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+*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 78153 ***
+
+
+
+
+THIRTEEN DAYS
+
+
+
+
+THIRTEEN DAYS
+
+
+BY
+
+JEANNETTE MARKS
+
+AUTHOR OF “GENIUS AND DISASTER”
+
+
+ALBERT & CHARLES BONI
+
+New York  :  :   1929
+
+
+
+
++Copyright 1929+
+
+JEANNETTE MARKS
+
+
+_Printed in the United States of America_
+
+
+
+
+CONTENTS
+
+
+ CHAPTER                         PAGE
+ I.   +The End+                     1
+ II.  +The Beginning+              18
+ III. +The March of Sorrow+        44
+ IV.  +Roman Holiday+              64
+ V.   +Out of Chaos+               78
+ +Appendix A+                      97
+ +Appendix B+                     101
+ +Appendix C+                     108
+ +Bibliographic Note+             121
+ +Index+                          125
+
+
+
+
+THIRTEEN DAYS
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER I
+
+THE END
+
+    “Oh, few faint voices bravely asking ‘Why?’
+      You pass like whispers in the roaring play
+      Of madmen marching to a holiday.
+    We know. We know, why bound to death they lie.”
+                                                +David P. Berenberg.+[1]
+
+
+There in the newspapers on that morning of August ninth, 1927, was the
+appeal from the Sacco-Vanzetti Defense Committee to the “rank and file”
+of artists, authors, teachers (including college professors) and other
+kinds of professional men and women to come to headquarters in Boston.
+How many of the rank and file of professors and authors like myself
+would be there? For me, behind, lay seven years of a working friendship
+with the Committee.
+
+That noon of August ninth on the shore of Lake Champlain a
+budge-budge-not struggle went on for more than an hour. If I went, what
+could I do? Would I not be merely one more person under foot? At such
+moments were there not always many to go? Had I not--as had so many
+others with more influence--done what I could over the seven long years
+to help the Committee in its great work of educating the public to see
+that the issue was justice to these two Italians, one a shoe worker,
+the other a fish peddler! And now that the work seemed, one way or
+another, really over, why go?
+
+But would there be many of my kind? Had not the report of President
+Lowell, President Stratton and Judge Grant “sand-bagged” the
+educational world? At least if I did go, there would be nothing left
+undone to be regretted some day. And this was the ultimate and perhaps
+the last thing any of us could do for them, for Sacco and Vanzetti were
+to be executed some time after midnight on the tenth.
+
+On arrival in Boston the next morning, I found that a taxi taken
+from any station, any public stand or any hotel brought a man up
+to book your destination and the number of your taxi. Only from my
+Club was this ceremony omitted. A traffic survey then under way in
+Boston may or may not have been responsible for such a thirst to know
+every destination. At least on that day in that city where once I
+had prepared for college, while I dreamed about Emerson and Margaret
+Fuller and met such great liberals as Colonel Higginson and Professor
+John Fiske, it was impossible not to be amused at the anxiety my
+destinations must, over some eighteen hours, have caused those booking
+men employed by “protected” Boston, for I came and went steadily
+morning, afternoon and night among the very places which were taboo
+and under guard. It would also have been impossible not to have
+enjoyed the Boston police on that day. They were such nice-looking,
+well-dressed men who but gained in interest by the fact that so many of
+them seemed frightened. The officers on guard at the door of Defense
+Headquarters regarded me with a suspicious eye.
+
+Climbing the two flights of narrow stairs at 256 Hanover Street,
+passing through a group of people too large for the narrow passageway
+and the spare, bare outer office, I found myself in the midst of
+“Headquarters.” On the walls was one poster often repeated: +Justice
+is the Issue!+ Side by side with this quiet statement were some of
+the “unguarded” remarks made out of court by Judge Webster Thayer. As
+I stood there, a stranger among strangers, I saw many men and a few
+women. Among the women was one who was elderly. She was dressed in gray
+and the face was good to look at. This--as I discovered later--was Mrs.
+Glendower Evans, for whom both Sacco and Vanzetti felt love similar to
+the love they gave their mothers. There were a number of younger women,
+and they were as well-clad and as well set up as the Boston police.
+What more could one woman say of other women than that! Some of the men
+were small and swart. Some of the men were tall and fair. But of the
+exploded Lombroso criminal type who, in popular opinion, throw bombs,
+not one was seen,--not in the whole day long.
+
+Then one of the tall, fair men, having a name well known to the art
+world, asked if there were anything he could do for me. When I inquired
+for Mary Donovan he said she was in the inner office and he would tell
+her I was there. I said no, not to call her, I would wait till she came
+out. Almost immediately Miss Donovan came out, a fine-looking dark Celt
+whose pale face had in it not only strength but also warmth.
+
+When, a few minutes later, I told her my name, Mary Donovan grasped my
+hand, saying “I am so glad you have come!” and sent me into the inner
+office to wait for her.
+
+In that inner office were four people: two men and two women who
+received me politely. One of the men gave me a chair. But, except for
+the sending and answering of telephone calls and the coming and going
+of telegraph and other messengers, the quiet that reigned in the office
+when I entered continued.
+
+The man who had given me a seat--his seat--sat down on an unopened bale
+of pamphlets and I noticed the slender, rather large, scrupulously
+clean hands resting quietly on his knees; the wide, dark, gentle eyes;
+the head becoming bald; the brow criss-crossed with suffering and with
+care; the strangely delicate, firm lips and chin. Where had I seen
+that look of childlike spirituality before? Ah, yes, ridiculous but a
+fact: in Italian painting on many a celebrated bambino face.
+
+The other man, who went on steadily writing at the center desk around
+which we were, represented a type more familiar to me. The homely face,
+the massive head, the thick abundant hair, the look of concentration
+as he worked, young still, already he resembled a responsible type of
+American journalist. Who was he?
+
+At the stenographic desk before the one window of that inner office
+sat a pretty “child” working silently and rapidly addressing envelope
+after envelope, for the new Bulletin of the Committee was just off the
+press, containing among other articles reprints of noble editorials
+from the _Springfield Republican_ together with a passionate editorial
+by Heywood Broun in the _New York World_. The “child’s” hair was a halo
+about her head and her features were cameo cut. She paused in her rapid
+work only to take or to give a telephone call.
+
+The other woman, beside whom I was sitting, was older than the “child”
+but still young. Except for the man who had given me his seat and
+myself the grave beings in that little office were all young. And the
+quiet woman at my side with her lovely uncropped auburn hair, the
+somewhat oval features, had in her face not only the still look of
+suffering, but also the only indestructible youth,--that of goodness.
+As about that inner office, so about her was an atmosphere of stillness
+and of waiting. Except that she crumpled paper occasionally and that
+she had a dry cough from time to time, she made no motions and no sound.
+
+Who were they all?
+
+From beginning to end of that day at Headquarters, whose passing was
+noted the world over and on which more newspapers were sold than on
+any other day in history, in that spare, shabby center of the Defense
+struggle, it was plain from the instant those offices were entered that
+every dollar had been spent on the building up of public opinion and on
+fees for defense, and that not a penny had been wasted.
+
+Up in the State House on Beacon Hill there were “banks” of telephone
+and telegraph wires installed, to send Sacco-Vanzetti news over the
+whole world; and at Charlestown was another “bank” of wires which were
+to flash the Death House scene to the ends of the earth. Here in the
+dingy office in the very center of this fight for justice, an office
+from which had come and would come the legal fees to pay for success or
+failure, there was but one wire which whistled or faded as calls were
+received or sent. Why this interference in such a place on such a day?
+
+And then Mary Donovan came back, and I met those with whom I had
+been sitting in the little office. He of the gentle eyes was Aldino
+Felicani, the devoted personal friend of the two condemned men, the
+spirit behind the entire movement, and the treasurer of the Committee.
+The young man with the shaggy hair and massive head who was still
+steadily writing was Gardner Jackson. And the woman with the lovely
+uncropped auburn hair and the intelligent, good face was Rosa Sacco.
+
+Apparently the seven years I had “served” Old Testamentwise, in
+obscure, if faithful, work for the Defense had won me in the minds of
+some of the Committee a right of friendship which I did not, I know,
+deserve. And it became my privilege to spend in close association some
+of the most momentous days in the Committee’s history.
+
+As that day “wore on”--never was phrase more descriptive of the
+fixation of tragedy there symbolized and apparent--groups came and
+went in the outer office. The Defense Committee had done everything
+possible to secure a hall where these groups from New York City,
+Philadelphia, and from towns in many near-by states could meet. But
+not a landlord in Boston would rent them a hall. Finally a church was
+secured. Immediately police and patrol wagon were posted there. Groups
+came and went at Defense Headquarters, asking what to do, asking for
+instructions. Defense Headquarters had no place to offer them for
+meeting except the church or Socialist Headquarters at 21 Essex Street.
+
+The day before thirty-nine men and women had been arrested, among them
+Alfred Baker Lewis, the Massachusetts State Secretary for the Socialist
+Party, while engaged in silent picketing outside the State House. The
+groups now coming in also wished to picket. In their numbers were men
+and women well known in art and in letters: Lola Ridge, Art Shields,
+Ruth Hale, the wife of Heywood Broun; Isaac Don Levine, whose articles
+on Soviet Russia published in the _New Republic_ had been the first
+to tell the American public about the new Russia; Edward H. James, a
+nephew of William James; John Dos Passos, and many others.
+
+For a reply to the question as to when and where they should picket,
+Defense Headquarters sent them on to Alfred Baker Lewis at Socialist
+Headquarters. It was apparent that Defense Headquarters felt that
+their own work lay in the hour to hour messenger service and telephone
+battle, over that single “tapped” wire, which they still waged in
+arousing public opinion. From the beginning education for justice and
+not revolutionary agitation had been their work. And under Alfred
+Lewis’s leadership any group that wished to picket would have good
+advice and sane control.
+
+I went over to Socialist Headquarters to get advice with the rest.
+
+A group of girls called to me eagerly, “Are you going out with us?”
+
+I answered, “I don’t know: I’m going to do what Alfred Lewis tells me
+to do.”
+
+There he sat, young still although his hair is turning gray, clear-cut
+of feature, with the look of a boy who has just had a cool, long swim
+and would like to have it all over again.
+
+He studied me and said, “That’s a Communist crowd going out to picket.
+I’m not going myself and I wouldn’t ask you to do what I myself am not
+going to do. Wait! We may be needed more later.”
+
+That settled it, and I went back to Defense Headquarters where I might
+be of some use. But the crowd went out. Forty-four men and women were
+arrested. One courageous little woman, Dorothy Parker, was roughly
+handled by officers who bruised her neck and arms, marching her in the
+middle of the street up three cobblestone blocks.
+
+The mob which had been watching the picketers, undisturbed and
+unarrested for “loitering,” backed off in front of Mrs. Parker,
+shouting, “Hang her! Hang them all! Hang the anarchists!”
+
+Later, after she had been bailed, I saw her crying, not because she had
+been so badly bruised but because she could not forget that cry of the
+mob, “Hang her!” She was not an anarchist; she was not a Communist; she
+was not, so far as I knew, even that constitutional radical known as
+Socialist. She was, like Mr. Teeple, just one more American doing her
+duty for justice’s sake.
+
+Still the afternoon “wore” on. Once Mary Donovan went into the outer
+office to send away a noisily excited group.
+
+“Think,” she said on her return, “of their daring to come here on a day
+like this to enjoy themselves!”
+
+Rosa Sacco said nothing. She seemed to drift further and further away
+from those unfailing friends of hers as she waited to know whether
+a respite would be granted and she might see her husband many times
+again, or whether she must see him for the last time. The cough was
+drier, a few more pieces of paper were crumpled, but she neither sighed
+nor spoke nor wept.
+
+The Governor’s Council was to meet at noon. Surely by three or half
+past there would be some word. But, we heard, the Council did not
+meet and there was no word. It was half past five before the Governor
+entered his office and the Council did meet. Then they adjourned for
+dinner and it was half past eight before they were in session again,
+Attorney Arthur D. Hill with them to make one more last plea for the
+Defense.
+
+But the little woman who waited, and Mary Donovan her friend, and these
+good men? They adjourned for no food,--they had eaten nothing all day.
+
+Saying I would return, I went out, passing the handsome blue coats, and
+turning the corner to an Italian fruit stand. There I bought big rosy
+cling-stone peaches, plums and pears golden from sunlight and from
+air. And back I went, past the handsome blue coats once more, these
+“bombs”--many of them!--in three bags. And at the sight of food that is
+more beautiful than any other, as fruit is, eyes brightened.
+
+I coaxed Mrs. Sacco. Rubbing off the fuzz carefully, she ate a peach.
+Then Mr. Felicani’s hand reached into one of the bags and he, too,
+rubbed the fuzz from a peach and ate it gratefully.
+
+“Oh, I’m so glad when they eat!” exclaimed Mary Donovan. “I cannot make
+them take any food at all!”
+
+Of herself she neither spoke nor thought. And she took no fruit. It was
+plain that even her endowment of strength could not stand the strain
+much longer. And as for her career as a State Factory Inspector that
+was over, for the State had dismissed her the day the Court’s decision
+had been made known.
+
+And already she was in bondage of a sort. For there are two economic
+and social prisons: the first in which men are shut out from the
+opportunity to earn their livings; the second in which they are shut
+in, away from those who do earn their living under conditions which
+are in general termed “free.” The forces behind the first order of
+imprisonment are found in the _mores_ of an age. And those who have
+watched those forces at work on others or upon themselves, know how
+brutally efficient they can be. Imprisonment of the second order Mary
+Donovan was to face later on the two charges made by the Boston police.
+But the first she was soon to experience in all its bitterness not of
+confinement but of exclusion. Towards the close of August she was to
+begin spending days, weeks, months, looking for work in Boston and New
+York and to find that all doors, even those she might have expected
+to be open, were closed to her. Several friends were to do what they
+could to break through this social “police” cordon. By and large their
+efforts were futile. And Mary Donovan was to pay in full the charge in
+this country to-day against a struggle for conscience’ sake in the loss
+of the well-paid post of State Factory Inspector in Massachusetts. In
+New York in December, after more than a half a year of unemployment,
+she found a chance to wash dishes in Schrafft’s!
+
+Off and on throughout that interminable afternoon and early evening, a
+man’s hand would reach into a bag and take plum or pear or peach. And
+from time to time in one way or another during the late afternoon the
+tension was relaxed.
+
+Gardner Jackson, jesting with Felicani, said he could not answer a
+certain telephone call, “For I can’t speak Italian,--not yet!”
+
+Or Mrs. Sacco, persuaded into something like listening to bird and dog
+stories, told about her little daughter’s pet kitten.
+
+“Sometimes,” added Mrs. Sacco, with a smile that was a gleam from a
+storm-tossed sea-gull’s wing, “when I am not nervous, I like to pet it,
+too.”
+
+Or the quiet entrance of Professor Felix Frankfurter, compact, human,
+friend of justice and of these breaking hearts. Or the coming and going
+of Joseph Moro, and Creighton Hill, friend of the Committee, alert,
+attentive to a thousand details.... And there was John Barry, sometime
+chairman of the Committee, but whether active as chairman or not, there
+one night every week with a regularity which never failed.
+
+Out in Charlestown they were getting ready. The official executioner
+for three states, among them Massachusetts, had arrived. That death’s
+head of his, that mouth with its twisted fixed smile, how did he fare
+as he looked forward to the night’s work? He was not to be at the
+banquet after the Death House scene, to which official guests at the
+execution had been invited, for he was to return to New York on a dawn
+train. How would dawn feel to him? And the arms of his wife and the
+kiss of his little child?
+
+To the _Brooklyn Eagle_ reporter who had been with us, word had been
+sent by Warden Hendry that if he wanted to cover the night he would
+better come on out to Charlestown. But still no official word had been
+received at Headquarters, and now the evening was “wearing” on.
+
+Then Rosa Sacco fainted as quietly as she had spent the day. A nurse
+was called who, with Mary Donovan, took Mrs. Sacco, half-conscious, in
+a taxi to a friend’s house, honest, fearless Lilian Haley’s. And now
+the night “wore on,” and stories of respite or execution were given out
+and “killed” and given out and “killed.”
+
+Mary Donovan returned.
+
+“What,” she said, with her finger pointing upward, “if the finger of
+God should stay this execution to-night!”
+
+Gardner Jackson went to the State House, asking to see the Governor.
+And the Governor’s Secretary inquiring whether Mr. Jackson had come
+to see the Governor “for humane or legal reasons,” Jackson replied,
+“Humane. What else is left!” And he was asked to leave the State House.
+Here was a man who was no politician, sacrificing openly, as Mr.
+Jackson was doing, any possible future in the state. Now he was back.
+
+It was eleven and the midnight hour was on its way. Still no message!
+Several calls came from “the friend’s house” saying that Rosa Sacco
+wanted Mary Donovan, and still they waited, hoping and despairing.
+
+Word was sent from Defense Headquarters that Mrs. Sacco must be got
+ready for the worst. The strength of Mary Donovan was beginning to
+show a break here and a break there. She not only thought of the
+torture to those innocent men and women, but, like the levee holding
+back the river, occasionally a torrent of spoken anger swirled through.
+Several times she promised to go to the friend’s house but always she
+waited for another telephone call, and still no message came. Finally
+she took up the telephone, calling Mr. Thompson to ask what steps
+should be taken to claim the bodies of Sacco and Vanzetti. Her voice
+broke and she sobbed.
+
+Strange, I thought, that she should still believe in the kindness of
+the law! Was not this belief in its ultimate kindness but one more
+evidence of her own generous heart?
+
+The offices were filling up. Nobody knew what to do. Nobody knew
+what to think. Messages came, messages were sent, there was nothing
+authoritative. It was five minutes before twelve. And the sensitive
+face of Felicani was ghastly. And then came word that could be trusted.
+It was not sent by the Governor or any one connected with him: +A
+RESPITE OF TWELVE DAYS HAD BEEN GRANTED TO NICOLA SACCO AND BARTOLOMEO
+VANZETTI+.
+
+The crowded office became more still. A member of the Committee picked
+up the telephone and sent the message to the “friend’s house” that,
+without a moment’s delay, Rosa Sacco might know.
+
+No voices were raised. There was no excited speaking. Gradually those
+friends who were unofficial faded away. The Committee could be seen
+gathering itself together to battle on for justice for these two
+Italian workers who had dared to hope for the day when the workers
+would themselves end war and poverty.
+
+To one another they kept repeating, “We have until the twenty-second.
+Well, that is something.”
+
+As she left the office Mary Donovan turned to me and said, “I’m going
+to Rosa. Mr. Felicani is coming later. You come with him!”
+
+And she was gone.
+
+Before we could leave there were odds and ends of business needing
+attention. Then I found myself out on Hanover Street, walking with Mr.
+Felicani up cool, moonlit, deserted city streets towards Beacon Hill.
+
+We were on our way towards Boston Common where once Emerson had
+pastured his cow, and then up onto Beacon Hill of which Margaret
+Fuller Ossoli after her Italian marriage had dreamed in Italy. Where
+was that “kernel of nobleness” of which Margaret Fuller wrote? Was it
+within the State House which we were passing, or within the minds and
+hearts of these men and women who believed that a living law has in it,
+like life, elements of growth and progress; that commerce is creative
+only when it benefits the community as a whole as well as individual
+wealth; and that that education alone is really humane which is
+democratic and without fear?
+
+Were not these men and women fighting for--not against--law and order?
+Was not justice the issue? And was not injustice the fuse which touched
+off every revolution there ever was or ever will be? What revolt, what
+destruction of law and order, could there be if there were no injustice
+in commerce, in education, in government?
+
+Down a hill, then up a hill to Lilian Haley’s, the friend’s house where
+Rosa Sacco was. We were talking now of the education of public opinion
+and of the safety and the hope which lies in education and education
+alone. With that strange, unbendable, almost fierce, independence
+which those who are strong in their gentleness sometimes possess, it
+was plain that in Aldino Felicani was one who would never yield, never
+compromise, until all that a dedicated life could do had been done to
+secure justice, present or retroactive.
+
+Just before we entered the friend’s house, Aldino Felicani was speaking
+of what the Defense Committee had to do in the days that now remained.
+
+Of Sacco and Vanzetti he added wistfully, “Ah, these are the very best
+men I must ever hope to know!”
+
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[1] From “America Arraigned,” an Anthology of Sacco-Vanzetti poems
+edited by Lucia Trent and Ralph Cheyney.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER II
+
+THE BEGINNING
+
+    “You cannot kill the dream of those who find
+      A faith that shall restore the world to men.”
+                                                       +Lucia Trent.+[2]
+
+
+Past flashed the crowned roads of Vermont, then New Hampshire and
+finally Massachusetts: ponds, lakes, mountains, little villages,
+larch and hemlock, spruce and birch, fireweed, and mullein in bloom,
+goldenrod and button bush, brook and bridge, and the old, old
+farmhouses of a day gone by,--all the beauty and comfort and wealth
+that lie between the Adirondack region where John Brown is buried yet
+still lives, into the outskirts of Boston where some seventy-five years
+ago, Ralph Waldo Emerson lived and wrote those famous essays which
+still form part of the reading of all thoughtful men and women.
+
+The land of “promise” for so many over so many scores of years! Beside
+the road into an old Vermont farmhouse with a lean-to roof stood a
+woman, shawl about her shoulders, gazing off into the trees and up to
+the hills. How many generations had it been since for her people, too,
+America had been the land of “promise”? The drape of shawl and angle of
+the unmistakable New England back said that it had been a long, long
+time.
+
+Then we were pulling into a “marble” city where a young married couple
+took the chairs opposite mine. As the wife was seating herself she saw
+a package which had been dropped hastily into her chair by the porter
+as he went forward.
+
+“What’s that,--a bomb?” said the wife, looking at it with suspicion.
+
+“Yes,” answered her husband, facetiously, “a Sacco-Vanzetti bomb.”
+
+Derided, and so reassured, the wife sat down and the husband opened his
+Sunday paper.
+
+“Justice Holmes won’t act,” said the husband.
+
+“What’ll they do now?” asked the wife.
+
+“Get somebody else,” answered the husband, a young Uncle Sam, lean and
+muscular and plain.
+
+Comfort everywhere and abundance! Then the smell of the sea at night,
+somehow curiously discordant with its suggestion of vast fresh spaces
+of dark water and sky as we drew into the electric-lighted yet dingy
+north end of Boston. I was on my way back to be with the Sacco-Vanzetti
+Defense Committee as the night of respite or death approached.
+
+“There is Judge Brandeis,” ran my thought as I walked swiftly down the
+North Station platform; “he is really the hope.”
+
+Stepping through the door to take a taxi over to Hanover Street, in
+that semi-circle of electric lights, men were shouting and waving
+a small pink “extra” at the top of which stood two words in big
+headlines: “BRANDEIS WON’T--”
+
+After that nothing was “visible” except the panorama of thought that
+passed, a vague sense of going through the “gray” of Scollay Square,
+and the knowledge that the taxi had turned around at the end of one
+of the cross streets and that we were in front of “256” and the steep
+stairs, two flights up, to the offices.
+
+Gardner Jackson and Mary Donovan were not there. But Joseph Moro
+was,--always there, always busy.
+
+It was his voice asking, “Have you met Miss Vanzetti?”
+
+The memory of another voice was in my ears, that of a woman of letters
+who has worked and lived in Italy more or less for thirty years and
+whose books on Italy are familiar friends to many who love that land.
+
+Again that literary friend was saying, “I understand that the Signorina
+Vanzetti has behaved herself like a heroine and a lady from beginning
+to end of her stay in Boston.”
