diff options
Diffstat (limited to '77784-h/77784-h.htm')
| -rw-r--r-- | 77784-h/77784-h.htm | 10514 |
1 files changed, 10514 insertions, 0 deletions
diff --git a/77784-h/77784-h.htm b/77784-h/77784-h.htm new file mode 100644 index 0000000..44b88b4 --- /dev/null +++ b/77784-h/77784-h.htm @@ -0,0 +1,10514 @@ +<!DOCTYPE html> +<html lang="en"> +<head> + <meta charset="UTF-8"> + <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1"> + <title> + The story of the Pennsylvania Germans | Project Gutenberg + </title> + <link rel="icon" href="images/cover.jpg" type="image/x-cover"> + <style> + +body { + margin-left: 10%; + margin-right: 10%; +} + +h1,h2,h3,h4,h5,h6 { + text-align: center; /* all headings centered */ + clear: both; +} + +p { + margin-top: .51em; + text-align: justify; + margin-bottom: .49em; +} + +hr { + width: 33%; + margin-top: 2em; + margin-bottom: 2em; + margin-left: 33.5%; + margin-right: 33.5%; + clear: both; +} + +hr.tb {width: 45%; margin-left: 27.5%; margin-right: 27.5%;} +hr.chap {width: 65%; margin-left: 17.5%; margin-right: 17.5%;} +@media print { hr.chap {display: none; visibility: hidden;} } + +hr.r5 {width: 5%; margin-top: 1em; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 47.5%; margin-right: 47.5%;} + +div.chapter {page-break-before: always;} +h2.nobreak {page-break-before: avoid;} + +table { + margin-left: auto; + margin-right: auto; +} +table.autotable { border-collapse: collapse; } +table.autotable td, +table.autotable th { padding: 0.25em; } + +.tdl {text-align: left;} +.tdr {text-align: right;} +.tdc {text-align: center;} + +.pagenum { /* uncomment the next line for invisible page numbers */ + /* visibility: hidden; */ + position: absolute; + left: 92%; + font-size: small; + text-align: right; + font-style: normal; + font-weight: normal; + font-variant: normal; + text-indent: 0; +} /* page numbers */ + +blockquote { + margin-top: 0; + margin-bottom: 0; + margin-left: 5%; + margin-right: 10%; +} + +.center {text-align: center;} + +.smcap {font-variant: small-caps;} + +.allsmcap {font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;} + +figcaption {font-weight: bold;} +figcaption p {margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: .2em; text-align: inherit;} + +/* Images */ + +img { + max-width: 100%; + height: auto; +} +img.w100 {width: 100%;} + + +.figcenter { + margin: auto; + text-align: center; + page-break-inside: avoid; + max-width: 100%; +} + +/* Footnotes */ +.footnotes {border: 1px dashed;} + +.footnote {margin-left: 10%; margin-right: 10%; font-size: 0.9em;} + +.footnote .label {position: absolute; right: 84%; text-align: right;} + +.fnanchor { + vertical-align: super; + font-size: .8em; + text-decoration: + none; +} + +/* Poetry */ +/* uncomment the next line for centered poetry */ +.poetry-container {display: flex; justify-content: center;} +.poetry-container {text-align: center;} +.poetry {text-align: left; margin-left: 5%; margin-right: 5%;} +.poetry .stanza {margin: 1em auto;} +.poetry .verse {text-indent: -3em; padding-left: 3em;} + +.author { + text-align: right; + margin-right: 20% + } + +.author2 { + text-align: right; + margin-right: 35% + } + +.x-ebookmaker body {margin: 0;} +.x-ebookmaker-drop {color: inherit;} + +.ph2, .ph3, .ph4 { text-align: center; text-indent: 0em; font-weight: bold; } +.ph2 { font-size: x-large; margin: .75em auto; } +.ph3 { font-size: large; margin: .83em auto; } +.ph4 { font-size: medium; margin: 1.12em auto; } + +.fs { font-size: small; } + +p.hanging-indent1 { + padding-left: 2.25em; + text-indent: -2.25em; +} + +.tnote {border: dashed 1px; margin-left: 10%; margin-right: 10%; +padding-bottom: .5em; padding-top: .5em; padding-left: .5em; +padding-right: .5em;} + +/* Poetry indents */ +.poetry .indent0 {text-indent: -3.0em;} +.poetry .indent2 {text-indent: -2.0em;} + + +/* Illustration classes */ +.illowp61 {width: 61%;} +.x-ebookmaker .illowp61 {width: 100%;} +.illowp100 {width: 100%;} + </style> +</head> +<body> +<div style='text-align:center'>*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 77784 ***</div> + + +<figure class="figcenter illowp61" id="frontis" style="max-width: 50.0em;"> + <img class="w100" src="images/frontis.jpg" alt=""> + <figcaption> + <p><i>THE PALATINATE</i><br> + <i>OF THE</i><br> + <i>RHINE</i><br> + <i>DURING THE PERIOD OF</i><br> + <i>THE LARGE PALATINE</i><br> + <i>EMIGRATION <span class="allsmcap">TO</span> AMERICA</i></p> + </figcaption> +</figure> + +<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop"> +<div class="chapter"> +<h1><span class="smcap">The Story</span><br> + +of the<br> + +<span class="smcap">Pennsylvania Germans</span></h1> + +<p class="ph2">Embracing an account of their Origin, +their History, and their Dialect.