spot of the world. It has the prettiest moons, the +brightest days, its florescence on a thousand hills and in as many vales +scatters its fragrance and beauty three hundred and sixty-five days in +the year. Its cataracts, rills, and springs sparkle with diamonds of +beauty and health. The woods and swamps are filled with every sort of +game, her rivers and lakes abound with every known fish for the sportsmen, +her climate is the most equitable in the world, the rainfall the most +evenly distributed, the storms not so awfully destructive, the exotic population +the least of that of any other similar area, with an adapted vegetation +from the highest altitudes to the equator. The contour of the +surface is high or low as one likes it. Smooth or rough. The Blue Ridge +Mountains afford a retreat from the Northern winters as well as a +retreat from the Southern sun. Her altitude, pine forest and splendid +waters are an asset that no other country in the world can equal. In the +next few years more than fifty millions of dollars will be spent in North +Carolina alone for public roads. Steam roads and electric cars will soon +intersect every nook and corner of the state. The most inaccessible parts +of the state and the South will become the public highways. Automobiles +and trucks will bring the most remote farms to the city markets daily. +The telephone and radio are already available in our country homes.</p> + +<p>In the next two years North Carolina will spend four millions of +dollars for Negro health and education. This has already been passed +by state Legislature. This amount of money put into health and education +in any community will make a change. It shows an enlightenment +of public sentiment and a change of attitude on the part of the citizens +of the state. Progress cannot and will not be thwarted. Education, enlightenment, +Christianity—this trio is the saving grace of any community. +I do not know of any place better than North Carolina. <em>This +is my subconscious mind.</em> It never errors.</p> + +<p>We leave Moore County and cross into Montgomery County. This is +what we call a hickory country. The land is rocky and red with hills +almost precipitous. We could not visit many of the colored people +because of the inaccessibility of most of the rural homes. The colored +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_47">[Pg 47]</span>population is about 4,000, and they pay taxes on about 8,000 acres of +land. They are engaged in general agriculture, corn, tobacco and cotton +being their prevailing crops. They have a few cotton factories in the +town of Troy and more in the county, and many lumber mills. The +Pedee River and its tributaries furnish a large part of the power for +the factory work. The county has a real gold mine which was profitably +worked a few years ago. It was my pleasure to visit it some years ago +when it was in operation. It has been abandoned, and the machinery +and buildings show signs of a past prosperity.</p> + +<p>The town of Troy has one of the two wooden courthouses left in the +state. It was being replaced by a modern stone structure. It will cost +when finished about $200,000. I am told that the stone in the construction +of this building was taken from the site on which the building stands. +It rather reminds one of our Northern centers in that it stands at the +juncture of a number of the public roads leading into the town.</p> + +<p>The Peabody School, under the auspices of the American Missionary +Association of New York, is the only institution in all of that part of +the country giving anything like a high school education to the colored +people in all of that section of the country. The school is beautiful for +its location just out of the city. It fronts a public road and is on high +ground with splendid drainage. Several of their buildings are new and +up-to-date for school purposes.</p> + +<p>A hard-surfaced road is in construction from Charlotte to Raleigh. +The distance is nearly two hundred miles. It will probably pass through +nine counties. It will open up a country of immense possibilities. A +cement bridge connecting up this road is already in construction across +the Yadkin River. This bridge will be nearly or quite 2,000 feet long. +It would ornament the approach to any Northern city.</p> + +<p>From Troy we went to Biscoe, Star and Ashboro in Randolph County. +This is also an oak and hickory county. The roads took us through a +very fine section of the country. The country looks very undeveloped. +The roads were very fine. The rural homes appeared rather small. Many +of the women along the roads were seen bottoming chairs. Chair-making +seemed to be one of the main industries in that section. The frames of +the chairs were made at the factories and sent out to the country women +to have the bottoms put in them. These bottoms were made of white +oak splits. The absence of colored people engaged in this business seemed +very noticeable.