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diff --git a/78153-h/78153-h.htm b/78153-h/78153-h.htm new file mode 100644 index 0000000..a3b1373 --- /dev/null +++ b/78153-h/78153-h.htm @@ -0,0 +1,12477 @@ +<!DOCTYPE html> +<html lang="en"> +<head> + <meta charset="UTF-8"> + <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1"> + <title> + Thirteen days | Project Gutenberg + </title> + <link rel="icon" href="images/cover.png" type="image/x-cover"> + <style> + +body { + margin-left: 10%; + margin-right: 10%; +} + +h1,h2,h3,h4,h5,h6 { + text-align: center; /* all headings centered */ + clear: both; +} + +p { + margin-top: .5em; + text-align: justify; + margin-bottom: .5em; +} + +.p2 {margin-top: 2em;} +.p6 {margin-top: 6em;} + +hr { + width: 33%; + margin-top: 2em; + margin-bottom: 2em; + margin-left: 33.5%; + margin-right: 33.5%; + clear: both; +} + +hr.tb {width: 45%; margin-left: 27.5%; margin-right: 27.5%;} +hr.chap {width: 65%; margin-left: 17.5%; margin-right: 17.5%;} +@media print { hr.chap {display: none; visibility: hidden;} } + + +div.chapter {page-break-before: always;} +h2.nobreak {page-break-before: avoid;} + +ul.index { list-style-type: none; } +li.ifrst { + margin-top: 1em; + text-indent: -2em; + padding-left: 1em; +} +li.indx { + margin-top: .5em; + text-indent: -2em; + padding-left: 1em; +} +li.isub1 { + text-indent: -2em; + padding-left: 2em; +} + +ul.booklist { + list-style-type: none; + padding-left: 1em; + +} + +table { + margin-left: auto; + margin-right: auto; +} +table.autotable { border-collapse: collapse; } +table.autotable td, +table.autotable th { padding: 0.25em; font-weight:normal;} + +.tdl {text-align: left;} +.tdr {text-align: right;} + +.pagenum { /* uncomment the next line for invisible page numbers */ + /* visibility: hidden; */ + position: absolute; + left: 92%; + font-size: small; + text-align: right; + font-style: normal; + font-weight: normal; + font-variant: normal; + text-indent: 0; +} /* page numbers */ + +blockquote { + margin-top: 0; + margin-bottom: 0; + margin-left: 5%; + margin-right: 10%; + font-size:small; +} + + + + +.center {text-align: center; text-indent: 0;} + +.right {text-align: right;} + +.smcap {font-variant: small-caps;} + +.allsmcap {font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;} + + + + +figcaption {font-weight: bold;} +figcaption p {margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: .2em; text-align: inherit;} + +/* Images */ + +img { + max-width: 100%; + height: auto; +} + + + + +/* Footnotes */ +.footnotes {border: 1px dashed;} + +.footnote {margin-left: 10%; margin-right: 10%; font-size: 0.9em;} + +.footnote .label {position: absolute; right: 84%; text-align: right;} + +.fnanchor { + vertical-align: super; + font-size: .8em; + text-decoration: + none; +} + +/* Poetry */ +/* Header for chapter headers, container for normal poetry */ +.poetry-header {display: flex; justify-content: center; font-size: small;} +.poetry-container {text-align: center; font-size: small;} +.poetry-tb {display: flex;} +.poetry {text-align: left; margin-left: 5%; margin-right: 5%;} +.poetry .stanza {margin: 1em auto;} +.poetry .verse {text-indent: -3em; padding-left: 3em;} + +/* Transcriber's notes */ +.transnote {background-color: #E6E6FA; + color: black; + font-size:small; + padding:0.5em; + margin-bottom:5em; + font-family:sans-serif, serif; +} + + +.large { font-size: large; } +.small { font-size: small; } +.xsmall { font-size: x-small; } + + + +/* Poetry indents */ +.poetry .indent0 {text-indent: -3.0em;} +.poetry .indent2 {text-indent: -2.0em;} + + </style> +</head> +<body> +<div style='text-align:center'>*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 78153 ***</div> + +<div class="chapter"> +<p class="large center"> + THIRTEEN DAYS +</p> +</div> + + +<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop"> +<div class="chapter"> +<h1> + THIRTEEN DAYS +</h1> +</div> + + +<p class="center p2"><span class="small">BY</span><br> +<span class="large">JEANNETTE MARKS</span><br> +<span class="xsmall">AUTHOR OF “GENIUS AND DISASTER”</span></p> + + +<p class="center p6 large">ALBERT & CHARLES BONI<br> +New York : : 1929</p> + + +<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop"> +<div class="chapter"> +<p class="center p6"><span class="smcap">Copyright 1929</span></p> +</div> + +<p class="center">JEANNETTE MARKS</p> + + +<p class="center p6"><i>Printed in the United States of America</i></p> + + +<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop"> +<div class="chapter"> + <h2 class="nobreak" id="CONTENTS"> + CONTENTS + </h2> +</div> + + +<table class="autotable"> +<tr> +<th class="tdl"> +<span class="xsmall">CHAPTER</span> +</th> +<th class="tdr"> +<span class="xsmall">PAGE</span> +</th> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"> +<a href="#CHAPTER_I">I. <span class="smcap">The End</span></a> +</td> +<td class="tdr"> +1 +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"> +<a href="#CHAPTER_II">II. <span class="smcap">The Beginning</span></a> +</td> +<td class="tdr"> +18 +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"> +<a href="#CHAPTER_III">III. <span class="smcap">The March of Sorrow</span></a> +</td> +<td class="tdr"> +44 +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"> +<a href="#CHAPTER_IV">IV. <span class="smcap">Roman Holiday</span></a> +</td> +<td class="tdr"> +64 +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"> +<a href="#CHAPTER_V">V. <span class="smcap">Out of Chaos</span></a> +</td> +<td class="tdr"> +78 +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"> +<a href="#APPENDIX_A"><span class="smcap">Appendix A</span></a> +</td> +<td class="tdr"> +97 +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"> +<a href="#APPENDIX_B"><span class="smcap">Appendix B</span></a> +</td> +<td class="tdr"> +101 +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"> +<a href="#APPENDIX_C"><span class="smcap">Appendix C</span></a> +</td> +<td class="tdr"> +108 +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"> +<a href="#BIBLIOGRAPHIC_NOTE"><span class="smcap">Bibliographic Note</span></a> +</td> +<td class="tdr"> +121 +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"> +<a href="#INDEX"><span class="smcap">Index</span></a> +</td> +<td class="tdr"> +125 +</td> +</tr> +</table> + + +<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop"> +<div class="chapter"> + <p class="large center"> + THIRTEEN DAYS + </p> +</div> + + + + + +<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop"> +<div class="chapter"> +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_1">[Pg 1]</span></p> + <h2 class="nobreak" id="CHAPTER_I"> + CHAPTER I + <br> + THE END + </h2> +</div> + +<div class="poetry-header"> + <div class="poetry"> + <div class="stanza"> + <div class="verse indent0">“Oh, few faint voices bravely asking ‘Why?’</div> + <div class="verse indent2">You pass like whispers in the roaring play</div> + <div class="verse indent2">Of madmen marching to a holiday.</div> + <div class="verse indent0">We know. We know, why bound to death they lie.”</div> + <div class="smcap right">David P. Berenberg.⁠<a id="FNanchor_1_1" href="#Footnote_1_1" class="fnanchor">[1]</a></div> + </div> + </div> +</div> + + +<p>There in the newspapers on that morning of +August ninth, 1927, was the appeal from the +Sacco-Vanzetti Defense Committee to the “rank +and file” of artists, authors, teachers (including +college professors) and other kinds of professional +men and women to come to headquarters +in Boston. How many of the rank and file of +professors and authors like myself would be +there? For me, behind, lay seven years of a +working friendship with the Committee.</p> + +<p>That noon of August ninth on the shore of +Lake Champlain a budge-budge-not struggle went +on for more than an hour. If I went, what could +I do? Would I not be merely one more person +under foot? At such moments were there not +always many to go? Had I not—as had so many +others with more influence—done what I could +over the seven long years to help the Committee +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_2">[Pg 2]</span>in its great work of educating the public to see +that the issue was justice to these two Italians, +one a shoe worker, the other a fish peddler! +And now that the work seemed, one way or another, +really over, why go?</p> + +<p>But would there be many of my kind? Had +not the report of President Lowell, President +Stratton and Judge Grant “sand-bagged” the educational +world? At least if I did go, there +would be nothing left undone to be regretted +some day. And this was the ultimate and perhaps +the last thing any of us could do for them, +for Sacco and Vanzetti were to be executed some +time after midnight on the tenth.</p> + +<p>On arrival in Boston the next morning, I found +that a taxi taken from any station, any public +stand or any hotel brought a man up to book +your destination and the number of your taxi. +Only from my Club was this ceremony omitted. +A traffic survey then under way in Boston may +or may not have been responsible for such a thirst +to know every destination. At least on that day +in that city where once I had prepared for college, +while I dreamed about Emerson and Margaret +Fuller and met such great liberals as Colonel +Higginson and Professor John Fiske, it was +impossible not to be amused at the anxiety my +destinations must, over some eighteen hours, have +caused those booking men employed by “protected” +Boston, for I came and went steadily +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_3">[Pg 3]</span>morning, afternoon and night among the very +places which were taboo and under guard. It +would also have been impossible not to have enjoyed +the Boston police on that day. They were +such nice-looking, well-dressed men who but +gained in interest by the fact that so many of +them seemed frightened. The officers on guard +at the door of Defense Headquarters regarded +me with a suspicious eye.</p> + +<p>Climbing the two flights of narrow stairs at +256 Hanover Street, passing through a group of +people too large for the narrow passageway and +the spare, bare outer office, I found myself in +the midst of “Headquarters.” On the walls was +one poster often repeated: <span class="smcap">Justice is the Issue!</span> +Side by side with this quiet statement were some +of the “unguarded” remarks made out of court +by Judge Webster Thayer. As I stood there, a +stranger among strangers, I saw many men and +a few women. Among the women was one who +was elderly. She was dressed in gray and the +face was good to look at. This—as I discovered +later—was Mrs. Glendower Evans, for whom +both Sacco and Vanzetti felt love similar to the +love they gave their mothers. There were a +number of younger women, and they were as +well-clad and as well set up as the Boston police. +What more could one woman say of other women +than that! Some of the men were small and +swart. Some of the men were tall and fair. +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_4">[Pg 4]</span>But of the exploded Lombroso criminal type who, +in popular opinion, throw bombs, not one was +seen,—not in the whole day long.</p> + +<p>Then one of the tall, fair men, having a name +well known to the art world, asked if there +were anything he could do for me. When +I inquired for Mary Donovan he said she was in +the inner office and he would tell her I was there. +I said no, not to call her, I would wait till she +came out. Almost immediately Miss Donovan +came out, a fine-looking dark Celt whose pale face +had in it not only strength but also warmth.</p> + +<p>When, a few minutes later, I told her my name, +Mary Donovan grasped my hand, saying “I am +so glad you have come!” and sent me into the +inner office to wait for her.</p> + +<p>In that inner office were four people: two men +and two women who received me politely. One +of the men gave me a chair. But, except for the +sending and answering of telephone calls and the +coming and going of telegraph and other messengers, +the quiet that reigned in the office when +I entered continued.</p> + +<p>The man who had given me a seat—his seat—sat +down on an unopened bale of pamphlets and +I noticed the slender, rather large, scrupulously +clean hands resting quietly on his knees; the wide, +dark, gentle eyes; the head becoming bald; the +brow criss-crossed with suffering and with care; +the strangely delicate, firm lips and chin. Where +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_5">[Pg 5]</span>had I seen that look of childlike spirituality before? +Ah, yes, ridiculous but a fact: in Italian +painting on many a celebrated bambino face.</p> + +<p>The other man, who went on steadily writing +at the center desk around which we were, represented +a type more familiar to me. The homely +face, the massive head, the thick abundant hair, +the look of concentration as he worked, young +still, already he resembled a responsible type of +American journalist. Who was he?</p> + +<p>At the stenographic desk before the one window +of that inner office sat a pretty “child” working +silently and rapidly addressing envelope after +envelope, for the new Bulletin of the Committee +was just off the press, containing among other +articles reprints of noble editorials from the +<cite>Springfield Republican</cite> together with a passionate +editorial by Heywood Broun in the <cite>New York +World</cite>. The “child’s” hair was a halo about her +head and her features were cameo cut. She +paused in her rapid work only to take or to give +a telephone call.</p> + +<p>The other woman, beside whom I was sitting, +was older than the “child” but still young. Except +for the man who had given me his seat and +myself the grave beings in that little office were +all young. And the quiet woman at my side with +her lovely uncropped auburn hair, the somewhat +oval features, had in her face not only the still +look of suffering, but also the only indestructible +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_6">[Pg 6]</span>youth,—that of goodness. As about that inner +office, so about her was an atmosphere of stillness +and of waiting. Except that she crumpled paper +occasionally and that she had a dry cough from +time to time, she made no motions and no sound.</p> + +<p>Who were they all?</p> + +<p>From beginning to end of that day at Headquarters, +whose passing was noted the world over +and on which more newspapers were sold than on +any other day in history, in that spare, shabby +center of the Defense struggle, it was plain from +the instant those offices were entered that every +dollar had been spent on the building up of public +opinion and on fees for defense, and that not a +penny had been wasted.</p> + +<p>Up in the State House on Beacon Hill there +were “banks” of telephone and telegraph wires +installed, to send Sacco-Vanzetti news over the +whole world; and at Charlestown was another +“bank” of wires which were to flash the Death +House scene to the ends of the earth. Here in +the dingy office in the very center of this fight for +justice, an office from which had come and would +come the legal fees to pay for success or failure, +there was but one wire which whistled or faded +as calls were received or sent. Why this interference +in such a place on such a day?</p> + +<p>And then Mary Donovan came back, and I met +those with whom I had been sitting in the little +office. He of the gentle eyes was Aldino Felicani, +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_7">[Pg 7]</span>the devoted personal friend of the two condemned +men, the spirit behind the entire movement, and +the treasurer of the Committee. The young man +with the shaggy hair and massive head who was +still steadily writing was Gardner Jackson. And +the woman with the lovely uncropped auburn hair +and the intelligent, good face was Rosa Sacco.</p> + +<p>Apparently the seven years I had “served” Old +Testamentwise, in obscure, if faithful, work for +the Defense had won me in the minds of some of +the Committee a right of friendship which I did +not, I know, deserve. And it became my privilege +to spend in close association some of the most +momentous days in the Committee’s history.</p> + +<p>As that day “wore on”—never was phrase more +descriptive of the fixation of tragedy there symbolized +and apparent—groups came and went in +the outer office. The Defense Committee had +done everything possible to secure a hall where +these groups from New York City, Philadelphia, +and from towns in many near-by states could meet. +But not a landlord in Boston would rent them a +hall. Finally a church was secured. Immediately +police and patrol wagon were posted there. +Groups came and went at Defense Headquarters, +asking what to do, asking for instructions. Defense +Headquarters had no place to offer them +for meeting except the church or Socialist Headquarters +at 21 Essex Street.</p> + +<p>The day before thirty-nine men and women had +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_8">[Pg 8]</span>been arrested, among them Alfred Baker Lewis, +the Massachusetts State Secretary for the Socialist +Party, while engaged in silent picketing outside +the State House. The groups now coming in also +wished to picket. In their numbers were men and +women well known in art and in letters: Lola +Ridge, Art Shields, Ruth Hale, the wife of Heywood +Broun; Isaac Don Levine, whose articles on +Soviet Russia published in the <cite>New Republic</cite> had +been the first to tell the American public about the +new Russia; Edward H. James, a nephew of William +James; John Dos Passos, and many others.</p> + +<p>For a reply to the question as to when and +where they should picket, Defense Headquarters +sent them on to Alfred Baker Lewis at Socialist +Headquarters. It was apparent that Defense +Headquarters felt that their own work lay in the +hour to hour messenger service and telephone battle, +over that single “tapped” wire, which they +still waged in arousing public opinion. From the +beginning education for justice and not revolutionary +agitation had been their work. And under +Alfred Lewis’s leadership any group that wished +to picket would have good advice and sane control.</p> + +<p>I went over to Socialist Headquarters to get +advice with the rest.</p> + +<p>A group of girls called to me eagerly, “Are +you going out with us?”</p> + +<p>I answered, “I don’t know: I’m going to do +what Alfred Lewis tells me to do.”</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_9">[Pg 9]</span></p> + +<p>There he sat, young still although his hair is +turning gray, clear-cut of feature, with the look +of a boy who has just had a cool, long swim and +would like to have it all over again.</p> + +<p>He studied me and said, “That’s a Communist +crowd going out to picket. I’m not going myself +and I wouldn’t ask you to do what I myself am +not going to do. Wait! We may be needed more +later.”</p> + +<p>That settled it, and I went back to Defense +Headquarters where I might be of some use. But +the crowd went out. Forty-four men and women +were arrested. One courageous little woman, +Dorothy Parker, was roughly handled by officers +who bruised her neck and arms, marching her in +the middle of the street up three cobblestone +blocks.</p> + +<p>The mob which had been watching the picketers, +undisturbed and unarrested for “loitering,” +backed off in front of Mrs. Parker, shouting, +“Hang her! Hang them all! Hang the anarchists!”</p> + +<p>Later, after she had been bailed, I saw her +crying, not because she had been so badly bruised +but because she could not forget that cry of the +mob, “Hang her!” She was not an anarchist; +she was not a Communist; she was not, so far as I +knew, even that constitutional radical known as +Socialist. She was, like Mr. Teeple, just one +more American doing her duty for justice’s sake.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_10">[Pg 10]</span></p> + +<p>Still the afternoon “wore” on. Once Mary +Donovan went into the outer office to send away a +noisily excited group.</p> + +<p>“Think,” she said on her return, “of their daring +to come here on a day like this to enjoy themselves!”</p> + +<p>Rosa Sacco said nothing. She seemed to drift +further and further away from those unfailing +friends of hers as she waited to know whether +a respite would be granted and she might see her +husband many times again, or whether she must +see him for the last time. The cough was drier, +a few more pieces of paper were crumpled, but +she neither sighed nor spoke nor wept.</p> + +<p>The Governor’s Council was to meet at noon. +Surely by three or half past there would be some +word. But, we heard, the Council did not meet +and there was no word. It was half past five before +the Governor entered his office and the +Council did meet. Then they adjourned for dinner +and it was half past eight before they were in +session again, Attorney Arthur D. Hill with them +to make one more last plea for the Defense.</p> + +<p>But the little woman who waited, and Mary +Donovan her friend, and these good men? They +adjourned for no food,—they had eaten nothing +all day.</p> + +<p>Saying I would return, I went out, passing the +handsome blue coats, and turning the corner to an +Italian fruit stand. There I bought big rosy +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_11">[Pg 11]</span>cling-stone peaches, plums and pears golden from sunlight +and from air. And back I went, past the +handsome blue coats once more, these “bombs”—many +of them!—in three bags. And at the sight +of food that is more beautiful than any other, as +fruit is, eyes brightened.</p> + +<p>I coaxed Mrs. Sacco. Rubbing off the fuzz +carefully, she ate a peach. Then Mr. Felicani’s +hand reached into one of the bags and he, too, +rubbed the fuzz from a peach and ate it gratefully.</p> + +<p>“Oh, I’m so glad when they eat!” exclaimed +Mary Donovan. “I cannot make them take any +food at all!”</p> + +<p>Of herself she neither spoke nor thought. And +she took no fruit. It was plain that even her +endowment of strength could not stand the strain +much longer. And as for her career as a State +Factory Inspector that was over, for the State +had dismissed her the day the Court’s decision had +been made known.</p> + +<p>And already she was in bondage of a sort. +For there are two economic and social prisons: +the first in which men are shut out from the opportunity +to earn their livings; the second in +which they are shut in, away from those who do +earn their living under conditions which are in +general termed “free.” The forces behind the +first order of imprisonment are found in the <i>mores</i> +of an age. And those who have watched those +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_12">[Pg 12]</span>forces at work on others or upon themselves, +know how brutally efficient they can be. Imprisonment +of the second order Mary Donovan +was to face later on the two charges made by the +Boston police. But the first she was soon to experience +in all its bitterness not of confinement but +of exclusion. Towards the close of August she +was to begin spending days, weeks, months, looking +for work in Boston and New York and to find +that all doors, even those she might have expected +to be open, were closed to her. Several friends +were to do what they could to break through this +social “police” cordon. By and large their efforts +were futile. And Mary Donovan was to pay in +full the charge in this country to-day against a +struggle for conscience’ sake in the loss of the well-paid +post of State Factory Inspector in Massachusetts. +In New York in December, after more +than a half a year of unemployment, she found a +chance to wash dishes in Schrafft’s!</p> + +<p>Off and on throughout that interminable afternoon +and early evening, a man’s hand would reach +into a bag and take plum or pear or peach. And +from time to time in one way or another during +the late afternoon the tension was relaxed.</p> + +<p>Gardner Jackson, jesting with Felicani, said he +could not answer a certain telephone call, “For +I can’t speak Italian,—not yet!”</p> + +<p>Or Mrs. Sacco, persuaded into something like +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_13">[Pg 13]</span>listening to bird and dog stories, told about her +little daughter’s pet kitten.</p> + +<p>“Sometimes,” added Mrs. Sacco, with a smile +that was a gleam from a storm-tossed sea-gull’s +wing, “when I am not nervous, I like to pet it, +too.”</p> + +<p>Or the quiet entrance of Professor Felix Frankfurter, +compact, human, friend of justice and of +these breaking hearts. Or the coming and going +of Joseph Moro, and Creighton Hill, friend of +the Committee, alert, attentive to a thousand details.... +And there was John Barry, sometime +chairman of the Committee, but whether active +as chairman or not, there one night every week +with a regularity which never failed.</p> + +<p>Out in Charlestown they were getting ready. +The official executioner for three states, among +them Massachusetts, had arrived. That death’s +head of his, that mouth with its twisted fixed +smile, how did he fare as he looked forward to +the night’s work? He was not to be at the +banquet after the Death House scene, to which +official guests at the execution had been invited, +for he was to return to New York on a dawn +train. How would dawn feel to him? And the +arms of his wife and the kiss of his little child?</p> + +<p>To the <cite>Brooklyn Eagle</cite> reporter who had been +with us, word had been sent by Warden Hendry +that if he wanted to cover the night he would better +come on out to Charlestown. But still no +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_14">[Pg 14]</span>official word had been received at Headquarters, +and now the evening was “wearing” on.</p> + +<p>Then Rosa Sacco fainted as quietly as she had +spent the day. A nurse was called who, with +Mary Donovan, took Mrs. Sacco, half-conscious, +in a taxi to a friend’s house, honest, fearless Lilian +Haley’s. And now the night “wore on,” and +stories of respite or execution were given out and +“killed” and given out and “killed.”</p> + +<p>Mary Donovan returned.</p> + +<p>“What,” she said, with her finger pointing upward, +“if the finger of God should stay this execution +to-night!”</p> + +<p>Gardner Jackson went to the State House, asking +to see the Governor. And the Governor’s +Secretary inquiring whether Mr. Jackson had +come to see the Governor “for humane or legal +reasons,” Jackson replied, “Humane. What else +is left!” And he was asked to leave the State +House. Here was a man who was no politician, +sacrificing openly, as Mr. Jackson was doing, any +possible future in the state. Now he was back.</p> + +<p>It was eleven and the midnight hour was on its +way. Still no message! Several calls came from +“the friend’s house” saying that Rosa Sacco +wanted Mary Donovan, and still they waited, +hoping and despairing.</p> + +<p>Word was sent from Defense Headquarters +that Mrs. Sacco must be got ready for the worst. +The strength of Mary Donovan was beginning to +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_15">[Pg 15]</span>show a break here and a break there. She not +only thought of the torture to those innocent men +and women, but, like the levee holding back the +river, occasionally a torrent of spoken anger +swirled through. Several times she promised to +go to the friend’s house but always she waited for +another telephone call, and still no message came. +Finally she took up the telephone, calling Mr. +Thompson to ask what steps should be taken to +claim the bodies of Sacco and Vanzetti. Her +voice broke and she sobbed.</p> + +<p>Strange, I thought, that she should still believe +in the kindness of the law! Was not this belief +in its ultimate kindness but one more evidence of +her own generous heart?</p> + +<p>The offices were filling up. Nobody knew what +to do. Nobody knew what to think. Messages +came, messages were sent, there was nothing authoritative. +It was five minutes before twelve. +And the sensitive face of Felicani was ghastly. +And then came word that could be trusted. It +was not sent by the Governor or any one connected +with him: <span class="allsmcap">A RESPITE OF TWELVE DAYS HAD +BEEN GRANTED TO NICOLA SACCO AND BARTOLOMEO +VANZETTI</span>.</p> + +<p>The crowded office became more still. A member +of the Committee picked up the telephone and +sent the message to the “friend’s house” that, +without a moment’s delay, Rosa Sacco might +know.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_16">[Pg 16]</span></p> + +<p>No voices were raised. There was no excited +speaking. Gradually those friends who were unofficial +faded away. The Committee could be +seen gathering itself together to battle on for +justice for these two Italian workers who had +dared to hope for the day when the workers would +themselves end war and poverty.</p> + +<p>To one another they kept repeating, “We have +until the twenty-second. Well, that is something.”</p> + +<p>As she left the office Mary Donovan turned to +me and said, “I’m going to Rosa. Mr. Felicani +is coming later. You come with him!”</p> + +<p>And she was gone.</p> + +<p>Before we could leave there were odds and +ends of business needing attention. Then I found +myself out on Hanover Street, walking with Mr. +Felicani up cool, moonlit, deserted city streets towards +Beacon Hill.</p> + +<p>We were on our way towards Boston Common +where once Emerson had pastured his cow, and +then up onto Beacon Hill of which Margaret +Fuller Ossoli after her Italian marriage had +dreamed in Italy. Where was that “kernel of +nobleness” of which Margaret Fuller wrote? +Was it within the State House which we were +passing, or within the minds and hearts of these +men and women who believed that a living law +has in it, like life, elements of growth and +progress; that commerce is creative only when it +benefits the community as a whole as well as +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_17">[Pg 17]</span>individual wealth; and that that education alone is +really humane which is democratic and without +fear?</p> + +<p>Were not these men and women fighting for—not +against—law and order? Was not justice the +issue? And was not injustice the fuse which +touched off every revolution there ever was or +ever will be? What revolt, what destruction of +law and order, could there be if there were no +injustice in commerce, in education, in government?</p> + +<p>Down a hill, then up a hill to Lilian Haley’s, +the friend’s house where Rosa Sacco was. We +were talking now of the education of public +opinion and of the safety and the hope which lies +in education and education alone. With that +strange, unbendable, almost fierce, independence +which those who are strong in their gentleness +sometimes possess, it was plain that in Aldino +Felicani was one who would never yield, never +compromise, until all that a dedicated life could +do had been done to secure justice, present or +retroactive.</p> + +<p>Just before we entered the friend’s house, +Aldino Felicani was speaking of what the Defense +Committee had to do in the days that now +remained.</p> + +<p>Of Sacco and Vanzetti he added wistfully, “Ah, +these are the very best men I must ever hope to +know!”</p> + + +<div class="footnotes"> +<h3 id="FOOTNOTES"> + FOOTNOTES: +</h3> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a id="Footnote_1_1" href="#FNanchor_1_1" class="label">[1]</a> From “America Arraigned,” an Anthology of Sacco-Vanzetti +poems edited by Lucia Trent and Ralph Cheyney.</p></div> +</div> + + +<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop"> +<div class="chapter"> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_18">[Pg 18]</span></p> + + + <h2 class="nobreak" id="CHAPTER_II"> + CHAPTER II + <br> + THE BEGINNING + </h2> +</div> + +<div class="poetry-header"> + <div class="poetry"> + <div class="stanza"> + <div class="verse indent0">“You cannot kill the dream of those who find</div> + <div class="verse indent2">A faith that shall restore the world to men.”</div> + <div class="right"><span class="smcap">Lucia Trent.</span>⁠<a id="FNanchor_2_2" href="#Footnote_2_2" class="fnanchor">[2]</a></div> + </div> + </div> +</div> + + +<p>Past flashed the crowned roads of Vermont, +then New Hampshire and finally Massachusetts: +ponds, lakes, mountains, little villages, larch and +hemlock, spruce and birch, fireweed, and mullein +in bloom, goldenrod and button bush, brook and +bridge, and the old, old farmhouses of a day +gone by,—all the beauty and comfort and wealth +that lie between the Adirondack region where +John Brown is buried yet still lives, into the outskirts +of Boston where some seventy-five years +ago, Ralph Waldo Emerson lived and wrote those +famous essays which still form part of the reading +of all thoughtful men and women.