</p> + +<p class="ph4">BY</p> +<p class="ph3">WILLIAM BEIDELMAN</p> + +<p class="ph4">OF THE NORTHAMPTON COUNTY BAR, AND MEMBER OF THE +PENNSYLVANIA GERMAN SOCIETY.</p> + +<figure class="figcenter illowp100" id="title_decor" style="width: 6.25em;"> + <img class="w100" src="images/title_decor.jpg" alt=""> +</figure> + +<p class="ph4">EASTON, PENNA. +EXPRESS BOOK PRINT. +1898.</p> +</div> + +<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop"> +<div class="chapter"> +<p class="ph4">Copyright 1898.<br> +<span class="smcap">By William Beidelman</span>.</p> + +<p class="ph4">All rights reserved.</p> +</div> + +<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop"> +<div class="chapter"> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_iii">[Pg iii]</span></p> + + + <h2 class="nobreak" id="DEDICATED"> + DEDICATED + </h2> +</div> + + +<p>To the descendants of those Germans who many generations +ago were exiled from their homes in the +beautiful valleys of the Rhine and Neckar in South +Germany on account of fierce religious, and still +fiercer political persecution.</p> + +<div class="poetry-container"> + <div class="poetry"> + <div class="stanza"> + <div class="verse indent0">So waren wir und sind es auch,</div> + <div class="verse indent2">Das edelste Geschlecht,</div> + <div class="verse indent0">Von biederm Sinn und reinem Hauch,</div> + <div class="verse indent2">Und in der Thaten Recht.</div> + </div> + </div> +</div> + +<p class="author2"> + <span class="smcap">Goethe.</span> +</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_iv">[Pg iv]</span></p> +<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop"> +<div class="chapter"> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_v"></a>[Pg v]</span></p> + + + <h2 class="nobreak" id="PREFATORY_NOTE"> + PREFATORY NOTE. + </h2> +</div> + + +<p>This book has been suggested to the author, by +reason of several visits made by him among the people +of the Upper Rhine country in South Germany, +whence emigrated the ancestors of the Pennsylvania +Germans. Much that the reader will find herein contained +is familiar history; but it is believed that there +are some Pennsylvania Germans, who may find some +things in this unpretentious volume concerning their +ancestors and their history, with which they may not +be altogether familiar. It is for them that this book +has been primarily written.</p> + +<p>There are not many people who do not share in +the sentiment, which unites one to the history of his +race, his kinsmen, and the home of his fathers. This +sentiment is rooted deep in the affections of most if +not of all people, but with the Germans it is pre-eminent.</p> + +<p>The Pennsylvania Germans, whose ancestors +were exiled from their homes in the beautiful valleys +of the Rhine and Neckar, by fierce religious, and still +fiercer political persecution, are yet after the lapse of +many generations bound by invisible ties to the land +which has been consecrated and made hallowed, by +the same blood which courses in their veins.</p> + +<p>The aim of the author has not been to tell anything +especially new, but rather to bring together in +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_vi">[Pg vi]</span>concise form, an account of the origin, history, and +dialect of the Pennsylvania Germans; the causes +which led their ancestors to emigrate to the province +of Pennsylvania, together with other information +identified with their story.</p> + +<p>For much of this information the author is indebted +to Zimmerman’s “History of Germany,” Bayard +Taylor’s “History of Germany,” Henri Martin’s +“History of France,” Proud’s “History of Pennsylvania,” +Watson’s “Annals,” Nebenius’ “Geschichte +der Pfalz,” Eckhoff’s “In der Neuen Heimath,” +“Hallischen Nachrichten,” and to other sources.