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| author | www-data <www-data@mail.pglaf.org> | 2026-01-29 17:58:59 -0800 |
|---|---|---|
| committer | www-data <www-data@mail.pglaf.org> | 2026-01-29 17:58:59 -0800 |
| commit | c2a5b1727d8099efb8839aab8b1a566b260db724 (patch) | |
| tree | b5051858774865ff4be807d74440aa229a5978d2 /77814-h | |
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diff --git a/77814-h/77814-h.htm b/77814-h/77814-h.htm new file mode 100644 index 0000000..f8b6423 --- /dev/null +++ b/77814-h/77814-h.htm @@ -0,0 +1,9182 @@ +<!DOCTYPE html> +<html lang="en"> +<head> + <meta charset="UTF-8"> + <title> + Hunting Dinosaurs | Project Gutenberg + </title> + <link rel="icon" href="images/cover.jpg" type="image/x-cover"> + <style> + +body { + margin-left: 10%; + margin-right: 10%; +} + +a {text-decoration: none} /* no lines under links */ + + h1,h2 { + text-align: center; /* all headings centered */ + clear: both; +} + +.myhr {text-align:center; font-weight:bold;} + + +p { + margin-top: .51em; + text-align: justify; + margin-bottom: .49em; +} + +.p2 {margin-top: 2em;} +.p4 {margin-top: 4em;} + + + +/*padding*/ + +.padr10 {text-align:right;padding-right:10%;} +.padr20 {text-align:right;padding-right:20%;} + +hr { + width: 33%; + margin-top: 2em; + margin-bottom: 2em; + margin-left: 33.5%; + margin-right: 33.5%; + clear: both; +} + + +hr.chap {width: 65%; margin-left: 17.5%; margin-right: 17.5%;} +@media print { hr.chap {display: none; visibility: hidden;} } + + + +div.chapter {page-break-before: always;} +h2.nobreak {page-break-before: avoid;} + +li {margin-top:1em;} + +ul.index { list-style-type: none; } +li.ifrst { + margin-top: 1em; + text-indent: -2em; + padding-left: 1em; +} +li.indx { + margin-top: .5em; + text-indent: -2em; + padding-left: 1em; +} +li.isub1 { + text-indent: -2em; + padding-left: 2em; +} + +table { + margin-left: auto; + margin-right: auto; +} + +table.autotable { border-collapse: collapse; } +td { padding: 0.25em; } + +.tdl {text-align: left;vertical-align:top;} +.tdr {text-align: right;vertical-align:bottom;} +.tdrtop {text-align: right;vertical-align:top;padding-left:0;} + +.tdill {text-align:justify;} +.tdlfig {border-right:0;padding-right:0;vertical-align:top;} + +.pagenum { /* uncomment the next line for invisible page numbers */ + /* visibility: hidden; */ + position: absolute; + left: 92%; + font-size: small; + text-align: right; + font-style: normal; + font-weight: normal; + font-variant: normal; + text-indent: 0; + color: gray; +} /* page numbers */ + + + +.blockquot { + margin-left: 5%; + margin-right: 10%; +} + + +.big {font-size:120%} +.sm {font-size:80%} +.sm90{font-size:90%} + + + +.center {text-align: center;} + +.right {text-align: right;} + +.smcap {font-variant: small-caps;} + + +/* adjust width to circumstances - 25% for four pics, 50% for two*/ +.column { + float: left; + width: 50%; text-align:center; + +} + + + +/* stacks images in smaller viewports +@media screen and (max-width: 850px) { + .column { + text-align:center; + } +} +*/ + +/*discard column float in ebookmaker + +.x-ebookmaker .column{width: 50%; text-align:center;} +*/ + +.caption {font-weight: bold;font-size:80%;margin-bottom:2em;} + +/* +.caption p{text-align:center;page-break-before:avoid;} +*/ + +/* Images */ + + + + + + +img { + max-width: 100%; + height: auto; +} +img.w100 {width: 100%;} + + +.figcenter { + margin: auto; + text-align: center; + page-break-inside: avoid; + max-width: 100%; +} + + + + + +/* Footnotes */ + + +.footnote {margin-left: 10%; margin-right: 10%; font-size: 0.9em;} + +.footnote .label {position: absolute; right: 84%; text-align: right;} + +.fnanchor { + vertical-align: super; + font-size: .8em; + text-decoration: + none; +} + +/* Poetry */ +/* uncomment the next line for centered poetry */ +/* .poetry-container {display: flex; justify-content: center;} */ +.poetry-container {text-align: center;} +.poetry {text-align: left; margin-left: 5%; margin-right: 5%;} +.poetry .stanza {margin: 1em auto;} +.poetry .verse {text-indent: -3em; padding-left: 3em;} + +/* Transcriber’s notes */ +.transnote {background-color: #E6E6FA; + color: black; + font-size:small; + padding:0.5em; + margin-bottom:5em; + font-family:sans-serif, serif; +} + +ins {text-decoration:none; border-bottom: thin dotted gray;} + +/* Poetry indents */ +.poetry .indent0 {text-indent: -3em;} +.poetry .indent20 {text-indent: 7em;} +.poetry .indent4 {text-indent: -1em;} +.poetry .indent2 {text-indent: -2em;} + +/* Illustration classes */ +.illowp100 {width: 100%;} +.illowp38 {width: 38%;} +.x-ebookmaker .illowp38 {width: 80%;} +.illowp55 {width: 55%;} +.x-ebookmaker .illowp55 {width: 80%;} +.illowp80 {width: 80%;} +.x-ebookmaker .illowp80 {width: 100%;} + + + + + + </style> +</head> +<body> +<div style='text-align:center'>*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 77814 ***</div> + + + + +<figure class="figcenter illowp100" id="front" style="max-width: 190.5em;"> + <img class="w100" src="images/front.jpg" alt=""> + <figcaption class="caption">Ideal Picture of Belly River Series Time, by Deckert of the American Museum of Natural History, +New York.</figcaption> +</figure> + + +<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop"> + +<div class="chapter"> + + +<h1>HUNTING DINOSAURS</h1> +</div> + +<p class="p2 center">IN +THE BAD LANDS OF THE RED DEER RIVER +ALBERTA, CANADA</p> + + +<p class="p4 sm center">A SEQUEL TO</p> + +<p class="center">THE LIFE OF A FOSSIL HUNTER</p> + +<p class="sm center">BY</p> + +<p class="center">CHARLES H. STERNBERG</p> + +<p class="p4 center"></p> +<figure class="figcenter" id="logo" style="width: 60px;"> + <img src="images/logo.jpg" width="60" height="73" alt=""> +</figure> + + +<p class="p4 center">PUBLISHED BY CHARLES H. STERNBERG<br> +<span class="smcap">Lawrence, Kansas</span><br> +1917 +</p> + + +<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop"> + +<div class="chapter"></div> + +<p class="p4 center">THE WORLD COMPANY PRESS +LAWRENCE, KANSAS +</p> + + + + +<p class="p4 center">Copyright, 1917<br>by<br> +CHARLES H. STERNBERG<br> +<i>Published, March 1917</i> +</p> +<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop"> + +<div class="chapter"> +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_iii">[iii]</span></p> + +<h2 class="nobreak" id="PREFACE">PREFACE</h2> +</div> + + +<p>My Story, “The Life of a Fossil Hunter,” published +by Henry Holt & Co., New York, 1909, +met with such a splendid reception that I am +tempted to write a second volume, especially as +I have since that publication with my three sons +met with the most wonderful success among the +dinosaurs of the Red Deer river, Alberta, Canada. +Since 1912 we have been in the employment +of the Geological Survey of Canada, collecting +five car loads of the ancient inhabitants +of Alberta. We have found many new genera of +the duck-billed dinosaurs, those wonderful swimmers +of the old lakes and bayous of the Cretaceous +period, three new genera of horned dinosaurs, +learning more about them than was ever +known before, finding that instead of being covered +with bony plates as has been supposed they +had thin skins with small scales like mosaic-work; +then, stranger still, the huge plated dinosaurs +completely enveloped in an armor of bony +plates, some large, and others small like chained +armor, allowing motion to the body. In fact, we +are building up a great exhibit of these strange +creatures of the past. I propose to write in the +same strain as in my other book, but will take +my readers to entirely new scenes; to the richest<span class="pagenum" id="Page_iv">[iv]</span> +Cretaceous fossil field in the world; will tell of +our adventures and strenuous labor in the great +gorge of the Red Deer river, 500 feet deep, and +many miles in length; of the entire process of collecting, +learned by experience through so many +years of ceaseless effort; also the work of preparation +in our laboratory. In 1917 it will be +fifty years since I began collecting fossils, the +rich results of the past few years are due to the +splendid work done by my three sons of whom +I am justly proud, and the assistance rendered +me by the Geological Survey who have honored +every requisition I have made upon them and the +results have been far beyond my wildest dreams. +No other Museum in the world, except the +American in New York, can show such collections +as we have made in the last few years. I +would like to tell you the whole story. Those of +you who have read my other volume and have +sent me notes of appreciation I would like to +tell you of how much assistance they have been +to me, giving me fresh courage when I have +been nearly discouraged. I will illustrate the +new book with fifty original photographs showing +the fossil beds, the skeletons, or huge heads +in the rock, the manner of collecting, the work +of preparation in the laboratory, and the finished +specimen ready for exhibition. We have already +mounted the first duck-billed dinosaur in Canada,<span class="pagenum" id="Page_v">[v]</span> +it is thirty-two feet long. We secured eight +skeletons of a new form with a hooded head.</p> + +<p class="right"> +<span class="padr20">Faithfully yours,</span><br> +<span class="smcap">Charles H. Sternberg</span>.<br></p> + +<p><i>Lawrence, Kansas.</i><br> +</p> +<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop"> + +<div class="chapter"> +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_vii">[vii]</span></p> + +<h2 class="nobreak" id="ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS">ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS</h2> +</div> + + +<p>I wish to acknowledge the great kindness of +Dr. L. Hussakof, at that time Curator of Reptiles +in the American Museum of Natural History, +New York for reading and correcting the first +ten chapters of this book, and for his many kind +words and deeds. When I offered to pay for the +trouble he wrote me “all the pleasure of being +helpful in an unselfish way would be gone if I +received pay.” Dr. W. D. Matthews, Curator of +Vertebrates in the same Museum also encouraged +me greatly by hoping I would publish my ideal +picture of “Ancient Giants” after reading the +chapter I sent him under that title. All the rest +I am responsible for, as I have had no assistance, +and if I have published any thing that does not +please my reader I hope they will overlook it.</p> + +<p>How can I thank the Director of the Geological +Survey of Canada, and Deputy Minister, Mr. +R. G. McConnell, who has allowed me to use the +photographs taken by my sons George and +Charlie, to illustrate my pages. The text would +have been dull indeed without them. Neither +can I express my thanks for his unfailing kindness +to me while I was under his authority as a +member of the Survey. All the photographs (except +the Front Piece Figures 1, 2, and 3, which<span class="pagenum" id="Page_viii">[viii]</span> +were sent to me by my old friend, Dr. Osborn, +President of the American Museum of Natural +History, New York. The picture of a <i>Portheus</i>, +from the London Illustrated News, the Figure +of a <i>Tylosaur</i> by my son George F. Sternberg. +The restoration of <i>Diplodocus carnegii</i> by Mr. C. +W. Gilmore of the U. S. National Museum, and +the figures 43, 44, and 45 taken last year by my +son Levi) belong to the Survey. Mr. Clark in +charge of the Division of Photography developed +the photographs, and the Terre Haute Engraving +Co. made the halftones. Neither can I forget the +unvarying kindness of the former Deputy Minister, +Dr. R. W. Brock who first employed me. +For the great assistance he rendered me in field +and shop. For his earnest assistance to help me +build up a great collection of the Extinct Animals +of Canada, at the Victoria Memorial Museum +at Ottawa, Ontario. I hope these gentlemen +and all others who have helped me to that end, +will feel themselves included in this letter of +thanks.</p> + +<p class="right"> +<span class="padr20">Faithfully yours,</span><br> +<span class="smcap">Charles H. Sternberg</span>.<br> +</p> +<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop"> + +<div class="chapter"> +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_ix">[ix]</span></p> + +<h2 class="nobreak" id="CONTENTS">CONTENTS</h2> +</div> + + + +<table class="autotable"> +<tr> +<td class="tdrtop">I.</td> +<td class="tdl">Story of a Monster Fish</td> +<td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_1">1</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdrtop">II.</td> +<td class="tdl">The Teeming East</td> +<td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_16">16</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdrtop">III.</td> +<td class="tdl">In the Edmonton Beds of the Cretaceous</td> +<td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_33">33</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdrtop">IV.</td> +<td class="tdl">We Explore Dead Lodge Canyon</td> +<td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_49">49</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdrtop">V.</td> +<td class="tdl">Hunting Horned Dinosaurs</td> +<td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_78">78</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdrtop">VI.</td> +<td class="tdl">Plated Dinosaurs</td> +<td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_90">90</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdrtop">VII.</td> +<td class="tdl">The Great Spiked Dinosaur</td> +<td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_101">101</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdrtop">VIII.</td> +<td class="tdl">A Trip to the Judith River</td> +<td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_110">110</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdrtop">IX.</td> +<td class="tdl">Another Strange Dinosaur</td> +<td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_120">120</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdrtop">X.</td> +<td class="tdl">In the Milk River Country</td> +<td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_127">127</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdrtop">XI.</td> +<td class="tdl">There Were Giants In Those Days</td> +<td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_134">134</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdrtop">XII.</td> +<td class="tdl">What the Cretaceous Seas Brought Forth</td> +<td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_156">156</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdrtop">XIII.</td> +<td class="tdl">The Wonders of the Permian</td> +<td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_180">180</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdrtop">XIV.</td> +<td class="tdl">Conclusion</td> +<td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_200">200</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdrtop">INDEX</td> +<td class="tdl"></td> +<td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_225">225</a></td> +</tr> +</table> + + + +<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop"> + +<div class="chapter"> +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_xi">[xi]</span></p> + +<h2 class="nobreak" id="ILLUSTRATIONS">ILLUSTRATIONS</h2> +</div> + +<table class="autotable"> +<tr> +<td class="tdlfig" colspan="2"><i><a href="#front">Front.</a></i></td> +<td class="tdill">Ideal Picture of Belly River Series Time by +Deckert, of the American Museum of Natural History, New York.</td> +<td class="tdr"></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdlfig">Fig.</td> +<td class="tdrtop"><a href="#fig001">1.</a></td> +<td class="tdill">“Dinosaur Mummy” found by George F. Sternberg</td> +<td class="tdr">4</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdlfig">Fig.</td> +<td class="tdrtop"><a href="#fig002">2.</a></td> +<td class="tdill">“Here the skin is preserved with its complex arrangement of minute scales”</td> +<td class="tdr">5</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdlfig">Fig.</td> +<td class="tdrtop"><a href="#fig003">3.</a></td> +<td class="tdill">In 1909 Charles M. Sternberg discovered this magnificent Triceratops</td> +<td class="tdr">8</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdlfig">Fig.</td> +<td class="tdrtop"><a href="#fig004">4.</a></td> +<td class="tdill">Portheus molossus, Cope</td> +<td class="tdr">9</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdlfig">Fig.</td> +<td class="tdrtop"><a href="#fig005">5.</a></td> +<td class="tdill">Another skeleton George found, to add to the trophies of his hunt</td> +<td class="tdr">9</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdlfig">Fig.</td> +<td class="tdrtop"><a href="#fig006">6.</a></td> +<td class="tdill">Mr. C. W. Gilmore’s wax figure of his ideal <i>Diplodocus carnegii</i></td> +<td class="tdr">20</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdlfig">Fig.</td> +<td class="tdrtop"><a href="#fig007">7.</a></td> +<td class="tdill">A huge <i>Titanotherium</i></td> +<td class="tdr">21</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdlfig">Fig.</td> +<td class="tdrtop"><a href="#fig008">8.</a></td> +<td class="tdill"><i>Trachodon annectens</i>, Marsh</td> +<td class="tdr">26</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdlfig">Fig.</td> +<td class="tdrtop"><a href="#fig009">9.</a></td> +<td class="tdill">Traveling on Red Deer River, Alberta</td> +<td class="tdr">27</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdlfig">Fig.</td> +<td class="tdrtop"><a href="#fig010">10.</a></td> +<td class="tdill">Steveville at the mouth of Berry Creek, Alberta</td> +<td class="tdr">48</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdlfig">Fig.</td> +<td class="tdrtop"><a href="#fig011">11.</a></td> +<td class="tdill">Charlie’s carnivore as he found it</td> +<td class="tdr">49</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdlfig">Fig.</td> +<td class="tdrtop"><a href="#fig012">12.</a></td> +<td class="tdill">Preparing Charlie’s Carnivore</td> +<td class="tdr">52</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdlfig">Fig.</td> +<td class="tdrtop"><a href="#fig013">13.</a></td> +<td class="tdill">Loading Carnivore with triplex tackle</td> +<td class="tdr">53</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdlfig">Fig.</td> +<td class="tdrtop"><a href="#fig014">14.</a></td> +<td class="tdill">Quarry after Carnivore was removed</td> +<td class="tdr">56</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdlfig">Fig.</td> +<td class="tdrtop"><a href="#fig015">15.</a></td> +<td class="tdill">Sternberg’s camp three miles below Steveville, Alberta</td> +<td class="tdr">57</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdlfig">Fig.</td> +<td class="tdrtop"><a href="#fig016">16.</a></td> +<td class="tdill">Skeleton of Lambe’s <i>Stephanosaurus</i></td> +<td class="tdr">66</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdlfig">Fig.</td> +<td class="tdrtop"><a href="#fig017">17.</a></td> +<td class="tdill">Sections of <i>Stephanosaurus</i> skeleton</td> +<td class="tdr">67</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdlfig">Fig.</td> +<td class="tdrtop"><a href="#fig018">18.</a></td> +<td class="tdill">“I climbed the rugged buttes and ridges”</td> +<td class="tdr">70</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdlfig">Fig.</td> +<td class="tdrtop"><a href="#fig019">19.</a></td> +<td class="tdill">Pillars cut from the solid rock</td> +<td class="tdr">71</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdlfig">Fig.</td> +<td class="tdrtop"><a href="#fig020">20.</a></td> +<td class="tdill">Outlying Butte over 300 feet high</td> +<td class="tdr">76</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdlfig">Fig.</td> +<td class="tdrtop"><a href="#fig021">21.</a></td> +<td class="tdill">Levi founded a crested dinosaur</td> +<td class="tdr">77<span class="pagenum" id="Page_xii">[xii]</span></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdlfig">Fig.</td> +<td class="tdrtop"><a href="#fig022">22.</a></td> +<td class="tdill">Excavation after taking out Charlie’s <i>Stephanosaurus</i></td> +<td class="tdr">82</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdlfig">Fig.</td> +<td class="tdrtop"><a href="#fig023">23.</a></td> +<td class="tdill">Charlie’s new <i>Trachodon</i></td> +<td class="tdr">83</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdlfig">Fig.</td> +<td class="tdrtop"><a href="#fig024">24.</a></td> +<td class="tdill">Prepared skull of <i>Gryposaurus</i>, Lambe, <i>Kritosaurus</i>, Brown</td> +<td class="tdr">88</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdlfig">Fig.</td> +<td class="tdrtop"><a href="#fig025">25.</a></td> +<td class="tdill">The strata of clay thins out to nothing</td> +<td class="tdr">89</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdlfig">Fig.</td> +<td class="tdrtop"><a href="#fig026">26.</a></td> +<td class="tdill">Discovery of George’s <i>Chasmosaurus</i>, (<i>Ceratops</i>)</td> +<td class="tdr">94</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdlfig">Fig.</td> +<td class="tdrtop"><a href="#fig027">27.</a></td> +<td class="tdill">George’s <i>Chasmosaurus</i>, lying in quarry</td> +<td class="tdr">95</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdlfig">Fig.</td> +<td class="tdrtop"><a href="#fig028">28.</a></td> +<td class="tdill">Levi wrapping <i>Chasmosaurus</i></td> +<td class="tdr">100</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdlfig">Fig.</td> +<td class="tdrtop"><a href="#fig029">29.</a></td> +<td class="tdill"><i>Chasmosaurus</i> Quarry</td> +<td class="tdr">101</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdlfig">Fig.</td> +<td class="tdrtop"><a href="#fig030">30.</a></td> +<td class="tdill">George preparing his <i>Chasmosaurus</i></td> +<td class="tdr">104</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdlfig">Fig.</td> +<td class="tdrtop"><a href="#fig031">31.</a></td> +<td class="tdill"><ins title="corrected from ‘Drawing of skull by Weber’">Skull of <i>Chasmosaurus</i> restored by Weber</ins></td> +<td class="tdr">105</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdlfig">Fig.</td> +<td class="tdrtop"><a href="#fig032">32.</a></td> +<td class="tdill">Sternberg’s camp three miles below “Happy Jack Ferry”</td> +<td class="tdr">108</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdlfig">Fig.</td> +<td class="tdrtop"><a href="#fig033">33.</a></td> +<td class="tdill"><i>Styracosaurus</i> in the bottom of gorge</td> +<td class="tdr">109</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdlfig">Fig.</td> +<td class="tdrtop"><a href="#fig034">34.</a></td> +<td class="tdill">Top view of <i>Styracosaurus</i>, prepared by C. H. Sternberg</td> +<td class="tdr">112</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdlfig">Fig.</td> +<td class="tdrtop"><a href="#fig035">35.</a></td> +<td class="tdill">Charlie’s <i>Centrosaurus</i> in the rock</td> +<td class="tdr">113</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdlfig">Fig.</td> +<td class="tdrtop"><a href="#fig036">36.</a></td> +<td class="tdill">Putting Irons on crest of <i>Centrosaurus</i></td> +<td class="tdr">120</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdlfig">Fig.</td> +<td class="tdrtop"><a href="#fig037">37.</a></td> +<td class="tdill">George at work on C. H. Sternberg’s <i>Centrosaurus</i>, (<i>Monoclonius</i>)</td> +<td class="tdr">121</td> +</tr> + + +<tr> +<td class="tdlfig">Fig.</td> +<td class="tdrtop"><a href="#fig038">38.</a></td> +<td class="tdill"><i>Centrosaurus</i>, discovered by Charles H. Sternberg</td> +<td class="tdr">130</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdlfig">Fig.</td> +<td class="tdrtop"><a href="#fig039">39.</a></td> +<td class="tdill">Limb of <i>Gorgosaurus</i>, mounted by C. M. Sternberg</td> +<td class="tdr">131</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdlfig">Fig.</td> +<td class="tdrtop"><a href="#fig040">40.</a></td> +<td class="tdill">Quarry of George’s Plated Dinosaur</td> +<td class="tdr">140</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdlfig">Fig.</td> +<td class="tdrtop"><a href="#fig041">41.</a></td> +<td class="tdill">Packing up a Loveland Ferry 1915</td> +<td class="tdr">141</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdlfig">Fig.</td> +<td class="tdrtop"><a href="#fig042">42.</a></td> +<td class="tdill">Badlands of the Red Deer River below Steveville</td> +<td class="tdr">150</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdlfig">Fig.</td> +<td class="tdrtop"><a href="#fig043">43.</a></td> +<td class="tdill">Badlands near Steveville. Photograph by Levi Sternberg</td> +<td class="tdr">151</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdlfig">Fig.</td> +<td class="tdrtop"><a href="#fig044">44.</a></td> +<td class="tdill">Badlands near Steveville. Notice cross bedding</td> +<td class="tdr">160</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdlfig">Fig.</td> +<td class="tdrtop"><a href="#fig045">45.</a></td> +<td class="tdill">Quarry with skeleton of <i>Corythosaurus</i> lost at sea 1916</td> +<td class="tdr">161<span class="pagenum" id="Page_xiii">[xiii]</span></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdlfig">Fig.</td> +<td class="tdrtop"><a href="#fig046">46.</a></td> +<td class="tdill">Charlie letting his plated dinosaur down 150 feet</td> +<td class="tdr">170</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdlfig">Fig.</td> +<td class="tdrtop"><a href="#fig047">47.</a></td> +<td class="tdill">Hauling out fossil</td> +<td class="tdr">171</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdlfig">Fig.</td> +<td class="tdrtop"><a href="#fig048">48.</a></td> +<td class="tdill">Urn-like Mass of Rock</td> +<td class="tdr">180</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdlfig">Fig.</td> +<td class="tdrtop"><a href="#fig049">49.</a></td> +<td class="tdill">Egyptian Sphynx-like rock</td> +<td class="tdr">181</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdlfig">Fig.</td> +<td class="tdrtop"><a href="#fig050">50.</a></td> +<td class="tdill">Dog Cr. Montana. Notice effects of vulcanism</td> +<td class="tdr">190</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdlfig">Fig.</td> +<td class="tdrtop"><a href="#fig051">51.</a></td> +<td class="tdill">Badlands near Cow Island, Montana</td> +<td class="tdr">191</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdlfig">Fig.</td> +<td class="tdrtop"><a href="#fig052">52.</a></td> +<td class="tdill">Badlands of the Missouri River</td> +<td class="tdr">200</td> +</tr> +</table> + + + +<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop"> + +<div class="chapter"> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_1">[1]</span></p> + +<h2 class="nobreak" id="CHAPTER_I"> +CHAPTER I<br> +<span class="sm">STORY OF A MONSTER FISH</span> +</h2> + +</div> + + + + +<p>When I wrote the preface to “The Life of a +Fossil Hunter,” I little thought of the wonderful +discoveries and remarkable changes that awaited +me during the seven years that were to follow. +Now, in a reminiscent mood, I sit down to tell +the readers of my autobiography, the story of the +last seven years spent in the fossil fields, or in the +laboratory preparing for study, the material that +I have collected.</p> + +<p>Two seasons my sons and I collected in the +Kansas Chalk, the Lance Beds of the old Converse +County that is now named Niobrara County, +Wyoming, and in the Oligocene, of the same +County. Strange to say, however, five years have +been spent in the Dominion of Canada, where, +with the assistance of my three sons, I helped<span class="pagenum" id="Page_2">[2]</span> +build up a great collection of the Dinosaurs of +the Red Deer River, Alberta, under the direction +of the Geological Survey of Canada. The present +year of 1916, with the help of my youngest son +Levi, I have been engaged in the same service for +the British Museum of Natural History. As my +readers will bear witness, in the past, I have seen +my choicest treasures for forty years leave my +hands forever, to add to the glories of museums +I shall in all probability never see. When the +opportunity came, however, so suddenly and unexpectedly—the +opportunity of a life time—to +crown my last days with a monument that only +time’s ravages or the vandal hand of man can +efface, in that growing Dominion of the North +that promises to be one of the great countries in +the boundless Western Hemisphere, it seemed to +me like a call from heaven. Though the ties of a +lifetime, nearly, that bound me to many a dear +friend at Lawrence, Kansas, must be severed. +Though I must leave the protecting folds of my +father’s flag and mine, and I must live under a +flag that has waved a thousand years—under a +Monarch, in fact—I, a republican of republicans! +Think of it! After three years residence in the +beautiful city of Ottawa, the capital of all the +broad expanse North of the international line, +after four seasons of work among buried dinosaurs +and three winters spent in the laboratory +of the Victoria Memorial Museum of Ottawa, I +am free to confess I would not have known so far<span class="pagenum" id="Page_3">[3]</span> +as personal liberty is concerned that I was all +this time in the employ of his Royal Majesty +George the Fifth of England and ruler of the +British Empire. I have learned, I believe, that +a man is as much a man amidst the snows of the +Lady of the North, under the Union Jack, as under +my own beloved Stars and Stripes. Our +hopes, our ideals, our aims are much the same.</p> + +<p>I will hurry over the first two years spent in +the fossil fields of the United States after Henry +Holt and Company published “The Life of a Fossil +Hunter.” In 1910 we went to Wyoming. On +Schneider Creek my second son, Charles M., made +the discovery of the most remarkable duck-billed +dinosaur the world has ever seen. The +<i>Trachodon</i> I described in the last Chapter of +“The Life of a Fossil Hunter” was the best one +that had been discovered up to that time. Professor +R. S. Lull of Yale University in speaking +of the specimen George F. Sternberg had found +in 1908 says in his paper, “On Ten Years Progress +in Dinosaurs,” page 210 Proceedings of the +Paleontological Society, 1912: “Impressions of +the skin of this animal (<i>Trachodon</i> or duck-billed +dinosaur), were already known from material in +Washington, and from the fragment of a tail collected +by Barnum Brown. It remained for the +veteran collector Charles H. Sternberg however, +in 1908, in Converse County, to bring to light by +the aid of his three sons the most marvelously preserved +dinosaur known to (<a href="#fig001">Fig. 1</a>) science. Here<span class="pagenum" id="Page_4">[4]</span> +the skin is preserved with its complex arrangement +of minute scales (<a href="#fig002">Fig. 2</a>) entirely bereft of +defensive armor. Together with portions of the +muscles, as well as the entire skeleton, with the +exception of the hind feet and tail. This specimen +was purchased of Mr. Sternberg by the +American Museum and is now on exhibition.”</p> + +<figure class="figcenter illowp80" id="fig001" style="max-width: 188.375em;"> + <img class="w100" src="images/fig001.jpg" alt=""> + <figcaption class="caption"><span class="smcap">Fig. 1.</span>—<span class="smcap">Dinosaur “Mummy.”</span> Found by George F. Sternberg. Page <a href="#Page_3">3.</a></figcaption> +</figure> + + +<figure class="figcenter illowp80" id="fig002" style="max-width: 189.1875em;"> + <img class="w100" src="images/fig002.jpg" alt=""> + <figcaption class="caption"><span class="smcap">Fig. 2.</span>—Here the skin is preserved with its complex arrangement of minute scales. Page <a href="#Page_3">3</a>, <a href="#Page_25">25</a>.</figcaption> +</figure> + + + +<p>In 1909 Charles M. Sternberg discovered the +magnificent skull of a <i>Triceratops</i>, also sold to +the American Museum, and mounted there. This +is the best skull of this species known, with the +notable exception of the Utterback specimen at +Carnegie Museum, Pittsburgh. Charlie’s specimen +was found on Seven Mile creek, two and a +half miles northeast of the McKeon Sheep Ranch. +The skull was over five feet long. The horns 33½ +inches in length. The crest itself on weathering +out was badly shattered, the fragments having +fallen from a perpendicular cliff into a sandy +ravine and becoming buried in the sand. Though +we spent much time in sifting the sand through +our fingers, Dr. Osborn sent us back the next +year, when George and Levi Sternberg sifted +tons of sand and secured enough additional fragments +to enable the preparators at the American +Museum to mount the skull in fine condition as +is shown in photograph reproduced here. (<a href="#fig003">Fig. 3.</a>)</p> + +<figure class="figcenter illowp80" id="fig003" style="max-width: 178.5625em;"> + <img class="w100" src="images/fig003.jpg" alt=""> + <figcaption class="caption"><span class="smcap">Fig. 3.</span>—1909 Charles M. Sternberg discovered the magnificent skull of <i>Triceratops</i> photographed by +Anderson. Page <a href="#Page_4">4</a>.</figcaption> +</figure> + + +<p>In 1910 Charlie was again remarkably successful. +He found near the head of South Schneider +Creek, a finer specimen even than the famous one +mentioned by Professor Lull. How he found the<span class="pagenum" id="Page_5">[5]</span> +specimen is well worth the telling. He discovered +a large part of the tail sticking out of a rounded +mass of sandstone; another section was in the +ditch below. I was at the time camped on the +other side of the Cheyenne River, and it took me +nearly all day to return with Charlie who came +after me in our one horse buggy. It was a bitter +cold evening when we reached the locality, and in +order to sleep, we built a big fire of dead cottonwood +limbs, and when we were ready to leave the +fire for bed, we raked off the coals and rolled out +our bed on the warm earth beneath. We were +under a sheltering bank that protected us from +the wind. The next day the wind again blew a +gale, and we stood on the bluff and swung our +picks all day in our effort to get down to the floor +on which the skeleton lay stretched out at full +length. Our eyes were soon filled with the sand +we loosened with our picks; but our enthusiasm +knew no bounds, and that evening, I believe, the +other boys, George and Levi arrived with the outfit, +pitched a tent and cooked us a good meal under +cover. It was a big undertaking however, to +get that dinosaur out of the quarry and haul it to +the railway at Edgemont, South Dakota, 75 +miles away. It took us two months and a half of +tireless effort. The skeleton had evidently sunk +after death in quick sand, since the front limbs +were lifted up along the sides of the body and reversed, +showing the perfectly preserved webs that +covered them. The head, and the neck were<span class="pagenum" id="Page_6">[6]</span> +stretched to their full length, while the hind feet +pointed downward. The animal lay on the ventral +surface with the abdominal wall spread out. +The skull was four feet long. Trunk and head +12 feet and 2 inches and the tail 5 feet and 6 +inches. The entire body was covered with skin, +not clinging to the bones as in the American +Museum specimen George found in 1908, but covered +as if with round muscles, the sand having +taken the place occupied by the original flesh. +Owing to the great size of the specimen, and as I +was determined to save every particle of the skin, +the sections we took up were very heavy, especially +those composing the trunk, one of which +weighed about 3,500 pounds. It took considerable +skill and the combined strength of the four of us +to handle these huge masses of rock and bone, especially +as we had no tackle. We learned, however, +that with a couple of cottonwood poles for levers +and blocks of the same for fulcrums, we could +hoist a section up, and then while the boys held +it a few inches above ground I would shovel sand +under it and tamp it with my shovel handle. Of +course when they loosened their hold to take a +new bite, it sank deeply into the sand again, but +still we found we had gained an inch or two. +Working thus all day we not only raised a section +weighing 3,500 pounds four feet in the air, +but moved it several feet to one side so we could +run the wagon under it and load. I then came to +the conclusion that if four men with nothing but<span class="pagenum" id="Page_7">[7]</span> +poles, blocks, and sand, could move and handle +such a heavy mass that the ancient Egyptians, +with millions of laborers and endless tons of +sand, could with nothing more than such simple +tools have erected the pyramids.</p> + +<p>The specimen when boxed weighed nearly 10,000 +pounds. I sent it to Dr. Dreverman of the +Senckenberg Museum at Frankfort on the Main. +I shall never forget the effort I made to induce +him to give up the specimen, or take another in +its stead. A day or two after I received his acceptance +of my offer, I received an offer from Dr. +Brock of the Victoria Memorial Museum. He +wished me to mount the specimen in Ottawa, and +offered me double the price I was to receive from +Senckenberg for the unmounted specimen. But +it crossed the Atlantic. The last message I had +of it, before this awful war cut off all communications, +was that the head had been prepared and +it was the best of which there was any record.</p> + +<p>These two specimens which my party of three +sons and my self have added to science, prove +conclusively that the duck-billed saurians were +great swimmers. My readers will remember that +I was coming to this view slowly. In describing +the splendid specimen George had found in 1908, +on page 276 of “The Life of a Fossil Hunter,” I +said “I have no doubt that the animal with lungs +expanded to their full capacity often swam across +streams of water.” I was reluctantly giving up +Marsh’s and Cope’s ideas; they believed these<span class="pagenum" id="Page_8">[8]</span> +dinosaurs lived on land, feeding off the tender +foliage of trees; and I remarked, “The animal +could use the front limbs as clumsy hands to hold +down branches of trees from which to crop the +tender foliage, or banners of moss.” When I +wrote those lines I had but a single specimen to +draw my conclusions from, and even this not yet +prepared, and I had little knowledge of its habitat.</p> + +<p>Now after eight years in the cemeteries of the +duck-billed dinosaurs, with the discovery by my +party of several new genera, as well as a careful +study of their environment: as recorded in the +rocks in which they lie buried, and eight months +each year in the laboratory cleaning, mending, +preparing and mounting them—my vision has +broadened; I have indeed been forced by incontestible +evidence to give up my old ideas in regard +to their habits and surroundings. In fact Paleontology, +like all human science—or rather scientific +theories, for the actual facts of science never +change—progresses. Evidence to prove certain +views seemed conclusive to the old paleontologist; +but better collections, trained students and +further knowledge prove these views inadequate +today. Entirely different views are held now, as +in the case of the duck-bills, for instance. These +lived in the water instead of on land, and consequently +they had thin skin and strong paddles, +or rather webbed feet.</p> + + + +<figure class="figcenter illowp80" id="fig004" style="max-width: 147.25em;"> + <img class="w100" src="images/fig004.jpg" alt=""> + <figcaption class="caption"><span class="smcap">Fig. 4.</span>—I discovered five skeletons of the tarpon-like fish, <i>Portheus molossus</i>, <i>Cope</i>. +Page <a href="#Page_4">4</a>.</figcaption> +</figure> + + +<figure class="figcenter illowp80" id="fig005" style="max-width: 124.4375em;"> + <img class="w100" src="images/fig005.jpg" alt=""> + <figcaption class="caption"><span class="smcap">Fig. 5.</span>—Another skeleton George found to add to the trophies after big game. +Page <a href="#Page_13">13</a>.</figcaption> +</figure> + + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_9">[9]</span></p> + +<p>I also discovered a wonderful deposit of figs a +few rods from the <i>Trachodon</i> quarry. They fell +in sand among teeth and bones of reptiles and +fishes, as well as the impressions of rushes and +other aquatic plants, and shell fishes. The sand +packed solidly around them, and when they decayed +their form was firmly molded in the sand. +The cavity thus formed was filled with sand, and +an exact cast of the figs was produced. Until +then, less than a dozen fossil figs were known to +me. I also discovered five beautiful palmetto palm +leaves 18 inches in width, showing that the country +at the time they grew was like the everglades +of Florida, ridges between great marshes, through +the center of which ran sluggish streams almost +at a level with the near by ocean. The water was +beyond tidewater, however, it was sweet.</p> + +<p>In 1910 I found three <i>Triceratops</i> skulls and +George one. Two of them went to the Senckenberg +Museum to make a couple of mounted skulls +for exhibition. We also secured much <i>Trachodon</i> +material in addition to that already mentioned, +a large part of a skeleton going to the British +Museum of Natural History. George also found +the most perfect specimen of a <i>Trachodon</i> tail I +had seen up to that time. I sent it to Dr. Marcelin +Boule for the Paris Museum of Natural History.</p> + +<p>During the winter of 1911 we were preparing +a huge skull, some seven feet long, of <i>Triceratops</i> +for the Victoria Memorial Museum. Later, in<span class="pagenum" id="Page_10">[10]</span> +the spring I was away, and Charlie was at work +on it. One evening he had left the shop to go +home when a Kansas cyclone struck the building +and shoved one of the brick walls in as easily as +if the building had been a house of cards. The +weight of the brick falling on the skull not only +crushed it so badly that it could not be restored +and had to be thrown away, but it drove the +heavy tailor’s table it was on through the floor. +Mr. Constant the owner of the building saw the +storm coming and ran upstairs to shut the west +window. But before he could reach it the wall +fell in and he had to run for his life up the falling +floor, and fortunately reached the steps and +got out of the building safely. Though the loss +of so valuable a specimen that had cost me much +time and labor was bitter indeed, the thought +that my son had so narrowly escaped with his +life made me more reconciled to the loss. I have, +as already related, both seen, and been in cyclones, +but this was the first one that ever destroyed +such a valuable fossil for me. In the +same building, but farther towards the east, we +had a great fish (<i>Portheus</i>), skeleton 14 feet +long. But when the floor from above fell in, the +rafters covered it in such a way that it was not +injured, and though covered with lath and plaster, +it came out without a scratch, and is now +mounted in the Victoria Memorial Museum. Our +camp was visited by George’s wife and babies in +1910. We were camped on the Cheyenne River,<span class="pagenum" id="Page_11">[11]</span> +and it was a great comfort and pleasure to have +a woman in camp, and we soon noticed a change +in the culinary department. It seemed like +home to have a daughter and grandchildren in +this desert land, and when we came in from a +hard day’s work in the fossil beds they helped +make us forget our labor and our care. These +records of work in the Laramie, or rather as +they are now called, the Lance beds (from Lance +Creek in the immediate vicinity), show plainly +that persistent, untiring efforts in a field (that +was supposed to be exhausted by other explorers), +by trained collectors, will meet with good +results. Thirteen <i>Triceratops</i> skulls, I believe, +were recorded by Hatcher, who with others spent +years here. We not only secured six <i>Triceratops</i> +skulls, but, what was worth far more, the nearly +entire skeletons of two trachodonts wrapped in +their skins, giving science an entirely new conception +of these dinosaurs.</p> + +<p>In 1911, I sent George to western Kansas with +a party to collect in the Chalk and with wonderful +results; for though I had secured four skeletons +of the famous Tarpon-like fish of the Cretaceous, +named <i>Portheus molossus</i> by Cope, he +succeeded in finding the most complete skeleton +known to science, now mounted in the British +Museum of Natural History, in London. Mr. +Pycraft, has pictured it in the London Illustrated +News for March 1, 1913. “The giant to +which I refer now” (he says), “has been dead a<span class="pagenum" id="Page_12">[12]</span> +very long while, a million years or so [over +5,000,000 C. H. S.]. It remains in a most extraordinary +state of preservation—will be found in +the Geological Gallery. Measuring just fourteen +feet in length, it must have weighed between +four and five hundred pounds [a thousand likely +C. H. S.]. It was obtained from the chalk of +Kansas, and has quite a remarkable history. It +was found by Professor Sternberg who has +achieved a world-wide fame for his discovery of +fossil fish and his quite amazing skill in digging +his finds from the rock in which they are +embedded. The specimen was found [by George +F. Sternberg], exposed at the surface of the +ground, and was much the worse for wear-and-tear +of wind and rain and sun. But Professor +Sternberg was equal to the occasion. For just +as there are two sides to every question, so there +are two sides to every fossil. The resourceful discoverer +determined to get at the other side of +this very stale fish; for the exposed side was useless. +Accordingly he covered it with a thick layer +of plaster-of-Paris and when this was set he +proceeded to dig out the fossil from the bed of +chalk. This accomplished, he cut away the rock +from the specimen, and eventually succeeded in +exposing the whole fish.” [The underside at +least C. H. S.] (<a href="#fig004">Fig. 4.</a>)</p> + +<p>I have quoted Mr. Pycraft at length as he has +given the facts about as they occurred except only +in giving me, instead of my son credit for the discovery.<span class="pagenum" id="Page_13">[13]</span> +Why did this monster fish whose remains +are not only abundant in the thousand feet of +Kansas Chalk, but fragments of whose skeletons +have been found in many parts of the world become +extinct? From my long experience in the +fossil beds I most surely believe that he had his +day and disappeared, as has the Moa, and Great +Auk, and many other species. I have collected +redwood leaves and cones from the Dakota Group, +Cretaceous, in Kansas, and in the Upper Cretaceous +of Alberta, and Wyoming. Now however +they range over a small territory along the Coast +Range of California, and their days are numbered.</p> + +<p>Animals come on the stage of life, exist for a +greater or lesser period as it may happen, and +then disappear; and the old saw “that every dog +has his day” is literally true of the past as of the +present. Another fine skeleton George found, to +add to the trophies of his hunt after big game, +was a beautiful little <i>Tylosaur</i>, or ram-nosed +mosasaur. It was twelve feet long only, but was +very complete indeed. This also went to Senckenberg +Museum. (<a href="#fig005">Fig. 5.</a>)</p> + +<p>In 1911, a young man I had employed, Mr. Jasperson +of Lawrence, Kansas, found a fine skull +of a <i>Triceratops</i>. Charlie prepared it in the +same region since he had taken a homestead for a +ranch, married, built himself a house, and spent +the winter there, not only preparing the skull for +the Paris Museum, but in cleaning the bones of<span class="pagenum" id="Page_14">[14]</span> +a great <i>Titanotherium</i>, I had discovered near +Seaman’s Old Ranch in the Seaman Hills. The +fall of the same year, my sons, Charlie and Levi, +and I with our assistant Mr. Jasperson, explored +a new region in the Oligocene, on Plum Creek, +25 miles North East of Lusk, Wyoming, Niobrara +County, a few miles south of the Lance +Creek beds. We found an old river bed with its +flood plain exposed on either side. It was wonderful +indeed to gaze on the dry bed, that had +been cemented together into solid conglomerate, +of gravel sand, water-worn fossil wood and bones, +while the old flood plains were as real, (though +solidified now), as if they were flooded, but yesterday. +This flood plain had been scarred, however, +by ravine and canyon, ridge and bluff, that +had bisected and thus exposed more of the contents +than in the days high water covered it. +Scattered everywhere was the richest harvest of +fossil mammals I had ever seen, before or since. +On the 11th of September, I secured the now +famous skeleton of a huge <i>Titanotherium</i>, already +mentioned. George and I mounted it the +next winter in the Victoria Memorial Museum +of the Geological Survey of Canada. The first +great mammal to be mounted there. It stands +6 feet high at the hips, is 11 feet long to drop +of the tail, 4 feet wide at the hips. Over the +flood plain of the ancient river bed, that cut +diagonally across the country, and in the Seaman +Hills, we secured great numbers of Oreodons,<span class="pagenum" id="Page_15">[15]</span> +a hog-like creature that once lived in great +herds. I found myself fifty skulls, and the boys +a hundred more.</p> + +<p>A large number of these specimens were purchased +by the Survey and are preserved in the +Museum at Ottawa. The Miocene (Oligocene) +beds are extensively exposed. Sculptured by +wind and sand, rain and frost, into great square +towered buttes, or oblong ones topped with a +thick rock that weathers into perpendicular escarpments +20 feet or more in height, making +very pleasing scenery. Below the hard stratum, +are several hundred feet of greyish marl, some +beds with more clay than others, which weathered +into small chunks of clay, that covered the +rocks, or others again disintegrated into dust. +Other strata contained considerable fine sand, +greenish in color. The lowest rocks of all, a +purplish marl, rested unconformably upon the +chalk of the Niobrara Cretaceous, filled with the +typical <i>Ostrea congesta</i>, an oyster shell no bigger +than a cent piece. Some of the canyons cut +deeply into the chalk, put me in mind of those +in the Kansas chalk with which I was so familiar.</p> +<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop"> + +<div class="chapter"> +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_16">[16]</span></p> + +<h2 class="nobreak" id="CHAPTER_II">CHAPTER II<br> +<span class="sm">“THE TEEMING EAST”</span> +</h2> + +</div> + + +<p>Leaving Charlie and his wife on their ranch, +Levi and I returned to Lawrence, George and I +prepared the material for sale. As I had sold a +20 foot <i>Platecarpus</i>, George had found during the +summer, a 14 foot fish, and the <i>Titanotherium</i> +skeleton to the Victoria Memorial Museum at +Ottawa with the agreement that I was to mount +them, I took my son George with me on a trip +to the “Teeming East,” we left Lawrence on the +17th of March, 1912, by the Pennsylvania Route. +After leaving St. Louis we passed through the +level reaches of southern Illinois, crossed the +Mississippi. The farms along the lowlands were +covered with water. Farm houses with ornamental +trees around them were pleasing to look +upon. In places the land swelled into gentle +curves with groves topping the rounded elevations. +The less pretentious houses occupied by +renters were sprinkled in among the nobler +buildings. Snow was still lying on the open +stretches. Great wood piles attested to the fact +that they had not destroyed all the timber. +Woods of black oak were still common. Straw +stacks and corn shocks were not very common,<span class="pagenum" id="Page_17">[17]</span> +showing the silos had gathered in all the green +stuff, and the long winter had consumed the +straw. Everything available for food had been +fed to the cattle.