</p> + +<p>The town of Ashboro had all the appearances of being a hustling town. +More than a half dozen buildings were going up. We saw no colored +carpenters or bricklayers on the job anywhere. We were advised that +no colored men were allowed to work at their trade in the town. We saw +several colored mechanics with their kit of tools packed, leaving the town. +Some of them we knew to be the equal of any mechanics in any other +group of workers. Still their mechanical efficiency counted nothing. It +was their unfortunate tradition, and their black faces which counted +them out. Here my conscious mind came up again. We did not have +the feeling that we had when we left Lee County. A man ought to be +passed on his merits and not on his color. They wanted mechanics, but +not black mechanics. These men would do well to migrate. Wherever +they went I know they were in the frame of mind to swear vengeance +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_48">[Pg 48]</span>against any community that would tolerate that sort of condition. That +is what makes socialists, bolsheviks, and Catholics out of us.</p> + +<p>We soon find ourselves in Guilford County. We arrive in High Point +and remain long enough to see friends and inquire about the conditions +of our farmers.</p> + +<p>I think it true that there are more manufacturers of furniture in this +county than in any other county in the state. The Brick School has +bought furniture in New York only to await shipment from High Point. +Later we have gone to High Point and seen this furniture in the making. +These two cities are in the oak and hickory section of the state. I have +seen its street cars in Philadelphia, New York, Baltimore, Washington, +Asheville, Atlanta, Ga., Birmingham, Ala. Of course a business of this +size will give work of one sort or another to a great many of our colored +laborers. There are 15,000 of our people in Guilford County. They +own 3,000 homes and farms. They are paying taxes on 17,000 acres of +land. The Negroes in Guilford County have the inspiration of one of +the best state colleges for Negroes to be found in the South. The college +ought to be the center of all the best influence for farming in a hundred +miles about it. If they are found to be using poor farming methods they +ought to be fined. Alamance, Orange and Durham counties are rather +small counties, but they have some of the best farms and form some of +the best farming and industrial communities to be found in the state. +Durham is really the emporium for Negro enterprise and thrift. Tobacco, +cotton and corn, and some wheat are the leading farm products +in this section of the state. Gibsonville, Burlington, Graham and Hillsboro +are thriving towns. They are centers of cotton and furniture manufacturing +interests.</p> + +<p>This study took us through about fifteen counties. We were not +investigating the town and city conditions, but the farming interests. +In counties where they had rural supervisors there was a marked difference +in the attitude and progress of the farmers. Their outward +appearance was different from what we saw several years ago. The +farmers were better clad; their work animals were in better condition; +their teams were not all dilapidated; many of them are using improved +machinery; their barns and houses were more orderly built and better +maintained; the houses in which they live are a decided improvement +over the old houses we usually see along the railroad. They are giving +more care to their wells and pumps. They are learning to screen their +windows. The ancestral waste barrel in many cases are being removed +from their kitchen windows. They are using more paint not only to +save their houses, but because it adds beauty to their premises. They +are planting flowers. They are putting out fruit trees and investing in +thoroughbred chickens, hogs and cows. These are all good signs. They +are really coming. Some have had to come from so far down the road +that it may appear that they have not made any progress. They are +coming nevertheless. At no place where we stopped did we have to +confine our diet to sweet potatoes and boiled eggs in order to preserve +our health by the osmosis process.