</p> + +<p>The land of “promise” for so many over so +many scores of years! Beside the road into an +old Vermont farmhouse with a lean-to roof stood +a woman, shawl about her shoulders, gazing off +into the trees and up to the hills. How many +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_19">[Pg 19]</span>generations had it been since for her people, too, +America had been the land of “promise”? The +drape of shawl and angle of the unmistakable +New England back said that it had been a long, +long time.</p> + +<p>Then we were pulling into a “marble” city +where a young married couple took the chairs opposite +mine. As the wife was seating herself she +saw a package which had been dropped hastily +into her chair by the porter as he went forward.</p> + +<p>“What’s that,—a bomb?” said the wife, looking +at it with suspicion.</p> + +<p>“Yes,” answered her husband, facetiously, “a +Sacco-Vanzetti bomb.”</p> + +<p>Derided, and so reassured, the wife sat down +and the husband opened his Sunday paper.</p> + +<p>“Justice Holmes won’t act,” said the husband.</p> + +<p>“What’ll they do now?” asked the wife.</p> + +<p>“Get somebody else,” answered the husband, +a young Uncle Sam, lean and muscular and plain.</p> + +<p>Comfort everywhere and abundance! Then the +smell of the sea at night, somehow curiously discordant +with its suggestion of vast fresh spaces of +dark water and sky as we drew into the electric-lighted +yet dingy north end of Boston. I was on +my way back to be with the Sacco-Vanzetti Defense +Committee as the night of respite or death +approached.</p> + +<p>“There is Judge Brandeis,” ran my thought as +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_20">[Pg 20]</span>I walked swiftly down the North Station platform; +“he is really the hope.”</p> + +<p>Stepping through the door to take a taxi over to +Hanover Street, in that semi-circle of electric +lights, men were shouting and waving a small +pink “extra” at the top of which stood two words +in big headlines: “BRANDEIS WON’T—”</p> + +<p>After that nothing was “visible” except the +panorama of thought that passed, a vague sense +of going through the “gray” of Scollay Square, +and the knowledge that the taxi had turned +around at the end of one of the cross streets and +that we were in front of “256” and the steep +stairs, two flights up, to the offices.</p> + +<p>Gardner Jackson and Mary Donovan were not +there. But Joseph Moro was,—always there, always +busy.</p> + +<p>It was his voice asking, “Have you met Miss +Vanzetti?”</p> + +<p>The memory of another voice was in my ears, +that of a woman of letters who has worked and +lived in Italy more or less for thirty years and +whose books on Italy are familiar friends to many +who love that land.</p> + +<p>Again that literary friend was saying, “I understand +that the Signorina Vanzetti has behaved +herself like a heroine and a lady from beginning +to end of her stay in Boston.”</p> + +<p>But the “end” was not yet. Beside Miss +Vanzetti sat Rosa Sacco. From the glow on +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_21">[Pg 21]</span>those sensitive faces it looked even as if a happier +end might be in sight. And then it occurred +to me that both had just come from the Scenic +Auditorium meeting where they had been given +so kind a greeting from the loyal thousand +gathered there. Friendship in such an hour casts +no common light. Perhaps it was the reflection +of that welcome which was still upon their faces.</p> + +<p>And the night passed, even as those winding, +hill-cupped roads of Vermont and New Hampshire +had passed. Only the panorama of dreaming +and waking was not of pond and lake, of +mountain, of village and of tree, of flower, rock, +bridge, and ancient house.</p> + +<p>The panorama was of brave men and women +who, in the seven years’ struggle they had made +for justice for these two workers who had been +dreaming of and working for a world without +war and poverty, had shown the principle of selflessness; +those two noble prisoners back in the +Death House again, already from their hands the +touch and scent of strong leather, the silvery +coolness of fish and the smell of the sea gone forever; +the Defense Committee and its counsel, +without hope, fighting on to the end; the friends +who for justice’s sake—doctors, lawyers, merchants, +pastors (but no priests)—rallied about +them, giving beyond their means, working beyond +their strength; and these two loving women before +me who spoke precisely and with quiet.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_22">[Pg 22]</span></p> + +<p>And somehow in those passing human pictures +were all the strength, intention, beauty of life itself, +crowning dream and waking with more wonder +than hill the valley,—that valley of the +shadow of death,—a symbol towards which +Nicola Sacco and Bartolomeo Vanzetti were on +their way.</p> + +<p>Defeat? Yes, of a kind, there at the Bellevue +Headquarters where the Citizens’ National Committee, +an eleventh hour organization, was sponsored +by men and women of acknowledged power, +already a list of 505 names, many of which are +known for public service throughout whatever +parts of the earth are still socially-minded: Jane +Addams, Judge Amidon of North Dakota, +Mary Austin, Howard Brubaker, J. McKeen Cattell, +John S. Codman, John R. Commons, Waldo +Cook, John Dewey, Dr. Haven Emerson, Mr. +and Mrs. Henry Walcott Farnam, Mrs. J. Malcolm +Forbes, Norman Hapgood, Arthur Garfield +Hays, William Ernest Hocking, John Howard +Lawson, Mary E. McDowell, Mr. and Mrs. +Henry R. Mussey, George E. Roewer Jr., +Graham Taylor, John T. Vance, Oswald Garrison +Villard, Marian Parker Whitney, Mary E. Woolley, +and some five hundred other names representing +conspicuous achievement.⁠<a id="FNanchor_3_3" href="#Footnote_3_3" class="fnanchor">[3]</a></p> + +<p>Nevertheless it was a Committee which in the +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_23">[Pg 23]</span>very process of organizing suffered from disorganization, +attacked from all sides by the consciousness +of the mythology of fear which the +philosophy and economics of a century had built +up and a World War consummated. Now as +swiftly and inexorably as cancer strikes the human +body,—money-symbolism, greed, class-consciousness, +class-hatred, covering themselves with the +garments of respectability, law, and patriotism, +had struck into the social body. A strong Committee, +despite its strength aware of its helplessness, +consisting among others of Dr. Alice +Hamilton of Harvard, Paul Kellogg of the +<cite>Survey</cite>, Amy Woods, Waldo Cook of the <cite>Springfield +Republican</cite> and John F. Moors, was formed +to represent the Citizens’ National Committee. +Mr. Moors is a Harvard Overseer as well as a +banker. It was he who persuaded President +Lowell to serve on the Advisory Committee. +When the decision of the Committee was brought +in, he was willing to accept it but joined the +Citizens’ National Committee to ask for clemency +only. At noon this delegation called upon the +Governor. The Governor’s Secretary Mr. MacDonald, +who had handled all the material submitted +to the Governor and dealt with all the +witnesses, derailed the purpose of the Committee +by greeting Waldo Cook with the accusation that +Mr. Cook had accepted a bribe of $20,000 from +the Defense Committee to write his Sacco and +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_24">[Pg 24]</span>Vanzetti editorials for the <cite>Springfield Republican</cite>.</p> + +<p>And defeat at Defense Headquarters, too? +Yes, of a sort—the kind whose terms have in +them ideas which find symbolic immortality equally +upon the Cross or in the Death House.</p> + +<p>That noon Felix Frankfurter said in the dingy +corridor of Defense Headquarters, out of the +hearing of Rosa Sacco, “She must not be made +conscious of the larger issues of this thing, for +now how can she think of anything but that it is +her loved one who suffers! Yet somehow, no matter +what happens to-night, I am too healthy—or +something—to give up hope. I cannot believe +it is the end.”</p> + +<p>And the spent figure of Aldino Felicani, bending +to Destiny but not broken.</p> + +<p>And the arrow-flight of Arthur Hill’s car rushing +now southward towards the sea to ask legal +intervention from one, a judge of the Supreme +Court, who, showing neither hospitality nor the +quality of mercy, that early morning missed the +great opportunity of his career. Then another +flight northward, desperate, the last chance, in +an open boat upon the sea, to an island whose +shoreline is a rocky temple of beauty upon which +the Defense was to meet its last shipwreck.</p> + +<p>The day was passing. With it the hours of the +two who were to be executed were spilling swiftly +from one glass to another, from life to death. +A curious sense of whirling figures grew upon one +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_25">[Pg 25]</span>and of futility. It was not unlike dust in sunlight. +In the offices telephones rang incessantly, +telegraph messengers came and went, men and +women moved swiftly to and fro, typewriters +clicked.... And in those offices at the Bellevue, +as well as at the Defense Headquarters, national, +as well as international contacts by telegraph and +cable were bravely maintained to the last.</p> + +<p>A few figures stood out as somehow expressive, +in their very difference, of this united struggle of +conscience against injustice: John Dos Passos +flitting about, cheerful, charming; Mrs. Elliott +here, as in her work for peace, fearless, gentle, +quiet; Paul Kellogg frayed with years of battle +for social welfare, pale, determined; Dr. Alice +Hamilton of Harvard, strong in reserve; Waldo +Cook, cool-headed, responsible, ready at any cost, +but never by any means except by the use of reason +to maintain the editorial position of the +<cite>Springfield Republican</cite>. Mrs. Glendower Evans, +in gray, white-haired, was seated, a Quaker-like +figure in the midst of the Woman’s City Club, +waiting, talking with the friends who came to her. +Mrs. Evans’s faithful friendship to Sacco and +Vanzetti, and therefore to the issues of justice, had +proved itself in more than one way. Not only had +she given the case her financial support but also +she had assembled evidence with, as a friend wrote +of her, “an insight as to its value in court which +was worthy of a mind long-trained by court +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_26">[Pg 26]</span>practice.” Best of all was the gift of herself, so complete +that she was troubled not to have been able +to share even imprisonment.</p> + +<p>And there was Powers Hapgood testing the +free assemblage and free speech issue again and +yet again, thinking, as Paul Kellogg wrote of him +in the <cite>Survey</cite>, “If, when the lives of two men were +at stake and thousands of working people believed +they weren’t getting justice at the hands of the +courts, you couldn’t even get a permit to discuss +the issue on Boston Common, then it looked as if +we had let our old liberties be scrapped for us +and political action didn’t offer a way out. And +they would be scrapped, if we didn’t exercise our +rights and show that men believed in them.”</p> + +<p>Assuredly in those thirteen days in Boston from +the tenth of August to the twenty-second, when +the issue of justice hung in the balance, with those +in power there was no spirit of making good a +mistake either by experience or by free discussion. +Boston Regnant through Chief of Police Crowley +denied all requests for use of the Common. And +even upon that night of the twenty-second +Crowley was to refuse Miss Hale’s request for +the use of Bunker Hill Monument as a place for +free assemblage, “where the people might repeat +the Lord’s Prayer or sing hymns.” It is not improbable +that many sorts and conditions of Americans +who, for conscience’ sake, assembled in Boston +during those days, wondered in what traditions +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_27">[Pg 27]</span>of free speech and free assemblage the police representation +of those in power had been trained. +It is certain that the social and political education +of those who controlled the police had included +the name of John Stuart Mill and possibly even a +certain paragraph from that most famous of his +essays <span class="allsmcap">ON LIBERTY</span>: “<span class="allsmcap">BUT THE PECULIAR EVIL OF +SILENCING THE EXPRESSION OF AN OPINION IS, +THAT IT IS ROBBING THE HUMAN RACE; POSTERITY +AS WELL AS THE EXISTING GENERATION; +THOSE WHO DISSENT FROM THE OPINION, STILL +MORE THAN THOSE WHO HOLD IT. IF THE +OPINION IS RIGHT, THEY ARE DEPRIVED OF THE +OPPORTUNITY OF EXCHANGING ERROR FOR +TRUTH; IF WRONG, THEY LOSE, WHAT IS ALMOST +AS GREAT A BENEFIT, THE CLEARER PERCEPTION +AND LIVELIER IMPRESSION OF TRUTH, PRODUCED +BY ITS COLLISION WITH ERROR.... WE CAN +NEVER BE SURE THAT THE OPINION WE ARE ENDEAVORING +TO STIFLE IS A FALSE OPINION; AND +IF WE WERE SURE, STIFLING IT WOULD BE AN +EVIL STILL.</span>”</p> + +<p>Throughout the day it seemed clearer and +clearer, where much was confused, that already +as individuals Nicola Sacco and Bartolomeo Vanzetti +were being lost sight of, that already they +were gone from our midst—though they had still +a few hours to live—and had become symbolic of +issues more important than the life of any human +being can ever be.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_28">[Pg 28]</span></p> + +<p>And then another figure in the midst of many: +Alfred Baker Lewis, himself just out of the police +station, coming swiftly through the hotel lobby.</p> + +<p>Catching sight of me, he called, “A lot of them +have been arrested and we haven’t any money left +to bail them. Have you any?”</p> + +<p>“Yes,” I answered, “I’ll take over what I have +and get more. Where shall I go?”</p> + +<p>“They’re in the Joy Street Police Station. +Mary Donovan’s there.” And he was gone.</p> + +<p>So was I in a quick shift from the Bellevue to +the lock-up and the greeting with Mary Donovan +standing by her “people” in and out of jail.</p> + +<p>In the flight to and fro in which, through Amy +Woods, John Dos Passos, Mrs. Glendower +Evans, Arthur Garfield Hays, Edna St. Vincent +Millay, and some other generous friends, more +than enough money was collected to bail out a +group of over one hundred and fifty men and +women, certain fragments of pictures stood out: +a young man, stunted in growth, with pure childlike +face, being hustled down Joy Street between +two officers twice his size;⁠<a id="FNanchor_4_4" href="#Footnote_4_4" class="fnanchor">[4]</a> Professor Ellen Hayes +of Wellesley being taken to the patrol wagon +on the arm of a young Irish bluecoat—untroubled, +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_29">[Pg 29]</span>serene, “a grand soul” as Mary Donovan said +of her later that day; some groups of garment +workers cheering their comrades at the risk of +being themselves arrested; Edna St. Vincent +Millay seated in the bail room, her grave, dark +husband, Eugene Boissevin, standing beside her; +Clarina Michelson, with energy undiminished +by the Passaic strike, cheerful, kindly, being +bailed; Lola Ridge coming out of the inner guard +room, her face solemn in the solemn hours that +were passing.</p> + +<p>Nevertheless that jail will remain in my memory +as the only gay place which I saw in those thirteen +days.</p> + +<p>From one nice-looking group being herded in, +a voice called blithely, “Here come some more of +these jail birds!”</p> + +<p>They looked it, America’s youth, best and +bravest! And within that station were being deposited +the many placards which many had been +carrying, among them one which had in it the +meaning of all the others,—Paula Halliday’s +SAVE SACCO AND VANZETTI! IS JUSTICE +DEAD?</p> + +<p>Here were none of those who, to quote a line +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_30">[Pg 30]</span>from Laura Simmons’s sonnet, kept their “prudent +way within the crowd.” While I waited in +the bailing room where, in addition to the bail +asked, the bailer collected two dollars for each +arrest—his way of earning a living!—a man, +pointing to a suit case, asked me to sit down. It +was kindness, and in such a place well to cultivate +kindness.</p> + +<p>For awhile all the windows were shut tight. +Within a space adequate for two score there were +packed over several hours almost seven times that +number. The windows were closed, for some fifty +garment workers were chanting the Internationale, +their triumphant, militant song of brotherhood.</p> + +<p>From the guard room Clarina Michelson, +Helen Todd, Lola Ridge, and others were being +let out. Mary Donovan seemed anxious about +some who should be bailed at once, among them +Powers Hapgood. She turned to look for him, +but, strangely, he was gone. And with him the +day was going, too.</p> + +<p>The last night had come. At Defense Headquarters, +Louis Bernheimer was sending and receiving +messages. He was as suddenly and mysteriously +present on this night as he had been +independently and mysteriously active in behalf of +the Defense Committee, for unknown to the +Committee, Mr. Bernheimer had written and +circulated 30,000 pamphlets to ministers +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_31">[Pg 31]</span>throughout the country. A graduate of Yale in 1917, +an air pilot in France during the war, a student +of Chinese philosophy, a hermit, he had already +been a source of influence to the Committee.</p> + +<p>Powerful, cynically courageous, he betrayed his +emotion by no conscious sign. Unconsciously, +however, he revealed the strain under which he +worked, for every once in a while he whispered to +himself.</p> + +<p>The wire Louis Bernheimer handled kept efficient +touch with all who belonged in that office +and yet were not there. Inside the office the editor +of an Italian paper, Serafino Romualdi, was taking +notes, now asking how to spell “monument,” then +checking against some other unfamiliar word.</p> + +<p>Via the telephone the office knew that Mary +Donovan, a lawyer with her, had hurried out to +the psychiatric hospital to which the state police +had been taking Powers Hapgood even as she +had turned to find him somehow mysteriously +vanished.</p> + +<p>The office knew, too, that Gardner Jackson and +his sister, Dr. Edith Jackson, were on their way +with Mrs. Sacco and Signorina Vanzetti to the +State House to make one last appeal to a cast-iron +executive; and that Michael Angelo Musmanno +and Aldino Felicani were on their way +back from their farewell in the Death House, +Mr. Musmanno to act as interpreter for +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_32">[Pg 32]</span>Vanzetti’s sister, Aldino Felicani to return to the +Defense office.</p> + +<p>What was there for two women to do, for Ruth +Hale and for me? An age-old prerogative of +women: feed hungry men. Others would be coming +in, and they, too, whether they knew it or not +would need food. And no food except a bag of +peanuts was on that table banked with telegrams, +letters and carbons. We went out after coffee and +sandwiches and milk.</p> + +<p>Waiting, we, too, had coffee on the clean table +by the cool window of that little Italian restaurant +one flight up. We read there words from a letter +which had come from a young editor: “It seems +so inextricably intertwined with the most inert +and selfish of human motives, the desire to be +comfortable, not to be bothered, to maintain the +<i>status quo</i>, to keep things as they’ve always been, +to defend institutions from attack, to get rid of +men of that type. Reason is no longer in evidence. +And I have yielded momentarily, more +than once to the weak wish that it was all over +and filed away neatly.”</p> + +<p>Quickly now—after seven years of delay—one +sort of “filing” would soon be done and over. +And then that letter which had come straight out +of the heart of youth leapt into flame: “One is +removed from life and death, from all emotion, +and suspended in a desperate abyss, where +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_33">[Pg 33]</span>calmness and self-control are the things most needed. +Events happen, and are seen in crystalline stillness. +But the mind, the soul, continue the hopeless +struggle, for all is not lost, as long as the +desire for justice persists.”</p> + +<p>For all is not lost as long as the desire for +justice persists! Around the corner from Headquarters +over in Salem Street in the rooms of the +Hod Carriers’ Union, the “desire” was most certainly +persisting. Mother Bloor had come all the +way from California to speak for justice for +Sacco and Vanzetti. Lola Ridge and John +Howard Lawson had passed through Headquarters +and had gone over to Salem Street to +speak for justice.</p> + +<p>As we sat on, quiet in the tense office, messages +coming and going, now and then a cup of coffee +being poured or a sandwich eaten, in my thoughts +were lines from Lola Ridge’s “Two in the Death +House” which, repeated to me the week before, +she was now chanting over in Salem Street.</p> + +<div class="poetry-container poetry-tb"> + <div class="poetry"> + <div class="stanza"> + <div class="verse indent0">“You have endured those moments, you</div> + <div class="verse indent0">Close to the rough nap of earth, and knowing her perennial ways.</div> + <div class="verse indent0">And when, on some one of your counted mornings, light</div> + <div class="verse indent0">That pulls at the caught root of things</div> + <div class="verse indent0">Has pierced you with a touch, or leavened air,</div> + </div> +<hr class="tb"> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_34">[Pg 34]</span></p> + + <div class="stanza"> + <div class="verse indent0">You too have hoped—with the ardor of young shoots, renascent under concrete,</div> + <div class="verse indent0">And with them have gone down to defeat again.”⁠<a id="FNanchor_5_5" href="#Footnote_5_5" class="fnanchor">[5]</a></div> + </div> + </div> +</div> + +<p>Dos Passos, flitting into the office, called: “It’s +more cheerful over there! Come on over!”</p> + +<p>Then suddenly, when Miss Hale and I were already +halfway down the stairs, from the street +came uproar, and the rush of many feet and the +sound of hundreds of voices.</p> + +<p>Mother Bloor had been arrested for speaking +out the window of the Hod Carriers’ Union to +some five hundred people who had been unable to +get inside.</p> + +<p>When the police were heard coming up the +stairs of the Hod Carriers’ Union to get her, +Fred Beale, a splendid type of young man, threw +his arm about Mother Bloor to protect her, saying, +“You mustn’t let them get you!”</p> + +<p>Brave as always, she disengaged his arm, and +said, “You’ll have to let me go with them, +Fred!”</p> + +<p>And quietly she went away with the police, and +from Hanover Street had come the angry shout, +“Mother Bloor’s been arrested!”</p> + +<p>Putting my hand on Ruth Hale’s arm, I held +her where she was. She had done her best to get +Crowley to give a permit for the use of Bunker +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_35">[Pg 35]</span>Hill Monument for all who would meet together +and speak. And she had failed. Now was not +the time for any one to “strike” again.</p> + +<p>Dos Passos had disappeared, and we went back +up through the outer office and on into the office +where messages came and went and there was +more silence than speech.</p> + +<p>The outer office filled up and emptied intermittently, +rich and poor alike coming and going. +From a brave mission to plead with the Governor, +Mrs. J. Borden Harriman and a friend were +there, like the brave gentlewomen they are, standing +fraternally in the outer office.</p> + +<p>From that outer office, too, came the sound of +a woman’s voice, curiously deep, speaking with a +slight accent: “They wanted us to come over +and now they don’t want us. We have worked +hard and made sacrifices. They want all the +power. We want some power, too, and we are +going to have it. During the war, thinking my +name was German, the dirty dogs framed me. +And then they found I wasn’t German and had to +let me go. They think they hold a first mortgage +on us, do they? But they—”</p> + +<p>Who were “they”? Was that the government, +political wealth, or what was it? Were those +the terms in which our foreign born now thought +of this land of promise?</p> + +<p>Mother Bloor, quickly bailed by Mary Donovan +and quickly back, was seated in the outer office.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_36">[Pg 36]</span></p> + +<p>But a small group from the Hod Carriers’ +Union was making its way out to Charlestown +Prison. There, now, Sacco and Vanzetti were +momently expecting the summons to that chair +visible from their adjoining cells, with its</p> + +<div class="poetry-container"> + <div class="poetry"> + <div class="stanza"> + <div class="verse indent0">“—— cap that pours into the brain</div> + <div class="verse indent0">The livid needles of its pain.”⁠<a id="FNanchor_6_6" href="#Footnote_6_6" class="fnanchor">[6]</a></div> + </div> + </div> +</div> + +<p>At eleven o’clock the group led by Lola Ridge +having received neither orders nor suggestions +from Defense Headquarters, they had started, a +straggling half hundred, for Charlestown.</p> + +<p>In sight of the roofs of the Jail, Lola Ridge +had found herself in the lead, holding by the hand +a small school-girl who had accompanied them +from the start.</p> + +<p>Jail in sight the school-girl had said, “Here is +where I say good-by to you!”</p> + +<p>With a young Scotchman and another girl, +Lola Ridge slipped under the ropes and started +straight for the cordon of mounted police and the +Prison doors. A young mounted guard, a boy, +rode down upon her.</p> + +<p>As he reined in his horse fairly over her, she +heard him whispering in a frightened voice, +“What do you want?”</p> + +<p>Daring the trooper to ride her down, she refused +to leave the rope.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_37">[Pg 37]</span></p> + +<p>Suddenly there was the uproar of conflict. A +group of men from the straggling fifty she had +led, had thrown themselves between her and the +police now closing in upon her.</p> + +<p>A friend, Carline Murphy, knowing, as the +men did, that an order had been given for Lola +Ridge’s arrest, slipped in beside her.</p> + +<p>While the conflict between the men and the +police continued, Carline Murphy drew her away, +saying, “Lola, come! I know a way to get near +the Jail.”</p> + +<p>This she did to save her, and, still asserting +that she knew a way to get near the Jail, they +were lost in the crowd.</p> + +<p>Mary Donovan, too, was back again in the +inner office. She and the lawyer had seen Powers +Hapgood. Now she was urged to drink a cup of +coffee and eat a sandwich.</p> + +<p>As she bit into the large sandwich, humor +flashed over the pale face. “This is what I call +strong bread!” she exclaimed.</p> + +<p>And while she ate, she was giving an account +of Powers Hapgood. Before they were allowed +to see him, they had been kept waiting two hours +because the Superintendent said he had “to have +his little tea.” Admitted, they had found Hapgood +in bed and eager to tell his experiences.</p> + +<p>When the attendants had asked him why he +was there, Powers Hapgood had replied, “For +trying to help save Sacco and Vanzetti.”</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_38">[Pg 38]</span></p> + +<p>Then the attendants had called these Italians +“wops” and had told Mr. Hapgood he was in the +very bed in which Sacco had been.</p> + +<p>An attendant said supper was ready.</p> + +<p>Would he like some?</p> + +<p>What was it?</p> + +<p>Beef stew.</p> + +<p>And Powers Hapgood had said, “No, I don’t +want beef stew. I’m a vegetarian.”</p> + +<p>“And after that,” said Mary Donovan, humor +bubbling up again, “they were sure he was +psychopathic.”</p> + +<p>The attendants, who seemed to be a “gentle +lot,” had then given Mr. Hapgood an eggnog +and some bread and butter.</p> + +<p>Gardner Jackson and Dr. Edith Jackson came +in. Gardner Jackson sat down by the telephone. +There was silence. They had come from the +Governor’s office, on their return leaving Rosa +Sacco and Signorina Vanzetti at Lilian Haley’s.</p> + +<p>Dr. Edith Jackson, her head between her hands, +spoke in a trembling voice, “Twice the Governor +said, waving his hand toward Rosa Sacco and +Signorina Vanzetti, ‘It is these ladies that move +me most.’”</p> + +<p>And some in that office wondered, “Was it?”</p> + +<p>Heard, too, over the Governor’s telephone +during that hour was the ringing voice of Attorney +Thompson who believed, and still believes +in the innocence of these two men.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_39">[Pg 39]</span></p> + +<p>In the Secretary’s office, where he stayed while +the others went in to the Governor with Michael +Angelo Musmanno to act as interpreter,—in the +Secretary’s office, Gardner Jackson was offered +a cigar!</p> + +<p>Mary Donovan spoke less and less, answering +an occasional inquiry which came from the +“friend’s house” where again Rosa Sacco was +waiting for the end, but this time not only with +faithful, fearless Lilian Haley beside her but +also Signorina Vanzetti.</p> + +<p>And again at Headquarters all were waiting, +with hope, without hope.... On that night of +August twenty-second, haunting phrases, aspects +of courage that did not flinch, many invisible presences +in remembered word and look and act were +with those who assembled in Defense Headquarters +and wherever a group was gathered together +in the name of Sacco and Vanzetti.</p> + +<p>At the telephone the voice of Gardner Jackson, +as the minutes passed became more and more +quiet: “Was the execution to go forward?”</p> + +<p>“No news?”</p> + +<p>“Bad!”</p> + +<p>“No, nothing,—nothing at all!”</p> + +<p>So the brief inquiries and monosyllabic answers +followed one another.</p> + +<p>Beyond the doors of Defense Headquarters +events went forward that will never be recorded, +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_40">[Pg 40]</span>and all expressive of sympathy for this tragedy +reaching its visible climax.</p> + +<p>One experience was that of Helen Peabody, the +artist, who also had made her way out to the Jail, +got detached from her group, and had been arrested. +She was taken into Charlestown Prison +where in the guard room a courteous police officer +had offered her a chair.</p> + +<p>Suddenly she realized that she was within the +very walls that held Sacco and Vanzetti,—there +where they were about to die. In her thought +saluting them, Helen Peabody continued to stand. +Placing her hand upon the walls that held Sacco +and Vanzetti, she stood at attention in that jail +guard room till after midnight.</p> + +<p>As midnight approached at Defense Headquarters, +even when there was speech there was +yet stillness in those offices.</p> + +<p>During that hour before midnight Debs was +spoken of,—the fact that the last money order +he had been able to make out had been for this +Committee.</p> + +<p>And some one in the office said, “All day +thoughts have been repeating a prayer taught +when we were children, ‘Now I lay me down to +sleep.’ They have nothing to regret. They are +good children. They will sleep well.”</p> + +<p>Aldino Felicani, sitting with bent head, answered +gently, “What are two lives! It is the +ideal.”</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_41">[Pg 41]</span></p> + +<p>It was midnight. Quiet and more quiet, +Gardner Jackson was speaking at the telephone.</p> + +<p>Madeiros was gone.</p> + +<p>Once a thief had hung on either side, the Christ +between. Now, two idealists, not one, as if +symbol of an achieved fellowship for which Christ +had lived and died, and but one thief. These two, +atheists though they might be, of the Brotherhood +of Christ.</p> + +<p>And perhaps in the moment when from Nicola +Sacco they were cutting off speech with the straps +guards were fixing about his head and the Death +House heard him calling out those last words: +“Long live anarchy! Farewell my wife and child +and all my friends!... Farewell, Mother!” +came a cry from Mary Donovan, “I can’t—I can’t +believe it!”</p> + +<p>Her brother and a friend were swiftly at her +side, there was the snap of an ammonia capsule, +and control quickly regained. Still that belief in +the ultimate kindness of the law.