+
+But the “end” was not yet. Beside Miss Vanzetti sat Rosa Sacco. From
+the glow on those sensitive faces it looked even as if a happier end
+might be in sight. And then it occurred to me that both had just come
+from the Scenic Auditorium meeting where they had been given so kind
+a greeting from the loyal thousand gathered there. Friendship in such
+an hour casts no common light. Perhaps it was the reflection of that
+welcome which was still upon their faces.
+
+And the night passed, even as those winding, hill-cupped roads of
+Vermont and New Hampshire had passed. Only the panorama of dreaming and
+waking was not of pond and lake, of mountain, of village and of tree,
+of flower, rock, bridge, and ancient house.
+
+The panorama was of brave men and women who, in the seven years’
+struggle they had made for justice for these two workers who had been
+dreaming of and working for a world without war and poverty, had shown
+the principle of selflessness; those two noble prisoners back in the
+Death House again, already from their hands the touch and scent of
+strong leather, the silvery coolness of fish and the smell of the sea
+gone forever; the Defense Committee and its counsel, without hope,
+fighting on to the end; the friends who for justice’s sake--doctors,
+lawyers, merchants, pastors (but no priests)--rallied about them,
+giving beyond their means, working beyond their strength; and these two
+loving women before me who spoke precisely and with quiet.
+
+And somehow in those passing human pictures were all the strength,
+intention, beauty of life itself, crowning dream and waking with more
+wonder than hill the valley,--that valley of the shadow of death,--a
+symbol towards which Nicola Sacco and Bartolomeo Vanzetti were on their
+way.
+
+Defeat? Yes, of a kind, there at the Bellevue Headquarters where the
+Citizens’ National Committee, an eleventh hour organization, was
+sponsored by men and women of acknowledged power, already a list of 505
+names, many of which are known for public service throughout whatever
+parts of the earth are still socially-minded: Jane Addams, Judge Amidon
+of North Dakota, Mary Austin, Howard Brubaker, J. McKeen Cattell,
+John S. Codman, John R. Commons, Waldo Cook, John Dewey, Dr. Haven
+Emerson, Mr. and Mrs. Henry Walcott Farnam, Mrs. J. Malcolm Forbes,
+Norman Hapgood, Arthur Garfield Hays, William Ernest Hocking, John
+Howard Lawson, Mary E. McDowell, Mr. and Mrs. Henry R. Mussey, George
+E. Roewer Jr., Graham Taylor, John T. Vance, Oswald Garrison Villard,
+Marian Parker Whitney, Mary E. Woolley, and some five hundred other
+names representing conspicuous achievement.[3]
+
+Nevertheless it was a Committee which in the very process of
+organizing suffered from disorganization, attacked from all sides
+by the consciousness of the mythology of fear which the philosophy
+and economics of a century had built up and a World War consummated.
+Now as swiftly and inexorably as cancer strikes the human
+body,--money-symbolism, greed, class-consciousness, class-hatred,
+covering themselves with the garments of respectability, law, and
+patriotism, had struck into the social body. A strong Committee,
+despite its strength aware of its helplessness, consisting among others
+of Dr. Alice Hamilton of Harvard, Paul Kellogg of the _Survey_, Amy
+Woods, Waldo Cook of the _Springfield Republican_ and John F. Moors,
+was formed to represent the Citizens’ National Committee. Mr. Moors
+is a Harvard Overseer as well as a banker. It was he who persuaded
+President Lowell to serve on the Advisory Committee. When the decision
+of the Committee was brought in, he was willing to accept it but joined
+the Citizens’ National Committee to ask for clemency only. At noon
+this delegation called upon the Governor. The Governor’s Secretary Mr.
+MacDonald, who had handled all the material submitted to the Governor
+and dealt with all the witnesses, derailed the purpose of the Committee
+by greeting Waldo Cook with the accusation that Mr. Cook had accepted
+a bribe of $20,000 from the Defense Committee to write his Sacco and
+Vanzetti editorials for the _Springfield Republican_.
+
+And defeat at Defense Headquarters, too? Yes, of a sort--the kind whose
+terms have in them ideas which find symbolic immortality equally upon
+the Cross or in the Death House.
+
+That noon Felix Frankfurter said in the dingy corridor of Defense
+Headquarters, out of the hearing of Rosa Sacco, “She must not be made
+conscious of the larger issues of this thing, for now how can she think
+of anything but that it is her loved one who suffers! Yet somehow, no
+matter what happens to-night, I am too healthy--or something--to give
+up hope. I cannot believe it is the end.”
+
+And the spent figure of Aldino Felicani, bending to Destiny but not
+broken.
+
+And the arrow-flight of Arthur Hill’s car rushing now southward towards
+the sea to ask legal intervention from one, a judge of the Supreme
+Court, who, showing neither hospitality nor the quality of mercy, that
+early morning missed the great opportunity of his career. Then another
+flight northward, desperate, the last chance, in an open boat upon the
+sea, to an island whose shoreline is a rocky temple of beauty upon
+which the Defense was to meet its last shipwreck.
+
+The day was passing. With it the hours of the two who were to be
+executed were spilling swiftly from one glass to another, from life
+to death. A curious sense of whirling figures grew upon one and of
+futility. It was not unlike dust in sunlight. In the offices telephones
+rang incessantly, telegraph messengers came and went, men and women
+moved swiftly to and fro, typewriters clicked.... And in those offices
+at the Bellevue, as well as at the Defense Headquarters, national, as
+well as international contacts by telegraph and cable were bravely
+maintained to the last.
+
+A few figures stood out as somehow expressive, in their very
+difference, of this united struggle of conscience against injustice:
+John Dos Passos flitting about, cheerful, charming; Mrs. Elliott
+here, as in her work for peace, fearless, gentle, quiet; Paul Kellogg
+frayed with years of battle for social welfare, pale, determined; Dr.
+Alice Hamilton of Harvard, strong in reserve; Waldo Cook, cool-headed,
+responsible, ready at any cost, but never by any means except by the
+use of reason to maintain the editorial position of the _Springfield
+Republican_. Mrs. Glendower Evans, in gray, white-haired, was seated,
+a Quaker-like figure in the midst of the Woman’s City Club, waiting,
+talking with the friends who came to her. Mrs. Evans’s faithful
+friendship to Sacco and Vanzetti, and therefore to the issues of
+justice, had proved itself in more than one way. Not only had she given
+the case her financial support but also she had assembled evidence
+with, as a friend wrote of her, “an insight as to its value in court
+which was worthy of a mind long-trained by court practice.” Best of
+all was the gift of herself, so complete that she was troubled not to
+have been able to share even imprisonment.
+
+And there was Powers Hapgood testing the free assemblage and free
+speech issue again and yet again, thinking, as Paul Kellogg wrote of
+him in the _Survey_, “If, when the lives of two men were at stake and
+thousands of working people believed they weren’t getting justice at
+the hands of the courts, you couldn’t even get a permit to discuss
+the issue on Boston Common, then it looked as if we had let our old
+liberties be scrapped for us and political action didn’t offer a way
+out. And they would be scrapped, if we didn’t exercise our rights and
+show that men believed in them.”
+
+Assuredly in those thirteen days in Boston from the tenth of August
+to the twenty-second, when the issue of justice hung in the balance,
+with those in power there was no spirit of making good a mistake
+either by experience or by free discussion. Boston Regnant through
+Chief of Police Crowley denied all requests for use of the Common.
+And even upon that night of the twenty-second Crowley was to refuse
+Miss Hale’s request for the use of Bunker Hill Monument as a place for
+free assemblage, “where the people might repeat the Lord’s Prayer or
+sing hymns.” It is not improbable that many sorts and conditions of
+Americans who, for conscience’ sake, assembled in Boston during those
+days, wondered in what traditions of free speech and free assemblage
+the police representation of those in power had been trained. It is
+certain that the social and political education of those who controlled
+the police had included the name of John Stuart Mill and possibly even
+a certain paragraph from that most famous of his essays +ON LIBERTY+:
+“+BUT THE PECULIAR EVIL OF SILENCING THE EXPRESSION OF AN OPINION IS,
+THAT IT IS ROBBING THE HUMAN RACE; POSTERITY AS WELL AS THE EXISTING
+GENERATION; THOSE WHO DISSENT FROM THE OPINION, STILL MORE THAN
+THOSE WHO HOLD IT. IF THE OPINION IS RIGHT, THEY ARE DEPRIVED OF THE
+OPPORTUNITY OF EXCHANGING ERROR FOR TRUTH; IF WRONG, THEY LOSE, WHAT
+IS ALMOST AS GREAT A BENEFIT, THE CLEARER PERCEPTION AND LIVELIER
+IMPRESSION OF TRUTH, PRODUCED BY ITS COLLISION WITH ERROR.... WE CAN
+NEVER BE SURE THAT THE OPINION WE ARE ENDEAVORING TO STIFLE IS A FALSE
+OPINION; AND IF WE WERE SURE, STIFLING IT WOULD BE AN EVIL STILL.+”
+
+Throughout the day it seemed clearer and clearer, where much was
+confused, that already as individuals Nicola Sacco and Bartolomeo
+Vanzetti were being lost sight of, that already they were gone from
+our midst--though they had still a few hours to live--and had become
+symbolic of issues more important than the life of any human being can
+ever be.
+
+And then another figure in the midst of many: Alfred Baker Lewis,
+himself just out of the police station, coming swiftly through the
+hotel lobby.
+
+Catching sight of me, he called, “A lot of them have been arrested and
+we haven’t any money left to bail them. Have you any?”
+
+“Yes,” I answered, “I’ll take over what I have and get more. Where
+shall I go?”
+
+“They’re in the Joy Street Police Station. Mary Donovan’s there.” And
+he was gone.
+
+So was I in a quick shift from the Bellevue to the lock-up and the
+greeting with Mary Donovan standing by her “people” in and out of jail.
+
+In the flight to and fro in which, through Amy Woods, John Dos
+Passos, Mrs. Glendower Evans, Arthur Garfield Hays, Edna St. Vincent
+Millay, and some other generous friends, more than enough money was
+collected to bail out a group of over one hundred and fifty men and
+women, certain fragments of pictures stood out: a young man, stunted
+in growth, with pure childlike face, being hustled down Joy Street
+between two officers twice his size;[4] Professor Ellen Hayes of
+Wellesley being taken to the patrol wagon on the arm of a young
+Irish bluecoat--untroubled, serene, “a grand soul” as Mary Donovan
+said of her later that day; some groups of garment workers cheering
+their comrades at the risk of being themselves arrested; Edna St.
+Vincent Millay seated in the bail room, her grave, dark husband,
+Eugene Boissevin, standing beside her; Clarina Michelson, with energy
+undiminished by the Passaic strike, cheerful, kindly, being bailed;
+Lola Ridge coming out of the inner guard room, her face solemn in the
+solemn hours that were passing.
+
+Nevertheless that jail will remain in my memory as the only gay place
+which I saw in those thirteen days.
+
+From one nice-looking group being herded in, a voice called blithely,
+“Here come some more of these jail birds!”
+
+They looked it, America’s youth, best and bravest! And within that
+station were being deposited the many placards which many had been
+carrying, among them one which had in it the meaning of all the
+others,--Paula Halliday’s SAVE SACCO AND VANZETTI! IS JUSTICE DEAD?
+
+Here were none of those who, to quote a line from Laura Simmons’s
+sonnet, kept their “prudent way within the crowd.” While I waited in
+the bailing room where, in addition to the bail asked, the bailer
+collected two dollars for each arrest--his way of earning a living!--a
+man, pointing to a suit case, asked me to sit down. It was kindness,
+and in such a place well to cultivate kindness.
+
+For awhile all the windows were shut tight. Within a space adequate
+for two score there were packed over several hours almost seven times
+that number. The windows were closed, for some fifty garment workers
+were chanting the Internationale, their triumphant, militant song of
+brotherhood.
+
+From the guard room Clarina Michelson, Helen Todd, Lola Ridge, and
+others were being let out. Mary Donovan seemed anxious about some who
+should be bailed at once, among them Powers Hapgood. She turned to look
+for him, but, strangely, he was gone. And with him the day was going,
+too.
+
+The last night had come. At Defense Headquarters, Louis Bernheimer was
+sending and receiving messages. He was as suddenly and mysteriously
+present on this night as he had been independently and mysteriously
+active in behalf of the Defense Committee, for unknown to the
+Committee, Mr. Bernheimer had written and circulated 30,000 pamphlets
+to ministers throughout the country. A graduate of Yale in 1917, an
+air pilot in France during the war, a student of Chinese philosophy, a
+hermit, he had already been a source of influence to the Committee.
+
+Powerful, cynically courageous, he betrayed his emotion by no conscious
+sign. Unconsciously, however, he revealed the strain under which he
+worked, for every once in a while he whispered to himself.
+
+The wire Louis Bernheimer handled kept efficient touch with all who
+belonged in that office and yet were not there. Inside the office
+the editor of an Italian paper, Serafino Romualdi, was taking notes,
+now asking how to spell “monument,” then checking against some other
+unfamiliar word.
+
+Via the telephone the office knew that Mary Donovan, a lawyer with her,
+had hurried out to the psychiatric hospital to which the state police
+had been taking Powers Hapgood even as she had turned to find him
+somehow mysteriously vanished.
+
+The office knew, too, that Gardner Jackson and his sister, Dr. Edith
+Jackson, were on their way with Mrs. Sacco and Signorina Vanzetti to
+the State House to make one last appeal to a cast-iron executive; and
+that Michael Angelo Musmanno and Aldino Felicani were on their way
+back from their farewell in the Death House, Mr. Musmanno to act as
+interpreter for Vanzetti’s sister, Aldino Felicani to return to the
+Defense office.
+
+What was there for two women to do, for Ruth Hale and for me? An
+age-old prerogative of women: feed hungry men. Others would be coming
+in, and they, too, whether they knew it or not would need food. And no
+food except a bag of peanuts was on that table banked with telegrams,
+letters and carbons. We went out after coffee and sandwiches and milk.
+
+Waiting, we, too, had coffee on the clean table by the cool window of
+that little Italian restaurant one flight up. We read there words from
+a letter which had come from a young editor: “It seems so inextricably
+intertwined with the most inert and selfish of human motives, the
+desire to be comfortable, not to be bothered, to maintain the _status
+quo_, to keep things as they’ve always been, to defend institutions
+from attack, to get rid of men of that type. Reason is no longer in
+evidence. And I have yielded momentarily, more than once to the weak
+wish that it was all over and filed away neatly.”
+
+Quickly now--after seven years of delay--one sort of “filing” would
+soon be done and over. And then that letter which had come straight
+out of the heart of youth leapt into flame: “One is removed from life
+and death, from all emotion, and suspended in a desperate abyss, where
+calmness and self-control are the things most needed. Events happen,
+and are seen in crystalline stillness. But the mind, the soul, continue
+the hopeless struggle, for all is not lost, as long as the desire for
+justice persists.”
+
+For all is not lost as long as the desire for justice persists! Around
+the corner from Headquarters over in Salem Street in the rooms of
+the Hod Carriers’ Union, the “desire” was most certainly persisting.
+Mother Bloor had come all the way from California to speak for justice
+for Sacco and Vanzetti. Lola Ridge and John Howard Lawson had passed
+through Headquarters and had gone over to Salem Street to speak for
+justice.
+
+As we sat on, quiet in the tense office, messages coming and going,
+now and then a cup of coffee being poured or a sandwich eaten, in my
+thoughts were lines from Lola Ridge’s “Two in the Death House” which,
+repeated to me the week before, she was now chanting over in Salem
+Street.
+
+    “You have endured those moments, you
+    Close to the rough nap of earth, and knowing her perennial ways.
+    And when, on some one of your counted mornings, light
+    That pulls at the caught root of things
+    Has pierced you with a touch, or leavened air,
+
+           *       *       *       *       *
+
+    You too have hoped--with the ardor of young shoots, renascent under
+        concrete,
+    And with them have gone down to defeat again.”[5]
+
+Dos Passos, flitting into the office, called: “It’s more cheerful over
+there! Come on over!”
+
+Then suddenly, when Miss Hale and I were already halfway down the
+stairs, from the street came uproar, and the rush of many feet and the
+sound of hundreds of voices.
+
+Mother Bloor had been arrested for speaking out the window of the Hod
+Carriers’ Union to some five hundred people who had been unable to get
+inside.
+
+When the police were heard coming up the stairs of the Hod Carriers’
+Union to get her, Fred Beale, a splendid type of young man, threw his
+arm about Mother Bloor to protect her, saying, “You mustn’t let them
+get you!”
+
+Brave as always, she disengaged his arm, and said, “You’ll have to let
+me go with them, Fred!”
+
+And quietly she went away with the police, and from Hanover Street had
+come the angry shout, “Mother Bloor’s been arrested!”
+
+Putting my hand on Ruth Hale’s arm, I held her where she was. She had
+done her best to get Crowley to give a permit for the use of Bunker
+Hill Monument for all who would meet together and speak. And she had
+failed. Now was not the time for any one to “strike” again.
+
+Dos Passos had disappeared, and we went back up through the outer
+office and on into the office where messages came and went and there
+was more silence than speech.
+
+The outer office filled up and emptied intermittently, rich and
+poor alike coming and going. From a brave mission to plead with the
+Governor, Mrs. J. Borden Harriman and a friend were there, like the
+brave gentlewomen they are, standing fraternally in the outer office.
+
+From that outer office, too, came the sound of a woman’s voice,
+curiously deep, speaking with a slight accent: “They wanted us to
+come over and now they don’t want us. We have worked hard and made
+sacrifices. They want all the power. We want some power, too, and we
+are going to have it. During the war, thinking my name was German, the
+dirty dogs framed me. And then they found I wasn’t German and had to
+let me go. They think they hold a first mortgage on us, do they? But
+they--”
+
+Who were “they”? Was that the government, political wealth, or what was
+it? Were those the terms in which our foreign born now thought of this
+land of promise?
+
+Mother Bloor, quickly bailed by Mary Donovan and quickly back, was
+seated in the outer office.
+
+But a small group from the Hod Carriers’ Union was making its way out
+to Charlestown Prison. There, now, Sacco and Vanzetti were momently
+expecting the summons to that chair visible from their adjoining cells,
+with its
+
+    “---- cap that pours into the brain
+    The livid needles of its pain.”[6]
+
+At eleven o’clock the group led by Lola Ridge having received neither
+orders nor suggestions from Defense Headquarters, they had started, a
+straggling half hundred, for Charlestown.
+
+In sight of the roofs of the Jail, Lola Ridge had found herself in the
+lead, holding by the hand a small school-girl who had accompanied them
+from the start.
+
+Jail in sight the school-girl had said, “Here is where I say good-by to
+you!”
+
+With a young Scotchman and another girl, Lola Ridge slipped under the
+ropes and started straight for the cordon of mounted police and the
+Prison doors. A young mounted guard, a boy, rode down upon her.
+
+As he reined in his horse fairly over her, she heard him whispering in
+a frightened voice, “What do you want?”
+
+Daring the trooper to ride her down, she refused to leave the rope.
+
+Suddenly there was the uproar of conflict. A group of men from the
+straggling fifty she had led, had thrown themselves between her and the
+police now closing in upon her.
+
+A friend, Carline Murphy, knowing, as the men did, that an order had
+been given for Lola Ridge’s arrest, slipped in beside her.
+
+While the conflict between the men and the police continued, Carline
+Murphy drew her away, saying, “Lola, come! I know a way to get near the
+Jail.”
+
+This she did to save her, and, still asserting that she knew a way to
+get near the Jail, they were lost in the crowd.
+
+Mary Donovan, too, was back again in the inner office. She and the
+lawyer had seen Powers Hapgood. Now she was urged to drink a cup of
+coffee and eat a sandwich.
+
+As she bit into the large sandwich, humor flashed over the pale face.
+“This is what I call strong bread!” she exclaimed.
+
+And while she ate, she was giving an account of Powers Hapgood.
+Before they were allowed to see him, they had been kept waiting two
+hours because the Superintendent said he had “to have his little
+tea.” Admitted, they had found Hapgood in bed and eager to tell his
+experiences.
+
+When the attendants had asked him why he was there, Powers Hapgood had
+replied, “For trying to help save Sacco and Vanzetti.”
+
+Then the attendants had called these Italians “wops” and had told Mr.
+Hapgood he was in the very bed in which Sacco had been.
+
+An attendant said supper was ready.
+
+Would he like some?
+
+What was it?
+
+Beef stew.
+
+And Powers Hapgood had said, “No, I don’t want beef stew. I’m a
+vegetarian.”
+
+“And after that,” said Mary Donovan, humor bubbling up again, “they
+were sure he was psychopathic.”
+
+The attendants, who seemed to be a “gentle lot,” had then given Mr.
+Hapgood an eggnog and some bread and butter.
+
+Gardner Jackson and Dr. Edith Jackson came in. Gardner Jackson sat down
+by the telephone. There was silence. They had come from the Governor’s
+office, on their return leaving Rosa Sacco and Signorina Vanzetti at
+Lilian Haley’s.
+
+Dr. Edith Jackson, her head between her hands, spoke in a trembling
+voice, “Twice the Governor said, waving his hand toward Rosa Sacco and
+Signorina Vanzetti, ‘It is these ladies that move me most.’”
+
+And some in that office wondered, “Was it?”
+
+Heard, too, over the Governor’s telephone during that hour was the
+ringing voice of Attorney Thompson who believed, and still believes in
+the innocence of these two men.
+
+In the Secretary’s office, where he stayed while the others went in to
+the Governor with Michael Angelo Musmanno to act as interpreter,--in
+the Secretary’s office, Gardner Jackson was offered a cigar!
+
+Mary Donovan spoke less and less, answering an occasional inquiry which
+came from the “friend’s house” where again Rosa Sacco was waiting for
+the end, but this time not only with faithful, fearless Lilian Haley
+beside her but also Signorina Vanzetti.
+
+And again at Headquarters all were waiting, with hope, without hope....
+On that night of August twenty-second, haunting phrases, aspects of
+courage that did not flinch, many invisible presences in remembered
+word and look and act were with those who assembled in Defense
+Headquarters and wherever a group was gathered together in the name of
+Sacco and Vanzetti.
+
+At the telephone the voice of Gardner Jackson, as the minutes passed
+became more and more quiet: “Was the execution to go forward?”
+
+“No news?”
+
+“Bad!”
+
+“No, nothing,--nothing at all!”
+
+So the brief inquiries and monosyllabic answers followed one another.
+
+Beyond the doors of Defense Headquarters events went forward that will
+never be recorded, and all expressive of sympathy for this tragedy
+reaching its visible climax.
+
+One experience was that of Helen Peabody, the artist, who also had made
+her way out to the Jail, got detached from her group, and had been
+arrested. She was taken into Charlestown Prison where in the guard room
+a courteous police officer had offered her a chair.
+
+Suddenly she realized that she was within the very walls that held
+Sacco and Vanzetti,--there where they were about to die. In her thought
+saluting them, Helen Peabody continued to stand. Placing her hand upon
+the walls that held Sacco and Vanzetti, she stood at attention in that
+jail guard room till after midnight.
+
+As midnight approached at Defense Headquarters, even when there was
+speech there was yet stillness in those offices.
+
+During that hour before midnight Debs was spoken of,--the fact that
+the last money order he had been able to make out had been for this
+Committee.
+
+And some one in the office said, “All day thoughts have been repeating
+a prayer taught when we were children, ‘Now I lay me down to sleep.’