</p> + +<p>As we go farther east we get among hills +with narrow valleys, we cross a river from the +north, likely the <ins title="originally ‘Waskaskaia’">Kaskaskia</ins>, with canal beside +it, but both are beneath a flood of water making +one great stream. Everywhere are old stump +fields: showing the destruction of timber—that +once covered all the land—is still in progress. +In a decade all will disappear as there is no +young timber to replace it. So man destroys his +best friends. Not a single rock did I see across +Illinois. East of Casey we passed the great oil +fields of Indiana; in the field everywhere were +the silent pumps at work, attached by wire to an +engine, that drives a number at once. The oil is +pumped into pipes that in turn carry it to the +great tanks many miles away. They covered acres +of ground, each tank holding many car loads of +oil. At 10 a.m. we reached Terre Haute, where +I noticed a huge Court House crowned with a +high dome. The country roughens as we go eastward. +There are many fine homes with elevated +water tanks too, showing that the farm houses +are provided with the modern improvements. +What more can one ask, with daily mail and +telephones in every home? So we swing merrily +along through the great coal fields of Indiana. +Everywhere we see the shaft and elevator<span class="pagenum" id="Page_18">[18]</span> +with cars loading on the tracks, there are no +storage buildings; if the miners stop work a week +or more the consumer must suffer. Here too I +noticed the ruthless hand of man among the +trees. They are cut down to lie and rot on the +ground. We pass through sand hills, and belts +of timber, there are more rail fences than in Illinois, +where the last ones are being cut for posts +for wire fences. They always follow the destruction +of timber. At 2:30 p.m. we are in Indianapolis. +As we enter Ohio beyond Richmond, we +observe the improved condition of farm houses +and barns, and we see some fine residences of +brick and wood. Even the posts along the roads +are painted. They have quantities of drainage +tiles scattered around preparing to drain off the +water, as the ground is soaked from the melting +snow. So we speed along, and when we wake in +the morning we find ourselves in Pennsylvania +among the Allegheny Mountains traveling down +Monongahela river, towards Pittsburgh. Towering +mountains on either side the rapid streams +covered with second growth timber with but few +houses. The rocks that have been metamorphised +by heat, are tipped up at all angles, often on edge, +or leaning against the mountains as if for support. +At last we reach the Smoky City, at the +head of the Ohio River a wonderfully rich city. +But her millionaires never made their money out +of the ground from which they were taken, but +from the bowels of the earth. They have delved<span class="pagenum" id="Page_19">[19]</span> +like <ins title="corrected from ‘Vulvan’">Vulcan</ins> among the Black Diamonds, Iron-Ore, +Gas and Oil.</p> + +<p>Here the great Steel King Carnegie has dug +out his countless millions. Every where the red +furnaces belch forth smoke tinted with the glow +of the molten mass below. Sometimes gorgeous +colors flare out upon the night, or columns of +smoke black as midnight ascend and belly outward. +Many smoke stacks throw out their fumes +until every thing in the narrow valley, the most +expensive marble buildings, as well as the humblest +huts, are covered with an enamel of a uniform +dirty color.</p> + +<p>On the 19th of March I stood on the bridge between +Carnegie’s Institute and his Technique +School, a noble bridge of cement. The Institute, +or Museum is beyond my feeble pen to describe. +The entrance to the Hall of Music on the West, is +one of the noblest of human monuments; the floor +is of colored inlaid marble from the famous +quarries of earth, with great pillars of marble supporting +balconies, twenty or more columns costing +$8,000 each. The balconies and walls are inlaid +with gold. The magnificent building cost +6,000,000 dollars. Every moment I could +spare was in the Paleontological Museum, among +the skeletons of animals which have disappeared +from the earth of today to return no more, except +as life is breathed into the dry old bones by hunters +and students, who have given their life to their +collection and study.</p> + +<figure class="figcenter illowp80" id="fig006" style="max-width: 190.5em;"> + <img class="w100" src="images/fig006.jpg" alt=""> + <figcaption class="caption"><span class="smcap">Fig. 6.</span>—Mr. C. W. Gilmore’s wax figure of his ideal <i>Diplodocus carnegii</i>, Hatcher. Page <a href="#Page_20">20</a>.</figcaption> +</figure> + + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_20">[20]</span></p> + +<p>One of the most famous and world renowned +here, is Hatcher’s <i>Diplodocus carnegii</i>. It is seventy-two +feet long and stands twelve feet high at +the hips. Casts of this noble specimen have been +sent to many of the State Museums of Europe. +Mr. Hatcher told me that he received a cable from +Mr. Carnegie once in England asking him what it +would cost to make a plaster restoration of this +specimen. He wired back “ten thousand dollars” +and immediately received orders to go ahead and +make the restoration. This was presented to the +British Museum. But Mr. Carnegie’s liberality +has known no bounds, and many of the great +museums of Europe, have received reproductions. +At this writing, however, I am glad to say that +the famous collector and student, Mr. Douglas, +has discovered a still larger specimen, as I remember, +eighty-two feet in length and sixteen +feet high at the hips. The last time I was in The +Carnegie Museum it was rapidly being completed +for exhibition. Hatcher’s specimen was found in +Albany County, Wyoming. One of the remarkable +things about it is the long neck and tail that +lengthens out in a whip-like lash. The head itself +is very small with teeth above and below for nipping +off the tender tree moss, or other succulent +herbage, on which it evidently fed. But it seems +incredible, that such a small head could feed so +huge a creature. I have always been opposed to +the restoration that has been made of a number in +a swamp. When we all know that a lizard of<span class="pagenum" id="Page_21">[21]</span> +such gigantic proportions, would certainly sink +out of sight, as some of them in the illustrations +are in the act of doing (See page 79, “The Life +of a Fossil Hunter”.) I believe the idea of Prof. +Marsh that the huge body needed the support of +water to buoy it up, is untenable. If they ever +went into a body of water to bathe, there would +have been a gravely bottom, with no aquatic +plants growing in it. <i>Brontosaurus</i> is another +genus of the same family, the Thunder Lizard, +of Professor Marsh, who imagined that his tread +on earth shook it, and produced a sound like the +roll of distant thunder. It has been the dream +of my life to take up some of these gigantic +Jurassic Reptiles but as yet I have not had the +opportunity. Every thing in Carnegie Museum +of Fossil Vertebrates is dwarfed by the great +<i>Dinosaur</i> named after the Iron King. (<a href="#fig006">Fig. 6.</a>)</p> + + + +<figure class="figcenter illowp80" id="fig007" style="max-width: 121.4375em;"> + <img class="w100" src="images/fig007.jpg" alt=""> + <figcaption class="caption"><span class="smcap">Fig. 7.</span>--On the 11th of September I secured the famous +skeleton of a <i>Titanotherium</i>. Page <a href="#Page_14">14</a>.</figcaption> +</figure> + + +<p>Another remarkable skeleton is <i>Morophus</i>, a +toed ungulate about twelve feet long, and eight +feet high. It has a powerful neck, a head resembling +a horse, while the coffin bones are cleft +down the center. There is a beautiful three toed +horse skeleton two feet high, and many other +splendidly mounted skeletons of the extinct animals +of the west. I was delighted to see my +specimen of the great turtle, Cope’s <i>Protostega +gigas</i>, The First Great Roof, mounted here, as +well as the <i>Clidastes</i> and a great fish I sold to +Mr. Hatcher just before his death.</p> + +<p>But time would fail me to tell of the many<span class="pagenum" id="Page_22">[22]</span> +delights of Pittsburgh. I was especially interested +in the Fern Tree Group from Australia. +Gigantic tree ferns they were, and it seemed to +me I had gone back millions of years, to the Tree +Fern Forests of the Carboniferous.</p> + +<p>On the 25th of March we went to Washington +and were the guests of my brother, General +George M. Sternberg at 2005 Massachusetts +Avenue. I had not seen him for years.</p> + +<p>I met for the first time Mr. C. W. Gilmour, +Curator of Fossil Reptiles, and Mr. Gidley, +Curator of Fossil Mammals. In the National +Museum I went over with them the grand +mounts in the Museum. Among them the first +example of a mounted skeleton of <i>Triceratops</i>. +They have a wealth of <i>Triceratops</i> skulls and +other material, collected largely by the late Mr. +J. B. Hatcher. Here also are groups of smaller +dinosaurs, and of mounted skeletons of the +Duck-billed form, and many mammals. We passed +a most enjoyable time here also.</p> + +<p>They were mounting a fine skeleton of a great +Stegosaur, or Plated Saurian, one of the most +unique of the dinosaurs. The huge dermal plates +of bone that line the back bone alternately, in +double rows, are often two and a half by three +feet in size, while the enormous spines that stick +out from the top surface of the tail, are, some of +them, over two feet in length. Since that enjoyable +March, they have mounted this noble +dinosaur as he lay entombed in his rocky cemetery,<span class="pagenum" id="Page_23">[23]</span> +enough of it removed to show the bones in +bold relief.</p> + +<p>On Saturday we went to the National funeral +of the sailors and marines, who lost their lives +when the Maine was blown up by out side explosives, +in 1898. This was the most remarkable +spectacle I have ever seen. I stood at the Army +Building and looking up Pennsylvania Avenue +to the Capital. It was filled with marching men +and the sidewalks were crowded with people. +First came a platoon of mounted police clearing +the crowded streets for the procession, consisting +of troops of Cavalry, Artillery, Infantry, of +Sailors, and Marines, and the Grand Army of +the Republic. They escorted thirty-two caissons +on which rested double coffins of the martyrs of +the Maine, completely hidden beneath a wealth +of flowers. Several bands played funeral +marches. The great column was reviewed by the +President. A cold rain set in that lasted all day, +but the soldiers made the solemn march to Arlington +through it all, in full dress. The brilliant +uniforms of the officers were unprotected from +the violent down-pour. As the procession was +hours in reaching the Cemetery, we went ahead +to Arlington House, which stands surrounded +with grand old trees on an elevation overlooking +Washington, across the Potomac. It was too +wet to look at the cemetery, where thousands of +the soldiers of the Union perished, that our +country should continue one and inseparable,<span class="pagenum" id="Page_24">[24]</span> +with the foul blot of slavery washed out in the +blood of our patriots. In one tomb are the bones +of 2,000 unknown dead gathered from the battle +fields, who live in story and died that we might +live and enjoy the blessings of American Citizenship, +the most prosperous nation on God’s green +earth. Printed on a white board is the poet’s +tribute to the soldier dead:</p> + +<div class="blockquot"> +<p> +“On <ins title="corrected from ‘Times’">Fame’s</ins> eternal camping ground<br> +Their silent tents are spread,<br> +And glory guards with solemn round<br> +The bivouac of the dead.<br> +The muffled drums sad roll has beat<br> +The Soldier’s last tattoo,<br> +No more on life’s parade shall meet<br> +The brave the fallen few.”<br> +</p> +</div> + +<p>They laid the Martyrs to rest, with the countless +soldiers and sailors of the great Republic +dead. “Peace to their ashes.” Monday we left for +New York.</p> + +<p>It would be useless for me to attempt to describe +the wonders of the American Museum at +77th street and Central Park West, in New York +City. There is no museum on our continent to +compare with it as far as I know, and I have visited +nearly all. I have rarely been able to spare +the time to visit any part of it, except that of +Vertebrate Paleontology, neither have I time +now, to describe their most noted specimens, and +since Barnum Brown has added six car loads of +the wealth of Dinosaur material, from the Edmonton<span class="pagenum" id="Page_25">[25]</span> +and Belly River series of the Red Deer +River, Alberta, no man can measure the wonders +of her “Animals of the Past.” How grand for +science, to have such a man as Professor Osborn +its President, a man who has given his life +and wealth to augment its riches from “The +Story of the Past,” and those other men like Morris +Jessup, who have given their millions into +the treasury. I was proud indeed when I entered +her walls to know that the nucleus of those vast +collections was the “Cope Collection,” and to remember +that I had been a contributor to that +collection for seven years of the best, if not the +most fruitful years of my life. I saw here the +strange ladder-spined lizard I collected in the +Permian of Texas, part of my John Day River +Collection of Oregon, etc. But what pleased me +most were the more perfect specimens of a horned +and duck-billed dinosaur from Wyoming, and the +great fish <i>Portheus</i>. Here lies the prepared specimen +of George’s <i>Trachodon annectens</i>, wrapped in +its skin as in a mantle. Here, too, in the Invertebrate +Department, is the great Inoceramus shell +3′ 4″ × 3′ 7″ in size. The second shell of these +huge dimensions I sent to Tübingen University. +Although they strew the rocks of the Kansas +chalk in great numbers, they are always broken +into small pieces, and these are scattered by the +winds of heaven. It seems impossible to preserve +them. But George and I learned the +secret, and after finding a shell with lips or hinge<span class="pagenum" id="Page_26">[26]</span> +exposed, we carefully removed the loose chalk +above it, then put a frame of two by four lumber +around it, in which we poured plaster. On hardening +this stuck securely to the shattered shell, +holding the fragments in place. Then we dug beneath +and turned over the panel, and in the shop +removed the chalk, leaving one side of the shell +exposed in the solid plaster.</p> + +<figure class="figcenter illowp80" id="fig008" style="max-width: 191.5em;"> + <img class="w100" src="images/fig008.jpg" alt=""> + <figcaption class="caption"><span class="smcap">Fig. 8.</span>—<i>Trachodon annectens</i>, Marsh. Page <a href="#Page_45">45</a>.</figcaption> +</figure> + + +<figure class="figcenter illowp80" id="fig009" style="max-width: 187.9375em;"> + <img class="w100" src="images/fig009.jpg" alt=""> + <figcaption class="caption"><span class="smcap">Fig. 9</span>—Traveling on Red Deed River, Alberta. Page <a href="#Page_49">49</a>.</figcaption> +</figure> + + +<p>From New York I went to Yale, and met Professors +Lull, Schuchert and Weiland, and the +preparator, Mr. Hugh Gibbs. What a splendid +time we had in what the oldest American Paleontologist, +Prof. S. W. Williston used to call “a +Paradise of Dry Bones.” We saw the treasures +Prof. Marsh had gathered through so many +years, some of them the most famous among fossil +vertebrates. Time or space would not allow +me to go deeply into the study and description of +these wonders of creation. Dr. Weiland told me +that if five of the most perfect fossil turtles were +chosen from all the museums of the world, his +great extinct monster turtle, <i>Archelon ischyros</i>, +from South Dakota, would rank first, and the +one I sent him from the Kansas chalk would be +second in the list. You may call it egotism, to +recall these delights, but it is the very spice of +life to know that years spent in the barren and +desolate fossil fields of North America, have not +been barren of results. Please remember, if I +am still collecting in the year of grace 1917, it +will mean that I have been a collector, or if you<span class="pagenum" id="Page_27">[27]</span> +please a Fossil Hunter for fifty years. So I +should be excused, if I bring before you the choice +of the big game I have gleaned through half a +century. We visited these great museums not +only for pleasure, but to learn something about +the processes of making “Open Mounts,” for I +must confess, neither George or I had ever done +this kind of work, although I had bound myself +with George’s aid, to mount the <i>Titanotherium</i> +skeleton in this way, that is, mount it free from +the rock in which it was entombed. Fortunately, +the preparators told us of many mistakes in their +own mounts, and warned us not to fall into the +same pits. Unfortunately, however, they were +not mounting a titanothere at the American +Museum and the one we studied was among +their first mounts, and they have been improving +on it ever since. With the maxim of the late +Professor Cope ringing ever in my ears “What +man has done he can do again, and he can do a +little more.” With the little knowledge we had +gained we crossed the International Line, and +found ourselves in Ottawa, Canada. We found +that the great room that was to be the exhibition +room of vertebrate fossils, was filled with boxes +and barrels, and there was not a tool in sight. +As I was obliged to mount the <i>Titanotherium</i> at +my own expense, I could not afford an elaborate +machine shop. I remembered how Charlie in a +little log cabin on Old Woman Creek, Wyoming, +was preparing a great skull of a horned dinosaur.<span class="pagenum" id="Page_28">[28]</span> +A <i>Triceratops</i>, for the Paris Museum, with little +more than a knife or two, a few chisels and +brushes and sacks of plaster, in a room that had +only about two feet of extra space around the +skull. Also with similar tools, he had taken the +skeleton of the <i>Titanotherium</i>, out of the hardest +kind of rock. We certainly, with a few simple +tools should be able to mount it. We did it too. +We were indeed handicapped. For an anvil we +secured a disk of solid steel, a strong vise, the +necessary half oval, and round steel, and iron +tubing for supports, etc. We made a great sand-table +first, and laid out on it the skull and column +to get the pose, often getting above it and +moving a bone here and there until we were satisfied. +We then cut a board so as to fit the contour +of the under part of the column, as we had arranged +it on the sand-table. This board was fastened +to bases by two half round pieces of steel +that were fastened to either side of the board in +pairs, one in front, and one behind. These coming +together beneath made a round rod of iron +that passed into iron tubes a little larger, and +held them where we wished, with thumb screws. +These supports in turn were fastened to broad +bases, so they would not fall over. We took a +cast of the under side of the centra of the vertebrae, +and covering the board that served as our +model with moulding wax, we stuck the vertebrae +in on the central line, giving the exact pose the +column had on the sand-table. An iron rod was<span class="pagenum" id="Page_29">[29]</span> +bent so as to pass down the neural canal. The +skull too, was fastened to this iron support, +which in turn was fastened to the strong supports +that were to secure the skeleton to the base. +Although this is the most complete skeleton of a +<i>Titanotherium</i> with which I am familiar, there +were several missing bones. We secured a box +full of duplicate material from the American +Museum, and we succeeded in finding nearly +enough to complete some of the feet. We found +however, that we had only one femur and one +radius and ulna. So we were obliged to attempt +another trade with which we were not familiar, +that of modeling the missing bones in clay. And +then making a cast of them to replace the missing +ones. When I attempted to make a femur in +wax using as my model the bone we already had, +I found difficulties I had not bargained for. It +would have been comparatively easy to have +made a copy of the one we had, but it would have +been useless. In other words I must make one +exactly the reverse of the model, i.e., if there was +a great trochanter on my model, I must put it on +the reverse side on my wax copy, or as I told +George, I must think exactly opposite to what +the model was, like thinking backward. In other +words the mental picture I must follow, would +be the reverse of the femur I was looking at. It +seems we both overcame these difficulties. We +made one mistake however, I have been sorry for, +and hope to rectify, and that was we followed<span class="pagenum" id="Page_30">[30]</span> +the old mount in the American Museum, covering +the iron half ovals that were fastened to the +limb bones with plaster to give the skeleton a +standing pose. I am sure it would look better if +the iron was exposed. Some time we will rectify +that error. I can never give you a pen picture +of the difficulties we met with; they were legion. +We overcame them however. Among the most +important, perhaps, was the fact that we had to +work in cold iron, as we could not use a forge on +the fine floor of the Exhibition Room. If we bent +the rod a little too much it would break. Then +it was very hard to give the exact shape it must +have, or the skeleton would be distorted. Any +thing the least out of line, you know, is quickly +detected by the human eye, and any thing out of +plum would be an eye sore to the visitor instead +of an eye opener, or educator as we hoped. At +last we got to the ribs, and we thought our worst +troubles were over. But we found they had just +begun. They were badly broken, and no cement +we were familiar with, would hold them together. +All the bones we must bore into, to hold our irons +in place, were as hard as flint, it often taking +three hours to bore a hole three-quarters of an +inch deep. The ribs broken into many fragments, +we found must have a hole into the end of each +piece, a little rod of iron perhaps two inches, or +an inch and a half long, must have their ends +flared out, umbrella-like, to prevent coming out +when the cement is set. We used a solution of<span class="pagenum" id="Page_31">[31]</span> +gum Arabic, and made a paste as thick as cream +with dental plaster. To prevent spoiling, we +poisoned it with corrosive sublimate, and to prevent +the cement from hardening too soon, we put +into each rubber cup in which we mixed it a few +drops of a thin solution of LaPage’s glue. Please +remember we did not have then, as now a fine +press drill, the best manufactured, but a breast +drill. One of us would often have to hold the +rib, while the other bored a hole, and the time it +took was trying to both. The boy who turns the +grindstone had a picnic compared to us. If a +mistake was made, too much force used, the rib +would be broken, and fall to the floor and break +again into a dozen pieces. So it became a byword +with me, when we actually finished a rib, and +had it fast in its place, “We are one rib nearer +home.” We soon learned, that it was absolutely +impossible to tell when a skeleton of this kind +could be mounted. If we dropped a rib it might +take a week to bore into the ends of the fragments +and insert the small rods of battered iron, +and cement them together. But patience will always +win, no matter what the obstacle. At last +our skeleton was mounted, but I notified Dr. +Brock, the Director, and Mr. Lambe the Paleontologist +too soon, forgetting the base had to be +made of plaster. Just at the moment our plaster +was hardening and we needed our wits about us, +we ourselves were covered to the eyes with it, +these gentlemen stepped down to view our mount.<span class="pagenum" id="Page_32">[32]</span> +We were kept too busy to remember the plight +we were in to entertain company. George took +a picture of me, I here reproduce. Certainly I +felt proud of that first open mount we ever made, +and, as I say, the criticism that could be made, +we hope to rectify if we ever have time. (<a href="#fig007">Fig. 7.</a>)</p> +<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop"> + +<div class="chapter"> +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_33">[33]</span></p> + +<h2 class="nobreak" id="CHAPTER_III">CHAPTER III<br> +<span class="sm">IN THE EDMONTON BEDS OF THE CRETACEOUS</span> +</h2> +</div> + + + +<p>Having entered the Geological Survey of Canada, +as Head Collector and Preparator of Vertebrate +Fossils with the assistance of my two sons, +Charlie and Levi, (George entered later), Westward +we sped, and as even the longest journey +will end, we reached Edgemont, South Dakota, +and were driven to Charlie’s ranch. My youngest +son, Levi, and A. E. Easton, from Quinter, Kansas, +joined us here. We drove in with our outfit +on the 18th of July. A neighbor hauling in to +Edgemont the fine skull of <i>Triceratops</i> Charlie +had prepared during the winter. This we shipped +to Dr. Boule for the Natural History Museum +in Paris. It was a remarkably cold day for +this time of the year and the mercury hung close +to the freezing point. Loading team and outfit +on the car and leaving it in charge of Mr. Eastman, +we went on ahead. I took a sleeper on the +night of the 19th, and woke next morning in the +foot hills of the Rocky Mountains—rugged indeed, +showing snow in their darker recesses. Part +of the day we passed through the Crow Indian +Reserve, many of the Indians still living in tents. +In the evening we reached Great Falls. I walked +across the bridge here, of several spans or a +thousand and fifty feet in length.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_34">[34]</span></p> + +<p>The river is swift and full of falls and rapids. +We passed through much country covered with +the black alkaline shales of the marine Pierre +beds. Some exposed sections are at least three +hundreds feet thick, covered with a scanty +growth of short grass. We passed a large lake, +miles in length, covered with wild ducks and +other water fowls. No trees grew along the +shore.</p> + +<p>We crossed the International Line at Sweet +Grass and Coutts. Here we noticed a change; +the country is a rich loam thickly covered with +buffalo grass. We left Lethbridge on the 21st of +July. This is a pretty town, with a beautiful +park that promises to be a beauty spot some day +in the near future. The country north is largely +settled, I am told, by farmers from the United +States, and they are making the desert to blossom +as the rose. We could see the Canadian Rockies +looming up in the West.</p> + +<p>At Calgary I stopped to have a row boat made +and Charlie went on to Acme. Calgary is the +metropolis of Alberta. I noticed many comfortable +farm houses, fields of wheat, oats and flax, +or herds of horses and cattle. On my way to +Acme I saw plenty of hay on the open prairie. +They speak of raising 120 bushels of oats to the +acre and sixty bushels of wheat. Certainly a +farmer’s paradise. Our car arrived at last after +being eight days on the road. At Acme we got +well acquainted with the pest of the north, for<span class="pagenum" id="Page_35">[35]</span> +myriads of mosquitoes made life a burden. We +were obliged to wear nets while traveling and to +keep a smoke going to protect ourselves and horses +from their murderous attack when we made +camp. We took the road between Rosebud and +Knee Hill Creek to Drumheller, a small town at +that time with a couple of stores. Ten days +after leaving Wyoming we arrived in the valley +of the Red Deer River, encamped three-quarters +of a mile above Drumheller. On the 13th of +July we found our first dinosaurian bone of a +trachodon or duck-billed saurian. We soon began +to find great numbers of loose bones piled +up as jetsam and flotsam of the sea. They were +first carried out, by river or lagoon, and at time +of high tide were returned with dead seaweeds +of the ocean to clog the shore. The best localities +we found were above the river near the prairie +level. They are usually preserved in iron-stone +concretions, or a bog iron covers the bones. +They lie in sandstone that has a yellow streak +through it.</p> + +<p>The valley of the Red Deer River at Drumheller +is a great chasm cut by the river four hundred +feet deep into the heart of the prairie. +Across from plain to plain it is nearly two miles. +Tributary creeks and coulees have cut narrow +trenches farther back into the plain while in the +main valley, especially near the brink of the +prairie, are long ridges, table lands, buttes and +knolls, pinnacles and towers down whose sides<span class="pagenum" id="Page_36">[36]</span> +a rolling stone would bring up in a sudden halt +in the waters of the river three or four hundred +feet below. All this region, except of course +the main channel and flood plain of the river, +has been transformed by nature’s sculpturing +into fantastic badland scenery. The rocks carved +into the most intricate patterns entirely devoid +of vegetation, except perhaps, along the +northern slope of some butte or rounded bluff +where sponge-moss and dwarf cedar and spruce +with many flowers, found a resting place. The +slopes are usually covered with cherty fragments +that threaten to slip or roll under the feet +and hurl the adventurous fossil hunter into the +gorge below. The canyons are rich in coal, and +now that the Canadian Northern Railway has +terminals at Calgary there is great demand for +it.</p> + +<p>The Edmonton beds are brackish water origin. +On top is a great bed of oyster and clam shells. +Below the principle bone-beds are about 200 feet +of greyish clay (that crumbles under the feet), +interlaid with dark shales and seams of coal. +Many of the clay beds have hard iron concretions +scattered through them. As these are practically +indestructible they remain scattered over the +surface, the other material having been carried +away by water. There is a bed of massive sandstone +within a hundred feet of the top, and it +weathers out into table lands. Below, the soft +clays form conical mounds, often capped with<span class="pagenum" id="Page_37">[37]</span> +grey sandstone that is fluted by weathering. The +rain water becomes so thick with clay that it +never settles but gradually evaporates into mud.</p> + +<p>I was interested in the study of two problems: +First, the environments of the duck-billed, horned +and plated, and carniverous dinosaurs. Second, +the story of how this river has cut out of the +heart of the prairies, this great canyon 400 feet +deep and over a mile wide. I find in answer to +the first question that the deposits were uniform +through a great length of time, showing that the +climatic conditions and the altitude were the +same during the time the four hundred feet of +strata were laid down. Further, in order to retain +the same conditions the land subsided at the +rate of deposition. The fine material of which +they are composed, showed it to be ocean mud, +and the mud, accumulated in lake or bayous, +like the everglades of Florida. Swamps and bayous +were the natural habitat of the duck-billed +dinosaurs, while on the rising land were groves +of redwood, sycamore, figs and other trees, with +low heavily grassed plains covered with high +grass horse-tail, rushes, etc., through which +wandered the horned plated and carniverous +dinosaurs. How often in my day dreams some +stately dinosaur has passed before my mental +vision! The forests, the rivers, the lakes and +oceans of those ancient days have appeared +in imagination as though they actually existed. +So I ask the reader to put on my glasses:<span class="pagenum" id="Page_38">[38]</span> +A low country but little above sea-level, great +flats near the sea covered with high swamp grass, +rushes and moss, through which meander sluggish +streams, lagoons, and bayous, often widening +out into lakes of considerable size, all receiving +the high and low tides of the near by ocean. +On the rising land the giant redwoods cast their +shadows across the silent streams. They grow +in fairy circles with the parent tree in the center +often, or in case she has dropped out, a hollow +circle is formed. Palms, sycamores, figs, magnolias +and many other trees that now adorn our +forests thrived along the Cretaceous everglades. +Such an environment was the home of the ancient +dinosaurs. They were the rulers of land and water. +There were many soft-shelled turtles in the +streams, as well as countless gar-pike and sturgeon. +The scene was a vast panorama of beauty. +The sheen of the water, the salt-meadows of living +green, the dark forests moaning in the background, +and over all, the sun revolving on its +western course. Perhaps our imagination has +carried us back to a bayou of the Edmonton +Cretaceous. Yes! See yonder the foam ripple +off the huge back and tail of a swimming reptile, +a duck-billed dinosaur or trachodont! He is +rapidly approaching a specially seductive patch +of horse-tail rushes just across the bayou from us. +The enormous head, over three feet in length, +swings gracefully on a long delicate curved neck, +his front limbs, six feet long, and hind ones eight.<span class="pagenum" id="Page_39">[39]</span> +The front foot is elegantly proportioned and a +strong web stretches across the four fingers. The +hind limbs are pillar-like and terminate in three +great hoofs with coarse web between the three +great toes to assist in swimming, and to prevent +sinking deeply into the mud of the bayou when +he stopped to feed. The great trunk, projecting +half way above the water, and the enormous tail +over fifteen feet long. This tail he uses with +great effect to hurry him to his pasture ground. +It dashes the water into foam as we have already +seen. The whole body is covered with a thin +skin in which are arranged like mosaic-work +small polygonal scales or small tubercles, ornamented +with larger scales arranged in rosettes. +The whole in parallel rows glowing pattern +blends harmoniously with the reeds and rushes +near the shore. See how the patches of foam rise +high in the air, tinted by the sun’s rays so they +show the colors of the rainbow. Now he passes +us at full speed like a racing yacht and comes to +a sudden halt, by planting his powerful hind feet +in the muddy bottom. The toes spread out covering +a square yard of mud. With his front +limbs converted into arms, he draws into his huge +mouth, large mouthfuls of the luscious forage to +be sheared into shreds by his scissor-like teeth +behind, after it has been nipped off by the hard +horny duck-bill in front.</p> + +<p>There are three rows of teeth in the cutting +surface and magazines below, containing two<span class="pagenum" id="Page_40">[40]</span> +thousand teeth in all. As fast as one tooth is +worn out it is shed and another takes its place. +Further, they are so arranged that only alternate +teeth can drop out at a time. Professor Marsh +has called this giant lizard <i>Trachodon annectens</i>. +We have certainly a fine view of him. Back of +the head a frill rises gently to the shoulders. The +sun light reflects from the water every shining +scale and contour of the graceful body, and exhibits +the play of the strong muscles. He is in +his natural habitat and has finished breakfast, if +you please. Lifting his head he turns towards +the narrow neck of land that separates him from +a bayou just beyond. He wades through the mass +of rank vegetation towards shore, and as he +reaches the muddy slope between high and low +tide, he rests his front feet on the sloping bank. +Then with body raised a few feet above the mud, +and dragging his tail behind him when he reaches +the fringe of bushes, he pushes his duck-bill into +them nosing around as if to scent some danger. +As the coast seems clear he hurries across the +narrow strip of land.</p> + +<div class="blockquot"> +<p> +The cooling touch of morning breeze<br> +Waft incense from a censor hidden<br> +The gentle sighing of trees<br> +Add music to the scene unbidden.<br> +</p> +</div> + +<p>As he hies himself away “to fresh scenes and +pastures green.” But hark! a noise that thrills +us, what can mean it? See! It is the tiger of the +Everglades rushing forward toward his prey.<span class="pagenum" id="Page_41">[41]</span> +His two powerful limbs on which his body is +posed are full ten feet in length. The three toes +armed with claws of hardened horn are over ten +inches long. He spans full thirty feet in length. +Small front limbs are hardly noticeable. He +drags a long tail on the ground. His long and +powerful jaws are armed with horrid teeth. +Some six inches in length with double edges serrated +on their cutting surfaces. Our herbivore, +knowing his weakness, rushes frantically back +towards the water, but he is unable to reach it. +His enemy is upon him and with relentless fury +strikes blows at his unprotected body, with first +one, and then the other claw-armed hind foot +that tears open the tender fresh and pours a +flood of life-blood on the ground. The awful +terror of the scene has rendered us speechless +with horror, coming so swiftly in the peaceful +redwood forest. The sun was not darkened, the +perfume of flowers still scented the air; the gentle +breeze sighed in the branches over head. +Though the victim was a cold blooded reptile, we +had become deeply interested in him and we were +unprepared for such a woodland tragedy.</p> + +<p>Coming back to the second question that has +so interested me: How has this great canyon +been cut out of the heart of the prairie through +the rocks of the Edmonton Cretaceous?</p> + +<p>The recession of the cliffs of the main canyon +and its side coulees is very rapid. The upper +beds, composed of uncemented fine sand and<span class="pagenum" id="Page_42">[42]</span> +clay, under the action of rain, or frost, cave off +in great avalanches of shaken up material that +rapidly disintegrate and is carried off by the +rains to the Red Deer River, where the high +water hurries it on to augment the sediment accumulated +by the lake or river’s mouth or Lake +Winnipeg itself.</p> + +<p>Often acres of the margin of the prairies slide +down and fill a coulee, or drop into the river, +through which a passage is rapidly cut and the +mass is shoved on by other masses behind, until +it has all been carried away. Every time it rains +the fine clay and sand dissolves like soft soap, +and as mud is carried into the river. The deeper +canyons have their ridges bisected by lateral +ravines until they meet and form buttes and +knolls that in turn weather into hay-stacks or +sugar-loaf mounds that are being constantly reduced +by wind and rain and frost, until now, +often we find a perfect labyrinth of intricate +gorges, buttes, towers, and table lands of every +conceivable form, strewn, with traveled boulders, +from the prairie above, or masses of bog iron +that have withstood the disintegrating action of +the elements. But for this constant corroding +of the rocks and the consequent recession of +cliffs, we would know nothing of the wealth of +extinct forms that lie here in their last sleep. +Nothing of the fauna and flora of the day when +these dry bones were full of life and vigor, when +the marshes and lowlands echoed to the formidable<span class="pagenum" id="Page_43">[43]</span> +tread of reptiles, and the crush of mighty +carnivores rushing relentlessly on their prey.</p> + +<p>In addition to boulders, and iron concretions, +the faces of the bluffs are covered with cherty +chips that accumulate often in some shallow +wash. These slip under the feet, and made it +difficult to climb the steeper ascents. More than +once I measured my full length on the steep surface +cutting face and hands by the impact. But +strange to say when it was wet, and the clay beds +were as treacherous as if covered with soft soap, +where ever the cherty fragments accumulated, +one could climb on them in safety, as they were +pressed into the slick clay, and held the feet securely +as if there were spikes in the shoes. On +account of these fragments I was able to travel +over the beds on a wet day, and found the best +deposit we discovered of fossil bones, in the +coulee through which the Canadian Northern +has its right of way, on the west side of the Red +Deer River. We made a large collection of scattered +bones here.</p> + +<p>Near here, also, we secured a great collection +of redwood leaves, and branches with their narrow +leaflets as beautifully preserved in the flinty +rock as if impressed in wax, but yesterday. The +Red Letter Day for us, however, was when +Charlie found on the 13th of August, 1912, the +wonderfully complete skeleton of a duck-billed +dinosaur, the first ever mounted in Canada. It +is thirty-two feet long. The end of the tibia only<span class="pagenum" id="Page_44">[44]</span> +was exposed, within a hundred yards of the shack +of Dan McGee, forty yards above the forks of +McCheche Creek, six miles west of Drumheller. +The entire skeleton except the tail was present. +Lying on its right side, the hind limbs were doubled +on themselves, the front ones at right angles +to the body, and the head bent towards the front +limbs. We got the skeleton uncovered and +discovered the ribs were expanded and in +natural position. The animal lay like a dead +dog; I thought I had never seen any thing so +pitiful, and forlorn.</p> + +<p>Charlie and I mounted it the next winter, +and were careful to put a little life in the dead +skeleton by straightening out the neck a little, +and giving a sense of motion as it were to the +tail so that the animal would not look as repulsive +as it otherwise would to some observers; +for there is such a thing as breathing life into +the skeletons that have been buried out of sight +these three million years or more. We have +mounted it then with the slight changes in the +neck, and one hind limb that otherwise +would have covered important bones in the original +matrix, and in the position in which it was +floated to bank, and was covered up with mud. +Even the skin impression is preserved along the +pelvis; and the rows of ossified tendons that cross +each other in three rows, like basket work, showing +they were used to bind the muscles of the<span class="pagenum" id="Page_45">[45]</span> +back and tail together. They were likely flexible +as whale-bone in life.</p> + +<p>The <a href="#fig008">figure 8</a> shows the skeleton as now mounted +in the Victoria Memorial Museum, of Ottawa, Ontario. +It was no easy undertaking to save and +mount this wonderfully complete skeleton; it +was buried in fine sandy clay that was cracked in +all directions, as were the bones, <ins title="corrected from ‘checked’">cracked</ins> into +thousands of fragments. Only our years of experience +in the field, and my faith in the skill +and patience of Charlie gave me courage to believe +that it could ever be mounted. It could +never have been saved, but for knowledge of the +plaster process of collecting.</p> + +<p>I will try and give my readers the process by +which we not only kept the bones (broken into +countless fragments and ready to fall into powder), +in their places, but saved the shattered matrix +in which they were embedded. My whole +party worked in what I call for a better term +“a quarry.” The first thing to do was to remove +with pick and shovel the loose sand and clay and +lay bare a floor in the cliff large enough so we +would have plenty of elbow room, and could +work down around the skeleton. We first traced +the lateral spines so there was no danger of +digging into the bones from above. This work +was done with a digger and crooked awl, and +only the merest trace of the bones were developed; +when bones were exposed, they were instantly +filled with shellac. They fall to powder on exposure<span class="pagenum" id="Page_46">[46]</span> +without this precaution. The dorsal +spines were traced in the same way and the ribs +in front. Then we cut down several feet outside +the skeleton so we could get under it. The skull +was covered with burlap soaked in plaster and +removed. The front limbs came next; and here +we learned a lesson that was of inestimable value +to us in taking up the vast bulk of the trunk region. +When we turned the front limbs over a +lot of shattered rock fell out and threatened to +bring the bones with it and thus ruin the bones. +No human being would have been able to mend +these bones if they were once jumbled together, +so we thanked God, and resolved not to attempt +the big sections without covering the entire +trunk beneath as well as above with plaster and +burlap to hold the rock in place, and, of course, +the broken bones. A surgical operation, in fact, +in which the broken joints are kept in place until +they reach the skilled preparator in the Museum +laboratory. We dug a very narrow trench +under the skeleton, after the upper surface had +been heavily covered with plaster and burlap, +and willow poles to hold it firmly together, dividing +the trunk into two sections. Each weighed +about 3,000 pounds. After our trench had been +dug we found that the plastered strips would not +stick and pulled part of the rotten rock off with +them, and threatened to allow the bones to fall +out too. Our only plan under the circumstances +was to stick the ends of our burlap strips securely<span class="pagenum" id="Page_47">[47]</span> +to either side of the skeleton, above and when we +had a number of them firmly attached we threw +loose dirt under them and tamped it firmly thus +forcing the plaster strips in place until they +hardened or set and held the loose rock and bones. +Then we built supports under the hardened +strips, and continued the process until the whole +section was held firmly together. It was separated +at the dividing line by leaving one section +untouched and firmly bedded in its native rock. +We then cut a narrow channel to the bones, above +and below, and by removing the supports broke +off the sections through the bones. The other section +was prepared in the same way, the ends +were covered, and our skeleton was ready for +transportation.</p> + +<p>When we threw out the earth from above and +around the specimen we built a platform so we +could back a wagon up to it. Dan McGee who +had handled heavy logs in the eastern woods built +a runway of two inch planks to the wagon. +Then the boys, under Charlie’s management +started to load a heavy section, Dan with bar +sunk deeply in the earth to act as a snubbing +post, a strong rope around the section and one +end in a half hitch around the bar. They edged +the mass towards the slide. What was their surprise, +when the section started in obedience to +the law of gravity, to see the crow bar torn from +Dan’s hands and thrown to one side, and the section +unrestrained gaining momentum at an amazing<span class="pagenum" id="Page_48">[48]</span> +rate. The men below who were guiding it +sprang out of the way, and the huge mass never +stopped until it landed in the bottom of the +wagon. The careful wrapping had prevented any +damage, and without doubt it would have rolled +to the bottom of the ravine without hurt. I must +acknowledge that I was very doubtful whether it +would be possible ever to mend the broken front +limbs. They had been near the surface, and had +been subject to the effects of frost, and plants, +their rootlets had severed the broken fragments, +and fed on their edges destroying often the contact +faces. But Charlie’s patience and endurance +settled the question. And after six weeks of constant +effort he had filled the bones with shellac, +picked up the fragments with small tweezers, cemented +them, and pressed them into place. No +one without close inspection could tell that the +front limbs had ever been broken. The tail I restored +from scattered bones picked up in the +bone-beds, building it up by comparison with the +one I sent to Paris, rather an enlarged photograph +of the specimen made by the division of +Photography of the Geological Survey.</p> + +<p>Levi found a second specimen, larger than +Charlie’s in the Edmonton, near Wigmore Ferry, +a few miles west of Munson. This we have not +yet prepared. So we returned to Ottawa after +three months hunt for big game in the Edmonton +rocks at Drumheller, Alberta, with a carload of +fossils.</p> + +<figure class="figcenter illowp80" id="fig010" style="max-width: 186.625em;"> + <img class="w100" src="images/fig010.jpg" alt=""> + <figcaption class="caption"><span class="smcap">Fig. 10.</span>—Steveville at the mouth of Berry Creek, Alberta. Page <a href="#Page_52">52</a>.</figcaption> +</figure> + + +<figure class="figcenter illowp80" id="fig011" style="max-width: 189.75em;"> + <img class="w100" src="images/fig011.jpg" alt=""> + <figcaption class="caption"><span class="smcap">Fig. 11.</span>—Charlie’s Carnivore, as he found it. Page <a href="#Page_55">55</a>.</figcaption> +</figure> + +<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop"> + +<div class="chapter"> +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_49">[49]</span></p> + +<h2 class="nobreak" id="CHAPTER_IV">CHAPTER IV<br> +<span class="sm">WE EXPLORE DEAD LODGE CANYON</span> +</h2> +</div> + + + + +<p>We reached Drumheller, where we purchased +from Mr. Moore of the same place a five horse +power motor boat; we also built a flat boat 12 feet +by 28 feet. We pitched two tents on deck, one for +sleeping in, the other for a kitchen. Jack McGee +and I went aboard. We threw a rope to Charlie +in his motor boat, which he fastened to a post +on the small deck behind. Some kindly hand +pushed us off into the stream, Charlie got up +power and dragged us into the current. The +women and children were on hand to see us off. +Our motor boat under Charlie’s management +went chug, chug, down the river at the rate of +five miles an hour. The water was at full flood, +covered with drift wood and floating logs, but +we rapidly passed them. Levi had taken the +team and wagon over the rough road to Steveville. +As we swiftly glided along, the table +buttes, haystack-like mounds, and long naked +ridges that mark out the exposures of the Edmonton +Series, were in full view on either side. +The heads of ravines, under the prairie level were +packed with clumps of aspen and other trees, as +was the narrow flood plain and scattered islands<span class="pagenum" id="Page_50">[50]</span> +with cottonwoods. We reached the mouth of +Willow Creek at one thirty in the afternoon. The +scenery in ever-shifting panoramas, was beautiful +indeed. The rushing river hurried us on +from one prospect to another, each one seemingly +more beautiful than the last. The grey sandstone +beds increased in thickness, and the visible +coal seams thinned out. Fifteen miles below +Drumheller the Edmonton beds ran under the +river, the yellow silt of the Pleistocene capping +the older beds. Great land slides impinged on +the curves of the ox-bows of the winding stream. +Concretions stuck out of the sandstone ledges, +like toad stools on a pine log. The river was +about 600 feet wide. At three in the afternoon +the upper buttes had disappeared. Sharply +rounded haystack buttes, or sugar loaves, and +narrow ridges that tongued out from the prairie +on the south, were visible. On the north, long +grassy slopes were frequent. The valley widened +and the hills retreated towards the distant prairie. +There were ranches along the flood plain. +At four thirty we reached a ranch twenty-five +miles below Drumheller. We now got into the +marine Fort Pierre. These beds underlie the +Edmonton, and were exposed along the river’s +edge. Rounded bluffs, with here and there an +exposure of dark shales were the order of the +day. The timber shrunk and the grass was short; +showing the effects of the unfriendly alkaline +shales on the soil. By five o’clock we had left<span class="pagenum" id="Page_51">[51]</span> +the last of the Edmonton beds behind. The +Pierre and Pleistocene occupy all the country. +The flood plain widens to about three miles. We +tied up for the night at a willow thicket, and the +tireless chug, chug, of the motor ceased. We prepared +to spend the night there. After supper I +went into the Pierre hills, and found numberless +large concretions that contained huge ammonites. +But just as the rock was shattered by +the weather so also were the shells. I could not +find a good specimen. We got a number of beautiful +ones, however, over the Belly river beds, +where the Pierre again appears, showing that before, +as well as after, the country was occupied +with the fresh water beds of the Cretaceous, the +sea had covered the country for a long period of +time. We were early astir, and Charlie hauled us +in mid-stream. A strong east wind blew in our +faces, it was disagreeable, because we had to +lower our tents to the deck, as they acted as sails, +and the power of the wind on them was stronger +than the current and the five horse power motor +would have driven us up stream. The choppy +waves beat constantly against the front and sides +of our scow curling over the deck itself. The +wind howled in the few cottonwoods along the +shore and on the islands, that we passed. The +hills on either side were lower; at Bull Pond +Creek, scarcely seventy-five feet in height. About +nine o’clock we reached the fifth ferry below +Drumheller. The ferry man had stretched a<span class="pagenum" id="Page_52">[52]</span> +barbed wire across the river; Charlie saw it as he +drove his motor under it and shouted to us, Jack +rushed for the rear guiding oar and I for the +front one, they were both stuck several feet up in +the air, and if the wire had caught one, it would +have swamped us. Jack had his back to the wire +and when he released the oar and stood up, it +caught his hat and threw it in the river. If the +wire had been six inches lower, or the river six +inches higher, it would have cut his head off as +easily, and thrown it into the river.