</p> + +<p>Certain magazine and newspaper writers are responsible +for much misinformation, which prevails +among certain people concerning the Pennsylvania +Germans,—especially with regard to their dialect. +Not many years ago an article appeared in the +“Atlantic Monthly,” wherein it was asserted that +“Pennsylvania Dutch” was not German, “nor did +they expect you to call it so.” The same author afterward +perpetuated this misinformation by embodying +it in a book. It is scarcely necessary to contradict +such manifest error; if it were necessary to do so, the +examples of the Pfälzisch dialect contained in this +volume, and their comparison with Pennsylvania +German will refute conclusively all such erroneous +contention.</p> + +<p>In this volume the Pennsylvania Germans are +spoken of as Germans, because that is the only designation +which is justified by reason of their race, their +history, and their speech.</p> + +<p class="author"> + THE AUTHOR. +</p> + +<p>Easton, Pa., 1898.</p> + + +<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop"> +<div class="chapter"> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_vii">[Pg vii]</span></p> + + + <h2 class="nobreak" id="CONTENTS"> + CONTENTS. + </h2> +</div> + + + +<table class="autotable"> +<tr> +<td class="tdc"><span class="fs">CHAPTER.</span></td> +<td class="tdr"></td> +<td class="tdr"><span class="fs">PAGE.</span></td> +</tr> +<tr> + +<td class="tdl"></td> +<td class="tdl"></td> +<td class="tdl"></td> +</tr> +<tr> + +<td class="tdr">I.</td> +<td class="tdl"><span class="smcap">Introductory.</span>—Earliest known German Tribes.—Their Contact with the Romans, Franks, Goths, Saxons and Alemanni,</td> +<td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_1">1</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + +<td class="tdr"></td> +<td class="tdr"></td> +<td class="tdr"></td> +</tr> +<tr> + +<td class="tdr">II.</td> +<td class="tdl"><span class="smcap">The Palatinate</span> (German Pfalz),</td> +<td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_15">15</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + +<td class="tdr"></td> +<td class="tdr"></td> +<td class="tdr"></td> +</tr> +<tr> + +<td class="tdr">III.</td> +<td class="tdl"><span class="smcap">The Devastation of the Palatinate</span>,</td> +<td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_22">22</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + +<td class="tdr"></td> +<td class="tdr"></td> +<td class="tdr"></td> +</tr> +<tr> + +<td class="tdr">IV.</td> +<td class="tdl"><span class="smcap">The Province of Pennsylvania</span>,</td> +<td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_35">35</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + +<td class="tdr"></td> +<td class="tdr"></td> +<td class="tdr"></td> +</tr> +<tr> + +<td class="tdr">V.</td> +<td class="tdl"><span class="smcap">German Emigration to Pennsylvania</span>,</td> +<td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_40">40</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + +<td class="tdr"></td> +<td class="tdr"></td> +<td class="tdr"></td> +</tr> +<tr> + +<td class="tdr">VI.</td> +<td class="tdl"><span class="smcap">German Emigration to other American Colonies.</span>—Palatines settle in Ireland,</td> +<td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_59">59</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + +<td class="tdr"></td> +<td class="tdr"></td> +<td class="tdr"></td> +</tr> +<tr> + +<td class="tdr">VII.</td> +<td class="tdl"><span class="smcap">The Quakers and the Proprietors</span>,</td> +<td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_76">76</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + +<td class="tdr"></td> +<td class="tdr"></td> +<td class="tdr"></td> +</tr> +<tr> + +<td class="tdr">VIII.</td> +<td class="tdl"><span class="smcap">The Pennsylvania Germans in History.</span>—In the Revolution,</td> +<td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_81">81</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + +<td class="tdr"></td> +<td class="tdr"></td> +<td class="tdr"></td> +</tr> +<tr> + +<td class="tdr">IX.