+They have nothing to regret. They are good children. They will sleep
+well.”
+
+Aldino Felicani, sitting with bent head, answered gently, “What are two
+lives! It is the ideal.”
+
+It was midnight. Quiet and more quiet, Gardner Jackson was speaking at
+the telephone.
+
+Madeiros was gone.
+
+Once a thief had hung on either side, the Christ between. Now, two
+idealists, not one, as if symbol of an achieved fellowship for which
+Christ had lived and died, and but one thief. These two, atheists
+though they might be, of the Brotherhood of Christ.
+
+And perhaps in the moment when from Nicola Sacco they were cutting
+off speech with the straps guards were fixing about his head and the
+Death House heard him calling out those last words: “Long live anarchy!
+Farewell my wife and child and all my friends!... Farewell, Mother!”
+came a cry from Mary Donovan, “I can’t--I can’t believe it!”
+
+Her brother and a friend were swiftly at her side, there was the snap
+of an ammonia capsule, and control quickly regained. Still that belief
+in the ultimate kindness of the law.
+
+Vanzetti next,--gentleman of a gentle land, shaking hands with his
+guards, thanking Warden Hendry for his kindness, and, even as they
+blindfolded him, from this atheist those Christlike words: “I wish to
+forgive some people for what they are now doing to me.”
+
+In the ears of those who stood in that Death House must have rung down
+two thousand years of time the words of Another, “Father, forgive
+them, for they know not what they do!”
+
+Through the inner door of Defense Headquarters tumbled the Italian
+editor. Unable to speak, the breath in him shaking the whole man, he
+bit at a roll of papers he held in his hand.
+
+Then, crying out convulsively, “They are gone!” he threw himself head
+and shoulders, sobbing, upon the table.
+
+And in that moment there was no separation between manhood and tears.
+They were one and alike beautiful.
+
+Most courteous and most sensitive brother of ours, you meet a double
+tragedy. _From what_ did you come? _To what_ have you come? Fleeing
+Fascism in your lovely land, what is it you have gained here in this
+country of which Sacco wrote as “always in my dreams”?[7] Is it
+freedom? Is it the ideal? What was it that--the ideal--you hoped of
+your land of promise?
+
+From the outer office, some weeping, all quietly, they were going down
+the steep stairs.
+
+In the inner office Mary Donovan spoke, “Come, let us not answer the
+telephone any more.”
+
+And we went out, in groups or alone, down the stairs, and into the
+night.
+
+Those thirteen days from August tenth to August twenty-second were over.
+
+Then, after hours that seemed eternity, the way back to the foothills
+of the Adirondacks where John Brown lies buried. Land of promise,
+beauty and wealth everywhere! Hills and rushing streams of the
+Berkshires in the summer sunlight, the deep valley of the Hudson in
+the heat of afternoon, in the dusk the thin ribbon of water and first
+cliffs of Lake Champlain.
+
+In my thoughts were another beautiful land and another Brotherhood
+struggling for justice, Padraic Pearse and his poem “+TO DEATH+”:
+
+    Of wealth or of glory
+    I shall leave nothing behind me
+    (I think it, O God, enough!)
+      But my name in the heart of a child.
+
+The train came to an unexpected stop outside a little fortress town,
+among the first of those historic towns on Lake Champlain.
+
+Above the sudden quiet, I heard a high-pitched woman’s voice, “That
+Italian case that was on at Boston.”
+
+“When?” asked another woman who sat beside her.
+
+“To-night. But I didn’t get tuned in in time and--”
+
+With a jerk, through the dark, the train went on.
+
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[2] “America Arraigned,” edited by Lucia Trent and Ralph Cheyney.
+
+[3] _V._ Appendix C., pp. 108-120, for the 505 names of the initial list
+taken by Paul U. Kellogg, editor of the _Survey_.
+
+[4] The author of “Thirteen Days” has thought many times of the
+unfairness and omissions inevitable in any attempt to make adequate or
+accurate records during such days of confusion. Although he will be
+found among those who stand up and are counted again and yet again, the
+author does not know the name of the stunted boy with the beautiful
+face. Another illustration of the incompleteness of such a record as
+this--if such illustration is needed!--is the fact that several men and
+women who during those last years were of supreme comfort to the doomed
+men were those who because of age or illness or distance were not
+present at the end. For example, Alice Stone Blackwell to whom Vanzetti
+wrote a very large number of letters.
+
+[5] To be found entire in “America Arraigned,” edited by Lucia Trent
+and Ralph Cheyney.
+
+[6] From a poem by E. Merrill Root in “America Arraigned,” edited by
+Lucia Trent and Ralph Cheyney.
+
+[7] “The Letters of Sacco and Vanzetti,” edited by Marion Denman
+Frankfurter and Gardner Jackson, p. 10.... Students of these issues
+should read, too, the valuable appendices to “The Letters.”
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER III
+
+THE MARCH OF SORROW
+
+    “Pass not too near these outcast sons of men
+    Where walked the Christ ahead! lest you, too, share
+    The rabble’s wrath! in time take heed! beware
+    The shame--the bitter woe of Him again!
+    Your flaming zeal speak not so rash--so loud!
+    Pass on your prudent path within the crowd.”
+                                  From “The Way,” by +Laura Simmons+.[8]
+
+
+“And within the offices of the Defense Committee that day, how was it?”
+
+“It was businesslike,--very unpleasant,” answered Rose Pesotta.
+
+“You mean?”
+
+“I mean that little was said, and yet all seemed to be saying, ‘We must
+bury our dead!’ They could think of nothing else.”
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Between the midnight of their execution and the Sunday of the March of
+Sorrow, throughout the world protest and violence had been expressing
+themselves in one way and another,--portents for all who had eyes to
+see and ears to hear.
+
+In Cheswick, Pennsylvania, on the 22nd, state troopers had ridden into
+a peacefully conducted protest meeting of some fifteen hundred striking
+miners and their wives and children, and two hundred had been injured.
+They were in an orchard, picnicking in groups, when it all happened.
+A trooper who had swung his club once too often upon the heads of
+women and children had been killed. The newspapers told about that.
+The news did not tell about the woman, mother of four children, who
+was so beaten up that she bled to death. The news did not tell about
+old women who were assaulted, or about the young women and children
+about whom Don Brown told, through the medium of the _New Republic_,
+women and children beaten, thrown across rooms, gassed and ridden down.
+Did Pittsburgh know? What would William Penn have thought about his
+namesake state if he could have been present at the bloody dispersement
+of this orderly, peaceful protest meeting in behalf of Sacco and
+Vanzetti?... In Colorado in the coal fields matters did not fare any
+better.
+
+In London, on August 23d, forty persons were injured near the Marble
+Arch where mounted and foot police charged Sacco-Vanzetti sympathizers.
+The crime of these sympathizers was that they tried to march. In Paris
+on the same date street benches were torn up and newsstands were
+overturned to be used as barricades by a mob of some fifteen thousand
+sympathizers. In the conflict hundreds of civilians were injured, and
+scores of police.
+
+There were demonstrations throughout the civilized world as well as in
+London and Paris. In Rosario, Argentine, throngs waiting in silence,
+in silence bared their heads when just after midnight the news of the
+executions reached them. At Buenos Aires a sympathetic strike and
+the boycotting of American manufactures and products was organized.
+At Sydney, Australia, a huge procession protested the executions and
+resolutions were passed by the workers to boycott American goods. At
+Johannesburg, South Africa,--Olive Schreiner’s country,--an American
+flag was burned on the steps of the Town Hall and speeches were made
+urging the boycotting of American goods. In both Berlin and Leipzig
+there were serious clashes between rioting protestants and the police.
+In Oporto, Portugal, many people were hurt when police dispersed a
+demonstration being held in front of the American Consulate.
+
+But at Headquarters, little was said, and yet, as Rose Pesotta
+expressed it, all were saying, “We must bury our dead.” Stillness,
+fog-like, blanketed both grief and work, and was broken only by the
+buzz of telephone, or the question or answer of some quiet voice....
+The authorities had nailed a two by four plank upright in the entrance
+of Defense Headquarters, so that no coffins could be carried through
+and up the stairway. It had been the plan of the Defense that loving
+hands should bear the bodies of Sacco and Vanzetti up the stairs in
+order that they might lie in state in those rooms where the battle
+for their lives had been fought. The Rotenberg Estate, which owns 256
+Hanover Street, had complained to the police. In death as in life the
+Committee met defeat, and the bodies had to be taken from Charlestown
+Prison to Langone’s Funeral Chapel.
+
+In many places outside that Funeral Chapel might have been heard the
+harsh echoes of cheap denunciation of those who now lay still. But
+the sound that was in the ears of the men and women in the Defense
+Committee and in other committees that had struggled to save them, were
+the “Hail and Farewell” of Sacco and Vanzetti to the Defense written in
+the Death House on August 21:
+
+  +“THAT WE LOST AND HAVE TO DIE, DOES NOT DIMINISH OUR APPRECIATION
+  AND GRATITUDE FOR YOUR GREAT SOLIDARITY WITH US AND OUR FAMILIES.
+  FRIENDS AND COMRADES, NOW THAT THE TRAGEDY OF THIS TRIAL IS AT AN
+  END, BE ALL AS OF ONE HEART. ONLY TWO OF US WILL DIE. OUR IDEAL,
+  YOU OUR COMRADES, WILL LIVE BY MILLIONS. WE HAVE WON. WE ARE NOT
+  VANQUISHED. JUST TREASURE OUR SUFFERING, OUR SORROW, OUR MISTAKES,
+  OUR DEFEATS, OUR PASSION FOR FUTURE BATTLES AND FOR THE GREAT
+  EMANCIPATION.+
+
+  +“BE ALL AS OF ONE HEART IN THIS BLACKEST HOUR OF OUR TRAGEDY, AND WE
+  HAVE HEART. SALUTE FOR US ALL THE FRIENDS AND COMRADES OF THE EARTH.+
+
+  +“WE EMBRACE YOU ALL AND BID YOU OUR EXTREME GOOD-BY WITH OUR HEARTS
+  FILLED WITH LOVE AND AFFECTION.+
+
+  +“NOW AND EVER, LONG LIFE TO YOU ALL, LONG LIFE TO LIBERTY.+
+
+                       +“YOURS FOR LIFE AND DEATH.+
+                                              +Nicola Sacco+
+                                              +Bartolomeo Vanzetti+.”[9]
+
+And as at Defense Headquarters they were getting ready to bury their
+dead, in the ears of millions of sympathizers the world over were
+not only those words of +HAIL AND FAREWELL+, but also all the tender
+courtesies that these two gentlemen of a gentle land had not forgot in
+their final hours of agony. There was Vanzetti thanking his unfailing
+friend, Mrs. Jessica Henderson, “most heartfully” for her care of his
+sister, and admitting that at sight of his sister his heart had “lost
+a little of its steadiness.” And Vanzetti writing a long and beautiful
+letter to “Friend Dana,” the student of English Literature.[10] And
+there was Sacco writing a last letter to his little son, Dante, of
+which some of the sentences once read will always be remembered:
+
+  “What here I am going to tell you will touch your feelings, but
+  don’t cry, Dante, because many tears have been wasted, as your
+  mother’s have been wasted for seven years, and never did any good.
+  So, Son, instead of crying, be strong, so as to be able to comfort
+  your mother, and when you want to distract your mother from the
+  discouraging soulness, I will tell you what I used to do. To take her
+  for a long walk in the quiet country, gathering wild flowers here and
+  there, resting under the shade of trees, between the harmony of the
+  vivid stream and the gentle tranquillity of the mother nature, and I
+  am sure that she will enjoy this very much, as you surely would be
+  happy for it. But remember always, Dante, in the play of happiness,
+  don’t you use all for yourself only, but down yourself just one
+  step, at your side and help the weak ones that cry for help, help
+  the persecuted and the victim because they are your better friends,
+  they are the comrades that fight and fall as your father and Bartolo
+  fought and fell yesterday for the conquest of the joy and freedom for
+  all the poor workers. In this struggle of life you will find more
+  love and you will be loved....”
+
+Appreciation, guidance, love, courage for others, their thought in
+these last hours,--messages that for centuries to come will teach men
+how to live and how to die....
+
+If, for their own comfort, on that last night of their life, they might
+have seen their Defense Committee as some others saw it: the worn face
+of Aldino Felicani; the persistence of Gardner Jackson; the ceaseless
+watchfulness of Joseph Moro; the pallor of Mary Donovan; and, centered
+in the midst of all their love and care, the quiet, patient beauty of
+Rosa Sacco.
+
+The Governor had assured a woman of wealth--also a woman of courage
+and judgment--who had come to plead with him for stay of sentence,
+that after it was over they would both sleep better in their beds. It
+is probable that the only peace that night for multitudes of men and
+women of all ranks and of national and international interests, was the
+bitter gratitude that after the long agony, Sacco and Vanzetti knew the
+peace of death. For they knew so well that all was not over, as the
+authorities and the news said it was. They knew that it was only just
+begun.
+
+Two days later on the evening of August 25th some eight thousand people
+were gathered before the doors of Langone’s waiting to go in to look
+upon the faces of the Italian martyrs. Some had stood there all day
+pressing up against the ropes that held them off. Very shortly after
+those doors were opened, Mary Donovan, nerves at the breaking point
+after the long years of Defense work and those thirteen days covering
+the postponement and preparation for the executions, as some news and
+camera men were about to take pictures of Sacco and Vanzetti, took her
+stand at the head of the coffins, in her hands a placard two and a half
+feet long and two feet wide. On it were Judge Webster Thayer’s words
+spoken while petitions for a new trial were still to be argued before
+him: “+Did you see what I did to those anarchistic bastards?+”
+
+A battle of wills then ensued between Joseph Langone, the funeral
+director, whose license would be at stake if trouble occurred, and
+Mary Donovan. The struggle was soon over. The photographers went ahead
+with their work, and Mary Donovan stepped outside, where the crowd of
+eight thousand was waiting, and handed her placards to a newspaper man
+to copy. As they were being returned to her a Sergeant of the Police
+snatched them from her, and another struggle was begun. It culminated,
+despite the attempt of Gardner Jackson and Powers Hapgood to defend
+her, in her arrest on two charges: first, inciting to riot; second,
+distributing anarchistic literature.
+
+Mary Donovan, whether her action at this time was well-judged or not,
+was within her rights in permitting the reporters to copy her placards.
+As far as the distribution of anarchistic literature is concerned,
+the “literature” involved was of the making of Judge Webster Thayer
+who might dislike having his phrases called anarchistic. Mary Donovan
+herself is a registered member of a political party whose tenets are
+opposed to those of anarchy,--I mean that political party known as the
+Socialist Party of the United States. She was given six months on each
+count or a year in prison, and her case is still to be called.
+
+Saturday night was gone and Sunday had come. Sunday noon the March of
+Sorrow was scheduled to begin the long traversing on foot of some eight
+miles to Forest Hills where the last ceremony was to be held and the
+bodies of Sacco and Vanzetti cremated. From the steps and portico of
+Saint Paul’s Cathedral in Boston a waiting crowd was looking out upon a
+far greater throng which packed Tremont Street to the curb. To Beacon
+Hill and that State House already barred to the marchers by road signs
+and trucks placed end on end across all entrances to it, the Common
+rose in gradual ascent.
+
+This day and hour of August twenty-eighth, 1927, was as rain and wind
+swept as a November day, with dead leaves falling from trees still
+green. Many of those who stood upon the portico steps, not a few who
+stirred upon the Common, believing in the leadership and healing
+power of ideal action, must have touched the thought of this Boston
+of 1927 with its American Tragedy of Injustice and its memories
+of Wendell Phillips and William Lloyd Garrison as one touches the
+inexplicable,--something of amazement and fear both in their thoughts.
+What did it all mean? Or Italian by birth, minds sought refuge during
+those gray and solemn hours by a grave in the Campo Santo, Genoa,
+with its legend “+PRO VITA NUOVA+,” remembering Mazzini and phrases
+revealing his suffering and his triumph.
+
+On Hanover Street, within Defense Headquarters, and a few doors away
+on the opposite side of the street at Langone’s, since early morning
+preparations had been going forward,--all was “business like.” At ten
+the Funeral Chapel had been closed. But thousands had seen those faces,
+alabaster in death, of a good shoemaker and a poor fish peddler. From
+Defense Headquarters word was being passed out that the March of Sorrow
+was to begin at one o’clock. There still, all was quiet and the one
+thought that they must bury their dead. Not permitted to begin the
+march with the famous red arm band about the sleeve--+Remember, Justice
+Crucified! August 22, 1927+--word was passed out to put the bands into
+pockets until a certain point on the marching route had been reached.
+
+For hours throngs of mourners had been gathering in the North End all
+along the quarter of a mile between the Funeral Chapel and North End
+Park. Waiting open cars had been filled to overflowing with scarlet
+flowers, and on foot many volunteers were to bear crimson wreaths. Then
+the pallbearers carried out the coffins to the waiting hearses. Led by
+two closed cars, one containing Mrs. Sacco and Miss Vanzetti, Aldino
+Felicani and Dante Sacco, the other empty and waiting for the moment
+when the members of the Defense Committee should step into it from the
+head of the marching ranks, at a signal the great cortège fell into
+step, arm linked to arm, the motors in the cars began to throb, and the
+March of Sorrow was begun.
+
+And it was begun to the pounding of horses’ hoofs, for at the head
+and on either side of the hearse and the two closed cars rode mounted
+State police clad in black raincoats and hats. The official intent was
+scarcely that of honoring the dead, yet the escort was not unlike that
+given to dead kings. To the thought of Mary Donovan and other members
+of the Defense from a letter returned the words of Vanzetti: “Such
+treatment formerly was given only to saints and kings.”... All those
+eight miles from Scollay Square to Forest Hills the thunder of those
+hoofs beat upon the ears of those who mourned.
+
+At first, Alfred Baker Lewis said, the attitude of the police was
+strictly neutral. But when they saw that a procession of some fifty
+thousand people had determined, despite the rain, to pay honor to these
+two martyrs their attitude changed. From the start a procession unique
+in the history of human experience both for numbers and in the length
+of the route covered encountered difficulties. First the police had
+heavy trucks set close together all across the street and directly
+in the way of the line of march. In the attempts of the marchers to
+get through or around obstacles, one man was injured by being pushed
+through a plate glass window. But the marchers did get around the
+trucks and reform the procession.
+
+In the gray and rain of Scollay Square, where fog was drifting in and
+pools of water were collecting, the police charged the line and started
+clubbing, and a detail of the mounted police rode straight into the
+column. A man on the sidewalk, indignant at the unprovoked attack on
+the marchers, swore at the police--to do this to the Boston police
+is to break much more than a tenth of the decalogue--and the man was
+arrested and taken to the police station. By such methods the police
+succeeded in “clearing” Scollay Square, but they could not keep it
+cleared. Quietly, steadily, the thousands of mourners came on, some
+filtering through the police cordon, others making detours, and again
+forming a column of solid ranks, arm linked to arm, twenty abreast.
+
+Past Scollay Square, a brave salute to the police, out came the red
+arm bands. And now arm linked in arm, step perfect, the inscription on
+those arm bands repeated, repeated, repeated, itself in rhythm to the
+marching multitudes: “+Remember--Justice Crucified! August 22, 1927.+”
+The long wavering line of flame under rain,--human hearts, crimson
+flowers, the undulating thousands of red arm bands, the hearses bearing
+the bodies of Sacco and Vanzetti,--the great cortège of Sorrow went on.
+
+Upon the steps and within the portico of Saint Paul, from the Common,
+the waiting throngs saw them coming. In the minds of those who watched
+and those who marched echoed the words of the Silent Ones behind
+whom the great concourse was marching: “Our words--our lives--our
+pains--nothing! The taking of our lives--lives of a good shoemaker and
+a poor fish peddler--all! That last moment belongs to us--that agony is
+our triumph!”
+
+The sweeping tide of human beings had moved slowly up Hanover Street,
+packed from curb to curb behind those shining hearses, behind the
+crimson flowers, and was whittled at by the police during the entire
+eight miles to Forest Hills Cemetery. Undaunted by either violence or
+the black skies gathering more and more rain, the cortège reformed
+again and again, and went on,--the human spirit of justice establishing
+its integrity and achieving in sorrow its purpose. The love of those
+who marched was not unlike the love of Those Two borne along the miles
+of all that way, and from whose dead lips, age after age, would be
+scattered the truth for which they had given their lives, “ashes and
+sparks ... among mankind.”
+
+On that day those who seemed to be in control were the Boston police,
+and they did their bit towards educating the multitudes. It was not,
+perhaps, the education which they thought they were giving. It was
+rather like a lesson Louis Rabinowitz saw taught at the corner of the
+Boston Common and of Charles Street. As the March of Sorrow, heckled
+by the police, struggled forward, the “pupil” whom the police took in
+hand was a typical American youth,--100 per cent American, clothes and
+brains. Pressed against the picket fence of the Charles Street Mall he
+was much amused at the plight of the funeral cortège as, desperately,
+the marchers sought to meet every new obstacle the police set for them,
+and at the same time keep order in the marching ranks.
+
+  “A sudden charge of the mounted Cossacks,” wrote Louis Rabinowitz of
+  the Young People’s Socialist League, “brought a smile to his lips.
+  The slow stiffening of the workers’ lines in the face of vicious
+  clubbings drove away the smile, to leave instead a wrinkling of the
+  brows and a look of wonder and respect. As though he wondered at such
+  courage, and whence it could have sprung. What was the matter? Why
+  were all these people suffering like that?
+
+  “‘Hey, you! Get away from there and run!’ It was the snarling vicious
+  growl of some mad creature. The youth quickly turned his head and saw
+  not far distant from himself a beefy, bristling, ‘flat-foot,’ fresh
+  from clubbing the mourners.
+
+  “The young man began to obey the threatening commands and slowly
+  walked away from the fence to proceed along the path.
+
+  “‘Run, I told ye--and keep running. I’ll smash your face in for
+  you!’ As he uttered this threat the cop rapidly moved after the
+  youth. The latter, noticing over his shoulder as he walked the
+  onslaught of the lumbering beef-face with his ever-swinging club,
+  began to run. Out of breath, the Boston police ‘club-swinger’ stopped
+  and fiercely shook his fist at the retreating back of his escaping
+  quarry.
+
+  “As the lad ran the look of wonder disappeared from his face. In its
+  place there grew an expression of grim determination crowned with
+  the certainty of hope. And as he joined the line of plodding workers
+  he uttered a single significant remark: ‘Now I know why you are
+  fighting.’”
+
+But on that day, in those hours, greater than those police masters
+was the Master of all Men. “Eloquent, just and mightie Death” had
+persuaded. Before the eyes of this American boy, Death was drawing
+“together all the farre stretchèd greatness, all the pride, crueltie,
+and ambition of man,” and was showing him not only the visible symbols
+of courage and brotherhood but also the symbols of stupidity and
+injustice.
+
+The police continued to “maintain order,” carving off from the cortège
+by every strategy in their power and by force large numbers of the
+marching thousands until what had been fifty thousand at Hanover Street
+became scarcely two hundred marchers at Forest Hills. They ordered
+opposite tides of traffic into the marchers, they even diverted traffic
+into the cortège, they threw trucks across the way, they rode straight
+into by-standing groups of sympathizers, and they clubbed. All that
+those who marched wanted was to reach Forest Hills, there to pay the
+last deference to Nicola Sacco and Bartolomeo Vanzetti. They did not
+want trouble. And they kept on doggedly, forming and reforming in what
+Blanche Watson in _The New Leader_ has called their “plodding glory.”