</p> + +<p>We were also thankful the tents were down. +If they had not been, they would have been torn +from the deck. We soon got into a new horizon. +I knew this by the change in the sculpturing of +the bluffs. We tied up to a willow thicket for +dinner; the wind began to fall. At ten minutes +of five in the afternoon the naked buttes, towers +and ridges of the Belly River Series of the Cretaceous +loomed up in the distance. We soon +reached Steveville, (<a href="#fig010">Fig. 10</a>) and managed to +make a landing in the swift stream, just below +the Ferry, and below the mouth of Berry Creek +on whose border the little town stood. A hospitable +town it proved to us; especially have we +often enjoyed the hospitality of Steve Hall’s Hotel; +after this jolly good fellow the town gets its +name. We were not far from Mr. Brown’s camp. +He had a party here collecting for the American +Museum. I was delighted to learn that my son +George, who had been working for the American +Museum under Brown for over a year, had been +appointed on the Geological Survey of Canada, +and would join my party.</p> + +<figure class="figcenter illowp80" id="fig012" style="max-width: 188.9375em;"> + <img class="w100" src="images/fig012.jpg" alt=""> + <figcaption class="caption"><span class="smcap">Fig. 12.</span>—Charlie’s Carnivore. Preparing sections wrapped in plaster. Page <a href="#Page_55">55</a>.</figcaption> +</figure> + + +<figure class="figcenter illowp80" id="fig013" style="max-width: 189.125em;"> + <img class="w100" src="images/fig013.jpg" alt=""> + <figcaption class="caption"><span class="smcap">Fig. 13.</span>—Charlie’s Carnivore. Loading with Triplex. Page <a href="#Page_57">57</a>.</figcaption> +</figure> + + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_53">[53]</span></p> + +<p>We found that we had made the eighty miles +from Drumheller in sixteen hours (<a href="#fig010">Fig. 10</a>) +travel. And though the trip had been delightful, +and exciting, I was glad to walk again on solid +ground. I had gotten used, however, to the +cheerful chug, chug of the little motor, saying +“all’s well.” It took good judgment on Charlie’s +part to choose always the deep water route, on a +stream he had never navigated before, to know +which side of an island to take when the current +parted, and always choose the strongest. Mr. +Shaw the ferryman at Steveville, showed me a +ledge of rock at the water-level, about a hundred +yards above the ferry, that was literally packed +with plants, especially water lily leaves, that +were as perfectly preserved as if impressions +were made of them in wax. I secured a large +collection for the Victoria Memorial Museum. +Charlie and I went down the river to spy out the +land. We found a large exposure of the strata +on the south side of the river. He was so fortunate +as to find the skeleton of a carnivore that +promised to be the most perfect one known to +science at that time, from the Cretaceous (<a href="#fig011">Fig. 11</a>). +This has since been proved to be the truth. +In this specimen the ventral ribs and one front +limb appear in their normal position for the first +time in a carniverous dinosaur from the Cretaceous.<span class="pagenum" id="Page_54">[54]</span> +The figure shows it as he found it. The +double row of ventral ribs, the head and the hind +limbs, with one foot lying on the slope in sight. +Our work was thus laid out for us and on the +Fourth of July we moved our camp to the site +shown in the figure, about three miles below Steveville +on the southern side of Red Deer River. Our +camp was near a large area of badlands. A +splendid flat for the horses, wood and water +without end. If you will reread my explorations +of the Kansas Chalk, where we had cow chips to +burn, and alkaline water to drink, beneath a +burning sun, you will realize how much we enjoyed +this camp. (<a href="#fig015">Fig. 15.</a>) It was not perfect, +however, the mosquitoes made life a burden, +but with smudges ever going, our nets +over our shoulders when we moved in the +sage brush, we were reasonably comfortable, +especially as we got fresh butter, eggs and +chickens every week from a neighboring +farmer. This proved the richest camp I +ever made. Further, to add to our blessings we +were only three miles from the post office, and a +trip for the mail on our motor boat, was a delightful +change from the heavy work in the beds. +Levi came into camp with the outfit and George +soon joined us, and no one ever had so many +born fossil hunters in one party before, full of +enthusiasm, each trying to find better specimens +than the other, but with friendly rivalry; we put +in the most profitable and delightful summer I<span class="pagenum" id="Page_55">[55]</span> +have ever experienced. Charlie took possession +of Jack McGee and settled down to the heavy +work of excavating the carnivore from the face +of the cliff. I show you a picture (<a href="#fig012">Fig. 12</a>) taken +by Charlie himself of the two men at work, after +they had nearly finished wrapping the two heavy +sections of the trunk; Jack is cutting burlap +strips, while Charlie is mending some bones that +tore out when they separated the two sections. +Then again (<a href="#fig013">Fig. 13</a>) with triplex block they are +hoisting a section into the wagon. The two men +put in six strenuous weeks, removing the great +mass of rock that lay above the bones, blasting +out tons of rock, and dumping it below on the +side of the gulch to make a road. Jack used +to say in regard to the skeleton “it is altogether +wonderful.” To which sentiment I fully +agreed. You will get some idea of the labor required +if you look at the picture with Charlie +standing in the quarry after the specimen had +been removed. (<a href="#fig014">Fig. 14.</a>) When they hauled +the sections out it was along a ridge so narrow +that if the horses had balked or a wheel had slipped +they would have been dashed to pieces in the +gorge below. So important seemed this specimen +to me I wanted the advice of the principle +paleontologists in the Eastern United States, +before we mounted it. So with authority from +the Director of the Survey, Charlie and I visited +Pittsburgh first, where we were cordially received +by Dr. Holland, the Director. Both Dr. Holland<span class="pagenum" id="Page_56">[56]</span> +and Mr. Peterson the paleontologist and +also Mr. Earl Douglass, the noted collector and +preparator of the huge <i>Brontosaurus</i> material +from Nevada. All three agreed, that in their +opinion we should make a panel mount of the +carnivore, not taking it out of the original matrix. +They used the argument that a student +could then come to his own conclusions in regard +to it as easily as if he had collected it himself, +while if we made an open mount of it, he +would have to depend on the veracity of the preparator. +We were kindly treated here and saw +the magnificent <i>Brontosaur</i> Mr. Douglas had +found in Nevada. It is a fourth larger than the +famous <i>Diplodocus carnegii</i>. World renowned, +because of the casts Mr. Carnegie has sent to the +Museums of Europe. The <i>Brontosaur</i> is sixteen +feet high at the hips and eighty-two feet long. +We hurried on to Washington, and there both +Mr. Gilmour and Gidley, the vertebrae paleontologists, +were warm in their opinions that it would +be a crime to take it out of its original matrix, +and thus lose the authority that goes with it. Mr. +Gilmour showed me the fine skeleton of a <i>Stegosaur</i> +they had just mounted in the way he proposed +we should mount ours. It lies on a base a +couple of feet above the floor, in the rock in which +it was buried. He assured me that people showed +more interest in this mount than in any other +in the National Museum though they had some +splendid open mounts. Mr. Gilmour claims that +to advance our science rapidly, complete articulated +skeletons should be left in the original +rock in which they were buried. The scattered +skeletons and those well known might be exhibited +in open mounts.</p> + +<figure class="figcenter illowp80" id="fig014" style="max-width: 187.5625em;"> + <img class="w100" src="images/fig014.jpg" alt=""> + <figcaption class="caption"><span class="smcap">Fig. 14.</span>—Quarry after Carnivore was removed. Page <a href="#Page_57">57</a>.</figcaption> +</figure> + +<figure class="figcenter illowp80" id="fig015" style="max-width: 186.5625em;"> + <img class="w100" src="images/fig015.jpg" alt=""> + <figcaption class="caption"><span class="smcap">Fig. 15.</span>—Sternberg’s Camp 3 miles below Steveville. Page <a href="#Page_54">54</a>.</figcaption> +</figure> + + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_57">[57]</span></p> + +<p>At Philadelphia, I saw Dr. Nolan who has +been the Secretary of the Philadelphia Academy +of Science since he was first elected in 1876. He +thought a slab mount the most impressive, and +could not realize how any one would think of +mounting it otherwise. Then we traveled out to +Princeton, and this was the first and only time +I have been there. I greatly enjoyed their magnificent +collection. I was especially interested in +Waterhouse Hawkins’ paintings on the ceilings, +of troops of <i>Laelaps</i>, or duck-billed dinosaurs running +on their powerful hind limbs, carrying their +huge tails clear of the ground—a pose that many +paleontological artists stick to with amazing +tenacity. I have proved over and over again that +these animals were swimmers. We were invited +to the home of Prof. W. B. Scott, and after I told +him the condition of our carnivore, he at once +said the bones should not be taken out of the matrix. +He instanced the case of the great collection +of <i>Iguanodonts</i> in the Brussels Museum, +some thirty individuals. Many mounted in their +rocky sepulchers. Our carnivore should lie as +we found him on a slab in bold relief. I must +confess that my original idea that it should be +mounted over the partial skeleton of a <i>Trachodont</i><span class="pagenum" id="Page_58">[58]</span> +on which he was to be feeding was fast falling +away from me in the face of such opinions +by the greatest of our paleontologists. When we +reached New York we met in the American +Museum, the President, Dr. Henry F. Osborn, +Dr. Mathews the Curator of Vertebrate Fossils, +and his assistants, Mr. Granger and Barnum +Brown. Dr. Osborn gave the opinion that was +held by all the others, that we should mount it +as we found it, clearing away the rock so all the +bones stand out from their matrix, but held in it, +except where limb bones might cover some other +bones; in which case they must be removed and +mounted clear. I had not a foot to stand on, +when I visited the authority on dinosaurs, Dr. +Lull of Yale. He took us out to lunch and agreed +with the other students, without question. I was +glad indeed, therefore to reconsider my first +opinion and recommend to the Director of the +Geological Survey, that we should mount it as +the paleontologists had indicated, as I believe +this would be a world specimen in which all students +of ancient life would be interested. Mr. +Lambe agreeing with this opinion also.</p> + +<p>Charlie spent the greater part of eight months, +including the winter of 1913, in preparing it. +There is a great deal more to do before it is finally +mounted permanently in the Museum at Ottawa. +Mr. Lambe, the Vertebrate Paleontologist +of the Geological Survey of Canada, has called +this noted specimen <i>Gorgosaurus libratus</i>, or in<span class="pagenum" id="Page_59">[59]</span> +English, if you please, “The fierce looking easily +balanced carniverous dinosaur.” The skull is +about three feet long, with all the teeth in place; +they are from four to five inches in length, slightly +recurved, with flattened sides, double edged, +with serrated margins. Fierce indeed must he +have looked, when he slunk up on his prey, his +eyes flashing cruelty, with glistening teeth also, +and forked tongue. His entire body from the +front of the jaws, to end of the tail was twenty-nine +feet in length. His powerful hind limbs, on +which the entire body was balanced, were ten +and a half feet in length. He had three great, +claw-armed toes, and one not so large, raised +from the ground like the spur of a rooster. His +front limbs were mere vestigials, only twenty-three +inches long; and the digits were reduced +to two, with weak claw bones. We are unable to +imagine to what use they could have been put. +The abdominal walls were protected in front by +16 pairs of ventral ribs, that were united to the +regular ribs by rods of bone on each side; they +passed each other midway in front, in order to +allow the increase and decrease in the walls during +the act of breathing, sliding at their ends, +back and forth with each breath. They were as +effectively protected as if sheathed in iron hoops. +The long bones were hollow, and the feet like +those of a running bird. In front of the pelvic +arch the pubic bones were provided with two +large feet, that, in position, were in a line with<span class="pagenum" id="Page_60">[60]</span> +the ventral ribs. In order to rest on these he +must have been able to flex his limbs like a living +<i>Sphenodon</i>, or New Zealand lizard (eighteen +inches or more in length) does. This seems a +more reasonable pose to me than the one usually +given Cretaceous carniverous dinosaurs. I cannot +believe he always made a conspicuous object +of himself when he was hunting over the grassy +and rushy plains for his prey, the herbivorous +dinosaurs. I would rather think he slunk along +their spoor or the trails, they had beaten through +the rank vegetation, as a tiger would crawl up +on his victim. So I picture him, when I try to +put life into his old dry bones. It has been the +habit of paleontologists to make a composite animal +of a dinosaur, with characters of birds, mammals +and reptiles. Several trachodonts and +horned dinosaurs I have seen painted, with a +thick rhinoceros-like skin, when we now know +they had scales patterned after the Gila Monster +of Arizona today as far as the scales go. The +bones on the underside of the tail, called chevrons, +are shaped like runners, as if to carry out +my belief, that he dragged his tail behind him +like a lizard of today. What was his ventral +armor for, if not to protect the vital organs +from the hard tough rushes and swamp grass of +his habitat? What would be the use of the ventral +ribs otherwise? From my work in shop and +quarry, I am convinced these great reptiles will +be treated and posed as lizards some day. Now<span class="pagenum" id="Page_61">[61]</span> +the Vertebrate Paleontologists follow Cope, and +Marsh in their views of these animals when, in +reality they are simply reptiles that have long +since become extinct, leaving no living representatives. +The nearest being the lizards.</p> + +<p>I climbed the rugged buttes and ridges. Many +are entirely devoid of vegetation. Our work was +in a canyon four or five hundred feet deep and +measuring a mile from prairie to prairie, with +long creeks or coulees running back into the flats. +Their head branches spreading out like an open +fan, as on Sand Creek, exposing thousands of +acres of denuded rock to the sun. I was so fortunate +as to find two more or less complete skeletons +of a new duck-billed dinosaur, one with +much of the beautiful skin impression preserved. +The small scales, often mere tubercles, polygonal +in shape arranged like mosaic-work in a pavement +with ornamental elevations “limpet-like” +in form, they are arranged in parallel rows along +the abdominal walls and were reduced in size +and number in the tail. Mr. Lambe has figured +some of these lovely scales. He calls the new +creature <i>Stephanosaurus marginatus</i><a id="FNanchor_1" href="#Footnote_1" class="fnanchor">[A]</a> or the +crowned lizard. Barnum Brown discovered a +wonderfully complete skeleton here, he gives it +the name of <i>Corythosaurus casuarius</i>. Because +the crested head resembles a Cassowary. I am +delighted to be able to use with the permission of +The American Museum authorities Deckert’s restoration<span class="pagenum" id="Page_62">[62]</span> +for my Front Piece. With all the wonderfully +complete skeletons my party have found +of Cretaceous dinosaurs, I am forced in this +specimen, to yield the palm to Mr. Brown, I am +glad to acknowledge the wonderful skill of this +indefatigable Collector and Paleontologist. Science +can never repay what she owes him for +grand skeletons of the Cretaceous Dinosaurs +with which he has enriched the American Museum. +Half a mile away from the skin impression +and some of the skeleton, I found part of the +head, and many of the bones, including the ischia, +or the two pelvic bones that point backward and +the further ends of these bones were footed, +showing that he could bring his huge body down +to the ground and rest it partly on these strong +feet. Unfortunately only half of the head was +present and its top was not complete. However, +enough was preserved to show these saurians +with footed ischia had crested heads, and were +different in this respect from the <i>Trachodon</i> already +referred to from the Edmonton Formation. +I was so fortunate as to find in the same beds at +Loveland Ferry, ten miles below the mouth of +Dead Lodge Canyon, (a new locality Charlie located +in 1915) two skeletons, within fifteen feet +of each other, one with most of the tail, the trunk +to shoulder blades, and the hind limbs. The +other contains three caudal, or tail vertebrae, and +the whole column in front, with arches, front +and hind limbs, except that one hind foot and<span class="pagenum" id="Page_63">[63]</span> +one fore foot were missing. A very fine head was +found pressed back against the back bone, showing +that the animal had died in the water, when +the gases raised it to the surface and the pressure +of so large a body against the head, forced it +back. When the gases were liberated the body +settled in a mud bank where it became covered +over, and lay buried, through all these ages, undisturbed +until the recession of the bluffs carried +away the tail. Underground channels destroyed +the two feet.</p> + +<div class="footnote"> + +<p><a id="Footnote_1" href="#FNanchor_1" class="label">[A]</a> The Ottawa Naturalist, January, 1914.</p> + +</div> + +<p>But of these bones themselves; how can I describe +their condition, I have been faithfully at +work on them for over three months, (at this +writing), and am just beginning to see that I +will have a fine skull when it is cleaned (See +<a href="#fig016">Fig. 16</a>). I have since finished it. It was preserved +in a clay sandstone that chips at right +angles to the bones, breaking them into thousands +of pieces. Then the bones are enclosed +with a heavy coating of bog iron, and between +bones and around them, is stone as hard at flint. +The bones themselves are poorly petrified. The +spongy bone not filled with rocky material. If +the thin outer covering is broken through, the +spongy bone within crumbles like an egg shell. +If a tool should slip through the covering, the +bone within is broken to fragments. How is it +possible with such obstacles to ever overcome +them and prepare the skeleton for study and exhibition? +Well! first of all, whenever after the<span class="pagenum" id="Page_64">[64]</span> +most careful scraping and cutting I got some +bone exposed, I filled it with diluted shellac or a +thin solution of ambroid, a cement I like better +than shellac, although it is costly. Then it must +be left, (for a bone wet with shellac is like mud), +until thoroughly dry, and hard. The rock, too, +must be held together and strengthened in the +same way. What seemed for weeks an impossible +task, became possible; as I got the bones +harder and harder. I had a solid mass to work +against with steel tools. These were either small +chisels or scrapers, made by beveling off the end +of large harness makers straight awls, (made in +Germany), or I used tools George made especially +for me. He became quite skilful in tempering +tools. It is needless to say that the tools that +can be used in preparing one specimen cannot be +used for another. Where the rock is not too +hard, a saddler’s crooked awl is very useful, but +with the skull referred to it would have been of +no use whatever. Patience, and unremitting enthusiasm, +and the hope of success, even with this +specimen the worse one to prepare I ever saw, +have made success possible.</p> + +<p>So the preparation of these Red Deer River +Dinosaurs, require courage and patience, not +only for me, but for the boys, working incessantly +and going slowly to the finish. We must have +complete control of our nerves, a moment’s impatience +might wreck a specimen we have sought +for years. It is a great achievement to mount<span class="pagenum" id="Page_65">[65]</span> +one of the noble relics of God’s creative power +in the past. Our laboratory is Holy Ground. +The earth is a great plant, from which, for countless +millions of years the Creator has been turning +out the creatures of his hand. Each, “having +seed in itself.” It is discouraging when I think +of the multitudes that throng our Exhibition +Hall, to know how few carry any thing away +with them. They simply satisfy a curiosity, with +little conception of the enormous energy the collector +and preparator expend, in heart breaking +months of exploration, and nerve trying labor in +the shop. Yet some are really interested, I remember +talking for an hour or more in shop and +exhibition hall, with a minister of the Church of +England. When he left he remarked “I feel as +if I had been talking with God” so closely had I +led him to Nature’s great heart. When after +months of anxiety and labor we get a specimen +mounted permanently for study or exhibition, +we are relieved of a strain few can comprehend. +The nearly complete skeleton of <i>Stephanosaurus</i> +of Lambe, or <i>Corythosaurus</i>, of Brown is seen in +(<a href="#fig016">Fig. 16</a>). The front limbs, the shoulders, and +half the trunk has been covered and separated +into two sections. I am sitting down to the right +at work on the less perfect specimen. With a +little restoration, however, both individuals can +be made into fine mounts. What is missing in +one, can be supplied by making casts of the parts +present in the other. A vast amount of labor<span class="pagenum" id="Page_66">[66]</span> +was expended in taking up these two specimens, +done chiefly under the management of Charles +M. Sternberg. We might have even lost the one +that proved so fine but for him. I had only +found a few toe bones and a tibia and fibula covered +with heavy concretions; his labor, however, +developed the greater part of the skeleton with +the best skull of these crested duck-bills we have +found.</p> + +<p>The rocks of the Belly River series of the Cretaceous +are quite different from those of the Edmonton. +There are many layers of gray sandstone +beautifully fluted, often with outlying +mushroom-like pillars (See <a href="#fig019">Fig. 19</a>), as in the +picture. Lying around too, are the traveled +boulders that once lay on the prairie that has +been carried away by water piece meal, leaving +them behind. The fluting too, is beautifully +represented in this picture showing also, concretions +sticking out at different levels that will +sooner or later form pillars under the processes +of the recession of the cliff. The concretions +capping them, preserve them from destruction. +Here, (<a href="#fig020">Fig. 20</a>), is a great outlying butte over +three hundred feet high. It borders the flood +plain of the Dead Lodge Canyon. In the central +ground, you will notice, if your eyes are sharp +enough, Levi at work on a fossil saurian’s skull. +This has since been figured and described by +Barnum Brown under the name of <i>Prosaurolophus</i>. +Levi found a very good specimen of a +crested duck-bill lying athwart a precipitous +trail down over the badlands from the prairie. +The tail was partially exposed, and not noticed +by the Indians and Cow Boys who for years had +traveled on this trail (<a href="#fig021">Fig. 21</a>). Charlie found +two in the same quarry. He had discovered the +first one with the tail sticking out from under a +mass of clay about 18 feet high. The prospect +of heavy labor never discouraged us. So we attacked +the bank and uncovered the skeleton. At +the further end of his specimen he found the tail +of another leading still farther into the face of +the excavation. As there was new surface ground +to still explore we covered it with tons of earth +to discourage any would-be explorer here, and +went back to it the next year.</p> + +<figure class="figcenter illowp80" id="fig016" style="max-width: 188.75em;"> + <img class="w100" src="images/fig016.jpg" alt=""> + <figcaption class="caption"><span class="smcap">Fig. 16.</span>—Skeleton of Lambe’s <i>Stephanosaurus</i>. Page <a href="#Page_67">67</a>.</figcaption> +</figure> + + +<figure class="figcenter illowp80" id="fig017" style="max-width: 188.1875em;"> + <img class="w100" src="images/fig017.jpg" alt=""> + <figcaption class="caption"><span class="smcap">Fig. 17.</span>—Sections of <i>Stephanosaurus</i> after wrapping. Page <a href="#Page_67">67</a>.</figcaption> +</figure> + + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_67">[67]</span></p> + +<p>In <a href="#fig022">Figure 22</a> the reader will see the excavation +left after the two duck-billed dinosaurs were removed. +During the season of 1913, Charlie had +the most remarkable success. For though he +spent six weeks of incessant labor collecting his +carnivore, he discovered a duck-bill on his way +to assist the teamster with a load. On another +occasion while walking to his carnivore he found +a new trachodont at the point of a hill (See <a href="#fig023">Fig. 23</a>). +This skeleton was preserved in a hard +siliceous concretion. During the winter of 1914-15 +George prepared the skull for permanent exhibition +(<a href="#fig024">Fig. 24</a>). It was placed in the Hall +of Fossil Vertebrates, the most perfect duck-billed +dinosaur skull I have ever seen. It is in<span class="pagenum" id="Page_68">[68]</span> +its natural condition, not flattened or otherwise +injured by pressure, as is usually the case. We +think the skeleton over thirty feet in length, we +secured much of the skin impression with it, +showing a different pattern from the other +known forms. Mr. Lambe calls it <i>Gryposaurus</i>, +the high nosed lizard. It will take months of +labor to prepare this skeleton. Mr. Lambe in +his summary of our work says in the blue book +Summary for 1913, of the Geological Survey of +Canada, page 293: “The principal field work +consisted of an expedition to the Red Deer River, +Alberta, to collect dinosaurian and other vertebrate +remains from the Belly River Cretaceous in +the neighborhood of, and below Berry Creek +(Steveville). The party was composed of Charles +H. Sternberg and three assistants, its success is +to be attributed not only to the skill and experience +of those forming the party, [my three sons], +but also to the manner in which it was equipped. +The party was on Red Deer River from June +20th to October 3. The collection from these +rocks, made by the expedition of 1913, reveals in +a striking manner the wonderful variety of the +dinosaurian life of the period. The field collection +of 1913 includes members of the <i>Ceratops</i> +(horned dinosaurs, quadrupedal, plant eaters), +<i>Trachodontidae</i> (duck-billed dinosaurs, +plant eaters), <i>Theropoda</i> (flesh eaters), and +<i>Stegosauridae</i>, (heavily armoured plant eaters), +<i>Plesiosaurs</i>, crocodiles, turtles, amphibians, and<span class="pagenum" id="Page_69">[69]</span> +fishes are abundantly represented, and some +mammalian remains were also found.” I know +of no wilder or more fascinating scenery than +that in the Dead Lodge Canyon of the Red Deer +river of Alberta. The great layers of sandstone +are often beautifully fluted. The strata of clay +between sometimes thin out to nothing (<a href="#fig025">Fig. 25</a>). +The constant change in butte, and tower +ridge and pinnacle, with great concretions, or +small ones sticking out of escarpments, like window +sills of a skyscraper. Some of the photographs +will give a faint idea of the beauty of +this great canyon. I here wish to place on record +my appreciation of the splendid skill developed +by my sons Charlie and George, who took +all the photographs I have used to illustrate this +book, except those to whom credit will or has +been given. Levi too, is learning the art rapidly +as evidenced by the illustrations for my expedition +for the British Museum for 1916. Great +credit too is due Mr. Clark, the head of the Photographic +Division of the Survey, who developed +and printed these fine photographs. Neither can +I forget the kindness of both directors under +whom I served, Dr. Brock and Mr. McConnell, +who presented me with full sets of the photographs +we have taken in field and shop, and +Museum and also lantern slides of many.</p> + +<p>While in camp, often after supper when our +day’s work was at an end, in a reminiscent mood, +I told the boys stories. They had often heard<span class="pagenum" id="Page_70">[70]</span> +before, of my adventures in other fossil fields, +and other days, but as distinctly printed on memory’s +pages, as if they had occurred but yesterday. +I remember recalling an adventure of +George and myself in the chalk of Kansas. We +had been up towards Monument Rocks and were +returning to camp at Elkader, at the mouth of +Beaver Creek in Logan county, when we observed +a storm gathering in the northwest, and +northeast quite threatening indeed. We were +three miles away, and drove like Jehu to get to +shelter before the storm broke upon us. However, +in spite of our efforts, the storm overtook +us on the level prairie. The thunder clouds +threw forked lightning to the ground around +and in front of us. Where it struck the dry grass +of the prairie a little cloud of dust would rise, +and the grass would take fire to spread a few +yards in a circle, when the rain would follow up +and put it out. The thunder cracked in deafening +peals with tongues of electricity following at +once. A calf was struck and killed a short distance +from us, but we escaped with a good soaking.</p> + +<figure class="figcenter illowp80" id="fig018" style="max-width: 189.4375em;"> + <img class="w100" src="images/fig018.jpg" alt=""> + <figcaption class="caption"><span class="smcap">Fig. 18.</span>—I climbed the rugged buttes and ridges. Page <a href="#Page_62">62</a>.</figcaption> +</figure> + + +<figure class="figcenter illowp80" id="fig019" style="max-width: 187.9375em;"> + <img class="w100" src="images/fig019.jpg" alt=""> + <figcaption class="caption"><span class="smcap">Fig. 19.</span>—Pillars cut out of the solid rock. Page <a href="#Page_66">66</a>.</figcaption> +</figure> + + +<p>A still more remarkable incident happened to +Levi and me at Livingstone’s ranch in Gove +county, Kansas, seven miles south of Quinter. +Our tents were pitched on Hackberry Creek near +the ranch barn, a large affair covered with sheet +iron. Towards evening we saw a great dust cloud +coming towards us from the northwest. I sent +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_71">[71]</span>Levi to the barn to put the horses in, they had +been standing in the corral near by. He had +hardly accomplished this, when the storm was +upon us; the gravel and sand beat on the iron +roof like hail. He stood in the door with a lighted +lantern. I feared the roof might fall in and +break the lamp, and set fire to the hay, and I +shouted to him to put it out, but he could not +hear me. It became instantly dark as midnight, +as the air was dense with gravel, sand and dirt +driven at terrible speed by the raging wind. I +started to the barn a hundred yards away, and +got my face cut with the flying sand, my eyes +blinded with dirt. But I reached him and put +out the light and we attempted by holding each +other’s hand, to reach the tents. Suddenly we +saw an electric light hanging over our tent, on +a telephone wire that was stretched above. Then +another and another sparkled in the darkness +along the line and lighted up the posts and wire +fence on either side of the lane we were following. +As far as we could trace the telephone +wire, little lights swung in the wind as if some +one had turned on a switch to light us to camp. +It was certainly a little uncanny to say the least, +and if I had been superstitious, I might have been +frightened. Levi went off to bed in another tent, +I watched the strange phenomenon until I too, +got tired, and turned into my bed and went to +sleep. All this is part of a Fossil Hunter’s day’s +work. Although this was the first time I had ever<span class="pagenum" id="Page_72">[72]</span> +seen an exhibition of this peculiar kind of electric +display on the prairie I was sure it represented +what is called St. Elmo’s Fire at sea.</p> + +<p>On July 18, 1913, I note that I had worked all +day on Charlie’s large trachodont which Mr. +Lambe called, as I said above, <i>Gryposaurus</i>. +Twenty feet of the skeleton, besides the head was +present. On page 23, Book A, field notes for +1913, I say: “The skull is 3 feet 3 inches long. +Distance between the orbits, 9 inches. It is 19 +inches from the margin of the mandibles to the +top of the skull. Which has a high narrow set +of nasals, with curved beak shaped like Brown’s +New Mexican <i>Trachodont</i>.” Then again, on page +25, “I have worked all day on Charlie’s huge +trachodont. It is a wonder, poorly preserved in a +huge brown flint concretion that is shattered into +irregular fragments, that break through the +bones as well. The under part of the skeleton, +however, is in grey sandstone and clay. The +body lay on its left side, then took a turn and +rested on the ventral surface. The ossified tendons +are different from the ordinary duck-bills, +both with or without crests; they are often +barbed in the center and bifurcated at one end, +with the other flattened. This specimen is evidently +new. I am very anxious to save it.”</p> + +<p>The fluted pyramids and Gothic towers stand +out distinctly to the south of the specimen in the +early morning and after sundown: but in the +heat of the day the colors blend so, the sharp outlines<span class="pagenum" id="Page_73">[73]</span> +of the different strata are not easily distinguished.</p> + +<p>On July 19th Mr. Barnum Brown went down +the river with his scow, motor boat and rowboat, +bearing his party of five men and all his outfit. +They intended to camp on Sand Creek, which +they did, and never left that richest of all the +camps in the Belly River Series in Dead Lodge +Canyon for three seasons; the richest, doubtless, +in history. I believe there are more exposures +of the strata there, than all the rest of the exposures +put together. I could not leave the great +carnivore Charlie had found. Or my wonderful +<i>Chasmosaurus</i> skeleton, showing the dermal covering +for the first time in the history of horned +dinosaurs. Neither could we leave the splendid +skeleton of <i>Gryposaurus</i>, or my new duck-billed +dinosaur to follow Brown and share with him +the gleanings of that rich field. Consequently, +with his five collectors, all first class men, filled +with energy and enthusiasm, with such a leader +and hunter, it is little wonder that he secured +that year a great collection, now being mounted +in the American Museum. He also spent the seasons +of 1914 and 1915 there also, most successfully. +The Belly River beds below Steveville +and near our camp, consist chiefly, as already +mentioned, of strata of silver grey sandstone, alternating +with yellowish or ash-colored clays. +Notice the picture (<a href="#fig025">Fig. 25</a>), how the dark clay +bed feathers out. The exposed clay beds crack<span class="pagenum" id="Page_74">[74]</span> +after a rain, like the mud flats of the river, and +curl up on the surface when dry. The fluting of +the sand-beds is due to the fact that they contain +so much clay, that during a rain, the whole surface +is puddled and the water cannot pass +through the thin coating of mud, and runs off the +surface in countless rivulets sculpturing the +soft mass into the most beautiful flutings imaginable. +This we have often noticed before.</p> + +<p>There are neither wells or springs in these +beds, not enough water penetrating them to produce +either. There are, however, many underground +passages through which the water finds +its way during a rain to lower levels. Near the +top of the badlands, or anywhere through them, +often, a sink hole is formed. The water first +forming a cistern, until a way is found for it +downward, and the water escapes at last through +the mouth of a cave, it has formed. These passages +are choked with fallen rock from above, or +from the sides, which in turn are disintegrated +and are carried out by water until we have a +series of natural bridges over the chasm, which +break down at last, and produce a ravine. We +used water from these cisterns on several occasions +to make plaster. There was one containing +many gallons near Charlie’s carnivore.</p> + +<p>We were often bitterly disappointed in our +finds. Take for instance Levi’s crested dinosaur. +He found some exposed tail vertebrae a little to +one side of a horse trail that came over the rocks<span class="pagenum" id="Page_75">[75]</span> +from the open prairie above, down to a branch +of One Tree Creek, not far from our camp, there +Levi found 20 tail vertebrae, the pelvic arch, and +hind limbs and many ribs. So as we progressed +in uncovering these we felt confident that the +entire skeleton was buried there. We were mistaken; +no head, neck or front limbs were present. +From the fact that some of the long pelvic +bones had been snapped off, we concluded the +missing parts had gone in death to gorge a living +specimen of <i>Gorgosaurus</i>, the Tyrant of the +Everglades. Then Charlie removed tons of rock +from where he thought the tail of his <i>Gorgosaur</i> +lay, only to find it had taken another direction, +and the same amount of energy was necessary +there as he had wasted on a false scent.</p> + +<p>In my notes of the 11th of July, I speak of +the windy day: “So strong was the current as +I clung to the steep and barren slopes; I would +often have lost my footing but for my faithful +pick, whose point I drove into the soft rock when +I felt as if I was about to be blown into a deep +canyon. I would cling to my pick until there +was a lull, or I had secured a better footing. My +pick, under the providence of God, often saved +my life. Once in the brakes of the Permian beds +of Texas, on a Saturday evening a great storm +threatened. I though we could reach Mr. Galyean’s +house before it burst. His son was with +me, a boy of about 15 years of age. We had +gone only a short distance, however, when the<span class="pagenum" id="Page_76">[76]</span> +rain fell in sheets, not only drenching us to the +skin but filling innumerable ditches with water +running like a mill race. These we must cross. +I remember we passed through the same patch +of weeds repeatedly, so I knew in the darkness +we were walking in a circle. Every few feet was +a deep and narrow ditch full to the brim with +red muddy water. I found these rushing streams +by pushing my pick ahead of me, as the only +time we saw anything was when the lightning +flashed. At last we got sight of the light in McBride’s +house a mile up the creek from Galyean’s. +We thus secured the direction and +thought we were all right, but without our +knowledge, some one moved it from a south to +an east window and we got off again, and before +we knew it were slipping down into the roaring +Coffee Creek full of driftwood. If we had slipped +into it, both of us would have been lost. The +boy had hold of my coat tails; I struck the point +of my pick into the muddy slope and swung +around with John hanging on behind describing +the arc of a circle. The pick held while we dug +holds with our heels to support us until I could +reach upward and take another hold with the +faithful pick. Thus we got out on the level flood +plain of the creek. I then allowed John to take +the lead, and he took me as if by instinct, safely +to his father’s house where we were soon drying +our clothes before the fireplace, heaped high with +blazing cottonwood chunks.”</p> + +<figure class="figcenter illowp80" id="fig020" style="max-width: 188.25em;"> + <img class="w100" src="images/fig020.jpg" alt=""> + <figcaption class="caption"><span class="smcap">Fig. 20.</span>—Outlying Buttes over 300 feet high. Page <a href="#Page_66">66</a>.</figcaption> +</figure> + + +<figure class="figcenter illowp80" id="fig021" style="max-width: 188.6875em;"> + <img class="w100" src="images/fig021.jpg" alt=""> + <figcaption class="caption"><span class="smcap">Fig. 21.</span>—Levi found a good Crested Dinosaur. Page <a href="#Page_66">66</a>, <a href="#Page_67">67</a>.</figcaption> +</figure> + + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_77">[77]</span></p> + +<p>Mr. Lawrence M. Lambe the Vertebrate Paleontologist +of the Survey visited my camp on the +12th of September, 1913. We visited all the different +localities where were the different +specimens we were collecting, much to his delight. +He described many of them the following +winter. In a large exposure near Steveville, we +were led by my son George to a fine turtle, one +of the largest forms. The shell is over two feet +long.</p> +<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop"> + +<div class="chapter"> +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_78">[78]</span></p> + +<h2 class="nobreak" id="CHAPTER_V">CHAPTER V<BR> +<span class="sm">HUNTING HORNED DINOSAURS ON THE RED DEER +RIVER.</span> +</h2> +</div> + + + + +<p>Please, dear reader, return with me to the first +camp we made below Steveville (<a href="#fig015">Fig. 15</a>). I +would like to tell you of our successful hunt for +horned dinosaurs, the reptiles that carry on their +shoulders the largest known skulls of any land +animal living, or dead. I had gone around the +flood plain to the mouth of a ravine below camp +and following it up to its head searching the denuded +exposures, on either side. Suddenly, I +stumbled on a couple of orbital horn-cores of a +new genus of these strange creatures. The +nasals and much of the face had been disintegrated +by exposure to rain and frost; one complete +lower jaw and part of the other was in place, +however. With eager hands I used my little pick +and digger, cutting into the face of the cliff. The +horn-cores were pointed heavenward. I soon got +behind them and followed up the great crest that +projected backward into the rock, of which some +fifteen towered above; I needed help and returned +to camp a mile over the hills, for the boys. +George and Levi responded to my call. The rock +was thrown out and scraped away with team and +scraper, tons on tons of it, my enthusiastic assistants<span class="pagenum" id="Page_79">[79]</span> +threw down. We soon found that most +of the skeleton was present, and it required a +large floor to lay all the bones bare. At least +enough of them so we could take them up without +injuring them.</p> + +<p>While working around the skeleton, we dug +up what appeared to be impressions of mud +cracks, but Charlie who came to visit us, concluded +at once they were skin impressions. This +seemed too good to be true, as none were known +before from horned dinosaurs. We were soon, +however, forced to believe it, when a large chunk +of rock broke in two and revealed the regular +casts of polygonal scales, the upper and lower +sides. They were arranged in the most beautiful +mosaic patterns, some mere tubercles, as in the +trachodonts, especially under the limbs. Along +the back there were larger scales, often rounded +or six sided, from two, to two and a half inches +in diameter. This was new, and unexpected, as +the men of science who had made a special study +of the horned dinosaurs believed they had a thick +skin with heavy dermal scutes, or plates inserted +into it, as a protection against the rapacious carnivores. +But here, as in the <i>Trachodonts</i>, we +were so fortunate as to prove what we had proved +so oft before, “The wisdom of man is foolishness +to God.” How could it be otherwise. Yet I am +free to acknowledge there are no class of men so +positive in their conclusions. I once heard four +different men at a Scientific Academy deliver<span class="pagenum" id="Page_80">[80]</span> +four papers on the Creation of the world, each +one was different and each man thought he was +right. I have proved too often in my own experience +in the field that I was mistaken, to doubt +that other scientific men might be also. I could +write a book about the mistakes of scientific men +but will not burden my pages with them except +as I discover facts absolutely different from those +commonly accepted, as in the case of my <i>Chasmosaurus</i> +under discussion. In the past men have +been too anxious to publish results before complete +skeletons have been found and almost invariably, +when one is found, it does not bear out +in its own person the expectations of their +authors.</p> + +<p>This field, so rich in material, in which we get +the skin impressions, as well as complete skeletons +enables us to speak “as one having authority” +about them. Here then, although we have +an animal with limbs of equal length, the body +was covered with thin scales arranged like mosaic-work +in a pavement. Without much doubt +the skull had been subjected to great pressure +for many ages. The rock in which it was embedded +has been lifted some twenty-five hundred +feet above the position it occupied when it was +mud at the bottom of the lake. Mr. Lambe, the +Vertebrate Paleontologist of the Geological Survey +of Canada, has called this remarkable dinosaur +<i>Chasmosaurus</i>, on account of the great +chasms or gaps cut into the crest and skull. As<span class="pagenum" id="Page_81">[81]</span> +far as I know this is the most complete skull +known of this species. While at work on my +specimen I learned some remarkable things. +There is always an opening between the horns of +these saurians. In Triceratops, it is midway between +the end of the beak, and the crest. In this +specimen, however, it is two feet from the end +of the beak, and three feet to the further end of +the crest. Then, though the skull proper in front +of the crest is quite heavy and strong, and with +large mandibles, and rather a large horn over the +nose, as compared with the small ones over the +eyes. The crest seems to be built for strength, +as the central bar, the side and distal bars are +strong, but beveled off to the large openings; and +masses of bone are scooped out of the skull—adapted +evidently to add to the strength, but to +reduce the weight. This is not to be wondered +at, when we study the skeleton. For we find the +neck-crest not only covered the neck and shoulders, +but extended back over seven of the dorsal +vertebrae, to within a few inches of the pelvic +arch. I do not think the animal was much bigger +than a cow: about 9 feet from beak to drop +of the tail; and the latter was short, barely +dragging on the ground. When cutting a path +through the dense sub-tropical foliage of reeds, +rushes and grass, with many a bog, he simply +parted the rank vegetation with his triangular-shaped +head and crushed it under his four large +spreading feet. But when he was attacked,<span class="pagenum" id="Page_82">[82]</span> +down went the head, up went the crest, and a +shield well armed with horns on the face, and +horny projections along the sides of the crest +was instantly presented to his foe. As the only +vulnerable place of attack, to the tiger of the +everglades, he would try to strike with his powerful +claw-armed feet somewhere in the flank, for +then he could lay bare the vital organs and soon +destroy his prey.</p> + +<p>But our <i>Chasmosaurus</i> was on the watch to +prevent this very thing. The grass is beaten +down, a ring is formed, and he often rushes forward +with open beak. If his pincer-like bill +once closes on the quivering flesh of the carnivore, +he would surely get his “pound of flesh.” +If a moss covered bog is within reach he would +try to get to it, for then he would plunge in, and +be safe, as no bipedal flesh eater will dare to follow. +Our herbivore, however, can swim through +it, or through the morass as easily as a living +hippopotamus.</p> + +<p>You will notice the horny beak is shaped like +that of a great turtle, though the lower jaws +supporting it below are two feet in length. The +crest behind, where it overhangs the back, is +nearly four feet along the curve. We approximately +can guess the distance from the lower +margin of the jaw to the top of the nasal horn +to be nearly two feet. At each angle of the +cross-bar behind on the crest, is a long horn-covered +spike, while the sides of the crest are also +armed with smaller and blunter ones. The orbital +horns are round and conical, not much over +six inches in length, while the one on the bridge +of the nose is over a foot long.</p> + +<figure class="figcenter illowp80" id="fig022" style="max-width: 189.375em;"> + <img class="w100" src="images/fig022.jpg" alt=""> + <figcaption class="caption"><span class="smcap">Fig. 22.</span>—Excavation after taking out Charlie’s <i>Stephanosaurus</i>. Page <a href="#Page_67">67</a>.</figcaption> +</figure> + + +<figure class="figcenter illowp80" id="fig023" style="max-width: 189.4375em;"> + <img class="w100" src="images/fig023.jpg" alt=""> + <figcaption class="caption"><span class="smcap">Fig. 23.</span>—Charlie’s New Trachodont. Page <a href="#Page_67">67</a>.</figcaption> +</figure> + + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_83">[83]</span></p> + +<p>Now, with the rapidity of thought we will return +to our workshop. When George prepared +the head of this fine specimen, I found it was the +exact size of the one I found in 1913. I therefore +took a cast of the parts that were missing in +mine. In order to accomplish this, I covered +the front of the head with lard oil and then with +molding wax, being careful to make it in sections +so it would come off and be heavy enough to prevent +distortion. When all was ready and we had +colored our plaster to resemble the fossil bone—no +small task, by the way, as we had to learn to +mix colors as well as do the work of a sculptor—with +wax. Then the mold is separated from the +skull and stuck together, plaster strengthened +with dextrine is poured into it, and on hardening +I got an exact facsimile of the original specimen. +This I fastened to my skull in which these +parts were missing, and this gave us two specimens +for public exhibition. Otherwise we could +not have exhibited this dinosaur, as it would not +have done to guess at these missing parts, as the +early scientists were in the habit of doing. Now +we can point to the complete specimen should +anyone doubt the truthfulness of the restoration. +All through the Belly River Series of rocks are +bone-beds. There are two below Steveville, one<span class="pagenum" id="Page_84">[84]</span> +near the top, and the other near the bottom of +the exposures. They lie usually on a bed of clay, +as if they had been drifted in from a lake (into +which, they had been carried by a river) and +lined the shore in the mud. In some places I +secured hundreds, yes thousands of bones and +teeth of many species, as well as shields of +sturgeons and the enameled scales of gar-pikes +as perfect as if picked up along a recent lake +shore. There were also bones and shells of a +great variety of soft-shelled turtles, and others, +with beautifully sculptured shells; they range +in size from less than six inches across, to over +two feet. Crocodile bones, and the dermal, or +skin plates of plated dinosaurs, were common. +We secured hundreds of the pavement teeth of +the ray Cope called <i>Myledaphus</i>, also countless +vertebrae of the reptile <i>Champsosaurus</i>. Probably +all the species of this rich fauna, are represented +in these bone-beds. The fragments we +collected came in good play, when Charlie and I +mounted the <i>Trachodon</i> skeleton. As we were +able to restore the missing tail from the caudal +vertebrae we picked up in bone-beds in the Edmonton +Series, near Drumheller, Alberta. We +found many horn-cores also in the bone deposits. +Although we found many of the long bones we +were unable to take up many on account of the +expense. First, the bone has to be located, i. e. +discovered. Then likely a road has to be built +to it in order to haul in to it plaster and water.