</td> +<td class="tdl"><span class="smcap">The Pennsylvania German Dialect.</span>—Its English Infusion.—Pfälzisch and Pennsylvania German Compared,</td> +<td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_102">102</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + +<td class="tdr"></td> +<td class="tdr"></td> +<td class="tdr"></td> +</tr> +<tr> + +<td class="tdr">X.</td> +<td class="tdl"><span class="smcap">The German and Dutch Languages</span></td> +<td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_123">123</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + +<td class="tdr"></td> +<td class="tdr"></td> +<td class="tdr"></td> +</tr> +<tr> + +<td class="tdr">XI.</td> +<td class="tdl"><span class="smcap">Schools, Churches and Religious Sects</span>,</td> +<td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_129">129</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + +<td class="tdr"></td> +<td class="tdr"></td> +<td class="tdr"></td> +</tr> +<tr> + +<td class="tdr">XII.</td> +<td class="tdl"><span class="smcap">Social Life and Customs</span>,</td> +<td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_138">138</a><span class="pagenum" id="Page_viii">[Pg viii]</span></td> +</tr> +<tr> + +<td class="tdr">XIII.</td> +<td class="tdl"><span class="smcap">Life in Pennsylvania in the Early Days of its Settlement.</span>—Courts and the Administration of Justice.—Early Legislation,</td> +<td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_156">156</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + +<td class="tdr"></td> +<td class="tdr"></td> +<td class="tdr"></td> +</tr> +<tr> + +<td class="tdl"><span class="smcap">Appendix A.</span>,</td> +<td class="tdl"><span class="smcap">Examples of Pfälzisch, South German and Pennsylvania German Dialects,</span></td> +<td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_179">179</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + +<td class="tdr"></td> +<td class="tdr"></td> +<td class="tdr"></td> +</tr> +<tr> + +<td class="tdl"><span class="smcap">Appendix B.</span></td> +<td class="tdl"><span class="smcap">Vocabulary</span>,</td> +<td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_195">195</a></td> + +</tr> +<tr> + +<td class="tdr"></td> +<td class="tdr"></td> +<td class="tdr"></td> +</tr> +<tr> + +<td class="tdl"><span class="smcap">Appendix C.</span></td> +<td class="tdl"><span class="smcap">Brief Personal Sketches of English, German, and Palatine Rulers from 1682 to 1770, the period of the great exodus of German Palatines to Pennsylvania</span>,</td> +<td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_212">212</a></td> + +</tr> +<tr> + +<td class="tdr"></td> +<td class="tdr"></td> +<td class="tdr"></td> +</tr> +<tr> + +<td class="tdl"><span class="smcap">Appendix D.</span></td> +<td class="tdl"><span class="smcap">A Chronological Table of all the reigning princes of the Palatinate, from the first Elector in 1147, until 1801, when the Electorate became extinct</span>,</td> +<td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_225">225</a></td> + +</tr> +<tr> + +<td class="tdr"></td> +<td class="tdr"></td> +<td class="tdr"></td> +</tr> +<tr> + +<td class="tdl"><span class="smcap">Appendix E.</span></td> +<td class="tdl"><span class="smcap">Glossary</span>,</td> +<td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_232">232</a></td> + +</tr> +</table> + + + +<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop"> +<div class="chapter"> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_1">[Pg 1]</span></p> + + + <p class="ph2"> + THE STORY OF THE + PENNSYLVANIA GERMANS. + </p> + + +<hr class="r5"> + + <h2 class="nobreak" id="CHAPTER_I"> + CHAPTER I. + <br> + INTRODUCTION. + </h2> +</div> + +<blockquote> +<p class="hanging-indent1">Earliest Known German Tribes.—The Cimbrians +and Teutonians.—Their Invasion of the Roman +Provinces.—They defeat the Romans.—They +invade Gaul.—Romans begin the Conquest +of the Germans.—The Struggle Continues +More than Five Centuries.—Decline of the +Roman Power.—Barbarous Condition of the +German Tribes.—The Four Chief German +Tribes.—Development of the Alemannic Race.—The +Franks defeat the Alemanni.—Founding +of the Palatinate State.