+And marching, marching, marching, beside them, unseen, unheard, was
+another army,--all the phantasmagoria of many forces, of hope, of
+despair, of hate, of love, the death, the life, of all the ages through
+which mankind, dusty and travel-stained, has fought his way upwards.
+
+Towards the close of the march the struggles of the cortège with the
+police became more acute. But under the leadership of Rose Pesotta and
+Alfred Baker Lewis the sympathizers kept on, the police making last
+brutal efforts to incite them to violence. More than seven of the eight
+miles had been covered in the rain.
+
+Arm linked in arm they were swinging on bravely and silently when
+suddenly at Forest Hills Elevated Station came the sharp command, “Get
+over there!”
+
+And police charged them, together with an automobile from the station
+house in which a patrolman rode down the crowd. Not a half minute was
+given the procession to obey before clubs began to swing and marchers
+to sprawl. There were curses, blows and kicks, and the guardians of
+law and order drew their guns. They were “keeping order,” of course!
+Anybody could see that, as by this last violence upon the worn men and
+women they succeeded in cutting away more than two-thirds of the brave
+and peaceful remnant of all the thousands.
+
+Within almost a stone’s throw of Forest Hills Cemetery, that “third”
+slipped into a side street, and reformed.... Again, arm linked to arm,
+they swung on through the rain and the fast approaching night, in
+perfect order, silent except for their marching steps, on they plodded
+that last half mile to the Cemetery where a cordon of state police
+denied them entrance. They had kept on to the end. And now, the rain
+coming down in torrents, they stood with bared heads before the closed
+gates.
+
+There, too, by the Walk Hill entrance stood Professor Ellen Hayes of
+Wellesley, and some of her friends. In an automobile they had joined
+the funeral procession. But endlessly harassed by the police, they had
+detoured and gone directly to the Cemetery. They stood there by the
+gates, watching the police jamming and hustling the throngs. They saw
+the hearses come and enter the gates. Far behind those hearses and the
+following cars brilliant with flowers, they had seen that gallant few
+coming, all, as Miss Hayes wrote in _The Relay_, “whom the police and
+the rain and the long miles had allowed to come through. Brilliant red
+bands gleamed on their arms.” In silence, wishing that they, too, might
+have been equal to the long hard march, this group of elderly women
+saluted them.
+
+Now within the Chapel the quiet bodies waited till a woman’s tremulous
+voice should speak a few unforgettable words in their memory, and
+the bodies should be taken into the retort rooms there, again, to
+be baptized by fire, yet never to the end to be free from police
+surveillance. For even in the Cremation Chamber was to be a parade
+of police joking and laughing as fire reduced all that was mortal of
+Nicola Sacco and Bartolomeo Vanzetti to ash.
+
+The “last” moment had come. The little Chapel would hold no more than
+a hundred. Every seat was filled, and a few stood about the walls.
+Haggard and white, as those who stand at the foot of the cross, Mary
+Donovan read words, written by Gardner Jackson, that for fearless
+grandeur will be remembered with the spoken and written words of Nicola
+Sacco and Bartolomeo Vanzetti:
+
+  “+Nicola Sacco+ and +Bartolomeo Vanzetti+, you came to America
+  seeking freedom. In the strong idealism of youth you came as workers
+  searching for that liberty and equality of opportunity heralded as
+  the particular gift of this country to all new-comers. You centered
+  your labors in Massachusetts, the very birthplace of American
+  ideals. And now Massachusetts and America have killed you--murdered
+  you because you were Italian anarchists.
+
+  “A hundred and fifty years ago the controlling people of this state
+  hanged women in Salem--charging them with witchcraft. The shame of
+  those old acts of barbarism can never be wiped out. But they are as
+  nothing beside this murder which modern Massachusetts has committed
+  upon you. The witch-burners were motivated by the superstitious fear
+  of an emotional religion. Their minds were blinded by their selfish
+  passion to reach Heaven. The minds of those who have killed you are
+  not blinded. They have committed this act in deliberate cold blood.
+  For more than seven years they had every chance to know the truth
+  about you. Not once did they even dare mention the quality of your
+  characters--a quality so noble and shining that millions have come
+  to be guided by it. They refused to look. They allowed the bitter
+  prejudice of class, position and self-interest to close their eyes.
+  They cared more for wealth, comfort and institutions than they did
+  for truth. You, Sacco and Vanzetti, are the victims of the crassest
+  plutocracy the world has known since ancient Rome.
+
+  “Your execution is ‘one of the blackest crimes’ in the history of
+  mankind. It is that and more. Horrible enough would it be if the
+  killing of you had been ordered by the political and material powers
+  alone. How much more horrible it is to have this act sanctioned
+  and even blessed by those who pass among us as the leaders of
+  intellectual and spiritual power. The blatant exultation with which
+  they aided in your death is the final sign that the act of killing
+  you was the act of vengeance of one class--the class dominated by
+  worship of money and position--against you as symbols of another
+  class--the workers and all others aspiring to realize the true
+  meaning of life.
+
+  “‘If it had not been for these things,’ said Vanzetti shortly before
+  his death, ‘I might have lived out my life, talking at street corners
+  to scorning men. I might have die, unmarked, unknown, a failure. Now
+  we are not a failure. This is our career and our triumph. Never in
+  our full life can we hope to do such work for tolerance, for justice,
+  for man’s understanding of man, as now we do by an accident. Our
+  words--our lives--our pains--nothing! The taking of our lives--lives
+  of a good shoemaker and a poor fish peddler--all! The last moment
+  belongs to us--that agony is our triumph!’
+
+  “By that triumph we are fired with an everlasting fire. Your long
+  years of torture and your last hours of supreme agony are the living
+  banner under which we and our descendants for generations to come
+  will march to accomplish that better world based on the brotherhood
+  of man for which you died. In your martyrdom we will fight on and
+  conquer.”
+
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[8] “America Arraigned,” edited by Lucia Trent and Ralph Cheyney.
+
+[9] For letters of Sacco and Vanzetti, _Vide_ “The Letters of Sacco and
+Vanzetti,” edited by Marion Denman Frankfurter and Gardner Jackson,
+Viking Press, New York.
+
+[10] Professor Henry Wadsworth Longfellow Dana.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER IV
+
+ROMAN HOLIDAY
+
+    “From Heaven what sign?
+    What writing on the wall?
+    What whisper running along the wind that power and pride shall fall?”
+                                                +Joseph T. Shipley.+[11]
+
+
+On April ninth, five months before, when sentence was pronounced upon
+Sacco and Vanzetti, their spoken words had been wise and beautiful. As
+the Defense Committee said of them: “No tremor was in their voices,
+no uncertainty was in their bearing. Their eyes looked steadfastly
+upon the averted face of him who pronounced their doom of burning in
+the electric chair. Theirs was the complete fortitude of idealism and
+innocence.”
+
+From the brief address of Sacco--barely five hundred words--return not
+only the courage but also the courtesy in his generous reference to
+Vanzetti as “my Comrade, the kind man to all the children.” And then
+those final words spoken to Judge Thayer: “As I said before, Judge
+Thayer know all my life, and he know that I am never been guilty,
+never--not yesterday, nor to-day, nor forever.”
+
+After that came Vanzetti’s longer speech, answering why sentence of
+death should not be passed upon him: “What I say is that I am innocent,
+not only of the Braintree crime, but also of the Bridgewater crime.
+That I am not only innocent of these crimes, but in all my life I have
+never stolen and I have never killed and I have never spilled blood.
+That is what I want to say. And it is not all. Not only am I innocent
+of these two crimes, not only in all my life have I never stolen, never
+killed, never spilled blood, but I have struggled all my life, since I
+began to reason, to eliminate crime from the earth.”
+
+Then had come the pause in which Vanzetti had paid tribute to Debs:
+“There is the best man I ever cast my eyes upon since I lived, a man
+that will last and will grow always more near to and more dear to the
+heart of the people, so long as admiration for goodness, for virtues,
+and for sacrifice will last. I mean Eugene Victor Debs.... He has said
+that not even a dog that kills chickens would have found an American
+jury to convict it with the proof that the Commonwealth has produced
+against us.”
+
+These two “criminals” were like that other “criminal” Debs of whom
+Clarence Darrow said that his only weakness was his honesty.
+
+And then another pause, this time in courteous apology because
+Vanzetti must speak some harsh words to Judge Thayer: “I am sorry to
+say this because you are an old man, and I have an old father.”
+
+Finally had come the close on these ringing words: “I am suffering
+because I am a radical and indeed I am a radical; I have suffered
+because I was an Italian, and indeed I am an Italian; I have suffered
+more for my family and for my beloved than for myself; but I am so
+convinced to be right that you can only kill me once but if you could
+execute me two time, and if I could be reborn two other times, I would
+live again to do what I have done already.”
+
+To men like Dr. Dewey and Dr. Morton Prince, having within their grasp
+mental tools by which to test the guilt or innocence of those accused
+of crime, that Dedham courthouse might well have seemed but the cave
+of men living some twenty thousand years ago and the “law” the club
+which those primitive men had wielded. At the end of “Psychology and
+Justice,” published in the _New Republic_, Dr. Dewey writes: “The
+committee’s sole reference to the conduct of Mr. Thompson is that, upon
+occasion, his conduct indicated that ‘the case of the defense must be
+rather desperate’ for him to resort to the tactics attributed to him.
+Well, events, in which the committee had their share, indicate that
+the plight of the defendants was indeed desperate; and Mr. Thompson,
+above all others, had occasion to realize how tragically desperate.
+But, quite apart from the committee’s own conviction of the guilt
+of the accused, it was known to them that Mr. Thompson was equally
+convinced of their innocence; that he was conservative in his social
+and political views; that, at great sacrifice of time, of social and
+professional standing, he had made a gallant fight for the accused
+out of jealous zeal for the repute of his own state for even-handed
+justice. Yet their sole reference to him is by way of a slur. I see
+but one explanation of such lack of simple and seemingly imperative
+generosity of mind.... Sacco and Vanzetti are dead. No discussion
+of their innocence or guilt can restore them to life. That issue is
+now merged in a larger one, that of our methods of ensuring justice,
+one which in turn is merged in the comprehensive issue of the tone
+and temper of American public opinion and sentiment, as they affect
+judgment and action in any social question wherein racial divisions and
+class interests are involved. These larger issues did not pass with the
+execution of these men. Their death did not, indeed, first raise these
+momentous questions. They have been with us for a long time and in
+increasing measure since the War. But the condemnation and death of two
+obscure Italians opened a new chapter in the book of history. Certain
+phases of our life have been thrown into the highest of high lights.
+They cannot henceforth be forgotten or ignored. They lie heavy on the
+conscience of many, and they will rise in multitudes of unexpected ways
+to trouble the emotions and stir the thoughts of the most thoughtless
+and conventional.”
+
+During those thirteen days of Boston history there were men and women,
+millions of them, all over the United States and in many parts of the
+world who, not very well-read in history and without either philosophy
+or experience to prepare them for such events as those dramatized, were
+robbed of their faith in the integrity of national life, stripped of
+confidence in American justice, and heart-broken by this spectacle of
+brutality. Before their eyes they saw what Samuel Taylor Coleridge one
+hundred years and more ago had described as the special danger of his
+own Georgian era: “An inward prostration of the soul before enormous
+power, and a readiness to palliate and forget all iniquities to which
+prosperity had wedded itself.”
+
+These events they had to see without the perspective of history,
+with its tracings of the wavering line of progress, to correct the
+distortions of present suffering. It is they, honest, uncompromising,
+only in part educated, and their children’s children, who will make
+the revolutionists of the future. For the automatic answer of history
+to injustice has ever been revolution. And they read about or saw or
+were aware of acts of rejoicing that Massachusetts had taken the stand
+she had both through her official and committee representatives and
+unofficially, and that the men were “out of the way.”
+
+But one, and the latest, manifestation of this spirit to which
+Heywood Broun calls attention in the February 15, 1927, issue of the
+_Nation_ was the banquet at the Copley Plaza at which seven hundred
+Dartmouth men cheered Judge Webster Thayer for five minutes. As
+orgiastic as the persecution of Christians on some Roman holiday
+must that wah--hoo--wahing of Dartmouth have sounded in many ears.
+And, as Heywood Broun says, “If truth and right dogged every step of
+Massachusetts justice in the case still there would be reason to object
+to long cheers for an electrocution.”... For the sake of Dartmouth
+history it should not pass unobserved that much of this cheering
+was, it may be, not so much intended _for_ Judge Thayer as _against_
+Professor Richardson of Dartmouth who had testified to the judicial
+impropriety of Judge Thayer’s statements out of court.
+
+Hardest of all was it for the idealistic young to see, and know, these
+things. Denied by their youth that cool-headedness, logic, strategy,
+experience, which they would have used towards ideal ends, they saw
+these weapons being used by those in power towards the thwarting of the
+issue of justice. Nevertheless, even as the older people had still
+believed up to the end that strong organization might help, so had the
+young believed that, with desperate effort, truth and goodness would
+at last prevail. And both had seen their desperate efforts and their
+measures fail.
+
+Even within the committees so bravely at work for the defense of
+these two Italians, for those who cared to do so, it was possible to
+observe angles of selfishness, egotisms struggling for personal power.
+It was possible to hear words spoken which were foul or blasphemous,
+statements made which were not based on truth. Although it is common to
+do so, because of the sentimentalizing of Christianity, historically it
+would be a mistake to assume that those who stand at the foot of the
+cross, whether in the first century or the twentieth, are blameless.
+If, later, those who not only had come together but who had worked
+together fell apart, even fell to quarreling, that was not what
+mattered. What did matter was that for the time being all, however
+separated by class or character, were humane in intention; and all,
+however hopeless the issue, struggled together for justice.
+
+To such a nucleus for constitutional justice as the Defense Committee
+itself is, the seven bitter years had revealed the worst there was
+to know about American politics and decadent aspects of capitalism.
+With eyes wide open to the truth, Mary Donovan wrote: “Do not worry
+about me--I may go to jail and I may not, but however my case ends we
+all realized that the authorities would demand some payment, for our
+agitation of the past years, and who would pay, but those of us who
+have never received, or expected to receive, any compensation but the
+knowledge that we were and are right?”
+
+The Committee and its attorneys felt, and will always feel as no one
+else can, the mental courage of Sacco and Vanzetti. This strength
+Attorney Thompson, in no sense sharing their social views, has set
+down about Vanzetti in a record published in the February, 1928,
+_Atlantic Monthly_: “In this closing scene the impression of him
+which had been gaining ground in my mind for three years was deepened
+and confirmed--that he was a man of powerful mind, of unselfish
+disposition, of seasoned character, and of devotion to high ideals.
+There was no sign of breaking down or of terror at approaching death.
+At parting he gave me a firm clasp of the hand and a steady glance,
+which revealed unmistakably the depth of his feeling and the firmness
+of his self-control.”...
+
+In August, during these thirteen days of indecision, many generous
+minds grieved because they thought men’s hearts were dead. Whether
+these minds were liberal or conservative or radical, they were alike
+in seeing that in this crisis of injustice the selfishness of class
+warfare and social ignorance were in the ascendant. Here were race
+hatreds, and their senescent forms in the institutionalism of court
+and state. Here, working their will, were unscrupulous ambitions. Here
+were riches which had lost all expression of fellowship and sympathy,
+as wealth once held in trust for the common good in this country had
+kept them, and as wealth here and there still keeps them. John Maynard
+Keynes has said in _The End of Laissez-faire_: “I do not know which
+makes a man more conservative--to know nothing but the present, or
+nothing but the past.”... Here was a death struggle. Here were human
+beings who were good about many things but ungenerous or bad about this
+issue of justice. Here were indignant angry friends of justice who
+spoke of the Clayton anti-trust act in one breath with its guarantee of
+free speech and free assemblage, and in the next spoke of the vengeance
+of God. Here, too, were men and women whose only wish was to get rid of
+men of the Sacco and Vanzetti type.
+
+And, most hopeless reaction of all, coming out of this chaos the
+thought: “Thank God, it is over!”
+
+Probably the lowest point in the spirit of _laissez-faire_ was reached
+in an editorial in the _Boston Herald_ published the morning after
+the execution. The caption of this leading editorial was: BACK TO
+NORMALCY. Its concluding paragraph read: “It has been a famous case. It
+has attracted the attention of the world to an extent quite without
+recent precedent. It has presented phases which no serious student of
+our public affairs could fail to regret. _But the time for all such
+discussion is over. The chapter is closed. The die is cast. The arrow
+has flown. Now let us go forward to the duties and responsibilities of
+the common day with a renewed determination to maintain our present
+system of government, and our existing social order._”[12]
+
+And there we are with the good old word “tradition” implicit in
+“present system” and “existing social order”! The _Herald_ says nothing
+of the records of history. And for all its consciousness of evolution,
+this editorial--probably written as the men were being executed--might
+as well have come from the mountains of Tennessee. “Tradition” should
+be a means of communication, a bridge by which human beings step
+forward into the future. As soon as it denies the principle of growth
+and forbids progress, in short as soon as tradition becomes a barricade
+and not a bridge, is it an advantage to human intelligence?
+
+What so often many had read about and glibly discussed, in the
+execution prepared for and postponed and prepared for, they had seen
+dramatized in class warfare and race hatred. No intelligent student
+of issues during that time could fail to perceive decadence in act
+after act. The mighty, and triumphant, wish to put an end to Sacco
+and Vanzetti was not only an act of hatred for these poor Italians
+but also the desire to maintain the _status quo_ in which wealth and
+privilege should be able to go upon their way of the world untroubled.
+Here was the creed of our present economic system--a creed become
+hereditary--taught to the full extent of its powers. Violation by
+opinion of the established order of things had been punished by death.
+It is not improbable that many who loathed the act done nevertheless
+pitied some of those men who did this thing,--men familiar with the
+struggles of conscience and the desire to do right, men of moral
+integrity, yet caught in this Roman holiday of a brutal economic order
+as Marcus Aurelius had been caught in the Roman way of celebration,
+which turned Christians into burning torches. Marcus Aurelius, good
+and innocent, even tender, “persecuted” the Christians who were good
+and innocent. The gravamen of the charge against Marcus Aurelius is
+that he allowed the Roman Constitution, with its cruel criminal laws,
+to take its way. It is a fact that Roman Stoics of the days of Marcus
+Aurelius did not know how pure, how innocent were those Christians
+whose persecutions they permitted. It is probable that some of those
+who are in power to-day do not know how pure and innocent are some of
+these radical idealists.
+
+This was not in Rome but in Boston. This was not the Roman attitude
+toward Christianity. This was the attitude of a Christian government
+towards the attempt to educate other men along the lines of political
+development. These Italians were “pagan” because they were radical, and
+the authority which persecuted them was Christian. And the educational
+and political elements of the case were “framed” to robbery and murder.
+To-day Senator Wheeler knows whether the frame-up is _de facto_ in this
+country or not. It has been rather a long history of frame-ups from the
+Chicago anarchist cases to the recent disturbances in Colorado and New
+Jersey in which corporations either through their own armed guards or
+through controlled local police, have carried on warfare reminiscent of
+the Middle Ages, bulwarked by a perverted use of the injunction. The
+long list of cases sponsored by the American Civil Liberties Union adds
+its testimony particularly to the prejudiced attitude of many of the
+lower courts.
+
+Only the sentimentalist could have failed to see that the truth,
+because it was the truth, had no power whatever to stay these
+executions. The sole advantage during those days of indecision which
+truth had was not temporal, but that, although truth might be “killed”
+symbolically in the patient bodies of two humble Italian idealists, it
+could not be put out. Consumed by the fire of their own acts these two
+would rise again. Immortality by means of the resurrection of truth
+was theirs, and they knew it. Yet a strange thing had been done: in
+a country which had been established by those who were radicals in
+religious opinion, two who were radical in political thought had been
+executed.
+
+It was plain that those in power did not hold their authority in
+what has been called “the consent of the governed,” but from some
+other control. For, as we could see, the “governed” had no power
+whatsoever. We were put through the gesture of being consulted, of
+being considered. We were kept in a “politic” state of hopefulness.
+But behind it all something we never saw, that never became definite,
+was in control, and waiting to strike. And it was equally plain that
+whatever this Power was, it considered these executions politically,
+socially, morally, desirable. For some this Presence incorporated
+itself in the word “Reaction.” For others it found explanation in a
+“Fear Complex” or “Capitalism” or “Class Warfare.” For still others it
+found exact definition in what James Oneal has called “the drift to
+Empire,” and in which Sacco and Vanzetti were but one episode in more
+than fifty years of preparation.
+
+During those days in Boston the police were an outward manifestation
+of the real mastery. No doubt many of them were performing what they
+thought was their duty and probably their sense of duty was in many
+instances not consciously servile. Yet they, too, were prostrating
+themselves before a Presence that was never seen,--a Presence of
+Enormous Power. And for the sake of “Prosperity” they were ready to
+palliate and forget. This Presence was not the Governor, though he
+represented it. It was not President Lowell and the Committee, though
+they expressed it. It was not Chief of Police Crowley though his
+uniform seemed to be its livery. It was not Warden Hendry though he was
+its kindly jailer. It was not even Judge Webster Thayer though he was
+the mouthpiece of its law.... Is it not true that it is society which
+prepares the so-called “crime,” and that the “criminal” is but the tool
+which executes it? And when “society” prepares two innocent men for
+the electric chair what is to be said of the inversions of so-called
+justice?[13]
+
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[11] From “America Arraigned,” edited by Lucia Trent and Ralph Cheyney.
+
+[12] The italics are mine.
+
+[13] Conspicuous among friends who were not only loyal over many years
+to the condemned men but who also understood many of the forces at work
+in this inversion of so-called justice were Alice Stone Blackwell,
+Mrs. Cerise Jack, Sacco’s teacher of English; Amleto Fabbri, Secretary
+of the Defense Committee, 1924-’26; Mrs. Gertrude L. Winslow, Leonard
+Abbott, Roscoe Pound, Francis H. Bigelow, Mrs. Elsie Hillsmith;
+Mrs. Virginia MacMechan, Vanzetti’s teacher during six years of his
+imprisonment; Maude Pettyjohn, Mrs. E. A. Codman, and H. W. L. Dana.
+For letters to these and others among the greatest friends of the
+condemned men, _vide_ “The Letters of Sacco and Vanzetti,” edited by
+Marion Denman Frankfurter and Gardner Jackson, The Viking Press.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER V
+
+OUT OF CHAOS
+
+    “Let us make new propellers,
+    Go past old spent stars
+    And find blue moons on a new star path.
+
+    “Let us make pioneer prayers.
+    Let working clothes be sacred.
+    Let us look on
+    And listen in
+    On God’s great workshop
+    Of stars ... and eggs ...”
+                                                    +Carl Sandburg.+[14]
+
+
+At the time of a recent presidential election, a straw vote was taken
+by the faculty of a midwestern college, which included the straw vote
+of thirty-five of the professors. Seven voted for Cox, twenty-five for
+Harding, and three for Debs.
+
+Shortly afterwards an agitated citizen met one of the vote tellers on
+the street.
+
+Said the citizen, “Is it so that three of the teachers voted for Debs?”
+
+“Yes,” said the teller, “I counted the votes, and I know that three of
+the teachers voted for Debs.”
+
+“Are they going to let them stay?” asked the agitated citizen.
+
+“Twenty-five voted for Harding,” came the reply, “and they are going to
+let them stay.”
+
+And with the years do not the implications, both ways, of that answer
+seem to have increased rather than diminished?