</p> + +<p>We saw in many places attempts made to improve the soil. We found +alfalfa, red clover and crimson clover in the red clay sections. Peas +were grown generally. The farm demonstration agents and the farmers’ +conferences have been an inspiration to the farmers to grow legumes to +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_49">[Pg 49]</span>help the land to bring forth its fruit. They are learning that they cannot +use up the fertility of the soil and still have it. They are learning +that an investment in legumes is one of the best they can make for crop +productions.</p> + +<p>The papers have been saying that one man in four in the American +army is uneducated. If that is true it is a sad comment on the conditions +of this country. There is no power in the world to equal that of +education. We cannot exaggerate its power and its importance. A +trained mind, a trained hand and a trained heart are indomitable. An +unlettered man lives in isolation. He cannot appreciate the creation of +nature. There is no progress in isolation and a static mind atrophies. +Whatever be the proportion of illiteracy, those of us who move about +among the masses know that notwithstanding our private schools and +public schools, ignorance and superstition are simply appalling. It is +not only appalling, but it is dangerous to any environment. It is a +menace to the state and government.</p> + + +<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop"> +<div class="chapter"> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_50">[Pg 50]</span></p> + + + <h2 class="nobreak" id="BRICK_SCHOOL_IN_PERSPECTIVE"> + BRICK SCHOOL IN PERSPECTIVE + </h2> +</div> + + +<p>Work began at the Brick School in 1895 under the auspices of the +American Missionary Association. The “Estes Farm,” named after the +owner, General Estes of the Civil War, came into the possession of Mrs. +Julia E. Brewster Brick, of Brooklyn, New York, who found it a burden +on her hands. Mrs. Brick had visited the community, and her heart +had been made sad by the sights which greeted her on every side. The +sad faces and depressed spirits in a large environment of Negro congestion +appealed to her heart. She was responsive to this appeal. It was +the voice of God which she did not mistake.</p> + +<p>Her life and thoughts and heart had been attuned to this appeal, and +so she sought how best she might help the situation. The advice of +General Oliver O. Howard was sought. He introduced Secretary A. F. +Beard and Mr. H. W. Hubbard, at the time Treasurer of the American +Missionary Association. The result of this counsel was that a large +farm of 1,129½ acres of land in North Carolina three miles from the +town of Enfield was given to the American Missionary Association for +Negro education. With the gift came also from the same source $5,000 +for the first building.</p> + +<p>There followed other gifts from Mrs. Brick and from the American +Missionary Association, so that the farm was soon stocked with hogs, +horses, mules, cows and farm implements. Houses of various sorts, +including school buildings, dormitories, teachers’ cottages, tenant houses +and barns have been put up, valued at several hundred thousand dollars. +This beautiful munificence has been our saving grace during the last +twenty-seven years of stress and strain in the financial world.</p> + +<p>We began work with the modest number of five teachers. We now +have about twenty teachers and a few less than 400 students. The students +come from a dozen states and from nearly all the counties in North +Carolina. The larger number of them comes from a radius of fifty +miles.</p> + +<p>The purpose of the institution is to teach the students to do the things +the best way in the community where they may live. Being rurally +situated, the first and greatest appeal must be made along the line of an +agricultural education. The knowledge of how to extract from the soil +the largest and best products which the community may need for its +consumption is an asset in which any group of people may well take +pride. Most town and city boys coming to us have an aversion to this +form of education, and especially to the strenuousness necessary to an +efficient application of the most vital principles of agriculture.</p> + +<p>Horses have to be shod, and farmers have to have houses in which to +live and under which to shelter their stock. So we have to teach the boys +to work in iron and wood. Along with this goes some drawing and +planning. Tools and wagons must be kept in repair. Boys going back +to their communities ought to be later the real leaders in the community. +In many instances they are the leaders.