<span class="pagenum" id="Page_85">[85]</span> +After one side is uncovered and plastered, it has +to remain twelve hours to harden. Then we +must return to turn it over and plaster the other +side, allowing it to harden before we go after it +with a horse and sled. During all this time we +might have found a complete skeleton.</p> + +<p>When we reached our big scow in 1914, we +found the seams had opened along the bottom +and we were forced to recaulk it. The first thing +was to clean out the old oakum and coal tar. +Our eyes filled with the poisonous tar irritating +them almost beyond endurance. After that was +done, with arms above our heads, we drove in the +oakum with caulking tools and then retarred the +seams. I will acknowledge I did not do my full +duty here, I spent most of my time in the hills +exploring, which was more to my liking. This +trying work the boys accomplished at last. Then +came the supreme test. Will it keep out the +water? We slid her down on skids into the river, +and she rode as buoyantly as a duck, though not +so gracefully.</p> + +<p>We had picked out a place to camp three miles +above “Happy Jack Ferry.” So George, Charlie, +and Mr. Johnson, hauled the scow up to the +camping ground with our motor boat, accomplishing +a feat, I had thought impossible. Fortunately +they had a strong wind in their favor, +and the tents pitched on board, acted as sails +and helped them breast the current. Levi and I +moved the lumber up to camp in our wagon<span class="pagenum" id="Page_86">[86]</span> +pulled by our team of horses. We crossed many +narrow gulches, and were obliged to dig roads +across them. In fact we got stuck in the mud of +one, where backwater from the river had deposited +several feet of mud in it. We got into +camp, however, ahead of the scow. In my note +book I often speak of the terrible heat of those +days. We had hot work on the rough exposures +without water. Who of us will ever forget, when +at night, we returned to our camp, how we +lay with faces half submerged in the cold water +of the river, and drank from her refreshing flood +until we could drink no more. Drinking often a +quart or more without injury. The hardest +work of all was to tramp over the +burning beds without success. How many +days we spent in useless effort. Near +this camp, however, Charlie got a fine skull of a +new trachodont or duck-billed dinosaur, described +later by Mr. Brown as <i>Prosaurolophus</i>. Near +here, also, George found his famous <i>Chasmosaurus +belli</i>, Lambe. Mr. Brown, however, retains +Professor Marsh’s name of <i>Ceratops</i>. Here +too, I secured the complete club at the end of a +plated dinosaur’s tail, of which I will have more +to say later. Showing as has been my experience +that untiring effort will accomplish results +in the fossil fields as in every walk in life.</p> + +<p>During Charlie’s and my absence in Montana, +George found a large skeleton of a <i>Corythosaurus</i>. +The remarkable part about it was the complete<span class="pagenum" id="Page_87">[87]</span> +limbs in position. It was discovered in Mr. +Jackson’s pasture. Now Mr. Jackson is an old +cowman. He was range boss for the brother of +Admiral Beresford of England, who built a +ranch here. On Beresford’s death, Mr. Jackson +took possession of the ranch and the ferry is +named “Happy Jack” after him. In fact he is +quite a noted character and one of the few old +cattle men living here.</p> + +<p>At this camp too, Mr. Patrick Disney, from +Oxford University, England, joined my party as +a guest. He came to these wilds to learn something +about fossil hunting. He was indeed helpful, +and welcome, but the war breaking out he +started for the front, he wanted to be, and was +among the first to join his colors from Canada. +We learned later he became a gallant officer in +the aerial fleet.</p> + +<p>We continued to suffer all summer from the +intense heat. The mosquitoes, however, were not +as bad as usual. All the grass on the prairies +dried up. The crops were a perfect failure. But +for the liberality of the government in supplying +the homesteader with food through the winter +and spring and seed to plant, they would have +been obliged to leave the country. This timely +aid, however, enabled them, owing to the great +rainfall in 1915, to reap the greatest harvest in +the history of these people, so far east of the +mountains on the semi-arid plains.</p> + +<p>On August fifth, we succeeded in getting our<span class="pagenum" id="Page_88">[88]</span> +scow some two miles below “Happy Jack Ferry,” +(See <a href="#fig032">Fig. 32</a>) to a camp we made near a specimen +George had found of a plated dinosaur. +Charlie and Disney brought down the motor boat, +but owing to the very low stage of water, +they were in it, most of the time, hauling the boat +through sand, by main force. Our scow floating +with the current beat them to the landing. We +left Levi to haul all the fossils from our upper +camp to Denhart on the new branch of the Central +Pacific Railway, between Swift Current and +Bassano, Alberta. For two months George labored +with never less than one assistant on his +plated dinosaur, the prize of the season. It +seems that some caudal vertebrae were seen by +him sticking out of a hard siliceous concretion in +the face of a bluff, with thirty-five feet of sandstone +on top. This was tough and hard to dig +up. He used blasting powder as you see in two +pictures where George is running away after firing +the fuse, the other shows the explosion. It +took a month of constant labor to get down to +the concretion and another to cut away enough +of it, so it could be handled when cut in sections. +The constant hammering opened closed seams +in the flinty rocks so it could be removed in +chunks, with the sections of the fossil within +them. George secured the pelvic arch, hind limb +bones, many ribs, caudal and dorsal vertebrae +(likely the entire column in front of the pelvis), +the skull, with its necklace of dermal plates +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_89">[89]</span>behind. Then there were many of the huge +plates though not all in position.</p> + +<p>The figures show the quarry, and the road we +made with four horses straining to haul the sections +out. You will also see George running +from the quarry after lighting the fuse, and in +the next picture the explosion. We expended +far more labor in this quarry than any we found, +or on any other individual specimen. Yet our +labor was nothing compared to what must be expended +before the skeleton is mounted, owing to +the difficulties of preparation. The last picture +in this series shows the amount of labor required +to throw out the loose material, as well as the +beautifully sculptured rock in the vicinity.</p> + + + +<figure class="figcenter illowp80" id="fig024" style="max-width: 188.8125em;"> + <img class="w100" src="images/fig024.jpg" alt=""> + <figcaption class="caption"><span class="smcap">Fig. 24.</span>—Prepared skull of <i>Gryposaurus</i>, Lambe; <i>Kritosaurus</i>, Brown. Page <a href="#Page_67">67</a>.</figcaption> +</figure> + + +<figure class="figcenter illowp80" id="fig025" style="max-width: 188.6875em;"> + <img class="w100" src="images/fig025.jpg" alt=""> + <figcaption class="caption"><span class="smcap">Fig. 25.</span>—The strata of clay thins out to nothing often. Page <a href="#Page_69">69</a>.</figcaption> +</figure> + + + +<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop"> +<div class="chapter"> +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_90">[90]</span></p> +<h2 class="nobreak" id="CHAPTER_VI">CHAPTER VI<br> +<span class="sm">PLATED DINOSAURS THE MOST UNIQUE OF THEM +ALL</span> +</h2> +</div> + + + + +<p>When the frost was on the bull berry, we experienced +the strange sensation of making jelly +in camp. We beat the berries out of the bushes, +in which they clung in clusters around sharp +thorns, on to tarpaulins spread below on the +ground. The single berry is about the size and +color of a red currant. We filled our motor +boat full of boxes with the acid fruit, and +drove it to our scow. There we took pails full +of the berries, and sank them into the clear water +of Red Deer river. Then stirred them with a +stick, so that all the leaves, decayed fruit, and +bits of branches or other foreign matter could +float away down the river, the perfect fruit settled +to the bottom. The fruit was then cooked +on our large camp stove until thoroughly done, +when it was pressed through muslin bags, and +cooked as long as there was any scum rising to +the surface, which was carefully skimmed off the +boiling surface. Then equal parts of sugar by +weight was put in, <ins title="word inserted">and</ins> the moment it was dissolved +the mixture was taken off the stove and put into +Mason jars. When cool it was a fine, reddish +colored jelly. We made twenty-four gallons, or<span class="pagenum" id="Page_91">[91]</span> +six gallons for each married man in the party. +In camp we used it constantly, and it took the +place of all other fruit and pickles. As usual, +we were unable to get our fossils out of the +ground before cold weather came. We secured +fifty boxes weighing about twenty-five tons. I am +happy to report, also, that after Charlie found +his <i>Centrosaurus</i> or <i>Monoclonius</i> skull, and after +I had spent four weeks of the most strenuous labor +of which I am capable, I succeeded in getting +a very good skeleton from the pelvis to the end +of the tail, of a crested duck-bill. It was especially +interesting, because nearly all the impression +of the skin was present in a large section of +the tail; giving also, the contour of the tail immediately +after death. This was the best tail of +a trachodont we found. While we were working +early and late to get out the material before the +real cold weather set in, our horse Bob, in going +up a steep and narrow sled road corked his mate, +the bay mare. She bled badly, and was put out +of commission temporarily. Luckily, Mr. Bestrum, +who was assisting us with an extra team, +had another horse who took the injured one’s +place.</p> + +<p>On the twenty-fifth of September, 1914, we got +our scow dismantled, and the next day out on +land. In the meantime we camped on the sandy +flood plain of the river, near our scow. One +night my tent blew down on top of me asleep in +my cot; however, these are small matters, and<span class="pagenum" id="Page_92">[92]</span> +soon forgotten if I had not referred to them in +my notes. On the twenty-eighth, we hauled in +our last load of fossils and loaded our car at +Denhart. This point was a switch on the open +prairie; the store building was deserted. A +miserable day, with the wind blowing a gale, +from the north. I built an oven of some loose +bricks, that were lying about, and cooked a meal +as best we could, on the wind swept plain. It +was four o’clock in the afternoon before we started +on our thirty mile drive to Brooks, where we +were to take our train homeward bound.</p> + +<p>We lost our road, or rather it petered out, as +they say in the west, and with the brilliant moon +riding buoyantly in the heavens as a guide, we +pressed on over the rough prairie sod. Suddenly +as if to amuse our tiresome journey, God’s +Moving Pictures, The Northern Lights burst upon +us in all their glory. It seemed as if a heavy +map was suddenly unwrapped in the sky, the +folds taking a fan-like perpendicular radiate +shape, then another and another, was unrolled, +until the whole northern arc of the heavens was +vibrating with light in white bands, edges in +colors of many delicate and exquisite tints. At +eleven o’clock that night, stiff and hungry, our +solitary wagon rolled into Brooks, and an ambitious +Chinaman soon had on our table a hot +dish of beef and onions we ate with the relish +hunger gives.</p> + +<p>When we went west in June, 1914, we stopped<span class="pagenum" id="Page_93">[93]</span> +at Toronto, and visited the Royal Museum there. +The geological and mineralogical halls are on +the top floors. The principal light comes through +ground glass giving a beautiful diffused light. +The glass cases show no signs of reflected light. +Every specimen, stands out distinctly, as if laid +on a table. They had mounted the mosasaur +skeleton I sold Professor Parks some years before. +The only large vertebrate on exhibition.</p> + +<p>We were anxious to make a trip by water and +pressed on to Port <ins title="originally ‘McNickles’">McNicoll</ins>, where we took the +steamer <ins title="originally ‘Keetewin’">Keewatin</ins> and slept that night in state +rooms instead of Pullman berths, as had been so +common with us of late. We woke next morning +in the narrow stream between Lake Huron +and Superior. The scenery was grand and impressive, +the shore lines clothed with second growth +timber. We passed freighters hauling ten thousand +tons of coal to the west, and the same +amount of iron-ore to the eastern smelters. The +channel was marked by floating buoys, each one +carrying a light that was intermittent, as fast +as it went out, it was lighted again by two permanent +lights below. Carbide is used to produce +the main light, and to keep the others going. +There were also lighthouses at intervals, built +in the water on strong cement bases. This passage +way of the ships is as well lighted at night, +as the streets of a city. We thought the boat +ride more enjoyable than the monotonous train; +and we enjoyed the sensation of being lifted into<span class="pagenum" id="Page_94">[94]</span> +the mighty Superior by the Soo Locks. Then +our captain threaded his way far from the shore +line through the reaches of this great inland sea. +Towards night a dense fog rose. Our siren sounded +the alarm every few moments, and on either +side, before and behind, other fog whistles, too, +kept up the refrain “Look out! Look out! Danger! +Danger!” We soon got used to the music +and were lulled to sleep in our narrow state rooms. +We slept in peace, and the next morning +the sun rose clear, and scattered his brilliant +rays of light over the headlands of the mountains +back of Port Arthur, lighting up, too, the +grain elevators and pretty town.</p> + +<p>On the seventh of June we drove our team to +“Happy Jack Ferry,” all ready for another campaign.</p> + +<p>Of all the strange dinosaurs we found in our +hunts for big game in the Red Deer canyon nothing, +I think, exceeded the plated dinosaurs in +wonderful characters. The first I ever found, I +mention in the Proceedings of the Kansas Academy +of Science for 1908 on page 257. “Last +February, Barnum Brown of the American +Museum of Natural History staff, published a +description for the first time of his armoured +dinosaur which he named <i>Anchylosaurus magniventris</i>. +It was discovered on Hell Creek, Montana, +in 1905 by the American Museum Expedition. +It represents he says a group of <i>Stegosauria</i> +characteristic of the late Cretaceous of this country.”</p> + +<figure class="figcenter illowp80" id="fig026" style="max-width: 189.9375em;"> + <img class="w100" src="images/fig026.jpg" alt=""> + <figcaption class="caption"><span class="smcap">Fig. 26.</span>—Discovery of George’s <i>Chasmosaurus</i>. (<i>Ceratops</i>). Page <a href="#Page_86">86</a>.</figcaption> +</figure> + + +<figure class="figcenter illowp80" id="fig027" style="max-width: 189.1875em;"> + <img class="w100" src="images/fig027.jpg" alt=""> + <figcaption class="caption"><span class="smcap">Fig. 27.</span>—George’s <i>Chasmosaurus</i> lying in quarry. Page <a href="#Page_80">80</a>.</figcaption> +</figure> +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_95">[95]</span> + + +<p>In 1905 while conducting an expedition to the +Kansas chalk I discovered the broken up skeleton +of what I considered a large new sea tortoise +with an ossified carapace, it attracted my attention +and I knew it must be new, but as it was +badly weathered, and detached from its matrix, +concluded it could not be used and left it there. +Later, my son George brought into camp, a few +miles from Hackberry Creek, where I found my +specimen, some peculiar plates, like the ones already +mentioned. But as I had no knowledge of +Barnum Brown’s discovery I concluded they +were neurals of a new turtle. These I sent to Dr. +Weiland for description. Last month I was his +guest at Yale University museum. He asked me +why I thought it a new turtle. After giving my +reasons, he told me they were new enough, but +these plates were of an armored dinosaur. Later +through George’s efforts, I secured the skeleton +I found the year before. I went over the mass +of fragments and separated the armor, and found +the entire skeleton was covered with a completely +ossified dermal covering, in most beautiful +patterns, the larger scutes were diamond-shaped, +with round angles, with elevated keel down the +center, the interspaces filled with small plates +of various forms. This is the second instance of +remains of a dinosaur being found in the Kansas +chalk, showing that the bones of swamp and land<span class="pagenum" id="Page_96">[96]</span> +saurians in shore, drifted out to sea. The other +individual was a duck-billed dinosaur called by +Professor Leidy, <i>Hadrosaurus</i>; but later Prof. +Marsh identified it as belonging to his genus +<i>Claosaurus</i> of the Lance Beds of Wyoming. As +far as I know no other specimen of dinosaurs +have been found in the chalk of Kansas. Strange +indeed then that we find enough of the skeleton +of a dinosaur for identification. Separated from +the dinosaur beds of Wyoming by at least 10,000 +feet of strata and in time a couple of million +years at least, showing that we do not as yet +know the time and space occupied by dinosaurs +on this continent.</p> + +<p>Later still in the Belly River Beds of the Dead +Lodge Canyon, in 1914, George found the skeleton +of a similar species. Mr. Lambe gives it the +name of <i>Euoplocephalus</i>; no complete skeleton +have been found of this strange dinosaur except +in the Belly River Series, though a fine skull and +other bones were found by Brown, in the Edmonton +beds of the Red Deer river, similar to his +Lance Creek genus in Montana. Last year, 1915, +both Charlie and I found some fine material near +the mouth of Dead Lodge Canyon and at Loveland +Ferry twelve miles below. As already mentioned, +George found the best specimen we have +obtained. From all three (and the tail club I +secured in 1914), we get a very good idea of this +peculiar reptile. One thing I learned from the +specimen is, that the plates are not co-ossified as<span class="pagenum" id="Page_97">[97]</span> +I had supposed from my study of the Chalk +specimen, but that between the larger plates, are +quite small ones arranged like chain armor +so as to allow the body to move in any direction, +unhindered by the heavy armor; these small +ossified scutes are so beveled as to move on themselves, +that is, they are imbricated, while the +others are not, and are arranged like mosaic-work +in a pavement. Mr. Brown was the first +to publish a figure of a skull of his Edmonton +species. The skull itself has the bony skin plates +anchylosed to it. Mr. Brown tells me that even +the eyes are protected by sliding shutters that +drop down over them in time of danger. The +horned beak is rounded in front and the few +teeth behind seem of little functional value. The +beak however, was a powerful organ for digging +up roots, or nipping off foliage. The head was +very small compared to the immense body. The +great ribs over five feet long, and hoop-shaped, +giving the body a round, barrel-like form. The +heavy bony armor of huge plates, some of them +weighed in their fossil form twenty-five pounds +or more; though light and spongy in life. Many +of these plates were harder and denser bone than +the ones mentioned before, keeled down the center. +The small nodules of bone fitted in between +the plates and were so beveled as to move on each +other like chain armor. The entire body was thus +covered and protected. Unfortunately no complete +skeleton has been found with every dermal<span class="pagenum" id="Page_98">[98]</span> +plate in position. Of course I am not familiar +with the many skeletons of this form Mr. Brown +has discovered and have been looking a long time +for a Memoir describing these interesting forms. +The great desideratum is to find one of these +wonderful reptiles with all the armor in place; +just as the skin was found in the “Dinosaur +Mummy” and the Senckenberg specimens of the +crested duck-bills. However we already know +there was an anchylosed necklace back of the +head and that the end of the tail was club-like. +I secured several of these clubs.</p> + +<p>Let us go back to the time when the Belly River +rocks were forming in the bottom of the lake. +It is spring; every thing throbs with life. The +sap is surging through the trees arrayed in their +brightest tints, the ground below, is carpeted +with flowers in endless variety and hue; there is +a clump of evergreens, and here one of poplars, +while in the distance are, figs, magnolias, and a +wealth of other trees, all adding beauty to the +scene. Along the lake shore, dense masses of +horse-tail rushes, moss and long coarse grass cast +waving shadows. On the quiet bays vast masses +of water lilies waft their incense on the air, and +delight our senses. Above us the swinging redwood +branches shut out the direct rays of the +sun which falls as if filtered through the stained +windows of some great cathedral. Let us creep +along to the second bench that overlooks the +jungle of vegetation, that spreads out in great<span class="pagenum" id="Page_99">[99]</span> +meadows to the lake itself. See that thicket! Let +us approach it quietly and peep through as it +opens beyond in a park in the forest. Such a +sight is rarely offered to human eyes. See that +reptile over twenty feet in length, a great round +body twenty feet in circumference, a short stubby +tail. A small horse-shoe shaped head with +horn sheathed jaws, small but strong. Back +of the head, are necklaces of bony scutes, keeled +down the center separated along their edges, by +small nodules of bone, that move on each other +giving a mobility to the skin even though the +animal is as heavily armored as a fighting automobile +of the great European war of today. The +tail, too, is covered with enormous bony plates, +though light and porous, compared with the +dense bony plates covering the body; the end is +heavy and blunt, club-like in fact. His pillar-like +limbs are short and robust, to support such +a body. The belly almost reaches the ground, +the heavy tail drags behind. He moves along +sluggishly, compared with the lighter horned +dinosaurs and carnivores. See how readily he +beats a passage way through the underbrush that +borders the woods, and emerges into the open +park. We notice his huge proportions and unique +appearance. He is completely armored and +sluggish in his gait. It does not seem that even +the fierce <i>Gorgosaurus</i> of the everglades, the +tyrant of this peaceful woods would find a single +vulnerable place open to attack. More likely if<span class="pagenum" id="Page_100">[100]</span> +he made the attempt he would simply whet his +teeth on the glistening armor that protected him, +in vain. He might perhaps break off a tooth or +two, before he learned his task was a thankless +one. We can even imagine that he would be in +danger himself if he carelessly approached too +near the tail. For a blow from the powerful club +at the end would break in his ribs.</p> + +<p>As the strange saurian passes us we notice the +large trail he makes through the bushes as he +moves on down into the meadow-like flat for his +breakfast.</p> + +<p>See! Out there on the lake is a plesiosaur fishing, +he evidently came up the river (that heads +in the bottom of the lake), from the Pierre ocean +not many miles away. We know the lake is full +of sturgeon and gar-pike. He has a beautiful +head poised on a long swan-like neck, a broad +heavy body, and a very short tail. We have seen +them before along the shores of the old Cretaceous +ocean. As his bones were common in the +chalk of Kansas. Within human history white +whales have come up the St. Lawrence river +from the Atlantic Ocean. They have one in the +Victoria Memorial Museum at Ottawa, that +made the trip once, but never returned, and they +dug his bones out of the flood plain of the river.</p> + +<figure class="figcenter illowp80" id="fig028" style="max-width: 189.0625em;"> + <img class="w100" src="images/fig028.jpg" alt=""> + <figcaption class="caption"><span class="smcap">Fig. 28.</span>—<i>Chasmosaurus</i> (<i>Ceratops</i>), George’s being wrapped in quarry. Page <a href="#Page_82">82</a>.</figcaption> +</figure> + + +<figure class="figcenter illowp80" id="fig029" style="max-width: 188.5em;"> + <img class="w100" src="images/fig029.jpg" alt=""> + <figcaption class="caption"><span class="smcap">Fig. 29.</span>—<i>Chasmosaurus</i> Quarry. Page <a href="#Page_82">82</a>.</figcaption> +</figure> + +<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop"> + +<div class="chapter"> +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_101">[101]</span></p> + +<h2 class="nobreak" id="CHAPTER_VII">CHAPTER VII<br> +<span class="sm">THE GREAT SPIKED DINOSAUR OF DEAD LODGE CANYON</span> +</h2> + +</div> + + + + +<p>On the 17th of September, 1913, George and I +loaded our row boat and motor boat with our +tent, blankets, and cooking utensils and tools, +and start down the river in search of a new camp. +In the photograph of the scene, Levi is standing +on deck of the flat boat and bids us good-bye and +good luck. George is driving the motor and I sit +in the center of the boat. Notice the row boat we +trail behind, is heavily loaded. This was the +hardest trip we ever made with the motor boat, +as the water was low, we were constantly getting +stuck on a sand bar. They extended often across +the river. George was one to suffer, as he was +the only one of the two that had the strength to +pull it across into deeper water. When we stuck +fast, I got in the row boat and paddled over to a +deeper hole, and went a fishing, while he struggled +with his boat. It was a terrible experience, +but well bought, as he learned what the Red +Deer river was in low water, and when he went +on it again, in 1915 he built himself a motor boat +that would float in five or six inches of water. +While mine required eighteen inches to float it. +At last with George nearly exhausted, we pulled<span class="pagenum" id="Page_102">[102]</span> +into shore at “Happy Jack Ferry”, twelve miles +below Steveville. We pitched our tent on the +southern side of the river. On the 19th of September, +I made the discovery of the strange spiked +dinosaur, called by Mr. Lambe <i>Styracosaurus</i>. +The ground was wet with repeated showers. The +fossil beds are not safe then, as one slips as if +walking on soft soap. There is much clay in all +the rocks; in fact more than half of them are +made up of clay, interlaid with silver gray sandstone, +also containing much clay. However, I +could not be idle about camp and made the attempt +to get in the badlands walking up the bed +of a long coulee that was filled with boulders. I +got to where it was extremely difficult, as the +bed was narrow and crooked. So I attempted to +scale a steep slope and got up a hundred feet; +that brought me over a perpendicular precipice, +while above was a heavy bed of clay. I knew if +I could get over the clay, I would be all right, as +I would then be on top of a spur from the prairie, +wide enough for me to walk on. However, the +minute I would drive my pick into the clay to +hold me from slipping, it would break loose and +let me slip back to a narrow ledge above the cliff. +I attempted to cut a path with the same result, +and as I saw I could not go up, I resolved to go +down the way I had gone up. This I found was +impossible; for if I sat down I would slide and +be hurled over the precipice. I then got frightened +and attacked the steep clay slope again, with<span class="pagenum" id="Page_103">[103]</span> +the same results. I realized then if I could not +climb over when in my ordinary condition, certainly +could not when frightened. I therefore sat +down on the narrow ledge until I recovered my +composure. And by careful searching the steep +slope I had come up, I found a little ditch with +small bushes growing in it. It was washed clean +of mud, and I got a foothold in it, and gradually +let myself down into the bed of the coulee. I did +not attempt to leave this again and at last reached +the head. Many other ravines headed near by, +and in going over to one of them I saw in the +steep slope of a narrow gorge, in gray sandstone, +the skull that is rather poorly shown in the picture. +It was 200 feet below the prairie, and it +required a great deal of labor to collect and load +it in the wagon. It was first packed securely in a +box, after it had been carefully wrapped in burlap +dipped in plaster, and secured with strong +poles to hold it together. A road was cut in the +face of the cliff, and our faithful team hauled the +box weighing about nine hundred pounds, out +of the ravine; they often fell down and cut themselves, +but they scrambled up the narrow road +with their burden fastened to a sled. When they +got to the level prairie, the boys let the hind +wheels into the ground to the hubs and rolled the +box in. The skull was partially prepared by me +the next winter as shown in the photograph which +gives a top view of it. This is one of the many +remarkable forms that were so abundant during<span class="pagenum" id="Page_104">[104]</span> +the Mid-Cretaceous time. The skull was over six +feet in length, with a great horn-core over the +center of the nose, twenty-four inches high, and +six inches in diameter at the base. But stranger +than all, six horn-cores radiating from the crest +behind where it is four and a half feet wide. The +central horn-cores are the largest, twenty-two +inches long, the next pair twenty, and the outermost +fourteen inches wide. All these horn-cores +were covered in life with horn, lengthening them +materially. The crest, from between the center +of the eye horns is four feet long, while the portion +of the skull in front is only two feet. The +narrow bar that carries the spikes behind, is narrow +and heavy, thinned down with the central +and marginal bars to form large openings. The +skull too, as in <i>Chasmosaurus</i> is dug out into +caves. Only a thin septum of bone separate the +brain case from the central air chambers, there +were no attached orbital horns, but cup-like depressions, +as if the horns had dropped out, having +been ossified from a separate center. All the +bones of the skull show vascular grooves, as if +the entire skull was sheathed in horn making an +impenetrable shield. In the old restoration of +<i>Triceratops</i> the neck is enlarged to fasten securely +into the neck frill or crest. To me such +an idea is absolutely absurd. The round occipital +condyle enabled the animal to bend the head +in any direction at the atlas vertebra, as in the +four limbed mammals of today, that have to put +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_105">[105]</span>down their heads to eat or drink. If the shield +were fastened to the neck the reptile would have +to lie down to feed and drink or go into the water, +unless there was a similar arrangement between +the body and neck vertebrae. In the case of +<i>Chasmosaurus</i> or <i>Ceratops</i>, where the crest +reaches to the hips, the socket would be in front +of the hips, so when feeding on rushes he would +have to kneel on his front limbs and bend at the +hips. A most remarkable arrangement. Then, +too, it would be of little use for a shield of defense +against his subtle carniverous enemy. No, +I am sure the old idea in regard to the neck frill +is a mistake and I ask you to please go back with +me and I will show you the reptile alive.</p> + +<figure class="figcenter illowp80" id="fig030" style="max-width: 188.0625em;"> + <img class="w100" src="images/fig030.jpg" alt=""> + <figcaption class="caption"><span class="smcap">Fig. 30.</span>—George preparing skull of <i>Chasmosaurus</i> in Laboratory. Page <a href="#Page_83">83</a>.</figcaption> +</figure> + + +<figure class="figcenter illowp80" id="fig031" style="max-width: 176.3125em;"> + <img class="w100" src="images/fig031.jpg" alt=""> + <figcaption class="caption"><span class="smcap">Fig. 31.</span>—Skull of <i>Chasmosaurus</i> restored by Weber. Page <a href="#Page_83">83</a>.</figcaption> +</figure> + + +<p>We find ourselves sitting in the shade of a +giant red wood, for the sun is up. The ocean far +to the south, out of sight reveals its presence in +the salty refreshing air that reaches us. The +land before us has been slowly rising at the rate +of deposition, and is but little above tide water. +Great meadows on the swampy flood plain of a +large lake lie a few feet below the bench, that is +covered with a dense forest. Nature has a wonderful +workshop for the Creator, one continual +plant, for turning out perfect living forms endowed +with life and power. Let us go down toward +the jungle of horse-tails, other rushes, and +high grass, that waves in the passing breeze. On +the very margin of the lake itself from the white +sandy beach, we pick up teeth, and scattered<span class="pagenum" id="Page_106">[106]</span> +bones, and mussel shells. There is plenty of +drift wood too, lying in heaps, left there by the +last flood. We wander on towards the plain. +Hark! don’t you hear a noise in the thick vegetation +as if a heavy reptile was cropping his +morning fare? For reptile it must be, as only +diminutive marsupial-like mammals live at this +time. If you will follow me, we will see. So, +without further ado, we walk into the rank vegetation, +and parting it, look down a narrow path +along which a spiked dinosaur is feeding. He is +unconscious of our presence and is feeding towards +us. His powerful limbs of equal length, +are sunk deep in the moist earth. His head is in +plain sight, and the crest stands up when he bent +it, to crop off a mouthful of succulent herbage +with his heavy beak, sheathed in horn. This he +shears with his beveled teeth behind, very much +like the mechanism of an old fashioned hay cutter.</p> + +<p>The teeth are double rooted, and in magazines +like those of the duck-billed dinosaurs, though +not as numerous. The great horn is black and +polished, full three feet long, like the sharp spear +point in the shield of thick buffalo hide of a +Philippian Warrior. The great spikes stand out +from the top of the crest when he lowers his head. +Thus fully armored he can force a passage way +through the thickest vegetation, beating it down +beneath his feet. There are four hoofed toes on +each front foot, and three behind. The large<span class="pagenum" id="Page_107">[107]</span> +restless eyes are buttressed over with bone to protect +them from his enemy, <i>Gorgosaurus</i>, the tyrant +of the everglades, and from the dense vegetation +through which he beats his way. As he +passes us and stops to feed again, thus raising his +shield in the air, we get a splendid view of his +scaled body, with its colors harmoniously blended +with the vegetation by which he is surrounded. +They are much like those already seen in <i>Ceratops</i> +or Lambe’s <i>Chasmosaurus</i>. He seems satisfied +with his breakfast, as he lifts his head out of the +rush covered soil. As a narrow neck of land +tongues out into the plain from the first bench, +it seems that he is headed to cross it into the +jungle beyond. As he climbs out of the plain, on +to solid ground under the forest trees, we notice +he is ten feet in length to the drop of the tail, +which is short, and he drags the end on the +ground. He stands at least six feet in height. +As we follow his moist spoor, we soon enter a +small park covered with grass and flowers. Suddenly, +we hear the most blood curdling hiss, that +chills the marrow in our veins. What can it +mean? The <i>Styracosaurus</i> knows for he is instantly +alert, lifting his head in the direction of +the sound, he drops it again, and stands at bay. +With another blood curdling hiss, a gigantic +carnivore leaps into view, from a trail we were +following. Our spiked dinosaur stands rigid as +if cast in bronze, with the great nasal horn pointed +towards his dreaded foe, and the spikes frowning<span class="pagenum" id="Page_108">[108]</span> +above, and protecting the vital organs, the +great cat-like reptile crawls stealthily forward. +Don’t fear friends to watch the combat. It is +very terrible to see a blood thirsty tyrant slack +his thirst in the blood of his victim. He attempts +to find a vulnerable spot to strike with +his powerful claw-armed hind foot, the claws of +hardened horn, sharp and recurved, each a foot +in length and spreading over half a square yard +of surface. Or he would like to seize the thinly +covered abdominal walls, with his horrid teeth, +lance-like that fill the dentary and maxillary bones +of the lower and upper jaws, that are nearly +three feet in length. With a gape of the mouth +of nearly two feet, the red gums, roof and floor +of the mouth, with the great forked tongue, present +a terrifying appearance. But the spiked lizard +is on guard, and when his enemy makes a +sudden dash at him, he presents his impregnable +head. In spite of his bulk, being much heavier +than the carnivore, he seems to revolve on a +pivot, and the shield is where the <i>Gorgosaur</i> attempts +to strike. The instinct of self defense is +ever present, in time of danger. Sometimes the +herbivore makes a sudden dash, and tries to horn +the agile foe, or with open mouth tries to bring +his vise-like beak together in his enemies flesh. +We watch the combat with bated breath.</p> + +<p>The seven horned brute is too much for the +tiger of the glades; so, thoroughly exhausted at +last, he creeps off a side path to hunt an easier +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_109">[109]</span>prey. While our <i>Styracosaurus</i> lumbers off into +dense foliage of the low lying plain.</p> + +<p>“The Dead Lodge Canyon” below “Happy +Jack Ferry,” some thirty miles north of Brooks, +Alberta, and but six miles from the new line +from Swift Current to Bassano, a short cut of +the Central Pacific Railway, is one of the most +remarkable gorges on the continent. Not only because +it is the old burial ground of many forms +of the dinosaurs that have passed out of existence, +leaving no descendents, but on account of +its scenic beauty. The silvery grey sandstones +with their darker bands of clay, is interstratified +with a chocolate colored bed near the top, +rich in lignitic shales of an almost black color. +The black streak can be traced for miles, and in +some places develops into a bed of soft coal, that +is mined by the farmers. The canyon is but little +over a mile wide, and about five hundred feet +deep, the upper reaches being composed of dark +marine shales, called the Pierre here, but the +same beds in the Judith River country of Montana +are called Bear Paw shales.</p> + + + +<figure class="figcenter illowp80" id="fig032" style="max-width: 186.75em;"> + <img class="w100" src="images/fig032.jpg" alt=""> + <figcaption class="caption"><span class="smcap">Fig. 32.</span>—Sternberg’s Camp 3 miles below Steveville. Page <a href="#Page_104">104</a>.</figcaption> +</figure> + + +<figure class="figcenter illowp80" id="fig033" style="max-width: 184.4375em;"> + <img class="w100" src="images/fig033.jpg" alt=""> + <figcaption class="caption"><span class="smcap">Fig. 33.</span>—The picture of <i>Styracosaurus</i> in bottom of gorge. Page <a href="#Page_102">102</a>.</figcaption> +</figure> + + + +<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop"> +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_110">[110]</span></p> +<div class="chapter"> +<h2 class="nobreak" id="CHAPTER_VIII">CHAPTER VIII<br> +<span class="sm">ON A TRIP TO THE JUDITH RIVER, MONTANA</span> +</h2> +</div> + + + +<p>Under orders from the Director of the Geological +Survey of Canada, Charlie and I left +Brooks, Alberta, on an expedition to Montana, +for the purpose of studying the sequence of the +rocks there, and to compare them with those of +Canada. Mr. D. B. Dowling, a Geologist of the +Survey, joined us at Coutts to do the stratigraphical +work. I cannot help, in this connection +remarking, he was in addition to his geological +knowledge, the most genial companion I +have ever been associated with in camp, excepting, +of course, that prince of good fellows, the +late Professor E. D. Cope of Philadelphia, with +whom I made the same trip in 1876. A complete +story of that expedition is recorded in “The Life +of a Fossil Hunter.” At Coutts Mr. Dowling +and I went out to some rocks exposed south of +town which appear to be the true Eagle sandstone +of Weed. A compact greyish and reddish +sandstone with strong lines of cross bedding. +These lines are also lines of cleavage. Above are +some seventy feet of the Belly River Series, +clays, and fluted sandstones. On July 2nd we +stopped at New Park Hotel, at Great Falls, +Montana. Not far from the depot; while here we<span class="pagenum" id="Page_111">[111]</span> +took a trolley ride out to the great smelter near +the Falls of the Missouri, three miles east. The +works cover acres of ground and the smokestack +is said to be the largest in the world. The falls +here were low and below was a series of rapids. +Whenever we chanced to catch a view of the +Missouri, on our trip east by the Great Northern +we could see the river for many miles, full of +falls and rapids. At Benton I saw no sign of +old Fort Benton I visited with Professor Cope +in 1876. We noticed along the track the typical +Fort Benton shales, dark colored below, yellowish +shales above, while unconformable masses of +the ancient river bed lined the faces of bluff and +ridge or helped to fill the old ravines, composed +of unstratified yellowish clays, sand and gravel. +The narrow flood plain of the river is fringed +with cottonwoods and poplars, with birch and +willow thickets, underbrush of wild roses, bull berries, +etc., with the ubiquitous sage brush +everywhere. The Northern Pacific passes through +a rolling prairie north of the Bear Paw Mountains. +In 1876 the only wagon road here was +south of the mountains and it started at Fort +Benton the head of navigation, and ended at +Cow Island, 120 miles east.</p> + +<p>I noticed the farmers irrigating their gardens +and alfalfa fields with water drawn from the +Missouri with buckets attached to overshot +wheels, on their turning the water was spilled +into a trough connected with the reservoir. It<span class="pagenum" id="Page_112">[112]</span> +was carried from there, over the fields. We got +off the train at Big Springs, went to the Spokan +Hotel, and registered in the bar room, where +they had the office at one end of the bar. I +thought that was going it some, excuse the slang, +and that Montana needed “Total Prohibition” +pretty badly. The dining room opened off the +bar. At the livery stable we hired a team and +democrat wagon for two weeks for $50. In the +afternoon we drove out in a buggy to the coal +mine eight miles southeast. Here the light yellowish +sandstones with harder parts were filled +with thin circular concretions as flat as a pancake. +The vein of coal is about five feet thick +at an angle of about 16 degrees. On either side +are narrow beds of yellow sandstone dipping in +various directions, the strike being parallel with +the Bear Paw Mountains not far off to the south. +Between the sandstone layers is a dike of volcanic +trap, black, and fine grained, pushed up +through the strata so it forms a hog back elevation +above them. There are also beds of light +colored shales, with seams of iron-stone between.</p> + +<p>On July 3rd, 1914, we drove to a flat near the +site of a reservoir, now dry, and stopped at a +farmer’s. We had skirted the eastern limits of +the Bear Paw Mountains, passed through a rolling +prairie, crossed Eagle Creek, where a fine +flow of water, full of little fishes, runs over +gravel and sand towards the Missouri river. As +we journeyed south we saw evidence of vulcanism +in a narrow strip of naked rock that had +been shoved up in a wedge shaped mass through +the grass of the prairie.</p> + +<figure class="figcenter illowp55" id="fig034" style="max-width: 96.5em;"> + <img class="w100" src="images/fig034.jpg" alt=""> + <figcaption class="caption"><span class="smcap">Fig. 34.</span>—Top view of <i>Styracosaurus</i> as prepared by +Charles H. Sternberg. Page <a href="#Page_104">104</a>.</figcaption> +</figure> + + +<figure class="figcenter illowp80" id="fig035" style="max-width: 138em;"> + <img class="w100" src="images/fig035.jpg" alt=""> + <figcaption class="caption"><span class="smcap">Fig. 35.</span>—Charlie’s <i>Centrosaurus</i> in the rock. Page <a href="#Page_122">122</a>.</figcaption> +</figure> + + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_113">[113]</span></p> + +<p>On the Fourth of July we reached the ferry +below the mouth of the Judith River and took +dinner at the ranch called Judith P. O. The +company own their own store, bunk-house, cook-house +and stables, and have in a great crop of +alfalfa. They also own the ferry, and owing to +high water, the approach from the north was +cut out, and we had to get our horses on board +the best way we could, and then pull on the +wagon by man power. We were kindly entertained +at Judith. In the afternoon we drove up +to Dog Creek, where Professor Cope made his +famous expedition in 1876. The effects of vulcanism +are seen on every side. The views I show, +fully illustrate this phase in the earth’s crust. +The picture with the white sandstone tipped up +to the left, represents the Eagle Sandstone with +the Claggett Shales to the right. These shales +should be on top of the Eagle Sandstone. They +closely resemble the Pierre shales, below the Edmonton +beds in Alberta, and contain the same +baculites, ammonites and plesiosaurs, evidently. +The foreground of the picture, shows part of the +narrow Dog Creek valley covered with grass and +sagebrush, with a few cottonwoods in a bend of +the creek. On the opposite, or east side of the +creek, we found a trail leading up to the divide<span class="pagenum" id="Page_114">[114]</span> +over the Claggett shales. These, Professor Cope +called Fort Pierre.</p> + +<p>On July 24, 1914, a paper of mine appeared in +“Science,” in which I undertook to show that the +Dog Creek beds were equal to the Edmonton +Beds of Alberta. And those at Cow Island, +should be correlated with the Belly River Beds +of Alberta, with the Pierre shales between. I +took Professor Cope’s view. He believed the +Judith River Beds were above the Pierre and +Fox Hills Group of the Cretaceous and called +them “The Judith River Beds” or “Cretaceous +No. 6.” After two seasons of exploration of the +Belly river series in Dead Lodge Canyon, of Red +Deer River Alberta, in connection with our study +of the Dog Creek and Cow Islands rocks I was +obliged to accept the conclusions of Hatcher and +Stanton, in their fine work on “The Geology and +Paleontology of the Judith River Beds.” The +whole series here, and on Red Deer are without +doubt Ft. Pierre. The Judith River and Belly +River beds were local elevations above the Pierre +Ocean. We actually added to the mass of evidence +to this effect, by the discovery of sixty +feet of Bear Paw Shale on top of the Judith +River beds at Taffy Creek, a branch of Dog +Creek to the east. We also learned how easy it +was for Hayden and Cope to make the mistakes +they did in their hurried survey of the badlands. +I walked miles over both Bear Paw and Claggett +shales, and found it difficult to tell them<span class="pagenum" id="Page_115">[115]</span> +apart. Vulcanism has often lifted the older beds +higher than the more recent ones. The +what seemed to us true, the ammonites, baculites +and plesiosaurs, were the same in the two marine +beds, though separated by the fresh water Judith +River series, which is of the same age as the +Belly river beds.</p> + +<p>We walked up the steep slope to the divide between +the breaks of The Missouri river and Dog +Creek, this divide is nearly 600 feet above the +river. Somewhat different from what my memory +had told me of these great canyons. I speak +of them as being over a thousand feet deep in +“The Life of a Fossil Hunter.” In 1876 we had +no barometer to take our altitude and my notes +were lost in a fire in 1881, it is natural for the +mind to exaggerate depth and height as well as +level surfaces. However, as we made this trip +by moonlight, and through the solemn silence, I +was again overcome with awe when I gazed into +the stupendous gorges and at the beetling crags +that overlooked them. Hour after hour we passed +slowly along the trail, often only the narrow +ridge between two great canyons, and a balky +team might have backed us off into the abyss +filled with inky darkness. Only a journey under +such conditions and in such a region of utter +barrenness, can give the reader an idea of the +emotions that overpowered me. We made camp +about midnight, and the only sign of human +habitations we saw, (except a deserted sheep<span class="pagenum" id="Page_116">[116]</span> +ranch), were the fireworks thrown into the sky +at Kendall, where the people were celebrating. +We made a camp later, on an eastern branch of +Dog Creek, called Taffy Creek. We made a thorough +study of this region near camp. During +our trip up Dog Creek we had made extensive +collections of invertebrate fossils from all the +different horizons, securing also <i>Myledaphus</i>, +and other sharks teeth from the lower Eagle +Creek sandstones which, with the Claggett +shales, form the lower beds of the Belly River +Series of Alberta. On the south side of Taffy +below a large timbered hog back upheaval, I +found a locality in the Judith river bed that is +possibly the type locality from which Cope and +I secured our collections on that memorable expedition +of 1876, when we found the first of the +horned dinosaurs (except loose teeth). A “blow +out,” as they call it in the west, had exposed +along a narrow slope of sandstone, many bones +and teeth of horned, plated, duck-billed, carniverous +dinosaurs, with the teeth of <i>Myledaphus</i>, +and many broken turtle shells, as well as bones +of <i>Champsosaurus</i>, scales of ganoid fishes. Exactly +like the numberless bone-beds along Dead +Dodge Canyon. What delighted me most of all +was discovering the nearly complete pelvic +girdle, including the footed ischia, proving that +these bones belonged to a crested dinosaur like +the one we found on Red Deer river and was called +<i>Stephanosaurus</i> by Lambe and <i>Corythosaurus</i><span class="pagenum" id="Page_117">[117]</span> +by Brown. You will notice that we have two +names usually for these Belly River species. I +try to credit each student as best I may, leaving +it with future scientists to decide which name +should be retained in American Paleontology. +The Edmonton bone-beds, are very different, resembling +flotsam along the line of high tide, and +are all deposited in brackish water. These beds +like those in Dead Lodge Canyon, were laid +down in fresh water. There were very few turtle +shells in the Edmonton, here they strew every +exposure. Everywhere in this region were two +persistent layers of coal on top of the Judith +river followed by the Bear Paw Shales. Above +the upper vein of coal, is a layer of oyster shells +from a few inches to four feet thick. In the Bear +Paw shales south of camp a mile, Mr. Dowling +with the aid of a sheep herder, found a new +mosasaur, belonging evidently to the genus +<i>Clidastes</i>, as the chevrons were anchylosed +to the centra of the vertebrae, and the +tail was expanded into a fin. The mandibles +with teeth, some fifteen feet of +the tail and many dorsal vertebrae were found. +We also secured some very beautiful ammonites +and baculites and bones of the plesiosaur <i>Cimoliasaurus</i>. +But for the uplift, the stratigraphical +record is quite simple, the puzzling strata +tipped in all directions were easily identified under +direction of the skilled observer Mr. Dowling. +It would be impossible for any one on the<span class="pagenum" id="Page_118">[118]</span> +ground to doubt the sequence of the rocks here, +as laid down by Hatcher and Stanton.