+
+Here is Billy Sunday denouncing, in some of the mildest of his phrases,
+the radical,--in this particular case Eugene Victor Debs: “I’m dead
+against the radical in whatever form he may appear. He’s the bird I’m
+after. America, I call you back to God!”
+
+And then this is the way Billy Sunday goes on to call America back
+to God: “These radicals would turn the milk of human kindness into
+limburger cheese and give a pole cat convulsions. If I were the
+Lord for about five minutes, I’d smash the bunch so hard--” but the
+remainder is too coarse to repeat.
+
+So much for the generous and sensitive English of a reactionary Billy
+Sunday!
+
+Here is the Radical Debs speaking in condemnation of the Bolshevistic
+use of power in the execution of the Czar and his family: “I recoil
+with horror and shame that such savagery should be committed in the
+name of Socialist justice that has for its aim and purpose the setting
+up of the higher standards of human conduct. I can find no extenuating
+circumstances that would allow me to take the life of my bitterest
+enemy.... We shall not wrest any justice or kindness out of life by
+emulating the practices of those whose barbaric method we now denounce.”
+
+In one respect--possibly in several--society to-day is scientifically
+in advance of that public which some four hundred years ago killed
+Galileo because he performed a scientific experiment. And it does
+not make torches out of Christians for festal reasons on our “Roman”
+holidays.
+
+But what happens when there is any attempt to perform a political
+experiment? What happens when men seek to educate other men by means
+of the soap box and literature in the possibilities of what they think
+would be better ways and better forms of government? The unstated
+reply to this question is the story of the end and the beginning at
+Sacco-Vanzetti Defense Headquarters.
+
+The future will see that this case was a free-speech case. The present
+denies this. Are men to make progress in freedom of religious thought
+and speech? Are men to make progress in scientific ways, go forward in
+science, but in politics, in government, have no freedom? Who stood
+over Pasteur to tell him what he should do with his microscope? And yet
+over three hundred years ago men killed Galileo because he tried to
+perform experiments with falling bodies.
+
+Some two thousand years ago the Roman people said, “It is more
+expedient that one man should die than the people should perish
+through the corrupting influence of Jesus.”
+
+A few hundred years earlier the multitude had put Socrates to
+death because he had said he did not believe in the gods the city
+believed in. In science, using scalpel and microscope, test tube and
+spectroscope, men are permitted to go forward. In government, in
+political science, is society to condemn all those men and women to
+prison in whom the spirit of research lives?[15]
+
+These are some of the questions being asked by intelligent minorities
+everywhere. And it is not impossible that as the result of those
+thirteen days in Boston intelligent minorities, whether liberal
+or conservative, were strengthened in purpose and confirmed in
+determination to see that at all costs should be tried the experiment
+of a free people governing themselves by means of free assemblage,
+free discussion, and legislation that should be just to all,--what Dr.
+Holmes has described as “the new mobilizing of conscience for the work
+ahead.”
+
+“But,” the Popular Mind says, “the radical is dangerous.”
+
+Is he? What, anyhow, is the Radical?
+
+James Harvey Robinson writes in _The Journal of Philosophy, Psychology
+and Scientific Methods_: “Some mysterious unconscious impulse appears
+to be a concomitant of natural order. This impulse has always been
+unsettling the existing conditions and pushing forward, groping after
+something more elaborate and intricate than what already existed.
+This vital impulse, _élan vital_, as Bergson calls it, represents
+the inherent radicalism of nature herself. This power that makes for
+salutary readjustment, or righteousness in the broadest sense of
+the term, is no longer a conception confined to poets and dreamers,
+but must be reckoned with by the most exacting historian and the
+hardest-headed man of science.”
+
+In art, at least, radicalism means that nuclear source from which
+spring the emotional and social evolution of art. And, one suspects,
+in the life of government its meaning is not so very different.
+When those in control of government begin to use dead forms of past
+experience--say, legal--because they are without sufficient force
+or sufficient idealism to create new forms of use to life as men
+must live it in the present, then follow injustice and tyranny and
+death. It is inevitable that selfish men should fear the change from
+one economic order to another. And when for over a hundred years
+both the philosopher and the economist have buttressed the practical
+individual in believing that in pursuing his own good he is benefiting
+the community as a whole, it is small wonder that he insists on the
+righteousness of his individualistic or capitalistic point of view. It
+is unquestionably true, not alone in political ways but also in some
+official “religious” ways, that the execution of Sacco and Vanzetti
+had been greeted with exultation. John Hays Hammond’s letter of praise
+to Governor Fuller will be remembered. Bishop Lawrence’s letter to
+Governor Fuller will not be forgotten,--the congratulations of a
+Bishop of Christ for the decision to kill two men. What light do those
+“congratulations” throw on what many had believed to be the move for
+investigation on the part of liberal opinion?
+
+For the present the power lies in the hands of individualists and
+reactionaries, and many social radicals--as, for example, Mooney and
+Billings--are in prison, or they have died from the hardships of their
+prison experience, or have been executed. The bogy of fear--since they
+are not conscience free--possesses many who are in power, and they find
+a thousand subtle ways to infect the public mind with fear of those
+changes which they themselves dread.[16]
+
+The execution at midnight on August twenty-second was no sudden and
+hideous grimace of fate. The preparation for this act of injustice was
+implicit in the history of over half a century. In an editorial in the
+_New Leader_ for August 13, 1927, James Oneal wrote: “There comes a
+time in the history of nations when various phases of their development
+come to a focus and signify the need of change. The old order changeth
+and the new order issues out of the old. The old faiths, old views,
+old war cries that once served mankind no longer serve. They harden
+into prejudice and become the handmaids of reaction and despotism. They
+become imbedded in law, are sanctioned by courts, and become fetters
+on human progress. Eventually the fetters are broken, we enter a new
+epoch, mankind rejoices, progress continues until a new crisis is
+brought because new faiths, views and war cries have again become old.”
+
+In this connection it might be well not only to remember Douglas and
+Dred Scott, John Brown and Abraham Lincoln, but also _not_ to forget
+Mitchell Palmer and his relation to the so-called “Red Raids.” To give
+only one example, the Rand School books and furniture were destroyed
+by Palmer’s Cossacks of the law, and men and women thrown down stairs
+and out of windows. It might still be well to do what the _Nation_
+recommended as far back as 1921: “Turn the Light on Palmer.” The files
+of the Department of Justice, opened on request for such a pitiable
+psychotic type as the wife-murderer Remus, are still to be opened to
+help in clearing the names of two innocent Radicals who have been put
+to death.
+
+It is well _not_ to forget that in 1920 Salsedo, the friend of Sacco
+and Vanzetti, was found smashed to pieces on the pavement fourteen
+stories below the offices of the Department of Justice on Park Row
+where Salsedo had been held _incommunicado_. Was Salsedo tortured
+till he went mad and sprang out of the window? Or was he thrown out?
+It should be remembered that Sacco and Vanzetti were trying to get up
+a meeting about what Alfred Baker Lewis has called Salsedo’s “highly
+curious death” when they were arrested. It is well not to forget that
+to-day out in the Colorado coal fields, in the interests of justice (!)
+peaceful picketers, having not even a club as weapon, have been shot
+down by mounted troopers, and that women are being lassoed by these
+guardians of the law as steers are lassoed. It is well to remember that
+men and women are thrown into prison without even the formality of a
+warrant, as Flaming Milka was after she had been lassoed and her wrist
+broken by the brutal snapping of handcuffs upon her.
+
+Lincoln, facing the issue of the Dred Scott decision, said: “I believe
+that government cannot endure half slave and half free.” This was said
+at a time when the Supreme Court had decided that negroes could not be
+considered as persons but only as property. That race issue now has but
+passed a specious color line, is stalled on the political boundary,
+and has gone forward--if it has!--only to rephrase itself economically
+as to whether wage-earners are to be considered as persons or only as
+property. It would seem that there has been an attempt to answer the
+question in Colorado and Pennsylvania by the machine gun and state
+police.
+
+Dr. Cohn implies in “Some Questions and an Appeal” that the
+consciousness of radicalism in this country has become synonymous
+with the consciousness of guilt. It is possible to change the words
+“has become” to the words “has been made.” It is well not to forget
+the Lusk law whose issues, although some of them have been officially
+“killed,” are by no manner of means dead issues. Despite the repeated
+courage of expressed opinion and action on the part of Alfred Smith as
+Governor of New York State, if the constitutional rights of Socialists
+cannot be barred openly, they are still taken from them illegally at
+the polls and elsewhere. If there is no legal process by means of which
+teachers can be gagged by loyalty tests, other means as efficient, if
+less open, are being found. The question of the political control of
+all schools in the state by means of the Board of Regents may come
+up again, and assuredly will, if now dominant and selfish interests
+succeed in herding people into the war which looms so ominously on our
+horizon,--and not less so under the influence of President Coolidge’s
+1928 Armistice Day speech. And finally, the creation and maintenance of
+a police for the suppression of all forms of radicalism is now a fact
+and not a theory, however uncodified such action may be on any book
+of statutes.... Back in 1923 the _Outlook_ said that Lusk’s proposal
+attacked “the fundamental principle of free government--liberty of
+speech and of the press.... His proposal enlists against great names
+and great memories of the past--the learning of Milton, the piety of
+Jeremy Taylor, the satire of Voltaire, the eloquence of Lord Erskine.
+It denies the axiom of liberty, that error is dangerless so long as
+truth is left free to combat it.”
+
+To-day with a policy as consistent as it is fearless the _Outlook_ says
+in the issue of November 14, 1928: “Because in the South Braintree
+case, and in the Bridgewater case that preceded it, it was not only
+Sacco and Vanzetti but also our administration of justice that was on
+trial. If that has failed us then we should know it. We cannot afford
+to regard any miscarriage of justice as a closed case. As we value
+the future safety of society, our own safety and the safety of our
+children, we must be ready to listen and learn.”[17] For these reasons
+_The Outlook and Independent_ has reopened the case of Sacco and
+Vanzetti first by checking up on the Bridgewater hold-up, and second
+by checking up on the South Braintree crime. It is now at work on the
+latter.
+
+In the issue of October 31, 1928, were published the signed confession
+of Frank Silva who states that he and three others attempted the
+Bridgewater hold-up, and corroborative evidence signed by James Mede
+who helped plan the crime although he did not take part in it. In
+order to substantiate the story further, Silas Bent and Jack Callahan
+took James Mede and Frank Silva to Boston where in an automobile they
+rehearsed again the crime. After their evidence was complete, Silas
+Bent took it to Boston to ask Mr. Thompson whether the attorneys for
+the condemned men were ignorant of the facts brought out in the two
+confessions, or whether knowing the story, they did not believe it.
+
+In the issue of November 7, 1928, Silas Bent gives a long and valuable
+interview with Mr. Thompson in which the latter tells of Mr. Moore’s
+attempt to interest Governor Cox in James Mede’s story while James
+Mede was in the state prison in 1922; of a meeting with James Mede
+after his release from prison while Mr. Moore was still counsel; and of
+a meeting with James Mede in July, 1927, when he begged James Mede to
+make a clean breast of what he knew.
+
+On July 12, 1927, James Mede made a complete disclosure to Governor
+Fuller after he had been assured that his confession would not be
+communicated to the state police as he feared the revocation of his
+license for boxing matches. After it, Governor Fuller called in Captain
+Blye of the state police, asking Mede to repeat his confession to
+Captain Blye alone, but indicating “hostility to Mede by words, tone
+and manner.” James Mede became terrified and refused not only to
+talk with Captain Blye alone but to repeat his story to the advisory
+committee, which had already indicated “unwillingness to consider the
+Bridgewater case.”
+
+In August James Mede was urged to make another attempt to save
+Sacco and Vanzetti. He went to the office of Captain Blye with Dr.
+Santosuosso, and offered to make a full confession but his information
+was refused. Thus, according to _The Outlook and Independent_, for
+five years officials in Massachusetts declined to investigate James
+Mede’s story. Not only did Mr. Thompson and Mr. Ehrmann know the facts
+regarding James Mede and Frank Silva but they urged the interview
+with Governor Fuller and sent both to Governor Fuller and the advisory
+committee a letter, dated June 15, 1927, in which was marshaled all
+the available evidence bearing on the relation of these two men to
+the Bridgewater crime. Mr. Thompson makes clear his belief that James
+Mede told the truth, and he states that the conviction of Vanzetti
+in the Bridgewater hold-up not only removed from everybody’s mind
+the presumption of innocence but created a presumption of guilt both
+against Vanzetti and his friend and associate, Sacco.
+
+_The Outlook_ wrote, “We must be ready to listen and learn.” The men
+are dead but the issue of justice--that placard repeated and repeated
+on the walls of the Defense Committee’s offices, +JUSTICE IS THE
+ISSUE+--is not dead. There are many who believe that even from the
+technical legal point of view the case for Sacco and Vanzetti is not
+closed. Still more know, as well as believe, that not only has this
+issue of justice _not_ been killed with the two men but rather that the
+idea of justice has been given a new increase of life.
+
+This power of an idea was brilliantly illustrated in the October, 1927,
+number of _The World To-morrow_ when under the caption of “Fathers and
+Sons” without a line of comment, its editors set the following last
+sentences side by side:
+
+
+_Sacco’s Good-by to His Son_
+
+  “My son, do not cry. Be strong to comfort your mother. Take her for
+  walks in the quiet country, gathering wild flowers, resting beneath
+  shady trees, and visiting the streams and the gentle tranquillity of
+  the Mother Nature.
+
+  “Do not seek happiness just for yourself. Step down to help the weak
+  ones who cry for help. Help the persecuted, because they are your
+  better friends. They are your comrades who fight and fall, as your
+  father and Barto fought and fell, to conquer joy and freedom for all
+  the poor workers.”
+
+
+_Gary’s Advice to His Heirs_
+
+  “I earnestly request my wife and my children and descendants that
+  they steadfastly decline to sign any bonds or obligations of any kind
+  as surety for any other person or persons: that they refuse to make
+  any loans except on the basis of first-class, well-known securities,
+  and that they invariably decline to invest in any untried or doubtful
+  securities or property or enterprise or business.”
+
+The power of the ideal life has within these recent years found among
+others a symbolic figure in Eugene Victor Debs. Upon our entrance into
+the World War Debs, even as did Sacco and Vanzetti, upheld pacifism,
+and in September, 1918, he was charged with violation of the Espionage
+Act, and sent to prison.
+
+Debs would have nothing to do with that type of Christian hypocrisy
+which flourishes a Sermon on the Mount in one hand while it operates
+a machine gun with the other. Because of his pacifism, this “radical”
+Gene Debs, always so fair and so gentle as an opponent, hating no
+one, incapable of petty hatreds, was sentenced to spend ten years in
+Atlanta Penitentiary.
+
+While he was in Atlanta, he heard of the negro, Sam Moore, shunned and
+feared by all, and confined in the dungeon for a brutal murder. Debs
+asked to be taken to him; and when he was, he went up to this man whom
+no one dared approach and put his arm around him. Emerson has said,
+“The only gift is a portion of thyself.” This gift Sam Moore received
+from Debs, and it made a different man of that negro, changing him from
+one who was shunned by all into one who was trusted. And it was that
+same despised negro criminal who said, “Gene Debs is the only Jesus
+Christ I ever knew.” Sam Moore is out now, leading an upright, working
+life. Debs spent three years in Atlanta Penitentiary, trusted and
+beloved. Then on Christmas Day, 1921, President Harding released him.
+
+This is a brief record of the activities of the man who was five times
+nominated for President of the United States, one of those times being
+while he was in prison when he polled a vote of almost a million. This
+is the man who addressed audiences numbering 25,000, and who led the
+simple, loving life of a modern Christ; and who, after two years of
+study, became at the age of forty-two a Socialist. For Debs socialism
+did not mean the doing away with capitalism; it meant, rather, capital
+socialized, the brutality, the devastating individualism taken from
+it,--a system of living in which man’s sociality, his brotherhood,
+would be furthered, in which there would be no bitter and separating
+contrasts between rich and poor.
+
+It was this Debs who said, “While there is a lower class, I am in it;
+while there is a criminal element, I am of it; while there is a soul in
+prison, I am not free.”
+
+It was this man of simple and genuine American traditions, born in an
+American family in an Indiana town, a Socialist, of whom the anarchist
+Vanzetti said in that last public speech he was to make: “There is
+the best man I ever cast my eyes upon since I lived, a man that will
+last and will grow always more near to and more dear to the heart of
+the people, so long as admiration for goodness, for virtues, and for
+sacrifice will last. I mean Eugene Victor Debs.”
+
+Vanzetti was not to hear Aldino Felicani saying of himself and Sacco,
+“Ah, these are the very best men I must ever hope to know!”
+
+It is a truism that what a man is, what he does, in his own lifetime
+influences his fellow men. The miracle of influence does not lie in
+that fact. The miracle of influence lies, rather, in the continued life
+of influence after the death of the individual who has exerted it. In
+this is found the dynamics of an idea,--directed energy released by
+means of an idea which controls social and moral movements, hundreds
+of years, thousands of years, after its release,--a poem thousands of
+years old to which the heart and mind of man still answer; or a Messiah
+whose gospel becomes more potent with the marching centuries. It is
+because he possesses such influence, great in a lifetime, but in death
+potentially greater than in life, that the idealist, whether he be
+liberal or conservative or radical, is, and always will be, dangerous.
+
+The lives of Sacco, Vanzetti, and Debs define, without words, the
+significance, the character, and the service of the so-called
+“radical.” In symbol the influence of these three, and the influence of
+other idealists, will have more and more power as the years go on,--not
+greatness gone or greatness vanished, but greatness growing, widening
+out forever, their names already known to millions of human beings the
+world over, inspiring symbols of courage and of loving-kindness. And in
+such symbolism lies the miracle of human influence and its immortality.
+
+In pursuit of the ideal such radicals as Debs, Sacco and Vanzetti
+know no fear. For them in the achievement of ideal ends no cost is
+too great, neither slander nor loneliness, the loss of the means
+of subsistence or of life itself. There is only one loss which the
+idealist, whether he be conservative or liberal or radical, can mourn,
+and that is the lost opportunity to speak for those who suffer and
+are wronged, as Sacco and Vanzetti did suffer and were wronged. That
+is why, to use the words of Powers Hapgood, hundreds of thousands in
+protest of one sort or another want to “stand up and be counted.”
+And, too, as the years go on this is why as symbol in ever-widening
+circles of influence the work of the Defense Committee, the courage of
+brave friends, as well as the martyrdom of Nicola Sacco and Bartolomeo
+Vanzetti, over seven long years, and the conflict and defeat of those
+last thirteen days, will become greater and greater in men’s eyes.
+
+Ralph Chaplin, who spent five years behind prison bars because he was
+and is a man of peace, has in a poem expressed this courage of the
+idealist:
+
+    “Mourn not the dead that in the cool earth lie--
+      Dust unto dust--
+    The calm, sweet earth that mothers all who die
+      As all men must;
+
+    Mourn not your captive comrades who must dwell--
+      Too strong to strive--
+    Each in his steel-bound coffin of a cell,
+      Buried alive;
+
+    But rather mourn the apathetic throng--
+      The cowed and the meek--
+    Who see the world’s great anguish and its wrong
+      And dare not speak!”
+
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[14] “Good Morning, America,” by Carl Sandburg, p. 26.
+
+[15] For brilliant discussion of political freedom _v._ “Some Problems
+of Progress,” by Professor H. M. Dadourian of Trinity College in _The
+Scientific Monthly_, edited by J. McKeen Cattell, October, 1922.
+
+[16] As an illustration of terms to which such “fear” will stoop see
+Appendix A and Appendix B.... These appendices discuss a few of the
+recent notable forces working against freedom of speech.
+
+[17] The series of articles bearing on the case which have been
+published by the _Outlook and Independent_ so far is as follows:
+
+  “Fear,” by Edna St. Vincent Millay, November 9, 1927.
+
+  _The Outlook and Independent_, October 31, 1928.
+    “The Truth About the Bridgewater Hold-up,” p. 1053.
+    “Frank Silva’s Story,” p. 1055.
+    “How I Found Frank Silva,” by Jack Callahan, p. 1060.
+    “Checking Up the Confession,” by Silas Bent, p. 1071.
+    “The Bridgewater Trial,” p. 1076.
+
+  _The Outlook and Independent_, November 7, 1928.
+    “Checking Up the Vanzetti Story,” by Silas Bent, p. 1099.
+
+  _The Outlook and Independent_, November 14, 1928.
+    “Bridgewater and After,” p. 1163.
+
+
+
+
+APPENDIX A
+
+
+About the year 1920 to 1921 the “Blue Menace” began to use its three
+arms of power: the secret service, a hired police, and signed and
+unsigned propaganda against what the “Blue Menace” called the “Red
+Menace.”
+
+While Calvin Coolidge was vice president of the United States the
+public had under Mr. Coolidge’s signature in the _Delineator_ for
+June, 1921, the first of a series of three articles on “Enemies of the
+Republic” with a sub-caption of “Are the Reds stalking our college
+women?” This happened to be the third year of Debs’ term of ten years
+in Atlanta Penitentiary.
+
+It would seem that Mr. Coolidge signed these articles on the Red
+Menace but did not write them. Vassar, Barnard, Wellesley, Radcliffe,
+and other women’s colleges were “hotbeds of Bolshevism,” etc. But
+“Smith Seems Sane,” and Mount Holyoke and Bryn Mawr escaped slashing
+by signature altogether. A “Miss Smith” of the Vassar faculty--too
+apparently the entire Smith family could not claim sanity!--had
+offended Coolidge democracy by being favorably impressed with the
+liberalism of the Soviet ambassador in Washington. Naughty Miss Smith!
+“Democracy” as defined by Mr. Coolidge is an over-lord who can do no
+wrong. And on the terms of such a definition, in the third of these
+articles he proposed this “Coolidgism”: “When a college professor
+is disloyal to the government he is no longer a college professor.”
+Query: What is he? This question the Poor Professor himself sometimes
+alters nowadays to read: Where am I?
+
+Studious, scholarly Dr. Harry Laidler of the League for Industrial
+Democracy had, according to the Vice President, been raising the sort
+of sulphurous dust in the women’s colleges to which perfect ladies
+do not refer. A certain Vida Dalton (Dutton?) Scudder, professor
+of English literature at Wellesley, had offended by suggesting in
+the _Socialist Review_ in an article with the title “Socialism and
+Character” (a vicious title because such a conjunction is impossible of
+course!) that Christianity was being exploited for purposes not exactly
+Christlike. It would seem that this is a thought that has occurred to
+others, too. Freda Kirchwey had erred by showing a “Williams boy” that
+Barnard women could define socialism. In addition to all this--_ab
+urbe condita_ horror of horrors!--“a Mary Calkins, professor of
+philosophy” (she is said to have voted for Debs for President at the
+recent election) was guilty of “the creed of Internationalism.” Run in
+on the same page (67) of that issue where the vice president stopped
+was a short story, and a loitering eye stopped beside this phrase:
+“‘Oh, little Eve,’ a sob caught in her own throat, ‘love never dies.’”
+Usually the month they are born that kind of love and story do die. But
+the kind of love at the heart of Internationalism seems to have spread
+from its groups of brave pioneers, among whom was “a Mary Calkins,” and
+become a world-wide movement.