</p> + +<p>Vanzetti next,—gentleman of a gentle land, +shaking hands with his guards, thanking Warden +Hendry for his kindness, and, even as they blindfolded +him, from this atheist those Christlike +words: “I wish to forgive some people for what +they are now doing to me.”</p> + +<p>In the ears of those who stood in that Death +House must have rung down two thousand years +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_42">[Pg 42]</span>of time the words of Another, “Father, forgive +them, for they know not what they do!”</p> + +<p>Through the inner door of Defense Headquarters +tumbled the Italian editor. Unable to +speak, the breath in him shaking the whole man, +he bit at a roll of papers he held in his hand.</p> + +<p>Then, crying out convulsively, “They are +gone!” he threw himself head and shoulders, +sobbing, upon the table.</p> + +<p>And in that moment there was no separation +between manhood and tears. They were one and +alike beautiful.</p> + +<p>Most courteous and most sensitive brother of +ours, you meet a double tragedy. <em>From what</em> +did you come? <em>To what</em> have you come? Fleeing +Fascism in your lovely land, what is it you +have gained here in this country of which Sacco +wrote as “always in my dreams”?⁠<a id="FNanchor_7_7" href="#Footnote_7_7" class="fnanchor">[7]</a> Is it freedom? +Is it the ideal? What was it that—the ideal—you +hoped of your land of promise?</p> + +<p>From the outer office, some weeping, all quietly, +they were going down the steep stairs.</p> + +<p>In the inner office Mary Donovan spoke, +“Come, let us not answer the telephone any +more.”</p> + +<p>And we went out, in groups or alone, down the +stairs, and into the night.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_43">[Pg 43]</span></p> + +<p>Those thirteen days from August tenth to +August twenty-second were over.</p> + +<p>Then, after hours that seemed eternity, the way +back to the foothills of the Adirondacks where +John Brown lies buried. Land of promise, beauty +and wealth everywhere! Hills and rushing +streams of the Berkshires in the summer sunlight, +the deep valley of the Hudson in the heat of +afternoon, in the dusk the thin ribbon of water +and first cliffs of Lake Champlain.</p> + +<p>In my thoughts were another beautiful land +and another Brotherhood struggling for justice, +Padraic Pearse and his poem “<span class="allsmcap">TO DEATH</span>”:</p> + +<div class="poetry-container"> + <div class="poetry"> + <div class="stanza"> + <div class="verse indent0">Of wealth or of glory</div> + <div class="verse indent0">I shall leave nothing behind me</div> + <div class="verse indent0">(I think it, O God, enough!)</div> + <div class="verse indent2">But my name in the heart of a child.</div> + </div> + </div> +</div> + +<p>The train came to an unexpected stop outside +a little fortress town, among the first of those +historic towns on Lake Champlain.</p> + +<p>Above the sudden quiet, I heard a high-pitched +woman’s voice, “That Italian case that was on at +Boston.”</p> + +<p>“When?” asked another woman who sat beside +her.</p> + +<p>“To-night. But I didn’t get tuned in in time +and—”</p> + +<p>With a jerk, through the dark, the train +went on.</p> + + +<div class="footnotes"> +<h3 id="FOOTNOTES_1"> + FOOTNOTES: +</h3> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a id="Footnote_2_2" href="#FNanchor_2_2" class="label">[2]</a> “America Arraigned,” edited by Lucia Trent and Ralph +Cheyney.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a id="Footnote_3_3" href="#FNanchor_3_3" class="label">[3]</a> <i>V.</i> <a href="#APPENDIX_C">Appendix C.</a>, pp. 108–120, for the 505 names of the initial +list taken by Paul U. Kellogg, editor of the <cite>Survey</cite>.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a id="Footnote_4_4" href="#FNanchor_4_4" class="label">[4]</a> The author of “Thirteen Days” has thought many times of +the unfairness and omissions inevitable in any attempt to make +adequate or accurate records during such days of confusion. +Although he will be found among those who stand up and +are counted again and yet again, the author does not know the +name of the stunted boy with the beautiful face. Another +illustration of the incompleteness of such a record as this—if +such illustration is needed!—is the fact that several men and +women who during those last years were of supreme comfort +to the doomed men were those who because of age or illness +or distance were not present at the end. For example, Alice +Stone Blackwell to whom Vanzetti wrote a very large number +of letters.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a id="Footnote_5_5" href="#FNanchor_5_5" class="label">[5]</a> To be found entire in “America Arraigned,” edited by Lucia +Trent and Ralph Cheyney.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a id="Footnote_6_6" href="#FNanchor_6_6" class="label">[6]</a> From a poem by E. Merrill Root in “America Arraigned,” +edited by Lucia Trent and Ralph Cheyney.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a id="Footnote_7_7" href="#FNanchor_7_7" class="label">[7]</a> “The Letters of Sacco and Vanzetti,” edited by Marion Denman +Frankfurter and Gardner Jackson, p. 10.... Students +of these issues should read, too, the valuable appendices to +“The Letters.”</p></div> +</div> + + +<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop"> +<div class="chapter"> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_44">[Pg 44]</span></p> + + + <h2 class="nobreak" id="CHAPTER_III"> + CHAPTER III + <br> + THE MARCH OF SORROW + </h2> +</div> + +<div class="poetry-header"> + <div class="poetry"> + <div class="stanza"> + <div class="verse indent0">“Pass not too near these outcast sons of men</div> + <div class="verse indent0">Where walked the Christ ahead! lest you, too, share</div> + <div class="verse indent0">The rabble’s wrath! in time take heed! beware</div> + <div class="verse indent0">The shame—the bitter woe of Him again!</div> + <div class="verse indent0">Your flaming zeal speak not so rash—so loud!</div> + <div class="verse indent0">Pass on your prudent path within the crowd.”</div> + <div class="right">From “The Way,” by <span class="smcap">Laura Simmons</span>.⁠<a id="FNanchor_8_8" href="#Footnote_8_8" class="fnanchor">[8]</a></div> + </div> + </div> +</div> + + +<p>“And within the offices of the Defense Committee +that day, how was it?”</p> + +<p>“It was businesslike,—very unpleasant,” answered +Rose Pesotta.</p> + +<p>“You mean?”</p> + +<p>“I mean that little was said, and yet all seemed +to be saying, ‘We must bury our dead!’ They +could think of nothing else.”</p> + +<hr class="tb"> + +<p>Between the midnight of their execution and +the Sunday of the March of Sorrow, throughout +the world protest and violence had been expressing +themselves in one way and another,—portents +for all who had eyes to see and ears to hear.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_45">[Pg 45]</span></p> + +<p>In Cheswick, Pennsylvania, on the 22nd, state +troopers had ridden into a peacefully conducted +protest meeting of some fifteen hundred striking +miners and their wives and children, and two hundred +had been injured. They were in an orchard, +picnicking in groups, when it all happened. A +trooper who had swung his club once too often +upon the heads of women and children had been +killed. The newspapers told about that. The +news did not tell about the woman, mother of +four children, who was so beaten up that she bled +to death. The news did not tell about old women +who were assaulted, or about the young women +and children about whom Don Brown told, +through the medium of the <cite>New Republic</cite>, women +and children beaten, thrown across rooms, gassed +and ridden down. Did Pittsburgh know? What +would William Penn have thought about his namesake +state if he could have been present at the +bloody dispersement of this orderly, peaceful +protest meeting in behalf of Sacco and Vanzetti?... +In Colorado in the coal fields matters did +not fare any better.</p> + +<p>In London, on August 23d, forty persons were +injured near the Marble Arch where mounted and +foot police charged Sacco-Vanzetti sympathizers. +The crime of these sympathizers was that they +tried to march. In Paris on the same date street +benches were torn up and newsstands were overturned +to be used as barricades by a mob of some +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_46">[Pg 46]</span>fifteen thousand sympathizers. In the conflict +hundreds of civilians were injured, and scores of +police.</p> + +<p>There were demonstrations throughout the +civilized world as well as in London and Paris. +In Rosario, Argentine, throngs waiting in silence, +in silence bared their heads when just after midnight +the news of the executions reached them. +At Buenos Aires a sympathetic strike and the boycotting +of American manufactures and products +was organized. At Sydney, Australia, a huge procession +protested the executions and resolutions +were passed by the workers to boycott American +goods. At Johannesburg, South Africa,—Olive +Schreiner’s country,—an American flag was burned +on the steps of the Town Hall and speeches were +made urging the boycotting of American goods. +In both Berlin and Leipzig there were serious +clashes between rioting protestants and the police. +In Oporto, Portugal, many people were hurt when +police dispersed a demonstration being held in +front of the American Consulate.</p> + +<p>But at Headquarters, little was said, and yet, +as Rose Pesotta expressed it, all were saying, +“We must bury our dead.” Stillness, fog-like, +blanketed both grief and work, and was broken +only by the buzz of telephone, or the question or +answer of some quiet voice.... The authorities +had nailed a two by four plank upright in the entrance +of Defense Headquarters, so that no +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_47">[Pg 47]</span>coffins could be carried through and up the stairway. +It had been the plan of the Defense that +loving hands should bear the bodies of Sacco and +Vanzetti up the stairs in order that they might +lie in state in those rooms where the battle for +their lives had been fought. The Rotenberg +Estate, which owns 256 Hanover Street, had complained +to the police. In death as in life the +Committee met defeat, and the bodies had to be +taken from Charlestown Prison to Langone’s +Funeral Chapel.</p> + +<p>In many places outside that Funeral Chapel +might have been heard the harsh echoes of cheap +denunciation of those who now lay still. But the +sound that was in the ears of the men and women +in the Defense Committee and in other committees +that had struggled to save them, were the +“Hail and Farewell” of Sacco and Vanzetti to +the Defense written in the Death House on +August 21:</p> + +<blockquote> +<p><span class="allsmcap">“THAT WE LOST AND HAVE TO DIE, DOES NOT DIMINISH +OUR APPRECIATION AND GRATITUDE FOR YOUR +GREAT SOLIDARITY WITH US AND OUR FAMILIES. FRIENDS +AND COMRADES, NOW THAT THE TRAGEDY OF THIS TRIAL +IS AT AN END, BE ALL AS OF ONE HEART. ONLY TWO OF +US WILL DIE. OUR IDEAL, YOU OUR COMRADES, WILL LIVE +BY MILLIONS. WE HAVE WON. WE ARE NOT VANQUISHED. +JUST TREASURE OUR SUFFERING, OUR +SORROW, OUR MISTAKES, OUR DEFEATS, OUR PASSION +FOR FUTURE BATTLES AND FOR THE GREAT EMANCIPATION.</span></p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_48">[Pg 48]</span></p> + +<p><span class="allsmcap">“BE ALL AS OF ONE HEART IN THIS BLACKEST HOUR +OF OUR TRAGEDY, AND WE HAVE HEART. SALUTE FOR +US ALL THE FRIENDS AND COMRADES OF THE EARTH.</span></p> + +<p><span class="allsmcap">“WE EMBRACE YOU ALL AND BID YOU OUR EXTREME +GOOD-BY WITH OUR HEARTS FILLED WITH LOVE AND +AFFECTION.</span></p> + +<p><span class="allsmcap">“NOW AND EVER, LONG LIFE TO YOU ALL, LONG LIFE +TO LIBERTY.</span></p> + +<p class="center"> +<span class="allsmcap">“YOURS FOR LIFE AND DEATH.</span> +</p> + +<p class="right"> + <span style="margin-right: 5.0em;"><span class="smcap">Nicola Sacco</span></span><br> + <span class="smcap">Bartolomeo Vanzetti</span>.”⁠<a id="FNanchor_9_9" href="#Footnote_9_9" class="fnanchor">[9]</a> +</p> +</blockquote> + +<p>And as at Defense Headquarters they were getting +ready to bury their dead, in the ears of millions +of sympathizers the world over were not +only those words of <span class="allsmcap">HAIL AND FAREWELL</span>, but +also all the tender courtesies that these two gentlemen +of a gentle land had not forgot in their final +hours of agony. There was Vanzetti thanking his +unfailing friend, Mrs. Jessica Henderson, “most +heartfully” for her care of his sister, and admitting +that at sight of his sister his heart had +“lost a little of its steadiness.” And Vanzetti +writing a long and beautiful letter to “Friend +Dana,” the student of English Literature.⁠<a id="FNanchor_10_10" href="#Footnote_10_10" class="fnanchor">[10]</a> And +there was Sacco writing a last letter to his little +son, Dante, of which some of the sentences once +read will always be remembered:</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_49">[Pg 49]</span></p> + +<blockquote> +<p>“What here I am going to tell you will touch your +feelings, but don’t cry, Dante, because many tears have +been wasted, as your mother’s have been wasted for seven +years, and never did any good. So, Son, instead of crying, +be strong, so as to be able to comfort your mother, +and when you want to distract your mother from the +discouraging soulness, I will tell you what I used to do. +To take her for a long walk in the quiet country, gathering +wild flowers here and there, resting under the shade +of trees, between the harmony of the vivid stream and the +gentle tranquillity of the mother nature, and I am sure +that she will enjoy this very much, as you surely would +be happy for it. But remember always, Dante, in the +play of happiness, don’t you use all for yourself only, but +down yourself just one step, at your side and help the +weak ones that cry for help, help the persecuted and the +victim because they are your better friends, they are the +comrades that fight and fall as your father and Bartolo +fought and fell yesterday for the conquest of the joy and +freedom for all the poor workers. In this struggle of +life you will find more love and you will be loved....”</p> +</blockquote> + +<p>Appreciation, guidance, love, courage for others, +their thought in these last hours,—messages that +for centuries to come will teach men how to live +and how to die....</p> + +<p>If, for their own comfort, on that last night of +their life, they might have seen their Defense +Committee as some others saw it: the worn face +of Aldino Felicani; the persistence of Gardner +Jackson; the ceaseless watchfulness of Joseph +Moro; the pallor of Mary Donovan; and, +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_50">[Pg 50]</span>centered in the midst of all their love and care, the +quiet, patient beauty of Rosa Sacco.</p> + +<p>The Governor had assured a woman of +wealth—also a woman of courage and judgment—who +had come to plead with him for stay of +sentence, that after it was over they would both +sleep better in their beds. It is probable that the +only peace that night for multitudes of men and +women of all ranks and of national and international +interests, was the bitter gratitude that +after the long agony, Sacco and Vanzetti knew the +peace of death. For they knew so well that all +was not over, as the authorities and the news said +it was. They knew that it was only just begun.</p> + +<p>Two days later on the evening of August 25th +some eight thousand people were gathered before +the doors of Langone’s waiting to go in to look +upon the faces of the Italian martyrs. Some had +stood there all day pressing up against the ropes +that held them off. Very shortly after those +doors were opened, Mary Donovan, nerves at +the breaking point after the long years of Defense +work and those thirteen days covering the postponement +and preparation for the executions, as +some news and camera men were about to take +pictures of Sacco and Vanzetti, took her stand +at the head of the coffins, in her hands a placard +two and a half feet long and two feet wide. On +it were Judge Webster Thayer’s words spoken +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_51">[Pg 51]</span>while petitions for a new trial were still to be +argued before him: “<span class="smcap">Did you see what I did +to those anarchistic bastards?</span>”</p> + +<p>A battle of wills then ensued between Joseph +Langone, the funeral director, whose license +would be at stake if trouble occurred, and Mary +Donovan. The struggle was soon over. The +photographers went ahead with their work, and +Mary Donovan stepped outside, where the crowd +of eight thousand was waiting, and handed her +placards to a newspaper man to copy. As they +were being returned to her a Sergeant of the Police +snatched them from her, and another struggle +was begun. It culminated, despite the attempt +of Gardner Jackson and Powers Hapgood +to defend her, in her arrest on two charges: first, +inciting to riot; second, distributing anarchistic +literature.</p> + +<p>Mary Donovan, whether her action at this +time was well-judged or not, was within her rights +in permitting the reporters to copy her placards. +As far as the distribution of anarchistic literature +is concerned, the “literature” involved was of the +making of Judge Webster Thayer who might dislike +having his phrases called anarchistic. Mary +Donovan herself is a registered member of a political +party whose tenets are opposed to those of +anarchy,—I mean that political party known as +the Socialist Party of the United States. She +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_52">[Pg 52]</span>was given six months on each count or a year in +prison, and her case is still to be called.</p> + +<p>Saturday night was gone and Sunday had come. +Sunday noon the March of Sorrow was scheduled +to begin the long traversing on foot of some eight +miles to Forest Hills where the last ceremony was +to be held and the bodies of Sacco and Vanzetti +cremated. From the steps and portico of Saint +Paul’s Cathedral in Boston a waiting crowd was +looking out upon a far greater throng which +packed Tremont Street to the curb. To Beacon +Hill and that State House already barred to the +marchers by road signs and trucks placed end on +end across all entrances to it, the Common rose +in gradual ascent.</p> + +<p>This day and hour of August twenty-eighth, +1927, was as rain and wind swept as a November +day, with dead leaves falling from trees still +green. Many of those who stood upon the portico +steps, not a few who stirred upon the Common, +believing in the leadership and healing +power of ideal action, must have touched the +thought of this Boston of 1927 with its American +Tragedy of Injustice and its memories of Wendell +Phillips and William Lloyd Garrison as one +touches the inexplicable,—something of amazement +and fear both in their thoughts. What did +it all mean? Or Italian by birth, minds sought +refuge during those gray and solemn hours by a +grave in the Campo Santo, Genoa, with its legend +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_53">[Pg 53]</span>“<span class="allsmcap">PRO VITA NUOVA</span>,” remembering Mazzini and +phrases revealing his suffering and his triumph.</p> + +<p>On Hanover Street, within Defense Headquarters, +and a few doors away on the opposite side +of the street at Langone’s, since early morning +preparations had been going forward,—all was +“business like.” At ten the Funeral Chapel had +been closed. But thousands had seen those faces, +alabaster in death, of a good shoemaker and a +poor fish peddler. From Defense Headquarters +word was being passed out that the March of Sorrow +was to begin at one o’clock. There still, +all was quiet and the one thought that they must +bury their dead. Not permitted to begin the +march with the famous red arm band about +the sleeve—<span class="smcap">Remember, Justice Crucified! +August 22, 1927</span>—word was passed out to put +the bands into pockets until a certain point on +the marching route had been reached.</p> + +<p>For hours throngs of mourners had been gathering +in the North End all along the quarter of a +mile between the Funeral Chapel and North End +Park. Waiting open cars had been filled to overflowing +with scarlet flowers, and on foot many +volunteers were to bear crimson wreaths. Then +the pallbearers carried out the coffins to the waiting +hearses. Led by two closed cars, one containing +Mrs. Sacco and Miss Vanzetti, Aldino +Felicani and Dante Sacco, the other empty and +waiting for the moment when the members of the +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_54">[Pg 54]</span>Defense Committee should step into it from the +head of the marching ranks, at a signal the great +cortège fell into step, arm linked to arm, the +motors in the cars began to throb, and the March +of Sorrow was begun.</p> + +<p>And it was begun to the pounding of horses’ +hoofs, for at the head and on either side of the +hearse and the two closed cars rode mounted +State police clad in black raincoats and hats. The +official intent was scarcely that of honoring the +dead, yet the escort was not unlike that given to +dead kings. To the thought of Mary Donovan +and other members of the Defense from a letter +returned the words of Vanzetti: “Such treatment +formerly was given only to saints and kings.”... +All those eight miles from Scollay Square to Forest +Hills the thunder of those hoofs beat upon +the ears of those who mourned.</p> + +<p>At first, Alfred Baker Lewis said, the attitude +of the police was strictly neutral. But when +they saw that a procession of some fifty thousand +people had determined, despite the rain, to pay +honor to these two martyrs their attitude changed. +From the start a procession unique in the history +of human experience both for numbers and in the +length of the route covered encountered difficulties. +First the police had heavy trucks set close +together all across the street and directly in the +way of the line of march. In the attempts of +the marchers to get through or around obstacles, +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_55">[Pg 55]</span>one man was injured by being pushed through a +plate glass window. But the marchers did get +around the trucks and reform the procession.</p> + +<p>In the gray and rain of Scollay Square, where +fog was drifting in and pools of water were collecting, +the police charged the line and started +clubbing, and a detail of the mounted police rode +straight into the column. A man on the sidewalk, +indignant at the unprovoked attack on the +marchers, swore at the police—to do this to the +Boston police is to break much more than a tenth +of the decalogue—and the man was arrested and +taken to the police station. By such methods the +police succeeded in “clearing” Scollay Square, but +they could not keep it cleared. Quietly, steadily, +the thousands of mourners came on, some filtering +through the police cordon, others making detours, +and again forming a column of solid ranks, arm +linked to arm, twenty abreast.</p> + +<p>Past Scollay Square, a brave salute to the police, +out came the red arm bands. And now arm +linked in arm, step perfect, the inscription on +those arm bands repeated, repeated, repeated, itself +in rhythm to the marching multitudes: “<span class="smcap">Remember—Justice +Crucified! August 22, +1927.</span>” The long wavering line of flame under +rain,—human hearts, crimson flowers, the undulating +thousands of red arm bands, the hearses +bearing the bodies of Sacco and Vanzetti,—the +great cortège of Sorrow went on.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_56">[Pg 56]</span></p> + +<p>Upon the steps and within the portico of Saint +Paul, from the Common, the waiting throngs saw +them coming. In the minds of those who +watched and those who marched echoed the words +of the Silent Ones behind whom the great concourse +was marching: “Our words—our lives—our +pains—nothing! The taking of our lives—lives +of a good shoemaker and a poor fish peddler—all! +That last moment belongs to us—that +agony is our triumph!”</p> + +<p>The sweeping tide of human beings had moved +slowly up Hanover Street, packed from curb to +curb behind those shining hearses, behind the +crimson flowers, and was whittled at by the police +during the entire eight miles to Forest Hills +Cemetery. Undaunted by either violence or the +black skies gathering more and more rain, the +cortège reformed again and again, and went on,—the +human spirit of justice establishing its integrity +and achieving in sorrow its purpose. The +love of those who marched was not unlike the +love of Those Two borne along the miles of all +that way, and from whose dead lips, age after +age, would be scattered the truth for which they +had given their lives, “ashes and sparks ... +among mankind.”</p> + +<p>On that day those who seemed to be in control +were the Boston police, and they did their bit +towards educating the multitudes. It was not, +perhaps, the education which they thought they +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_57">[Pg 57]</span>were giving. It was rather like a lesson Louis +Rabinowitz saw taught at the corner of the Boston +Common and of Charles Street. As the +March of Sorrow, heckled by the police, struggled +forward, the “pupil” whom the police took +in hand was a typical American youth,—100 per +cent American, clothes and brains. Pressed +against the picket fence of the Charles Street +Mall he was much amused at the plight of the +funeral cortège as, desperately, the marchers +sought to meet every new obstacle the police set +for them, and at the same time keep order in the +marching ranks.</p> + +<blockquote> +<p>“A sudden charge of the mounted Cossacks,” wrote +Louis Rabinowitz of the Young People’s Socialist League, +“brought a smile to his lips. The slow stiffening of the +workers’ lines in the face of vicious clubbings drove away +the smile, to leave instead a wrinkling of the brows and +a look of wonder and respect. As though he wondered +at such courage, and whence it could have sprung. What +was the matter? Why were all these people suffering like +that?</p> + +<p>“‘Hey, you! Get away from there and run!’ It was +the snarling vicious growl of some mad creature. The +youth quickly turned his head and saw not far distant +from himself a beefy, bristling, ‘flat-foot,’ fresh from +clubbing the mourners.</p> + +<p>“The young man began to obey the threatening commands +and slowly walked away from the fence to proceed +along the path.</p> + +<p>“‘Run, I told ye—and keep running. I’ll smash your +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_58">[Pg 58]</span>face in for you!’ As he uttered this threat the cop rapidly +moved after the youth. The latter, noticing over his +shoulder as he walked the onslaught of the lumbering +beef-face with his ever-swinging club, began to run. Out +of breath, the Boston police ‘club-swinger’ stopped and +fiercely shook his fist at the retreating back of his escaping +quarry.</p> + +<p>“As the lad ran the look of wonder disappeared from +his face. In its place there grew an expression of grim +determination crowned with the certainty of hope. And +as he joined the line of plodding workers he uttered a +single significant remark: ‘Now I know why you are +fighting.’”</p> +</blockquote> + +<p>But on that day, in those hours, greater than +those police masters was the Master of all Men. +“Eloquent, just and mightie Death” had persuaded. +Before the eyes of this American boy, +Death was drawing “together all the farre +stretchèd greatness, all the pride, crueltie, and +ambition of man,” and was showing him not only +the visible symbols of courage and brotherhood +but also the symbols of stupidity and injustice.</p> + +<p>The police continued to “maintain order,” +carving off from the cortège by every strategy +in their power and by force large numbers of the +marching thousands until what had been fifty +thousand at Hanover Street became scarcely two +hundred marchers at Forest Hills. They ordered +opposite tides of traffic into the marchers, +they even diverted traffic into the cortège, they +threw trucks across the way, they rode straight +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_59">[Pg 59]</span>into by-standing groups of sympathizers, and they +clubbed. All that those who marched wanted +was to reach Forest Hills, there to pay the last +deference to Nicola Sacco and Bartolomeo Vanzetti. +They did not want trouble. And they +kept on doggedly, forming and reforming in what +Blanche Watson in <cite>The New Leader</cite> has called +their “plodding glory.” And marching, marching, +marching, beside them, unseen, unheard, was +another army,—all the phantasmagoria of many +forces, of hope, of despair, of hate, of love, the +death, the life, of all the ages through which +mankind, dusty and travel-stained, has fought his +way upwards.</p> + +<p>Towards the close of the march the struggles +of the cortège with the police became more acute. +But under the leadership of Rose Pesotta and +Alfred Baker Lewis the sympathizers kept on, +the police making last brutal efforts to incite them +to violence. More than seven of the eight miles +had been covered in the rain.</p> + +<p>Arm linked in arm they were swinging on +bravely and silently when suddenly at Forest +Hills Elevated Station came the sharp command, +“Get over there!”</p> + +<p>And police charged them, together with an automobile +from the station house in which a patrolman +rode down the crowd. Not a half minute +was given the procession to obey before clubs +began to swing and marchers to sprawl. There +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_60">[Pg 60]</span>were curses, blows and kicks, and the guardians +of law and order drew their guns. They were +“keeping order,” of course! Anybody could see +that, as by this last violence upon the worn men +and women they succeeded in cutting away more +than two-thirds of the brave and peaceful remnant +of all the thousands.</p> + +<p>Within almost a stone’s throw of Forest Hills +Cemetery, that “third” slipped into a side street, +and reformed.... Again, arm linked to arm, +they swung on through the rain and the fast approaching +night, in perfect order, silent except +for their marching steps, on they plodded that last +half mile to the Cemetery where a cordon of +state police denied them entrance. They had kept +on to the end. And now, the rain coming down +in torrents, they stood with bared heads before +the closed gates.</p> + +<p>There, too, by the Walk Hill entrance stood +Professor Ellen Hayes of Wellesley, and some +of her friends. In an automobile they had joined +the funeral procession. But endlessly harassed +by the police, they had detoured and gone directly +to the Cemetery. They stood there by the gates, +watching the police jamming and hustling the +throngs. They saw the hearses come and enter +the gates. Far behind those hearses and the following +cars brilliant with flowers, they had seen +that gallant few coming, all, as Miss Hayes wrote +in <cite>The Relay</cite>, “whom the police and the rain and +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_61">[Pg 61]</span>the long miles had allowed to come through. +Brilliant red bands gleamed on their arms.” In +silence, wishing that they, too, might have been +equal to the long hard march, this group of +elderly women saluted them.</p> + +<p>Now within the Chapel the quiet bodies waited +till a woman’s tremulous voice should speak a +few unforgettable words in their memory, and +the bodies should be taken into the retort rooms +there, again, to be baptized by fire, yet never to +the end to be free from police surveillance. For +even in the Cremation Chamber was to be a parade +of police joking and laughing as fire reduced +all that was mortal of Nicola Sacco and Bartolomeo +Vanzetti to ash.</p> + +<p>The “last” moment had come. The little +Chapel would hold no more than a hundred. +Every seat was filled, and a few stood about the +walls. Haggard and white, as those who stand +at the foot of the cross, Mary Donovan read +words, written by Gardner Jackson, that for fearless +grandeur will be remembered with the spoken +and written words of Nicola Sacco and Bartolomeo +Vanzetti:</p> + +<blockquote> +<p>“<span class="smcap">Nicola Sacco</span> and <span class="smcap">Bartolomeo Vanzetti</span>, you +came to America seeking freedom. In the strong idealism +of youth you came as workers searching for that liberty +and equality of opportunity heralded as the particular +gift of this country to all new-comers. You centered +your labors in Massachusetts, the very birthplace of +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_62">[Pg 62]</span>American ideals. And now Massachusetts and America +have killed you—murdered you because you were Italian +anarchists.