</p> + +<p>We followed the trail Professor Cope first +made, when we drove down to Cow Island in +1876, camping at the same spring at Lone Tree +for noon. The tree itself is now dead. We camped +near our old one on the Missouri, forty miles +below Dog Creek, though now we had a wagon +road down through the badlands. On the road +down along the badlands we never lost sight of +the rocks and always found the Bear Paw shales +on top of the Judith River beds, proving that I +had been mistaken again, and the Cow Island +beds were the same, as those on Dog creek, with +no rocks between. The only difference I could +see between them was the sculptury approached +more closely at Cow Island, those of the beds in +the Dead Lodge Canyon.</p> + +<p>Two things impressed me strongly, one was +the fact of finding an ischium with a footed extremity, +closely associated with teeth similar to +those Dr. Hayden picked up in this region, +and Leidy called <i>Trachodon mirabilis</i>. We found +four trachodonts in the Dead Lodge Canyon the +most common was the crested one with footed +ischia. And not a one of them belonged to the +genus <i>Trachodon</i>. Neither have any been described. +There can be little doubt therefore that +Leidy’s <i>Trachodon mirabilis</i> belongs to a dinosaur +with either a crested head or the high nosed +<i>Gryposaurus</i> of Lambe, or <i>Kritosaurus</i> of Brown.<span class="pagenum" id="Page_119">[119]</span> +Is <i>Trachodon</i> a crested dinosaur? The evidence +seems to point that way. Then what is <i>Trachodon +annectens</i> of Marsh and the family name? +As Leidy used a tooth that may have belonged +to three or four different genera, it seems the +early names from such poor material, rests on +shaky foundations. If the paleontologists begin +to name only complete skeletons, or nearly complete +ones there will be a shaking up of old +names and many will go into the discard like so +much of human knowledge. Marsh had but little +better foundation for his <i>Ceratops</i>. A couple +of horn-cores, that might have belonged to any +one of half a dozen genera of horned dinosaurs.</p> + +<p>We spent two weeks of most delightful exploration +in the Judith river country, and my +mind was set at rest, in regard to the position +the beds occupy in the building up of our continent.</p> + +<p>On our return, we thought at one time, we +would not be able to recross the Missouri river, +a flood had washed away the approaches to the +ferry boat. However, as “necessity is the mother +of invention,” we hauled our luggage on board +by means of a row boat and dragged our wagon +through the mud by man power, the ranchers +helping us for the fun and excitement there was +in it. Later, another man swam across with our +team, and we were ready to go north to our old +field in Dead Lodge Canyon, Alberta. This field +we reached in safety.</p> + + + + + <div class="column"> + +<figure id="fig036" class="figcenter illowp80"> + <img class="w100" src="images/fig036.jpg" alt="" style="max-width:100%"> + <figcaption class="caption">Fig. 36.—Putting irons on the <i>Centrosaurus</i> Crest.<a href="#Page_83"> Page 83.</a></figcaption> +</figure> + + + </div> + + <div class="column"> + +<figure id="fig037" class="figcenter illowp80"> + <img class="w100" src="images/fig037.jpg" alt="" style="max-width:100%"> + <figcaption class="caption">Fig. 37.—George at work on C. H. Sternberg’s <i>Centrosaurus</i>.<a href="#Page_83"> Page 83.</a></figcaption> +</figure> + + + </div> + + + + + + + + + + +<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop"> +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_120">[120]</span></p> +<div class="chapter"> +<h2 class="nobreak" id="CHAPTER_IX">CHAPTER IX<br> +<span class="sm">ANOTHER STRANGE HORNED DINOSAUR</span> +</h2> +</div> + + + + +<p>In September, 1913 at the camp from which I +discovered the spiked Dinosaur, Mr. Lambe’s +<i>Styracosaurus</i>, I found above our tent back in +the badlands in a perpendicular escarpment, a +fine skull of another strange horned dinosaur. +Mr. Lamb called it <i>Centrosaurus</i>, while Brown +still holds the name Cope gave a similar genus +he collected in the Judith River Formation in +1876, namely, <i>Monoclonius</i>, of which genus I discovered +two species that were new at that time. +This specimen I discovered, was about two hundred +feet above the river. The first work was to +build a platform around it on which I could +stand, so I could work around the specimen. Mr. +Lambe, himself, found the type of this genus, +which consisted of a neck frill about 1898. In +this specimen of mine I found a large part of the +skull. It was however, due to Charles M. Sternberg’s +patient labor, that science is in debt for a +perfect skull of this strange reptile. It was +found the next year after I found mine, in the +Dead Lodge Canyon near its lower extremity. +You may think from my description of so many +fine specimens that we had an easy job of it. +When George found his plated dinosaur, he had<span class="pagenum" id="Page_121">[121]</span> +thirty-five feet of solid sandstone to remove. He +needed Charlie’s assistance very badly. But I +was determined, if possible that he, and I too, +each should find a specimen worth collecting. +Our journey down to Dog Creek, Montana, had +given George some three weeks the start of us in +hunting, and he had been very successful. As +every hunter likes to tell of his companions luck +in the field, so also he likes to have trophies of +his own. So we searched over miles and miles of +badlands, week after week I was completely exhausted +at night, after a day’s unsuccessful hunt. +There is no work so trying, as that of clinging +hour after hour to steep ascents, and searching +every inch of exposed surface, in and out among +the winding slopes. Often we would climb two +hundred feet or more to the head of a coulee, to +find after going a few rods, a land slide had taken +down acres of shaken up strata. Then we would +either climb to the summit, and go around, or go +down to the bottom and climb up on the other +side of the slide. In many places we were obliged +to use our picks, as our chief dependence, in +walking around some almost perpendicular escarpment, +or to cut niches in which to secure a +treacherous foothold in the steep slopes. I know +that when I got to camp at night, and had set +down to our camp table, to eat the fine supper, +Mr. Johnson had prepared for us, appetising indeed, +as he made bread and cakes and many other +dishes not usually expected in camp where pancakes<span class="pagenum" id="Page_122">[122]</span> +and baking powder biscuits are the rule +generally; my feet would swell so badly I would +often be obliged to crawl on my hands and knees +to my tent and cot. There, stretched at full +length, with lamp above me, I read until bed +time, never thinking of getting on my feet until +the next day, when I went through the same +experience. Charlie, as I said was the lucky one, +he found the most complete skull of this strange +creature we have ever obtained. The <a href="#fig026">Figure 26</a>, +shows it in its rocky sepulcher after it was uncovered +ready for wrapping. In order to get to +it we were obliged to leave our wagon on the prairie, +and go down into a coulee some five hundred +feet below; cross over, and on a road we made, +haul our sled to it a hundred feet above the river. +Although the skull is badly injured by pressure, +it is so perfect that all the sutures between the +bones can be detected, as in the case of the +<i>Chasmosaurus</i> skull, George discovered.</p> + +<p>I was able to completely restore my specimen +from Charlie’s. So we have now mounted in the +Hall of Vertebrates, two skulls. The picture <a href="#fig034"><ins title="redirect fig. 34">No. 27</ins></a> +shows some of the characters quite well. The +nasal horn is curved forward, and there are two +short horns over the eyes; while in my specimen, +<a href="#fig038"><ins title="redirect fig. 38">Figure 27</ins></a>, there are none.</p> + +<p>I would like to take you to my shop again; +where George is at work. He is putting on the +steel half ovals, that are to hold up the crest; he +is using an electric drill as you notice, <a href="#fig036"><ins title="redirect fig. 36">Figure 28</ins></a>,<span class="pagenum" id="Page_123">[123]</span> +and boring holes through steel and skull so +the bolts can be inserted to hold the crest securely +to the <ins title="corrected from ‘crest’">skull</ins>. In the back ground is the inch +tube that holds the ends of the half ovals, and is +the standard that will support the skull, on the +permanent base. It all looks very simple, but it +represents a great deal of skilled labor. The strip +of half oval steel that supports the crest, was +heated hundreds of times and beaten to fit inequalities +in the surface of the crest. It must +fit exactly, so there is no spring in the steel, +otherwise when the plaster jacket that covers the +top of the skull is removed, the spring will break +the bones. The jacket is made of separate sections +fitted closely to the top of the skull. It +serves two purposes, that of giving a firm, uniform +base behind the bones, so they may be cleaned, +and also to enable us to turn the skull over +by looping a rope over it, fastening this to the +triplex block that rides on a trolley moving on +the eye-beams fastened to the ceiling. The skull +(<a href="#fig037"><ins title="redirect fig. 37">Fig. 28</ins></a>), is then gently lifted, turned over, and +the upright set in the permanent base of polished +mahogany. Then the jacket should lift off, as +in the case in hand. After cleaning the upper +surface, the skull is ready, as you see it, for permanent +exhibition (<a href="#fig038"><ins title="redirect fig. 38">Fig. 27</ins></a>), with the exception +that the glass case so necessary to protect it from +dust, and vandal fingers has not yet been put in +place. It took all four of us, many months to +complete this skull for exhibition. I worked<span class="pagenum" id="Page_124">[124]</span> +on it nearly all one winter cleaning off the bog iron +that covered it completely. If you will notice +closely the rough skull, especially with a +glass, you will see the bones were fractured in +all directions. The first thing I had to do, was to +fasten these fragments securely in their places, +so I could remove the iron rust that clung firmly +to them. After many experiments with shellac, +I found a thin solution of ambroid was the most +satisfactory. It would penetrate better than +shellac, and when dry, was hard as the flinty +rock itself. If any of the fragments broke loose +under the tools I used, I must fill them again +and again and wait twenty-four hours or more +for the cement to set firmly. You will notice the +lower jaw and crest seem rather smooth compared +with the rest of the skull, and they are, +because they are restored in plaster, from the +complete skull Charlie found. The crest was +chiefly prepared by Levi. This was done while it +was still in the plaster jacket. It was first restored +in moulding wax, copying exactly the perfect +crest. I mean by that, the wax on the jacket +was manipulated by my son until it was a facsimile +of the original parts so as to be beyond +criticism. Then a cast was made in plaster of +the wax model, the wax taken away, and the +place it occupied replaced with plaster colored +as near the original color of the bone as possible, +to prevent a discord, or lack of harmony in the +completed skeleton. You see, then, we must be<span class="pagenum" id="Page_125">[125]</span> +more than fossil hunters; and I must say though +I have collected fossils nearly every year since +1867, and as my readers who have read my story +know, have often suffered in the field, it all sinks +into insignificance compared with the work of +preparing the material for public exhibition. +Take the skull I am describing from 9 in the +morning, with an hour’s intermission at noon, +until 5 p.m. I must have perfect control of myself, +I must not make a mistake, or I may ruin +the entire skull. That not only represents a great +deal of expense, but is largely the result of a +lifetime spent in a business to which I was born; +without that experience and that of my sons, +through most of their lives, in all likelihood, we +could never have discovered or collected it. Then +we do not work for today alone. As long as the +Victoria Memorial Museum stands, this and the +other Red Deer Dinosaurs we collected, and prepared, +will be admired. It is because men will +forget the worker in their admiration for these +strange relics of a day some three million years +ago, that I am going so exhaustively into detail, +the life of a fossil hunter in field and shop, so +that the observing public, when they go through +one of our great museums may feel they are on +holy ground. The creatures of the misty past +are before them; God’s creatures, for if he cares +for the raven, for the fall of a sparrow, he must +have cared for the creatures of his hand, that existed +so many ages before man appeared—these<span class="pagenum" id="Page_126">[126]</span> +lords of creation, that domineer over God’s green +earth.</p> + +<p>Look at the picture again, and you will notice +two long spike-like projections over the openings +in the crest. They are evidently not horn-cores, +but bundles of ossified tendons, over which the +muscles intertwined, that controlled the powerful +lower jaw. The entire skull is over five feet +long. Two horn-cores bend inward in the center +of the crest behind, and the rounded sides are +sculpted into bony knobs that in life were +doubtless covered with horn. This creature must +have been as large as the spiked dinosaur +nearly—at least nine feet long to the drop of +the tail, although I did not discover any skin impression +similar to that in <i>Chasmosaurus</i>, the +environment was the same boggy swamps and +mossy meadows, his skin scales were colored to +harmonize with his surroundings. He would not +be noticed when asleep in some rushy embrassure, +and when feeding, he was ever alert, ready +to flee from his enemy <i>Gorgosaurus</i>, or if need be +face him and fight it out, as we saw the spiked +dinosaur along the margins of the cretaceous +lake.</p> +<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop"> + +<div class="chapter"> +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_127">[127]</span></p> + +<h2 class="nobreak" id="CHAPTER_X">CHAPTER X<br> +<span class="sm">IN THE MILK RIVER COUNTRY</span> +</h2> +</div> + + + + +<p>Charles M. Sternberg went ahead of my expedition +to Milk River Station in southern Alberta, +exploring on horseback a great stretch of +country along the Milk River divide, and east +seventy miles, or more, where the great gorge of +Milk River cuts a gash five hundred feet into the +Belly River Series. Levi and his assistant Gustav +Lindblad, also went ahead, and secured our +team and outfit from near Drumheller, Alberta, +and made the long journey by wagon, so when I +reached Milk River Station, I found both boys +waiting for me. From Charlie’s report I became +convinced that we had come into barren ground. +I also found that the so-called Belly River Series +of Dawson, who likened it to “an island in sea of +drift” was not on Canadian soil, but in the Black +Foot Agency Reserve in Montana, where Mr. Gilmore, +of the National Museum had discovered +new trachodonts, and horned dinosaurs. As I +had no authority to visit and collect in this rich +field I was obliged to give it up. I was so near, +and yet owing to red tape, so far, from a field I +had come to explore; expecting to find it on as +Mr. Dawson believed, Canadian soil. I have +since learned from Mr. Brown, the Associate<span class="pagenum" id="Page_128">[128]</span> +Curator of Reptiles in the American Museum, +and the man I consider the greatest collector of +extinct reptiles, that these exposures belong to +the Edmonton Series of which we have such +splendid exposures on the Red Deer River, in +Alberta. This fact has greatly lessened the disappointment. +However, as misfortune never +comes alone, a thorough exploration of the exposures +of Milk River, Alberta, revealed the fact +that they too, were quite barren of vertebrae fossils. +On the afternoon of the eighth of June, +1915, with all my party together, we drove down +to Verdegris coulee, twelve miles east of Milk +River Station. It is a comparatively wide valley, +rather barren of vegetation. There is a large +lake named in honor of the Deputy Minister of +the Department of Mines, Mr. R. G. McConnell, +a short distance above camp, on the coulee. There +are rather extensive exposures, along the slopes +that lead up from the valley to the prairie a hundred +feet above. The lower reaches are purple, +yellowish, and reddish clays, and sand into +which one sinks while walking. Above is yellowish +sandstone that stands out in bold escarpments +in places, it is washed into steep slopes. +In this coulee I found some fine leaf impressions—Platanus, +Poplar, and a splendid palm, shaped +like a date palm. The fine palmetto palms, I +found above the Lance Beds in Wyoming, were +fan-shaped. These, however, have long, lance-shaped +leaflets from a common central stem. I<span class="pagenum" id="Page_129">[129]</span> +described it to Dr. F. H. Knowlton, of the U. S. +Geological Survey last winter, and he has never +seen anything like it. It is evidently new to science. +From a letter received lately I have learned +our suppositions were correct. This is the +first Palm of this kind seen by men of science +from the Cretaceous Age.</p> + +<p>At the mouth of Verdegris Coulee, Charlie +photographed some remarkable fine rock forms +carved out by nature. The photograph showing +the urn-shaped mass, was formed by a sand blast +operated by the winds, that whirled around the +mass that had been separated from the main +rock in the recession of cliffs. The top layer being +harder than the rest, it was corroded more +slowly than the lower and softer layers, producing +the wonderful urn. The sand and wind polishing +and planing away the rock, as effectually +as if had been a broom stick under the action of +a lath. I think this one of the most beautiful +designs of nature I have ever seen. The second +picture Charlie thinks resembles an “Egyptian +Sphinx.”</p> + +<p>On the 12th of June we reached our camp in +the valley of Milk River. In the very center of +the exposures, some three miles above where it +crosses the International Line, and flows towards +the Upper Missouri, in Montana. On the 15th +my notes record that I had gone over the entire +series of rocks from top to bottom, finding only +a few isolated crumbling bones of dinosaurs, of<span class="pagenum" id="Page_130">[130]</span> +the Belly River Age. The first two hundred feet +(speaking approximately, as I had no instruments +of precision), of the exposures are chiefly +clay, with oyster shells scattered through them; +also on top, quite a layer of oyster shells in a +yellowish sandstone, filled with iron. Just above +are two persistent layers of coal, or very black +bituminous shales. One vein, I concluded, must +have been between two and three feet thick. +There are places where this vein has been worked +by farmers, evidently, from the prairie above. As +the coal is seventy miles from the railway at +Medicine Hat, it is not likely anyone will be +found to work it extensively. Above the coal are +heavy strata of yellowish or grey clays, with +intervening beds of greyish and yellowish sands. +On the summit of the badlands are huge concretions, +weighing many tons, each lying in yellow +sand. In this sand, too, I found the best prospect +for fossil bones I have seen in the region. +I found a perfect femur of a trachodont running +under one of these heavy concretions. Owing to +the fact that where there were no concretions, +the sand disintegrates so easily, grass and other +plants always take possession and cover the sand. +So if there are any skeletons here on Milk River +they are covered up.</p> + +<figure class="figcenter illowp80" id="fig038" style="max-width: 187.8125em;"> + <img class="w100" src="images/fig038.jpg" alt=""> + <figcaption class="caption"><span class="smcap">Fig. 38.</span>—<i>Centrosaurus</i> discovered by Charles H. Sternberg. Page <a href="#Page_123">123</a>.</figcaption> +</figure> + + +<p>Above the coal veins for about three hundred +feet there are beds composed largely of mussels +and univalves, showing that great piles of them +were heaped in drifts along the ancient shore.</p> +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_131">[131]</span></p> +<p>We could have secured tons of these shells, that +to all appearances might have died yesterday. +Many had the original shell with its pearly lustrous +layer attached to the inner cast of mud +that filled the shells. Usually, however, when a +shell was disturbed it fell off and left the cast in +my hands. I learned many things about this +great exposure. All the various rocks show they +have been laid down under water. I can +imagine a great flood plain along the cretaceous +ocean at first, just below the surface of the +water, that must have been brackish at first for +so many oyster shells to accumulate. There were +no great reed and rush covered plains where the +horned dinosaurs could feed; no bayous or lakes +bordered with dense jungles of vegetation, where +countless swimming duck-bills enjoyed the luxurious +feeding places, but a shallow waste of waters, +where oysters secured a precarious foothold. +Then the scene changed. The land was +raised sufficiently so a rank vegetation of sponge-moss +and other forms covered all the rising +land until a vast bed of vegetable matter had accumulated, +when it went below the sea and was +covered with ocean mud and eventually compressed +into coal. Then again the land was lifted +above high tide, fresh water for many years +spread out in shallow sheets over the region in +which there was sufficient moss and other vegetation +to provide food for the univalves or gastropods,<span class="pagenum" id="Page_132">[132]</span> +and a multitude of mussels plowed +through the muddy sand.</p> + +<p>We had so much rain that we were not only +delayed, but feared we would never be able to +pull our load of baggage out on the prairie. The +road we used to get into the valley, made by +farmers, was impassible when wet. I became +very much discouraged, as there is no harder +work for a fossil hunter than to walk day after +day over barren ground. Professor Cope once +sent me in on a hypothetical fossil hunt. He had +decided in his own mind in Philadelphia, that +above the Permian beds of Texas there was a new +horizon that would yield new extinct animals, he +wanted to be the fortunate discoverer of the new +fauna. I had, however, explored this region years +before, for the Museum of Comparative Zoology +at Cambridge, Massachusetts, and I knew it was +barren. Owing, however, to his insistence, I +yielded my judgment to his, to my cost, and spent +a month of useless effort, heart breaking indeed. +That was the last time he ever attempted to give +me instructions from Philadelphia when I was +in the field.</p> + +<p>On the 25th of June, after exploring the Milk +river country, and finding it barren, we camped +on our way back to the rich Red Deer River beds +at a point fifteen miles south of Medicine Hat. +We had just pitched out tent when a violent wind +storm as bad as the winds of Kansas, struck us, +accompanied with rain. We escaped serious<span class="pagenum" id="Page_133">[133]</span> +trouble, but a little town west of Medicine Hat +was badly wrecked, where the wind developed +into a genuine cyclone that tore down houses and +scattered chimneys and loose boards over the +prairie. Thanking God for our escape we passed +north next day. At Medicine Hat I went ahead +by train and left the boys to follow with the +wagon. From Brooks I went over to Steveville. +On reaching the river, however, I found it was at +full flood and covered with driftwood, logs and +hewn timber. The ferryman, Mr. Shaw, came +over for me in a row boat, and I had so much +confidence in him as a river man that I trusted +myself to his keeping. His skill with the oar +brought me safely over the raging Red Deer River. +He avoided all the logs and other driftwood, +and landed me in safely on the northern shore. +Even then I found the river had backed water +up the creek between the ferry and Steveville, +and I had to walk a long ways to get above the +backwater. After quite a journey I reached the +hospitable hotel of Steve Hall. It was a full +week before the boys reached me and we got once +more into camp. They were delayed by the high +water.</p> + + + +<figure class="figcenter illowp38" id="fig039" style="max-width: 95.9375em;"> + <img class="w100" src="images/fig039.jpg" alt=""> + <figcaption class="caption"><span class="smcap">Fig. 39.</span>—Limb of <i>Gorgosaurus</i> Mounted by Charles M. +Sternberg, Page <a href="#Page_58">58</a>.</figcaption> +</figure> + + + +<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop"> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_134">[134]</span></p> + +<div class="chapter"> +<h2 class="nobreak" id="CHAPTER_XI">CHAPTER XI<br> +<span class="sm">THERE WERE GIANTS IN THOSE DAYS</span> +</h2> +</div> + + + + +<p>For days I had been exploring the brakes of +the Red Deer river in Alberta, Canada, for the +wonderful extinct dinosaurs of the Cretaceous +Period. They had only been known since 1876, +when the late Professor E. D. Cope made his famous +expedition to the Bad-Lands of the Upper +Missouri, in the beds of the Judith River of Montana.</p> + +<p>I was exploring the valley of the Red Deer +River at Drumheller. A great chasm in fact, +cut by the river and its tributaries four hundred +feet deep into the Edmonton Series of the Upper +Cretaceous, out of the very heart of the prairie. +Across from plain to plain the distance averages +about two miles. Tributary creeks and coulees +have carved trenches further back into the plain; +while in the main valley, especially near the +brink of the prairie, are long ridges, table lands, +buttes and knolls, pinnacles and towers, whose +bases often impinged on the ox-bows of the river +itself; down whose rugged sides a stone rolling +would bring up in a sudden halt, in the waters +four hundred feet below. All this region, except +of course the river channel and flood plain, was +transformed by nature’s sculptury into fantastic<span class="pagenum" id="Page_135">[135]</span> +badland scenery, the rocks carved into the most +intricate patterns, entirely devoid of vegetation, +except, perhaps, along the northern slope of some +rounded bluff, where sponge-moss had secured a +precarious foothold; while running through it +were trailing junipers, and spruces, with flowers +of many a hue (to delight the eye) after searching +the steep and barren slopes for hours. These +slopes were covered with cherty fragments that +rolled under the feet, threatening to hurl the adventurous +Fossil Hunter into the gorge below. I +had found great quantities of the bones of the +huge dinosaurs, or “terrible lizards.” Among +them the trachodonts or duck-billed dinosaurs, +were the most common. Great swimming lizards +they were, spanning thirty feet or more in length. +My party had already two skeletons. One of +them thirty-two feet long, we mounted afterwards +in the Victoria Memorial Museum at Ottawa, +Ontario. We found quarry after quarry +where the bones had been piled up as flotsam by +some ancient tide, that for ages had ceased to +beat on this land. Today the nearest ocean is +700 miles away, and the strata have attained an +altitude of twenty-five hundred feet above sea-level. +The day had been hot and sultry; as I +came upon a coal miners tunnel (there are unlimited +beds of coal in these breaks), I found relief +by going in some distance. The floor was +deeply covered with fine dust, making a restful +place; and it is little wonder I fell asleep; I never<span class="pagenum" id="Page_136">[136]</span> +knew how long I slept, but when I awoke, I was +overpowered with surprise, I could not tell +whether I had awakened in eternity, or Time had +turned back his dial, and carried me back to the +old Cretaceous Ocean. At all events however, I +found myself lying under a great redwood tree. +Stretching before me to the south as far as the +eyes could reach, a mighty ocean lay as level as +a thrashers floor to the distant horizon, while to +the north an interminable forest on the lowlands, +interspersed with countless lagoons and bayous, +the oozy margins thickly planted with rush and +horse-tail, and tall swamp grass, while vast quantities +of moss clogged the shore. East and west, +the shore line was undulated by indentations, +cut by river or bayou mouth, promontory cape +and bay. The heat was excessive, and it was a +relief to find shelter under one of these gigantic +evergreens whose branches waved above the everglades; +deep rooted in the soil, it had already endured +the blasts of a thousand years. Perhaps +this mighty giant had witnessed many a tidal wave +leap the borders of old ocean, and plunge +with resistless fury over the lowlands, uprooting +trees of weaker fiber, sweeping a waste of peat +and wood out to sea, to be returned in mingled +masses of vegetation to clog the shore. Its last +year’s cones and leaflets lay on the ground around +me, and put me in mind of the locality I had discovered +but yesterday, where hundreds of cones +and leaflets of the giant sequoia or redwood lay<span class="pagenum" id="Page_137">[137]</span> +deeply buried in the flinty rocks of the badlands +of the Red Deer river.</p> + +<p>Like all noble scenes of nature the mind cannot +at once grasp them fully, if it ever does.</p> + +<p>The south wind had sprung up, the tide was +rising, the waves were curling as they rolled on +the beach: higher and higher they came capped +with white foam. As far as the eyes could reach, +long lines of breakers heaped tons of water on +the shore, lashed by the frowning tempest. The +sublimity of the scene was heightened by the colors +in the west, that flecked the horizon with bars +of gold and crimson; while the sun, a globe of +fire, sank to rest in old ocean. I was lying beneath +the tree breathing the salted air, partly +in a trance. Is this real? I asked myself. Is the +wind really sighing among the branches of the +trees, that sheltered me? sounding like music of +an aeolian harp, the tracery of interwoven +leaflets acting as if they were stretched invisible +wires? Is this a dream or reality? How often +in other days while searching the semi-arid fossil +beds of the west, in my day dreams have I +put life in the old dry bones; how often some +stately dinosaur has passed before my mental +vision. The forests, the rivers, the lakes and +oceans of other days, have appeared as if they +actually existed. Is it incredible then, that I +should be transported across three million years, +the distance between the living and the dead? +“How fleet is a glance of the mind; compared to<span class="pagenum" id="Page_138">[138]</span> +the speed of its flight, the lightning itself lags behind, +and the swift winged arrows of light.” Yes! +modern science claims that three million years +have sped away since the end of the Age of Reptiles, +since the Dinosaurs perished from the earth. +Yet I was here. I could not doubt my own senses. +I saw in the east the Queen of Night rise slowly +from the bosom of old ocean, while to the west +the last streak of departing day, glimmered once +more and disappeared. Overhead the constellations +of the temperate zone shone in undimmed +splendor, as they did last night above the Albertian +plains. Yes! there to the north was the +Great Dipper; its pointers as of yore, still led +my eyes to the North Star. Venus too, shone as +the “Star of the evening, beautiful star.” Who +knows but some tiger of the everglades, some +huge Carniverous Dinosaur, may be prowling +about for prey. A Fossil Hunter might prove a +rare tidbit to him. It were better in my unprotected +condition to seek a place of safety. I noticed +that some of the bushes that lined the thick +jungles around me had long powerful thorns, +while running vines, had fibers as tough as hemp. +I had my collection bag still with me, with its +chisels, knives and small hand pick. So quickly +cutting some long thorns and binding them to +my shoes with the vines, I sought a small tree, +the crown of which was hidden among the lower +branches of the redwood. I climbed by forcing +the thorns into the bark of the tree, around which<span class="pagenum" id="Page_139">[139]</span> +my arms were clasped, and I ascended with the +same ease that a linesman climbs a telegraph +pole, driving the sharp steel spikes fastened to +his boots into the wood. When I got among the +lower branches of the huge tree one hundred +feet above ground, I crawled down to its juncture +with the trunk where I found an airy chamber, +its floor covered with dried leaves. Stretching +myself at full length upon this fragrant bed, I +offered up my evening prayers to my Father in +heaven, knowing that I was being guided by His +hand. Ah! had he not led me through the wilderness +for forty years in His cemeteries of Creation, +among the countless creatures of His hand. +My mind took me back to the many forms, I had +recovered, and saved from the destroying agencies +of time and the vandal hand of man. I remembered +I had eighty-five distinct species of extinct +life in Munich Bavaria where the late distinguished +Paleontologist Dr. von Zittel had once +written me that I “had erected in Munich an immemorial +monument to my name.” I thought of +the hundreds of species I had discovered that now +helped form the great Cope Collection in the +American Museum of Natural History, New +York, that great storehouse of American fossil +vertebrates. I thought too of my collection in +the British Museum, and in the Museums of Berlin +and Paris. Surely they prove that God has +cared for me while I was “about my Father’s +business.” I need not worry I thought, because<span class="pagenum" id="Page_140">[140]</span> +forsooth He had carried me back to the close of +the Cretaceous, that wonderful Age of Reptiles +when land and air and sea were filled with, to +us, strange forms of life; when great lizards +shook the earth with their majestic tread, sea serpents +and great bony fishes ruled the sea, +while huge flying reptiles flapped their leathery +wings over the deep. When I thought of all the +creatures I had hunted for forty years, and dug +their mouldering skeletons from an old ocean +bed a thousand miles from the existing seas, from +some great lake bottom, or the flood plain of an +ancient river. I asked myself: Will He who +brought me here leave me to suffer and to die? +How often he had rescued me from sudden death. +Shall I fear to lay me down to sleep alone with +Him in this land never seen before by mortal +eyes. Oh no! So peacefully I laid me down to +rest humming Scott’s famous lines:</p> + +<div class="poetry-container"> +<div class="poetry"> + <div class="stanza"> + <div class="verse indent0">“The heath this night shall be my bed,</div> + <div class="verse indent0">A bracken curtain for my head.</div> + <div class="verse indent0">My lullaby the warders tread,</div> + <div class="verse indent4">Far, far from love and thee, Mary.”</div> + </div> +</div> +</div> + +<p>And so I fell asleep. No rude sounds disturbed; +when the morning sun streamed in my eyes I +awoke refreshed for the thrilling adventures of +the day. It was spring, every living thing +throbbed with life, the sap was surging through +the trees arrayed in their brightest tints, the +ground below was carpeted with flowers in endless +variety and hue: there a clump of evergreens, +and here one of poplars, while in the distance +figs, magnolias and a wealth of other trees +added beauty and variety to the redwood forest.</p> + +<figure class="figcenter illowp80" id="fig040" style="max-width: 188.5em;"> + <img class="w100" src="images/fig040.jpg" alt=""> + <figcaption class="caption"><span class="smcap">Fig. 40.</span>—Quarry of George’s Plated Dinosaur. Page <a href="#Page_88">88</a>, <a href="#Page_96">96 to 99</a>.</figcaption> +</figure> + + +<figure class="figcenter illowp80" id="fig041" style="max-width: 188em;"> + <img class="w100" src="images/fig041.jpg" alt=""> + <figcaption class="caption"><span class="smcap">Fig. 41.</span>—Packing up at Loveland Ferry, 1915. Page <a href="#Page_140">140</a>.</figcaption> +</figure> + + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_141">[141]</span></p> + +<p>Inshore the fertile zone between low and high +tide swarmed with oysters, clams and mussels. +They covered every available inch of space in the +caves and crannies carved out of the ledge of +sandstone along the beach by the ceaseless ebb +and flow of the sea, or when the waves were +driven by the tempest’s lash. As I had gone +without supper the night before, I felt very +hungry. Rapidly descending my tree I ran to +the beach and gathered handfuls of the luscious +shells, dripping with salt water. With steel +digger used in collecting fossils I opened enough +to appease a ravenous appetite.</p> + +<p>The jungles behind seemed impenetrable, so I +walked to the edge of the bayou, which emptied +into the sea nearby. It was thickly planted with +moss and rushes: but for the fact that there +were logs everywhere, lying at all angles in the +morass I could not have gotten to the water. By +teetering across the yielding moss, and resting +on the half submerged logs, I reached the sullen +stream. I soon concluded that I must construct +a boat, in order to explore the wonderful everglades. +From the log I had a fine view of the +bayou that wound its way through moss and +swamp grass several feet high. The bayou expanded<span class="pagenum" id="Page_142">[142]</span> +into lakes of considerable size, bordered +everywhere with the redwood forest, and other +trees on the rising land. With thick underbrush +and high grass beneath, I noticed the water was +full of gar-pike and turtles, the latter having +beautifully sculptured shells, some of them a +couple of feet in diameter. Among them I +noticed the beautiful Trionyx, the shell marked +with lovely designs. I remembered how, when +on Professor Cope’s Expedition to Montana in +1876, I was carried away with delight when I +gathered from a sandstone bluff fragments of +these shells belonging to the Judith River Beds +of the Upper Missouri. But here were the living, +breathing animals themselves; so oblivious +of my presence that they crowded on the very +log on which I was standing. Man’s cruelty to +animals had not caused them to fear the human +eye; an abundant food supply prevented viciousness. +When I attempted to catch one, however, +they all glided gracefully off into the water. +Whole schools of gars and other fishes darted +here and there in full view.</p> + +<p>Turning back to the oyster bed, and searching +along shore for a suitable piece of drift wood +with which to make a boat, in the flotsam that +lined the shore, I also found mingled with the +driftwood and shells, moss and sea-weed, countless +bones of dinosaurs, not brittle and filled +with rocky material, as were those I found on +Red Deer river yesterday, but bones with flesh<span class="pagenum" id="Page_143">[143]</span> +and sinew still adhering to them, carried out as +toll to the sea, from bayou or river. But the +ocean soon tired of them and after playing with +them until the time of high tide, returned them +to the land with her own shells, seaweeds, and +dead fishes, to fester in the sun.</p> + +<p>These bones showed me they had lived but a +few days before, and were perhaps the remains +of the feast of some titanic carnivore. I determined +to go on a hunt for them. Here were +limbs of duck-bills ten feet in length, together +with the strong ligaments that bound the bones +together in life. Here, too, the mighty Triceratops +has left a monstrous head, seven feet in +length, to mingle with the drift.</p> + +<p>The Carnivores were represented by powerful +feet with three great claws, and a spur like a +rooster. The feet along measured over three feet +long, the horny claws measured ten inches. +Crocodilian bones and those of small reptiles +and fishes lay around.</p> + +<p>But as I was determined to find a log of the +right size to hew into a boat, I wandered on, +searching the drift pile with eager eyes. I could +not be idle, and was determined to take advantage +of the opportunity offered me, to study +these wonderful creatures of a far-away day. +I wondered whether they would in life prove +what the students of their remains in the Twentieth +Century supposed. I longed to know.</p> + +<p>At last, after much effort, I found a redwood<span class="pagenum" id="Page_144">[144]</span> +trunk over twenty feet long with a large enough +diameter to make a comfortable dug-out. Luckily +it was just above high tide, near the mouth of a +bayou. With my hand pick I cut off the bark +and fashioned bow and stern. Fortunately I +had some matches in my vest pocket, I built a +fire against the huge hollow trunk of a redwood, +and was careful not to let it go out entirely.</p> + +<p>Along the shore, washed up by the tide from +the sandstone ledge, were numerous iron concretions, +usually round and flattened on two sides. +These proved invaluable. They would get red-hot +in my fire, and I used them for burning out +the boat. A flake of flinty rock served as a +shovel when fastened into a split stick, and two +tied together at the ends made a serviceable pair +of tongs. With these simple tools, my work proceeded +famously. Paddles and scull, too, I +made from strips of strong and pliable young +poplars. With my fire kept burning, I had no +trouble about food. I had always been a meat +lover, and in camp a breakfast without bacon +was a failure. So instead, I made turtle soup, +or broiled fishes on the coals, or on sharp sticks +before the fire. I found nuts, too, and fruit, +especially figs, the old ripe fruit hanging among +the flowers and green figs. From tough bark I +made sails and put sheets over all, to keep out +the damp. With ropes of the aralia vine, I fastened +my dug-out to a tree. One stormy night +a very high tide floated her, and the next morning<span class="pagenum" id="Page_145">[145]</span> +I was ready for my expedition. So, all +aboard, I committed myself to Him who hears +“the ravens’ clamorous cry,” and drifted with +the tide up the center of the bayou. With scull +in hand, I guided my boat and with my eyes +drank in the beauty of the scene. It was a lovely +morning cool and refreshing, the air laden with +the spicy fragrance of evergreens that lined the +elevated bench inshore. The delicious aroma of +spring flowers delighted the senses, while acres +of water lilies with kidney shaped leaves and +white and yellow flowers rested in graceful attitudes +upon the water. Along the shore line were +dense masses of moss; while serried ranks of +rushes and long grass cast waving shadows +athwart the sluggish stream. Behind on the +solid earth the stately redwood, poplars, magnolia, +figs and many other trees, cast their +shadows across the bayou. These splendid +forms</p> + + + +<div class="poetry-container"> +<div class="poetry"> + <div class="stanza"> + <div class="verse indent0">Of God’s first temple reared,</div> + <div class="verse indent2">Whose lofty trunks, like soldiers file</div> + <div class="verse indent0">As if their God they feared.</div> + </div> +</div> +</div> + + + +<p>There they stand in solemn grandeur. Near +the shore was a thick growth of underwood, +while inland clear spaces were visible owing to +the fact that the close crowned heads of the +forest prevented the rays of the sun from passing +through them to the ground below, and nothing<span class="pagenum" id="Page_146">[146]</span> +but the humble moss and other lowly vegetation +could secure a foothold. I noticed suddenly +a disturbance up stream, and suspecting +that a dweller of this solitude was approaching +a specially seductive patch of rushes and horse-tails +across the stream, I backwatered my boat +into the fringe of vegetation near the eastern +shore, until it was completely hidden in an ambuscade +of verdure. I anchored by means of a +large concretion attached to a rope, of the running +vine already mentioned. Carefully crawling +to the front of the boat where I had made a +small deck, I stretched at full length, and parting +the rushes had an uninterrupted view of the +bayou. Soon, I saw the white foam ripple off +the huge back and tail of a swimming reptile. A +duck-bill if you please, that was rapidly approaching. +The huge elongated head and short +front webbed feet, the great body, and enormous +swimming tail, the last as long as the entire +body, made up a total length of about thirty-five +feet. The tail was nearly three feet high, where +it left the body, terminating in a small point over +sixteen feet away. It was the main propeller +that hurried him on his way to his pasture +ground, in graceful and powerful undulations, +aided by his paddle-like front limbs, feet and +great hind limbs ten feet long. The water gurgled, +and foamed, little patches of foam, were +caught up by the passing breeze and carried to +leeward. Soon he passed at full speed within<span class="pagenum" id="Page_147">[147]</span> +ten feet of my shelter, and brought up a hundred +feet away under the western shore. There he +planted his hind feet firmly in the muddy bottom, +ten feet below. The water continued its +sullen flow, murmuring against the pillar-like +limbs. The webbed front limbs, he used as arms +to bring the rich foliage within reach of his duck-bill +to be nipped off, and passed between the +scissor-like teeth that sheared the food into +shreds, to pass into a cavernous stomach below, +and so appease a ravenous appetite.</p> + +<p>I had a fine view of the beautiful creature. +Back of the head a frill several inches high +reached to the shoulders. The whole body was +covered with the most beautiful patterns of +scales, or rounded tubercles, arranged in mosaic-work +of very pretty rosettes, of scales perhaps +an eighth of an inch in diameter with small tubercles +between. The morning sun reflected in +the water every scale and contour of the body, +limbs and out stretched tail. And so this creature +of other days was before me in flesh and +blood and power. Over some parts of the body +there were areas of large pavement scales. They +were entirely distinct, and did not overlap.</p> + + + +<blockquote>And his body broad expended<br> +With thin skin is covered o’er,<br> +Scaled in beauteous patterns blended<br> +With the foliage near the shore.</blockquote> + + + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_148">[148]</span></p> + +<p>The bright rosettes were more highly colored +than the smaller dots. As the thin skin hung +loosely on the frame below, it moved in graceful +curves rounded muscles, massive hind limb, and +great tail. The hind limbs terminated in three +large hoofs on each foot; that spread well over +half a square yard of the muddy bottom. The +tail was adorned with large colored scales. He is +now in his natural habitat, the Everglades along +the old Cretaceous Ocean. The land was beginning +slowly to rise from the domain of Neptune, +who had held sway for ages, but even now, it was +but slightly above sea-level, while meandering +bayou, river or lake were interspersed between +the lowlands. There were great accumulations +of peat, and other rank vegetation covering great +areas of swamp-land, to the depth of thirty feet +or more. Often no doubt, a great tidal wave +will flood the rising land, covering the vegetation +with ocean mud, which in due time, in the ages +to come, will form under pressure the coal fields +of Alberta Province. We have already noted her +wealth of coal.</p> + +<p>Our trachodon has finished breakfast, and +though at the time of writing these lines no one +had suggested a name for him, the great question +with me was how continue the study of this +beautiful lizard, learn more of his life history +and of the other creatures of his day. I concluded +the rich everglades would abound in +many of his kind, and a rich fauna too, including<span class="pagenum" id="Page_149">[149]</span> +many other forms. As he continued to feed +I continued to think. I was not surprised to +see him alone, because reptiles as a rule care little +for their fellows. They do not mass together +in herds like mammals. Each one seems to live +for himself, the stronger ones winning in the +battle of life. They seem to have none of the +almost human sensibilities of mammals, show +little love if any for the offspring. As soon as +the young are large enough for food, in the case +of flesh eaters, their hungry parents may gobble +them up, and they are no safer from them, than +any others of the hungry tribe. The only way to +escape is to keep out of the way. Of course our +trachodont is, as we have already seen, herbivorous +in habit; and is not likely to do battle, except +in self defense, from jealousy, or over the +food supply. Neither would he lead others to +the feast, each one must look out for himself.</p> + +<p>I was not surprised that this fellow was a +swimmer. In 1908 my oldest son George, found +a skeleton of a trachodon in the famous Beds of +Converse County, Wyoming, complete except +that the tail and hind feet were missing. He lay +on an old drift on his back, wrapped in his skin, +as in a mantle, or rather the impression of his +skin, for the original substance had long ago disappeared. +His head lay twisted under his left +shoulder. The skin in the abdominal region had +collapsed, and lay across the inside of the vertebral +column, all going to prove he had died in the<span class="pagenum" id="Page_150">[150]</span> +water, that he was filled by the expanding gases +after death, that his body was lifted to the surface +and floated with the current, thus forcing +the head back under the shoulders. When the +gas escaped, the abdominal walls fell in; the water +rushed in to fill the cavity, the body became +heavier than water, and sank to the bottom. +There the fine sand drifted over it, and forced +the yielding skin deeper into the body cavity. +The decay of the contents of the viscera and the +flesh occurring more rapidly than the skin, the +latter was forced closer and closer to the bones +until the specimen, as now mounted in the +American Museum New York, shows a resemblance +to a mummy. So Dr. Osborn in describing +it suggested the name “Dinosaur Mummy.” +Before this discovery, it was supposed that the +reptile was a land animal, that he used his powerful +hind limbs in connection with the tail, to +form a tripod on which his powerful weight rested, +while he fed off the tender foliage of tree. It +was also believed that he was plated with dermal, +or skin scutes, to protect him from his carniverous +enemies. However as the “mummy” proves, +and as the living creature proved, his skin was +thin, with no dermal plates. His front feet were +webbed, and his habitat the bayous and swamps +along the sea-plain. I was glad, as my saurian +was through breakfast to see him lift his body, +head and front limbs up, and look towards shore, +and beyond a few rods away, to a sheet of water +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_151">[151]</span>that appealed to him. So wading through the +morass and putting his small front feet down on +the muddy slope left by the retreating tide, the +narrow strip between its ebb and flow, he drew +himself out of the water, and lifting his body but +a few feet above the mud, he dragged his huge +tail through it, leaving a well marked trail behind. +His pose to me was very interesting, as I +had come to the conclusion from my study of the +“mummy,” that this was his natural gait, though +most American Paleontologists believe, that their +usual pose was standing erect on the hind limbs, +the front legs used chiefly for balancing. As he +reached the fringe of bushes he pushed his duck-bill +through them, nosing around as if to scent +some enemy. Then as the coast seemed clear, +he hurries across the narrow strip, beneath the +silent evergreens.