—Conrad of Hohenstaufen, +Its First Elector.—Extinction of the +Electorate.—The Alemanni an Important Constituent +of the First German Empire.—The +Alemanni the Progenitors of the Pennsylvania +Germans.</p> +</blockquote> + + +<p>In telling the story of the Pennsylvania Germans, +a brief review of the German race in Europe, beginning +with the earliest authentic accounts of it, will +enable us to trace the movements of the various tribes +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_2">[Pg 2]</span>during successive periods, until we find an important +branch of the original stock settled in the region of +the Upper Rhine, in the South of Germany, whence +the ancestors of the Pennsylvania Germans emigrated.</p> + +<p>The German race is an important branch of the +Teutonic stock, which constitutes a chief group of the +races comprising, the Indo-European or Aryan +family.</p> + +<p>It is not known where the original home of the +Indo-Europeans was. A vast amount of literature +has been produced on this subject by ethnologists, and +other investigators, with varying views, only to leave +the question of man’s birthplace in dispute and doubt. +The weight of the more recent and best evidence on +the subject seems to locate his original habitat, at +some point, “somewhere on the southern slope of the +vast chain of mountains which extend in an almost +unbroken line from the northern coast of Spain eastward +to the Himalayas, and from our present knowledge +the western rather than the eastern extremity of +this chain, is that which offers the higher probability +of having been the cradle of the species.”</p> + +<p>The period during which the dissemination of the +species of the human race began, is also shrouded in +the gloom of prehistoric times. The first authentic +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_3">[Pg 3]</span>accounts of certain German tribes, locates them in the +region of the Baltic Sea, as early as the middle of the +fourth century, B. C. It appears that adventurers +from the south of Europe visited the shores of the +Baltic at that early period in search of trade, and there +found numerous tribes of a fiercely savage and warlike +people, who proved to be German tribes.</p> + +<p>It is believed that soon after their discovery on the +shores of the Baltic, some of them began to migrate +from their homes, and spread throughout other parts +of Europe. It was not, however, until several centuries +after their first discovery, that any accurate +knowledge of those people was gained.</p> + +<p>About the beginning of the second century B. C. +two barbarous German tribes, known as the Cimbrians +and Teutonians, came down from the north +of Europe, and made a descent on the Roman provinces. +Their coming was unheralded, and they came +in such overwhelming numbers, as to bring dismay to +the Romans. History informs us that the fierceness +of the invaders, made the Roman power impotent +with terror to resist them for a time.</p> + +<p>The unwelcome visitors claimed that they had +been driven from their homes, on the shores of the +Baltic and North seas, by the inundation of their settlements, +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_4">[Pg 4]</span>and that they were in search of new homes. +That they came to stay was not doubted, because they +brought with them, their wives and children, and all +their personal effects.</p> + +<p>The Romans after they recovered from the consternation +into which they had been thrown, by the +precipitous descent upon them by the invading savages, +raised up an army against them, to resist their +further advance, but were defeated in a great battle, +fought in the north of Italy. After this battle the +invaders marched into Gaul, destroying everything in +their way, leaving nothing but ruin and desolation in +their trail. It has been estimated that the invading +tribes numbered 200,000. After being absent about +ten years, they returned, when they again met the +Romans in battle, and were defeated.