</p> + +<p>“A hundred and fifty years ago the controlling people +of this state hanged women in Salem—charging them with +witchcraft. The shame of those old acts of barbarism can +never be wiped out. But they are as nothing beside this +murder which modern Massachusetts has committed upon +you. The witch-burners were motivated by the superstitious +fear of an emotional religion. Their minds were +blinded by their selfish passion to reach Heaven. The +minds of those who have killed you are not blinded. +They have committed this act in deliberate cold blood. +For more than seven years they had every chance to +know the truth about you. Not once did they even dare +mention the quality of your characters—a quality so +noble and shining that millions have come to be guided +by it. They refused to look. They allowed the bitter +prejudice of class, position and self-interest to close their +eyes. They cared more for wealth, comfort and institutions +than they did for truth. You, Sacco and Vanzetti, +are the victims of the crassest plutocracy the world has +known since ancient Rome.</p> + +<p>“Your execution is ‘one of the blackest crimes’ in the +history of mankind. It is that and more. Horrible +enough would it be if the killing of you had been ordered +by the political and material powers alone. How much +more horrible it is to have this act sanctioned and even +blessed by those who pass among us as the leaders of +intellectual and spiritual power. The blatant exultation +with which they aided in your death is the final sign that +the act of killing you was the act of vengeance of one +class—the class dominated by worship of money and +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_63">[Pg 63]</span>position—against you as symbols of another class—the workers +and all others aspiring to realize the true meaning +of life.</p> + +<p>“‘If it had not been for these things,’ said Vanzetti +shortly before his death, ‘I might have lived out my life, +talking at street corners to scorning men. I might have +die, unmarked, unknown, a failure. Now we are not a +failure. This is our career and our triumph. Never in +our full life can we hope to do such work for tolerance, +for justice, for man’s understanding of man, as now we +do by an accident. Our words—our lives—our pains—nothing! +The taking of our lives—lives of a good shoemaker +and a poor fish peddler—all! The last moment +belongs to us—that agony is our triumph!’</p> + +<p>“By that triumph we are fired with an everlasting fire. +Your long years of torture and your last hours of supreme +agony are the living banner under which we and our +descendants for generations to come will march to accomplish +that better world based on the brotherhood of +man for which you died. In your martyrdom we will +fight on and conquer.”</p> +</blockquote> + + +<div class="footnotes"> +<h3 id="FOOTNOTES_2"> + FOOTNOTES: +</h3> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a id="Footnote_8_8" href="#FNanchor_8_8" class="label">[8]</a> “America Arraigned,” edited by Lucia Trent and Ralph +Cheyney.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a id="Footnote_9_9" href="#FNanchor_9_9" class="label">[9]</a> For letters of Sacco and Vanzetti, <i>Vide</i> “The Letters of +Sacco and Vanzetti,” edited by Marion Denman Frankfurter +and Gardner Jackson, Viking Press, New York.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a id="Footnote_10_10" href="#FNanchor_10_10" class="label">[10]</a> Professor Henry Wadsworth Longfellow Dana.</p></div> +</div> + + +<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop"> +<div class="chapter"> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_64">[Pg 64]</span></p> + + + <h2 class="nobreak" id="CHAPTER_IV"> + CHAPTER IV + <br> + ROMAN HOLIDAY + </h2> +</div> + +<div class="poetry-header"> + <div class="poetry"> + <div class="stanza"> + <div class="verse indent0">“From Heaven what sign?</div> + <div class="verse indent0">What writing on the wall?</div> + <div class="verse indent0">What whisper running along the wind that power and pride shall fall?”</div> + <div class="right"><span class="smcap">Joseph T. Shipley.</span>⁠<a id="FNanchor_11_11" href="#Footnote_11_11" class="fnanchor">[11]</a></div> + </div> + </div> +</div> + + +<p>On April ninth, five months before, when sentence +was pronounced upon Sacco and Vanzetti, +their spoken words had been wise and beautiful. +As the Defense Committee said of them: “No +tremor was in their voices, no uncertainty was in +their bearing. Their eyes looked steadfastly +upon the averted face of him who pronounced +their doom of burning in the electric chair. +Theirs was the complete fortitude of idealism +and innocence.”</p> + +<p>From the brief address of Sacco—barely five +hundred words—return not only the courage but +also the courtesy in his generous reference to +Vanzetti as “my Comrade, the kind man to all +the children.” And then those final words spoken +to Judge Thayer: “As I said before, Judge +Thayer know all my life, and he know that I am +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_65">[Pg 65]</span>never been guilty, never—not yesterday, nor to-day, +nor forever.”</p> + +<p>After that came Vanzetti’s longer speech, answering +why sentence of death should not be +passed upon him: “What I say is that I am innocent, +not only of the Braintree crime, but also +of the Bridgewater crime. That I am not only +innocent of these crimes, but in all my life I have +never stolen and I have never killed and I have +never spilled blood. That is what I want to +say. And it is not all. Not only am I innocent +of these two crimes, not only in all my life have +I never stolen, never killed, never spilled blood, +but I have struggled all my life, since I began to +reason, to eliminate crime from the earth.”</p> + +<p>Then had come the pause in which Vanzetti +had paid tribute to Debs: “There is the best man +I ever cast my eyes upon since I lived, a man +that will last and will grow always more near to +and more dear to the heart of the people, so long +as admiration for goodness, for virtues, and +for sacrifice will last. I mean Eugene Victor +Debs.... He has said that not even a dog that +kills chickens would have found an American jury +to convict it with the proof that the Commonwealth +has produced against us.”</p> + +<p>These two “criminals” were like that other +“criminal” Debs of whom Clarence Darrow said +that his only weakness was his honesty.</p> + +<p>And then another pause, this time in +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_66">[Pg 66]</span>courteous apology because Vanzetti must speak some +harsh words to Judge Thayer: “I am sorry to say +this because you are an old man, and I have an old +father.”</p> + +<p>Finally had come the close on these ringing +words: “I am suffering because I am a radical +and indeed I am a radical; I have suffered because +I was an Italian, and indeed I am an Italian; I +have suffered more for my family and for my +beloved than for myself; but I am so convinced +to be right that you can only kill me once but if +you could execute me two time, and if I could +be reborn two other times, I would live again +to do what I have done already.”</p> + +<p>To men like Dr. Dewey and Dr. Morton +Prince, having within their grasp mental tools +by which to test the guilt or innocence of those +accused of crime, that Dedham courthouse might +well have seemed but the cave of men living some +twenty thousand years ago and the “law” the club +which those primitive men had wielded. At the +end of “Psychology and Justice,” published in the +<cite>New Republic</cite>, Dr. Dewey writes: “The committee’s +sole reference to the conduct of Mr. +Thompson is that, upon occasion, his conduct indicated +that ‘the case of the defense must be +rather desperate’ for him to resort to the tactics +attributed to him. Well, events, in which the +committee had their share, indicate that the +plight of the defendants was indeed desperate; +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_67">[Pg 67]</span>and Mr. Thompson, above all others, had occasion +to realize how tragically desperate. But, +quite apart from the committee’s own conviction +of the guilt of the accused, it was known to them +that Mr. Thompson was equally convinced of +their innocence; that he was conservative in his +social and political views; that, at great sacrifice +of time, of social and professional standing, he +had made a gallant fight for the accused out of +jealous zeal for the repute of his own state for +even-handed justice. Yet their sole reference to +him is by way of a slur. I see but one explanation +of such lack of simple and seemingly imperative +generosity of mind.... Sacco and Vanzetti +are dead. No discussion of their innocence +or guilt can restore them to life. That issue is +now merged in a larger one, that of our methods +of ensuring justice, one which in turn is merged +in the comprehensive issue of the tone and temper +of American public opinion and sentiment, as they +affect judgment and action in any social question +wherein racial divisions and class interests are involved. +These larger issues did not pass with +the execution of these men. Their death did not, +indeed, first raise these momentous questions. +They have been with us for a long time and in +increasing measure since the War. But the condemnation +and death of two obscure Italians +opened a new chapter in the book of history. +Certain phases of our life have been thrown into +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_68">[Pg 68]</span>the highest of high lights. They cannot henceforth +be forgotten or ignored. They lie heavy +on the conscience of many, and they will rise in +multitudes of unexpected ways to trouble the emotions +and stir the thoughts of the most thoughtless +and conventional.”</p> + +<p>During those thirteen days of Boston history +there were men and women, millions of them, +all over the United States and in many parts of +the world who, not very well-read in history and +without either philosophy or experience to prepare +them for such events as those dramatized, +were robbed of their faith in the integrity of national +life, stripped of confidence in American +justice, and heart-broken by this spectacle of brutality. +Before their eyes they saw what Samuel +Taylor Coleridge one hundred years and more +ago had described as the special danger of his +own Georgian era: “An inward prostration of the +soul before enormous power, and a readiness to +palliate and forget all iniquities to which prosperity +had wedded itself.”</p> + +<p>These events they had to see without the perspective +of history, with its tracings of the wavering +line of progress, to correct the distortions +of present suffering. It is they, honest, uncompromising, +only in part educated, and their children’s +children, who will make the revolutionists +of the future. For the automatic answer of history +to injustice has ever been revolution. And +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_69">[Pg 69]</span>they read about or saw or were aware of acts of +rejoicing that Massachusetts had taken the stand +she had both through her official and committee +representatives and unofficially, and that the men +were “out of the way.”</p> + +<p>But one, and the latest, manifestation of this +spirit to which Heywood Broun calls attention +in the February 15, 1927, issue of the <cite>Nation</cite> was +the banquet at the Copley Plaza at which seven +hundred Dartmouth men cheered Judge Webster +Thayer for five minutes. As orgiastic as the persecution +of Christians on some Roman holiday +must that wah—hoo—wahing of Dartmouth have +sounded in many ears. And, as Heywood Broun +says, “If truth and right dogged every step of +Massachusetts justice in the case still there would +be reason to object to long cheers for an electrocution.”... +For the sake of Dartmouth history +it should not pass unobserved that much of this +cheering was, it may be, not so much intended <em>for</em> +Judge Thayer as <em>against</em> Professor Richardson of +Dartmouth who had testified to the judicial impropriety +of Judge Thayer’s statements out of +court.</p> + +<p>Hardest of all was it for the idealistic young +to see, and know, these things. Denied by their +youth that cool-headedness, logic, strategy, experience, +which they would have used towards ideal +ends, they saw these weapons being used by those +in power towards the thwarting of the issue of +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_70">[Pg 70]</span>justice. Nevertheless, even as the older people +had still believed up to the end that strong organization +might help, so had the young believed +that, with desperate effort, truth and goodness +would at last prevail. And both had seen their +desperate efforts and their measures fail.</p> + +<p>Even within the committees so bravely at work +for the defense of these two Italians, for those +who cared to do so, it was possible to observe +angles of selfishness, egotisms struggling for personal +power. It was possible to hear words +spoken which were foul or blasphemous, statements +made which were not based on truth. Although +it is common to do so, because of the sentimentalizing +of Christianity, historically it would +be a mistake to assume that those who stand at +the foot of the cross, whether in the first century +or the twentieth, are blameless. If, later, those +who not only had come together but who had +worked together fell apart, even fell to quarreling, +that was not what mattered. What did matter +was that for the time being all, however separated +by class or character, were humane in +intention; and all, however hopeless the issue, +struggled together for justice.</p> + +<p>To such a nucleus for constitutional justice as +the Defense Committee itself is, the seven bitter +years had revealed the worst there was to know +about American politics and decadent aspects of +capitalism. With eyes wide open to the truth, +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_71">[Pg 71]</span>Mary Donovan wrote: “Do not worry about me—I +may go to jail and I may not, but however +my case ends we all realized that the authorities +would demand some payment, for our agitation +of the past years, and who would pay, but those +of us who have never received, or expected to receive, +any compensation but the knowledge that +we were and are right?”</p> + +<p>The Committee and its attorneys felt, and will +always feel as no one else can, the mental courage +of Sacco and Vanzetti. This strength Attorney +Thompson, in no sense sharing their social views, +has set down about Vanzetti in a record published +in the February, 1928, <cite>Atlantic Monthly</cite>: “In +this closing scene the impression of him which +had been gaining ground in my mind for three +years was deepened and confirmed—that he was +a man of powerful mind, of unselfish disposition, +of seasoned character, and of devotion to high +ideals. There was no sign of breaking down or of +terror at approaching death. At parting he gave +me a firm clasp of the hand and a steady glance, +which revealed unmistakably the depth of his feeling +and the firmness of his self-control.”...</p> + +<p>In August, during these thirteen days of indecision, +many generous minds grieved because they +thought men’s hearts were dead. Whether these +minds were liberal or conservative or radical, they +were alike in seeing that in this crisis of injustice +the selfishness of class warfare and social +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_72">[Pg 72]</span>ignorance were in the ascendant. Here were race +hatreds, and their senescent forms in the institutionalism +of court and state. Here, working +their will, were unscrupulous ambitions. Here +were riches which had lost all expression of fellowship +and sympathy, as wealth once held in +trust for the common good in this country had +kept them, and as wealth here and there still +keeps them. John Maynard Keynes has said in +<cite>The End of Laissez-faire</cite>: “I do not know which +makes a man more conservative—to know nothing +but the present, or nothing but the past.”... +Here was a death struggle. Here were human +beings who were good about many things but ungenerous +or bad about this issue of justice. Here +were indignant angry friends of justice who spoke +of the Clayton anti-trust act in one breath with its +guarantee of free speech and free assemblage, and +in the next spoke of the vengeance of God. Here, +too, were men and women whose only wish was to +get rid of men of the Sacco and Vanzetti type.</p> + +<p>And, most hopeless reaction of all, coming out +of this chaos the thought: “Thank God, it is +over!”</p> + +<p>Probably the lowest point in the spirit of +<i>laissez-faire</i> was reached in an editorial in the +<cite>Boston Herald</cite> published the morning after the +execution. The caption of this leading editorial +was: BACK TO NORMALCY. Its concluding +paragraph read: “It has been a famous case. It +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_73">[Pg 73]</span>has attracted the attention of the world to an +extent quite without recent precedent. It has +presented phases which no serious student of our +public affairs could fail to regret. <em>But the time +for all such discussion is over. The chapter is +closed. The die is cast. The arrow has flown. +Now let us go forward to the duties and responsibilities +of the common day with a renewed determination +to maintain our present system of +government, and our existing social order.</em>”⁠<a id="FNanchor_12_12" href="#Footnote_12_12" class="fnanchor">[12]</a></p> + +<p>And there we are with the good old word “tradition” +implicit in “present system” and “existing +social order”! The <cite>Herald</cite> says nothing of the +records of history. And for all its consciousness +of evolution, this editorial—probably written as +the men were being executed—might as well have +come from the mountains of Tennessee. “Tradition” +should be a means of communication, a +bridge by which human beings step forward into +the future. As soon as it denies the principle of +growth and forbids progress, in short as soon as +tradition becomes a barricade and not a bridge, is +it an advantage to human intelligence?</p> + +<p>What so often many had read about and glibly +discussed, in the execution prepared for and postponed +and prepared for, they had seen dramatized +in class warfare and race hatred. No intelligent +student of issues during that time could +fail to perceive decadence in act after act. The +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_74">[Pg 74]</span>mighty, and triumphant, wish to put an end to +Sacco and Vanzetti was not only an act of hatred +for these poor Italians but also the desire to maintain +the <i>status quo</i> in which wealth and privilege +should be able to go upon their way of the world +untroubled. Here was the creed of our present +economic system—a creed become hereditary—taught +to the full extent of its powers. Violation +by opinion of the established order of things had +been punished by death. It is not improbable +that many who loathed the act done nevertheless +pitied some of those men who did this thing,—men +familiar with the struggles of conscience and +the desire to do right, men of moral integrity, +yet caught in this Roman holiday of a brutal +economic order as Marcus Aurelius had been +caught in the Roman way of celebration, which +turned Christians into burning torches. Marcus +Aurelius, good and innocent, even tender, “persecuted” +the Christians who were good and innocent. +The gravamen of the charge against Marcus +Aurelius is that he allowed the Roman +Constitution, with its cruel criminal laws, to take +its way. It is a fact that Roman Stoics of the +days of Marcus Aurelius did not know how pure, +how innocent were those Christians whose persecutions +they permitted. It is probable that some +of those who are in power to-day do not know +how pure and innocent are some of these radical +idealists.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_75">[Pg 75]</span></p> + +<p>This was not in Rome but in Boston. This +was not the Roman attitude toward Christianity. +This was the attitude of a Christian government +towards the attempt to educate other men along +the lines of political development. These Italians +were “pagan” because they were radical, +and the authority which persecuted them was +Christian. And the educational and political elements +of the case were “framed” to robbery and +murder. To-day Senator Wheeler knows whether +the frame-up is <i>de facto</i> in this country or not. It +has been rather a long history of frame-ups from +the Chicago anarchist cases to the recent disturbances +in Colorado and New Jersey in which corporations +either through their own armed guards +or through controlled local police, have carried +on warfare reminiscent of the Middle Ages, bulwarked +by a perverted use of the injunction. The +long list of cases sponsored by the American Civil +Liberties Union adds its testimony particularly to +the prejudiced attitude of many of the lower +courts.</p> + +<p>Only the sentimentalist could have failed to +see that the truth, because it was the truth, had +no power whatever to stay these executions. The +sole advantage during those days of indecision +which truth had was not temporal, but that, although +truth might be “killed” symbolically in +the patient bodies of two humble Italian idealists, +it could not be put out. Consumed by the fire +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_76">[Pg 76]</span>of their own acts these two would rise again. +Immortality by means of the resurrection of truth +was theirs, and they knew it. Yet a strange thing +had been done: in a country which had been established +by those who were radicals in religious +opinion, two who were radical in political thought +had been executed.</p> + +<p>It was plain that those in power did not hold +their authority in what has been called “the consent +of the governed,” but from some other control. +For, as we could see, the “governed” had +no power whatsoever. We were put through the +gesture of being consulted, of being considered. +We were kept in a “politic” state of hopefulness. +But behind it all something we never saw, that +never became definite, was in control, and waiting +to strike. And it was equally plain that whatever +this Power was, it considered these executions +politically, socially, morally, desirable. For some +this Presence incorporated itself in the word “Reaction.” +For others it found explanation in a +“Fear Complex” or “Capitalism” or “Class Warfare.” +For still others it found exact definition +in what James Oneal has called “the drift to +Empire,” and in which Sacco and Vanzetti were +but one episode in more than fifty years of preparation.</p> + +<p>During those days in Boston the police were +an outward manifestation of the real mastery. +No doubt many of them were performing what +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_77">[Pg 77]</span>they thought was their duty and probably their +sense of duty was in many instances not consciously +servile. Yet they, too, were prostrating +themselves before a Presence that was never +seen,—a Presence of Enormous Power. And for +the sake of “Prosperity” they were ready to palliate +and forget. This Presence was not the +Governor, though he represented it. It was not +President Lowell and the Committee, though they +expressed it. It was not Chief of Police Crowley +though his uniform seemed to be its livery. +It was not Warden Hendry though he was its +kindly jailer. It was not even Judge Webster +Thayer though he was the mouthpiece of its +law.... Is it not true that it is society which +prepares the so-called “crime,” and that the +“criminal” is but the tool which executes it? And +when “society” prepares two innocent men for the +electric chair what is to be said of the inversions +of so-called justice?⁠<a id="FNanchor_13_13" href="#Footnote_13_13" class="fnanchor">[13]</a></p> + + +<div class="footnotes"> +<h3 id="FOOTNOTES_3"> + FOOTNOTES: +</h3> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a id="Footnote_11_11" href="#FNanchor_11_11" class="label">[11]</a> From “America Arraigned,” edited by Lucia Trent and +Ralph Cheyney.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a id="Footnote_12_12" href="#FNanchor_12_12" class="label">[12]</a> The italics are mine.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a id="Footnote_13_13" href="#FNanchor_13_13" class="label">[13]</a> Conspicuous among friends who were not only loyal over +many years to the condemned men but who also understood +many of the forces at work in this inversion of so-called justice +were Alice Stone Blackwell, Mrs. Cerise Jack, Sacco’s teacher +of English; Amleto Fabbri, Secretary of the Defense Committee, +1924-’26; Mrs. Gertrude L. Winslow, Leonard Abbott, +Roscoe Pound, Francis H. Bigelow, Mrs. Elsie Hillsmith; Mrs. +Virginia MacMechan, Vanzetti’s teacher during six years of +his imprisonment; Maude Pettyjohn, Mrs. E. A. Codman, and +H. W. L. Dana. For letters to these and others among the +greatest friends of the condemned men, <i>vide</i> “The Letters of +Sacco and Vanzetti,” edited by Marion Denman Frankfurter +and Gardner Jackson, The Viking Press.</p></div> +</div> + + +<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop"> +<div class="chapter"> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_78">[Pg 78]</span></p> + + + <h2 class="nobreak" id="CHAPTER_V"> + CHAPTER V + <br> + OUT OF CHAOS + </h2> +</div> + +<div class="poetry-header"> + <div class="poetry"> + <div class="stanza"> + <div class="verse indent0">“Let us make new propellers,</div> + <div class="verse indent0">Go past old spent stars</div> + <div class="verse indent0">And find blue moons on a new star path.</div> + </div> + <div class="stanza"> + <div class="verse indent0">“Let us make pioneer prayers.</div> + <div class="verse indent0">Let working clothes be sacred.</div> + <div class="verse indent0">Let us look on</div> + <div class="verse indent0">And listen in</div> + <div class="verse indent0">On God’s great workshop</div> + <div class="verse indent0">Of stars ... and eggs ...”</div> + <div class="right"><span class="smcap">Carl Sandburg.</span>⁠<a id="FNanchor_14_14" href="#Footnote_14_14" class="fnanchor">[14]</a></div> + </div> + </div> +</div> + + +<p>At the time of a recent presidential election, +a straw vote was taken by the faculty of a midwestern +college, which included the straw vote of +thirty-five of the professors. Seven voted for +Cox, twenty-five for Harding, and three for Debs.</p> + +<p>Shortly afterwards an agitated citizen met one +of the vote tellers on the street.</p> + +<p>Said the citizen, “Is it so that three of the +teachers voted for Debs?”</p> + +<p>“Yes,” said the teller, “I counted the votes, +and I know that three of the teachers voted for +Debs.”</p> + +<p>“Are they going to let them stay?” asked the +agitated citizen.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_79">[Pg 79]</span></p> + +<p>“Twenty-five voted for Harding,” came the reply, +“and they are going to let them stay.”</p> + +<p>And with the years do not the implications, +both ways, of that answer seem to have increased +rather than diminished?</p> + +<p>Here is Billy Sunday denouncing, in some of +the mildest of his phrases, the radical,—in this +particular case Eugene Victor Debs: “I’m dead +against the radical in whatever form he may appear. +He’s the bird I’m after. America, I call +you back to God!”</p> + +<p>And then this is the way Billy Sunday goes on +to call America back to God: “These radicals +would turn the milk of human kindness into limburger +cheese and give a pole cat convulsions. +If I were the Lord for about five minutes, I’d +smash the bunch so hard—” but the remainder +is too coarse to repeat.</p> + +<p>So much for the generous and sensitive English +of a reactionary Billy Sunday!</p> + +<p>Here is the Radical Debs speaking in condemnation +of the Bolshevistic use of power in the execution +of the Czar and his family: “I recoil with +horror and shame that such savagery should be +committed in the name of Socialist justice that +has for its aim and purpose the setting up of the +higher standards of human conduct. I can find +no extenuating circumstances that would allow me +to take the life of my bitterest enemy.... We +shall not wrest any justice or kindness out of life +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_80">[Pg 80]</span>by emulating the practices of those whose barbaric +method we now denounce.”</p> + +<p>In one respect—possibly in several—society +to-day is scientifically in advance of that public +which some four hundred years ago killed Galileo +because he performed a scientific experiment. +And it does not make torches out of Christians +for festal reasons on our “Roman” holidays.</p> + +<p>But what happens when there is any attempt +to perform a political experiment? What happens +when men seek to educate other men by +means of the soap box and literature in the possibilities +of what they think would be better ways +and better forms of government? The unstated +reply to this question is the story of the end and +the beginning at Sacco-Vanzetti Defense Headquarters.</p> + +<p>The future will see that this case was a free-speech +case. The present denies this. Are men +to make progress in freedom of religious thought +and speech? Are men to make progress in scientific +ways, go forward in science, but in politics, +in government, have no freedom? Who stood +over Pasteur to tell him what he should do with +his microscope? And yet over three hundred +years ago men killed Galileo because he tried +to perform experiments with falling bodies.</p> + +<p>Some two thousand years ago the Roman people +said, “It is more expedient that one man +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_81">[Pg 81]</span>should die than the people should perish through +the corrupting influence of Jesus.”</p> + +<p>A few hundred years earlier the multitude had +put Socrates to death because he had said he did +not believe in the gods the city believed in. In +science, using scalpel and microscope, test tube and +spectroscope, men are permitted to go forward. +In government, in political science, is society to +condemn all those men and women to prison in +whom the spirit of research lives?⁠<a id="FNanchor_15_15" href="#Footnote_15_15" class="fnanchor">[15]</a></p> + +<p>These are some of the questions being asked +by intelligent minorities everywhere. And it is +not impossible that as the result of those thirteen +days in Boston intelligent minorities, whether liberal +or conservative, were strengthened in purpose +and confirmed in determination to see that at all +costs should be tried the experiment of a free people +governing themselves by means of free assemblage, +free discussion, and legislation that should +be just to all,—what Dr. Holmes has described +as “the new mobilizing of conscience for the work +ahead.”</p> + +<p>“But,” the Popular Mind says, “the radical is +dangerous.”</p> + +<p>Is he? What, anyhow, is the Radical?</p> + +<p>James Harvey Robinson writes in <cite>The Journal +of Philosophy, Psychology and Scientific +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_82">[Pg 82]</span>Methods</cite>: “Some mysterious unconscious impulse appears +to be a concomitant of natural order. This +impulse has always been unsettling the existing +conditions and pushing forward, groping after +something more elaborate and intricate than what +already existed. This vital impulse, <i>élan vital</i>, as +Bergson calls it, represents the inherent radicalism +of nature herself. This power that makes for +salutary readjustment, or righteousness in the +broadest sense of the term, is no longer a conception +confined to poets and dreamers, but must +be reckoned with by the most exacting historian +and the hardest-headed man of science.”