</p> + + +<figure class="figcenter illowp80" id="fig042" style="max-width: 189em;"> + <img class="w100" src="images/fig042.jpg" alt=""> + <figcaption class="caption"><span class="smcap">Fig. 42.</span>—Badlands of Red Deer River, 2 miles below Steveville. Page <a href="#Page_67">67</a>.</figcaption> +</figure> + + +<figure class="figcenter illowp80" id="fig043" style="max-width: 188.75em;"> + <img class="w100" src="images/fig043.jpg" alt=""> + <figcaption class="caption"><span class="smcap">Fig. 43.</span>—Badlands near Steveville. Photograph by Levi Sternberg. Page <a href="#Page_61">61</a>.</figcaption> +</figure> + + +<div class="blockquot"> +<p> +The cooling touch of morning breeze,<br> +Waft incense from a censor hidden,<br> +The gentle sighing of the trees<br> +Add music to the scene unbidden.<br> +As he hies him away “to fresh scenes and pastures green.”<br> +But hark a noise that thrills me, what can it mean?<br> +I hear the crush of mighty frame.<br> +The Tiger of the Everglades:<br> +As onward through the brush he came,<br> +And through the swamp and moss he wades,<span class="pagenum" id="Page_152">[152]</span><br> +He leaves a great trail in his wake<br> +As rushing forward toward his prey:<br> +His mighty limbs with ease can break:<br> +And open wide a passage way.<br> +His limbs are armed with claws so great,<br> +His jaws are filled with horrid teeth:<br> +Alas! I fear our saurian’s fate,<br> +He’s simply dallying with death.<br> +Our herbivore is armed for flight:<br> +With paddles strong and swimming tail,<br> +He is not built indeed for fight,<br> +To ’scape by flood he should not fail.<br> +For, though the reptiles weigh the same,<br> +And each span forty feet in length.<br> +I fear the swimmer’ll lose the game,<br> +The carnivore excels in strength.<br> +Let him escape beyond his foe,<br> +Who dare not venture in the flood.<br> +Toward the deep waters he should go,<br> +Nor drench his pasture with his blood.<br> +</p> +</div> + +<p>Too bad! rush as he may, he cannot escape this +fierce Tiger of the Everglades. So occupied are +the great dinosaurs, they do not heed my approach. +Lifting anchor I pulled across the +stream into the channel made by the trachodon +on his way towards shore. The noble lizard seeing +that he could not escape his foe, bravely faces +him. As if to hurry the end, he exposes the most +vulnerable part of his body, by rising on his hind +limbs. The enemy hurls himself at full length<span class="pagenum" id="Page_153">[153]</span> +upon his defenseless victim; with great claws of +hardened horn, full ten inches long, he rips his +body down and red blood floods the mossy way. +As he falls to earth and death, this tyrant, of +those early days, tears open his body, and feeds +on the quivering flesh and running blood in the +very shelter of the redwood forest. The awful +terror of the scene kept me well out of reach in +the water. I was overcome with the shock, coming +so swiftly in the peaceful woods. The sun +was not darkened, the perfume of flowers filled +the air, the gentle breeze sighed in the branches +overhead, showing that nature knows no pity, no +mercy. That death is inevitable, and still nature’s +beauty, her changing seasons go on for +time. Even though the victim was a cold blooded +reptile I had become deeply interested in it. +I remembered however, that the carnivore must +prey on the herbivore; that the latter increase so +rapidly, the death of one of their number would +leave scarcely a ripple on the reptilian life of the +everglades. I had time of course to study the +conqueror carefully, I saw he did not differ greatly +from the one Professor Osborn described as +Tyrannosaurus rex, the king of the tyrants; from +a partial skeleton and magnificent head, discovered +by Barnum Brown in the Hell Creek Beds +of northern Montana. His huge head is four +feet long, three feet wide and two feet high. The +jaws armed with teeth six inches long, with serrated +edges on the double cutting surfaces. A<span class="pagenum" id="Page_154">[154]</span> +great sinewy body, very short front limbs, powerful +hind ones, and long tail, with sled-like +chevron bones, and extending processes interlocking +the caudal vertebrae, not allowing them +to move freely on themselves, as in the snakes +and lizards of today. The tail was stiffened and +was dragged along on the ground. The body +was 40 feet long and the head reached nineteen +feet above the ground. As I saw, a blow from +his terrible claw-armed hind limb, tore open the +trachodon, nearly his equal in bulk. After gormandising +to his heart’s content, he drifted off +into the forest, and I saw him no more. I then +paddled in short and tying my boat to a sapling, +went up to the carcass and secured great strips +of the tough skin so beautifully adorned with +shining and beautifully colored scales, polygonal +or rounded, some so small that they appeared as +mere dots, as already observed. I was delighted +to see near by a pool of alkali water, in this I +doused the skin and it then only took a short +time to break up the glue. I found a poplar log +about eight inches in diameter and after sharpening +one end, I drove it into the ground over a +dead log that was lying on the ground. After +peeling off the bark from the ends I had a handy +device, so stretching the skin over it, scaly side +down, and using the edge of a chisel for a scraper, +I rapidly prepared the skin for use, cleaning +off the flesh and broken down glue. By the time +it was dry I had tanned it, and it was as pliable<span class="pagenum" id="Page_155">[155]</span> +as newly tanned leather. I continued my labor +until I had prepared a great roll. Not of buck-skin, +but trachodon skin. I saw in prospect +sails, ropes paulins for my boat and myself, as a +protection against the rains and for many other +things. Where the skin had been torn from the +dorsal spines, I saw bundles of ossified tendons, +like those of a turkey’s leg. They lay across each +other diagonally to the spines, while other rows +were parallel. What were they for? I supposed +to stiffen, and strengthen the dorsal column. +Perhaps too, if our trachodon had not been so +foolish as to face his enemy, and had continued +the retreat, and the tiger had leaped on his back, +his claws finding no foothold on account of these +same bony tendons, he might have lost his footing. +They extended some distance into the tail, +making the forward part like an oar. The undulations +we saw, were performed by the posterior +part of the tail while in the act of swimming.</p> +<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop"> + +<div class="chapter"> +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_156">[156]</span></p> + +<h2 class="nobreak" id="CHAPTER_XII">CHAPTER XII<br> +<span class="sm">WHAT THE CRETACEOUS SEAS BROUGHT FORTH</span> + +</h2> +</div> + + + +<p>One has some strange day dreams often, at +least I have. My only daughter died some years +ago; though in imagination she is often with me, +I thought once I had gone to sleep. When I woke +next morning I realized that time had turned +backward. I found myself beside the boundless +sea, and it was not the sea I had looked on but +yesterday, I was sitting under a limestone escarpment, +with a beach before me of fine sand. The +waves rolling outside of a bar that had been deposited +by a river, whose mouth I could see on +the eastern side of the steep bluff under which I +sat. “Thank God,” I cried, “You have taken me +back to the old Cretaceous Ocean.” I had explored +her elevated and denuded bed for twenty +seasons in the Short Grass country of Western +Kansas; collecting her rich fauna of reptiles and +fishes. To know that I was to be permitted to +actually see the animals themselves, in their natural +environments. To explore her shore lines. +Her sheltered bays. To see her fleets of plesiosaurs +come sailing in after an ocean cruise; her +great mosasaurs, and bony fishes. How glorious, +but where is Maud. The thought came to me like +a flash. Life had seemed so much more enjoyable<span class="pagenum" id="Page_157">[157]</span> +with her beside me. With her appreciative +ear, to listen for what my mind conceived, and +my lips uttered, she never contradicted me when +I uttered an opinion. No! she realized that I, +with my vast store of experience might well be +her teacher, and she enjoyed the story of my life +so much that her eager face, and flashing eyes, +were a stimulus to my mind, awakening old experiences +and memories long forgotten. Although +she had been with me for a short time, she had +become necessary to me. I knew how much I +would miss her in the adventures that lay before +me. While these thoughts were passing, I was +delighted to hear her gentle voice call out “Papa, +here I am.” And looking up I saw her leaning +out of the mouth of a cave a short distance above +me. I cried out with pleasure and rushing to +the beach picked up the dry trunk of a small +pine, with stumps of branches on either side. I +carried it to the bluff and leaning against it, +made a convenient ladder for Maud to descend on +which she rapidly did, and stood beside me. Of +course our chief talk was about this miraculous +event in our lives and we wondered what was in +store for us. We thrilled with delight when we +realized how lovely the country was. The climate +temperature. We smelled the delicious +odor of magnolia blooms, for a beautiful forest +skirted the hills and plains before us to the east, +and north and south, while to the west, as far as +the eye could reach a great ocean, whose western<span class="pagenum" id="Page_158">[158]</span> +shore line must have been thousands of miles toward +the setting sun. Taking her arm we walked +down to the beach. In the zone between high +and low tide, unlimited oysters, no larger than +silver half dollars lay strewn around. While +plowing through the sand, were <i>Inoceramus</i> +shells that measured four feet high, and five feet +long, leaving a great trail behind. The shore line +was strewn with many of these huge shells. We +mentioned the many uses they could be put to, +for our convenience. Thin and transparent they +would do for windows in the house, I planned to +build. They would take the place of shingles, +and even doors. We enjoyed a feast of raw oysters +with the sea water for seasoning. We then +went to work hauling up from the piles of driftwood, +trunks of small trees near the cave. Which +Maud told me would make her a nice room as it +was high and dry with a floor of white sand. By +building four walls with the logs, leaving spaces +for windows and doors, we succeeded after many +days of labor in having a room twelve by fourteen +feet. Then we put on a roof, of the large shells, +hung our doors and windows, filled the spaces +between the logs with clay, and moss, built a fire +place and chimney. The effect of the light passing +through the shells was very beautiful indeed. +Our original ladder led to Maud’s Cave, through +a trap door. I gathered the fragrant boughs of +pine trees for the beds. We cared little for furniture, +pictures and ornaments. How insignificant<span class="pagenum" id="Page_159">[159]</span> +man’s costliest works compared to the +works of the great Creator, His air, and water, +His glorious sea forest and plain, the starry firmament +on high, given us so freely. How rich +we were, though possessing only the clothes on +our backs, and the few tools I had in my collecting +bag. A few matches and some strings of +sinew I had cut in another age, I also found a +file in the lowest corner of my collecting bag, +and from fragments of bone made some fish-hooks, +we had built a chimney and in the open +fireplace Maud heated water in a deep sea shell +while I caught a string of nice fishes, which she +broiled for supper or fried for breakfast. I also +found the tracks of a turtle, whose bones +and skull I discovered in the chalk of Kansas. +Professor Cope named it <i>Torycheles latiremus</i>. +Suspecting that she had hidden some eggs in the +dry sand, I dug around in it with my hands and +found a hat full of her soft shelled eggs. With +the fish we had many most delightful repasts, +and we talked of the time when we hoped to explore +this new region, the Early Cretaceous. +Study its rich fauna and flora. After building +our cabin, as we were very tired after a strenuous +day, Maud kissed me good night and retired +to her room in the cave, while I lay down in the +corner of the house. At the first streak of day +a fire was builded, and breakfast started. I had +made a pail of a deep shell shaped like a woman’s +hood, and called later by Conrad <i>Haploscapha grandes</i>,<span class="pagenum" id="Page_160">[160]</span> +the first great hood. I had bored a hole +through either edge, and with an aralia vine for +a handle, I carried it to a nearby hill; where a +lovely spring of pure water gushed out, and returned +with it brimful of the life saving liquid. +We used thin shells, we had found on the beach, +for plates and made our knives and forks and +spoons of wood. At breakfast Maud asked me +if I knew where we were. “Yes, dear,” I replied, +“we are in Western Kansas. These limestone +bluffs are composed of jointed limestone. Some +day a gorge will be cut through them by the +Smoky Hill River ninety feet deep, and a mile +long, and it will be in Trego County just below +the mouth of Hackberry Creek. Get your hat +and we will see!” “I am ready, papa,” she cried, +so with collecting bag over my shoulder, and +pick in hand, we walked rapidly along the hard +sandy shore line. We soon rounded the point, +and as I suspected the shore swung off into a +vast amphitheatre-like cove. We could just see +the distant headland, far to the north. While +the land and sea curved in toward the east and +back to the north, forming a great land locked +bay.</p> + +<figure class="figcenter illowp80" id="fig044" style="max-width: 189.75em;"> + <img class="w100" src="images/fig044.jpg" alt=""> + <figcaption class="caption"><span class="smcap">Fig. 44.</span>—Badlands near Steveville. Notice Cross Bedding. Page <a href="#Page_61">61</a>, <a href="#Page_69">69</a>.</figcaption> +</figure> + + +<figure class="figcenter illowp80" id="fig045" style="max-width: 188.0625em;"> + <img class="w100" src="images/fig045.jpg" alt=""> + <figcaption class="caption"><span class="smcap">Fig. 45.</span>—Quarry with skeleton of <i>Corythosaurus</i> lost at sea, 1916. Page <a href="#Page_160">160</a>.</figcaption> +</figure> + + +<p>“O see papa!” Maud cried, “what is that lying +on the water just off shore? It looks like a huge +log half submerged.” “No dear. I believe it is +a <i>Tylosaur</i> or great ram-nosed lizard, the monarch +of this ocean. See! he raises a conical head +above the water, that terminates in a long bony +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_161">[161]</span>ram. His head is five feet long. See his four +powerful paddles begin to move! his eel-like tail +is longer than head and trunk combined. Watch +its graceful and rapid undulations.” “My,” +cried Maud, “it is larger than the storied sea +serpents of sailors and seaside resorts. It must +be fifty feet long.” “Fully that,” I answered. +“I wonder what has started him off in such a +hurry?” “What does that streak of foam mean +yonder?” asked my companion. “It is another +saurian coming to battle, dear,” I answered. +The scene was indeed exciting. We clapped our +hands and shouted encouragement to our +saurian as he lashed the water, and beat it +into a foam, that floated behind in a long curling +wake. Or patches were caught up by the passing +breeze and wafted away as lightly as the bubbles +children love to blow. We had ascended the +point as we rounded it, and so are high enough +to watch the battle royal. As they come together +like colliding express trains, our reptile plunges +his bony ram into the quivering flesh of his +opponent, piercing heart and lungs. Withdrawing +his ram, he lingers near while the dying +mosasaur reddens the salty brine with his life-blood. +A few convulsive struggles, and he lies +a helpless mass on the surface, while his victor +hies away to other conquests. “I never knew +these <i>Tylosaurs</i> grew to such huge dimensions,” +said Maud, “You know the one in the American +Museum is only about thirty feet long, and that<span class="pagenum" id="Page_162">[162]</span> +was considered large for the species.” “Yes, I +know,” I replied. “But I also know of one huge +skeleton belonging to the University of Kansas +at Lawrence, that measures fifty feet in length. +His enormous head is five feet long, the same +size evidently as this one. Who knows but that +5,000,000 years from now his skeleton may be +exhumed from the chalk of Kansas and exhibited +at the Museum of the University!” “I remember +the mosasaurs, papa, you described in ‘The +Life of a Fossil Hunter.’ After the <i>Tylosaurus</i> +came the flat paddles <i>Platecarpus</i>, with its blunt +ram or rostrum at the end of the nose; then +<i>Clidastes</i>, a lithe creature and more elegantly +built than the other two.” “Yes, dear, I have +been fortunate in the discovery of complete skeletons +of these fine swimmers. I sent a very +beautiful skeleton of a <i>Tylosaur</i> to the Senckenberg +Museum at Frankfurt-on-the-Main. (<a href="#fig005">Fig. 5</a>). +Skeletons of <i>Platecarpus</i> to Tübingen University, +as well as a <i>Tylosaurus</i>. And one to The +Museum of Toronto University, Canada, and another +to the Victoria Memorial Museum at Ottawa, +Canada. A beautiful <i>Clidastes</i> to Vassar +College, New York, a fine head and trunk to +Carnegie Museum, at Pittsburgh, Pa. The +Mosasaurs, you know, all have short necks and +long tails. The jaws are armed with recurved +teeth and a set on either side in the roof of the +mouth near the gullet enable them to hold their +prey, so they could not escape if they opened<span class="pagenum" id="Page_163">[163]</span> +their mouths. They had an aid to swallowing +their food, by means of a ball and socket hinge +in the center of the lower jaws, just behind the +tooth-bearing bones. This enabled them to expand +the lower jaws and shortening them so as +to force the food down the throat.”</p> + +<p>“See Papa,” said Maud, “The rising tide has +floated the dead saurian towards the shore.” We +walked to the beach and our united efforts enabled +us to pull him in. He was a magnificent +example of the sea life of his day. I doubt if +ever a swimmer excelled this one in speed. The +four powerful paddles and lithe form, and the +long tail in constant vibration, enabled him to +cut the water like the prow of a racing yacht. +His entire body was covered with small scales +like those of a diamond rattler, arranged in beautiful +colored designs, and highly polished. The +scales sparkling in iridescent splendor. “How +well poised the head,” said Maud. “How large +the eyes, protected by sclerotic plates of bone +now glazed in death.” “Wonderfully beautiful,” +I answered, “So God creates His creatures, His +plants, His crystals. Man’s feeble efforts to imitate +nature how crude and clumsy.”</p> + +<p>“I think Maud it would be a good plan to cut +off strips of the skin for ropes and sails, and +many other useful things. I will make you a +hammock of a wide strip.” “Very well,” she answered, +“Let us go to work.” While busily engaged, +we were covered with moving shadows<span class="pagenum" id="Page_164">[164]</span> +and looking up saw enormous <i>Pteranodonts</i> those +glorious flying reptiles, hovering over head. +With broad expanded wing, some twenty feet +from tip to tip, they swooped downward, or rested +in graceful attitudes in mid air. Their great +eyes scanned the ocean before us for fishes, and +when one was discovered dropped like a shot into +the bay rapidly reappearing with a fish between +their toothless beaks. One after another broke +the mirror like surface of the deep, and always +came to the surface with a fish. Their unerring +sight had discovered. No eagle ever dropped +quicker on his frightened quarry than these lizards. +The scene before us was exciting indeed.</p> + +<p>After finishing our labor and stretching the +skin of our <i>Mosasaur</i> on the sand to dry we continued +our stroll along the sand. In a deep hole, +we admired a whole colony of the most beautiful +swimming crinoids, or sea lilies we had ever +seen. They were stemless and floated with the +currents of Mosaurian Bay, as I had named the +sheet of water on the new map I had made. Their +bodies, about the shape of half an egg, with an +opening in the center, and ten arms radiating +from the margin. These arms were three feet +long, with feathered edges. Over the mouth too, +were smaller arms used to comb off into the +mouth the tiny animal life of the sea, that was +strained through, and caught in the meshes of +the feathered arms. My boys found hundreds of +these crinoids in the chalk on Beaver Creek, Kansas,<span class="pagenum" id="Page_165">[165]</span> +called <i>Uintacrinus socialis</i>. We enriched +many Museums with them.</p> + +<p>“Papa,” said Maud, “let us go into the woods +to escape the heat.” It was beginning to be felt, +as the sun has climbed over the trees, and the +heat beats upon the dry sands. We first entered +a hard and soft wood forest, composed largely of +Sassafras, Magnolia, Linden, Birch in endless +variety, Cinnamon, Sweet Gum, and many +other of the first trees with heart and bark like +our existing forests of the twentieth century. +There was a thick underbrush of wild roses and +aralia vines, with their beautiful three and five +lobed dentate leaves. The brooks were lined with +rushes, and ferns and other familiar vegetation. +We could see deeper in the forest the stately Redwood +in serried ranks, as far as the eye could +reach; colonnades of God’s first temple. Here indeed +we found the coveted shads. The trunks +like Gothic columns lifted their stately forms two +hundred feet on high, with densely packed +crowns of living green, that cut off the direct +rays of the sun. They filtered through like those +through stained glass filling the woods with tinted +and mysterious light. “How grand,” I cried, +“to live so close to God and His great heart, Nature’s +heart. God is the very embodiment, everywhere +of nature, even ‘the spacious firmament on +high, and all the blue ethereal sky, And spangled +heavens a shining frame, there great original +proclaim.’ There, Maud, do you see the damp<span class="pagenum" id="Page_166">[166]</span> +sand along the river shore. See how the leaves +have fallen in it, some lie flat, others with stem +down, are half buried; all will be covered with +the ocean mud at high tide, there they will remain +until pressed by the masses of rock that will +be laid down upon the deposit, it will be hardened +into sandstone, and the leaf impressions will +be preserved for millions of years. Until in the +twentieth century, I will dig them from the solid +rock in the central plains of Kansas, and Lesquereux +and Ward, and Knowlton and Wilson, +will identify them.”</p> + +<p>So we wandered on through mighty aisles in +this great temple, where God loved to walk, +though all unseen by our mortal eyes, we felt His +presence near. “O Papa,” cried Maud. “See the +ground is strewn with edible acorns. There were +no squirrels last winter to store them away. And +there are some ripe figs among the green ones in +yonder tree. If you will gather the figs, I will +fill my apron with acorns and we will have a new +dish for dinner.” “All right,” I replied and soon +gathered a large supply. We carried our treasures +home; and while Maud cracked the acorns +between two cobblestones, I secured a strong +shell for a mortar and a rounded stone for a pestle +and ground the fruit and nuts together, which +we made into little cakes, they with hard boiled +turtle eggs made a dinner we enjoyed.</p> + +<p>I had scraped a shell full of salt from the face +of a precipice where the water of the sea had<span class="pagenum" id="Page_167">[167]</span> +beaten high against it and on evaporating left a +thick layer of salt behind. And so the day passed, +every moment showing us a new phase of the +Creator’s handiwork. We soon decided that as +the sea life here was so luxuriant, we would build +a ship to sail the quiet waters of the Mosasaurian +Bay. I succeeded in planning one, with Maud’s +assistance, that promised safety and comfort. I +selected half a dozen straight redwood logs, +thirty feet long; burned off the ends and +branches. With the aid of fire dug them out, and +stretched over them the dried skin of mosasaurs. +(Many had been killed in their battles and we +had secured their skins). Each compartment +was air tight and very buoyant, I rived out +boards from the redwood logs, and lashed them +across the boats for a platform, on which we +built cabins fore and aft, and erected a main +mast from which our sails were stretched from +yard arms, manipulated with ropes from the +same tough hide that we geared as sails. Huge +rocks we heaved on deck and attached ropes to +them and used them as anchors. We made state +rooms, kitchen, and sitting room, amid ship. +After many days of labor, we finished our craft, +and were ready for life on the ocean wave.</p> + +<p>We resolved not to venture far from shore and +to cast anchor in some quiet land locked bay at +night, Maud was to handle the steering apparatus, +while I cared for the sails, Maud cooked +dainty morsels from land and sea and bayou. We<span class="pagenum" id="Page_168">[168]</span> +not only got turtle eggs but the turtles themselves, +and a great variety of fishes, mackerel, +herring, etc. While building our ship we had unlimited +adventures, because each morning and +evening we walked off into the forest or explored +the sea-shore, or walked along the winding river, +or mossy bayou. But as my attention was occupied +in the boat building I could not keep notes +of these adventures. We named our little ship +The Swan, not because of the beauty of the boat, +but because it floated as lightly as a swan on the +waters of Mosasaurian Bay.</p> + +<p>One lovely morning in early June when life +was the richest, and the forest had attained perfection; +we hoisted our great square sail, and +loosened our rudder bands, and put to sea. With +a gentle breeze stirring, and with only a gentle +ripple on the bosom of the deep; with no rocky +breakers in shore, the motion on board was delightful. +“Look Papa,” cried Maud, as a great +fish, fifteen feet long, dashed by in pursuit of a +school of mackerel, that were struggling to get +into water to escape his murderous jaws. He +was armed with long conical teeth, those in front +where the face with its short muzzle looked like +a bull dog, the horrid fangs were four inches +long; in the center of the head was a triangular +crest, that cut the waves like the dorsal spine of +a shark. He beat the water into spray, in his +eager pursuit of his prey; and many a fish fell a +victim to his appetite. His skull was two feet<span class="pagenum" id="Page_169">[169]</span> +long, with powerful lower jaw, his great pectoral +fins were over three feet long. The rays had +sharp outer edges. He could set and use them +as a sword to gash his enemies, the great white +sharks. His forked tail, with span of over four +feet, would cause an awful blow when used as a +weapon; large glistening scales, covered the entire +body. Maud called my attention to the fact +that our huge fish had finished breakfast, and +was swimming back into the deep water of the +bay, quite leisurely, so graceful in motion a living +five horse power motor boat. “You remember,” +she said, “the skeleton you sent of this fish +to the British Museum.” “O yes,” I replied, “Mr. +Pycraft wrote a description of it for the Illustrated +London News, March 1, 1913.” (<a href="#fig004">Fig. 4</a>).</p> + +<p>“My son George found and collected this fine +specimen, I prepared it.” “You must be as +pleased to see the boys make such noted discoveries,” +she said. “O yes, because it encourages +them to keep at work, in this life work of mine. +As a boy I loved nature, I was a hunter too and +used to kill buffalo and antelope. But after close +association with the most famous Naturalist +America has produced, Prof. E. D. Cope of Philadelphia, +who often told me that though we must +destroy our enemies and protect our friends, as a +matter of self protection, yet wanton destruction +of life was a crime. The more I thought of this +suggestion the more I came to fully believe it. +God loves the creatures He has created and will<span class="pagenum" id="Page_170">[170]</span> +surely punish man for needless destruction of the +beautiful birds and fur bearing animals, so they +can decorate their own persons, wearing the borrowed +plumage, and silky furs of his creatures. +I long ago gave up killing wild animals, and for +years could say with Goldsmith, ‘No herds that +roam the valley wide to slaughter I condemn, +Moved by the power that pities me, I learn to pity +them.’ However as I like meat I am obliged to +qualify the stanza by saying, as is reported Goldsmith’s +wife had said, ‘No herd that roves the +valley wide to slaughter I condemn. The butcher +kills the meat for me, I buy the meat of him.’ In +other words I let my sons do the hunting. My +great pleasure as you know dear girl, is to dig +with pick and shovel from the rock, the animals +of the past, to clean and prepare the crumbling +bones, and by the power of the imagination +breathe into them new life. And has not God +shown us His appreciation of this love we both +possess by bringing us back here among His +creatures of another day.”</p> + +<figure class="figcenter illowp80" id="fig046" style="max-width: 186.0625em;"> + <img class="w100" src="images/fig046.jpg" alt=""> + <figcaption class="caption"><span class="smcap">Fig. 46.</span>—Charlie letting down his Plated Dinosaur by gravity. Page <a href="#Page_96">96</a>.</figcaption> +</figure> + + +<figure class="figcenter illowp80" id="fig047" style="max-width: 186.5em;"> + <img class="w100" src="images/fig047.jpg" alt=""> + <figcaption class="caption"><span class="smcap">Fig. 47.</span>—Hauling out fossil log. Page <a href="#Page_170">170</a>.</figcaption> +</figure> + + +<p>“O! Papa!” cried Maud. “See the water is cut +by the spines of great sharks twenty-five feet +long. See some are so near the ship in this +transparent water that we can see them perfectly.” +“There,” I answered, “is a <i>Portheus</i> they +seem to be in pursuit of. That big shark passes immediately +under the <i>Portheus</i>. He turns on his +back, and his huge mouth opens, look at the +many rows of wicked looking teeth. How they +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_171">[171]</span>gleam in the light, they are sharp as razors.” +“See how many different forms of teeth in different +parts of the mouth.” “Yes dear I remember +that in the mouth of one I sent to Munich in 1882, +from the Kansas Chalk Dr. Eastman found +twenty-five synonyms, or species that had been +described from loose teeth. Watch, there are several +other big sharks coming to the assistance of +the one who is after the <i>Portheus</i>. We will hoist +the sail and try and keep pace with the battle, +that surges westward, watch the rudder Maud +while I loosen the main sail! It bellied to the +strengthening breeze, urging on our ship with +increasing speed until we were again among +them. The <i>Portheus</i> now swimming for life was +the foci of the sharks, that were coming to the +attack from all directions. One would dive under +the fish, and receive for his pains a stroke from +his powerful tail that would put him out of commission, +another would receive a thrust from +the sword-like ray of the front fin. Undaunted, +others hurried up like a pack of wolves on a +wounded deer. Though many were wounded in +the fray our hero fish at last succumbed to numbers, +who gashed his body with their lance-like +teeth, and the water was tinged with his life-blood; +weaken and overpowered, he gradually +ceased struggling. The sharks gathered to the +feast. One however was so badly wounded by the +<i>Portheus</i>, that he went to the oozy bottom with +him. I have preserved in the Museum of the<span class="pagenum" id="Page_172">[172]</span> +University of Kansas a shark twenty-five feet +long, and mingled with his remains were the +bones of a <i>Portheus</i>. The evident result of such +a combat as we witnessed on Mosasaurian Bay.”</p> + +<p>We lowered our sail, and drifted idly on the +swelling tide, that led towards shore. Maud +steered for the mouth of a large river’s mouth, +and succeeded in getting the boat into deep water +under a protecting bank, and we snubbed our +ship to some saplings and also cast our anchors +over board, as an additional aid to holding the +boat in place. I crossed the gang plank, I had +connected with the shore, and went off into the +woods after berries, for dinner, while Maude cast +her fish lines over board, and lighted a fire, I +brought home a couple of quarts of raspberries, +and found Maud had caught and prepared a nice +mess of fishes, that were sizzling over the fire. +She soon had a nice meal ready. So the day passed +and we early sought our state rooms, I first +however, recited a poem I wrote on board a C. +P. R. Steamboat, enroute from Port <ins title="originally ‘McNickels’">McNicoll</ins> +to Port Arthur in June, 1914:</p> + + +<p class="p2 center">A LAKE TRIP</p> + +<div class="blockquot"> +<p> +I am riding on the bosom of an inland chain of lakes,<br> +At their glories and their wonders my sluggish soul awakens!<br> +They become the mighty highway of two nations strong and brave,<span class="pagenum" id="Page_173">[173]</span><br> +And the commerce of two peoples are wafted o’er the wave.<br> +<br> +On either shore, once planted, (God’s ancient temple grand),<br> +The great primaeval forest densely covered all the land,<br> +Man’s vandal hand has cut it from the face of mother earth,<br> +To a second growth of timber the land has given birth.<br> +<br> +And in this Age of Iron, great freighters haul the ore,<br> +Across Superior’s bosom to the smelters calling “more”<br> +Ten thousand tons of coal the freighters carry west,<br> +Where the iron-ore is loaded for its journey to the east.<br> +<br> +I am riding on a Steamer of the C. P.’s mighty fleet.<br> +The keel is riding even as the earth beneath one’s feet,<br> +In fact a Floating Palace with all its comforts there.<br> +Its pathways blazed before it for weather rough or fair.<br> +<br> +What a glorious prospect now, is opened up to view<span class="pagenum" id="Page_174">[174]</span><br> +The scenes for ever changing each opening vista new,<br> +See! indentures cut in shoreline by rivers’ mouth or bay,<br> +But for the lighted lamps we’d hardly find our way.<br> +<br> +At last our boat has entered and rapidly passed through,<br> +The lock of Sault St. Marie, the Frenchmen call the Soo.<br> +Upon the broad Superior our westward course we take<br> +The course the captain chooses, near the center of the lake.<br> +<br> +But now a mist is falling that soon becomes a fog.<br> +Our Siren sends her warning o’er many a lengthening rod.<br> +We hear the Fog Horns sounding from near or distant craft,<br> +And just abeam our steamship we hear an answering blast.<br> +<br> +We think of Ireland’s Empress as she sank beneath the wave,<br> +Which, until God’s trump, will be some dear one’s grave.<br> +But, God rules on the water, as well as on the land<span class="pagenum" id="Page_175">[175]</span><br> +We’re very full of confidence we’re guided by His hand.<br> +<br> +So in our narrow state room, we lay us down to rest<br> +And through the long night watches, we journey towards the west,<br> +And when the morn awakes us, the sun is shining bright.<br> +And head land peaks are glowing with streams of early light.<br> +</p> +</div> + +<p>We woke next morning much refreshed as the +night had been cool. After breakfast we were +ready for the adventures of another day. Drifting +out gently on the broad waters of the bay, +we were delighted to see a school of <i>Plesiosaurs</i> +come sailing in from some distant cruise. These +strange sea lizards, with long powerful neck and +four paddles, and a mere stump of a tail. They +were on a fishing excursion, as the herring and +mackerel were now coming in to spawn near +shore. These monster saurians swam like a +snake bird below the surface, their long necks +and heads darted hither and thither above and +below exploring a space of forty feet in search +of fishes. We could see the flash of shining teeth +as a luckless fish was captured. Some of them +floated on the surface, and with swan-like neck +and body they moved in graceful circles, or sped +along at a terrific pace picking up their morning<span class="pagenum" id="Page_176">[176]</span> +meal, from the countless panic stricken fishes, +that vainly sought to escape their tooth-armed +jaws. I told Maud of a complete skeleton that had +once been found by a farmer in the Kansas chalk +of Butte Creek, Logan County. “He started to +excavate a place for a stable when he uncovered +some huge vertebrae, and ribs over five feet long. +He supposed they were elephant bones, and as +they were broken, he thought they could not be +saved, and so dug up the bones with the chalk. +They were dumped into a cow yard and beaten +to powder under their feet, and could never be +restored. I grieved much over the loss to science +of that splendid specimen that has never been +duplicated. Dr. S. W. Williston, the oldest living +American Vertebrate Paleontologist, described +the few bones I was able to save from +the general wreck. He did me the honor of naming +it after me.” “What a pity,” cried Maud. +“It must be terrible for you to learn of such vandalism.” +“Yes, dear,” I replied. “I doubt +whether any mortal suffers more from this kind +of vandalism due entirely to ignorance than I. +I remember finding some very large turtles in +the Upper Miocene of Phillips County, Kansas, +that had been killed evidently by a sand storm, +as they were all resting on their carapaces, as +if traveling in one direction. I secured over +twenty of these land turtles, and among them +was the most perfect and beautiful one I have +ever collected, although Dr. Weiland of Yale<span class="pagenum" id="Page_177">[177]</span> +University told me that if five of the most perfect +fossil turtles known, were placed together +a couple I sent his museum, would rank 2 and 3. +I had occasion to photograph this splendid specimen, +and had laid it on edge on a deal table. I +then went into a carpenter shop for assistance +in moving another, too heavy for me to handle. +When we got to the table the man helping me +sprang on it (as he thought he could lift the one +we were carrying easier), his weight was so +great, it bent the boards on whose further ends +the fine specimen was resting, and it came to +the floor with a crash. It was broken to pieces +so small it could not be saved and restored. So +one of these animals so perfect in all human +probability it will never be duplicated, was destroyed. +The loss was terrible for me.” “You +have had some bitter experiences,” said Maud, +tears standing in her sympathetic eyes. “Many +indeed, Maud,” I answered. “But while we have +been talking our plesiosaurs have put to sea. +Their distant wakes are just visible.” “See, +papa, what a strange looking fish. What is it +do you suppose?” “Maud, that to me is the best +armored and most ferocious fish I have ever +known. I used to think the man-eating sharks, +off the Florida coast were the most blood thirsty +of the order, but this one is still worse. Notice +the head is prolonged in front into a long round +bony snout, or ram. On account of this I called +it a snout fish when I first discovered their bones<span class="pagenum" id="Page_178">[178]</span> +in the Kansas chalk. The ram ends, you notice, +in a sharp point eight or ten inches long. Then +at the end of the mouth are four lance-like teeth +projecting forward, and outward. The object +was for these to cut the breach his ram had made +in the quivering flesh of a mosasaur wider, so he +could force his head into the bleeding flesh to +the eye rims. But his most terrible weapons +are his pectoral fins. See, they are four feet long. +Serrated on the cutting or outer edge, enameled +and sharp as a knife. They can be locked, and +stand out straight from the body. A sudden +swing would, if he was close to a mosasaur cut +a gash several feet long in its vitals. See these +fins span over eight feet. I pity the fish or reptile +that comes his way.” “Watch, papa!” cried +Maud. “There comes a huge shark. He certainly +doesn’t mean to attack such a well-armed +fighter, does he?” “I should not be surprised,” +I answered. “I believe a shark of this size, at +least twenty-five feet long, will attack anything +that has life.” The shark made a sudden dive +under the snout fish, but before he could turn +the fish set his right sword-like fin and swinging +suddenly to the left made an awful gash into +the side of the shark laying open and slashing +his vital organs. Relaxing his efforts he sank +into the ooze of the ocean bed, followed by the +snout fish to feast off his carcass. And so we +idly drifted with the currents and study the +wondrous fauna of this strange sea and land.<span class="pagenum" id="Page_179">[179]</span> +We see Marsh’s loon diving for fishes, and many +other birds not known to science. One day while +resting from the excessive heat in the shade of a +redwood Maud was very tired and soon fell +asleep. I, too, leaning against a mossy log, +dozed off.</p> +<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop"> + +<div class="chapter"> +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_180">[180]</span></p> + +<h2 class="nobreak" id="CHAPTER_XIII">CHAPTER XIII<br> +<span class="sm">THE WONDERS OF THE PERMIAN</span></h2> +</div> + + + + +<p>How wonderfully God works in one’s life! I +must have fallen from the log, for I dreamed, +Maud and I had both disappeared into a sluggish +lagoon. When I came to my senses, I discovered +that I was in a great jungle of vegetation; that +belonged to a very early age I recognized the +dense forest of many species of Carboniferous +Tree Ferns and Tree Rushes; and many species +of Cycads. Nearly all the trees were inward +growers, with plumes of vegetation on top of the +scar-marked trunks, from which the leaves had +already fallen during their growth upward. I +knew that only a thin, hard, outer covering protected +the pith beneath of most of the trees +around me. Although there were pines, the +<i>Angiosperms</i> had not yet appeared. Everywhere +were dense masses of sponge-moss, and moss-like +trees.</p> + +<div class="blockquot"> +<p> +<i>Lepidodendrons</i> bushy crest<br> +Wave back and forth, together prest;<br> +While sponge-moss hangs in festoons gay<br> +Across the thickly planted way.<br> +</p> +</div> + +<figure class="figcenter illowp80" id="fig048" style="max-width: 167.3125em;"> + <img class="w100" src="images/fig048.jpg" alt=""> + <figcaption class="caption"><span class="smcap">Fig. 48.</span>—Urn-shaped mass of rock. Page <a href="#Page_129">129</a>.</figcaption> +</figure> + + +<figure class="figcenter illowp80" id="fig049" style="max-width: 146.0625em;"> + <img class="w100" src="images/fig049.jpg" alt=""> + <figcaption class="caption"><span class="smcap">Fig. 49.</span>—Egyptian Sphinx-like rock. Page <a href="#Page_129">129</a>.</figcaption> +</figure> + + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_181">[181]</span></p> + +<p>The climate was tropical; the heat intense. +The water was fresh; no sea in sight.</p> + +<p>I climbed to the top of a tree fern, from which +point of vantage, I had an uninterrupted view +of the surrounding country; which was one +great level stretch of fern plumes, densely intermingled +with ancient pines, lepidodendrons, +and cycads. The latter resembling gigantic pine +apples, with a plume of leaves on top; or with +tree-like trunk, and plume of crowded pinnate +leaves. These first clung closer to the ground. +While the others sought the direct sunlight perhaps +fifty feet above. From my field of vision, +these vast masses of the most delicate foliage +imaginable, moved by the gentle breeze in gentle +undulations, with only here and there a +break in their carpet-like compactness. While +swinging below, as I have already noted, +were hanging mosses in various hues. The ground +densely covered with sponge-moss. In the lower +places pools of water into which the moss extended +often completely covering them, a land of +treacherous bogs. One must watch his footing +as I soon proved, by cutting a rush whose length +was over twenty-five feet, and pushed it easily +down into one of these small moss-ponds, through +the peat and failed to reach the bottom, I realized +how easily one might lose his footing, and slip +into one of these mossy swamps and disappear.</p> + +<p>And another thought came to me of the wonderful +bone-bed Miller found along the Big Wichita +in Texas, in 1909 where many complete skeletons<span class="pagenum" id="Page_182">[182]</span> +covering a space six or seven feet wide, ten +or twelve feet long and two feet thick. In this +limited interval, according to Dr. S. W. Williston, +who has been so fortunate as to study the +material secured by Miller were dozens of complete +skeletons packed like sardines in a box of +the wonderful fauna of the Permian of Texas.</p> + +<p>From a slight observation of the flora of the +region into which we had been miraculously +transplanted, it had convinced me that I had +gone back from the twentieth century some +twelve million years to the close of the Carboniferous, +that great age of Coal Plants, when vast +regions packed with the moss and other vegetation +had been engulfed in the sea, and after ages +converted into coal.</p> + +<p>So, how easily it was for me to realize that one +of these lovely moss covered pools, might prove +a death-trap to any animal whose spoor lay +through this region. It was lucky for me that I +still possessed a Marsh pick with its broad duck-billed +end, with which I could easily hew my way +through the dense but easily felled trees and +rushes, that obstructed in jungles of vegetation +my progress. I judged that the open spaces I saw +in the distance from my lookout in the crown of +a tree fern, must represent ponds or lakes and +there, would be by far a better place to study +the fauna of this strange region, because I knew +from my own discoveries in the Permian of +Texas that many of the vertebrates were Amphibians<span class="pagenum" id="Page_183">[183]</span> +who lived in the water or the land as +pleased their fancy.</p> + +<p>As I knew I would like to return to the place +where I first awoke to the realities of life, and +from past experiences Maud was likely to appear +near here too. My first act after sliding down +from the tree was to divest myself of all my clothing +except a pair of shoes, a pair of pants, and +a woolen shirt and light hat, with a broad rim +I had worn so long. On account of the moist climate +and thick vegetation, the air was heavy +with carbonic acid gas. The only place where +fresh winds were blowing and the air was rich in +oxygen, was on top of the forests, or as I hoped +along some lake shore where the winds of heaven +would be able to ripple the waters at least. So +ready armed with my pick to cut a pathway or +defend myself from some hungry amphibian or +reptile because I expected to find amphibians +with huge heads, and bodies larger than my own, +armed with terrible teeth. It seemed strange too, +that though in the twentieth century the order +to which these giants belonged, frogs and salamander +were ready to disappear. Here they were +the dominant type so abundant that the Permian +Age has been called the Age of Amphibian or +Batracians, I found the work fatiguing on account +of the great heat and close and oppressive +atmosphere, that constantly seemed to be on me +to take a nap, yet with the power man has over +material and sensual things, I cut a pathway<span class="pagenum" id="Page_184">[184]</span> +broad enough for two to walk in it side by side, +I knew if Maud was discovered, she would want +not to follow me like an Indian in single file, +but beside me. I often stopped to listen, as I +rapidly progressed toward one of the open spaces +I had noted from the tree, because born on the +slight breeze that rustled the leaves above me, I +could hear the croaking of frogs that grew louder +and louder, the sound put me in mind of a lot +of frogs singing through a megaphone. Suddenly +without warning, I cut through the jungle and +found myself facing an inland lake of fresh water +bordered in places with reeds and rushes and +moss that reached into the water.</p> + +<p>At another place near where I caught my first +view of the waters, was a sandy beach. Peopled +with life, both reptiles and batracians were everywhere. +The great Salamander <i>Eryops</i> of +Cope of which I had secured so much material in +the Red Beds of the Big Wichita River in Texas +both for Cope, Zittel and Von Hume, swam +in the waters before me or measured their six +feet of length upon the sand. The frog-like noise +I concluded came from these huge monarchs of +the Amphibians. I could see them resting on +logs that were half submerged in the water, or +swimming below the water; lying on the bottom +or crawling along the shore. Emerging from the +jungle that fringed the lake on the further margin +from me were strange reptiles. One I noticed +in particular was the largest of his tribe we were<span class="pagenum" id="Page_185">[185]</span> +likely to see here. I say we because I could not +believe that He who had brought Maud and me +through so many adventures would take her +bright presence away forever. These thoughts +were in my mind as I watched a reptile come +into full view out of the jungle.</p> + +<p>The most wonderful thing about him, was that +he carried on his back an enormous hump. The +spines in the center of the column were at least +three feet high, and packed around the base were +masses of muscle and ligaments, tapering to a +sharp point at the top of the spine. A cross section +would be wedge shaped. I learned afterwards +from a study of the skeleton, that as the +centra of the vertebrae were very weak they were +held firmly in place by the crossing ligaments +that were wound around the centra and spines in +intermingled masses. This creature had come +out of the jungle for water interested me greatly. +He was about ten feet long from head to the long +end of the delicate tail. I was surprised to see +him suddenly dive back into the jungle with all +the speed at his command. The <i>Eryops</i> too suddenly +stopped croaking and a nerve wrecking silence, +covered me as with a pall. The reptiles and +amphibians sought refuge in the jungle of the +bottom of the lake. And that body of water but +a second before so full of life and activity lay a +mirror, silent as the grave, looking in the direction +from which neither reptile or amphibian had +run for shelter, I heard too, an unaccustomed<span class="pagenum" id="Page_186">[186]</span> +sound in these swamps and everglades, it sounded +very much like the cutting of trees. I could hear +the crush of mingled vegetation as if a tree fern +had been felled at one strong blow and it came +sliding down against the thickly planted vegetation, +I could hear the swish as it was dragged +away, to make room for another that quickly fell. +Yes! I could hear human voices I was sure, and +soon I heard wafted across the lake the loved +name Maud. I could see the trees swaying, and +then one by one come down in a straight line for +the lake, and I knew that in these solitudes I +was not alone. That God had brought others to +this young earth. Whose surface still felt the +subterraneous heat, whose crust was so thin it +often sank into the sea or was raised just above +high tide. I sprang forward on the beach to the +water’s edge just as the last obstruction in the +shape of a trunked cycad with its tangled mass +of leaflets crushed to the earth and behind the +ambuscade of vegetation stood my whole family +from Mamma to Levi, and close beside him was +Maud. George and Charlie were the ones who +wielded their picks, Mabel and Myrtle and the +children and the others dragged the trees away +and they had their hands on the cycad when they +suddenly beheld me standing petrified on the +beach. Such a shout went up was never heard +before. I waved my pick speechless with surprise, +for once at least in my life, as you have all<span class="pagenum" id="Page_187">[187]</span> +found out my dear readers, as my father used to +say “I talk too much.”