</p> + +<p>While the boys are investing their time in the farm crafts and the shop +crafts the girls are learning to do needlework and house cleaning, washing +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_51">[Pg 51]</span>and sewing. They learn the home life by getting some of the conventionalities +of it here in the classroom under teachers who get from +Pratt and Columbia and other good schools the best they have to offer. +These teachers are themselves largely the products of our American Missionary +Association Schools. They have not been satisfied to “graduate +and quit,” but they have continued to study. In addition to giving the +boys work on the farm and in the shop, and the girls work in the kitchen, +laundry, dining-room and sewing-room, and general house cleaning, all +are offered a first-class high school course covering six years, preceded by +six years of elementary education.</p> + +<p>The writer of these notes is himself a product of Oberlin and Fisk +University. He knows how to do a great many things, including typesetting, +printing, farming, plumbing, some work in wood, poultry-raising +and agriculture, stock husbandry. He lectures, preaches sometimes, and +writes for newspapers. He counts himself a fair judge of artistic +values wherever they are on exhibition. He knows how utterly impossible +it is to try to do any one of the above things with any degree of +efficiency or even ordinary skill without mental training. The mind is +the master, and unless that has training and poise the hand fails. The +academic course is to meet this condition. Many of the boys and girls +stay to finish it, but the bulk never finish. Many of them do not stay +for the full course—not that they do not have the money in many +cases—but because education among the masses it not popular. They +have had a propaganda for many years that a little learning is a dangerous +thing. They have been advised that they belong to a subject +group, and that they need only the rudimentary necessaries of life. A +fine horse and buggy or a car and nice clothes make an appeal above any +sacrifice for study. It is the appeal for the glitter and the glare. This +false notion comes to the half grown youth because they got a bad start. +They were neglected in the public schools—parents ignorant of the +necessity of education on the one hand, and poorly prepared teachers on +the other hand, and poorly furnished and constructed schoolhouses. The +whole school environment has not been psychological. It has rather +been repulsive.</p> + +<p>Some who return to their homes are making good farmers, as evidenced +by their better crops, better fertility of their soil, better kept work +animals, better kept machinery, better homes, yards, and community life.</p> + +<p>Many of those who finish the high school course attend other schools +and later enter the ministry, dentistry, or become physicians, teachers, +Y. M. C. A. or Y. W. C. A. workers, or instructors in agriculture either +in our schools or as county farm demonstration agents. The best examples +are Isaac Bunn, farmer, and owns his own farm of 250 acres +bought and paid for in Halifax County; Benjamin Bullock, under the +Smith-Lever Fund, in charge of agriculture in the colored state college +in Texas; Rev. A. S. Croom, Baptist minister, Salisbury, N. C.; Dr. +Joseph Harrison, physician, Kinston, N. C.; Dr. Willie Sessoms, dentist, +Rocky Mount, N. C.; Dr. R. R. Robinson, physician, Los Angeles, Cal.; +Miss Hattie Green, Miss Lucy Richmond McCoy, Miss Susie Adams, +Young Women’s Christian Association work, New York; Miss Annie +Rhodes, teacher in the city schools of Chicago; Miss Lula Bullock, +teacher in city schools, Louisville, Ky.; George Bullock, manual training +in city schools of Louisville, Ky.; Joseph Bullock, a captain in the +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_52">[Pg 52]</span>army, and now a student of dentistry. More than a hundred have gone +out as graduates, and all are a leavening in the community in which they +live. The influence of the Brick School has counted in the community +life of the masses more than any other agency in operation. We mean +by “Community” the area of a circle of which the school is the center and +whose radius is twenty-five miles. We have three counties virtually +inside of this circle whose Negro population is more than 60,000. The +circle cuts into six other counties whose combined population is more +than 148,000 Negroes. The nearest institution under private auspices +doing anything like high school work is exactly sixty-three miles away. +We have a field all our own. The area in this circle is “our community.”</p> + +<p>We have sought all these years to better the community life by reaching +the farmers directly. To this end we have annually and semi-annually +farmers’ meetings. They come and spend one or two days at our +expense for entertainment, where they have contact with our teachers +and with men and women sent by the State Department of Agriculture +at Raleigh, who lecture on the best methods of farm and home life.