</p> + +<p>In art, at least, radicalism means that nuclear +source from which spring the emotional and social +evolution of art. And, one suspects, in the life +of government its meaning is not so very different. +When those in control of government begin to +use dead forms of past experience—say, legal—because +they are without sufficient force or sufficient +idealism to create new forms of use to +life as men must live it in the present, then follow +injustice and tyranny and death. It is inevitable +that selfish men should fear the change from one +economic order to another. And when for over +a hundred years both the philosopher and the +economist have buttressed the practical individual +in believing that in pursuing his own good he is +benefiting the community as a whole, it is small +wonder that he insists on the righteousness of his +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_83">[Pg 83]</span>individualistic or capitalistic point of view. It is +unquestionably true, not alone in political ways +but also in some official “religious” ways, that the +execution of Sacco and Vanzetti had been greeted +with exultation. John Hays Hammond’s letter of +praise to Governor Fuller will be remembered. +Bishop Lawrence’s letter to Governor Fuller will +not be forgotten,—the congratulations of a +Bishop of Christ for the decision to kill two men. +What light do those “congratulations” throw on +what many had believed to be the move for investigation +on the part of liberal opinion?</p> + +<p>For the present the power lies in the hands of +individualists and reactionaries, and many social +radicals—as, for example, Mooney and Billings—are +in prison, or they have died from the hardships +of their prison experience, or have been executed. +The bogy of fear—since they are not conscience +free—possesses many who are in power, +and they find a thousand subtle ways to infect the +public mind with fear of those changes which they +themselves dread.⁠<a id="FNanchor_16_16" href="#Footnote_16_16" class="fnanchor">[16]</a></p> + +<p>The execution at midnight on August twenty-second +was no sudden and hideous grimace of +fate. The preparation for this act of injustice +was implicit in the history of over half a century. +In an editorial in the <cite>New Leader</cite> for August 13, +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_84">[Pg 84]</span>1927, James Oneal wrote: “There comes a time +in the history of nations when various phases of +their development come to a focus and signify the +need of change. The old order changeth and the +new order issues out of the old. The old faiths, +old views, old war cries that once served mankind +no longer serve. They harden into prejudice and +become the handmaids of reaction and despotism. +They become imbedded in law, are sanctioned by +courts, and become fetters on human progress. +Eventually the fetters are broken, we enter a new +epoch, mankind rejoices, progress continues until +a new crisis is brought because new faiths, views +and war cries have again become old.”</p> + +<p>In this connection it might be well not only to +remember Douglas and Dred Scott, John Brown +and Abraham Lincoln, but also <em>not</em> to forget +Mitchell Palmer and his relation to the so-called +“Red Raids.” To give only one example, the +Rand School books and furniture were destroyed +by Palmer’s Cossacks of the law, and men and +women thrown down stairs and out of windows. +It might still be well to do what the <cite>Nation</cite> recommended +as far back as 1921: “Turn the Light +on Palmer.” The files of the Department of +Justice, opened on request for such a pitiable +psychotic type as the wife-murderer Remus, are +still to be opened to help in clearing the names +of two innocent Radicals who have been put to +death.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_85">[Pg 85]</span></p> + +<p>It is well <em>not</em> to forget that in 1920 Salsedo, +the friend of Sacco and Vanzetti, was found +smashed to pieces on the pavement fourteen +stories below the offices of the Department of +Justice on Park Row where Salsedo had been +held <i>incommunicado</i>. Was Salsedo tortured till +he went mad and sprang out of the window? Or +was he thrown out? It should be remembered +that Sacco and Vanzetti were trying to get up a +meeting about what Alfred Baker Lewis has +called Salsedo’s “highly curious death” when they +were arrested. It is well not to forget that to-day +out in the Colorado coal fields, in the interests +of justice (!) peaceful picketers, having not +even a club as weapon, have been shot down by +mounted troopers, and that women are being lassoed +by these guardians of the law as steers are +lassoed. It is well to remember that men and +women are thrown into prison without even the +formality of a warrant, as Flaming Milka was +after she had been lassoed and her wrist broken +by the brutal snapping of handcuffs upon her.</p> + +<p>Lincoln, facing the issue of the Dred Scott +decision, said: “I believe that government cannot +endure half slave and half free.” This was said +at a time when the Supreme Court had decided +that negroes could not be considered as persons +but only as property. That race issue now has +but passed a specious color line, is stalled on the +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_86">[Pg 86]</span>political boundary, and has gone forward—if it +has!—only to rephrase itself economically as to +whether wage-earners are to be considered as persons +or only as property. It would seem that +there has been an attempt to answer the question +in Colorado and Pennsylvania by the machine +gun and state police.</p> + +<p>Dr. Cohn implies in “Some Questions and an +Appeal” that the consciousness of radicalism in +this country has become synonymous with the consciousness +of guilt. It is possible to change the +words “has become” to the words “has been +made.” It is well not to forget the Lusk law +whose issues, although some of them have been +officially “killed,” are by no manner of means +dead issues. Despite the repeated courage of expressed +opinion and action on the part of Alfred +Smith as Governor of New York State, if the +constitutional rights of Socialists cannot be barred +openly, they are still taken from them illegally +at the polls and elsewhere. If there is no legal +process by means of which teachers can be gagged +by loyalty tests, other means as efficient, if less +open, are being found. The question of the political +control of all schools in the state by means +of the Board of Regents may come up again, and +assuredly will, if now dominant and selfish interests +succeed in herding people into the war which +looms so ominously on our horizon,—and not less +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_87">[Pg 87]</span>so under the influence of President Coolidge’s 1928 +Armistice Day speech. And finally, the creation +and maintenance of a police for the suppression of +all forms of radicalism is now a fact and not a theory, +however uncodified such action may be on any +book of statutes.... Back in 1923 the <cite>Outlook</cite> +said that Lusk’s proposal attacked “the fundamental +principle of free government—liberty of speech +and of the press.... His proposal enlists +against great names and great memories of the +past—the learning of Milton, the piety of Jeremy +Taylor, the satire of Voltaire, the eloquence of +Lord Erskine. It denies the axiom of liberty, +that error is dangerless so long as truth is left +free to combat it.”</p> + +<p>To-day with a policy as consistent as it is fearless +the <cite>Outlook</cite> says in the issue of November 14, +1928: “Because in the South Braintree case, and +in the Bridgewater case that preceded it, it was +not only Sacco and Vanzetti but also our administration +of justice that was on trial. If that has +failed us then we should know it. We cannot +afford to regard any miscarriage of justice as a +closed case. As we value the future safety of +society, our own safety and the safety of our children, +we must be ready to listen and learn.”⁠<a id="FNanchor_17_17" href="#Footnote_17_17" class="fnanchor">[17]</a> +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_88">[Pg 88]</span>For these reasons <cite>The Outlook and Independent</cite> +has reopened the case of Sacco and Vanzetti first +by checking up on the Bridgewater hold-up, and +second by checking up on the South Braintree +crime. It is now at work on the latter.</p> + +<p>In the issue of October 31, 1928, were published +the signed confession of Frank Silva who +states that he and three others attempted the +Bridgewater hold-up, and corroborative evidence +signed by James Mede who helped plan the crime +although he did not take part in it. In order +to substantiate the story further, Silas Bent and +Jack Callahan took James Mede and Frank Silva +to Boston where in an automobile they rehearsed +again the crime. After their evidence was complete, +Silas Bent took it to Boston to ask Mr. +Thompson whether the attorneys for the condemned +men were ignorant of the facts brought +out in the two confessions, or whether knowing +the story, they did not believe it.</p> + +<p>In the issue of November 7, 1928, Silas Bent +gives a long and valuable interview with Mr. +Thompson in which the latter tells of Mr. +Moore’s attempt to interest Governor Cox in +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_89">[Pg 89]</span>James Mede’s story while James Mede was in the +state prison in 1922; of a meeting with James +Mede after his release from prison while Mr. +Moore was still counsel; and of a meeting with +James Mede in July, 1927, when he begged James +Mede to make a clean breast of what he knew.</p> + +<p>On July 12, 1927, James Mede made a complete +disclosure to Governor Fuller after he had been +assured that his confession would not be communicated +to the state police as he feared the revocation +of his license for boxing matches. After it, +Governor Fuller called in Captain Blye of the +state police, asking Mede to repeat his confession +to Captain Blye alone, but indicating “hostility to +Mede by words, tone and manner.” James +Mede became terrified and refused not only to +talk with Captain Blye alone but to repeat his +story to the advisory committee, which had already +indicated “unwillingness to consider the +Bridgewater case.”</p> + +<p>In August James Mede was urged to make another +attempt to save Sacco and Vanzetti. He +went to the office of Captain Blye with Dr. Santosuosso, +and offered to make a full confession +but his information was refused. Thus, according +to <cite>The Outlook and Independent</cite>, for five years +officials in Massachusetts declined to investigate +James Mede’s story. Not only did Mr. Thompson +and Mr. Ehrmann know the facts regarding +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_90">[Pg 90]</span>James Mede and Frank Silva but they urged the +interview with Governor Fuller and sent both to +Governor Fuller and the advisory committee a +letter, dated June 15, 1927, in which was marshaled +all the available evidence bearing on the +relation of these two men to the Bridgewater +crime. Mr. Thompson makes clear his belief +that James Mede told the truth, and he states +that the conviction of Vanzetti in the Bridgewater +hold-up not only removed from everybody’s mind +the presumption of innocence but created a presumption +of guilt both against Vanzetti and his +friend and associate, Sacco.</p> + +<p><cite>The Outlook</cite> wrote, “We must be ready to +listen and learn.” The men are dead but the +issue of justice—that placard repeated and repeated +on the walls of the Defense Committee’s +offices, <span class="allsmcap">JUSTICE IS THE ISSUE</span>—is not dead. There +are many who believe that even from the technical +legal point of view the case for Sacco and +Vanzetti is not closed. Still more know, as well +as believe, that not only has this issue of justice +<em>not</em> been killed with the two men but rather that +the idea of justice has been given a new increase +of life.</p> + +<p>This power of an idea was brilliantly illustrated +in the October, 1927, number of <cite>The World To-morrow</cite> +when under the caption of “Fathers and +Sons” without a line of comment, its editors set +the following last sentences side by side:</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_91">[Pg 91]</span></p> + + +<h3 id="Saccos_Good-by_to_His_Son"> + <i>Sacco’s Good-by to His Son</i> +</h3> + +<blockquote> +<p>“My son, do not cry. Be +strong to comfort your +mother. Take her for walks +in the quiet country, gathering +wild flowers, resting beneath +shady trees, and visiting the +streams and the gentle tranquillity +of the Mother Nature.</p> + +<p>“Do not seek happiness just +for yourself. Step down to +help the weak ones who cry +for help. Help the persecuted, +because they are your better +friends. They are your comrades +who fight and fall, as +your father and Barto fought +and fell, to conquer joy and +freedom for all the poor +workers.”</p> +</blockquote> + + +<h3 id="Garys_Advice_to_His_Heirs"> + <i>Gary’s Advice to His Heirs</i> +</h3> + +<blockquote> +<p>“I earnestly request my wife +and my children and descendants +that they steadfastly decline +to sign any bonds or +obligations of any kind as +surety for any other person +or persons: that they refuse +to make any loans except on +the basis of first-class, well-known +securities, and that +they invariably decline to invest +in any untried or doubtful +securities or property or +enterprise or business.”</p> +</blockquote> + +<p>The power of the ideal life has within these +recent years found among others a symbolic figure +in Eugene Victor Debs. Upon our entrance +into the World War Debs, even as did Sacco +and Vanzetti, upheld pacifism, and in September, +1918, he was charged with violation of the +Espionage Act, and sent to prison.</p> + +<p>Debs would have nothing to do with that type +of Christian hypocrisy which flourishes a Sermon +on the Mount in one hand while it operates a machine +gun with the other. Because of his +pacifism, this “radical” Gene Debs, always so fair +and so gentle as an opponent, hating no one, +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_92">[Pg 92]</span>incapable of petty hatreds, was sentenced to spend +ten years in Atlanta Penitentiary.</p> + +<p>While he was in Atlanta, he heard of the negro, +Sam Moore, shunned and feared by all, and confined +in the dungeon for a brutal murder. Debs +asked to be taken to him; and when he was, he +went up to this man whom no one dared approach +and put his arm around him. Emerson has said, +“The only gift is a portion of thyself.” This +gift Sam Moore received from Debs, and it made +a different man of that negro, changing him from +one who was shunned by all into one who was +trusted. And it was that same despised negro +criminal who said, “Gene Debs is the only Jesus +Christ I ever knew.” Sam Moore is out now, +leading an upright, working life. Debs spent +three years in Atlanta Penitentiary, trusted and +beloved. Then on Christmas Day, 1921, President +Harding released him.</p> + +<p>This is a brief record of the activities of the +man who was five times nominated for President +of the United States, one of those times being +while he was in prison when he polled a vote of +almost a million. This is the man who addressed +audiences numbering 25,000, and who led the simple, +loving life of a modern Christ; and who, +after two years of study, became at the age of +forty-two a Socialist. For Debs socialism did +not mean the doing away with capitalism; it +meant, rather, capital socialized, the brutality, the +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_93">[Pg 93]</span>devastating individualism taken from it,—a system +of living in which man’s sociality, his brotherhood, +would be furthered, in which there would +be no bitter and separating contrasts between +rich and poor.</p> + +<p>It was this Debs who said, “While there is a +lower class, I am in it; while there is a criminal +element, I am of it; while there is a soul in prison, +I am not free.”</p> + +<p>It was this man of simple and genuine American +traditions, born in an American family in an Indiana +town, a Socialist, of whom the anarchist +Vanzetti said in that last public speech he was +to make: “There is the best man I ever cast my +eyes upon since I lived, a man that will last and +will grow always more near to and more dear to +the heart of the people, so long as admiration +for goodness, for virtues, and for sacrifice will +last. I mean Eugene Victor Debs.”</p> + +<p>Vanzetti was not to hear Aldino Felicani saying +of himself and Sacco, “Ah, these are the very +best men I must ever hope to know!”</p> + +<p>It is a truism that what a man is, what he does, +in his own lifetime influences his fellow men. The +miracle of influence does not lie in that fact. The +miracle of influence lies, rather, in the continued +life of influence after the death of the individual +who has exerted it. In this is found the dynamics +of an idea,—directed energy released by means +of an idea which controls social and moral +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_94">[Pg 94]</span>movements, hundreds of years, thousands of years, +after its release,—a poem thousands of years old +to which the heart and mind of man still answer; +or a Messiah whose gospel becomes more potent +with the marching centuries. It is because he possesses +such influence, great in a lifetime, but in +death potentially greater than in life, that the +idealist, whether he be liberal or conservative or +radical, is, and always will be, dangerous.</p> + +<p>The lives of Sacco, Vanzetti, and Debs define, +without words, the significance, the character, and +the service of the so-called “radical.” In symbol +the influence of these three, and the influence of +other idealists, will have more and more power +as the years go on,—not greatness gone or greatness +vanished, but greatness growing, widening +out forever, their names already known to millions +of human beings the world over, inspiring +symbols of courage and of loving-kindness. And +in such symbolism lies the miracle of human influence +and its immortality.</p> + +<p>In pursuit of the ideal such radicals as Debs, +Sacco and Vanzetti know no fear. For them in +the achievement of ideal ends no cost is too great, +neither slander nor loneliness, the loss of the +means of subsistence or of life itself. There is +only one loss which the idealist, whether he be +conservative or liberal or radical, can mourn, and +that is the lost opportunity to speak for those who +suffer and are wronged, as Sacco and Vanzetti +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_95">[Pg 95]</span>did suffer and were wronged. That is why, to +use the words of Powers Hapgood, hundreds of +thousands in protest of one sort or another want +to “stand up and be counted.” And, too, as the +years go on this is why as symbol in ever-widening +circles of influence the work of the Defense +Committee, the courage of brave friends, as well +as the martyrdom of Nicola Sacco and Bartolomeo +Vanzetti, over seven long years, and the +conflict and defeat of those last thirteen days, +will become greater and greater in men’s eyes.</p> + +<p>Ralph Chaplin, who spent five years behind +prison bars because he was and is a man of peace, +has in a poem expressed this courage of the +idealist:</p> + +<div class="poetry-container"> + <div class="poetry"> + <div class="stanza"> + <div class="verse indent0">“Mourn not the dead that in the cool earth lie—</div> + <div class="verse indent2">Dust unto dust—</div> + <div class="verse indent0">The calm, sweet earth that mothers all who die</div> + <div class="verse indent2">As all men must;</div> + </div> + <div class="stanza"> + <div class="verse indent0">Mourn not your captive comrades who must dwell—</div> + <div class="verse indent2">Too strong to strive—</div> + <div class="verse indent0">Each in his steel-bound coffin of a cell,</div> + <div class="verse indent2">Buried alive;</div> + </div> + <div class="stanza"> + <div class="verse indent0">But rather mourn the apathetic throng—</div> + <div class="verse indent2">The cowed and the meek—</div> + <div class="verse indent0">Who see the world’s great anguish and its wrong</div> + <div class="verse indent2">And dare not speak!”</div> + </div> + </div> +</div> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_96">[Pg 96]</span></p> + + +<div class="footnotes"> +<h3 id="FOOTNOTES_4"> + FOOTNOTES: +</h3> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a id="Footnote_14_14" href="#FNanchor_14_14" class="label">[14]</a> “Good Morning, America,” by Carl Sandburg, p. 26.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a id="Footnote_15_15" href="#FNanchor_15_15" class="label">[15]</a> For brilliant discussion of political freedom <i>v.</i> “Some Problems +of Progress,” by Professor H. M. Dadourian of Trinity +College in <cite>The Scientific Monthly</cite>, edited by J. McKeen Cattell, +October, 1922.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a id="Footnote_16_16" href="#FNanchor_16_16" class="label">[16]</a> As an illustration of terms to which such “fear” will stoop +see <a href="#APPENDIX_A">Appendix A</a> and <a href="#APPENDIX_B">Appendix B</a>.... These appendices discuss +a few of the recent notable forces working against freedom +of speech.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a id="Footnote_17_17" href="#FNanchor_17_17" class="label">[17]</a> The series of articles bearing on the case which have been +published by the <cite>Outlook and Independent</cite> so far is as follows:</p> + +<ul class="booklist"> + +<li class="indx">“Fear,” by Edna St. Vincent Millay, November 9, 1927.</li> + +<li class="indx"><cite>The Outlook and Independent</cite>, October 31, 1928.</li> +<li class="isub1">“The Truth About the Bridgewater Hold-up,” p. 1053.</li> +<li class="isub1">“Frank Silva’s Story,” p. 1055.</li> +<li class="isub1">“How I Found Frank Silva,” by Jack Callahan, p. 1060.</li> +<li class="isub1">“Checking Up the Confession,” by Silas Bent, p. 1071.</li> +<li class="isub1">“The Bridgewater Trial,” p. 1076.</li> + +<li class="indx"><cite>The Outlook and Independent</cite>, November 7, 1928.</li> +<li class="isub1">“Checking Up the Vanzetti Story,” by Silas Bent, p. 1099.</li> + +<li class="indx"><cite>The Outlook and Independent</cite>, November 14, 1928.</li> +<li class="isub1">“Bridgewater and After,” p. 1163.</li> +</ul> +</div> +</div> + + +<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop"> +<div class="chapter"> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_97">[Pg 97]</span></p> + + + <h2 class="nobreak" id="APPENDIX_A"> + APPENDIX A + </h2> +</div> + + +<p>About the year 1920 to 1921 the “Blue Menace” began +to use its three arms of power: the secret service, a hired +police, and signed and unsigned propaganda against what +the “Blue Menace” called the “Red Menace.”</p> + +<p>While Calvin Coolidge was vice president of the +United States the public had under Mr. Coolidge’s signature +in the <cite>Delineator</cite> for June, 1921, the first of a +series of three articles on “Enemies of the Republic” with +a sub-caption of “Are the Reds stalking our college +women?” This happened to be the third year of Debs’ +term of ten years in Atlanta Penitentiary.</p> + +<p>It would seem that Mr. Coolidge signed these articles +on the Red Menace but did not write them. Vassar, +Barnard, Wellesley, Radcliffe, and other women’s colleges +were “hotbeds of Bolshevism,” etc. But “Smith +Seems Sane,” and Mount Holyoke and Bryn Mawr +escaped slashing by signature altogether. A “Miss Smith” +of the Vassar faculty—too apparently the entire Smith +family could not claim sanity!—had offended Coolidge +democracy by being favorably impressed with the liberalism +of the Soviet ambassador in Washington. Naughty +Miss Smith! “Democracy” as defined by Mr. Coolidge +is an over-lord who can do no wrong. And on the terms of +such a definition, in the third of these articles he proposed +this “Coolidgism”: “When a college professor is disloyal +to the government he is no longer a college professor.” +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_98">[Pg 98]</span>Query: What is he? This question the Poor Professor +himself sometimes alters nowadays to read: Where am I?</p> + +<p>Studious, scholarly Dr. Harry Laidler of the League +for Industrial Democracy had, according to the Vice +President, been raising the sort of sulphurous dust in the +women’s colleges to which perfect ladies do not refer. +A certain Vida Dalton (Dutton?) Scudder, professor of +English literature at Wellesley, had offended by suggesting +in the <cite>Socialist Review</cite> in an article with the title +“Socialism and Character” (a vicious title because such +a conjunction is impossible of course!) that Christianity +was being exploited for purposes not exactly Christlike. +It would seem that this is a thought that has occurred +to others, too. Freda Kirchwey had erred by showing a +“Williams boy” that Barnard women could define socialism. +In addition to all this—<i>ab urbe condita</i> horror +of horrors!—“a Mary Calkins, professor of philosophy” +(she is said to have voted for Debs for President at the +recent election) was guilty of “the creed of Internationalism.” +Run in on the same page (67) of that issue +where the vice president stopped was a short story, and +a loitering eye stopped beside this phrase: “‘Oh, little +Eve,’ a sob caught in her own throat, ‘love never dies.’” +Usually the month they are born that kind of love and +story do die. But the kind of love at the heart of +Internationalism seems to have spread from its groups +of brave pioneers, among whom was “a Mary Calkins,” +and become a world-wide movement.</p> + +<p>In the next article for July the “Coolidgisms” continued. +The first article had been illustrated by a grandmotherly +looking wolf, spectacles on nose—the better to +see you, my dears!—and some plump little lambs among +which all college women will recognize themselves +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_99">[Pg 99]</span>instantly. But this second article has the picture of a +thoughtful young man resting elbow on desk, and resting +coiled upon his shoulder is a hooded cobra. Behind the +cobra is a phantom-like figure—evidently in the minds of +Mr. Coolidge and the illustrator intended to be a menacing +figure. It is, rather, for the phantom looks as if +under one interpretation of democracy he had had to +stand too long on an American bread-line.</p> + +<p>In this issue Dr. Harry F. Ward of Union Theological +Seminary and the Rand School came in for special attention, +one of the “Coolidgisms” being that “the good +is never self-existent.” An aspect of this “Coolidgism” +which has, perhaps, not occurred to Mr. Coolidge, is that +idealists—all too many for a “free” democracy—are having +to prove their devotion to the ideal all too often in +prison. Some of the themes of the same issue are “Red +Pedagogy,” our public schools, and “Trotsky <i>vs.</i> Washington.” +And the article closes under the caption: “In +Truth our Freedom Lies.” This moral fiat will bear +looking at twice, and may cause amusement or discomfort +to those who penetrate its sinister inversions.</p> + +<p>The third article in the August issue, also we understand +“collected” for Mr. Coolidge and then signed by +him, has a heavy muscular young woman seated on the +prostrate back of a Russian bear whose tongue is lolling +out helplessly as she jabs a two-edged sword down +through the back of Brother Bear. Study of the +young woman’s features, her figure and her draperies, +suggests that she has just stepped down from the Statue +of Liberty in order to take this firm seat. Whether the +bear is <i>de facto</i> or not the Soviet government, there are +some weak “radicals” who may find both the young +woman and the sword of “righteous authority” a bit +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_100">[Pg 100]</span>brutal, or at least lacking in Franciscan symbols of +Christianity.</p> + +<p>“Righteous authority” is the pivot thought on which +this third and last article in the <cite>Delineator</cite> by Calvin +Coolidge is swung. During many years now Mr. +Coolidge has wielded supreme authority in the United +States, among other acts carrying on an unauthorized +war against Nicaragua, and lending his silence, if not his +articles, to an unauthorized man-hunt not only for Sandino +outside the confines of the United States, but also for +brave liberals in the schools, the colleges, the churches, +and the labor organizations, who dare to interpret the +truth in the developing formulæ, political as well as +educational and religious, of a developing humanity.</p> + + +<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop"> +<div class="chapter"> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_101">[Pg 101]</span></p> + + + <h2 class="nobreak" id="APPENDIX_B"> + APPENDIX B + </h2> +</div> + + +<p>There is one address comment upon which it would +be my wish to omit from any summary of forces working +against freedom of speech. The man who gave this address +in Lawrence, Massachusetts, on June 30, 1927, to +the Kiwanis, is himself kind to little children. He has +been thoughtful of their welfare both in legislation and +control; eager for the safety of the road and for the reduction +of needless human suffering. But the author of +this address, which appeared first in the <cite>Boston Traveller</cite> +for June 30th and of which afterward some seventy-five +thousand copies were printed for distribution, leaves the +student of these issues no honorable choice except to +analyze the speciousness of his statements.</p> + +<p>Frank A. Goodwin begins this address, which is said to +have turned the tide of public opinion—the tuning fork +from which Governor Fuller took his pitch—with an +implied compliment on the Lawrence handling of the +strikes and the “Red murderers” who had been at that +time in action. Having established an association between +the character of what the Kiwanians had seen in +Lawrence and Sacco and Vanzetti whom they had not +seen, Mr. Goodwin then took about one hundred and +fifty words out of the context of a speech by Edward H. +James, the nephew of William James, which had been +given at Winter Garden in Lawrence on May 27th. +Mr. Goodwin refers to these words which, however +bravely meant, inevitably would be prejudicial in conservative +eyes, as coming from the “Socialist or Red.” +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_102">[Pg 102]</span>Since when have Socialists and Soviets been hand in +glove? If they have been, then the altogether delightful +“glove” the Socialists have received in Russia has been +wholesale imprisonment! This is the first of those inaccuracies +with which this pamphlet teems, and on the +basis of which public opinion was still further influenced.</p> + +<p>The Socialists have themselves been time and again +“broken” by the <i>status quo</i>. But in turn as a political +party they have broken nothing,—not even the driest twig +of government, for their ways are the slow constitutional +ways of education and legislation. But now, as far as +Frank Goodwin’s audience was concerned, he had tied +together “Red murderers” in the Lawrence strike, a +nephew of William James, socialism, Soviet Russia, and +two philosophic Anarchists. Breaking all the speed laws +of reasoning, Mr. Goodwin then established the guilt as +murderers of Sacco and Vanzetti, sideswiping, as he did +so, “pacifists and their college professor allies” in preventing +murderers “from getting their just deserts.” +Stepping on the gas, and traveling at the rate of a Studebaker +“Sheriff,” Mr. Goodwin whizzes down on Professor +Felix Frankfurter, Anita Whitney, Mooney and +Billings, the American Civil Liberties Union, R-revolution +(!), and a few other road obstructions.</p> + +<p>By this time Mr. Goodwin is getting his car so well in +hand that it will take almost any fence. He hurdles +California, skids as he reaches “some ministers of the +Gospel,” rights himself, and lands squarely in the midst +of the “Lusk Investigating Committee” where he was +really at home. All might have been well, but pulling +out the throttle, the then Registrar of Motor Vehicles +goes roaring forward onto a paragraph with the caption +of “WHOSE BRAINS GUIDE.” In this little +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_103">[Pg 103]</span>paragraph, with his careful use of words, he rolls James +Maurer, tosses “the notorious Elizabeth Gurley Flynn,” +Dean Roscoe Pound, and a few tender little Socialists +like Morris Hillquit, Scott Nearing, Norman Hapgood, +Upton Sinclair, ricochets on Professor Frankfurter, and +goes smash into Roger Baldwin, William Z. Foster, and +Lenin.