</p> + +<p>From this time on, other German tribes began to +make incursions into the Roman provinces, which +brought them into frequent conflict with the Romans +who were very aggressively engaged at that period in +extending their dominion by conquest. After having +brought the greater part of Gaul under their sway, +they began the conquest of German territory. The +Romans soon learned, that they had a formidable +people to deal with, who were in possession of the +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_5">[Pg 5]</span>greater part of Central Europe, and who made fierce +resistance to their advance. After a struggle which +lasted for many years, the Romans succeeded in establishing +themselves in that part of Europe, bounded by +the Danube on the south, and by the Main on the +north. Beyond that region, the Romans could not +penetrate, although they kept the struggle up for +more than five hundred years. The struggle only +ceased with the decline of the Roman empire, after +which the Germans lost no time in recovering the territory, +which the Romans had deprived them of during +the long struggle.</p> + +<p>The Germans not only recovered the region between +the Danube and the Main, but pushed forward +toward the south, as far as Switzerland, making the +area re-occupied by them German territory, which +has remained German ever since.</p> + + +<p class="ph3">THE GERMANS DURING THE PERIOD OF THEIR CONFLICT +WITH THE ROMANS.</p> + +<p>The German tribes with which the Romans were +in conflict during the early centuries of our era, were +numerous, and besides fighting a common enemy, +were frequently at war with each other. Their prowess +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_6">[Pg 6]</span>in war was great, and if they had been united at +all times, it is not believed that the Romans could +ever have succeeded in crossing the Rhine, or to have +been able to penetrate as far as the Danube. The +frequent quarrels among them weakened them, and +encouraged the Romans to keep up the struggle for +their subjugation.</p> + +<p>We are indebted to the Romans for all that we +know of the early history of the various German +tribes.⁠<a id="FNanchor_1_1" href="#Footnote_1_1" class="fnanchor">[1]</a></p> + +<p>One would suppose that the German tribes who +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_7">[Pg 7]</span>had a common origin, connected with ties of blood, +religion and habits, with a common destiny, would +have lived alongside of each other in peace, with a +common enemy constantly in sight threatening their +conquest. But when we consider that those people +were still savages in the early centuries of our era, +and that scarcely more than a generation ago, their +civilized descendants engaged in frequent bloody wars +with their own kinsmen, it ought not occasion much +surprise, that their savage ancestors indulged in similar +pastimes many centuries ago.</p> + +<p>At the close of the fifth century, when the Roman +power was broken, and its legions began to withdraw +from German territory, they left behind not a few of +their civilized arts, which the Germans acquired during +several centuries of contact with them; but notwithstanding, +the Germans were still a fierce and +savage people in their habits, and mode of life. They +had not yet learned to live in towns and villages; the +country occupied by them was an unbroken wilderness, +through which roamed “wild animals, only a +little more savage than the German tribes themselves.”</p> + +<p>It is remarkable, how few names of German leaders +during five hundred years of conflict with the +Romans, are preserved in history, while the names of +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_8">[Pg 8]</span>Roman heroes confront us on every page. Among +the few German names which we come across, are the +names of Hermann, the first great German leader, +who destroyed the Roman legions under Varus; Ariovistus, +chief of the ancient Suevi, who invaded Gaul +in the first century before the Christian era; Marbod, +who at the head of the Suevi and Marcomanni, won +numerous battles over the Romans; Theodormar, an +Alemannic chieftain; Alarich, who led the Goths into +Rome, and Geiserich, king of the Vandals. The +poverty of German names may be owing to the fact +that the Romans were the chroniclers of all the events +that have come down to us from those days to the +present, and were more concerned about the fame of +their own heroes, than of that of the Germans.