+
+In the next article for July the “Coolidgisms” continued. The first
+article had been illustrated by a grandmotherly looking wolf,
+spectacles on nose--the better to see you, my dears!--and some plump
+little lambs among which all college women will recognize themselves
+instantly. But this second article has the picture of a thoughtful
+young man resting elbow on desk, and resting coiled upon his shoulder
+is a hooded cobra. Behind the cobra is a phantom-like figure--evidently
+in the minds of Mr. Coolidge and the illustrator intended to be a
+menacing figure. It is, rather, for the phantom looks as if under one
+interpretation of democracy he had had to stand too long on an American
+bread-line.
+
+In this issue Dr. Harry F. Ward of Union Theological Seminary and the
+Rand School came in for special attention, one of the “Coolidgisms”
+being that “the good is never self-existent.” An aspect of this
+“Coolidgism” which has, perhaps, not occurred to Mr. Coolidge, is that
+idealists--all too many for a “free” democracy--are having to prove
+their devotion to the ideal all too often in prison. Some of the themes
+of the same issue are “Red Pedagogy,” our public schools, and “Trotsky
+_vs._ Washington.” And the article closes under the caption: “In Truth
+our Freedom Lies.” This moral fiat will bear looking at twice, and
+may cause amusement or discomfort to those who penetrate its sinister
+inversions.
+
+The third article in the August issue, also we understand “collected”
+for Mr. Coolidge and then signed by him, has a heavy muscular young
+woman seated on the prostrate back of a Russian bear whose tongue is
+lolling out helplessly as she jabs a two-edged sword down through the
+back of Brother Bear. Study of the young woman’s features, her figure
+and her draperies, suggests that she has just stepped down from the
+Statue of Liberty in order to take this firm seat. Whether the bear is
+_de facto_ or not the Soviet government, there are some weak “radicals”
+who may find both the young woman and the sword of “righteous
+authority” a bit brutal, or at least lacking in Franciscan symbols of
+Christianity.
+
+“Righteous authority” is the pivot thought on which this third and
+last article in the _Delineator_ by Calvin Coolidge is swung. During
+many years now Mr. Coolidge has wielded supreme authority in the
+United States, among other acts carrying on an unauthorized war
+against Nicaragua, and lending his silence, if not his articles, to
+an unauthorized man-hunt not only for Sandino outside the confines
+of the United States, but also for brave liberals in the schools,
+the colleges, the churches, and the labor organizations, who dare to
+interpret the truth in the developing formulæ, political as well as
+educational and religious, of a developing humanity.
+
+
+
+
+APPENDIX B
+
+
+There is one address comment upon which it would be my wish to omit
+from any summary of forces working against freedom of speech. The man
+who gave this address in Lawrence, Massachusetts, on June 30, 1927, to
+the Kiwanis, is himself kind to little children. He has been thoughtful
+of their welfare both in legislation and control; eager for the safety
+of the road and for the reduction of needless human suffering. But the
+author of this address, which appeared first in the _Boston Traveller_
+for June 30th and of which afterward some seventy-five thousand copies
+were printed for distribution, leaves the student of these issues no
+honorable choice except to analyze the speciousness of his statements.
+
+Frank A. Goodwin begins this address, which is said to have turned the
+tide of public opinion--the tuning fork from which Governor Fuller
+took his pitch--with an implied compliment on the Lawrence handling
+of the strikes and the “Red murderers” who had been at that time in
+action. Having established an association between the character of
+what the Kiwanians had seen in Lawrence and Sacco and Vanzetti whom
+they had not seen, Mr. Goodwin then took about one hundred and fifty
+words out of the context of a speech by Edward H. James, the nephew
+of William James, which had been given at Winter Garden in Lawrence
+on May 27th. Mr. Goodwin refers to these words which, however bravely
+meant, inevitably would be prejudicial in conservative eyes, as coming
+from the “Socialist or Red.” Since when have Socialists and Soviets
+been hand in glove? If they have been, then the altogether delightful
+“glove” the Socialists have received in Russia has been wholesale
+imprisonment! This is the first of those inaccuracies with which this
+pamphlet teems, and on the basis of which public opinion was still
+further influenced.
+
+The Socialists have themselves been time and again “broken” by the
+_status quo_. But in turn as a political party they have broken
+nothing,--not even the driest twig of government, for their ways are
+the slow constitutional ways of education and legislation. But now, as
+far as Frank Goodwin’s audience was concerned, he had tied together
+“Red murderers” in the Lawrence strike, a nephew of William James,
+socialism, Soviet Russia, and two philosophic Anarchists. Breaking
+all the speed laws of reasoning, Mr. Goodwin then established the
+guilt as murderers of Sacco and Vanzetti, sideswiping, as he did so,
+“pacifists and their college professor allies” in preventing murderers
+“from getting their just deserts.” Stepping on the gas, and traveling
+at the rate of a Studebaker “Sheriff,” Mr. Goodwin whizzes down on
+Professor Felix Frankfurter, Anita Whitney, Mooney and Billings, the
+American Civil Liberties Union, R-revolution (!), and a few other road
+obstructions.
+
+By this time Mr. Goodwin is getting his car so well in hand that it
+will take almost any fence. He hurdles California, skids as he reaches
+“some ministers of the Gospel,” rights himself, and lands squarely in
+the midst of the “Lusk Investigating Committee” where he was really at
+home. All might have been well, but pulling out the throttle, the then
+Registrar of Motor Vehicles goes roaring forward onto a paragraph with
+the caption of “WHOSE BRAINS GUIDE.” In this little paragraph, with
+his careful use of words, he rolls James Maurer, tosses “the notorious
+Elizabeth Gurley Flynn,” Dean Roscoe Pound, and a few tender little
+Socialists like Morris Hillquit, Scott Nearing, Norman Hapgood, Upton
+Sinclair, ricochets on Professor Frankfurter, and goes smash into Roger
+Baldwin, William Z. Foster, and Lenin.
+
+His Sheriff being provided with a wonder-working bumper, despite
+collision on he goes, though in exactly the opposite direction.
+Neither geography nor the direction in which Mr. Goodwin is now going
+is any longer a matter of importance to him. He happens to be in the
+Connecticut Valley but does not know it! For just ahead he has seen
+a group which he calls “College Professors Reds,” and he is in full
+flight. Mr. Goodwin shows his genuine Americanism by baiting the
+college professor, the worm of our national wit. What is more the
+“professors” here excoriated are in the leading colleges for women.
+But it is a long worm that has no turning, and apparently these poor
+down-trodden things have turned. It would seem they are making a direct
+assault on the human family, for Mr. Goodwin writes:
+
+  “Another obstacle is the home and the family, and a widespread
+  assault is now being made on the sanctity of marriage and sacred
+  family relations, and it is being made with great success in
+  the leading colleges for women, and small wonder, for we find
+  the presidents and professors of most of them members of the
+  Baldwin-Foster committee, or its allied organizations.”
+
+Exactly what is this Baldwin-Foster Committee to which Mr. Goodwin
+refers with such precision? But no matter, and there you are, all tied
+up again and together: the “promiscuity” of our women’s colleges and
+college women in general, and Sacco and Vanzetti. Pulling out the
+choke of his trick car Mr. Goodwin rushes up over the Amherst Notch,
+screeching through Old Hadley, making a record run down upon the
+Hankins questionnaire in Northampton. He wrenches a few of this college
+instructor’s misguided questions altogether out of their context,
+thereby subverting their sociologic intention. Waving these questions
+indignantly, Mr. Goodwin honks out this paragraph:
+
+  “It may be interesting to note that almost 100% of the presidents and
+  teachers in these colleges for women have signed petitions for the
+  release of Sacco and Vanzetti. It might be well before long for the
+  various states to found and support colleges for women where decency
+  and morality will be taught.”
+
+Those who have taken a prurient interest in the questions selected by
+Mr. Goodwin would do well to read the entire questionnaire. However
+much the keen scholar who is at the head of Smith, and Mr. Hankins
+himself, and other college professors, and presidents, may have
+regretted what seems a lack of judgment shown in a few of the questions
+asked, those who read the questionnaire as a whole will get, not the
+false perspective of Mr. Goodwin’s methods but a true perspective of
+the whole sociologic enquiry. And in conclusion, what in the world is
+the connection between a class questionnaire and the Sacco-Vanzetti
+frame-up?
+
+At the top of page 11 the Sheriff had grazed Dr. S. Parkes Cadman.
+This was unfortunate, for now Mr. Goodwin, for reasons no one can
+understand, Dr. Cadman least of all, is headed directly upon the
+Garland Fund. He now charges Robert Morss Lovett, Lewis Gannett, Norman
+Thomas, Roger Baldwin (of course!), the Fellowship of Reconciliation,
+the Fellowship of Youth for Peace, and returns to the Federal Council
+of Churches and Emma Goldman. This return must surprise many, including
+Emma Goldman herself. Since when has her association with the Federal
+Council of Churches been established as even the remotest possibility?
+Mr. Goodwin is now going at a record-breaking pace. Two-thirds down the
+page, his car fairly leaps into the air, and the one-time Registrar of
+Motor Vehicles is heard speaking these words:
+
+  ... “The time has come to stop treating this thing as a joke. An
+  organized minority, bent on evil, cannot be ignored, when led
+  by desperate, unscrupulous, able men, with unlimited money, and
+  particularly when aided, regardless of their motives, by those who
+  control our colleges, and the Federal Council of Churches.”
+
+Mr. Goodwin, now being profoundly stirred, is at his best in such
+penetrating remarks as this: “An organized minority, bent on evil.”
+Will some of the members of the Federal Council of Churches, Dr. Cadman
+and Bishop McConnell, for example, please step forward and explain why
+they are so naughty! And after they have been heard, will a judicious
+selection from the Presidents of the demoralized colleges for women,
+President Neilson, President Woolley, President MacCracken, please
+explain to an anxious public why, despite the fact that no one of them
+is even that mildest of all “Reds,” a constitutional Socialist, they
+are always called “Red”? Is the _Manchester Guardian Weekly_ right
+when it says: “There are, perhaps, too many societies of one sort or
+another in the world already, but there seems to be a real need for
+one addition--a Society for the Protection of Good Americans from the
+Publicity which is Awarded to the Others.” Surely, no matter what
+Mr. Goodwin and some thousands among other notable groups such as the
+Daughters of the American Revolution owe them, by way of apology, the
+college presidents must understand that they owe the public a pleasant
+explanation for the reasons why Mr. Goodwin and others should be
+allowed to slander them.
+
+But the Registrar of Motor Vehicles and his Sheriff are growing tired.
+Despite the fact that up and down several pages he has been scooping
+the Connecticut Valley, Mr. Goodwin failed to refer to Waldo Cook and
+the _Springfield Republican_, and none have done more valiant service
+for freedom of speech and justice than these two. With weariness there
+comes upon Mr. Goodwin the meditative spirit. He is slowing down; he is
+going to shut off his motor; and one of the boldest drives to demolish
+truth ever undertaken is almost over,--certainly since the Mitchell
+Palmer, Lusk and _Delineator_-Coolidge days. As he dreams, peaceful
+voices are heard, and he invokes the American Legion, Veterans of
+Foreign Wars, Spanish War Veterans, and other such non-militant (!)
+organizations. Reaching the last page all are found joining hands with
+the Daughters of the American Revolution. It is a pretty picture of
+accord, except for the fact that one is left wondering whether even the
+genial Daughters would have quite enough hands to go around....
+
+In her series of “Blue Menace” articles which appeared in the
+_Springfield Republican_ from March 19 to 27, 1928,[18] Elizabeth
+McCausland has given clearly the factors which lie behind the
+so-called “blacklists” and the final outbursts of the D.A.R.: the
+activities of the Palmer deportation raids, the Lusk legislative
+committee, the Key Men of America, the Industrial Defense Association
+with Headquarters at Boston, the Massachusetts Public Interests League,
+together with the activities of many other reactionary organizations,
+whose use of data was often as inaccurate as it was reactionary.
+
+Is it on the basis of such carefully compiled data as these by Mr.
+Goodwin that the public is to draw its conclusions with regard to the
+value of the service of our educational and religious organizations,
+and with regard to the guilt or innocence of Sacco and Vanzetti? In
+such material as that cited is the level of a primitive mentality, the
+taboos and spooks, specters and witch doctors of savages,--in short a
+reversion to physical levels down to which graft and greed, selfishness
+and sensuality, are fast taking the American public. Is it this
+senescence of the reasoning power that is to convince people at large
+that idealists--sneered at by the business interests of the country--in
+education and religion and government are murderers and criminals?
+
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[18] Now compiled in pamphlet form under title of “The Blue Menace,”
+and published by the _Springfield Republican_. Price 10 cents.
+
+
+
+
+APPENDIX C
+
+
+This list represents the first five hundred protestants who replied by
+wire or letter to letters or telegrams sent out by Paul U. Kellogg,
+editor of _The Survey_. The letters and telegrams which went out to
+the large list bore the following signatures: Jane Addams, Frederic
+Almy, Charles A. Beard, Bruce Bliven, Charles C. Burlingham, Waldo
+Cook, John Dewey, John Lovejoy Elliott, Haven Emerson, Ernest Freund,
+Alice Hamilton, Norman Hapgood, Paul U. Kellogg, Dora Lewis, Margaret
+Homer Shurtleff, Henry R. Seager, Mary E. Woolley. In many cases
+replies were received from summer homes and resorts. This list is here
+given alphabetically, but, except where the names occur in the text of
+“Thirteen Days,” these names are not listed again in the Index.
+
+  Abbott, Miriam                          Worcester, Massachusetts
+  Abby, M. J.                             Colorado Springs, Colorado
+  Adams, Lida S.                          Whitefield, New Hampshire
+  Addams, Jane                            Chicago
+  Allen, Mary L.                          Cambridge, Massachusetts
+  Almy, Frederick                         Buffalo
+  Amberson, Wm. R.                        University of Pennsylvania
+  Amidon, Beulah                          New York City
+  Amidon, Charles F.                      Fargo, North Dakota
+  Andrews, Esther                         New York City
+  Antin, Mary                             Great Barrington, Massachusetts
+  April, Reba                             Chicago
+  Arms, Katharine Fuller                  Greenfield, Massachusetts
+  Arthur, Katharine                       Philadelphia
+  Arthur, Mary                            Philadelphia
+  Aub, T.                                 Huntington, New York
+
+  Bailey, Forrest                         New York City
+  Baker, Edith M.                         Northampton, New Hampshire
+  Baldwin, Ruth Standish                  Gloucester, Massachusetts
+  Ball, Steadman                          Topeka, Kansas
+  Barasch, William                        Brooklyn, New York
+  Barbour, Elizabeth                      Poughkeepsie, New York
+  Barbour, Violet                         Poughkeepsie, New York
+  Barnard, Anne                           New York City
+  Barry, Grace                            Ashland, New Hampshire
+  Bass, Basil N.                          New York City
+  Beard, Charles A.                       New Milford, Connecticut
+  Beard, Charles R.                       New York City
+  Bearse, Mary                            New York City
+  Beck, Dr. and Mrs. F.                   Asbury Park, New Jersey
+  Beck, Isabel, Dr.                       Asbury Park, New Jersey
+  Belson, Heinrich                        Brighton, Massachusetts
+  Bemis, Evelyn                           New York City
+  Bergmann, Henry H.                      Washington, D. C.
+  Bernstein, Sadie                        Chicago
+  Bigelow, Francis Hill                   Cambridge, Massachusetts
+  Binger, Dr. Carl A. L.                  New York City
+  Binger, Clarinda G.                     New York City
+  Bingham, G. W.                          Boston
+  Birchard, C. C.                         New York City
+  Birtwell, Frances M.                    Cambridge, Massachusetts
+  Bliven, Bruce                           New York City
+  Blumberg, Dorothy                       Brooklyn, New York
+  Blumberg, Philip                        Brooklyn, New York
+  Bockius, Elizabeth G.                   Whitefield, New Hampshire
+  Bockius, Frances G.                     Whitefield, New Hampshire
+  Bollman, Mary                           Woodstock, New York
+  Bontecou, Eleanor                       Cambridge, Massachusetts
+  Boretz, Mary E.                         New York City
+  Bradford, Esther                        Philadelphia
+  Bradford, Robert                        Philadelphia
+  Brenk, Deltev W.                        Swarthmore, Pennsylvania
+  Bronfenbrenner, Jacques                 Rockefeller Institute
+  Brown, Geoffrey C.                      East Orange, New Jersey
+  Brown, William T.                       Cleveland Park, D. C.
+  Brubaker, Howard                        South Norwalk, Connecticut
+  Bucek, Mary L.                          Medford, Massachusetts
+  Burlingham, Charles C.                  New York City
+  Byrns, Elinor                           St. George, New York
+
+  Calkins, Charlotte W.                   Newton, Massachusetts
+  Calkins, Mary                           Newton, Massachusetts
+  Canfield, H. L.                         Woodstock, Vermont
+  Caplan, Frances R.                      Bridgton, Maine
+  Capon, Ruth J.                          Framingham, Massachusetts
+  Carner, Lucy                            Ogunquit, Maine
+  Case, Mary S.                           Dorset, Vermont
+  Cattell, J. McKeen                      Garrison-on-Hudson, New York
+  Cattell, McKeen                         Cornell Medical School
+  Chamberlain, J. E.                      Boston
+  Chambers, Robert                        Cornell Medical School
+  Chappell, A. W.                         New York City
+  Chase, Robert S.                        Boston
+  Chase, Mrs. Robert F.                   Boston
+  Clark, Sue Ainslee                      Walpole, Massachusetts
+  Clement, Sumner                         Boston
+  Clumberg, Edith                         Brooklyn, New York
+  Codman, John S.                         Boston
+  Codman, Margaret                        Ashland, New Hampshire
+  Coit, Eleanor                           New York City
+  Coleman, Mrs. George W.                 Boston
+  Collettireina, Ignacius, M.D.           New York City
+  Collettireina, Marie, M.D.              New York City
+  Collington, D.                          Philadelphia
+  Collington, F.                          Philadelphia
+  Commons, John R.                        Madison, Wisconsin
+  Conant, M. P.                           Boston
+  Connell, Dinah                          Chicago
+  Converse, Florence                      Wellesley, Massachusetts
+  Cook, Waldo                             Springfield, Massachusetts
+  Cooperman, Abe                          Chicago
+  Cowan, Sarah                            New York City
+  Cowing, Agnes                           New York City
+  Crouch, F. M.                           Rye, New York
+  Cunningham, Helen                       New York City
+  Curtis, Isabelle                        Ashland, New Hampshire
+  Curtis, W. C.                           University of Missouri
+  Cushman, Joan                           New York City
+
+  Darr, John W.                           Northampton, Massachusetts
+  Davidson, C.                            Colorado Springs, Colorado
+  Davies, Anna                            Philadelphia
+  Davis, Anna N.                          Boston
+  Davis, Grace D.                         Hyannis, Massachusetts
+  Davis, Helen M.                         Hyannis, Massachusetts
+  Davis, Janet                            Magog, Quebec
+  Davis, Lucy                             Hyannis, Massachusetts
+  Davis, Martha M.                        Hyannis, Massachusetts
+  Davis, Michael M., Jr.                  Magog, Quebec
+  Day, Elizabeth R.                       Cambridge, Massachusetts
+  Day, Hilbert F., M.D.                   Boston
+  Deardorff, Neva R.                      New York City
+  Devine, Edward T.                       New York City
+  Dewey, Boris                            New York City
+  Dewey, John                             New York City
+  Dexter, Smith O.                        Westport, Massachusetts
+  Dorsch, Anna                            Wakefield, Rhode Island
+  Drake, E. H.                            Brooklyn, New York
+  Drew, Medora                            New York City
+  Drown, Rev. Edward S.                   Cambridge, Massachusetts
+  Drown, Mrs. Edward S.                   Cambridge, Massachusetts
+  Dun, Rev. Angus                         Cambridge, Massachusetts
+  Dunn, O.                                New Brunswick, New Jersey
+  Dutcher, Carolene                       New York City
+  Dutcher, Elizabeth                      Brooklyn, New York
+
+  Eddy, Sarah J.                          Portsmouth, Rhode Island
+  Edsall, Pendleton Kennedy               Boyce, Virginia
+  Elder, E. D.                            Baltimore, Maryland
+  Elliott, James W.                       Duxbury, Massachusetts
+  Elliott, John Lovejoy                   New York City
+  Elliott, Martha H.                      Duxbury, Massachusetts
+  Ellis, Mabel Brown                      New York City
+  Emerson, Haven, M.D.                    New York City
+  Emmons, M. D.                           Jamestown, Rhode Island
+  Estabrook, Emma F.                      Brookline, Massachusetts
+  Estabrook, Harold K.                    Brookline, Massachusetts
+
+  Farnam, Henry W.                        New Haven, Connecticut
+  Farnam, Mrs. Henry W.                   New Haven, Connecticut
+  Farnam, Louise, M.D.                    New Haven, Connecticut
+  Farr, Albert                            Madison, New Jersey
+  Feder, Leah                             New York City
+  Feigus, L.                              Brooklyn, New York
+  Fenningston, Sylvia                     New York City
+  Ferrari, F.                             New Haven, Connecticut
+  Field, Mrs. H. H.                       Cambridge, Massachusetts
+  Fishelman, B.                           Brooklyn, New York
+  Fitch, John A.                          New York City
+  Forbes, Howard C.                       Cambridge, Massachusetts
+  Forbes, Mr. and Mrs. J.                 Yonkers, New York
+  Forbes, J., Jr.                         Yonkers, New York
+  Forbes, Mrs. J. Malcolm                 Boston
+  Frank, Virginia                         Chicago
+  Franklin, Adele                         Kingston, New York
+  Freund, Ernst                           Chicago
+  Fried, Fanny                            New York City
+  Friedman, H. M.                         New York City
+  Fuller, Anne C.                         Greenfield, Massachusetts
+  Fuller, Elizabeth                       Greenfield, Massachusetts
+  Fuller, Mary W.                         Greenfield, Massachusetts
+  Fuller, Raymond G.                      White Plains, New York
+
+  Gallagher, Rachel                       West Lebanon, New York
+  Gannett, Lewis S.                       New York City
+  Gans, Mrs. Howard S.                    New York City
+  Garside, M.                             Poughkeepsie, New York
+  Gasponi, M.                             Pittsburgh
+  Gemberling, Adelaide                    Princeton, New Jersey
+  Gibbs, Howard A., M.D.                  Boston
+  Gilbert, Dorothea                       New York City
+  Gilley, Dr.                             Southwest Harbor, Maine
+  Gilman, Dr. J.                          Brooklyn, New York
+  Gilson, Mary B.                         Woodstock, New York
+  Glusker, Albert                         Chicago
+  Gold, Archibald                         Asbury Park, New Jersey
+  Goldthwaite, Anne                       New York City
+  Goldthwaite, Lucille A.                 New York City
+  Goldthwaite, Lucy                       New York City
+  Goldwater, Clara A.                     Huntington, New York
+  Goldwater, S. S.                        Huntington, New York
+  Goodenough, Carolyn                     North Rochester, Massachusetts
+  Grady, Alice H.                         Boston
+  Grain, V.                               Brooklyn, New York
+  Grave, B. H.                            Wabash College
+  Green, Ada E.                           Bridgton, Maine
+  Gretsch, Laura                          Asbury Park, New Jersey
+  Gretsch, Vera                           Asbury Park, New Jersey
+  Gruening, Mrs. Dorothy Smith            Portland, Maine
+  Gunterman, B. L.                        New York City
+  Guy, Alma I.                            New York City
+  Guy, David                              New Haven, Connecticut
+  Guy, Florence                           New Haven, Connecticut
+  Guy, Seabury                            New Haven, Connecticut
+
+  Hamilton, Alice, M.D.                   Boston
+  Hamilton, Edith                         New York City
+  Hamilton, Maud M.                       New York City
+  Hanson, Eleanor                         Pittsburgh
+  Hapgood, Hutchins                       New York City
+  Hapgood, Norman                         New York City
+  Hardy, May Caroline, Jr.                Boston
+  Hart, Henriette                         White Plains, New York
+  Hartshorn, Cora                         Shorthills, New York
+  Hawkes, Abigail T.                      New York City
+  Hays, Arthur Garfield                   New York City
+  Hechtman, Eva                           Chicago
+  Heinzen, R. Prang                       Rockport, Massachusetts
+  Henken, M.                              Brooklyn, New York
+  Hentel, Celia                           Bridgton, Maine
+  Herring, Hubert C.                      Boston
+  Herwig, Rammett                         New York City
+  Herzog, Adrien Blanchard                Lenox, Massachusetts
+  Hicks, Mary                             Bainbridge, Georgia
+  Hicks, Mildred                          Bainbridge, Georgia
+  Himwish, A. A.                          New York City
+  Hirsch, Elizabeth                       Chicago
+  Hocking, W. E.                          Cambridge, Massachusetts
+  Hodder, J. A.                           New York City
+  Hodder, Thelma D.                       New York City
+  Hodge, H. H.                            Wyoming, Pennsylvania
+  Hoffman, Daniel                         Asbury Park, New Jersey
+  Hoffman, Daniel, Jr.                    Asbury Park, New Jersey
+  Hoffman, Frances                        Asbury Park, New Jersey
+  Hohman, Martha                          New York City
+  Hollsmith, Elise                        Danbury, New Hampshire
+  Holmes, Hector                          Boston
+  Holton, James C.                        Brooklyn, New York
+  Hooker, George E.                       Chicago
+  Hoover, Ellison                         New York City
+  Hopson, Elizabeth Fuller                Wilkes-Barre, Pennsylvania
+  Hosmer, Katharine                       East Hartford, Connecticut
+  Hotson, J. Leslie                       Cambridge, Massachusetts
+  Hotson, Mary May                        Cambridge, Massachusetts
+  House, Florence                         New York City
+  Howland, Harold                         Greenfield, Massachusetts
+  Hume, Edward H.                         New York City
+  Hunt, Elizabeth P.                      Haverford, Pennsylvania
+  Hunt, Irwin                             Wyoming, Pennsylvania
+  Hunt, Lydia                             Wyoming, Pennsylvania
+
+  Ingraham, Aimee W.                      Boston
+  Ingram, Frances                         Louisville, Kentucky
+
+  Jablonower, Joseph                      New York City
+  Johnson, Mrs. Edward J.                 Winchester, Massachusetts
+  Johnson, Lillian                        Springfield, Massachusetts
+  Johnston, Alice A.                      New York City
+  Johnston, Dorothy R.                    Boston
+  Just, E. E.                             Howard University, Washington,
+                                              D. C.