</p> + +<p>His Sheriff being provided with a wonder-working +bumper, despite collision on he goes, though in exactly +the opposite direction. Neither geography nor the direction +in which Mr. Goodwin is now going is any longer a +matter of importance to him. He happens to be in the +Connecticut Valley but does not know it! For just +ahead he has seen a group which he calls “College Professors +Reds,” and he is in full flight. Mr. Goodwin +shows his genuine Americanism by baiting the college +professor, the worm of our national wit. What is more +the “professors” here excoriated are in the leading colleges +for women. But it is a long worm that has no +turning, and apparently these poor down-trodden things +have turned. It would seem they are making a direct +assault on the human family, for Mr. Goodwin writes:</p> + +<blockquote> +<p>“Another obstacle is the home and the family, and a widespread +assault is now being made on the sanctity of marriage +and sacred family relations, and it is being made with great +success in the leading colleges for women, and small wonder, +for we find the presidents and professors of most of them +members of the Baldwin-Foster committee, or its allied organizations.”</p> +</blockquote> + +<p>Exactly what is this Baldwin-Foster Committee to which +Mr. Goodwin refers with such precision? But no matter, +and there you are, all tied up again and together: the +“promiscuity” of our women’s colleges and college women +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_104">[Pg 104]</span>in general, and Sacco and Vanzetti. Pulling out the +choke of his trick car Mr. Goodwin rushes up over the +Amherst Notch, screeching through Old Hadley, making +a record run down upon the Hankins questionnaire in +Northampton. He wrenches a few of this college instructor’s +misguided questions altogether out of their +context, thereby subverting their sociologic intention. +Waving these questions indignantly, Mr. Goodwin honks +out this paragraph:</p> + +<blockquote> +<p>“It may be interesting to note that almost 100% of the presidents +and teachers in these colleges for women have signed +petitions for the release of Sacco and Vanzetti. It might be +well before long for the various states to found and support +colleges for women where decency and morality will be taught.”</p> +</blockquote> + +<p>Those who have taken a prurient interest in the questions +selected by Mr. Goodwin would do well to read the +entire questionnaire. However much the keen scholar +who is at the head of Smith, and Mr. Hankins himself, +and other college professors, and presidents, may have +regretted what seems a lack of judgment shown in a few +of the questions asked, those who read the questionnaire +as a whole will get, not the false perspective of Mr. +Goodwin’s methods but a true perspective of the whole +sociologic enquiry. And in conclusion, what in the world +is the connection between a class questionnaire and the +Sacco-Vanzetti frame-up?</p> + +<p>At the top of page 11 the Sheriff had grazed Dr. S. +Parkes Cadman. This was unfortunate, for now Mr. +Goodwin, for reasons no one can understand, Dr. Cadman +least of all, is headed directly upon the Garland +Fund. He now charges Robert Morss Lovett, Lewis +Gannett, Norman Thomas, Roger Baldwin (of course!), +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_105">[Pg 105]</span>the Fellowship of Reconciliation, the Fellowship of +Youth for Peace, and returns to the Federal Council of +Churches and Emma Goldman. This return must surprise +many, including Emma Goldman herself. Since +when has her association with the Federal Council of +Churches been established as even the remotest possibility? +Mr. Goodwin is now going at a record-breaking pace. +Two-thirds down the page, his car fairly leaps into the +air, and the one-time Registrar of Motor Vehicles is heard +speaking these words:</p> + +<blockquote> +<p>... “The time has come to stop treating this thing as a +joke. An organized minority, bent on evil, cannot be ignored, +when led by desperate, unscrupulous, able men, with unlimited +money, and particularly when aided, regardless of their motives, +by those who control our colleges, and the Federal Council of +Churches.”</p> +</blockquote> + +<p>Mr. Goodwin, now being profoundly stirred, is at his +best in such penetrating remarks as this: “An organized +minority, bent on evil.” Will some of the members of +the Federal Council of Churches, Dr. Cadman and +Bishop McConnell, for example, please step forward and +explain why they are so naughty! And after they have +been heard, will a judicious selection from the Presidents +of the demoralized colleges for women, President Neilson, +President Woolley, President MacCracken, please explain +to an anxious public why, despite the fact that no one of +them is even that mildest of all “Reds,” a constitutional +Socialist, they are always called “Red”? Is the <cite>Manchester +Guardian Weekly</cite> right when it says: “There +are, perhaps, too many societies of one sort or another in +the world already, but there seems to be a real need for +one addition—a Society for the Protection of Good +Americans from the Publicity which is Awarded to +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_106">[Pg 106]</span>the Others.” Surely, no matter what Mr. Goodwin and +some thousands among other notable groups such as the +Daughters of the American Revolution owe them, by +way of apology, the college presidents must understand +that they owe the public a pleasant explanation for the +reasons why Mr. Goodwin and others should be allowed +to slander them.</p> + +<p>But the Registrar of Motor Vehicles and his Sheriff +are growing tired. Despite the fact that up and down +several pages he has been scooping the Connecticut Valley, +Mr. Goodwin failed to refer to Waldo Cook and the +<cite>Springfield Republican</cite>, and none have done more valiant +service for freedom of speech and justice than these two. +With weariness there comes upon Mr. Goodwin the +meditative spirit. He is slowing down; he is going to +shut off his motor; and one of the boldest drives to +demolish truth ever undertaken is almost over,—certainly +since the Mitchell Palmer, Lusk and <cite>Delineator</cite>-Coolidge +days. As he dreams, peaceful voices are heard, +and he invokes the American Legion, Veterans of Foreign +Wars, Spanish War Veterans, and other such non-militant +(!) organizations. Reaching the last page all are +found joining hands with the Daughters of the American +Revolution. It is a pretty picture of accord, except for +the fact that one is left wondering whether even the +genial Daughters would have quite enough hands to go +around....</p> + +<p>In her series of “Blue Menace” articles which +appeared in the <cite>Springfield Republican</cite> from March 19 +to 27, 1928,⁠<a id="FNanchor_18_18" href="#Footnote_18_18" class="fnanchor">[18]</a> Elizabeth McCausland has given clearly +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_107">[Pg 107]</span>the factors which lie behind the so-called “blacklists” and +the final outbursts of the D.A.R.: the activities of the +Palmer deportation raids, the Lusk legislative committee, +the Key Men of America, the Industrial Defense Association +with Headquarters at Boston, the Massachusetts +Public Interests League, together with the activities of +many other reactionary organizations, whose use of data +was often as inaccurate as it was reactionary.</p> + +<p>Is it on the basis of such carefully compiled data as +these by Mr. Goodwin that the public is to draw its +conclusions with regard to the value of the service of +our educational and religious organizations, and with +regard to the guilt or innocence of Sacco and Vanzetti? +In such material as that cited is the level of a primitive +mentality, the taboos and spooks, specters and witch +doctors of savages,—in short a reversion to physical levels +down to which graft and greed, selfishness and sensuality, +are fast taking the American public. Is it this +senescence of the reasoning power that is to convince +people at large that idealists—sneered at by the business +interests of the country—in education and religion and +government are murderers and criminals?</p> + + +<div class="footnotes"> +<h3 id="FOOTNOTES_5"> + FOOTNOTES: +</h3> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a id="Footnote_18_18" href="#FNanchor_18_18" class="label">[18]</a> Now compiled in pamphlet form under title of “The Blue +Menace,” and published by the <cite>Springfield Republican</cite>. Price +10 cents.</p></div> +</div> + + +<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop"> +<div class="chapter"> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_108">[Pg 108]</span></p> + + + <h2 class="nobreak" id="APPENDIX_C"> + APPENDIX C + </h2> +</div> + + +<p>This list represents the first five hundred protestants +who replied by wire or letter to letters or telegrams sent +out by Paul U. Kellogg, editor of <cite>The Survey</cite>. The letters +and telegrams which went out to the large list bore +the following signatures: Jane Addams, Frederic Almy, +Charles A. Beard, Bruce Bliven, Charles C. Burlingham, +Waldo Cook, John Dewey, John Lovejoy Elliott, Haven +Emerson, Ernest Freund, Alice Hamilton, Norman Hapgood, +Paul U. Kellogg, Dora Lewis, Margaret Homer +Shurtleff, Henry R. Seager, Mary E. Woolley. In many +cases replies were received from summer homes and +resorts. This list is here given alphabetically, but, except +where the names occur in the text of “Thirteen +Days,” these names are not listed again in the Index.</p> + +<table class="autotable"> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"> +</td> +<td class="tdl"> + +</td> +<td class="tdl"> + +</td> +<td class="tdl"> + +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"> + +</td> +<td class="tdl"> +Abbott, Miriam +</td> +<td class="tdl"> +Worcester, Massachusetts<br> +</td> +<td class="tdl"> + +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"> + +</td> +<td class="tdl"> +Abby, M. J. +</td> +<td class="tdl"> +Colorado Springs, Colorado<br> +</td> +<td class="tdl"> + +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"> + +</td> +<td class="tdl"> +Adams, Lida S. +</td> +<td class="tdl"> +Whitefield, New Hampshire<br> +</td> +<td class="tdl"> + +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"> + +</td> +<td class="tdl"> +Addams, Jane +</td> +<td class="tdl"> +Chicago<br> +</td> +<td class="tdl"> + +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"> + +</td> +<td class="tdl"> +Allen, Mary L. +</td> +<td class="tdl"> +Cambridge, Massachusetts<br> +</td> +<td class="tdl"> + +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"> + +</td> +<td class="tdl"> +Almy, Frederick +</td> +<td class="tdl"> +Buffalo<br> +</td> +<td class="tdl"> + +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"> + +</td> +<td class="tdl"> +Amberson, Wm. R. +</td> +<td class="tdl"> +University of Pennsylvania<br> +</td> +<td class="tdl"> + +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"> + +</td> +<td class="tdl"> +Amidon, Beulah +</td> +<td class="tdl"> +New York City<br> +</td> +<td class="tdl"> + +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"> + +</td> +<td class="tdl"> +Amidon, Charles F. +</td> +<td class="tdl"> +Fargo, North Dakota<br> +</td> +<td class="tdl"> + +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"> + +</td> +<td class="tdl"> +Andrews, Esther +</td> +<td class="tdl"> +New York City<br> +</td> +<td class="tdl"> + +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"> + +</td> +<td class="tdl"> +Antin, Mary +</td> +<td class="tdl"> +Great Barrington, Massachusetts<br> +</td> +<td class="tdl"> + +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"> + +</td> +<td class="tdl"> +April, Reba +</td> +<td class="tdl"> +Chicago<br> +</td> +<td class="tdl"> + +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"> + +</td> +<td class="tdl"> +Arms, Katharine Fuller +</td> +<td class="tdl"> +Greenfield, Massachusetts<br> +</td> +<td class="tdl"> + +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"> + +</td> +<td class="tdl"> +Arthur, Katharine +</td> +<td class="tdl"> +Philadelphia<br> +</td> +<td class="tdl"> +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_109">[Pg 109]</span> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"> + +</td> +<td class="tdl"> +Arthur, Mary +</td> +<td class="tdl"> +Philadelphia<br> +</td> +<td class="tdl"> + +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"> + +</td> +<td class="tdl"> +Aub, T. +</td> +<td class="tdl"> +Huntington, New York<br> +</td> +<td class="tdl"> + +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"> + +</td> +<td class="tdl"> +<br> +</td> +<td class="tdl"> + +</td> +<td class="tdl"> + +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"> + +</td> +<td class="tdl"> +Bailey, Forrest +</td> +<td class="tdl"> +New York City<br> +</td> +<td class="tdl"> + +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"> + +</td> +<td class="tdl"> +Baker, Edith M. +</td> +<td class="tdl"> +Northampton, New Hampshire<br> +</td> +<td class="tdl"> + +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"> + +</td> +<td class="tdl"> +Baldwin, Ruth Standish +</td> +<td class="tdl"> +Gloucester, Massachusetts<br> +</td> +<td class="tdl"> + +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"> + +</td> +<td class="tdl"> +Ball, Steadman +</td> +<td class="tdl"> +Topeka, Kansas<br> +</td> +<td class="tdl"> + +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"> + +</td> +<td class="tdl"> +Barasch, William +</td> +<td class="tdl"> +Brooklyn, New York<br> +</td> +<td class="tdl"> + +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"> + +</td> +<td class="tdl"> +Barbour, Elizabeth +</td> +<td class="tdl"> +Poughkeepsie, New York<br> +</td> +<td class="tdl"> + +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"> + +</td> +<td class="tdl"> +Barbour, Violet +</td> +<td class="tdl"> +Poughkeepsie, New York<br> +</td> +<td class="tdl"> + +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"> + +</td> +<td class="tdl"> +Barnard, Anne +</td> +<td class="tdl"> +New York City<br> +</td> +<td class="tdl"> + +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"> + +</td> +<td class="tdl"> +Barry, Grace +</td> +<td class="tdl"> +Ashland, New Hampshire<br> +</td> +<td class="tdl"> + +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"> + +</td> +<td class="tdl"> +Bass, Basil N. +</td> +<td class="tdl"> +New York City<br> +</td> +<td class="tdl"> + +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"> + +</td> +<td class="tdl"> +Beard, Charles A. +</td> +<td class="tdl"> +New Milford, Connecticut<br> +</td> +<td class="tdl"> + +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"> + +</td> +<td class="tdl"> +Beard, Charles R. +</td> +<td class="tdl"> +New York City<br> +</td> +<td class="tdl"> + +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"> + +</td> +<td class="tdl"> +Bearse, Mary +</td> +<td class="tdl"> +New York City<br> +</td> +<td class="tdl"> + +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"> + +</td> +<td class="tdl"> +Beck, Dr. and Mrs. F. +</td> +<td class="tdl"> +Asbury Park, New Jersey<br> +</td> +<td class="tdl"> + +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"> + +</td> +<td class="tdl"> +Beck, Isabel, Dr. +</td> +<td class="tdl"> +Asbury Park, New Jersey<br> +</td> +<td class="tdl"> + +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"> + +</td> +<td class="tdl"> +Belson, Heinrich +</td> +<td class="tdl"> +Brighton, Massachusetts<br> +</td> +<td class="tdl"> + +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"> + +</td> +<td class="tdl"> +Bemis, Evelyn +</td> +<td class="tdl"> +New York City<br> +</td> +<td class="tdl"> + +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"> + +</td> +<td class="tdl"> +Bergmann, Henry H. +</td> +<td class="tdl"> +Washington, D. C.<br> +</td> +<td class="tdl"> + +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"> + +</td> +<td class="tdl"> +Bernstein, Sadie +</td> +<td class="tdl"> +Chicago<br> +</td> +<td class="tdl"> + +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"> + +</td> +<td class="tdl"> +Bigelow, Francis Hill +</td> +<td class="tdl"> +Cambridge, Massachusetts<br> +</td> +<td class="tdl"> + +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"> + +</td> +<td class="tdl"> +Binger, Dr. Carl A. L. +</td> +<td class="tdl"> +New York City<br> +</td> +<td class="tdl"> + +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"> + +</td> +<td class="tdl"> +Binger, Clarinda G. +</td> +<td class="tdl"> +New York City<br> +</td> +<td class="tdl"> + +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"> + +</td> +<td class="tdl"> +Bingham, G. W. +</td> +<td class="tdl"> +Boston<br> +</td> +<td class="tdl"> + +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"> + +</td> +<td class="tdl"> +Birchard, C. C. +</td> +<td class="tdl"> +New York City<br> +</td> +<td class="tdl"> + +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"> + +</td> +<td class="tdl"> +Birtwell, Frances M. +</td> +<td class="tdl"> +Cambridge, Massachusetts<br> +</td> +<td class="tdl"> + +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"> + +</td> +<td class="tdl"> +Bliven, Bruce +</td> +<td class="tdl"> +New York City<br> +</td> +<td class="tdl"> + +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"> + +</td> +<td class="tdl"> +Blumberg, Dorothy +</td> +<td class="tdl"> +Brooklyn, New York<br> +</td> +<td class="tdl"> + +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"> + +</td> +<td class="tdl"> +Blumberg, Philip +</td> +<td class="tdl"> +Brooklyn, New York<br> +</td> +<td class="tdl"> + +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"> + +</td> +<td class="tdl"> +Bockius, Elizabeth G. +</td> +<td class="tdl"> +Whitefield, New Hampshire<br> +</td> +<td class="tdl"> + +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"> + +</td> +<td class="tdl"> +Bockius, Frances G. +</td> +<td class="tdl"> +Whitefield, New Hampshire<br> +</td> +<td class="tdl"> + +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"> + +</td> +<td class="tdl"> +Bollman, Mary +</td> +<td class="tdl"> +Woodstock, New York<br> +</td> +<td class="tdl"> + +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"> + +</td> +<td class="tdl"> +Bontecou, Eleanor +</td> +<td class="tdl"> +Cambridge, Massachusetts<br> +</td> +<td class="tdl"> + +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"> + +</td> +<td class="tdl"> +Boretz, Mary E. +</td> +<td class="tdl"> +New York City<br> +</td> +<td class="tdl"> + +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"> + +</td> +<td class="tdl"> +Bradford, Esther +</td> +<td class="tdl"> +Philadelphia<br> +</td> +<td class="tdl"> + +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"> + +</td> +<td class="tdl"> +Bradford, Robert +</td> +<td class="tdl"> +Philadelphia<br> +</td> +<td class="tdl"> + +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"> + +</td> +<td class="tdl"> +Brenk, Deltev W. +</td> +<td class="tdl"> +Swarthmore, Pennsylvania<br> +</td> +<td class="tdl"> + +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"> + +</td> +<td class="tdl"> +Bronfenbrenner, Jacques +</td> +<td class="tdl"> +Rockefeller Institute<br> +</td> +<td class="tdl"> + +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"> + +</td> +<td class="tdl"> +Brown, Geoffrey C. +</td> +<td class="tdl"> +East Orange, New Jersey<br> +</td> +<td class="tdl"> + +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"> + +</td> +<td class="tdl"> +Brown, William T. +</td> +<td class="tdl"> +Cleveland Park, D. C.<br> +</td> +<td class="tdl"> + +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"> + +</td> +<td class="tdl"> +Brubaker, Howard +</td> +<td class="tdl"> +South Norwalk, Connecticut<br> +</td> +<td class="tdl"> + +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"> + +</td> +<td class="tdl"> +Bucek, Mary L. +</td> +<td class="tdl"> +Medford, Massachusetts<br> +</td> +<td class="tdl"> +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_110">[Pg 110]</span> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"> + +</td> +<td class="tdl"> +Burlingham, Charles C. +</td> +<td class="tdl"> +New York City<br> +</td> +<td class="tdl"> + +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"> + +</td> +<td class="tdl"> +Byrns, Elinor +</td> +<td class="tdl"> +St. George, New York<br> +</td> +<td class="tdl"> + +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"> + +</td> +<td class="tdl"> +<br> +</td> +<td class="tdl"> + +</td> +<td class="tdl"> + +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"> + +</td> +<td class="tdl"> +Calkins, Charlotte W. +</td> +<td class="tdl"> +Newton, Massachusetts<br> +</td> +<td class="tdl"> + +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"> + +</td> +<td class="tdl"> +Calkins, Mary +</td> +<td class="tdl"> +Newton, Massachusetts<br> +</td> +<td class="tdl"> + +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"> + +</td> +<td class="tdl"> +Canfield, H. L. +</td> +<td class="tdl"> +Woodstock, Vermont<br> +</td> +<td class="tdl"> + +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"> + +</td> +<td class="tdl"> +Caplan, Frances R. +</td> +<td class="tdl"> +Bridgton, Maine<br> +</td> +<td class="tdl"> + +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"> + +</td> +<td class="tdl"> +Capon, Ruth J. +</td> +<td class="tdl"> +Framingham, Massachusetts<br> +</td> +<td class="tdl"> + +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"> + +</td> +<td class="tdl"> +Carner, Lucy +</td> +<td class="tdl"> +Ogunquit, Maine<br> +</td> +<td class="tdl"> + +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"> + +</td> +<td class="tdl"> +Case, Mary S. +</td> +<td class="tdl"> +Dorset, Vermont<br> +</td> +<td class="tdl"> + +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"> + +</td> +<td class="tdl"> +Cattell, J. 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C.<br> +</td> +<td class="tdl"> + +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"> + +</td> +<td class="tdl"> +Swensen, Edgar +</td> +<td class="tdl"> +New York City<br> +</td> +<td class="tdl"> + +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"> + +</td> +<td class="tdl"> +<br> +</td> +<td class="tdl"> + +</td> +<td class="tdl"> + +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"> + +</td> +<td class="tdl"> +Talbot, Ellen B. +</td> +<td class="tdl"> +South Hadley, Massachusetts<br> +</td> +<td class="tdl"> + +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"> + +</td> +<td class="tdl"> +Tannenbaum, Dora +</td> +<td class="tdl"> +Chicago<br> +</td> +<td class="tdl"> + +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"> + +</td> +<td class="tdl"> +Tapley, Alice P. +</td> +<td class="tdl"> +Williamstown, Massachusetts<br> +</td> +<td class="tdl"> + +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"> + +</td> +<td class="tdl"> +Tarbell, Ida M. +</td> +<td class="tdl"> +Trumbull, Connecticut<br> +</td> +<td class="tdl"> + +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"> + +</td> +<td class="tdl"> +Tarbell, Sarah A. +</td> +<td class="tdl"> +Trumbull, Connecticut<br> +</td> +<td class="tdl"> + +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"> + +</td> +<td class="tdl"> +Tarbell, W. W. +</td> +<td class="tdl"> +Trumbull, Connecticut<br> +</td> +<td class="tdl"> + +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"> + +</td> +<td class="tdl"> +Tarbell, Mrs. W. W. +</td> +<td class="tdl"> +Trumbull, Connecticut<br> +</td> +<td class="tdl"> + +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"> + +</td> +<td class="tdl"> +Tauber, Frederick +</td> +<td class="tdl"> +Melrose Highlands, Massachusetts<br> +</td> +<td class="tdl"> + +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"> + +</td> +<td class="tdl"> +Taylor, Graham +</td> +<td class="tdl"> +Chicago<br> +</td> +<td class="tdl"> + +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"> + +</td> +<td class="tdl"> +Taylor, Lea D. +</td> +<td class="tdl"> +Chicago<br> +</td> +<td class="tdl"> + +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"> + +</td> +<td class="tdl"> +Taylor, Lily R. +</td> +<td class="tdl"> +Bryn Mawr College<br> +</td> +<td class="tdl"> + +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"> + +</td> +<td class="tdl"> +Teller, Sidney +</td> +<td class="tdl"> +Pittsburgh<br> +</td> +<td class="tdl"> +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_119">[Pg 119]</span> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"> + +</td> +<td class="tdl"> +Thomas, Francisca +</td> +<td class="tdl"> +Woodstock, Vermont<br> +</td> +<td class="tdl"> + +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"> + +</td> +<td class="tdl"> +Thompson, Catharine +</td> +<td class="tdl"> +Boston<br> +</td> +<td class="tdl"> + +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"> + +</td> +<td class="tdl"> +Thompson, Christina +</td> +<td class="tdl"> +Princeton, New Jersey<br> +</td> +<td class="tdl"> + +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"> + +</td> +<td class="tdl"> +Thompson, Maud +</td> +<td class="tdl"> +Ocean Point, Maine<br> +</td> +<td class="tdl"> + +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"> + +</td> +<td class="tdl"> +Thompson, Mr. and Mrs. W. O. +</td> +<td class="tdl"> +New York City<br> +</td> +<td class="tdl"> + +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"> + +</td> +<td class="tdl"> +Thurston, Henry W. +</td> +<td class="tdl"> +New York City<br> +</td> +<td class="tdl"> + +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"> + +</td> +<td class="tdl"> +Tillinghast, S. M. +</td> +<td class="tdl"> +Wyoming, Pennsylvania<br> +</td> +<td class="tdl"> + +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"> + +</td> +<td class="tdl"> +Tine, Maria +</td> +<td class="tdl"> +Chicago<br> +</td> +<td class="tdl"> + +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"> + +</td> +<td class="tdl"> +Tolman, Mrs. Henry +</td> +<td class="tdl"> +Salem, Massachusetts<br> +</td> +<td class="tdl"> + +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"> + +</td> +<td class="tdl"> +Training School for Jewish Social Work +</td> +<td class="tdl"> +New York City<br> +</td> +<td class="tdl"> + +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"> + +</td> +<td class="tdl"> +Trimble, J. K. +</td> +<td class="tdl"> +Philadelphia<br> +</td> +<td class="tdl"> + +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"> + +</td> +<td class="tdl"> +Tucker, Mrs. G. Burr +</td> +<td class="tdl"> +Trumbull, Connecticut<br> +</td> +<td class="tdl"> + +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"> + +</td> +<td class="tdl"> +<br> +</td> +<td class="tdl"> + +</td> +<td class="tdl"> + +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"> + +</td> +<td class="tdl"> +Vance, John T., Jr. +</td> +<td class="tdl"> +Washington, D. C.<br> +</td> +<td class="tdl"> + +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"> + +</td> +<td class="tdl"> +Vangerbig, Geraldine +</td> +<td class="tdl"> +Red Bank, New Jersey<br> +</td> +<td class="tdl"> + +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"> + +</td> +<td class="tdl"> +Van Loon, Hendrik +</td> +<td class="tdl"> +New York City<br> +</td> +<td class="tdl"> + +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"> + +</td> +<td class="tdl"> +Van Tuyl, Alverda +</td> +<td class="tdl"> +New York City<br> +</td> +<td class="tdl"> + +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"> + +</td> +<td class="tdl"> +Villard, Oswald Garrison +</td> +<td class="tdl"> +New York City<br> +</td> +<td class="tdl"> + +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"> + +</td> +<td class="tdl"> +Voce, P. +</td> +<td class="tdl"> +Pittsburgh<br> +</td> +<td class="tdl"> + +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"> + +</td> +<td class="tdl"> +<br> +</td> +<td class="tdl"> + +</td> +<td class="tdl"> + +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"> + +</td> +<td class="tdl"> +Wadsworth, Mary K. +</td> +<td class="tdl"> +Wakefield, Rhode Island<br> +</td> +<td class="tdl"> + +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"> + +</td> +<td class="tdl"> +Waechter, Lee +</td> +<td class="tdl"> +New York City<br> +</td> +<td class="tdl"> + +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"> + +</td> +<td class="tdl"> +Wales, Marguerite A. +</td> +<td class="tdl"> +New York City<br> +</td> +<td class="tdl"> + +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"> + +</td> +<td class="tdl"> +Walser, Igan M. +</td> +<td class="tdl"> +Westport, Connecticut<br> +</td> +<td class="tdl"> + +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"> + +</td> +<td class="tdl"> +Walsh, Margaret M. +</td> +<td class="tdl"> +Brooklyn, New York<br> +</td> +<td class="tdl"> + +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"> + +</td> +<td class="tdl"> +Walsh, Mary G. +</td> +<td class="tdl"> +Brooklyn, New York<br> +</td> +<td class="tdl"> + +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"> + +</td> +<td class="tdl"> +Walther, Elise K. +</td> +<td class="tdl"> +Chicago<br> +</td> +<td class="tdl"> + +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"> + +</td> +<td class="tdl"> +Walton, Elizabeth +</td> +<td class="tdl"> +New York City<br> +</td> +<td class="tdl"> + +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"> + +</td> +<td class="tdl"> +Walton, Perry +</td> +<td class="tdl"> +Boston<br> +</td> +<td class="tdl"> + +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"> + +</td> +<td class="tdl"> +Washington, William M. +</td> +<td class="tdl"> +Detroit, Michigan<br> +</td> +<td class="tdl"> + +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"> + +</td> +<td class="tdl"> +Weiss, Rose +</td> +<td class="tdl"> +Ocean Point, Maine<br> +</td> +<td class="tdl"> + +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"> + +</td> +<td class="tdl"> +Wells, Frank C. +</td> +<td class="tdl"> +Brooklyn, New York<br> +</td> +<td class="tdl"> + +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"> + +</td> +<td class="tdl"> +Wemrebe, Joseph, M. D. +</td> +<td class="tdl"> +Boston<br> +</td> +<td class="tdl"> + +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"> + +</td> +<td class="tdl"> +Wentworth, Lydia G. +</td> +<td class="tdl"> +Brookline, Massachusetts<br> +</td> +<td class="tdl"> + +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"> + +</td> +<td class="tdl"> +West, Eloise +</td> +<td class="tdl"> +Flushing, New York<br> +</td> +<td class="tdl"> + +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"> + +</td> +<td class="tdl"> +West, Walter +</td> +<td class="tdl"> +Flushing, New York<br> +</td> +<td class="tdl"> + +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"> + +</td> +<td class="tdl"> +Weyl, Mrs. Walter +</td> +<td class="tdl"> +Woodstock, New York<br> +</td> +<td class="tdl"> + +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"> + +</td> +<td class="tdl"> +Wheeler, Elizabeth +</td> +<td class="tdl"> +Ashland, New Hampshire<br> +</td> +<td class="tdl"> + +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"> + +</td> +<td class="tdl"> +Whipple, Katharine W. +</td> +<td class="tdl"> +New York City<br> +</td> +<td class="tdl"> + +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"> + +</td> +<td class="tdl"> +Whipple, Leon R. +</td> +<td class="tdl"> +New York City<br> +</td> +<td class="tdl"> + +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"> + +</td> +<td class="tdl"> +Whitcomb, Camilla G. +</td> +<td class="tdl"> +Worcester, Massachusetts<br> +</td> +<td class="tdl"> + +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"> + +</td> +<td class="tdl"> +Whiting, Edith +</td> +<td class="tdl"> +Baltimore, Maryland<br> +</td> +<td class="tdl"> + +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"> + +</td> +<td class="tdl"> +Whitmarsh, Alida +</td> +<td class="tdl"> +Edgartown, Massachusetts<br> +</td> +<td class="tdl"> +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_120">[Pg 120]</span> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"> + +</td> +<td class="tdl"> +Whitney, Professor Marian Parker +</td> +<td class="tdl"> +Poughkeepsie, New York<br> +</td> +<td class="tdl"> + +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"> + +</td> +<td class="tdl"> +Wight, Alexander E. +</td> +<td class="tdl"> +Wellesley, Massachusetts<br> +</td> +<td class="tdl"> + +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"> + +</td> +<td class="tdl"> +Wilson, Angeline +</td> +<td class="tdl"> +Boston<br> +</td> +<td class="tdl"> + +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"> + +</td> +<td class="tdl"> +Wilson, Arthur +</td> +<td class="tdl"> +Boston<br> +</td> +<td class="tdl"> + +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"> + +</td> +<td class="tdl"> +Wilson, Dorothy +</td> +<td class="tdl"> +Boston<br> +</td> +<td class="tdl"> + +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"> + +</td> +<td class="tdl"> +Windsor, Anna G. +</td> +<td class="tdl"> +Wakefield, Rhode Island<br> +</td> +<td class="tdl"> + +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"> + +</td> +<td class="tdl"> +Wingert, Christina +</td> +<td class="tdl"> +Princeton, New Jersey<br> +</td> +<td class="tdl"> + +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"> + +</td> +<td class="tdl"> +Wingert, Gustav +</td> +<td class="tdl"> +Princeton, New Jersey<br> +</td> +<td class="tdl"> + +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"> + +</td> +<td class="tdl"> +Winson, Ellen +</td> +<td class="tdl"> +Haverford, Pennsylvania<br> +</td> +<td class="tdl"> + +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"> + +</td> +<td class="tdl"> +Wise, Helen G. +</td> +<td class="tdl"> +Seal Harbor, Maine<br> +</td> +<td class="tdl"> + +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"> + +</td> +<td class="tdl"> +Wittler, Milton +</td> +<td class="tdl"> +Boston<br> +</td> +<td class="tdl"> + +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"> + +</td> +<td class="tdl"> +Wolcott, G. S. +</td> +<td class="tdl"> +New York City<br> +</td> +<td class="tdl"> + +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"> + +</td> +<td class="tdl"> +Woodhull, William +</td> +<td class="tdl"> +Princeton, New Jersey<br> +</td> +<td class="tdl"> + +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"> + +</td> +<td class="tdl"> +Woodman, F. C. +</td> +<td class="tdl"> +New York City<br> +</td> +<td class="tdl"> + +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"> + +</td> +<td class="tdl"> +Woods, Amy +</td> +<td class="tdl"> +Duxbury, Massachusetts<br> +</td> +<td class="tdl"> + +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"> + +</td> +<td class="tdl"> +Woodward, Helen +</td> +<td class="tdl"> +New York City<br> +</td> +<td class="tdl"> + +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"> + +</td> +<td class="tdl"> +Woodward, W. E. +</td> +<td class="tdl"> +New York City<br> +</td> +<td class="tdl"> + +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"> + +</td> +<td class="tdl"> +Woolley, Mary E. +</td> +<td class="tdl"> +South Hadley, Massachusetts<br> +</td> +<td class="tdl"> + +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"> + +</td> +<td class="tdl"> +Worthington, Louise +</td> +<td class="tdl"> +New York City<br> +</td> +<td class="tdl"> + +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"> + +</td> +<td class="tdl"> +Wright, Rowe +</td> +<td class="tdl"> +Woodstock, New York<br> +</td> +<td class="tdl"> + +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"> + +</td> +<td class="tdl"> +Wyatt, Edith Franklin +</td> +<td class="tdl"> +Chicago<br> +</td> +<td class="tdl"> + +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"> + +</td> +<td class="tdl"> +<br> +</td> +<td class="tdl"> + +</td> +<td class="tdl"> + +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"> + +</td> +<td class="tdl"> +Zagler, Henrietta +</td> +<td class="tdl"> +Chicago<br> +</td> +<td class="tdl"> + +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"> + +</td> +<td class="tdl"> +Zucker, Theodore F. +</td> +<td class="tdl"> +Columbia University +</td> +<td class="tdl"> + +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"> +</td> +<td class="tdl"> + +</td> +<td class="tdl"> + +</td> +<td class="tdl"> + +</td> +</tr> +</table> + + +<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop"> +<div class="chapter"> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_121">[Pg 121]</span></p> + + + <h2 class="nobreak" id="BIBLIOGRAPHIC_NOTE"> + BIBLIOGRAPHIC NOTE + </h2> +</div> + + +<p>The uncertainty in the minds of multitudes of men and +women here and abroad as to the exercise of our American +institutions of justice will make many of the fair-minded, +whether conservative or liberal, eager to read or +page through some of the outstanding reports, books, +articles and editorials on the subject.