</p> + +<p>All at once I recovered the use of my organs of +speech and shouted: “Why don’t you come over?” +They all waved branches of the palm like cycad +they had torn from its head, as they +shouted back: “<i>Why don’t you come over?</i>” +Well it did appear to me that it would +be easier for me to cross the smooth +waters than such a crowd. So trimming +off the plumes from a mass of cycad and tree +ferns, I soon had enough trunks to build me a +raft, I lashed them together with the mid ribs of +the cycad leaflets, which proved as strong and +pliable as buck-skin thongs. In a very few minutes +I had a raft that floated like a cork, as the +centers of the trunks were full of pith. We afterwards +found this pith was quite starchy and made +very acceptable sago flour. In the mean time, the +party on the other shore had erected huts covered +with leaves above, and open below so the wind +might circulate through them and the roofs +would not only deflect the ardent heat of the sun +but protect us from torrential rains. With a reed +for a paddle I sprang on my raft and soon ferried +across to my beloved ones, I had never expected +to meet in the Permian at least. Of course I was +delighted to find Maud.</p> + +<p>After our greetings they gathered in affectionate +groups under the trees and told me of their +experiences since we last met. Mamma said after<span class="pagenum" id="Page_188">[188]</span> +I disappeared so suddenly and mysteriously from +my home in Lawrence, she had induced George +and Charlie to move their families into the home +nest, from which they had taken flight. She had +imagined all kinds of things, and even the Government +had missed their fossil hunter and had +exhausted the resources of the Detective Division +as well as that of the United States in the endeavor +to locate me, but I had disappeared as effectually +as if the earth had opened her mouth +and swallowed me up. Only day before yesterday +Levi suddenly disappeared, and left her in a +terrible state of suspense as to what it all meant. +Last night she had a family council with George +and Charlie and their wives. They went over the +same old ground again and again and were no +nearer solving the perplexing problems than at +first. The children had been sent to bed and there +were rocking chairs enough to go round in which +the grown ups were seated comfortably. Mamma +she told me, was the first to doze off and Charlie +soon followed suit. The girls and George smiled +over the others, but before they realized it they +too, had dropped off. George was the first one to +wake with a start. He could hardly believe his +senses. They were in a dense forest of tree ferns, +in fact only a few miles from where I was at the +time. They were all there but Levi, and as +George’s surprised exclamation woke them all +they heard a rustling noise in the edge of a little +clearing and before they could say a word Levi<span class="pagenum" id="Page_189">[189]</span> +broke through the jungle with Maud clinging to +his arm. “Well,” Mamma said, “ask Maud to tell +the rest of the story.” Which I gladly did. It +seems, that as Maud had been through a lengthy +experience in the Ancient World, she had become +a leader. “Well Papa,” she remarked, “you remember +when we disappeared in the water of the +Lagoon, I lost all consciousness, but came to my +senses in this jungle. My first thought was of +course another providential occurrence. I could +hear what seemed the bellowing of great frogs and +strange sounds my ears had never listened to before. +I wondered where you could be, and was so +anxious to find you, that I could not stand it, remaining +there all alone in this strange country, +so I plunged madly on, forcing the thick stems +and trunks apart and squeezing through them, I +called to you too, ‘papa, papa, where are you!’ I +could not see an inch ahead for the vegetation. +The moss tangled in my hair that fell down and I +must have looked a perfect fright. I came suddenly +on a clear space only a couple of yards +across, covered with the loveliest moss you could +imagine. I sprang into the very middle of it in +my haste, and broke through and began to sink. I +screamed, ‘Papa, Papa,’ and threw out my arms +toward the other side when suddenly I saw two +human hands spring out of the jungle and grasp +mine, and strong arms drew me bodily out of the +treacherous pit, I stood beside smiling brother +Levi. He told me that he had gone to sleep in his<span class="pagenum" id="Page_190">[190]</span> +room at home in Lawrence and had awakened +here the day before and that he had wandered +around in an almost dazed condition. Every +thing so strange. He could not tell what to make +of it. I then told him our experiences together in +the other ages and regions we had explored, of +our boat on Mosasaurian Bay, and the many adventures +we had enjoyed together and expressed +the belief that we would soon find you and we +started on the quest. Levi had his pick and cut +a way while I dragged out the trees he felled and +piled them in the thick jungle. We had not gone +a great ways, when we suddenly heard a shout in +front of us. ‘That is George I know,’ cried Levi, +‘I recognize his voice,’ and he raised an answering +shout that made the very leaves tremble. We +soon reached him and there was Mamma and all +the rest of our family. It was a joyful meeting +but Mamma would not allow us to remain there +talking of our wonderful experience because she +was sure you could not be far off. As the boys +had their picks they cut a broad path while the +rest of us pulled the light trees out of the way +and we were progressing famously when we saw +your astonished face across the narrow lake.” I +could only thank God that I had been reunited +with my people and that Maud also was there. +It would have seemed terrible to remember her +sinking into the treacherous lagoon, then suddenly +find myself separated from it by millions of +years. Ethel and little Raymond had gone off +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_191">[191]</span>to the sandy beach to play in the sand and +Charlie too. They romped until they were tired +and Ethel returned to Mabel and asked her if +dinner was ready. We had not thought of it. But +had been so excited at our reunion, after so +many weeks, so much occupied with our talk, +that we forgot to be hungry. Just before the +family council had gone to sleep George had been +at work inventing some cooking utensils, and had +not only made diagrams of them but had secured +some sheets of aluminum. He had put them in +his collecting bag along with the usual tools he +carried in the field, and when he woke with the +rest of the family he still had them. So I told +him if he would make a cooking kettle I would +get something to put in it for dinner. Maud +knowing the resources of a forest better than the +others gathered some dry sticks and Levi by her +advice cut some crotched sticks he drove in the +earth, and a cross stick to swing the kettle on. +George soon found a round water-worn cobblestone +on the beach to use as a mold and hammered +a sheet of aluminum around it, and soon had +a pot ready. He cut off a narrow strip for a +handle and punched holes in the upper rim to +fasten it to. In the meantime I wove together a +lot of leaves and made a tray, which I took to +one of the cycad stumps (we had cut off the +trunk). Then with my pick scraped out a quantity +of the pith that fell as white powder into the +tray. On my return Maud had the water boiling<span class="pagenum" id="Page_192">[192]</span> +and we stirred in sago flour and as soon as it +thickened into porridge it was ready for a lot +of hungry mouths. Charlie had made some +spoons, so with the pot in the midst we thanked +our heavenly Father for the food from his hand +and the glad reunion in the Old Permian of +Texas. After a hearty meal we planned for the +future. Resolving to thoroughly explore the +jungle and try and reach tidewater; as we felt +sure the old Permian ocean was not far away. +After our excited voices had reached quiet and +ordinary tones, we were pleased to see the Amphibians +and reptiles come out on the beach. One +of the most abundant was <i>Labidosaurus</i> an Amphibian +like reptile about three feet long. It had +short legs and an enormous head compared with +its length. I remember a quarry of these reptiles +I discovered on the west fork of Coffee Creek in +Baylor County, Texas. I found several fine skulls +for the late Professor Cope, and later by digging +into the greenish sandstone, I secured a number +more for Dr. Von Zittel of Munich. Another +reptile appeared from the edge of the jungle that +so closely resembles a South American lizard of +the twentieth century, it was called Varanus, by +Dr. Broili. It was about four feet in length, had +a long head, delicate lizard-like tail. Still another +form soon attracted our attention coming +from across the narrow pond out of the woods. +It was about four feet long, had strong limbs and +short head with many small teeth. The giant<span class="pagenum" id="Page_193">[193]</span> +amphibian <i>Eryops</i> too, soon found the courage +to come out of the water and start his unmelodious +croak to be soon answered by a friendly fellow +in the distance. So the life and noises of the +quiet jungle took up the accustomed tenor of +their ways. The children clapped their hands +and shouted when a new form appeared, as delighted +as if a menagerie were on the tapis, and +all the family were deeply interested. I had the +boys drive rush stakes into the ground around +our clearings, so as to protect us from the inroads +of the big reptiles and amphibians, and admit +the air freely. We needed all of that we +could possibly get. So we passed the day and +night fall found us all gathered in our enclosure +listening to the strange noises around us. We had +already arranged huts for the entire party and +after reading a chapter (for Mamma had her Bible +with her) we offered our evening prayers and +went to restful sleep. In the morning we were +early astir. It was no need to warn the younger +men and women to beware of the treacherous +bogs as they already had learned of Maud’s adventure. +We made another appetising dish from +the sago flour and I caught some little reptiles +not over eight inches long and gar-pike. We fried +these in their rich grease, and with the sago +mush, had an excellent breakfast. The presence +of my beloved family added much to my own +pleasure.</p> + +<figure class="figcenter illowp80" id="fig050" style="max-width: 175.1875em;"> + <img class="w100" src="images/fig050.jpg" alt=""> + <figcaption class="caption"><span class="smcap">Fig. 50.</span>—Dog Creek, Montana. Notice effects of vulcanism. Page <a href="#Page_113">113</a>.</figcaption> +</figure> + + +<figure class="figcenter illowp80" id="fig051" style="max-width: 187.25em;"> + <img class="w100" src="images/fig051.jpg" alt=""> + <figcaption class="caption"><span class="smcap">Fig. 51.</span>—Badlands near Cow Island, Montana. Page <a href="#Page_118">118</a>.</figcaption> +</figure> + + +<p>My feeble pen would fail to describe the beauty<span class="pagenum" id="Page_194">[194]</span> +of the Tree Fern and Cycad forest. The enormous +fronds of fern leaflets that crowned the marked +trunks around us, put me in mind of the Australian +Tree Ferns in the Carnegie Conservatories +at Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. Only they +were much larger and the massive fern branches +formed larger crowns. There was such a wealth +of variety here too that delighted me. All were +lost in wonder at the strange scenery and life, +both in its flora and fauna. We determined to +cut our way in a southerly direction as I felt +sure I scented the distant sea. Charlie and myself +using our picks, cut a wide swath of ferns +and cycads and other carboniferous trees. Our +women folks hauling them out of the way. We +were constantly coming across the strange reptilian +and amphibian life of that far-away day, +and our exclamations of surprise at the beauty +of this ancient forest came involuntarily from +our lips. The moss too, in many gorgeous colors, +and hues carpeted the damp ground beneath our +feet, or hung in tapestry-like folds from the +branches overhead. Many hands made rapid +progress and though the heat was excessive we +all perspired freely. We often came across the +bogs of great extent, ponds and lakes bordered +with peat moss, and saw countless reptiles on +shore or amphibians in the water. With +the earnest hope that we might reach +salt water, we labored on under the glaring +sun above, that penetrated the thick<span class="pagenum" id="Page_195">[195]</span> +vegetation and as we opened the way, the heat +was very trying on our unprotected heads. At +last a strong breeze began to sweep the crowns of +verdure above us into great billows, making +music among the delicate branches, and I was +sure we were reaching the open sea. So Charlie +climbed the trunk of a tall fern and when he got +to the strong bases of the ferns he stood erect on +them and shouted, “There it is to the south;” for +as he told us, a great ocean lay before him as far +as his eyes could reach. So with renewed courage +we hurried on and before dark broke through +the dense jungles we had been traveling through, +on the beach, and into a strong wind that was +blowing from the south and curling the waves +into swaying masses. It was indeed a glorious +sight and we all rushed down and ran into the +curling breakers near shore and let them roll +over us. Thoroughly refreshed, we returned to +the edge of the jungle and went to work building +shelters for the whole family. We were delighted +when George and Charlie brought us a mess +of fishes, sturgeon-like in appearance, which, +with the cycad flour, the women got up a fine +meal. Levi and Maud came in later and we enjoyed +an appetising meal. While we were resting +after supper and watching the boundless sea, +I recited some of the poems I had written. The +first one in honor of Jennie McKee’s wedding +day. She had been a very dear friend indeed:</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_196">[196]</span></p> + +<div class="poetry-container"> +<div class="poetry"> + <div class="stanza"> + <div class="verse indent20">I.</div> + </div> + <div class="stanza"> + <div class="verse indent0">O! Jennie McKee,</div> + <div class="verse indent0">I am thinking of thee,</div> + <div class="verse indent0">My heart beating time</div> + <div class="verse indent0">With that heart of thine.</div> + <div class="verse indent0">How I hope, and I pray,</div> + <div class="verse indent0">That your wedding day,</div> + <div class="verse indent0">May be a day of the greatest joy,</div> + <div class="verse indent0">A day of pleasure without alloy.</div> + </div> + <div class="stanza"> + <div class="verse indent20">II.</div> + </div> + <div class="stanza"> + <div class="verse indent0">O! Jennie McKee,</div> + <div class="verse indent0">I am longing with thee,</div> + <div class="verse indent0">That the future for you</div> + <div class="verse indent0">May never be blue,</div> + <div class="verse indent0">And like birds on the wing</div> + <div class="verse indent0">You ever may sing.</div> + <div class="verse indent0">That your dear life may be blest,</div> + <div class="verse indent0">Full of joy and of rest.</div> + </div> + <div class="stanza"> + <div class="verse indent20">III.</div> + </div> + <div class="stanza"> + <div class="verse indent0">O! Jennie McKee,</div> + <div class="verse indent0">Your heart once so free,</div> + <div class="verse indent0">Bound in fetters of love.</div> + <div class="verse indent0">May God bless from above:</div> + <div class="verse indent0">Two hearts beat as one,</div> + <div class="verse indent0">While your course you will run,</div> + <div class="verse indent0">In currents both peaceful and sweet,</div> + <div class="verse indent0">Until golden shores you will meet.</div><span class="pagenum" id="Page_197">[197]</span> + </div> + <div class="stanza"> + <div class="verse indent20">IV.</div> + </div> + <div class="stanza"> + <div class="verse indent0">O! Jennie McKee,</div> + <div class="verse indent0">My thoughts turn to thee.</div> + <div class="verse indent0">And days that have flown</div> + <div class="verse indent0">Since you, I have known</div> + <div class="verse indent0">To the man of your choice</div> + <div class="verse indent0">And I well may rejoice,</div> + <div class="verse indent0">For you give all a woman can give,</div> + <div class="verse indent0">Your love, and yourself while you live.</div> + </div> + <div class="stanza"> + <div class="verse indent20">V.</div> + </div> + <div class="stanza"> + <div class="verse indent0">O! Jennie McKee,</div> + <div class="verse indent0">Contentment for thee,</div> + <div class="verse indent0">In the home you will make,</div> + <div class="verse indent0">In the love you awake,</div> + <div class="verse indent0">In the strong heart and true,</div> + <div class="verse indent0">Who has pledged all to you,</div> + <div class="verse indent0">Fill that home full of love</div> + <div class="verse indent0">A forecast of mansions above.</div> + </div> + <div class="stanza"> + <div class="verse indent20">VI.</div> + </div> + <div class="stanza"> + <div class="verse indent0">O! Jennie McKee,</div> + <div class="verse indent0">God’s blessings on thee!</div> + <div class="verse indent0">Like Mary of yore,</div> + <div class="verse indent0">May He sit at your door.</div> + <div class="verse indent0">O! sit at His feet,</div> + <div class="verse indent0">Learn wisdom so sweet,</div> + <div class="verse indent0">That will bless you as long as you live,</div> + <div class="verse indent0">While to Him your best service you give.</div> + </div> +</div> +</div> +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_198">[198]</span></p> +<p>The children had gone to bed and our camp +fire of dry fern stumps burned brightly, or faded +away as Levi and Maud replenished it. At last +worn out with the excessive heat and labor we +all retired to our respective huts. We were soon +lost in sleep. When the Amphibians greeted the +rising sun with their chorus of what to us +seemed like discordant notes (doubtless they +were melodious to the natives of these early +wilds where foot of man had never trod before). +The human element stirred themselves, and after +breakfast we all wandered down to the beach for +an early plunge. We dried our salty clothes by +running or walking along the level sandy shore.</p> + +<p>Maud had called our attention, in a land +locked bay to a fleet of Ammonites. Those lovely +nautilus-like chambered shells, who had spread +their transparent sails to the morning breeze. +Some were enormous, over two feet in diameter, +and resembled huge cornucopias. They floated +as lightly and as elegantly as a flock of swans. +They were arrayed in all the colors of the rainbow. +We could also see fishes, all clad in armor +of enameled scales, in many a lovely hue, gar-pike +and sturgeon were among the most common. +The bony fishes did not appear until the Cretaceous +Age, you remember.</p> + +<p>What the children loved to do most was to +dig in the sand or hunt for the nests of small +reptiles, six or eight inches long, that often lay +coiled a few inches below the surface, their heads<span class="pagenum" id="Page_199">[199]</span> +could enter mamma’s silver thimble. My parties +found many of them in the Red Permian Beds of +Baylor County, Texas. As the sun rose higher +the children became drowsy and we returned to +our huts and laid them down in some soft fern +leaflets that made a bed as light as eider down. +We talked of our wonderful adventures in quiet +tones, so as not to disturb them, and before we +knew it, we too, had fallen asleep.</p> + + + +<figure class="figcenter illowp80" id="fig052" style="max-width: 188.6875em;"> + <img class="w100" src="images/fig052.jpg" alt=""> + <figcaption class="caption"><span class="smcap">Fig. 52.</span>—Badlands of the Missouri River. Page <a href="#Page_118">118</a>.</figcaption> +</figure> + + + +<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop"> +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_200">[200]</span></p> +<div class="chapter"> +<h2 class="nobreak" id="CHAPTER_XIV">CHAPTER XIV<br> +<span class="sm">CONCLUSION</span></h2> +</div> + + + + +<p>Last May I resigned my position as collector +and preparator for the Geological Survey of +Canada. And soon afterwards went into the +field for the British Museum of Natural History, +London. Though the British government was +spending no money in this kind of research, Dr. +A. Smith Woodward, Keeper of Geology there, +secured the means for the first two months’ work +from The Sladin Memorial Fund of Piccadilly, +London. My son, Levi, was the only expert collector +I had with me though I employed men +and transportation in the field. We settled down +in a camp a couple of miles below Steveville and +remained there all summer, exploring the badlands +near the mouth of Berry Creek.</p> + +<p>Our success was as usual, great. We were able +to collect three skeletons of duck-billed dinosaurs +of the genus <i>Corythosaurus</i>, of Brown or +<i>Stephanosaurus</i>, of Lambe. They were all three +discovered by my son, Levi, who worked with remarkable +persistence and enthusiasm. I too, +after I had recovered from an injury I received +due to being thrown from my wagon onto the +ground, put in every moment I could see, in the +heavy work of excavating three skeletons, and +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_201">[201]</span>taking them up before frost, when no man can +work in those beds. It will not do to let plaster +freeze, and without plaster we could not take up +any vertebrate fossil there.</p> + +<p>Owing to the fact that the clay in the strata +prevent water entering it, very little true petrification +has taken place. If you will refer to the +Life of a Fossil Hunter, page 258, you will see +there what I had learned up to the time of writing, +the process by which fossils are made. I found here in the Belly River +Series entirely different conditions. The bones +had not been replaced by silica and become petrified. +There was very little change in the bones +except that they were usually sheathed in a hard +layer of bog iron. The spongy bone was as friable +as that in a dry, recent bone; the cells were not +filled with rocky material. The thin outer layer +of compact bone was filled with the iron simply. +I once said that if I could get my teeth on a +fossil bone I could tell its age almost, by the +amount of silica it contained. Here, however, I +find that nature has more than one way of preserving +her records, and that it depends largely +on the matrix in which the bones are entombed. +If clay prevents water passing through the bones, +there can be no true replacement, as water is the +vehicle used in transporting silica or lime or +whatever the petrifying material may be, and it +cannot pass through certain clays. This discovery<span class="pagenum" id="Page_202">[202]</span> +of mine after having observed the fossilized +animals and plants of many horizons prove +that the most careful observer is liable to misinterpret +the workings of nature, showing us that +God’s laws are past finding out by finite minds. +Nature is a well that man can never fathom, an +ocean with no shore. As long as men observe +and think, they will be drawing water from well +and ocean with no visible effect. The well will +still be full and the shores remain unexplored.</p> + +<p>Levi found the most complete skeleton of a +crested duck-billed dinosaur that had been discovered +in the Belly River Series by my party. +Mr. Brown discovered, close to the Steveville +Ferry, the most complete one known, and which +he has fully described in his <i>Corythosaurus +casuarius</i>, Bulletin of the American Museum of +Natural History, New York, November 2nd, +1916. This is the first specimen ever found in a +swimming pose. As if in the very act of swimming +it had died and was instantly covered up +in the soft mud and never disturbed until +Brown’s pick revealed it to the world. I firmly +believe as I have said before, this specimen +proves conclusively that the conventional pose +taken of these duck-bills as usually standing on +land erect is a mistake; as I have always believed. +The one I prepared for the Victoria +Museum proves the same thing, and every one +I have seen in the beds, or have found myself, +point the same way, but as it will be a costly<span class="pagenum" id="Page_203">[203]</span> +thing to take down all the mounts in American +Museums of Cretaceous trachodonts I do not +expect to live to see my views universally put in +practice.</p> + +<p>This specimen, No. 9, I wrote of to Dr. Woodward, +August 21st, 1913: “I have uncovered +enough of the floor to be able to give you some +valuable information. I have now traced the +entire column, except four feet of the caudal region. +I have found one femur in position with +its tibia and fibula, one humerus and front foot, +and many ribs. The most disappointing thing: +we have only found the mandibles and predentary, +the maxilla of one side, the occiput and +part of the crest and the back of the skull.”</p> + +<p>Later we found the entire skeleton except four +feet of the tail just back of the pelvic arch, +where it had been weathered out and destroyed, +and part of the skull. This skeleton was about +thirty feet long, and I considered it next in perfection +to that of Mr. Brown’s <i>Corythosaurus</i>. There +were in addition large patches of the skin impression. +I show you the place where the body lay, +after we had wrapped it. It also shows the vast +amount of labor required to save it.</p> + +<p>It lay up a narrow gorge, too narrow to get a +horse up it. We were obliged to cut steps up +and down the rough way from the nearest point +we could reach it from camp and Levi had to +carry nearly all the water, plaster, and burlap, +and paper, etc., necessary to wrap a skeleton<span class="pagenum" id="Page_204">[204]</span> +nearly thirty feet long. The distance from the +wagon was nearly an eighth of a mile.</p> + +<p>But that labor sank into insignificance compared +to the labor he had to strap beneath the +specimen his burlap strips in such a way that +the rock did not fall out. It would often take +him many minutes before he could get the strip +to stick. He lay on his back and patted the plaster +soaked burlap with the ends of his fingers +until the blood came. Then often the plaster +would harden before he could get it to stick. +Then he had to take a new strip and go through +the same hard and patience-trying labor, filling +his eyes with the burning lime. In all the labor +we do in taking up a complete skeleton, there is +no part of it that requires so much patience and +so much skill as strapping the under side.</p> + +<p>After this specimen was ready for hauling out +of the brakes we had to build a sled road to it +from the prairie and haul it to camp around +the badlands, about six miles, while it only lay +about a mile from camp in a bee-line.</p> + +<p>Now it seems almost incredible that after over +two months of such exhausting mental, physical +and soul-trying labor, it should be sent to the +bottom of the Atlantic Ocean by a German +Raider on English Commerce. If anything on +earth can prove the wantonness of such destruction, +this is a good example. I have given fifty +years freely to science without money, often, and +without price. The best that is in me. So I<span class="pagenum" id="Page_205">[205]</span> +could show to generations to come the wonderful +works of God in creation. Ten minutes of vandalism +destroys all my labor, my hopes, my life +almost, because I never can recover from such +a blow as this. I have not told the full story yet, +because the second specimen Levi found was in +many respects better than this one I have described. +It was in splendid matrix. A strong +sandstone, and the bones beautifully preserved, +a specimen that could have been easily prepared. +One hind foot was all that was exposed. I could +not believe that this meant anything, but a few +loose bones. It pointed heavenward, from the +side of a cliff. We followed the foot down to the +body and found the entire skeleton except a few +inches of the tail and <i>THE HEAD</i>. With a restored +head, (and we found one that could have +been used) as far as the public was concerned, the +British Museum could have mounted these two +lords of the ancient bayous in that great store +house of treasures, more rare than gold or silver, +to be the heritage of the ages still to come.</p> + +<p>This too, was with the first one and went to +the bottom, with the Mount Temple and as far +as I could learn, all on board. Perhaps some +time when the sea will give up her dead, these +noble examples of God’s handiwork may also be +exposed to the light of day once more. I considered +from every standpoint, money or science, +these two specimens were worth double what the +first two months of labor yielded up. I never<span class="pagenum" id="Page_206">[206]</span> +entered the Victoria Memorial Museum where +we had mounted one of the noble duck-bills without +a feeling of awe, as if I stood in the presence +of God himself. It dominates everything in the +Museum, and attracts the attention of the dullest +of men. How happy I was in the thought +that for countless thousands of years to come, +others could feel that same feeling of reverence +for the Creator. In the twinkling of an eye the +blue Atlantic covered them. I once prepared the +skeleton of a <i>Megatherium</i> from Brazil; it too +had gone to the bottom of the ocean, but divers +had rescued it from its watery grave. I have little +hope that this will ever be done to the noble +duck-bills who were sent to Davies Locker by a +German torpedo.</p> + +<p>We discovered other fine material that was +saved and the preparators are at work on it, so +I hope our last year’s labor, the most strenuous +for many years may not be entirely lost.</p> + +<p>My dear readers my book is coming to a close. +The other volume “The Life of a Fossil Hunter” +is out of print. It depends on you whether we +have another edition published. This I will +gladly do, if each reader of this one, will send +me a subscription for the other. You will certainly +realize that this work, like the other has +been a labor of love. Take this volume, I am at +my own personal expense issuing five hundred +copies. If I sell each copy I will not realize +any more than the cost of publication. I worked<span class="pagenum" id="Page_207">[207]</span> +all last winter from 7 p.m. to 10 p.m. on the +manuscript, and all day Saturday of each week, +except Sunday. It has taken me all winter to +look after the printing of this. My whole object +has been to give the information I have acquired +through years of toil and hardship in the desolate +fossil fields to the public, so they may realize +something of the wonders of Nature, and the hope +it may lead some of my readers to Nature’s God, +the Triune God we worship.</p> + + + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_208">[208]</span></p> + +<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop"> + +<div class="chapter"></div> + +<p class="p2 center">THE GRAND CANYON OF THE ROCKY MOUNTAINS</p> + +<div class="blockquot"> +<p> +I have often heard the story<br> +Of that Mighty Canyon Grand;<br> +Powell pointed out the glory<br> +Of that deeply sculptured land.<br> +<br> +Where the Colorado river<br> +Has cut a passage deep,<br> +In the very heart of nature,<br> +With many gorges deep.<br> +<br> +To any doubting Thomas,<br> +It would almost make him smile,<br> +If I told him of a canyon<br> +Cut through earth’s crust a mile.<br> +<br> +But my own two eyes have seen it,<br> +And I’ll take the witness stand,<br> +Its the greatest ditch in story<br> +In our own historic land.<br> +<br> +It seems, during the Jura<br> +The land began to rise;<br> +Yes! the bottom of the ocean<br> +Perhaps to its surprise.<br> +<br> +Was lifted from the water,<br> +Became a level plain;<br> +Received the glorious sunshine,<br> +The first and latter rain.<span class="pagenum" id="Page_209">[209]</span><br> +<br> +A river takes the drainage<br> +Back to the restless sea,<br> +Carves as it goes a passage<br> +Widening gracefully and free.<br> +<br> +“Tell me” asks my companion<br> +“How the river cuts its way,<br> +Where the stars faint light is shining<br> +In the middle of the day,<br> +<br> +So deep below the surface,<br> +That the sun’s most dazzling ray<br> +N’er gleams upon the water<br> +That is beaten into spray?”<br> +<br> +Well: then listen to the story<br> +How in ages long ago,<br> +The earth rose from the water<br> +And the land began to grow.<br> +<br> +As the earth was slowly rising,<br> +Rivers bed cut through the land,<br> +The rocks that tumbled in it<br> +The gravel, rock and sand<br> +<br> +Scoured out and carved the basin<br> +As the vast land masses rose,<br> +And the mighty Colorado<br> +Flows where it used to flow.<span class="pagenum" id="Page_210">[210]</span><br> +<br> +For the land continued rising<br> +And the waters cut their way<br> +Through Earth’s upheaving bosom,<br> +Through granite, lime and clay.<br> +<br> +The rising cliffs receeding<br> +From the margins of the stream;<br> +Effects of frost and rainfall<br> +On every side are seen;<br> +<br> +For chips are falling ever,<br> +From exposed strata flanks,<br> +Roll down into the river,<br> +Leaping the waters banks,<br> +<br> +Fall in the whirling waters,<br> +That churn the rocky mass<br> +Against the boulders lodging<br> +Within the narrow pass.<br> +<br> +Then the great burden bearer<br> +Within its canyon grand,<br> +Bears out upon its bosom<br> +The wreckage of the land.<br> +<br> +And in the western ocean;<br> +’Long California’s shore,<br> +The debris from Grand Canyon<br> +Are settling more and more.<span class="pagenum" id="Page_211">[211]</span><br> +<br> +For near the gulf, the river<br> +Flows by a level floor,<br> +Spreads out upon the flood plain<br> +The ground up mountains core.<br> +</p> +</div> + +<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop"> + +<div class="chapter"></div> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_212">[212]</span></p> + + +<p class="p2 center">’LONG SUPERIOR’S DENTED SHORE</p> + +<div class="blockquot"> +<p> +Have you ever made a journey ’long Superior’s dented shore?<br> +Where the glory of the landscape enchant one more and more;<br> +Where the green tints of the water, and its gravel covered floor,<br> +The surface, smooth and polished like a burnished oaken door.<br> +<br> +The mountains on the main land grown o’er with spruces green,<br> +While pine and whitened birches are sprinkled in between.<br> +Out there, a mighty freighter loads ten thousand tons of ore.<br> +Rounded islands with green woods are shrouded o’er.<br> +<br> +Red buttressed headlands, encroaching on the shore<br> +Form lines of wondrous beauty around the lake’s broad floor.<br> +Our railway bed is blasted from the earth’s foundation stone:<br> +Granite, Gneiss, and Green-Rock in many a sober tone.<br> +<br> +O! the beauty of the hillsides, ensheathed in living green,<span class="pagenum" id="Page_213">[213]</span><br> +While the work of the old glaciers on every side are seen;<br> +The Age of Ice has eaten basins in the ancient rock;<br> +While the stone upon the hillside lie in many polished block.<br> +<br> +A glorious scene of beauty, scarce marred by human hand,<br> +Few boats upon the water, no farmers till the land.<br> +Five hundred miles we’ve traveled, by lake and hill, and brake,<br> +Upon earth’s rocky bosom our westward way we take.<br> +<br> +While the gleaming surface of Superior’s mighty lake<br> +Indent the land around us, a glowing picture make,<br> +Arrayed in living colors, a fairy isle is seen.<br> +Red boulders strew the hillside, a background for the green.<br> +<br> +The famous waters of Columbia’s inland sea<br> +Separate two nations of brave men true and free.<br> +No forts on either border; no soldiers pace the shore,<br> +No Dreadnaught plows the water, no mighty cannon roar.<span class="pagenum" id="Page_214">[214]</span><br> +<br> +But now the sun is setting beneath the western sea.<br> +His level rays are glowing on sheets of water free,<br> +And in the lovely gloaming upon the watery way,<br> +The mountains change to purple, the waters turn to grey.<br> +</p> +</div> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_215">[215]</span></p> +<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop"> + +<div class="chapter"></div> + +<p class="p2 center">THE LAURENTIAN HILLS</p> + +<div class="blockquot"> +<p> +I am riding on a railway that spans from sea to sea;<br> +Rocking on earth’s throbbing bosom, for my iron horse is free;<br> +How the scenes stretch out before me, as the coaches eastward roll,<br> +I am riding on the C.P. and to it I’m paying toll.<br> +<br> +I have reached a waste of waters, Superior’s mighty flood<br> +Indent the land before me, encroach the silent wood;<br> +For the vale, and gulch and valley, ever packed with spruces green,<br> +Mixed with the yellow poplar; with white barked birch between.<br> +<br> +The earth itself is covered with its own foundation rock,<br> +Granite, Gneiss and Green Stone, in many a mighty block,<br> +Carved and rounded by the Ice Cap, that once covered all the land:<br> +They rise in hill and buttress like some ancient castle grand.<br> +<br> +Birches standing, with trunks as white as snow,<span class="pagenum" id="Page_216">[216]</span><br> +And slender spires of spruce trees, in serried ranks they grow.<br> +A gorgeous carpet underneath upon the rocks are spread,<br> +The different patterns blended might form a Titan’s bed.<br> +<br> +White granite peeps above it with streaks of reddish hue<br> +With God’s own arch above us! stars twinkling in the blue.<br> +Yes! I’m riding on the bosom of the oldest land that’s known,<br> +And Old Time, through countless ages, over it has ever flown,<br> +<br> +When England’s land was lifted above the ocean blue,<br> +The Old World is not the oldest, it should be called the new.<br> +O! could rocks but tell the story their rugged cliffs have know,<br> +They could tell us of this continent, and how it’s slowly grown.<br> +<br> +How the beds laid down by water, in ocean, river, lake<br> +Through all the changing aeons, from these rocks their tribute take.<br> +For the streams, (those burden bearers), on ocean floor have spread<br> +The loads they carry ever, to deposit on her bed.<span class="pagenum" id="Page_217">[217]</span><br> +<br> +Granite Boulders from the hill side, choke up the rapid stream,<br> +They are ground by rushing water, till as pebbles they are seen,<br> +As the river current lessens, then are pebbles ground to sand,<br> +To be carried to the ocean, forming bars and banks so grand.<br> +<br> +Then the life that fills the ocean, the crustacean and the shell,<br> +When dying, left their skeletons the seas broad floor to swell.<br> +I can see Ontario’s mountains rise, where early life is seen,<br> +The mollusk of the ocean, and the sea weeds living green.<br> +<br> +The Laurentian Hills are rising at the margin of the sea.<br> +While the bordering waters throbbing with molluskan life so free,<br> +The globe’s thin crust is resting on the molten mass below,<br> +Transformed, as hard as granite, on her flanks the Trenton rest<br> +The land mass is slowing growing to the east, and south and west.<br> +<br> +Now the water of the ocean, bring forth a countless tribe,<br> +Of many forms of shell fish that are scattered far and wide.<span class="pagenum" id="Page_218">[218]</span><br> +Crustaceans crowd the shore line, and that wondrous trilobite,<br> +Lives on through many ages till Time of chalk so white,<br> +So Silurian rocks are added to Laurentian narrow shore,<br> +And the Continents broad empire marches westward ever more.<br> +</p> + +<p class="p2 center"> +II +</p> + +<p> +Devonian seas are lapping round Silurian cape and bay,<br> +New fish life fills the waters, and over them hold sway.<br> +Strange forms in shield and buckler, in armor polished bright,<br> +Ganoids and other fishes show their colors in the light.<br> +<br> +I have seen a dozen fishes, impaled on block of slate<br> +Stand out, as carved by nature, they’re lying there in state:<br> +Seaweeds have left their impress in these enduring sands of Time,<br> +Stretched out in all their measures in many a lengthening line,<br> +For the ebb had stretched them seaward, while the fish swam ’gainst the tide,<br> +They were swimming toward the sea-shore, while swimming they have died.<br> +<br> +Both plants and fishes, in the old Devonian floor,<span class="pagenum" id="Page_219">[219]</span><br> +After ages, tell the story, that the One we all adore,<br> +Keeps record of Creation in old oceans muddy floor.<br> +Footsteps of the Creator in ages that have fled,<br> +When a host of shells and fishes left their forms in oceans bed.<br> +<br> +And now the bed is lifted along the eastern shore:<br> +Increasing now the land mass, round Laurentian more and more,<br> +O! Time thou hast no limit to grasp of human mind,<br> +Unmeasured by the intellect of any of our kind.<br> +<br> +But Time to our Creator, is like forgotten fears,<br> +“A thousand years a single day, a single day a thousand years.”<br> +And let our study of the past cause reverence for His name<br> +Both now, and yesterday, through time, He ever is the same.<br> +So with these simple verses we’ll praise His Holy Name.<br> +</p> +</div> +<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop"> + +<div class="chapter"> +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_220">[220]</span></p> + +<p class="p2 center">A JOURNEY IN THE MONTH OF JUNE IN EASTERN +CANADA</p> +</div> + + +<div class="blockquot"> +<p class="p2 center"> +I +</p> + +O! the glories of a journey taken in the month of June,<br> +When the gentle winds are sighing, and all nature is in tune:<br> +While the fragrance of red clover, and the green tints of the trees,<br> +Make me glad I am a rover, bathed in the evening breeze.<br> + + +<p class="p2 center"> +II +</p> + +So all day I sit and wonder, on green plush I lay and ponder<br> +On the glorious panorama, ever new,<br> +And I raise my window curtain, for I’m very, very certain,<br> +I have never, never witnessed such a view.<br> + + +<p class="p2 center"> +III +</p> + +O! Columbia, how I love you, where my first new breath I drew,<br> +What lines of grace and beauty on every side you strew.<br> +I am rocking on your bosom for my iron horse is free,<br> +And the flowers by the hillside waft their fragrance over me.<span class="pagenum" id="Page_221">[221]</span><br> + +<p class="p2 center"> +IV +</p> + +Gazing from my open window, how my heart strings thrill, and thrill,<br> +At the glory of the landscape I never get my fill.<br> +Canadian hills embowered with crowning woods of green,<br> +While fields and lakes and river on either side are seen.<br> + +<p class="p2 center"> +V +</p> + +Now white daisies blend their colors with the darker green below,<br> +Or the shining yellow buttercups, their golden beauties show,<br> +Wild mustard grows in masses o’er many a lengthening row,<br> +Add color to the wheat fields stretching out, as west we go.<br> + +<p class="p2 center"> +VI +</p> + +Now and then, a clump of roses, add their sweetness to the breeze,<br> +And June air is gently sighing ’midst the verdure of the trees,<br> +Oh! the plain and flood and hillside, how they swiftly come and go,<br> +While the power of the engine rocks me gently to and fro.<br> + +<p class="p2 center"> +VII +</p> + +Yes! the scenes move out before me like the pictures in a show.<span class="pagenum" id="Page_222">[222]</span><br> +While in the gentle gloaming, on wings I seem to go.<br> +With wondrous lines of beauty with splendid brush so free,<br> +For the colors of the rainbow cast their glamor over me.<br> + +<p class="p2 center"> +VIII +</p> + +Yes! the beauties of Dame Nature are most wonderfully fair,<br> +And gazing on those beauties my soul seems free from care,<br> +So my train swings ever westward, her coaches keeping rhyme<br> +To the music of dear Nature that’s never out of time.<br> + +<p class="p2 center"> +IX +</p> + +The birds fly up above me, and the flowers bloom below;<br> +For God cares for the Raven, on flowers love bestow.<br> +We have an earthly Eden from a Father’s loving hand,<br> +Angels guard us on the ocean and on the solid land,<br> + +<p class="p2 center"> +X +</p> + +And should we mount, as eagles, on wings in the mid air:<span class="pagenum" id="Page_223">[223]</span><br> +In blue expanse of heaven, His love would guard us there.<br> +So as the night grows darker I seek my narrow berth.<br> +I sleep the sleep of childhood, free from the cares of earth.