+
+  Kahn, Dr. Jerome L.                     New York City
+  Kahn, Mrs. Jerome L.                    New York City
+  Kaufman, Anna                           New York City
+  Kelley, Nicholas                        New York City
+  Kellogg, Paul U.                        New York City
+  Kelsey, Paul H.                         Brookline, Massachusetts
+  Kennedy, Luna E.                        Philadelphia
+  Kennedy, Marie E.                       Woodstock, New York
+  King, Anna                              Woodstock, New York
+  Kirshaw, J. E.                          Cambridge, Massachusetts
+  Kirshaw, S. S.                          Cambridge, Massachusetts
+  Klahr, Emma                             Whitefield, New Hampshire
+  Kneeland, Hilda                         Spofford, New Hampshire
+  Koenig, Caroline                        Brooklyn, New York
+  Koenig, Herman                          Brooklyn, New York
+  Kohn, C. Marion                         Philadelphia
+  Kohn, Estelle Rumbold                   New York City
+  Kraus, Louise H.                        New York City
+
+  Ladd, Ailslie T.                        Lancaster, New Hampshire
+  Ladd, Mary E.                           Lancaster, New Hampshire
+  Lakeman, Mary R.                        Swampscott, Massachusetts
+  Lamonte, C. B.                          Byefield, Massachusetts
+  Lancefield, D. E.                       Columbia University
+  Lancefield, R. C.                       Rockefeller Institute
+  Lane, Lenore                            Hampton, New Hampshire
+  Lane, Sarah                             Hampton, New Hampshire
+  Lane, Wheaton                           Hampton, New Hampshire
+  Lathrop, John Howland, D. D.            New York City
+  Lazar, B.                               Brooklyn, New York
+  Lazareff, B. G.                         Chicago
+  Lazareff, Elizabeth                     Chicago
+  Lazareff, Luba                          Chicago
+  Lazzari, Elizabeth Paine                New York City
+  Lee, H. H.                              Auburndale, Massachusetts
+  Leonard, Edith                          North Rochester, Massachusetts
+  Leroyer, J.                             Boston
+  Levy, Clara D.                          Bridgton, Maine
+  Levy, David                             Bridgton, Maine
+  Lewis, Mrs. Dora                        Philadelphia
+  Lockett, Elizabeth                      Provincetown, Massachusetts
+  Lofting, Hugh                           Lyme, Connecticut
+  Logan, M. A.                            New York City
+  Loomis, Miriam M.                       Boston
+  Lopas, Gene                             North Wilmington, Massachusetts
+  Lopas, Grace                            North Wilmington, Massachusetts
+  Lord, Mrs. J. A.                        Danvers, Massachusetts
+  Lozinski, M.                            Brooklyn, New York
+
+  MacKaye, Benton                         Shirley, Massachusetts
+  MacKaye, Hazel                          Shirley, Massachusetts
+  Mackenzie, Jean                         Kenyon, New York City
+  McConnell, Elizabeth                    New York City
+  McDowell, Mary E.                       Chicago
+  McDowell, Pauline                       Ocean Point, Maine
+  McLean, F. H.                           Summit, New Jersey
+  McLeish, I.                             Colorado Springs, Colorado
+  McLeish, Mrs. M. H.                     Colorado Springs, Colorado
+  Maher, Amy                              West Lebanon, New York
+  Makens, Adelaide                        New York City
+  Manship, Grace                          New York City
+  Marcus, Grace F.                        New York City
+  Marelli, A.                             Hampton, New Hampshire
+  Marelli, Maria                          Hampton, New Hampshire
+  Marks, Jeannette                        South Hadley, Massachusetts
+  Marming, J. E.                          New York City
+  Marshall, Charles C.                    New York City
+  Matchett, Clara                         Allston, Massachusetts
+  Mead, Mrs. George H.                    Chicago
+  Melish, Rev. John Howard                Brooklyn, New York
+  Mendel, Philip                          Cambridge, Massachusetts
+  Merk, Frederick                         Cambridge, Massachusetts
+  Meserole, Darwin J.                     Brooklyn, New York
+  Meyer, Dr. Bernard                      New York City
+  Miller, Agnes                           Kingfield, Maine
+  Miller, Mr. and Mrs. C. S.              Westfield, New York
+  Miller, Jean W.                         Kingfield, Maine
+  Millman, Bessie                         Chicago
+  Mitchell, Broadus                       Sweet Briar, Virginia
+  Moak, Harry                             New York City
+  Moak, Rose                              New York City
+  Moffet, Edna V.                         Whitefield, New Hampshire
+  Montague, William Pepperell             New York City
+  Moore, Edward H.                        Pequannock, New Jersey
+  Moore, Madeline N.                      New York City
+  Moulton, Phyllis                        New York City
+  Mullan, J. M.                           Philadelphia
+  Mussey, Mabel Barrows                   Wellesley, Massachusetts
+  Mussey, Henry R.                        Wellesley, Massachusetts
+
+  Neill, J. G.                            New York City
+  Nolen, John                             Cambridge, Massachusetts
+  Norman, C. A.                           Columbus, Ohio
+  Norris, S. B.                           Colorado Springs, Colorado
+  Noyes, William                          Leonia, New Jersey
+
+  Oleson, Lena                            New York City
+  O’Neil, Irene Thomas                    New York City
+  O’Neill, Neville                        New York City
+  Ormsby, Kathleen                        White Plains, New York
+  Otey, Mrs. Dexter                       Lynchburg, Virginia
+  Ottman, F.                              Brooklyn, New York
+
+  Packard, Fanny                          Cambridge, Massachusetts
+  Paine, Isabelle S.                      Boston
+  Parsons, Louis B.                       New York City
+  Passage, W. W.                          Brooklyn, New York
+  Peabody, Anna May                       Cambridge, Massachusetts
+  Peabody, Helen                          Cambridge, Massachusetts
+  Peaslee, E. Isabel                      Medford, Massachusetts
+  Peaslee, Rachel A.                      Medford, Massachusetts
+  Peck, Mr. and Mrs. Joseph A.            Middlebury, Vermont
+  Pholbrook, Alice                        Hampton, New Hampshire
+  Plunkett, C. R.                         New York University
+  Pohl, Dorothy                           Chicago
+  Pollitzer, Anita                        Charleston, South Carolina
+  Powell, Mary Lee                        Cambridge, Massachusetts
+  Powell, Thomas Reed                     Cambridge, Massachusetts
+  Prang, Mrs. Louis                       Rockport, Massachusetts
+  Preston, Evelyn                         Red Bank, New Jersey
+  Preston, Stuart D.                      New York City
+  Price, Ida Wilcox                       Scarborough, New York
+  Price, W. T. R.                         Scarborough, New York
+  Putnam, Dr. C. R. L.                    New York City
+
+  Raisman, Aaron                          Brooklyn, New York
+  Raisman, Emma                           Brooklyn, New York
+  Raisman, Victor                         Brooklyn, New York
+  Ratner, Joseph                          Columbia University
+  Raushenbush, Winifred                   New York City
+  Read, Doris                             Baltimore, Maryland
+  Read, Edith                             Baltimore, Maryland
+  Read, Professor H. F.                   Baltimore, Maryland
+  Renbox, Lisa                            New York City
+  Robinson, Edith A.                      Northport, New York
+  Robinson, Helen                         New Haven, Connecticut
+  Rockheimer, Rita                        Bridgton, Maine
+  Roewer, George E., Jr.                  Boston
+  Rogers, Arthur K.                       New Haven, Connecticut
+  Rogers, Helen W.                        New Haven, Connecticut
+  Roghe, Hedwig                           Brooklyn, New York
+  Roller, Anne                            New York City
+  Rondinell, Annina C.                    Whitefield, New Hampshire
+  Rosen, David                            New York City
+  Ross, Mary                              New York City
+  Rudenberg, R.                           Brooklyn, New York
+
+  Saftel, Helen                           Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts
+  Salinger, Dorothy                       Boston
+  Sanford, Mary R.                        Bennington, Vermont
+  Scheiber, Mr. and Mrs. I. B.            Peekskill, New York
+  Schenk, William                         New York City
+  Schlesinger, Arthur M.                  Cambridge, Massachusetts
+  Schrader, Franz                         Bryn Mawr College
+  Schrader, Sallie H.                     Bryn Mawr College
+  Schrufro, Mary                          Bridgton, Maine
+  Schrufro, Samuel                        Bridgton, Maine
+  Schultze, Mrs. Martin                   Chicago
+  Scripture, Bertha                       Lincoln, Massachusetts
+  Senken, B.                              Brooklyn, New York
+  Sessions, Juliette                      Williamstown, Massachusetts
+  Shearman, Margaret Hilles               South Byfield, Massachusetts
+  Shurtleff, Margaret Homer               Boston
+  Simkhovitch, Mary Kingsbury             New York City
+  Skillings, Franklin                     Peak’s Island, Maine
+  Smith, Carl E.                          Hampton, New Hampshire
+  Smith, Eloise L.                        Hampton, New Hampshire
+  Smith, Holmes                           St. Louis, Missouri
+  Smith, Mary H.                          Elizabethtown, New York
+  Smith, P.                               Philadelphia
+  Smith, T. Max                           Elizabethtown, New York
+  Solomon, Walter Leo                     New York City
+  Sonneck, O. G.                          New York City
+  Sosbroke, Hughell                       Westport, Connecticut
+  Spencer, Niles                          Provincetown, Massachusetts
+  Squier, Mrs. J. E.                      Boston
+  Starr, Ellen Gates                      Chicopee, Massachusetts
+  Stephens, Louise                        New York City
+  Stern, Frances                          Boston
+  Stevens, James G.                       Canandaigua Depot, New York
+  Stites, S. H.                           Wyoming, Pennsylvania
+  Stokes, I. N. Phelps                    Greenwich, Connecticut
+  Straub, Mrs. Otto T.                    Cambridge, Massachusetts
+  Sturtevant, A. H.                       Carnegie Institution, Washington,
+                                              D. C.
+  Swensen, Edgar                          New York City
+
+  Talbot, Ellen B.                        South Hadley, Massachusetts
+  Tannenbaum, Dora                        Chicago
+  Tapley, Alice P.                        Williamstown, Massachusetts
+  Tarbell, Ida M.                         Trumbull, Connecticut
+  Tarbell, Sarah A.                       Trumbull, Connecticut
+  Tarbell, W. W.                          Trumbull, Connecticut
+  Tarbell, Mrs. W. W.                     Trumbull, Connecticut
+  Tauber, Frederick                       Melrose Highlands, Massachusetts
+  Taylor, Graham                          Chicago
+  Taylor, Lea D.                          Chicago
+  Taylor, Lily R.                         Bryn Mawr College
+  Teller, Sidney                          Pittsburgh
+  Thomas, Francisca                       Woodstock, Vermont
+  Thompson, Catharine                     Boston
+  Thompson, Christina                     Princeton, New Jersey
+  Thompson, Maud                          Ocean Point, Maine
+  Thompson, Mr. and Mrs. W. O.            New York City
+  Thurston, Henry W.                      New York City
+  Tillinghast, S. M.                      Wyoming, Pennsylvania
+  Tine, Maria                             Chicago
+  Tolman, Mrs. Henry                      Salem, Massachusetts
+  Training School for Jewish Social Work  New York City
+  Trimble, J. K.                          Philadelphia
+  Tucker, Mrs. G. Burr                    Trumbull, Connecticut
+
+  Vance, John T., Jr.                     Washington, D. C.
+  Vangerbig, Geraldine                    Red Bank, New Jersey
+  Van Loon, Hendrik                       New York City
+  Van Tuyl, Alverda                       New York City
+  Villard, Oswald Garrison                New York City
+  Voce, P.                                Pittsburgh
+
+  Wadsworth, Mary K.                      Wakefield, Rhode Island
+  Waechter, Lee                           New York City
+  Wales, Marguerite A.                    New York City
+  Walser, Igan M.                         Westport, Connecticut
+  Walsh, Margaret M.                      Brooklyn, New York
+  Walsh, Mary G.                          Brooklyn, New York
+  Walther, Elise K.                       Chicago
+  Walton, Elizabeth                       New York City
+  Walton, Perry                           Boston
+  Washington, William M.                  Detroit, Michigan
+  Weiss, Rose                             Ocean Point, Maine
+  Wells, Frank C.                         Brooklyn, New York
+  Wemrebe, Joseph, M. D.                  Boston
+  Wentworth, Lydia G.                     Brookline, Massachusetts
+  West, Eloise                            Flushing, New York
+  West, Walter                            Flushing, New York
+  Weyl, Mrs. Walter                       Woodstock, New York
+  Wheeler, Elizabeth                      Ashland, New Hampshire
+  Whipple, Katharine W.                   New York City
+  Whipple, Leon R.                        New York City
+  Whitcomb, Camilla G.                    Worcester, Massachusetts
+  Whiting, Edith                          Baltimore, Maryland
+  Whitmarsh, Alida                        Edgartown, Massachusetts
+  Whitney, Professor Marian Parker        Poughkeepsie, New York
+  Wight, Alexander E.                     Wellesley, Massachusetts
+  Wilson, Angeline                        Boston
+  Wilson, Arthur                          Boston
+  Wilson, Dorothy                         Boston
+  Windsor, Anna G.                        Wakefield, Rhode Island
+  Wingert, Christina                      Princeton, New Jersey
+  Wingert, Gustav                         Princeton, New Jersey
+  Winson, Ellen                           Haverford, Pennsylvania
+  Wise, Helen G.                          Seal Harbor, Maine
+  Wittler, Milton                         Boston
+  Wolcott, G. S.                          New York City
+  Woodhull, William                       Princeton, New Jersey
+  Woodman, F. C.                          New York City
+  Woods, Amy                              Duxbury, Massachusetts
+  Woodward, Helen                         New York City
+  Woodward, W. E.                         New York City
+  Woolley, Mary E.                        South Hadley, Massachusetts
+  Worthington, Louise                     New York City
+  Wright, Rowe                            Woodstock, New York
+  Wyatt, Edith Franklin                   Chicago
+
+  Zagler, Henrietta                       Chicago
+  Zucker, Theodore F.                     Columbia University
+
+
+
+
+BIBLIOGRAPHIC NOTE
+
+
+The uncertainty in the minds of multitudes of men and women here and
+abroad as to the exercise of our American institutions of justice will
+make many of the fair-minded, whether conservative or liberal, eager to
+read or page through some of the outstanding reports, books, articles
+and editorials on the subject.
+
+Among these should be listed: The Lowell and Fuller reports;[19] Felix
+Frankfurter’s, “The Case of Sacco and Vanzetti”; Eugene Lyon’s, “The
+Life and Death of Sacco and Vanzetti”; John Dos Passos’s, “Facing
+the Electric Chair”; “The Letters of Sacco and Vanzetti,” edited by
+Marion Denman Frankfurter and Gardner Jackson; “America Arraigned,”
+an anthology of poems by some fifty American poets, edited by Ralph
+Cheyney and Lucia Trent;[20] in the _New Yorker Volkszeitung_ from
+April to the end of August, 1927, will be found in German some unusual
+poems on Sacco and Vanzetti by Israel Kassvan; “There is Justice,” by
+William Floyd; “Boston” by Upton Sinclair; “The Sacco-Vanzetti Case,”
+Transcript of Records of the Case, Henry Holt and Company; and articles
+and editorials published in the Defense Committee’s _Bulletins_, in
+the _Arbitrator_, _Atlantic Monthly_, _Nation_, _New Leader_, _New
+Republic_, _Outlook_, _The Relay_, _Springfield Republican_, and _The
+Survey_.
+
+Finally when the Defense Committee has finished its editing of the
+compiled Sacco and Vanzetti papers, students of these issues will
+have an authoritative body of documents irreplaceable in the Defense
+literature. In the meantime both the _Decision of Gov. Alvan T. Fuller_
+and _The Lowell Committee Report_ have been reprinted together and
+without comment by the Sacco-Vanzetti Defense Committee. This important
+reprint, or any one of the books listed in this note, may be obtained
+either from the Sacco-Vanzetti Defense Committee, P. O. Box 93, Hanover
+Street Station, Boston, Mass.; or from the Sacco-Vanzetti National
+League.
+
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[19] Reprints of these reports, also reprints of Sacco-Vanzetti
+articles by John Dewey, Arthur Warner, William Thompson and Alexander
+Meiklejohn, may be obtained from the +Sacco-Vanzetti National League+,
+Room 2008, 104 Fifth Avenue, New York City. +The Sacco-Vanzetti
+National League+ is the permanent name of an association which was
+hastily formed in August, 1927, through the efforts of Mrs. Jessica
+Henderson, and others, to secure from the Department of Justice access
+to the files for material bearing on the case of the two men under
+sentence. The organization was not successful in this effort, but,
+under the chairmanship of Dr. Robert Morss Lovett, it continues to
+exist to keep the public informed of developments in the case, which it
+does not regard as closed. It has in hand now the preparation of a book
+on the Lowell Report, under the editorship of Professor Karl Llewellyn.
+
+[20] The following are the names of the fifty poets included in this
+volume:
+
+John Haynes Holmes, David P. Berenberg, Ralph Cheyney, Mary Carolyn
+Davies, S. A. DeWitt, W. Wilson Manross, Martin Feinstein, John Gould
+Fletcher, Louis Ginsberg, Carolyn Leonard Goodenough, Ernest Hartsock,
+Nicholas Moskowitz, Benjamin Musser, Lola Ridge, E. Merrill Root,
+Blanche Waltrip Rose, Mary Siegrist, Edith Lombard Squires, Lucia
+Trent, Robert Whitaker, Gremin Zorn, W. P. Trent, Seymore Michael
+Blankfort, Witter Bynner, Countee Cullen, Babette Deutsch, William
+Closson Emory, Harry Alan Potamkin, Ettore Rella, James Rorty, Clement
+Wood, Vincent G. Burns, Harold D. Carew, Miriam Allen DeFord, Arthur
+Davison Ficke, S. Ralph Harlow, Mary Plowden Kernan, Alfred Kreymborg,
+A. B. Magil, Jeannette Marks, Kathleen Millay, Edna St. Vincent Millay,
+William Ellery Leonard, Miriam E. Oatman, John Dos Passos, Alice N.
+Spicer, Laura Simmons, Max Press, Joseph T. Shipley, Henry Reich, Jr.,
+Edwin Seaver, Josiah Titzell, Bethuel Matthew Webster, Jr., Alice Riggs
+Hunt.