</p> + +<p>Among these should be listed: The Lowell and +Fuller reports;⁠<a id="FNanchor_19_19" href="#Footnote_19_19" class="fnanchor">[19]</a> Felix Frankfurter’s, “The Case of Sacco +and Vanzetti”; Eugene Lyon’s, “The Life and Death of +Sacco and Vanzetti”; John Dos Passos’s, “Facing the +Electric Chair”; “The Letters of Sacco and Vanzetti,” +edited by Marion Denman Frankfurter and Gardner +Jackson; “America Arraigned,” an anthology of poems +by some fifty American poets, edited by Ralph Cheyney +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_122">[Pg 122]</span>and Lucia Trent;⁠<a id="FNanchor_20_20" href="#Footnote_20_20" class="fnanchor">[20]</a> in the <cite>New Yorker Volkszeitung</cite> from +April to the end of August, 1927, will be found in German +some unusual poems on Sacco and Vanzetti by Israel +Kassvan; “There is Justice,” by William Floyd; “Boston” +by Upton Sinclair; “The Sacco-Vanzetti Case,” Transcript +of Records of the Case, Henry Holt and Company; +and articles and editorials published in the Defense +Committee’s <cite>Bulletins</cite>, in the <cite>Arbitrator</cite>, <cite>Atlantic +Monthly</cite>, <cite>Nation</cite>, <cite>New Leader</cite>, <cite>New Republic</cite>, <cite>Outlook</cite>, +<cite>The Relay</cite>, <cite>Springfield Republican</cite>, and <cite>The Survey</cite>.</p> + +<p>Finally when the Defense Committee has finished its +editing of the compiled Sacco and Vanzetti papers, +students of these issues will have an authoritative body +of documents irreplaceable in the Defense literature. In +the meantime both the <cite>Decision of Gov. Alvan T. Fuller</cite> +and <cite>The Lowell Committee Report</cite> have been reprinted +together and without comment by the Sacco-Vanzetti Defense +Committee. This important reprint, or any one of +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_123">[Pg 123]</span>the books listed in this note, may be obtained either from +the Sacco-Vanzetti Defense Committee, P. O. Box 93, +Hanover Street Station, Boston, Mass.; or from the +Sacco-Vanzetti National League.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_124">[Pg 124]</span></p> + + +<div class="footnotes"> +<h3 id="FOOTNOTES_6"> + FOOTNOTES: +</h3> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a id="Footnote_19_19" href="#FNanchor_19_19" class="label">[19]</a> Reprints of these reports, also reprints of Sacco-Vanzetti +articles by John Dewey, Arthur Warner, William Thompson +and Alexander Meiklejohn, may be obtained from the <span class="smcap">Sacco-Vanzetti +National League</span>, Room 2008, 104 Fifth Avenue, New York +City. <span class="smcap">The Sacco-Vanzetti National League</span> is the permanent +name of an association which was hastily formed in August, +1927, through the efforts of Mrs. Jessica Henderson, and others, +to secure from the Department of Justice access to the files +for material bearing on the case of the two men under sentence. +The organization was not successful in this effort, but, under +the chairmanship of Dr. Robert Morss Lovett, it continues to +exist to keep the public informed of developments in the case, +which it does not regard as closed. It has in hand now the +preparation of a book on the Lowell Report, under the editorship +of Professor Karl Llewellyn.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a id="Footnote_20_20" href="#FNanchor_20_20" class="label">[20]</a> The following are the names of the fifty poets included in +this volume:</p> + +<p>John Haynes Holmes, David P. Berenberg, Ralph Cheyney, +Mary Carolyn Davies, S. A. DeWitt, W. Wilson Manross, +Martin Feinstein, John Gould Fletcher, Louis Ginsberg, Carolyn +Leonard Goodenough, Ernest Hartsock, Nicholas Moskowitz, +Benjamin Musser, Lola Ridge, E. Merrill Root, Blanche +Waltrip Rose, Mary Siegrist, Edith Lombard Squires, Lucia +Trent, Robert Whitaker, Gremin Zorn, W. P. Trent, Seymore +Michael Blankfort, Witter Bynner, Countee Cullen, Babette +Deutsch, William Closson Emory, Harry Alan Potamkin, Ettore +Rella, James Rorty, Clement Wood, Vincent G. Burns, Harold +D. Carew, Miriam Allen DeFord, Arthur Davison Ficke, S. +Ralph Harlow, Mary Plowden Kernan, Alfred Kreymborg, +A. B. Magil, Jeannette Marks, Kathleen Millay, Edna St. +Vincent Millay, William Ellery Leonard, Miriam E. Oatman, +John Dos Passos, Alice N. Spicer, Laura Simmons, Max Press, +Joseph T. Shipley, Henry Reich, Jr., Edwin Seaver, Josiah +Titzell, Bethuel Matthew Webster, Jr., Alice Riggs Hunt.</p></div> +</div> + + +<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop"> +<div class="chapter"> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_125">[Pg 125]</span></p> + + + <h2 class="nobreak" id="INDEX"> + INDEX + </h2> +</div> + + +<ul class="index"> + <li class="ifrst">Addams, Jane, <a href="#Page_22">22</a>, <a href="#Page_108">108</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Almy, Frederick, <a href="#Page_108">108</a></li> + + <li class="indx"><cite>America Arraigned</cite>, <a href="#Page_1">1</a>, <a href="#Page_18">18</a>, <a href="#Page_34">34</a>, <a href="#Page_36">36</a>, <a href="#Page_44">44</a>, <a href="#Page_64">64</a>, + <a href="#Page_121">121–122</a></li> + + <li class="indx">American Civil Liberties Union, <a href="#Page_75">75</a>, <a href="#Page_102">102</a></li> + + <li class="indx">American Legion, <a href="#Page_106">106</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Amidon, Judge, <a href="#Page_22">22</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Anarchists, hang the, <a href="#Page_9">9</a>, <a href="#Page_51">51</a>;</li> + <li class="isub1">literature, <a href="#Page_51">51</a>;</li> + <li class="isub1">Italian, <a href="#Page_62">62</a>;</li> + <li class="isub1">Chicago, <a href="#Page_75">75</a>;</li> + <li class="isub1">two philosophic, <a href="#Page_102">102</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Anarchy, <a href="#Page_41">41</a></li> + + <li class="indx"><cite>Arbitrator</cite>, <a href="#Page_122">122</a></li> + + <li class="indx"><cite>Atlantic Monthly</cite>, Attorney Thompson in, <a href="#Page_71">71</a>, <a href="#Page_122">122</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Aurelius, Marcus, <a href="#Page_74">74</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Austin, Mary, <a href="#Page_22">22</a></li> + + + <li class="ifrst">Baldwin, Roger, <a href="#Page_103">103</a>, <a href="#Page_104">104</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Barnard College, <a href="#Page_97">97</a>, <a href="#Page_98">98</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Barry, John, <a href="#Page_13">13</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Beacon Hill, <a href="#Page_6">6</a>, <a href="#Page_16">16</a>, <a href="#Page_52">52</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Beale, Fred, <a href="#Page_34">34</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Beard, Charles A., <a href="#Page_108">108</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Bellevue, <a href="#Page_22">22</a>, <a href="#Page_25">25</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Bent, Silas, <a href="#Page_88">88</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Berenberg, David P., poem, <a href="#Page_1">1</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Berlin, <a href="#Page_46">46</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Bernheimer, Louis, <a href="#Page_30">30</a>, <a href="#Page_31">31</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Blackwell, Alice Stone, <a href="#Page_29">29</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Bliven, Bruce, <a href="#Page_108">108</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Bloor, Mother, arrested, <a href="#Page_33">33–35</a></li> + + <li class="indx">“Blue Menace,” <a href="#Page_97">97</a>, <a href="#Page_106">106</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Blye, Captain, <a href="#Page_89">89</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Boissevin, Eugene, <a href="#Page_29">29</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Bombs, <a href="#Page_4">4</a>, <a href="#Page_11">11</a>, <a href="#Page_19">19</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Boston, <a href="#Page_1">1</a>, <a href="#Page_2">2</a>, <a href="#Page_3">3</a>, <a href="#Page_7">7</a>, <a href="#Page_12">12</a>, <a href="#Page_18">18</a>, + <a href="#Page_19">19</a>, <a href="#Page_20">20</a>;</li> + <li class="isub1">Regnant, <a href="#Page_26">26</a>, <a href="#Page_43">43</a>, <a href="#Page_52">52</a>, <a href="#Page_55">55</a>, <a href="#Page_56">56</a>, <a href="#Page_58">58</a>, + <a href="#Page_68">68</a>, <a href="#Page_75">75</a>, <a href="#Page_81">81</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Boston Common, <a href="#Page_16">16</a>, <a href="#Page_26">26</a>, <a href="#Page_52">52</a>, <a href="#Page_56">56</a>, <a href="#Page_57">57</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Braintree, <a href="#Page_65">65</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Brandeis, Judge, <a href="#Page_19">19–20</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Bridgewater, <a href="#Page_65">65</a></li> + + <li class="indx"><cite>Brooklyn Eagle</cite>, <a href="#Page_13">13</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Broun, Heywood, <a href="#Page_5">5</a>, <a href="#Page_8">8</a>;</li> + <li class="isub1">in <cite>Nation</cite>, <a href="#Page_69">69</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Brown, Don, <a href="#Page_45">45</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Brown, John, <a href="#Page_18">18</a>, <a href="#Page_43">43</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Brubaker, Howard, <a href="#Page_22">22</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Bryn Mawr College, <a href="#Page_97">97</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Buenos Aires, sympathetic strike, <a href="#Page_46">46</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Bunker Hill Monument, <a href="#Page_26">26</a>, <a href="#Page_34">34–35</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Burlingham, Charles C., <a href="#Page_108">108</a></li> + + + <li class="ifrst">Cadman, Dr. S. Parkes, <a href="#Page_104">104–105</a></li> + + <li class="indx">California, <a href="#Page_33">33</a>, <a href="#Page_102">102</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Calkins, Mary, <a href="#Page_98">98</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Callahan, Jack, <a href="#Page_88">88</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Cattell, J. McKeen, <a href="#Page_22">22</a>, <a href="#Page_81">81</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Chaplin, Ralph, <cite>Mourn Not the Dead</cite>, <a href="#Page_95">95</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Charlestown Prison, <a href="#Page_6">6</a>, <a href="#Page_13">13</a>, <a href="#Page_36">36</a>, <a href="#Page_40">40</a>, <a href="#Page_47">47</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Cheswick, Pennsylvania, <a href="#Page_45">45</a></li> + + <li class="indx"><a id="Cheyney">Cheyney, Ralph, </a>Editor with Lucia Trent of <cite>America Arraigned</cite>, <a href="#Page_1">1</a>, <a href="#Page_18">18</a>, <a href="#Page_34">34</a>, <a href="#Page_36">36</a>, + <a href="#Page_44">44</a>, <a href="#Page_64">64</a>, <a href="#Page_121">121–122</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Christ, Jesus, <a href="#Page_41">41</a>, <a href="#Page_81">81</a>, <a href="#Page_92">92</a>, <a href="#Page_94">94</a>, <a href="#Page_98">98</a></li> + + <li class="indx"><span class="pagenum" id="Page_126">[Pg 126]</span>Citizens’ National Committee, <a href="#Page_22">22</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Clayton anti-trust act, <a href="#Page_72">72</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Codman, John S., <a href="#Page_22">22</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Cohn, Dr., <cite>Some Questions and an Appeal</cite>, <a href="#Page_86">86</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Coleridge, Samuel Taylor, inward prostration of the soul, <a href="#Page_68">68</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Colorado, <a href="#Page_45">45</a>, <a href="#Page_75">75</a>, <a href="#Page_85">85–86</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Commons, John R., <a href="#Page_22">22</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Communist, <a href="#Page_9">9</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Conservative, <a href="#Page_71">71</a>, <a href="#Page_81">81</a>, <a href="#Page_94">94</a>, <a href="#Page_101">101</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Cook, Waldo, <a href="#Page_22">22</a>, <a href="#Page_23">23</a>, <a href="#Page_25">25</a>, <a href="#Page_106">106</a>, <a href="#Page_108">108</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Coolidge, Calvin, <a href="#Page_87">87</a>;</li> + <li class="isub1">on <cite>Enemies of the Republic</cite>, <a href="#Page_97">97–100</a>, <a href="#Page_106">106</a></li> + + <li class="indx">“Coolidgisms,” <a href="#Page_97">97–99</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Cox, Governor, <a href="#Page_88">88</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Cox and Harding, vote for, <a href="#Page_78">78</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Cremation Chamber, <a href="#Page_61">61</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Crowley, Chief of Police, <a href="#Page_26">26</a>, <a href="#Page_77">77</a></li> + + + <li class="ifrst">Dadourian, Professor H. M., in <cite>Scientific Monthly</cite>, <a href="#Page_81">81</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Dana, H. W. L., Vanzetti’s letter to, <a href="#Page_48">48</a>, <a href="#Page_49">49</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Darrow, Clarence, <a href="#Page_65">65</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Daughters of the American Revolution, <a href="#Page_106">106</a>, <a href="#Page_107">107</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Death House, <a href="#Page_6">6</a>, <a href="#Page_13">13</a>;</li> + <li class="isub1">back in, <a href="#Page_21">21</a>;</li> + <li class="isub1">immortality, <a href="#Page_24">24</a>;</li> + <li class="isub1">farewell in, <a href="#Page_31">31</a>;</li> + <li class="isub1"><cite>Two in the Death House</cite>, <i>vide</i> <a href="#Ridge">Ridge</a>, <a href="#Page_33">33–34</a>;</li> + <li class="isub1">heard him calling, <a href="#Page_41">41</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Debs, Eugene Victor, last money order, <a href="#Page_40">40</a>;</li> + <li class="isub1">Vanzetti’s tribute to, <a href="#Page_65">65</a>;</li> + <li class="isub1">straw vote for, <a href="#Page_78">78</a>;</li> + <li class="isub1">the radical, <a href="#Page_79">79–80</a>;</li> + <li class="isub1">symbolic figure of, <a href="#Page_81">81–93</a>, <a href="#Page_94">94</a>, <a href="#Page_97">97</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Defense Headquarters, <a href="#Page_3">3–8</a>, <a href="#Page_10">10–16</a>, <a href="#Page_20">20</a>, <a href="#Page_24">24–25</a>, <a href="#Page_30">30–32</a>, + <a href="#Page_35">35–43</a>, <a href="#Page_44">44</a>, <a href="#Page_46">46–48</a>, <a href="#Page_53">53–54</a></li> + + <li class="indx"><cite>Delineator</cite>, article by Calvin Coolidge in, <a href="#Page_97">97–100</a>, <a href="#Page_106">106</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Dewey, John, <a href="#Page_22">22</a>;</li> + <li class="isub1"><cite>Psychology and Justice</cite> in the <cite>New Republic</cite>, <a href="#Page_66">66–68</a>, <a href="#Page_108">108</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Donovan, Mary, <a href="#Page_4">4</a>, <a href="#Page_6">6</a>, <a href="#Page_10">10</a>;</li> + <li class="isub1">State Factory Inspector, <a href="#Page_11">11–12</a>, <a href="#Page_14">14–16</a>, <a href="#Page_20">20</a>;</li> + <li class="isub1">standing by her “people,” <a href="#Page_28">28</a>, <a href="#Page_29">29</a>, <a href="#Page_30">30</a>, <a href="#Page_31">31</a>;</li> + <li class="isub1">Mother Bloor bailed by, <a href="#Page_35">35</a>;</li> + <li class="isub1">and Powers Hapgood, <a href="#Page_37">37–38</a>, <a href="#Page_39">39</a>;</li> + <li class="isub1">cry from, <a href="#Page_41">41</a>, <a href="#Page_42">42</a>;</li> + <li class="isub1">pallor of, <a href="#Page_49">49</a>;</li> + <li class="isub1">nerves at breaking point, <a href="#Page_50">50–51</a>;</li> + <li class="isub1">to the thought of, <a href="#Page_54">54</a>;</li> + <li class="isub1">reading the funeral address, <a href="#Page_61">61–63</a>;</li> + <li class="isub1">letter, <a href="#Page_70">70–71</a></li> + + + <li class="ifrst">Ehrmann, Mr., <a href="#Page_89">89</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Elliott, John Lovejoy, <a href="#Page_108">108</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Elliott, Mrs., <a href="#Page_25">25</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Emerson, Dr. Haven, <a href="#Page_22">22</a>, <a href="#Page_108">108</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Emerson Ralph Waldo, <a href="#Page_2">2</a>, <a href="#Page_16">16</a>, <a href="#Page_18">18</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Espionage Act, <a href="#Page_91">91</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Evans, Mrs. Glendower, <a href="#Page_3">3</a>, <a href="#Page_25">25</a>, <a href="#Page_28">28</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Execution, after midnight, the tenth, <a href="#Page_2">2</a>;</li> + <li class="isub1">official executioner, <a href="#Page_13">13</a>;</li> + <li class="isub1">at midnight, <a href="#Page_83">83</a></li> + + + <li class="ifrst">Farnam, Mr. and Mrs. Henry Walcott, <a href="#Page_22">22</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Fascism, fleeing, <a href="#Page_42">42</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Federal Council of Churches, <a href="#Page_105">105</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Felicani, Aldino, <a href="#Page_4">4</a>, <a href="#Page_6">6</a>, <a href="#Page_11">11</a>, <a href="#Page_15">15–17</a>;</li> + <li class="isub1">spent figure, <a href="#Page_24">24</a>, <a href="#Page_31">31–32</a>;</li> + <li class="isub1">it is the ideal, <a href="#Page_40">40</a>, <a href="#Page_49">49</a>, <a href="#Page_53">53</a>, <a href="#Page_93">93</a></li> + + <li class="indx"><span class="pagenum" id="Page_127">[Pg 127]</span>Fellowship of Reconciliation, <a href="#Page_105">105</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Fellowship of Youth for Peace, <a href="#Page_105">105</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Fiske, John, <a href="#Page_2">2</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Flaming Milka (Milka Sablich), lassoed, <a href="#Page_85">85</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Floyd, William, <cite>There Is Justice</cite>, <a href="#Page_122">122</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Flynn, Elizabeth Gurley, <a href="#Page_103">103</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Forbes, Mrs. J. Malcolm, <a href="#Page_22">22</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Forest Hills Cemetery, <a href="#Page_52">52</a>, <a href="#Page_56">56</a>, <a href="#Page_58">58–59</a>, <a href="#Page_60">60–63</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Foster, William Z., <a href="#Page_103">103</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Frame-up, <a href="#Page_75">75–76</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Frankfurter, Felix, <a href="#Page_13">13</a>, <a href="#Page_24">24</a>, <a href="#Page_102">102</a>, <a href="#Page_103">103</a>;</li> + <li class="isub1"><cite>The Case of Sacco and Vanzetti</cite>, <a href="#Page_121">121</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Frankfurter, Marian Denman, Editor with Gardner Jackson of <cite>The Letters of Sacco and Vanzetti</cite>, <a href="#Page_42">42</a>, <a href="#Page_48">48</a>, + <a href="#Page_121">121</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Free speech and free assemblage, <a href="#Page_26">26</a>, <a href="#Page_27">27</a>, <a href="#Page_72">72</a>, <a href="#Page_80">80</a>, <a href="#Page_81">81</a>, + <a href="#Page_97">97</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Freund, Ernest, <a href="#Page_108">108</a></li> + + <li class="indx"><a id="Fuller">Fuller, Governor, </a>Governor’s Council, <a href="#Page_10">10</a>;</li> + <li class="isub1">Governor’s Secretary, <a href="#Page_14">14</a>, <a href="#Page_15">15</a>, <a href="#Page_23">23</a>;</li> + <li class="isub1">cast-iron executive, <a href="#Page_31">31</a>;</li> + <li class="isub1">plead with, <a href="#Page_35">35</a>;</li> + <li class="isub1">“Twice the Governor said,” <a href="#Page_38">38</a>;</li> + <li class="isub1">Secretary’s office, <a href="#Page_39">39</a>;</li> + <li class="isub1">had assured a woman of wealth, <a href="#Page_50">50</a>;</li> + <li class="isub1">letter from John Hays Hammond and from Bishop Lawrence, <a href="#Page_83">83</a>, <a href="#Page_89">89</a>;</li> + <li class="isub1">tuning fork from which he took his pitch, <a href="#Page_101">101</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Fuller, Margaret, <a href="#Page_2">2</a>;</li> + <li class="isub1">kernel of nobleness, <a href="#Page_16">16</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Funeral address, <a href="#Page_61">61–63</a></li> + + + <li class="ifrst">Galileo, experiment with falling bodies, <a href="#Page_80">80</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Gannett, Lewis, <a href="#Page_104">104</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Garland Fund, <a href="#Page_104">104</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Garrison, William Lloyd, <a href="#Page_52">52</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Gary, Judge, advice to his heirs, <a href="#Page_91">91</a></li> + + <li class="indx">German, <a href="#Page_35">35</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Goldman, Emma, <a href="#Page_105">105</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Goodwin, Frank A., address to the Kiwanis, <a href="#Page_101">101–107</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Grant, Judge, <a href="#Page_2">2</a></li> + + + <li class="ifrst">Hale, Ruth, <a href="#Page_8">8</a>, <a href="#Page_26">26</a>, <a href="#Page_32">32–35</a>;</li> + <li class="isub1">Bunker Hill Monument, <a href="#Page_35">35</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Haley, Lilian, <a href="#Page_14">14</a>;</li> + <li class="isub1">the friend’s house, <a href="#Page_17">17</a>, <a href="#Page_38">38</a>;</li> + <li class="isub1">faithful, fearless, <a href="#Page_39">39</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Halliday, Paula, <a href="#Page_29">29</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Hamilton, Dr. Alice, <a href="#Page_23">23</a>, <a href="#Page_25">25</a>, <a href="#Page_108">108</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Hammond, John Hays, letter to Governor Fuller, <a href="#Page_83">83</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Hankins questionnaire, <a href="#Page_104">104</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Hanover Street, <a href="#Page_3">3</a>, <a href="#Page_20">20</a>, <a href="#Page_34">34</a>, <a href="#Page_47">47</a>, <a href="#Page_53">53</a>, <a href="#Page_56">56</a>, + <a href="#Page_58">58</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Hapgood, Norman, <a href="#Page_22">22</a>, <a href="#Page_103">103</a>, <a href="#Page_108">108</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Hapgood, Powers, testing free speech, <a href="#Page_26">26</a>;</li> + <li class="isub1">gone, <a href="#Page_30">30</a>;</li> + <li class="isub1">psychiatric hospital, <a href="#Page_31">31</a>;</li> + <li class="isub1">account of, <a href="#Page_37">37–38</a>;</li> + <li class="isub1">defends Mary Donovan, <a href="#Page_51">51</a>;</li> + <li class="isub1">want to stand up and be counted, <a href="#Page_95">95</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Harriman, Mrs. J. Borden, <a href="#Page_35">35</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Harding, President, <a href="#Page_78">78</a>, <a href="#Page_92">92</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Harvard University, <a href="#Page_23">23</a>, <a href="#Page_25">25</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Hayes, Professor Ellen, taken to patrol wagon, <a href="#Page_28">28</a>;</li> + <li class="isub1">at Forest Hills Cemetery, <a href="#Page_60">60</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Hays, Arthur Garfield, <a href="#Page_22">22</a>, <a href="#Page_28">28</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Henderson, Mrs. Jessica, Vanzetti thanking, <a href="#Page_48">48</a>, <a href="#Page_121">121</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Hendry, Warden, <a href="#Page_13">13</a>;</li> + <li class="isub1">kindness, <a href="#Page_41">41</a>, <a href="#Page_77">77</a></li> + + <li class="indx"><cite>Herald</cite>, Boston, <a href="#Page_72">72–73</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Higginson, Colonel T. W., <a href="#Page_2">2</a></li> + + <li class="indx"><span class="pagenum" id="Page_128">[Pg 128]</span>Hill, Attorney Arthur D., <a href="#Page_10">10</a>;</li> + <li class="isub1">arrow-flight of, <a href="#Page_24">24</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Hill, Creighton, <a href="#Page_13">13</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Hillquit, Morris, <a href="#Page_103">103</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Hocking, William Ernest, <a href="#Page_22">22</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Hod Carriers’ Union, <a href="#Page_33">33</a>, <a href="#Page_34">34</a>, <a href="#Page_36">36</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Holmes, Dr. John Haynes, <a href="#Page_81">81</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Holmes, Chief Justice, <a href="#Page_19">19</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Holt, Henry & Co., <cite>The Sacco-Vanzetti Case</cite>, <a href="#Page_122">122</a></li> + + + <li class="ifrst">Industrial Defense Association, <a href="#Page_107">107</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Italian, <a href="#Page_2">2</a>;</li> + <li class="isub1">Italian painting, <a href="#Page_5">5</a>;</li> + <li class="isub1">fruit stand, <a href="#Page_10">10</a>;</li> + <li class="isub1">can’t speak, <a href="#Page_12">12</a>;</li> + <li class="isub1">Italian marriage, Margaret Fuller Ossoli, <a href="#Page_16">16</a>;</li> + <li class="isub1">paper, <a href="#Page_31">31</a>;</li> + <li class="isub1">restaurant, <a href="#Page_32">32</a>;</li> + <li class="isub1">“wops,” <a href="#Page_38">38</a>;</li> + <li class="isub1">editor, Signor Longerini, <a href="#Page_31">31</a>, <a href="#Page_42">42</a>;</li> + <li class="isub1">that Italian case, <a href="#Page_43">43</a>;</li> + <li class="isub1">martyrs, <a href="#Page_50">50</a>;</li> + <li class="isub1">by birth, <a href="#Page_52">52</a>;</li> + <li class="isub1">anarchists, <a href="#Page_62">62</a>;</li> + <li class="isub1">Vanzetti suffered because, <a href="#Page_66">66</a>;</li> + <li class="isub1">reference to in <cite>New Republic</cite>, <a href="#Page_66">66–67</a>;</li> + <li class="isub1">hatred for poor Italians, <a href="#Page_74">74</a>;</li> + <li class="isub1">radical, <a href="#Page_74">74</a>;</li> + <li class="isub1">idealists, <a href="#Page_75">75</a></li> + + + <li class="ifrst">Jackson, Dr. Edith, <a href="#Page_31">31</a>, <a href="#Page_38">38</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Jackson, Gardner, <a href="#Page_4">4</a>, <a href="#Page_7">7</a>, <a href="#Page_12">12</a>;</li> + <li class="isub1">sacrificing future, <a href="#Page_14">14</a>, <a href="#Page_20">20</a>;</li> + <li class="isub1">on way to State House, <a href="#Page_31">31</a>;</li> + <li class="isub1">came in, <a href="#Page_38">38</a>;</li> + <li class="isub1">more and more quiet, <a href="#Page_39">39</a>, <a href="#Page_41">41</a>;</li> + <li class="isub1">Editor with Marian Denman Frankfurter of <cite>The Letters of Sacco and Vanzetti</cite>, <a