<br> + +</div> + +<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop"> + +<div class="chapter"> +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_225">[225]</span></p> + +<h2 class="nobreak" id="INDEX">INDEX</h2> +</div> + +<ul class="index"> +<li class="ifrst">Acme, Alberta, <a href="#Page_34">34</a>, <a href="#Page_51">51</a>, <a href="#Page_112">112</a>, <a href="#Page_114">114</a>, <a href="#Page_128">128</a>, + <a href="#Page_134">134</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Advance Science, articulated skeletons, <a href="#Page_57">57</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Adventure in Kansas Chalk, <a href="#Page_70">70-71</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Age of Iron, <a href="#Page_173">173</a></li> +<li class="isub1">Reptiles, <a href="#Page_139">139</a>, <a href="#Page_14">14</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Alberta, <a href="#Page_13">13</a>, <a href="#Page_25">25</a>, <a href="#Page_68">68</a>, <a href="#Page_69">69</a>, <a href="#Page_113">113-119</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Allegheny Mountains, <a href="#Page_18">18</a></li> + +<li class="indx">American Museum of Natural History, <a href="#Page_24">24</a>, <a href="#Page_27">27</a>, <a href="#Page_29">29</a>, <a href="#Page_30">30</a>, <a href="#Page_47">47</a>, + <a href="#Page_52">52</a>, <a href="#Page_58">58</a>, <a href="#Page_61">61</a>, <a href="#Page_62">62</a>, <a href="#Page_73">73</a>, <a href="#Page_94">94</a>, <a href="#Page_117">117</a>, + <a href="#Page_128">128</a>, <a href="#Page_139">139</a>, <a href="#Page_150">150</a></li> +<li class="isub1">Paleontologist, the oldest, <a href="#Page_26">26</a></li> +<li class="isub1">Paleontology, <a href="#Page_151">151</a>, <a href="#Page_117">117</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Ammonites, <a href="#Page_51">51</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Amphibians, <a href="#Page_68">68</a>, <a href="#Page_182">182-184</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Ancient World, <a href="#Page_184">184-190</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Anchylosaurus magniventris, <a href="#Page_94">94</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Animals, <a href="#Page_13">13</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Angiosperms, <a href="#Page_150">150</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Another Strange Dinosaur, <a href="#Page_120">120</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Archelon ischyros, <a href="#Page_26">26</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Arizona, <a href="#Page_66">66</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Arlington Cemetery, <a href="#Page_22">22</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Armoured Dinosaurs from Kansas Chalk, <a href="#Page_95">95</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Armored Plant Eaters, <a href="#Page_68">68</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Army Building, <a href="#Page_23">23</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Arthur, Port, <a href="#Page_94">94</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Atlantic, <a href="#Page_79">79</a>, <a href="#Page_100">100</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Auk Great, <a href="#Page_13">13</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Australia, <a href="#Page_22">22</a></li> + + +<li class="ifrst">Baculites, <a href="#Page_115">115</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Badlands, <a href="#Page_134">134</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Bassano, <a href="#Page_88">88</a>, <a href="#Page_108">108</a>, <a href="#Page_109">109</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Batracians, <a href="#Page_96">96</a>, <a href="#Page_182">182</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Battle Between Dinosaurs, <a href="#Page_108">108</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Bay Land Locked, <a href="#Page_160">160</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Bear Paw Shales, <a href="#Page_109">109</a>, <a href="#Page_114">114-118</a></li> +<li class="isub1">Mountains, <a href="#Page_112">112</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Belly River Series 2, <a href="#Page_5">5</a>, <a href="#Page_25">25</a>, <a href="#Page_66">66</a>, <a href="#Page_68">68</a>, <a href="#Page_73">73</a>, <a href="#Page_96">96</a>, + <a href="#Page_111">111</a>, <a href="#Page_114">114-116</a>, <a href="#Page_130">130</a></li> +<li class="isub1">Description of, <a href="#Page_73">73</a>, <a href="#Page_74">74</a></li> +<li class="isub1">Belongs to Pierre, <a href="#Page_112">112</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Benton, Fort, <a href="#Page_111">111</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Beresford, Admiral, of England, <a href="#Page_87">87</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Berlin Museum, <a href="#Page_139">139</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Bestrum, Mr., <a href="#Page_91">91</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Big Spring, <a href="#Page_112">112</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Black Feet Indian Reserve, <a href="#Page_127">127</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Boat, Flat, <a href="#Page_101">101</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Bog Iron Bones Enclosed in, <a href="#Page_63">63</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Bone-beds, Near Top and Bottom of Badlands, <a href="#Page_84">84</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Bones of Crested Dinosaur, <a href="#Page_63">63</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Boulders, Lying Around, <a href="#Page_66">66</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Boule, Dr., <a href="#Page_9">9</a>, <a href="#Page_33">33</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Bridge at Great Falls, Montana, <a href="#Page_33">33</a></li> + +<li class="indx">British Empire, <a href="#Page_3">3</a><span class="pagenum" id="Page_226">[226]</span></li> + +<li class="indx">British Museum of Natural History, <a href="#Page_2">2</a>, <a href="#Page_9">9</a>, <a href="#Page_11">11</a>, <a href="#Page_64">64</a>, <a href="#Page_139">139</a>, + <a href="#Page_169">169</a>, <a href="#Page_58">58</a>, <a href="#Page_61">61</a>, <a href="#Page_66">66</a>, <a href="#Page_73">73</a>, <a href="#Page_94">94-98</a>, <a href="#Page_120">120</a>, + <a href="#Page_127">127</a>, <a href="#Page_130">130</a>, <a href="#Page_131">131</a>, <a href="#Page_117">117</a>, <a href="#Page_118">118</a></li> +<li class="isub1">Camp, <a href="#Page_62">62</a></li> +<li class="isub1">Great Collection, <a href="#Page_73">73</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Brock, Dr., <a href="#Page_7">7</a>, <a href="#Page_69">69</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Brontosaur, <a href="#Page_21">21</a>, <a href="#Page_56">56</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Brooks, <a href="#Page_92">92</a>, <a href="#Page_110">110</a>, <a href="#Page_133">133</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Brown, Dr. Barnum, <a href="#Page_3">3</a>, <a href="#Page_25">25</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Bull Berry Jelly, <a href="#Page_90">90</a></li> + + +<li class="ifrst">Calgary, Alberta, <a href="#Page_34">34</a>, <a href="#Page_36">36</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Cambridge, Mass., <a href="#Page_73">73</a>, <a href="#Page_132">132</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Camp Above Happy Jack Ferry, <a href="#Page_85">85</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Camp, This is the Richest, <a href="#Page_54">54</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Champsosaurus, Found by George F. Sternberg, <a href="#Page_84">84</a>, <a href="#Page_86">86</a>, <a href="#Page_116">116</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Canada, <a href="#Page_110">110</a>, <a href="#Page_134">134</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Canadian Pacific Rwy., <a href="#Page_73">73</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Canadian Rockies, <a href="#Page_34">34</a></li> +<li class="isub1">Northern Rwy., <a href="#Page_36">36</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Canyon, Our Work In a, <a href="#Page_61">61</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Capital, <a href="#Page_20">20</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Carbide Used for Lights on Lake, <a href="#Page_93">93</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Carboniferous, <a href="#Page_22">22</a>, <a href="#Page_180">180</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Carnegie, Mr., <a href="#Page_19">19</a>, <a href="#Page_29">29</a>, <a href="#Page_56">56</a></li> +<li class="isub1">Museum, <a href="#Page_4">4</a>, <a href="#Page_19">19</a>, <a href="#Page_21">21</a></li> +<li class="isub1">Hall of Music, <a href="#Page_19">19</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Carnivore, Discovery of, <a href="#Page_53">53</a></li> +<li class="isub1">Excavating, <a href="#Page_55">55</a></li> +<li class="isub1">Loading, <a href="#Page_55">55</a></li> +<li class="isub1">Charlie Standing in Quarry, <a href="#Page_55">55</a></li> +<li class="isub1">Will Mount In Bold Relief, <a href="#Page_58">58</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Carniverous Dinosaurs, <a href="#Page_139">139</a>, <a href="#Page_143">143</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Carving Out an Urn, <a href="#Page_129">129</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Casey, <a href="#Page_17">17</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Cassowary, <a href="#Page_61">61</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Casuarius, <a href="#Page_61">61</a>, <a href="#Page_65">65</a>, <a href="#Page_116">116</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Central Pacific Rwy. Co., <a href="#Page_88">88</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Centrosaurus, Discovered by Charles M. Sternberg, <a href="#Page_91">91</a>, <a href="#Page_120">120</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Centrosaurus Prepared by Geo. F. Sternberg, <a href="#Page_122">122</a>, <a href="#Page_124">124</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Ceratops, <a href="#Page_48">48</a>, <a href="#Page_86">86</a>, <a href="#Page_91">91</a>, <a href="#Page_105">105</a>, <a href="#Page_107">107</a>, <a href="#Page_119">119</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Chasmosaurus, <a href="#Page_73">73</a>, <a href="#Page_80">80</a>, <a href="#Page_82">82</a>, <a href="#Page_86">86</a>, <a href="#Page_104">104</a>, + <a href="#Page_107">107</a></li> +<li class="isub1">Description of, <a href="#Page_80">80-81</a></li> +<li class="isub1">Prepared, <a href="#Page_82">82</a></li> +<li class="isub1">Ideal Picture, <a href="#Page_83">83</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Chinaman Has a Hot Dish for Us, <a href="#Page_92">92</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Church of England Minister, <a href="#Page_69">69</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Cimoliasaurus, <a href="#Page_177">177</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Claggett Shales, <a href="#Page_113">113</a>, <a href="#Page_114">114</a>, <a href="#Page_116">116</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Claosaurus, <a href="#Page_96">96</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Clark, Mr., Head Photographic Division, <a href="#Page_69">69</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Clidastes, <a href="#Page_21">21</a>, <a href="#Page_162">162</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Coal Mining In Indiana, <a href="#Page_18">18</a></li> +<li class="isub1">At Drumheller, <a href="#Page_36">36</a></li> +<li class="isub1">In Milk River Country, <a href="#Page_117">117</a>, <a href="#Page_130">130</a></li> +<li class="isub1">Miners Tunnel, <a href="#Page_135">135</a></li> +<li class="isub1">Plants, <a href="#Page_182">182</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Coffee, <a href="#Page_76">76</a></li> +<li class="isub1">McCheche, <a href="#Page_44">44</a></li> +<li class="isub1">Beaver, <a href="#Page_64">64</a>, <a href="#Page_70">70</a></li> +<li class="isub1">Seven Mile, <a href="#Page_4">4</a></li> +<li class="isub1">Butte, <a href="#Page_176">176</a></li> +<li class="isub1">Eagle, <a href="#Page_112">112</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Collecting Dinosaurs, <a href="#Page_46">46-48</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Concretions, <a href="#Page_52">52</a>, <a href="#Page_53">53</a>, <a href="#Page_66">66</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Conrad, <a href="#Page_159">159</a><span class="pagenum" id="Page_227">[227]</span></li> + +<li class="indx">Cope, Prof., <a href="#Page_7">7</a>, <a href="#Page_11">11</a>, <a href="#Page_27">27</a>, <a href="#Page_61">61</a>, <a href="#Page_82">82</a>, <a href="#Page_111">111</a>, + <a href="#Page_113">113-118</a>, <a href="#Page_120">120</a>, <a href="#Page_132">132</a>, <a href="#Page_134">134</a>, <a href="#Page_159">159</a>, <a href="#Page_169">169</a>, + <a href="#Page_184">184</a></li> +<li class="isub1">Collection, <a href="#Page_25">25</a>, <a href="#Page_139">139</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Corythosaurus, George Finds Skeleton, <a href="#Page_86">86</a>, <a href="#Page_87">87</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Coulee, Verdegris, <a href="#Page_129">129</a></li> + +<li class="indx">County, Albany, Wyo., <a href="#Page_20">20</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Courage Needed, <a href="#Page_64">64</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Coutts, <a href="#Page_34">34</a>, <a href="#Page_110">110</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Cow Boys, <a href="#Page_67">67</a></li> +<li class="isub1">Island, <a href="#Page_111">111</a>, <a href="#Page_114">114</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Creator, For Millions of Years the, <a href="#Page_65">65</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Creatures Having Seed in Themselves, <a href="#Page_65">65</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Creek, Lance, <a href="#Page_11">11</a>, <a href="#Page_26">26</a></li> +<li class="isub1">Plum, <a href="#Page_14">14</a></li> +<li class="isub1">Old Woman, <a href="#Page_27">27</a></li> +<li class="isub1">Willow, <a href="#Page_50">50</a></li> +<li class="isub1">Bull Pond, <a href="#Page_51">51</a></li> +<li class="isub1">Sand, <a href="#Page_61">61</a>, <a href="#Page_73">73</a></li> +<li class="isub1">Rosebud, <a href="#Page_35">35</a></li> +<li class="isub1">Knee Hill, <a href="#Page_35">35</a></li> +<li class="isub1">Tributary, <a href="#Page_35">35</a></li> +<li class="isub1">Berry, <a href="#Page_52">52</a>, <a href="#Page_68">68</a></li> +<li class="isub1">One Tree, <a href="#Page_75">75</a></li> +<li class="isub1">Hackberry, <a href="#Page_75">75</a>, <a href="#Page_95">95</a>, <a href="#Page_160">160</a></li> +<li class="isub1">Hell, <a href="#Page_94">94</a></li> +<li class="isub1">Dog, <a href="#Page_113">113-115</a>, <a href="#Page_121">121</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Crested Dinosaurs, Description of, <a href="#Page_62">62</a>, <a href="#Page_67">67</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Cretaceous, <a href="#Page_11">11</a>, <a href="#Page_51">51</a>, <a href="#Page_53">53</a>, <a href="#Page_60">60</a>, <a href="#Page_66">66</a>, <a href="#Page_114">114</a>, + <a href="#Page_140">140</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Crinoids, <a href="#Page_164">164</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Crocodile Bones, <a href="#Page_68">68</a>, <a href="#Page_84">84</a>, <a href="#Page_143">143</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Crow Indians Reserve, <a href="#Page_33">33</a></li> + + +<li class="ifrst">Dakota Group, <a href="#Page_13">13</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Dead Lodge Canyon, <a href="#Page_114">114-119</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Denhart Restoration, <a href="#Page_61">61</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Dike Volcanic, <a href="#Page_112">112</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Dinosaurs, <a href="#Page_3">3</a>, <a href="#Page_98">98</a>, <a href="#Page_101">101</a>, <a href="#Page_35">35</a></li> +<li class="isub1">Of Red Deer River, <a href="#Page_2">2</a>, <a href="#Page_21">21</a>, <a href="#Page_139">139</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Diplodocus Carnegie, <a href="#Page_20">20</a>, <a href="#Page_57">57</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Director Geological Survey, <a href="#Page_55">55</a>, <a href="#Page_58">58</a>, <a href="#Page_110">110</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Discovery of Fossil Fish, <a href="#Page_12">12</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Discovery of Two Skeletons, <a href="#Page_60">60</a>, <a href="#Page_62">62</a></li> +<li class="isub1">Specimens of Corythosaurus, <a href="#Page_65">65</a>, <a href="#Page_66">66</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Disney, Mr. Patrick, <a href="#Page_87">87</a>, <a href="#Page_88">88</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Douglass, <a href="#Page_20">20</a>, <a href="#Page_56">56</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Dowling, D. B., <a href="#Page_110">110</a>, <a href="#Page_117">117</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Dreverman, Dr. F., <a href="#Page_7">7</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Drumheller, Alberta, <a href="#Page_35">35</a>, <a href="#Page_44">44</a>, <a href="#Page_48">48</a>, <a href="#Page_53">53</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Duck-Billed Dinosaurs, <a href="#Page_7">7</a>, <a href="#Page_8">8</a>, <a href="#Page_68">68</a></li> + + +<li class="ifrst">Eagle Sandstone, <a href="#Page_113">113</a>, <a href="#Page_116">116</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Easton, A. E., <a href="#Page_3">3</a>, <a href="#Page_33">33</a>, <a href="#Page_36">36</a>, <a href="#Page_41">41</a>, <a href="#Page_48">48</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Edgemont, South Dakota, <a href="#Page_5">5</a>, <a href="#Page_33">33</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Edmonton Series, <a href="#Page_25">25</a>, <a href="#Page_51">51</a>, <a href="#Page_62">62</a>, <a href="#Page_66">66</a>, <a href="#Page_84">84</a>, <a href="#Page_96">96</a>, + <a href="#Page_113">113</a>, <a href="#Page_114">114</a>, <a href="#Page_117">117</a></li> +<li class="isub1">Of Brackish Water, <a href="#Page_33">33</a>, <a href="#Page_38">38</a></li> +<li class="isub1">Description of, <a href="#Page_35">35</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Egyptians Ancient, <a href="#Page_7">7</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Elkader, <a href="#Page_70">70</a></li> + +<li class="indx">England, <a href="#Page_87">87</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Eryops, <a href="#Page_185">185</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Euoplocephalus, <a href="#Page_66">66</a>, <a href="#Page_97">97</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Excavation In Face of Cliff, <a href="#Page_67">67</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Exhibition Room, <a href="#Page_30">30</a>, <a href="#Page_65">65</a></li> + + +<li class="ifrst">Faces of Bluff Covered With Cherty Fragments, <a href="#Page_43">43</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Falls, Great, <a href="#Page_111">111</a><span class="pagenum" id="Page_228">[228]</span></li> + +<li class="indx">Fern Trees, <a href="#Page_22">22</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Ferry Loveland, <a href="#Page_62">62</a></li> +<li class="isub1">Man Stretched Wire Across River, <a href="#Page_51">51</a>, <a href="#Page_52">52</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Field Notes For 1913, <a href="#Page_72">72</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Figs, <a href="#Page_9">9</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Flesh Eaters, <a href="#Page_68">68</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Florida, <a href="#Page_9">9</a>, <a href="#Page_177">177</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Fluting Beautiful, <a href="#Page_66">66</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Fog Horn, <a href="#Page_174">174</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Fossil Leaves Locality, <a href="#Page_53">53</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Fox Hills, <a href="#Page_114">114</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Frankfort on the Main, <a href="#Page_7">7</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Frenchman, <a href="#Page_175">175</a></li> + + +<li class="ifrst">Galyean, Hope to Reach House, <a href="#Page_75">75</a>, <a href="#Page_76">76</a></li> +<li class="isub1">John, <a href="#Page_76">76</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Geological Survey of Canada, <a href="#Page_2">2</a>, <a href="#Page_14">14</a>, <a href="#Page_15">15</a>, <a href="#Page_21">21</a>, <a href="#Page_33">33</a>, + <a href="#Page_48">48</a>, <a href="#Page_53">53</a>, <a href="#Page_68">68</a>, <a href="#Page_69">69</a>, <a href="#Page_80">80</a></li> +<li class="isub1">Gallery, <a href="#Page_12">12</a></li> +<li class="isub1">And Paleontology, <a href="#Page_114">114</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Germany, Made in, <a href="#Page_68">68</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Gibbs, Mr. Hugh, <a href="#Page_26">26</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Gidley, Mr., <a href="#Page_22">22</a>, <a href="#Page_56">56</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Gila Monster, <a href="#Page_60">60</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Gilmore, C. W., <a href="#Page_22">22</a>, <a href="#Page_56">56</a></li> + +<li class="indx">God, Creative Power of, <a href="#Page_65">65</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Goldsmith’s Poem, <a href="#Page_170">170</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Gorges Deep, <a href="#Page_115">115</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Gorgosaurus libratus, Lambe, <a href="#Page_58">58</a>, <a href="#Page_59">59-60</a>, <a href="#Page_75">75</a>, <a href="#Page_107">107-110</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Gothic Towers, <a href="#Page_72">72</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Gove County, Kansas, <a href="#Page_70">70</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Granger, Mr., <a href="#Page_58">58</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Great Northern Rwy., <a href="#Page_111">111</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Gryposaurus, of Lambe, <a href="#Page_68">68</a>, <a href="#Page_73">73</a>, <a href="#Page_75">75</a>, <a href="#Page_118">118</a></li> + + +<li class="ifrst">Hadrosaurus, <a href="#Page_96">96</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Hall of Fossil Vertebrates, <a href="#Page_67">67</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Hall, Steve, Hotel, <a href="#Page_52">52</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Haploscapha, <a href="#Page_159">159</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Happy Jack Ferry, <a href="#Page_94">94</a>, <a href="#Page_102">102</a>, <a href="#Page_109">109</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Hatcher, Dr. J. B., <a href="#Page_17">17</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Hawkins, Waterhouse, <a href="#Page_57">57</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Head Collector and Preparator, <a href="#Page_33">33</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Holland, Dr., <a href="#Page_55">55</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Holy Ground, Our Laboratory, <a href="#Page_65">65</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Horizon, We Got in a New, <a href="#Page_52">52</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Hunting Dinosaurs, <a href="#Page_78">78</a></li> +<li class="isub1">Big Game, <a href="#Page_94">94</a></li> + + +<li class="ifrst">Ideal Pictures of Edmonton Times, <a href="#Page_38">38-41</a>, <a href="#Page_135">135-155</a></li> +<li class="isub1">Duck-Bills, <a href="#Page_144">144</a>, <a href="#Page_147">147</a></li> +<li class="isub1">Cretaceous Life, <a href="#Page_160">160-179</a></li> +<li class="isub1">Tylosaur, <a href="#Page_160">160</a>, <a href="#Page_161">161</a></li> +<li class="isub1">Pteranodont, <a href="#Page_164">164</a></li> +<li class="isub1">Portheus, <a href="#Page_169">169</a></li> +<li class="isub1">Snout Fishes, <a href="#Page_177">177-178</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Iguanodonts, <a href="#Page_57">57</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Illinois, <a href="#Page_16">16</a>, <a href="#Page_17">17</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Indiana, <a href="#Page_17">17</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Indianapolis, <a href="#Page_18">18</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Indian Traveled on Trail of, <a href="#Page_67">67</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Inoceramus Shell, <a href="#Page_25">25</a>, <a href="#Page_177">177</a></li> + +<li class="indx">International Line, <a href="#Page_27">27</a>, <a href="#Page_34">34</a>, <a href="#Page_129">129</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Ireland’s Empress, <a href="#Page_174">174</a></li> + + +<li class="ifrst">Jackson, Mr., <a href="#Page_87">87</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Jasperson, <a href="#Page_18">18</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Jehu Rode Like, <a href="#Page_70">70</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Jessup, Morris, <a href="#Page_25">25</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Johnson, Mr., <a href="#Page_87">87</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Judith River Post Office, <a href="#Page_113">113</a>, <a href="#Page_114">114</a>, <a href="#Page_134">134</a>, <a href="#Page_142">142</a></li> +<li class="isub1">Country, <a href="#Page_119">119</a></li> + + +<li class="ifrst">Kansas, <a href="#Page_159">159</a>, <a href="#Page_162">162</a>, <a href="#Page_165">165</a><span class="pagenum" id="Page_229">[229]</span></li> + +<li class="indx">Kansas Chalk, <a href="#Page_1">1</a>, <a href="#Page_12">12</a>, <a href="#Page_25">25</a>, <a href="#Page_27">27</a>, <a href="#Page_54">54</a>, <a href="#Page_95">95</a>, + <a href="#Page_97">97</a>, <a href="#Page_100">100</a></li> +<li class="isub1">Western, <a href="#Page_11">11</a>, <a href="#Page_132">132</a></li> + +<li class="indx"><ins title="originally ‘Keetewin’">Keewatin</ins> Steamer, <a href="#Page_93">93</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Kendall, Montana, <a href="#Page_116">116</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Knowlton, Dr. F. H., <a href="#Page_129">129</a>, <a href="#Page_166">166</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Kindness of Directors, Dr. Brock and Mr. R. G. McConnell, <a href="#Page_69">69</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Kritosaurus, <a href="#Page_118">118</a></li> + + +<li class="ifrst">Labyrinth of Intricate Gorges, <a href="#Page_47">47</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Lady of the North, <a href="#Page_3">3</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Laelaps, <a href="#Page_57">57</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Lambe, Mr., <a href="#Page_30">30</a>, <a href="#Page_58">58</a>, <a href="#Page_61">61</a>, <a href="#Page_62">62</a>, <a href="#Page_65">65</a>, <a href="#Page_68">68</a>, + <a href="#Page_72">72</a>, <a href="#Page_76">76</a>, <a href="#Page_88">88</a>, <a href="#Page_96">96</a>, <a href="#Page_118">118</a>, <a href="#Page_120">120</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Lance Beds, <a href="#Page_11">11</a>, <a href="#Page_96">96</a>, <a href="#Page_128">128</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Land Slides, <a href="#Page_50">50</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Laramie, <a href="#Page_11">11</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Lawrence, Kansas, <a href="#Page_2">2</a>, <a href="#Page_13">13</a>, <a href="#Page_16">16</a>, <a href="#Page_162">162</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Leidy, Prof., <a href="#Page_96">96</a>, <a href="#Page_118">118</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Lepidodendron, <a href="#Page_180">180</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Lethbridge, Alberta, <a href="#Page_34">34</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Life of a Fossil Hunter, <a href="#Page_17">17</a>, <a href="#Page_118">118</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Light Houses, <a href="#Page_97">97</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Livingston’s Ranch, <a href="#Page_70">70</a></li> + +<li class="indx">London Illustrated News, <a href="#Page_11">11</a>, <a href="#Page_169">169</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Loveland Ferry, <a href="#Page_96">96</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Lull, Prof., <a href="#Page_26">26</a>, <a href="#Page_34">34</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Lusk, Wyoming, <a href="#Page_14">14</a></li> + + +<li class="ifrst">Mammalian Remains, <a href="#Page_69">69</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Marsh, Prof., O. C., <a href="#Page_21">21</a>, <a href="#Page_26">26</a>, <a href="#Page_40">40</a>, <a href="#Page_65">65</a>, <a href="#Page_86">86</a>, <a href="#Page_96">96</a>, + <a href="#Page_182">182</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Matthew, Dr., <a href="#Page_58">58</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Maud, <a href="#Page_156">156-178</a>, <a href="#Page_183">183</a>, <a href="#Page_184">184</a>, <a href="#Page_187">187</a></li> + +<li class="indx">McBride’s House, <a href="#Page_76">76</a></li> + +<li class="indx">McConnell, Mr. R. G., <a href="#Page_127">127</a></li> + +<li class="indx">McGee, Jack, <a href="#Page_49">49</a>, <a href="#Page_52">52</a>, <a href="#Page_55">55</a></li> +<li class="isub1">Dan, <a href="#Page_44">44</a>, <a href="#Page_47">47</a></li> + +<li class="indx">McKeon Ranch in Wyoming, <a href="#Page_4">4</a></li> + +<li class="indx"><ins title="originally ‘McNickle’">McNicoll</ins>, Port, <a href="#Page_93">93</a>, <a href="#Page_172">172</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Medicine Hat, <a href="#Page_132">132</a>, <a href="#Page_133">133</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Miller, Mr., <a href="#Page_181">181</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Moa, the Great, <a href="#Page_13">13</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Monarch, Under a, <a href="#Page_2">2</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Monster Fish, <a href="#Page_12">12</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Montana, <a href="#Page_121">121</a>, <a href="#Page_129">129</a>, <a href="#Page_135">135</a>, <a href="#Page_142">142</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Monument Rocks, <a href="#Page_70">70</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Morophus, <a href="#Page_21">21</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Mosasaurian Bay, <a href="#Page_164">164</a>, <a href="#Page_167">167</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Mosasaurus, <a href="#Page_162">162</a>, <a href="#Page_164">164</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Motor Boat, <a href="#Page_85">85</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Mounting Trachodon Skeleton, <a href="#Page_44">44</a>, <a href="#Page_64">64</a>, <a href="#Page_65">65</a>, <a href="#Page_84">84</a></li> +<li class="isub1">Titanotherium Skeleton, <a href="#Page_14">14</a>, <a href="#Page_28">28</a>, <a href="#Page_29">29</a></li> +<li class="isub1">Two Skulls of Centrosaurus, <a href="#Page_122">122</a></li> +<li class="isub1">Charlie’s Gorgosaurus, <a href="#Page_48">48</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Moving Pictures, <a href="#Page_92">92</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Munich, Bavaria, <a href="#Page_139">139</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Museum of Comparative Zoology, <a href="#Page_161">161</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Museum of Kansas University, <a href="#Page_162">162</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Music Hall, <a href="#Page_18">18</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Myledaphus, <a href="#Page_84">84</a></li> + + +<li class="ifrst">Narrow Escape When Men Loaded Trachodon, <a href="#Page_48">48</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Natural History Museum Paris, <a href="#Page_33">33</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Nature’s Heart, <a href="#Page_65">65</a>, <a href="#Page_165">165</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Nevada, <a href="#Page_56">56</a></li> + +<li class="indx">New Mexican Trachodont, <a href="#Page_72">72</a></li> + +<li class="indx">New York, <a href="#Page_26">26</a><span class="pagenum" id="Page_230">[230]</span></li> + +<li class="indx">New Zealand, <a href="#Page_60">60</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Niobrara County, Wyoming, <a href="#Page_14">14</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Nolan, Dr., <a href="#Page_57">57</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Northern Lights, <a href="#Page_93">93</a></li> + + +<li class="ifrst">Ohio, <a href="#Page_18">18</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Oligocene, Sculptury of the, <a href="#Page_14">14</a>, <a href="#Page_15">15</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Open Mounts the Process, <a href="#Page_37">37</a>, <a href="#Page_58">58</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Oregon, <a href="#Page_25">25</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Osborn, Prof. H. F., <a href="#Page_25">25</a>, <a href="#Page_150">150</a>, <a href="#Page_153">153</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Ostrea congesta, <a href="#Page_15">15</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Outlying Butte, <a href="#Page_66">66</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Oxford University, <a href="#Page_87">87</a></li> + + +<li class="ifrst">Paleontological Museum, <a href="#Page_19">19</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Paleontology, <a href="#Page_8">8</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Palmetto Palm, <a href="#Page_9">9</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Paradise of Dry Bones, <a href="#Page_26">26</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Parks, Prof., <a href="#Page_92">92</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Paris, <a href="#Page_9">9</a>, <a href="#Page_13">13</a>, <a href="#Page_48">48</a></li> +<li class="isub1">Museum, <a href="#Page_134">134</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Patience Necessary in Preparation of Dinosaurs, <a href="#Page_64">64</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Pennsylvania, <a href="#Page_18">18</a></li> +<li class="isub1">Route, <a href="#Page_16">16</a></li> +<li class="isub1">Avenue, <a href="#Page_23">23</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Permian Beds of Texas, <a href="#Page_75">75</a>, <a href="#Page_132">132</a>, <a href="#Page_182">182</a>, <a href="#Page_187">187</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Peterson, Mr., <a href="#Page_58">58</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Petrified Bones of Duck-Bills Poorly Preserved, <a href="#Page_63">63</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Photographs Taken by George, Charles and Levi Sternberg, <a href="#Page_69">69</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Picture of Carniverous Dinosaur Life, <a href="#Page_60">60</a></li> +<li class="isub1">Early Lance Creek Beds, <a href="#Page_9">9</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Picture of Centrosaurus, <a href="#Page_126">126</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Pierre, Fort, <a href="#Page_34">34</a>, <a href="#Page_50">50</a>, <a href="#Page_51">51</a>, <a href="#Page_113">113</a>, <a href="#Page_114">114</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Pillars, Mush-Room-Like, <a href="#Page_66">66</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Pittsburgh, <a href="#Page_18">18</a>, <a href="#Page_22">22</a>, <a href="#Page_55">55</a>, <a href="#Page_162">162</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Plaster Process of Protecting Fossils, <a href="#Page_45">45</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Platanus, <a href="#Page_128">128</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Platecarpus, <a href="#Page_16">16</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Plated Dinosaurs, <a href="#Page_88">88</a>, <a href="#Page_90">90</a>, <a href="#Page_95">95</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Plesiosaur, <a href="#Page_175">175</a>, <a href="#Page_177">177</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Pleistocene, <a href="#Page_50">50</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Poems, <a href="#Page_200">200-223</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Poets Tribute to Soldier Dead, <a href="#Page_24">24</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Port Arthur, <a href="#Page_94">94</a>, <a href="#Page_172">172</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Portheus, <a href="#Page_11">11</a>, <a href="#Page_19">19</a>, <a href="#Page_25">25</a>, <a href="#Page_171">171</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Pose of Saurians, <a href="#Page_60">60</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Prairie Margin Slides Down, <a href="#Page_42">42</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Preparing, George at Work, <a href="#Page_123">123</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Proceedings, Kansas Academy, <a href="#Page_94">94</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Proceedings Society, <a href="#Page_3">3</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Problem I, The Environment of Dinosaurs, <a href="#Page_34">34</a>, <a href="#Page_40">40</a>, <a href="#Page_41">41</a></li> +<li class="isub1">II, How Did the River Cut Its Gorge? 37, <a href="#Page_38">38</a>, <a href="#Page_42">42</a>, <a href="#Page_43">43</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Professor Sternberg, <a href="#Page_13">13</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Prosaurolophus, <a href="#Page_66">66</a>, <a href="#Page_86">86</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Protostega gigas, <a href="#Page_21">21</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Pycraft, <a href="#Page_11">11</a>, <a href="#Page_12">12</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Pyramids Fluted, <a href="#Page_72">72</a></li> + + +<li class="ifrst">Quinter, Kansas, <a href="#Page_33">33</a>, <a href="#Page_70">70</a></li> + + +<li class="ifrst">River, <ins title="originally ‘Waskaskia’">Kaskaskia</ins>, <a href="#Page_17">17</a></li> +<li class="isub1">Ohio, <a href="#Page_18">18</a></li> +<li class="isub1">Cheyenne, <a href="#Page_5">5</a>, <a href="#Page_10">10</a></li> +<li class="isub1">Red Deer, <a href="#Page_25">25</a>, <a href="#Page_42">42</a>, <a href="#Page_43">43</a>, <a href="#Page_54">54</a>, <a href="#Page_68">68</a>, <a href="#Page_69">69</a>, + <a href="#Page_96">96</a>, <a href="#Page_114">114</a>, <a href="#Page_116">116</a>, <a href="#Page_132">132</a>, <a href="#Page_133">133</a><span class="pagenum" id="Page_231">[231]</span></li> +<li class="isub1">Milk, <a href="#Page_122">122</a>, <a href="#Page_127">127-129</a></li> +<li class="isub1">Judith, <a href="#Page_109">109-118</a></li> +<li class="isub1">Missouri, <a href="#Page_112">112</a>, <a href="#Page_115">115-119</a>, <a href="#Page_129">129</a>, <a href="#Page_142">142</a></li> +<li class="isub1">Mississippi, <a href="#Page_16">16</a></li> +<li class="isub1">John Day, <a href="#Page_25">25</a></li> +<li class="isub1">Belly, <a href="#Page_94">94</a>, <a href="#Page_98">98</a>, <a href="#Page_114">114</a></li> +<li class="isub1">St. Lawrence, <a href="#Page_100">100</a></li> +<li class="isub1">Red Deer, Dinosaurs, <a href="#Page_64">64</a>, <a href="#Page_125">125</a></li> +<li class="isub1">Trip Down, <a href="#Page_49">49-53</a></li> +<li class="isub1">Big Wichita, <a href="#Page_181">181</a></li> +<li class="isub1">Swift Current, <a href="#Page_109">109</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Recession of Cliffs, <a href="#Page_41">41</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Red Letter Day, <a href="#Page_43">43</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Royal Museum, Toronto, <a href="#Page_93">93</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Redwood Leaves, <a href="#Page_43">43</a></li> + + +<li class="ifrst">Sailors, Funeral of the Maine, <a href="#Page_23">23</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Scenery on Red Deer River, <a href="#Page_64">64</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Schuchert, Professor, <a href="#Page_26">26</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Scientific Men, Mistakes of, <a href="#Page_80">80</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Scott, Prof. W. B., <a href="#Page_57">57</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Scott’s Famous Poem, <a href="#Page_141">141</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Scow Building of, etc., <a href="#Page_49">49</a>, <a href="#Page_85">85</a>, <a href="#Page_88">88</a>, <a href="#Page_91">91</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Seamen’s Hills, <a href="#Page_14">14</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Secretary Academy of Science, <a href="#Page_57">57</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Senckenberg Museum, <a href="#Page_7">7</a>, <a href="#Page_9">9</a>, <a href="#Page_98">98</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Shaw, The Ferry Man, <a href="#Page_133">133</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Siliceous Concretions, <a href="#Page_67">67</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Siren Sounds Alarm, <a href="#Page_94">94</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Site, Moved Camp Down to new, <a href="#Page_54">54</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Skeleton Platecarpus, <a href="#Page_162">162</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Skull of Crested Dinosaur, <a href="#Page_63">63</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Soft Soap, After a Rain Like, <a href="#Page_43">43</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Soldiers of the Union, <a href="#Page_28">28</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Soo Locks, <a href="#Page_94">94</a></li> + +<li class="indx">South Dakota, <a href="#Page_26">26</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Sphenodon, <a href="#Page_60">60</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Stanton, Mr., <a href="#Page_114">114</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Station, Milk River, <a href="#Page_128">128</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Stegosaur, <a href="#Page_22">22</a>, <a href="#Page_56">56</a>, <a href="#Page_68">68</a>, <a href="#Page_94">94</a>, <a href="#Page_95">95</a></li> + +<li class="indx">St. Elmo’s Fire First Seen on Land, <a href="#Page_71">71</a>, <a href="#Page_72">72</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Stephanosaurus of Lambe, <a href="#Page_65">65</a>, <a href="#Page_67">67</a></li> +<li class="isub1">The Nearly Complete Skeleton, <a href="#Page_65">65</a></li> +<li class="isub1">Described, <a href="#Page_62">62-65</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Sternberg, General George M., <a href="#Page_22">22</a></li> +<li class="isub1">Charles H., <a href="#Page_16">16</a>, <a href="#Page_65">65</a>, <a href="#Page_68">68</a>, <a href="#Page_72">72-3-4</a>, <a href="#Page_31">31</a>, <a href="#Page_52">52</a>, + <a href="#Page_54">54</a>, <a href="#Page_84">84</a>, <a href="#Page_85">85</a>, <a href="#Page_95">95</a>, <a href="#Page_122">122</a>, <a href="#Page_127">127</a></li> +<li class="isub1">George F., <a href="#Page_16">16</a>, <a href="#Page_25">25</a>, <a href="#Page_27">27</a>, <a href="#Page_33">33</a>, <a href="#Page_34">34</a>, <a href="#Page_47">47</a>, + <a href="#Page_48">48</a>, <a href="#Page_69">69</a>, <a href="#Page_73">73</a>, <a href="#Page_74">74</a>, <a href="#Page_3">3</a>, <a href="#Page_9">9</a>, <a href="#Page_11">11-14</a>, + <a href="#Page_52">52</a>, <a href="#Page_54">54</a>, <a href="#Page_64">64</a>, <a href="#Page_69">69</a>, <a href="#Page_77">77</a>, <a href="#Page_83">83</a>, <a href="#Page_86">86</a></li> +<li class="isub1">Charles M., <a href="#Page_16">16</a>, <a href="#Page_27">27</a>, <a href="#Page_3">3</a>, <a href="#Page_5">5</a>, <a href="#Page_9">9</a>, <a href="#Page_14">14</a>, + <a href="#Page_25">25</a>, <a href="#Page_49">49</a>, <a href="#Page_51">51-58</a>, <a href="#Page_62">62</a>, <a href="#Page_84">84</a>, <a href="#Page_85">85</a>, <a href="#Page_86">86</a>, + <a href="#Page_88">88</a>, <a href="#Page_120">120-129</a></li> +<li class="isub1">Levi, <a href="#Page_2">2</a>, <a href="#Page_33">33</a>, <a href="#Page_71">71-75</a>, <a href="#Page_45">45</a>, <a href="#Page_45">45</a>, <a href="#Page_49">49</a>, + <a href="#Page_54">54</a>, <a href="#Page_14">14</a>, <a href="#Page_124">124</a></li> +<li class="isub1">Charles H., A Collector for Fifty Years, <a href="#Page_27">27</a></li> +<li class="isub1">Charles M., Discovers Trachodont Skeleton, <a href="#Page_43">43</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Steveville, <a href="#Page_73">73</a>, <a href="#Page_77">77</a>, <a href="#Page_52">52</a>, <a href="#Page_78">78</a>, <a href="#Page_102">102</a>, <a href="#Page_133">133</a></li> + +<li class="indx">St. Louis, <a href="#Page_16">16</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Storm, Great Thunder, <a href="#Page_70">70</a>, <a href="#Page_71">71</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Styracosaurus, <a href="#Page_101">101-102</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Story of An Old River Bed, <a href="#Page_14">14</a></li> +<li class="isub1">Of the Discovery of Charlie’s Trachodon, <a href="#Page_5">5</a><span class="pagenum" id="Page_232">[232]</span></li> + +<li class="indx">Styracosaurus, <a href="#Page_102">102-107</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Summary of the Geological Survey, <a href="#Page_68">68</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Superior, <a href="#Page_94">94</a>, <a href="#Page_93">93</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Sweet Grass, Montana, <a href="#Page_34">34</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Swift Current, <a href="#Page_88">88</a></li> + + +<li class="ifrst">Teeming East, <a href="#Page_16">16</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Terre Haute, <a href="#Page_17">17</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Texas, <a href="#Page_75">75</a>, <a href="#Page_181">181</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Theropoda, <a href="#Page_68">68</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Timber, Destruction of, <a href="#Page_18">18</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Titanotherium, <a href="#Page_14">14</a>, <a href="#Page_27">27</a>, <a href="#Page_28">28</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Trachodon, <a href="#Page_57">57</a>, <a href="#Page_62">62</a>, <a href="#Page_79">79</a>, <a href="#Page_84">84</a>, <a href="#Page_118">118</a></li> +<li class="isub1">Found by Charles M. Sternberg, <a href="#Page_67">67</a></li> +<li class="isub1">A Swimming, <a href="#Page_34">34</a></li> +<li class="isub1">A Feeding, <a href="#Page_39">39</a></li> +<li class="isub1">Description of, <a href="#Page_39">39</a>, <a href="#Page_40">40</a></li> +<li class="isub1">Death From Carnivore annectens, Marsh, <a href="#Page_41">41</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Trail Cowboys Traveled on it, <a href="#Page_67">67</a></li> +<li class="isub1">Princeton, <a href="#Page_67">67</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Trees Palms, Redwoods, Sycamores, Figs, Magnolias, <a href="#Page_33">33</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Trego County, Kansas, <a href="#Page_16">16</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Triceratops, <a href="#Page_33">33</a>, <a href="#Page_81">81</a>, <a href="#Page_104">104</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Trip to the East, <a href="#Page_16">16-19</a></li> +<li class="isub1">Pittsburgh, <a href="#Page_66">66</a></li> +<li class="isub1">Washington, <a href="#Page_58">58</a></li> +<li class="isub1">Philadelphia, <a href="#Page_57">57</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Toronto, Canada, <a href="#Page_93">93</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Tübingen, University, <a href="#Page_25">25</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Turtles, <a href="#Page_68">68</a></li> +<li class="isub1">Found by George F., <a href="#Page_77">77</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Tylosaurus, <a href="#Page_13">13</a>, <a href="#Page_160">160-162</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Tyrant of the Everglades, <a href="#Page_75">75</a></li> + + +<li class="ifrst">Under Ground Channels, <a href="#Page_63">63</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Union Jack, <a href="#Page_3">3</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Uintacrinus socialis, <a href="#Page_165">165</a></li> + +<li class="indx">United States, <a href="#Page_3">3</a></li> +<li class="isub1">National Museum of the, <a href="#Page_55">55</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Upper Cretaceous, <a href="#Page_13">13</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Urn, Carving An, <a href="#Page_129">129</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Utterback Specimen, <a href="#Page_4">4</a></li> + + +<li class="ifrst">Vandalism, <a href="#Page_176">176</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Valley of Red Deer River, <a href="#Page_35">35</a></li> +<li class="isub1">Milk River, <a href="#Page_129">129</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Vassar College, <a href="#Page_162">162</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Victoria Memorial Museum, <a href="#Page_2">2</a>, <a href="#Page_7">7</a>, <a href="#Page_9">9</a>, <a href="#Page_10">10</a>, <a href="#Page_14">14</a>, <a href="#Page_45">45</a>, + <a href="#Page_53">53</a>, <a href="#Page_125">125</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Venus, <a href="#Page_38">38</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Verdegris Coulee, <a href="#Page_129">129</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Vertebrate Paleontologist, <a href="#Page_61">61</a>, <a href="#Page_80">80</a>, <a href="#Page_176">176</a></li> +<li class="isub1">Paleontology, <a href="#Page_24">24</a></li> +<li class="isub1">Fossils, <a href="#Page_33">33</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Views of Old Paleontologists, <a href="#Page_8">8</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Vulcanism, <a href="#Page_112">112</a>, <a href="#Page_113">113</a>, <a href="#Page_115">115</a>, <a href="#Page_129">129</a></li> + + +<li class="ifrst">Ward, Dr., <a href="#Page_166">166</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Washington, <a href="#Page_22">22</a>, <a href="#Page_56">56</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Weed, <a href="#Page_110">110</a></li> + +<li class="indx">We Explore Dead Lodge Canyon, <a href="#Page_49">49</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Weiland, Dr., <a href="#Page_26">26</a>, <a href="#Page_176">176</a>, <a href="#Page_177">177</a></li> + +<li class="indx">We Spy Out the Land, <a href="#Page_53">53</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Western Kansas, <a href="#Page_150">150</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Williston, Dr. S. W., <a href="#Page_26">26</a>, <a href="#Page_176">176</a>, <a href="#Page_177">177</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Wilson, <a href="#Page_166">166</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Wonders of the Permian, <a href="#Page_180">180-199</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Work on Charlie’s Gryposaurus, <a href="#Page_72">72</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Wyoming, <a href="#Page_35">35</a>, <a href="#Page_96">96</a>, <a href="#Page_122">122</a>, <a href="#Page_149">149</a></li> + + +<li class="ifrst">Yale, <a href="#Page_26">26</a>, <a href="#Page_95">95</a>, <a href="#Page_176">176</a></li> +</ul> + + + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_233">[233]</span></p> + +<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop"> + +<div class="chapter"></div> + +<p class="big center"><b>“THE LIFE OF A FOSSIL +HUNTER”</b></p> + +<p class="center">IS OUT OF PRINT. +</p> + +<p>I own the electrotypes, halftones and copyright and will +publish a new edition on receipt of a hundred subscriptions +at $1.75 each postpaid.</p> + +<p class="right"> +<span class="padr10 smcap">Charles H. Sternberg,</span><br> +<i>Author</i>. +</p> + +<div class="sm90"> + +<p class="p2">A few extracts from Reviews of “The Life of a Fossil +Hunter.”</p> + +<p><b>Chicago Herald, March 20th, 1909.</b></p> + +<p>“Any body will instantly feel the spell of interest in Mr. +Sternberg’s autobiography ‘The Life of a Fossil Hunter.’ Mr. +Sternberg writes simply, unpretentiously, entertainingly, and +there runs all through his book a curious union of scientific devotion +and religious reverence that is as unusual as it is +charming.”</p> + +<p><b>San Francisco Argonaut, June 5th, 1909.</b></p> + +<p>“There are few hunters of live game who can tell so good a +story, who has seen so much adventure, or experienced so +many escapes. Such a record would in any case be interesting, +but it becomes fascinating from the exuberance of its style +and hearty enthusiasm that animates every page.”</p> + +<p><b>Boston Living Age, March 20th, 1909.</b></p> + +<p>“His name, as affixed to his specimens, is the only witness +to his labors which will remain after him, except the work of +three sons whom he has trained to follow in his footsteps; but +he has been happy and his single-hearted story is a book to +renew our faith in man’s capacity to work for pure delight in +work.”</p> + +<p><b>Interior, Chicago, June 17th, 1909.</b></p> + +<p>“But he not only stuck to his self-imposed task but raised +a whole family of boys, every one of whom took to fossil hunting +as a duckling does to water. Best of all, to the Christian +reader, it will seem the author kept his faith in God and the +Bible unimpaired, and his pages are full of ascriptions of +praise to the Maker of heaven and earth.”</p> + +<p><b>Lawrence Gazette, March 8th, 1909.</b></p> + +<p>“A remarkable book. The author has a way of telling things +that is charming because of its simplicity. He uses scientific +terms only when necessary, and a child could read and understand +this book.”</p> +</div> + +<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop"> + +<div class="chapter"></div> + +<div class="transnote"><p class="myhr">Transcriber’s Notes.</p> + +<p>New original cover art included with this eBook is granted to the +public domain.</p> + +<p>Evident typographical and punctuation errors have been corrected +silently. Inconsistent hyphenation/spelling has been normalised.</p> + +<p> The author’s use of “Carniverous” (carnivorous) is retained as is + the use of both “armored” and “armoured”. Instances of lilly/lillies have been + corrected to lily/lilies. Likewise butress/ed/es to buttress/ed/es.</p> + +<p>Transposition of the illustrations for figures 35 and 38 has been corrected. +An errata slip noting the error has been discarded.</p> + +<p>Illustrations have been moved between paragraphs. Page numbers in the List of Illustrations +may no longer be relevant, but each figure number is linked to its illustration.</p> + +<p>A single footnote has been placed after the paragraph from which +it is referenced.</p> + +<p>Other errors addressed:</p> + + +<ul class="index"> + +<li>page <a href="#Page_19">19</a> “delved like Vulvan” corrected to “delved like Vulcan”.</li> + +<li>page <a href="#Page_45">45</a> “as were the bones, checked” corrected to “as were the bones, cracked”.</li> + +<li>page <a href="#Page_123">123</a> “securely to the crest” corrected to “securely to the skull”.</li> + +<li>Fig. 31 (a photograph) in the <a href="#ILLUSTRATIONS">list of illustrations</a> was incorrectly +described as “Drawing of skull by Weber” +The description has been amended to match the caption +“Skull of Chasmosaurus restored by Weber.”</li> + +<li>On pages <a href="#Page_122">122</a> & <a href="#Page_123">123</a> several references to figure numbers 27 and 28 +are incorrect. The text has been left unchanged, but links +have been set to reference the intended illustrations +(assumed by the transcriber from the context) and the redirection noted.</li> + +<li>page <a href="#Page_90">90</a> “the moment it was” changed to “and the moment it was”</li> + +<li>page <a href="#Page_24">24</a> “On times eternal camping ground” corrected to +“On Fame’s eternal camping ground”. Misquoted from “Bivouac +of the Dead”.</li> + +<li>page <a href="#Page_201">201</a> Erroneous text discarded (in italics).<br> + +you will see +there what I had learned up to the time of writing, +the process by which fossils are made. <i>I +ing, of the process by which fossils are made. I +all fossils. </i>I found here in the Belly River +Series entirely different conditions.</li> + +<li>page <a href="#Page_172">172</a> “McNickels”; page <a href="#Page_229">229</a> “McNickle” ; page <a href="#Page_93">93</a> “McNickles”. +All corrected to “McNicoll” (Port McNicoll, Ontario).</li> + +<li>page <a href="#Page_17">17</a> “Waskaskaia”; page <a href="#Page_230">230</a> “Waskaskia”. +Both corrected to “Kaskaskia” (Illinois river).</li> + +<li>pages <a href="#Page_93">93</a> & <a href="#Page_229">229</a> “Keetewin” corrected to “Keewatin” +(Passenger liner operating between Port Arthur and Port McNicoll).</li> +</ul> + +</div> + +<div style='text-align:center'>*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 77814 ***</div> +</body> +</html> diff --git a/77814-h/images/cover.jpg b/77814-h/images/cover.jpg Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..c554174 --- /dev/null +++ b/77814-h/images/cover.jpg diff --git a/77814-h/images/fig001.jpg b/77814-h/images/fig001.jpg Binary 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