+
+
+
+
+INDEX
+
+
+  Addams, Jane, 22, 108
+
+  Almy, Frederick, 108
+
+  _America Arraigned_, 1, 18, 34, 36, 44, 64, 121-122
+
+  American Civil Liberties Union, 75, 102
+
+  American Legion, 106
+
+  Amidon, Judge, 22
+
+  Anarchists, hang the, 9, 51;
+    literature, 51;
+    Italian, 62;
+    Chicago, 75;
+    two philosophic, 102
+
+  Anarchy, 41
+
+  _Arbitrator_, 122
+
+  _Atlantic Monthly_, Attorney Thompson in, 71, 122
+
+  Aurelius, Marcus, 74
+
+  Austin, Mary, 22
+
+
+  Baldwin, Roger, 103, 104
+
+  Barnard College, 97, 98
+
+  Barry, John, 13
+
+  Beacon Hill, 6, 16, 52
+
+  Beale, Fred, 34
+
+  Beard, Charles A., 108
+
+  Bellevue, 22, 25
+
+  Bent, Silas, 88
+
+  Berenberg, David P., poem, 1
+
+  Berlin, 46
+
+  Bernheimer, Louis, 30, 31
+
+  Blackwell, Alice Stone, 29
+
+  Bliven, Bruce, 108
+
+  Bloor, Mother, arrested, 33-35
+
+  “Blue Menace,” 97, 106
+
+  Blye, Captain, 89
+
+  Boissevin, Eugene, 29
+
+  Bombs, 4, 11, 19
+
+  Boston, 1, 2, 3, 7, 12, 18, 19, 20;
+    Regnant, 26, 43, 52, 55, 56, 58, 68, 75, 81
+
+  Boston Common, 16, 26, 52, 56, 57
+
+  Braintree, 65
+
+  Brandeis, Judge, 19-20
+
+  Bridgewater, 65
+
+  _Brooklyn Eagle_, 13
+
+  Broun, Heywood, 5, 8;
+    in _Nation_, 69
+
+  Brown, Don, 45
+
+  Brown, John, 18, 43
+
+  Brubaker, Howard, 22
+
+  Bryn Mawr College, 97
+
+  Buenos Aires, sympathetic strike, 46
+
+  Bunker Hill Monument, 26, 34-35
+
+  Burlingham, Charles C., 108
+
+
+  Cadman, Dr. S. Parkes, 104-105
+
+  California, 33, 102
+
+  Calkins, Mary, 98
+
+  Callahan, Jack, 88
+
+  Cattell, J. McKeen, 22, 81
+
+  Chaplin, Ralph, _Mourn Not the Dead_, 95
+
+  Charlestown Prison, 6, 13, 36, 40, 47
+
+  Cheswick, Pennsylvania, 45
+
+  Cheyney, Ralph, Editor with Lucia Trent of _America Arraigned_, 1,
+        18, 34, 36, 44, 64, 121-122
+
+  Christ, Jesus, 41, 81, 92, 94, 98
+
+  Citizens’ National Committee, 22
+
+  Clayton anti-trust act, 72
+
+  Codman, John S., 22
+
+  Cohn, Dr., _Some Questions and an Appeal_, 86
+
+  Coleridge, Samuel Taylor, inward prostration of the soul, 68
+
+  Colorado, 45, 75, 85-86
+
+  Commons, John R., 22
+
+  Communist, 9
+
+  Conservative, 71, 81, 94, 101
+
+  Cook, Waldo, 22, 23, 25, 106, 108
+
+  Coolidge, Calvin, 87;
+    on _Enemies of the Republic_, 97-100, 106
+
+  “Coolidgisms,” 97-99
+
+  Cox, Governor, 88
+
+  Cox and Harding, vote for, 78
+
+  Cremation Chamber, 61
+
+  Crowley, Chief of Police, 26, 77
+
+
+  Dadourian, Professor H. M., in _Scientific Monthly_, 81
+
+  Dana, H. W. L., Vanzetti’s letter to, 48, 49
+
+  Darrow, Clarence, 65
+
+  Daughters of the American Revolution, 106, 107
+
+  Death House, 6, 13;
+    back in, 21;
+    immortality, 24;
+    farewell in, 31;
+    _Two in the Death House_, _vide_ Ridge, 33-34;
+    heard him calling, 41
+
+  Debs, Eugene Victor, last money order, 40;
+    Vanzetti’s tribute to, 65;
+    straw vote for, 78;
+    the radical, 79-80;
+    symbolic figure of, 81-93, 94, 97
+
+  Defense Headquarters, 3-8, 10-16, 20, 24-25, 30-32, 35-43, 44, 46-48,
+        53-54
+
+  _Delineator_, article by Calvin Coolidge in, 97-100, 106
+
+  Dewey, John, 22;
+    _Psychology and Justice_ in the _New Republic_, 66-68, 108
+
+  Donovan, Mary, 4, 6, 10;
+    State Factory Inspector, 11-12, 14-16, 20;
+    standing by her “people,” 28, 29, 30, 31;
+    Mother Bloor bailed by, 35;
+    and Powers Hapgood, 37-38, 39;
+    cry from, 41, 42;
+    pallor of, 49;
+    nerves at breaking point, 50-51;
+    to the thought of, 54;
+    reading the funeral address, 61-63;
+    letter, 70-71
+
+
+  Ehrmann, Mr., 89
+
+  Elliott, John Lovejoy, 108
+
+  Elliott, Mrs., 25
+
+  Emerson, Dr. Haven, 22, 108
+
+  Emerson Ralph Waldo, 2, 16, 18
+
+  Espionage Act, 91
+
+  Evans, Mrs. Glendower, 3, 25, 28
+
+  Execution, after midnight, the tenth, 2;
+    official executioner, 13;
+    at midnight, 83
+
+
+  Farnam, Mr. and Mrs. Henry Walcott, 22
+
+  Fascism, fleeing, 42
+
+  Federal Council of Churches, 105
+
+  Felicani, Aldino, 4, 6, 11, 15-17;
+    spent figure, 24, 31-32;
+    it is the ideal, 40, 49, 53, 93
+
+  Fellowship of Reconciliation, 105
+
+  Fellowship of Youth for Peace, 105
+
+  Fiske, John, 2
+
+  Flaming Milka (Milka Sablich), lassoed, 85
+
+  Floyd, William, _There Is Justice_, 122
+
+  Flynn, Elizabeth Gurley, 103
+
+  Forbes, Mrs. J. Malcolm, 22
+
+  Forest Hills Cemetery, 52, 56, 58-59, 60-63
+
+  Foster, William Z., 103
+
+  Frame-up, 75-76
+
+  Frankfurter, Felix, 13, 24, 102, 103;
+    _The Case of Sacco and Vanzetti_, 121
+
+  Frankfurter, Marian Denman, Editor with Gardner Jackson of _The
+        Letters of Sacco and Vanzetti_, 42, 48, 121
+
+  Free speech and free assemblage, 26, 27, 72, 80, 81, 97
+
+  Freund, Ernest, 108
+
+  Fuller, Governor, Governor’s Council, 10;
+    Governor’s Secretary, 14, 15, 23;
+    cast-iron executive, 31;
+    plead with, 35;
+    “Twice the Governor said,” 38;
+    Secretary’s office, 39;
+    had assured a woman of wealth, 50;
+    letter from John Hays Hammond and from Bishop Lawrence, 83, 89;
+    tuning fork from which he took his pitch, 101
+
+  Fuller, Margaret, 2;
+    kernel of nobleness, 16
+
+  Funeral address, 61-63
+
+
+  Galileo, experiment with falling bodies, 80
+
+  Gannett, Lewis, 104
+
+  Garland Fund, 104
+
+  Garrison, William Lloyd, 52
+
+  Gary, Judge, advice to his heirs, 91
+
+  German, 35
+
+  Goldman, Emma, 105
+
+  Goodwin, Frank A., address to the Kiwanis, 101-107
+
+  Grant, Judge, 2
+
+
+  Hale, Ruth, 8, 26, 32-35;
+    Bunker Hill Monument, 35
+
+  Haley, Lilian, 14;
+    the friend’s house, 17, 38;
+    faithful, fearless, 39
+
+  Halliday, Paula, 29
+
+  Hamilton, Dr. Alice, 23, 25, 108
+
+  Hammond, John Hays, letter to Governor Fuller, 83
+
+  Hankins questionnaire, 104
+
+  Hanover Street, 3, 20, 34, 47, 53, 56, 58
+
+  Hapgood, Norman, 22, 103, 108
+
+  Hapgood, Powers, testing free speech, 26;
+    gone, 30;
+    psychiatric hospital, 31;
+    account of, 37-38;
+    defends Mary Donovan, 51;
+    want to stand up and be counted, 95
+
+  Harriman, Mrs. J. Borden, 35
+
+  Harding, President, 78, 92
+
+  Harvard University, 23, 25
+
+  Hayes, Professor Ellen, taken to patrol wagon, 28;
+    at Forest Hills Cemetery, 60
+
+  Hays, Arthur Garfield, 22, 28
+
+  Henderson, Mrs. Jessica, Vanzetti thanking, 48, 121
+
+  Hendry, Warden, 13;
+    kindness, 41, 77
+
+  _Herald_, Boston, 72-73
+
+  Higginson, Colonel T. W., 2
+
+  Hill, Attorney Arthur D., 10;
+    arrow-flight of, 24
+
+  Hill, Creighton, 13
+
+  Hillquit, Morris, 103
+
+  Hocking, William Ernest, 22
+
+  Hod Carriers’ Union, 33, 34, 36
+
+  Holmes, Dr. John Haynes, 81
+
+  Holmes, Chief Justice, 19
+
+  Holt, Henry & Co., _The Sacco-Vanzetti Case_, 122
+
+
+  Industrial Defense Association, 107
+
+  Italian, 2;
+    Italian painting, 5;
+    fruit stand, 10;
+    can’t speak, 12;
+    Italian marriage, Margaret Fuller Ossoli, 16;
+    paper, 31;
+    restaurant, 32;
+    “wops,” 38;
+    editor, Signor Longerini, 31, 42;
+    that Italian case, 43;
+    martyrs, 50;
+    by birth, 52;
+    anarchists, 62;
+    Vanzetti suffered because, 66;
+    reference to in _New Republic_, 66-67;
+    hatred for poor Italians, 74;
+    radical, 74;
+    idealists, 75
+
+
+  Jackson, Dr. Edith, 31, 38
+
+  Jackson, Gardner, 4, 7, 12;
+    sacrificing future, 14, 20;
+    on way to State House, 31;
+    came in, 38;
+    more and more quiet, 39, 41;
+    Editor with Marian Denman Frankfurter of _The Letters of Sacco and
+        Vanzetti_, 42, 48, 121;
+    undiminished strength, 49;
+    defends Mary Donovan, 51;
+    funeral address written by, 61
+
+  James, Edward Holton, 8, 101-102
+
+  James, William, nephew of, 101-102
+
+  Johannesburg, South Africa, 46
+
+  Joy Street Police Station, 28-30
+
+  Justice, 2;
+    _Justice Is the Issue_, 3;
+    education for, 8, 16-17;
+    issue of, 26;
+    “desire for,” 33;
+    another Brotherhood struggling for, 43;
+    American Tragedy of Injustice, 52;
+    Justice Crucified, 53, 55;
+    spectacle of American, 68;
+    constitutional, 69;
+    issue of, 72;
+    Department of, 75, 84-85
+
+
+  Kassvan, Israel, 122
+
+  Kellogg, Paul, 22, 23, 25, 26, 108
+
+  Key Men of America, 107
+
+  Keynes, John Maynard, 72
+
+  Kirchwey, Freda, 98
+
+
+  Laidler, Dr. Harry, 98
+
+  Lake Champlain, 1, 43
+
+  Langone’s Funeral Chapel, 47, 50-51, 53
+
+  Lawrence, Bishop, letter to Governor Fuller, 83
+
+  Lawson, John Howard, 22, 33
+
+  League for Industrial Democracy, 98
+
+  Leipzig, 46
+
+  Lenin, Nicolai, 103
+
+  Levine, Isaac Don, 8
+
+  Lewis, Alfred Baker, 8, 9;
+    out of police station, 28, 54;
+    under leadership of, 59;
+    Salsedo’s highly curious death, 85
+
+  Lewis, Dora, 108
+
+  Liberal, 71, 81, 94, 97, 100
+
+  Lincoln, Abraham, 84-85
+
+  Llewellyn, Karl, 121
+
+  Lombroso, criminal type, 4
+
+  London, protest meeting, 45
+
+  Lovett, Dr. Robert Morss, 104, 121
+
+  Lowell, A. Lawrence, 2, 77, 121
+
+  Lusk law, 86-87;
+    investigating committee, 102;
+    days, 107
+
+  Lyon, Eugene, _The Life and Death of Sacco and Vanzetti_, 121
+
+
+  McCausland, Elizabeth, _The Blue Menace_, 97, 106-107
+
+  MacCracken, President, 105
+
+  MacDonald, Herman, _vide_ Fuller, Governor
+
+  McConnell, Bishop, 105
+
+  McDowell, Mary E., 22
+
+  Madeiros, gone, 41
+
+  _Manchester Guardian Weekly_, 105
+
+  March of Sorrow, 44-63
+
+  Massachusetts, 8, 12, 13, 18, 62, 101;
+    Public Interests League, 107
+
+  Maurer, James, 103
+
+  Mazzini, grave in Campo Santo, Genoa, 52-53
+
+  Mede, James, 88-90
+
+  Meiklejohn, A., 121
+
+  Michelson, Clarina, 29, 30
+
+  Mill, John Stuart, essay _On Liberty_, 27
+
+  Millay, Edna St. Vincent, 29
+
+  Miners, protest meeting, 45;
+    Colorado, 45
+
+  Mooney and Billings, 83, 102
+
+  Moore, Fred, 89
+
+  Moore, Sam, on Debs, 92
+
+  Moors, John F., 23
+
+  Mores, 11
+
+  Moro, Joseph, 13, 20;
+    watchfulness of, 49
+
+  Mount Holyoke College, 97
+
+  Murphy, Carline, 37
+
+  Musmanno, Michael Angelo, 31;
+    as interpreter, 39
+
+  Mussey, Mr. and Mrs. Henry R., 22
+
+
+  _Nation_, Heywood Broun in, 69;
+    “Turn the Light on Palmer,” 84, 122
+
+  Nearing, Scott, 103
+
+  Neilson, President, 105
+
+  New England, 19
+
+  New Hampshire, 18, 21
+
+  New Jersey, 75
+
+  _New Leader_, 59, 83-84, 122
+
+  _New Republic_, 8;
+    miners’ protest, 45;
+    Dr. Dewey in, 66-67, 122
+
+  New York City, 7, 12
+
+  _New York World_, 5
+
+  Nicaragua and Sandino, 100
+
+  North End Park, 53
+
+
+  Oneal, James, drift to Empire, 76-77;
+    preparation for injustice, 83-84
+
+  Oporto, Portugal, 46
+
+  _Outlook_, on the fundamental principle of free government, 87;
+    _Outlook and Independent_, 89-90, 122
+
+
+  Pacifist, 91, 102
+
+  Palmer, Mitchell, “Red Raids,” 84, 105
+
+  Paris, protest meeting, 45-46
+
+  Parker, Dorothy, 9
+
+  Passos, John Dos, 8;
+    cheerful, charming, 25, 28, 34, 35;
+    _Facing the Electric Chair_, 121
+
+  Pasteur, his microscope, 80
+
+  Peabody, Helen, arrested, 40
+
+  Pearse, Padraic, poem _To Death_, 43
+
+  Pennsylvania, 45, 86
+
+  Pesotta, Rose, 44, 46;
+    under leadership of, 59
+
+  Philadelphia, 7
+
+  Phillips, Wendell, 52
+
+  Picketing, 8, 9
+
+  Pittsburgh, 45
+
+  Police, 2, 3;
+    rough handling, 9;
+    bluecoats, 10;
+    charges trumped up by, 12;
+    down Joy Street, 28;
+    to get Mother Bloor, 33-35;
+    at Charlestown, 36, 40;
+    and the protestants, 45-46;
+    Sergeant of, 51;
+    Mounted State, 54;
+    at first neutral, 54;
+    salute to, 55;
+    control of, 56;
+    maintain order, 58;
+    effort to incite to violence, 59-60;
+    in Cremation Chamber, 61-63, 76
+
+  Pound, Dean Roscoe, 103
+
+  Prince, Dr. Morton, 66
+
+  Professors, 1;
+    disloyal, 97-98;
+    Vida D. Scudder, Mary Calkins, 98;
+    Felix Frankfurter, 102, 103;
+    Hankins questionnaire, 104
+
+  Public opinion, 6;
+    education of, 16-17
+
+
+  Rabinowitz, Louis, 57
+
+  Radcliffe College, 97
+
+  Radical, 9, 66, 71, 74-75, 79, 81-82, 84, 86-87, 94, 99
+
+  Rand School, 84, 99
+
+  Red Menace, 97
+
+  _Relay, The_, 60, 122
+
+  _Republican, Springfield_, 5, 23, 24, 25, 106, 122
+
+  Ridge, Lola, 8, 29, 30;
+    over in Salem Street, 33;
+    Charlestown Prison, 36-37
+
+  Robinson, James Harvey, on inherent radicalism, 81-82
+
+  Roewer, George E., Jr., 22
+
+  Roman holiday, 64-77, 80
+
+  Romualdi, Serafino, 31, 42
+
+  Root, E. Merrill, poem by, 36
+
+  Rosario, Argentine, 46
+
+  Rotenberg Estate, 47
+
+
+  Sacco, Dante, letter to, 49;
+    car containing, 53
+
+  Sacco, Nicola, 2;
+    claim the body of, 15;
+    respite of twelve days, 15;
+    and Vanzetti, the very best men, 17;
+    a symbol, 22-24;
+    lost sight of, 27;
+    “Save Sacco and Vanzetti,” 29;
+    justice for, 33;
+    summons to chair, 36;
+    “wops,” 38;
+    in the name of, 39;
+    walls that held, 40;
+    Brotherhood of Christ, 41;
+    letters of, 42, 48, 121;
+    protest meeting, 45;
+    bodies of, 47, 55;
+    farewell, 47;
+    letter to son, 49;
+    peace of death, 50;
+    dead kings, 54;
+    last deference to, 59;
+    cremation chamber, 61;
+    address by, 64;
+    and Vanzetti are dead, 67, 87-89, 93;
+    pursuit of ideal, 94;
+    martyrdom of, 95;
+    in _Red Menace_, 102
+
+  Sacco, Rosa, description of, 5, 6, 7;
+    waiting for decision, 10-16;
+    return from Scenic Auditorium meeting, 21;
+    grief, 24-25;
+    final appeal to governor, 31, 38;
+    again waiting, 39;
+    beauty of, 50;
+    funeral procession, 53
+
+  Sacco-Vanzetti Defense Committee, 1, 7, 13, 15, 16, 19;
+    fighting on to the end, 21;
+    bribe, 23;
+    defeat, 22-24;
+    when sentence pronounced, 64;
+    mental courage of Sacco and Vanzetti, 71, 122-123
+
+  Sacco-Vanzetti National League, 123
+
+  Saint Paul’s Cathedral, Boston, 52, 56
+
+  Salem Street, 33
+
+  Salsedo, death of, 85
+
+  Sandburg, Carl, 78
+
+  Santosuosso, Dr., 89
+
+  Scenic Auditorium, 21
+
+  Schreiner, Olive, 46
+
+  Scollay Square, 20, 54, 55
+
+  Scott, Dred, 84, 85
+
+  Scudder, Vida D., 98
+
+  Seager, Henry R., 108
+
+  Shields, Art, 8
+
+  Shipley, Joseph T., poem, 64
+
+  Shurtleff, Margaret Homer, 108
+
+  Silva, Frank, 88-90
+
+  Simmons, Laura, 30;
+    sonnet, 44
+
+  Sinclair, Upton, 103;
+    _Boston_, 122
+
+  Smith, Alfred, 86
+
+  Smith College, 97, 104
+
+  Smith, Miss (Winifred?), 97
+
+  Socialists and socialism, 7, 8, 9, 11, 51, 86, 92, 93, 98, 101-103,
+        105
+
+  Soviets, ambassador, 97;
+    government, 99;
+    Russia, 102
+
+  Spanish War Veterans, 106
+
+  State House, 6, 14, 16, 31
+
+  Status quo, 32, 74, 102
+
+  Stratton, President, 2
+
+  Sunday, Billy, denouncing the radical, 79
+
+  _Survey_, 22, 23, 26, 122
+
+  Sydney, Australia, 46
+
+
+  Taylor, Graham, 22
+
+  Teeple, Mr., 9
+
+  Telephone, calls, 4;
+    “banks,” State House, 6;
+    Headquarters, 8;
+    whistled or faded, 6;
+    battle, 8;
+    calling Mr. Thompson, 15, 25, 31;
+    the ringing voice of Attorney Thompson, 38;
+    Gardner Jackson, 39, 41;
+    Mary Donovan, 42;
+    buzz of, 46
+
+  Thayer, Judge Webster, 3;
+    words spoken by, 50-51;
+    anarchistic, 51;
+    Sacco’s reference to, 64;
+    Vanzetti in courteous apology to, 66;
+    at Dartmouth reunion, 69, 77
+
+  Thirteen days, 26, 50, 68, 71, 81, 95
+
+  Thomas, Norman, 104
+
+  Thompson, Attorney, 15;
+    belief in innocence of Sacco and Vanzetti, 38;
+    reference to in _New Republic_, 66-68;
+    record in _Atlantic Monthly_, 71, 88-90, 121
+
+  Todd, Helen, 30
+
+  _Traveller_, Boston, _Red Menace_ published in, 101
+
+  Trent, Lucia, poem, 18, _v._ also Cheyney, Ralph
+
+  Trotzky, Leon, 99
+
+
+  Union Theological Seminary, 99
+
+
+  Vance, John T., 22
+
+  Vanzetti, Bartolomeo, 2;
+    claim the body of, 15;
+    respite of 12 days, 15;
+    and Sacco, the very best men, 17;
+    a symbol, 22-24;
+    lost sight of, 27;
+    “Save Sacco and Vanzetti,” 29;
+    justice for, 33;
+    summons to chair, 36;
+    “wops,” 38;
+    in the name of, 39;
+    walls that held, 40;
+    Brotherhood of Christ, 41;
+    thanking Warden Hendry, 41;
+    letters of, 42, 48, 121;
+    protest meeting, 45;
+    bodies of, 47, 55;
+    farewell, 47;
+    peace of death, 50;
+    dead kings, 54;
+    last deference to, 59;
+    cremation chamber, 61;
+    speech, 65-66;
+    Attorney Thompson on Vanzetti in _Atlantic Monthly_, 71, 88-90, 93;
+    pursuit of ideal, 94;
+    martyrdom of, 95;
+    in _Red Menace_, 97
+
+  Vanzetti, Signorina Luigia, 20, 31-32, 38, 39, 53
+
+  Vassar College, 97
+
+  Vermont, 18, 21
+
+  Veterans of Foreign Wars, 106
+
+  Villard, Oswald Garrison, 22
+
+
+  Ward, Harry F., 99
+
+  Warner, Arthur, 121
+
+  Watson, Blanche, in _New Leader_, 59
+
+  Wellesley College, 28, 60, 97
+
+  Wheeler, Senator, 75
+
+  Whitney, Anita, 102
+
+  Whitney, Marian Parker, 22
+
+  Woman’s City Club, 25
+
+  Woods, Amy, 23, 28
+
+  Woolley, Mary E., 22, 105, 108
+
+  _World To-morrow, The_, 90-91
+
+
+
+
+Transcriber’s Notes
+
+
+Possible printer’s errors, including spelling, hyphenation, and
+punctuation, were retained, except for changes listed below.
+
+_Italics_, +Small Caps+ and +ALL SMALL CAPS+ have been converted as so.
+
+Footnotes have been renumbered and moved to the end of their respective
+chapters.
+
+On page 21, “justice’” was standardized to “justice’s”.
+
+In the footnote on page 22, “V.” was italicized for standardization. It
+means vide, or see.
+
+On page 33, there is a poem with ellipsed text represented by a thought
+break. Thought breaks other than this are normal.
+
+On page 67, “mind ...” was changed to “mind....” for consistency.
+
+In the footnote on page 81, “v.” was italicized for standardization.
+
+On page 83, “vew” was changed to “view”.
+
+On pages 88 and 90, “holdup” was standardized to “hold-up”.
+
+On page 89, “Santosuossa” was changed to “Santosuosso” to match other
+sources from the period.
+
+On page 91, “felt” was changed to “fell” to match the passage on page
+49.
+
+On page 102, “Gospel.” was changed to “Gospel,” since the text is in
+the middle of a list.
+
+In the footnote on page 121, “Arthur Warner;” was changed to “Arthur
+Warner,” to match the respective list formatting.
+
+In Appendix C, the line breaks and indentation of the list were
+standardized.
+
+On page 122, 2 erroneous colons in the list of works were replaced by
+semi-colons.
+
+In the Index, the following changes were made:
+
+On page 126, a comma was added after “Professor H. M.” for consistency.
+
+On page 127, a comma was added after “(Milka Sablich)” for consistency.
+
+On page 128, “arrow flight” was standardized to “arrow-flight” to match
+the reference in the text.
+
+On page 128, a comma was added after “nephew of” for consistency.
+
+On page 129, “Lusk, Law,” was standardized to “Lusk law,” for
+consistency and to match the reference in the text.
+
+On page 130, “Holiday” was standardized to “holiday” to match the
+reference in the text.
+
+On page 131, “Santosoussa” was changed to “Santosuosso” to match the
+occurrence on page 89.
+
+On page 132, a semi-colon was added to “lost sight of, 27” for
+consistency.
+
+*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 78153 ***