href="#Page_42">42</a>, <a href="#Page_48">48</a>, <a href="#Page_121">121</a>;</li> + <li class="isub1">undiminished strength, <a href="#Page_49">49</a>;</li> + <li class="isub1">defends Mary Donovan, <a href="#Page_51">51</a>;</li> + <li class="isub1">funeral address written by, <a href="#Page_61">61</a></li> + + <li class="indx">James, Edward Holton, <a href="#Page_8">8</a>, <a href="#Page_101">101–102</a></li> + + <li class="indx">James, William, nephew of, <a href="#Page_101">101–102</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Johannesburg, South Africa, <a href="#Page_46">46</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Joy Street Police Station, <a href="#Page_28">28–30</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Justice, <a href="#Page_2">2</a>;</li> + <li class="isub1"><cite>Justice Is the Issue</cite>, <a href="#Page_3">3</a>;</li> + <li class="isub1">education for, <a href="#Page_8">8</a>, <a href="#Page_16">16–17</a>;</li> + <li class="isub1">issue of, <a href="#Page_26">26</a>;</li> + <li class="isub1">“desire for,” <a href="#Page_33">33</a>;</li> + <li class="isub1">another Brotherhood struggling for, <a href="#Page_43">43</a>;</li> + <li class="isub1">American Tragedy of Injustice, <a href="#Page_52">52</a>;</li> + <li class="isub1">Justice Crucified, <a href="#Page_53">53</a>, <a href="#Page_55">55</a>;</li> + <li class="isub1">spectacle of American, <a href="#Page_68">68</a>;</li> + <li class="isub1">constitutional, <a href="#Page_69">69</a>;</li> + <li class="isub1">issue of, <a href="#Page_72">72</a>;</li> + <li class="isub1">Department of, <a href="#Page_75">75</a>, <a href="#Page_84">84–85</a></li> + + + <li class="ifrst">Kassvan, Israel, <a href="#Page_122">122</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Kellogg, Paul, <a href="#Page_22">22</a>, <a href="#Page_23">23</a>, <a href="#Page_25">25</a>, <a href="#Page_26">26</a>, <a href="#Page_108">108</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Key Men of America, <a href="#Page_107">107</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Keynes, John Maynard, <a href="#Page_72">72</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Kirchwey, Freda, <a href="#Page_98">98</a></li> + + + <li class="ifrst">Laidler, Dr. Harry, <a href="#Page_98">98</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Lake Champlain, <a href="#Page_1">1</a>, <a href="#Page_43">43</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Langone’s Funeral Chapel, <a href="#Page_47">47</a>, <a href="#Page_50">50–51</a>, <a href="#Page_53">53</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Lawrence, Bishop, letter to Governor Fuller, <a href="#Page_83">83</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Lawson, John Howard, <a href="#Page_22">22</a>, <a href="#Page_33">33</a></li> + + <li class="indx">League for Industrial Democracy, <a href="#Page_98">98</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Leipzig, <a href="#Page_46">46</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Lenin, Nicolai, <a href="#Page_103">103</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Levine, Isaac Don, <a href="#Page_8">8</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Lewis, Alfred Baker, <a href="#Page_8">8</a>, <a href="#Page_9">9</a>;</li> + <li class="isub1">out of police station, <a href="#Page_28">28</a>, <a href="#Page_54">54</a>;</li> + <li class="isub1">under leadership of, <a href="#Page_59">59</a>;</li> + <li class="isub1">Salsedo’s highly curious death, <a href="#Page_85">85</a></li> + + <li class="indx"><span class="pagenum" id="Page_129">[Pg 129]</span>Lewis, Dora, <a href="#Page_108">108</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Liberal, <a href="#Page_71">71</a>, <a href="#Page_81">81</a>, <a href="#Page_94">94</a>, <a href="#Page_97">97</a>, <a href="#Page_100">100</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Lincoln, Abraham, <a href="#Page_84">84–85</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Llewellyn, Karl, <a href="#Page_121">121</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Lombroso, criminal type, <a href="#Page_4">4</a></li> + + <li class="indx">London, protest meeting, <a href="#Page_45">45</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Lovett, Dr. Robert Morss, <a href="#Page_104">104</a>, <a href="#Page_121">121</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Lowell, A. Lawrence, <a href="#Page_2">2</a>, <a href="#Page_77">77</a>, <a href="#Page_121">121</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Lusk law, <a href="#Page_86">86–87</a>;</li> + <li class="isub1">investigating committee, <a href="#Page_102">102</a>;</li> + <li class="isub1">days, <a href="#Page_107">107</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Lyon, Eugene, <cite>The Life and Death of Sacco and Vanzetti</cite>, <a href="#Page_121">121</a></li> + + + <li class="ifrst">McCausland, Elizabeth, <cite>The Blue Menace</cite>, <a href="#Page_97">97</a>, <a href="#Page_106">106–107</a></li> + + <li class="indx">MacCracken, President, <a href="#Page_105">105</a></li> + + <li class="indx">MacDonald, Herman, <i>vide</i> <a href="#Fuller">Fuller, Governor</a></li> + + <li class="indx">McConnell, Bishop, <a href="#Page_105">105</a></li> + + <li class="indx">McDowell, Mary E., <a href="#Page_22">22</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Madeiros, gone, <a href="#Page_41">41</a></li> + + <li class="indx"><cite>Manchester Guardian Weekly</cite>, <a href="#Page_105">105</a></li> + + <li class="indx">March of Sorrow, <a href="#Page_44">44–63</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Massachusetts, <a href="#Page_8">8</a>, <a href="#Page_12">12</a>, <a href="#Page_13">13</a>, <a href="#Page_18">18</a>, <a href="#Page_62">62</a>, + <a href="#Page_101">101</a>;</li> + <li class="isub1">Public Interests League, <a href="#Page_107">107</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Maurer, James, <a href="#Page_103">103</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Mazzini, grave in Campo Santo, Genoa, <a href="#Page_52">52–53</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Mede, James, <a href="#Page_88">88–90</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Meiklejohn, A., <a href="#Page_121">121</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Michelson, Clarina, <a href="#Page_29">29</a>, <a href="#Page_30">30</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Mill, John Stuart, essay <cite>On Liberty</cite>, <a href="#Page_27">27</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Millay, Edna St. Vincent, <a href="#Page_29">29</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Miners, protest meeting, <a href="#Page_45">45</a>;</li> + <li class="isub1">Colorado, <a href="#Page_45">45</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Mooney and Billings, <a href="#Page_83">83</a>, <a href="#Page_102">102</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Moore, Fred, <a href="#Page_89">89</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Moore, Sam, on Debs, <a href="#Page_92">92</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Moors, John F., <a href="#Page_23">23</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Mores, <a href="#Page_11">11</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Moro, Joseph, <a href="#Page_13">13</a>, <a href="#Page_20">20</a>;</li> + <li class="isub1">watchfulness of, <a href="#Page_49">49</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Mount Holyoke College, <a href="#Page_97">97</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Murphy, Carline, <a href="#Page_37">37</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Musmanno, Michael Angelo, <a href="#Page_31">31</a>;</li> + <li class="isub1">as interpreter, <a href="#Page_39">39</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Mussey, Mr. and Mrs. Henry R., <a href="#Page_22">22</a></li> + + + <li class="ifrst"><cite>Nation</cite>, Heywood Broun in, <a href="#Page_69">69</a>;</li> + <li class="isub1">“Turn the Light on Palmer,” <a href="#Page_84">84</a>, <a href="#Page_122">122</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Nearing, Scott, <a href="#Page_103">103</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Neilson, President, <a href="#Page_105">105</a></li> + + <li class="indx">New England, <a href="#Page_19">19</a></li> + + <li class="indx">New Hampshire, <a href="#Page_18">18</a>, <a href="#Page_21">21</a></li> + + <li class="indx">New Jersey, <a href="#Page_75">75</a></li> + + <li class="indx"><cite>New Leader</cite>, <a href="#Page_59">59</a>, <a href="#Page_83">83–84</a>, <a href="#Page_122">122</a></li> + + <li class="indx"><cite>New Republic</cite>, <a href="#Page_8">8</a>;</li> + <li class="isub1">miners’ protest, <a href="#Page_45">45</a>;</li> + <li class="isub1">Dr. Dewey in, <a href="#Page_66">66–67</a>, <a href="#Page_122">122</a></li> + + <li class="indx">New York City, <a href="#Page_7">7</a>, <a href="#Page_12">12</a></li> + + <li class="indx"><cite>New York World</cite>, <a href="#Page_5">5</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Nicaragua and Sandino, <a href="#Page_100">100</a></li> + + <li class="indx">North End Park, <a href="#Page_53">53</a></li> + + + <li class="ifrst">Oneal, James, drift to Empire, <a href="#Page_76">76–77</a>;</li> + <li class="isub1">preparation for injustice, <a href="#Page_83">83–84</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Oporto, Portugal, <a href="#Page_46">46</a></li> + + <li class="indx"><cite>Outlook</cite>, on the fundamental principle of free government, <a href="#Page_87">87</a>;</li> + <li class="isub1"><cite>Outlook and Independent</cite>, <a href="#Page_89">89–90</a>, <a href="#Page_122">122</a></li> + + + <li class="ifrst">Pacifist, <a href="#Page_91">91</a>, <a href="#Page_102">102</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Palmer, Mitchell, “Red Raids,” <a href="#Page_84">84</a>, <a href="#Page_105">105</a></li> + + <li class="indx"><span class="pagenum" id="Page_130">[Pg 130]</span>Paris, protest meeting, <a href="#Page_45">45–46</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Parker, Dorothy, <a href="#Page_9">9</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Passos, John Dos, <a href="#Page_8">8</a>;</li> + <li class="isub1">cheerful, charming, <a href="#Page_25">25</a>, <a href="#Page_28">28</a>, <a href="#Page_34">34</a>, <a href="#Page_35">35</a>;</li> + <li class="isub1"><cite>Facing the Electric Chair</cite>, <a href="#Page_121">121</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Pasteur, his microscope, <a href="#Page_80">80</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Peabody, Helen, arrested, <a href="#Page_40">40</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Pearse, Padraic, poem <cite>To Death</cite>, <a href="#Page_43">43</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Pennsylvania, <a href="#Page_45">45</a>, <a href="#Page_86">86</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Pesotta, Rose, <a href="#Page_44">44</a>, <a href="#Page_46">46</a>;</li> + <li class="isub1">under leadership of, <a href="#Page_59">59</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Philadelphia, <a href="#Page_7">7</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Phillips, Wendell, <a href="#Page_52">52</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Picketing, <a href="#Page_8">8</a>, <a href="#Page_9">9</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Pittsburgh, <a href="#Page_45">45</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Police, <a href="#Page_2">2</a>, <a href="#Page_3">3</a>;</li> + <li class="isub1">rough handling, <a href="#Page_9">9</a>;</li> + <li class="isub1">bluecoats, <a href="#Page_10">10</a>;</li> + <li class="isub1">charges trumped up by, <a href="#Page_12">12</a>;</li> + <li class="isub1">down Joy Street, <a href="#Page_28">28</a>;</li> + <li class="isub1">to get Mother Bloor, <a href="#Page_33">33–35</a>;</li> + <li class="isub1">at Charlestown, <a href="#Page_36">36</a>, <a href="#Page_40">40</a>;</li> + <li class="isub1">and the protestants, <a href="#Page_45">45–46</a>;</li> + <li class="isub1">Sergeant of, <a href="#Page_51">51</a>;</li> + <li class="isub1">Mounted State, <a href="#Page_54">54</a>;</li> + <li class="isub1">at first neutral, <a href="#Page_54">54</a>;</li> + <li class="isub1">salute to, <a href="#Page_55">55</a>;</li> + <li class="isub1">control of, <a href="#Page_56">56</a>;</li> + <li class="isub1">maintain order, <a href="#Page_58">58</a>;</li> + <li class="isub1">effort to incite to violence, <a href="#Page_59">59–60</a>;</li> + <li class="isub1">in Cremation Chamber, <a href="#Page_61">61–63</a>, <a href="#Page_76">76</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Pound, Dean Roscoe, <a href="#Page_103">103</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Prince, Dr. Morton, <a href="#Page_66">66</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Professors, <a href="#Page_1">1</a>;</li> + <li class="isub1">disloyal, <a href="#Page_97">97–98</a>;</li> + <li class="isub1">Vida D. Scudder, Mary Calkins, <a href="#Page_98">98</a>;</li> + <li class="isub1">Felix Frankfurter, <a href="#Page_102">102</a>, <a href="#Page_103">103</a>;</li> + <li class="isub1">Hankins questionnaire, <a href="#Page_104">104</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Public opinion, <a href="#Page_6">6</a>;</li> + <li class="isub1">education of, <a href="#Page_16">16–17</a></li> + + + <li class="ifrst">Rabinowitz, Louis, <a href="#Page_57">57</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Radcliffe College, <a href="#Page_97">97</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Radical, <a href="#Page_9">9</a>, <a href="#Page_66">66</a>, <a href="#Page_71">71</a>, <a href="#Page_74">74–75</a>, <a href="#Page_79">79</a>, <a href="#Page_81">81–82</a>, + <a href="#Page_84">84</a>, <a href="#Page_86">86–87</a>, <a href="#Page_94">94</a>, <a href="#Page_99">99</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Rand School, <a href="#Page_84">84</a>, <a href="#Page_99">99</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Red Menace, <a href="#Page_97">97</a></li> + + <li class="indx"><cite>Relay, The</cite>, <a href="#Page_60">60</a>, <a href="#Page_122">122</a></li> + + <li class="indx"><cite>Republican, Springfield</cite>, <a href="#Page_5">5</a>, <a href="#Page_23">23</a>, <a href="#Page_24">24</a>, <a href="#Page_25">25</a>, <a href="#Page_106">106</a>, + <a href="#Page_122">122</a></li> + + <li class="indx"><a id="Ridge">Ridge, Lola, </a><a href="#Page_8">8</a>, <a href="#Page_29">29</a>, <a href="#Page_30">30</a>;</li> + <li class="isub1">over in Salem Street, <a href="#Page_33">33</a>;</li> + <li class="isub1">Charlestown Prison, <a href="#Page_36">36–37</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Robinson, James Harvey, on inherent radicalism, <a href="#Page_81">81–82</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Roewer, George E., Jr., <a href="#Page_22">22</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Roman holiday, <a href="#Page_64">64–77</a>, <a href="#Page_80">80</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Romualdi, Serafino, <a href="#Page_31">31</a>, <a href="#Page_42">42</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Root, E. Merrill, poem by, <a href="#Page_36">36</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Rosario, Argentine, <a href="#Page_46">46</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Rotenberg Estate, <a href="#Page_47">47</a></li> + + + <li class="ifrst">Sacco, Dante, letter to, <a href="#Page_49">49</a>;</li> + <li class="isub1">car containing, <a href="#Page_53">53</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Sacco, Nicola, <a href="#Page_2">2</a>;</li> + <li class="isub1">claim the body of, <a href="#Page_15">15</a>;</li> + <li class="isub1">respite of twelve days, <a href="#Page_15">15</a>;</li> + <li class="isub1">and Vanzetti, the very best men, <a href="#Page_17">17</a>;</li> + <li class="isub1">a symbol, <a href="#Page_22">22–24</a>;</li> + <li class="isub1">lost sight of, <a href="#Page_27">27</a>;</li> + <li class="isub1">“Save Sacco and Vanzetti,” <a href="#Page_29">29</a>;</li> + <li class="isub1">justice for, <a href="#Page_33">33</a>;</li> + <li class="isub1">summons to chair, <a href="#Page_36">36</a>;</li> + <li class="isub1">“wops,” <a href="#Page_38">38</a>;</li> + <li class="isub1">in the name of, <a href="#Page_39">39</a>;</li> + <li class="isub1">walls that held, <a href="#Page_40">40</a>;</li> + <li class="isub1">Brotherhood of Christ, <a href="#Page_41">41</a>;</li> + <li class="isub1">letters of, <a href="#Page_42">42</a>, <a href="#Page_48">48</a>, <a href="#Page_121">121</a>;</li> + <li class="isub1">protest meeting, <a href="#Page_45">45</a>;</li> + <li class="isub1">bodies of, <a href="#Page_47">47</a>, <a href="#Page_55">55</a>;</li> + <li class="isub1">farewell, <a href="#Page_47">47</a>;</li> + <li class="isub1">letter to son, <a href="#Page_49">49</a>;</li> + <li class="isub1">peace of death, <a href="#Page_50">50</a>;</li> + <li class="isub1">dead kings, <a href="#Page_54">54</a>;</li> + <li class="isub1">last deference to, <a href="#Page_59">59</a>;</li> + <li class="isub1">cremation chamber, <a href="#Page_61">61</a>;</li> + <li class="isub1">address by, <a href="#Page_64">64</a>;</li> + <li class="isub1">and Vanzetti are dead, <a href="#Page_67">67</a>, <a href="#Page_87">87–89</a>, <a href="#Page_93">93</a>;</li> + <li class="isub1">pursuit of ideal, <a href="#Page_94">94</a>;</li> + <li class="isub1">martyrdom of, <a href="#Page_95">95</a>;</li> + <li class="isub1">in <cite>Red Menace</cite>, <a href="#Page_102">102</a></li> + + <li class="indx"><span class="pagenum" id="Page_131">[Pg 131]</span>Sacco, Rosa, description of, <a href="#Page_5">5</a>, <a href="#Page_6">6</a>, <a href="#Page_7">7</a>;</li> + <li class="isub1">waiting for decision, <a href="#Page_10">10–16</a>;</li> + <li class="isub1">return from Scenic Auditorium meeting, <a href="#Page_21">21</a>;</li> + <li class="isub1">grief, <a href="#Page_24">24–25</a>;</li> + <li class="isub1">final appeal to governor, <a href="#Page_31">31</a>, <a href="#Page_38">38</a>;</li> + <li class="isub1">again waiting, <a href="#Page_39">39</a>;</li> + <li class="isub1">beauty of, <a href="#Page_50">50</a>;</li> + <li class="isub1">funeral procession, <a href="#Page_53">53</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Sacco-Vanzetti Defense Committee, <a href="#Page_1">1</a>, <a href="#Page_7">7</a>, <a href="#Page_13">13</a>, <a href="#Page_15">15</a>, <a href="#Page_16">16</a>, + <a href="#Page_19">19</a>;</li> + <li class="isub1">fighting on to the end, <a href="#Page_21">21</a>;</li> + <li class="isub1">bribe, <a href="#Page_23">23</a>;</li> + <li class="isub1">defeat, <a href="#Page_22">22–24</a>;</li> + <li class="isub1">when sentence pronounced, <a href="#Page_64">64</a>;</li> + <li class="isub1">mental courage of Sacco and Vanzetti, <a href="#Page_71">71</a>, <a href="#Page_122">122–123</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Sacco-Vanzetti National League, <a href="#Page_123">123</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Saint Paul’s Cathedral, Boston, <a href="#Page_52">52</a>, <a href="#Page_56">56</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Salem Street, <a href="#Page_33">33</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Salsedo, death of, <a href="#Page_85">85</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Sandburg, Carl, <a href="#Page_78">78</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Santosuosso, Dr., <a href="#Page_89">89</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Scenic Auditorium, <a href="#Page_21">21</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Schreiner, Olive, <a href="#Page_46">46</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Scollay Square, <a href="#Page_20">20</a>, <a href="#Page_54">54</a>, <a href="#Page_55">55</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Scott, Dred, <a href="#Page_84">84</a>, <a href="#Page_85">85</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Scudder, Vida D., <a href="#Page_98">98</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Seager, Henry R., <a href="#Page_108">108</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Shields, Art, <a href="#Page_8">8</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Shipley, Joseph T., poem, <a href="#Page_64">64</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Shurtleff, Margaret Homer, <a href="#Page_108">108</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Silva, Frank, <a href="#Page_88">88–90</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Simmons, Laura, <a href="#Page_30">30</a>;</li> + <li class="isub1">sonnet, <a href="#Page_44">44</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Sinclair, Upton, <a href="#Page_103">103</a>;</li> + <li class="isub1"><cite>Boston</cite>, <a href="#Page_122">122</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Smith, Alfred, <a href="#Page_86">86</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Smith College, <a href="#Page_97">97</a>, <a href="#Page_104">104</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Smith, Miss (Winifred?), <a href="#Page_97">97</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Socialists and socialism, <a href="#Page_7">7</a>, <a href="#Page_8">8</a>, <a href="#Page_9">9</a>, <a href="#Page_11">11</a>, <a href="#Page_51">51</a>, <a href="#Page_86">86</a>, + <a href="#Page_92">92</a>, <a href="#Page_93">93</a>, <a href="#Page_98">98</a>, <a href="#Page_101">101–103</a>, <a href="#Page_105">105</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Soviets, ambassador, <a href="#Page_97">97</a>;</li> + <li class="isub1">government, <a href="#Page_99">99</a>;</li> + <li class="isub1">Russia, <a href="#Page_102">102</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Spanish War Veterans, <a href="#Page_106">106</a></li> + + <li class="indx">State House, <a href="#Page_6">6</a>, <a href="#Page_14">14</a>, <a href="#Page_16">16</a>, <a href="#Page_31">31</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Status quo, <a href="#Page_32">32</a>, <a href="#Page_74">74</a>, <a href="#Page_102">102</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Stratton, President, <a href="#Page_2">2</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Sunday, Billy, denouncing the radical, <a href="#Page_79">79</a></li> + + <li class="indx"><cite>Survey</cite>, <a href="#Page_22">22</a>, <a href="#Page_23">23</a>, <a href="#Page_26">26</a>, <a href="#Page_122">122</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Sydney, Australia, <a href="#Page_46">46</a></li> + + + <li class="ifrst">Taylor, Graham, <a href="#Page_22">22</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Teeple, Mr., <a href="#Page_9">9</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Telephone, calls, <a href="#Page_4">4</a>;</li> + <li class="isub1">“banks,” State House, <a href="#Page_6">6</a>;</li> + <li class="isub1">Headquarters, <a href="#Page_8">8</a>;</li> + <li class="isub1">whistled or faded, <a href="#Page_6">6</a>;</li> + <li class="isub1">battle, <a href="#Page_8">8</a>;</li> + <li class="isub1">calling Mr. Thompson, <a href="#Page_15">15</a>, <a href="#Page_25">25</a>, <a href="#Page_31">31</a>;</li> + <li class="isub1">the ringing voice of Attorney Thompson, <a href="#Page_38">38</a>;</li> + <li class="isub1">Gardner Jackson, <a href="#Page_39">39</a>, <a href="#Page_41">41</a>;</li> + <li class="isub1">Mary Donovan, <a href="#Page_42">42</a>;</li> + <li class="isub1">buzz of, <a href="#Page_46">46</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Thayer, Judge Webster, <a href="#Page_3">3</a>;</li> + <li class="isub1">words spoken by, <a href="#Page_50">50–51</a>;</li> + <li class="isub1">anarchistic, <a href="#Page_51">51</a>;</li> + <li class="isub1">Sacco’s reference to, <a href="#Page_64">64</a>;</li> + <li class="isub1">Vanzetti in courteous apology to, <a href="#Page_66">66</a>;</li> + <li class="isub1">at Dartmouth reunion, <a href="#Page_69">69</a>, <a href="#Page_77">77</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Thirteen days, <a href="#Page_26">26</a>, <a href="#Page_50">50</a>, <a href="#Page_68">68</a>, <a href="#Page_71">71</a>, <a href="#Page_81">81</a>, <a href="#Page_95">95</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Thomas, Norman, <a href="#Page_104">104</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Thompson, Attorney, <a href="#Page_15">15</a>;</li> + <li class="isub1">belief in innocence of Sacco and Vanzetti, <a href="#Page_38">38</a>;</li> + <li class="isub1">reference to in <cite>New Republic</cite>, <a href="#Page_66">66–68</a>;</li> + <li class="isub1">record in <cite>Atlantic Monthly</cite>, <a href="#Page_71">71</a>, <a href="#Page_88">88–90</a>, <a href="#Page_121">121</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Todd, Helen, <a href="#Page_30">30</a></li> + + <li class="indx"><cite>Traveller</cite>, Boston, <cite>Red Menace</cite> published in, <a href="#Page_101">101</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Trent, Lucia, poem, <a href="#Page_18">18</a>, <i>v.</i> also <a href="#Cheyney">Cheyney, Ralph</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Trotzky, Leon, <a href="#Page_99">99</a></li> + + + <li class="ifrst"><span class="pagenum" id="Page_132">[Pg 132]</span>Union Theological Seminary, <a href="#Page_99">99</a></li> + + + <li class="ifrst">Vance, John T., <a href="#Page_22">22</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Vanzetti, Bartolomeo, <a href="#Page_2">2</a>;</li> + <li class="isub1">claim the body of, <a href="#Page_15">15</a>;</li> + <li class="isub1">respite of 12 days, <a href="#Page_15">15</a>;</li> + <li class="isub1">and Sacco, the very best men, <a href="#Page_17">17</a>;</li> + <li class="isub1">a symbol, <a href="#Page_22">22–24</a>;</li> + <li class="isub1">lost sight of, <a href="#Page_27">27</a>;</li> + <li class="isub1">“Save Sacco and Vanzetti,” <a href="#Page_29">29</a>;</li> + <li class="isub1">justice for, <a href="#Page_33">33</a>;</li> + <li class="isub1">summons to chair, <a href="#Page_36">36</a>;</li> + <li class="isub1">“wops,” <a href="#Page_38">38</a>;</li> + <li class="isub1">in the name of, <a href="#Page_39">39</a>;</li> + <li class="isub1">walls that held, <a href="#Page_40">40</a>;</li> + <li class="isub1">Brotherhood of Christ, <a href="#Page_41">41</a>;</li> + <li class="isub1">thanking Warden Hendry, <a href="#Page_41">41</a>;</li> + <li class="isub1">letters of, <a href="#Page_42">42</a>, <a href="#Page_48">48</a>, <a href="#Page_121">121</a>;</li> + <li class="isub1">protest meeting, <a href="#Page_45">45</a>;</li> + <li class="isub1">bodies of, <a href="#Page_47">47</a>, <a href="#Page_55">55</a>;</li> + <li class="isub1">farewell, <a href="#Page_47">47</a>;</li> + <li class="isub1">peace of death, <a href="#Page_50">50</a>;</li> + <li class="isub1">dead kings, <a href="#Page_54">54</a>;</li> + <li class="isub1">last deference to, <a href="#Page_59">59</a>;</li> + <li class="isub1">cremation chamber, <a href="#Page_61">61</a>;</li> + <li class="isub1">speech, <a href="#Page_65">65–66</a>;</li> + <li class="isub1">Attorney Thompson on Vanzetti in <cite>Atlantic Monthly</cite>, <a href="#Page_71">71</a>, <a href="#Page_88">88–90</a>, <a href="#Page_93">93</a>;</li> + <li class="isub1">pursuit of ideal, <a href="#Page_94">94</a>;</li> + <li class="isub1">martyrdom of, <a href="#Page_95">95</a>;</li> + <li class="isub1">in <cite>Red Menace</cite>, <a href="#Page_97">97</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Vanzetti, Signorina Luigia, <a href="#Page_20">20</a>, <a href="#Page_31">31–32</a>, <a href="#Page_38">38</a>, <a href="#Page_39">39</a>, <a href="#Page_53">53</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Vassar College, <a href="#Page_97">97</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Vermont, <a href="#Page_18">18</a>, <a href="#Page_21">21</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Veterans of Foreign Wars, <a href="#Page_106">106</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Villard, Oswald Garrison, <a href="#Page_22">22</a></li> + + + <li class="ifrst">Ward, Harry F., <a href="#Page_99">99</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Warner, Arthur, <a href="#Page_121">121</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Watson, Blanche, in <cite>New Leader</cite>, <a href="#Page_59">59</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Wellesley College, <a href="#Page_28">28</a>, <a href="#Page_60">60</a>, <a href="#Page_97">97</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Wheeler, Senator, <a href="#Page_75">75</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Whitney, Anita, <a href="#Page_102">102</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Whitney, Marian Parker, <a href="#Page_22">22</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Woman’s City Club, <a href="#Page_25">25</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Woods, Amy, <a href="#Page_23">23</a>, <a href="#Page_28">28</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Woolley, Mary E., <a href="#Page_22">22</a>, <a href="#Page_105">105</a>, <a href="#Page_108">108</a></li> + + <li class="indx"><cite>World To-morrow, The</cite>, <a href="#Page_90">90–91</a></li> +</ul> + + +<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop"> +<div class="transnote"> +<div class="chapter"> + <h2 class="nobreak" id="Transcribers_Notes"> + Transcriber’s Notes + </h2> +</div> + +<p>Possible printer’s errors, including spelling, hyphenation, and +punctuation, were retained, except for changes listed below.</p> + +<p>Footnotes have been renumbered and moved to the end +of their respective chapters.</p> + +<p>On <a href="#Page_21">page 21</a>, “justice’” was standardized to “justice’s”.</p> + +<p>In the footnote on <a href="#Footnote_3_3">page 22</a>, “V.” was italicized for standardization. It +means vide, or see.</p> + +<p>On <a href="#Page_33">page 33</a>, there is a poem with ellipsed text represented by a thought +break. Thought breaks other than this are normal.</p> + +<p>On <a href="#Page_67">page 67</a>, “mind ...” was changed to “mind....” for consistency.</p> + +<p>In the <a href="#Footnote_15_15">footnote on page 81</a>, “v.” was italicized for standardization.</p> + +<p>On <a href="#Page_83">page 83</a>, “vew” was changed to “view”.</p> + +<p>On pages <a href="#Page_88">88</a> and <a href="#Page_90">90</a>, “holdup” was standardized to “hold-up”.</p> + +<p>On <a href="#Page_89">page 89</a>, “Santosuossa” was changed to “Santosuosso” to match other +sources from the period.</p> + +<p>On <a href="#Page_91">page 91</a>, “felt” was changed to “fell” to match the passage on +<a href="#Page_49">page 49</a>.</p> + +<p>On <a href="#Page_102">page 102</a>, “Gospel.” was changed to “Gospel,” since the text is in the +middle of a list.</p> + +<p>In the <a href="#Footnote_19_19">footnote on page 121</a>, “Arthur Warner;” was changed to +“Arthur Warner,” to match the respective list formatting.</p> + +<p>In <a href="#APPENDIX_C">Appendix C</a>, the line breaks and indentation of the list +were standardized.</p> + +<p>On <a href="#Page_122">page 122</a>, 2 erroneous colons in the list of works were replaced by +semi-colons.</p> + +<p>In the <a href="#INDEX">Index</a>, the following changes were made:</p> + +<p>On <a href="#Page_126">page 126</a>, a comma was added after “Professor H. M.” for consistency.</p> + +<p>On <a href="#Page_127">page 127</a>, a comma was added after “(Milka Sablich)” for consistency.</p> + +<p>On <a href="#Page_128">page 128</a>, “arrow flight” was standardized to “arrow-flight” to match +the reference in the text.</p> + +<p>On <a href="#Page_128">page 128</a>, a comma was added after “nephew of” for consistency.</p> + +<p>On <a href="#Page_129">page 129</a>, “Lusk, Law,” was standardized to “Lusk law,” for +consistency and to match the reference in the text.</p> + +<p>On <a href="#Page_130">page 130</a>, “Holiday” was standardized to “holiday” to match the +reference in the text.</p> + +<p>On <a href="#Page_131">page 131</a>, “Santosoussa” was changed to “Santosuosso” to +match the occurrence on <a href="#Page_89">page 89</a>.</p> + +<p>On <a href="#Page_132">page 132</a>, a semi-colon was added to “lost sight of, 27” for +consistency.</p> +</div> +<div style='text-align:center'>*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 78153 ***</div> +</body> +</html> |