</p> + +<p>We must do more than talk. We must help them. We have here a +local Federal Farm Loan Organization, and this organization in the +last three years has put into Negro farms more than $130,000. This +money is let by the United States government and on conditions that can +be met without hardship to the borrower. Titles are investigated, deeds +are properly made, and a new spirit is put into the farmers of the community. +We are encouraging our colored men to buy small farms of +twenty-five and fifty acres and build for themselves modest homes near +their public schools as far as they can, and not too far from their local +churches. We advise them to patronize these institutions freely and to +build up their community life.</p> + +<p>The vision has been a long ways off, like the rainbow, but they have +begun to catch it. In these three counties they are paying taxes on more +than 100,000 acres of land. Their homes are very much improved. +Their churches are excellent for rural communities. They are contributing +largely for the Rosenwald schools. In Halifax County they +have twelve, and more are now in construction, the colored people paying +one-third of the cost.</p> + +<p>They have helped us generously to erect several teachers’ cottages here +at Bricks, and $5,000 is now pledged for further improvements, which +will be paid as soon as farming conditions and prices enable them to +do so.</p> + +<p>Righteous public sentiment is of slow growth, and one cannot expect +to change traditions quickly whose roots have penetrated every strata +of society. It takes sympathy, patience, years, work, and some money.</p> + +<p class="right"> + <span class="smcap">T. S. Inborden.</span> +</p> + +<p>May 17, 18, 1922.</p> +<br> + + +<div class="pageborder"> + +<div class="chapter"> + <p class="center no-indent fs150 bold"> + <em>The</em> JOSEPH K. BRICK<br> + SCHOOL + <br> + <span class="fs70">BRICKS, N. C.</span> + </p> +</div> + + +<p class="no-indent">was organized twenty-seven years ago under the general +supervision of the American Missionary Association. It +offers a first-class High School Course, including Domestic +Science, Domestic Art, Agriculture, Work in Iron and +Steel, Mechanical Drawing, Instrumental and Vocal +Music.</p> + +<p>Board, lodging, light, heat, and laundering cost per +calendar month, $14.00. Tuition $2.00 and $2.50. Poor +boys over sixteen years of age may work out a part or all +of this amount.</p> + +<p>The School Farm contains 1,129½ acres.</p> + +<p>There are 23 school buildings and cottages.</p> + +<p>The postoffice handles four mails each day, giving +money order, registered mail, parcel post service.</p> + +<p>The telegraph and telephone connections are through +Enfield, N. C.</p> + +<p>Atlantic Coast Line Trains 33 and 34 stop at Bricks on +signal.</p> + +<p>Prepaid freight may be sent direct to Bricks, N. C. +Express may be sent to Enfield, N. C.</p> + +<p>The enrollment for last year was 385 students, under +the leadership of 22 teachers and officers.</p> + +<p>The students maintain religious, musical, and athletic +organizations.</p> + +<p>There is a student brass band to enliven outdoor sports.</p> + +<p>For Catalogue and other information, write</p> + + +<p class="center no-indent bold fs120">T. S. INBORDEN, <em>Principal</em></p> +</div> + + +<p class="center no-indent fs80">MITCHELL PRINTING CO., RALEIGH</p> + + +<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop"> + +<div class="chapter transnote"> + + <h2>Transcriber’s Notes</h2> +<ul> + <li>pg 3 Changed: Mojave Desert into Death Valley and to Sanfenando<br> + <span style="padding-left: 2em">To: Mojave Desert into Death Valley and to San Fernando</span></li> + + <li>pg 3 Changed: Santa Barbarbara, Ventura, Gaudaloupe, San Lois Obispo<br> + <span style="padding-left: 2em">To: Santa Barbara, Ventura, Guadaloupe, San Luis Obispo</span></li> + + <li>pg 6 Changed: Minnesota is the synonym for “Gold Metal”<br> + <span style="padding-left: 2em">To: Minnesota is the synonym for “Gold Medal”</span></li> + + <li>pg 6 Changed: To the unitiated it might seem<br> + <span style="padding-left: 2em">To: To the uninitiated it might seem</span></li> + + <li>pg 12 Changed: the towering snow-capped mountins<br> + <span style="padding-left: 2em">To: the towering snow-capped mountains</span></li> + + <li>pg 14 Changed: try the water as it somes fresh<br> + <span style="padding-left: 2em">To: try the water as it comes fresh</span></li> + + <li>pg 15 Changed: southern part of the valley, and also Bakerfield.<br> + <span style="padding-left: 2em">To: southern part of the valley, and also Bakersfield.</span></li> + + <li>pg 16 Changed: largest ferry boat in the forld<br> + <span style="padding-left: 2em">To: largest ferry boat in the world</span></li> + + <li>pg 16 Changed: We crossed the Sierra Madre over the Tehachepi<br> + <span style="padding-left: 2em">To: We crossed the Sierra Madre over the Tehachapi</span></li> + + <li>pg 17 Changed: known as the Tehachepi Mountains<br> + <span style="padding-left: 2em">To: known as the Tehachapi Mountains</span></li> + + <li>pg 17 Changed: fruits and nuts, hay and forage, dairy prducts<br> + <span style="padding-left: 2em">To: fruits and nuts, hay and forage, dairy products</span></li> + + <li>pg 17 Changed: daily tours to many of the surburban towns<br> + <span style="padding-left: 2em">To: daily tours to many of the suburban towns</span></li> + + <li>pg 18 Changed: When we were crossing the Techachepi Mountains<br> + <span style="padding-left: 2em">To: When we were crossing the Tehachapi Mountains</span></li> + + <li>pg 19 Changed: Rodrigeez, Cabrillo, Don Gasper de protola<br> + <span style="padding-left: 2em">To: Rodriguez, Cabrillo, Don Gasper de Portola</span></li> + + <li>pg 19 Changed: said to have four hundred squire miles<br> + <span style="padding-left: 2em">To: said to have four hundred square miles</span></li> + + <li>pg 20 Changed: We also pass Stamford University.<br> + <span style="padding-left: 2em">To: We also pass Stanford University.</span></li> + + <li>pg 21 Changed: public roads in Los Angeles and San Barnardino<br> + <span style="padding-left: 2em">To: public roads in Los Angeles and San Bernardino</span></li> + + <li>pg 24 Changed: We are in Humbolt County<br> + <span style="padding-left: 2em">To: We are in Humboldt County</span></li> + + <li>pg 24 Changed: several hundred miles through this tortious<br> + <span style="padding-left: 2em">To: several hundred miles through this tortuous</span></li> + + <li>pg 26 Changed: The road is tortious,<br> + <span style="padding-left: 2em">To: The road is tortuous,</span></li> + + <li>pg 27 Changed: Passing Council Bull in Iowa<br> + <span style="padding-left: 2em">To: Passing Council Bluffs in Iowa</span></li> + + <li>pg 28 Changed: from Spokane to Seattle to San Barnardino<br> + <span style="padding-left: 2em">To: from Spokane to Seattle to San Bernardino</span></li> + + <li>pg 30 Changed: Dr. Burton is a product of Taladega College<br> + <span style="padding-left: 2em">To: Dr. Burton is a product of Talladega College</span></li> + + <li>pg 32 Changed: I never say anything finer.<br> + <span style="padding-left: 2em">To: I never saw anything finer.</span></li> + + <li>pg 32 Changed: has lost one the greatest stars<br> + <span style="padding-left: 2em">To: has lost one of the greatest stars</span></li> + + <li>pg 32 Changed: but whereever they have had the opportunity<br> + <span style="padding-left: 2em">To: but wherever they have had the opportunity</span></li> + + <li>pg 33 Changed: After the world war he went to Tusla, Oklahoma<br> + <span style="padding-left: 2em">To: After the world war he went to Tulsa, Oklahoma</span></li> + + <li>pg 35 Changed: average farmer to take into his parnership<br> + <span style="padding-left: 2em">To: average farmer to take into his partnership</span></li> + + <li>pg 42 Changed: school poulation is around 10,000<br> + <span style="padding-left: 2em">To: school population is around 10,000</span></li> + + <li>pg 43 Changed: the main thoroughfares ars so fine<br> + <span style="padding-left: 2em">To: the main thoroughfares are so fine</span></li> + + <li>pg 48 Changed: there are more manfacturers of furniture<br> + <span style="padding-left: 2em">To: there are more manufacturers of furniture</span></li> + + <li>pg 48 Changed: college ought to be the certer of all<br> + <span style="padding-left: 2em">To: college ought to be the center of all</span></li> + + <li>pg 48 Changed: preserve our health by the osmos process<br> + <span style="padding-left: 2em">To: preserve our health by the osmosis process</span></li> + + <li>pg 50 Changed: school buildings, domitories, teachers’ cottages<br> + <span style="padding-left: 2em">To: school buildings, dormitories, teachers’ cottages</span></li> +</ul> +</div> + +<div style='text-align:center'>*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 78199 ***</div> +</body> +</html> diff --git a/78199-h/images/cover.jpg b/78199-h/images/cover.jpg Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..fa50fb3 --- /dev/null +++ b/78199-h/images/cover.jpg diff --git a/78199-h/images/titlepage.jpg b/78199-h/images/titlepage.jpg Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 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