</p> + + +<p class="ph3">INFLUENCE OF ROMAN CIVILIZATION ON THE GERMANS.</p> + +<p>During the wars for the subjugation of the Germans +the latter profited by their contact with the +Romans. They acquired some of their habits and +customs, and it has been asserted that those civilizing +influences extended to the speech and laws of their +conquerors. While the Romans were bent on conquest, +they were also civilizers. Wherever they +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_9">[Pg 9]</span>succeeded in establishing themselves, they were +prompt in introducing their civilization; so +that when they left the Germans in undisputed +possession of their country, after a lapse +of centuries, they left the impress of their civilization +upon them, which became a valuable acquisition, +upon which the Germans began to build a civilization +of their own, which was destined to outgrow that of +their tutors.</p> + +<p>The military stations of the Romans grew into +German towns and cities. Everywhere along the +Rhine, and throughout Central and Southern Germany +are numerous prosperous cities whose names +attest their Roman origin. The Romans built roads +in the conquered territory, which connected with +highways that led to Rome, so as to bring all parts of +the subjugated country in easy communication with +the Roman capital; streams were spanned by stone +arched bridges, whose enduring piers and foundations +still remain, to be pointed out to the tourist at the +present day.</p> + +<p>It can thus be seen how the influences of Roman +civilization helped the Germans, to rise from their +barbarous condition, to a higher state. The Germans +were apt scholars, and long before the middle ages, +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_10">[Pg 10]</span>they had outstripped many other people, in many of +the civilized arts.</p> + +<p>The tribal names hereinbefore mentioned, began +to disappear soon after the struggle between the +Romans and the Germans began. Different tribes +became united with each other from various causes; +often no doubt for mutual aid and protection; while +small and weak tribes were absorbed by larger and +stronger ones.</p> + +<p>About the close of the third century A. D. or the +beginning of the fourth, all tribal names had disappeared +from history except those of the Alemanni, +Franks, Saxons and Goths; all other names had +merged into these four; although many tribal characteristics +continued, chief among which was that of +speech. It is claimed by certain philologists, that the +dialects of some of those early German tribes can yet +be traced, in some of the numerous dialects spoken by +the common people in certain parts of Germany at this +day. When it is considered that there are people +living in the mountainous region of Switzerland, who +after the lapse of more than a thousand years since +their progenitors dwelt in the same region, still speak +a corrupted Latin dialect, the foregoing claim may +be entitled to some credit.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_11">[Pg 11]</span></p> + + +<p class="ph3">THE FRANKS, GOTHS, SAXONS AND ALEMANNI.</p> + +<p>After the various tribal names became merged in +the four mentioned, a national formative process was +begun by each, which resulted variously during a +century or more. The Franks were the most progressive, +and soon overran Gaul, and laid the foundation +of the kingdom of France. They occupied at this +time the region of the lower course of the Scheldt, the +Meuse, and the region west of the Rhine. They did +not, however, separate at once from all connection +with the other German tribes, but maintained a geographical +union with them for several centuries, until +they finally became separated, during the process of +the formation of the European nations.</p> + +<p>The Goths during about the same period were scattered +over a large area north of the Danube, from +which they made frequent incursions into the Roman +provinces, against which the declining Roman power +could make but little resistance. The Saxons at the +same time dwelt along both sides of the Elbe, extending +northwest to the North Sea, and west as far as the +Lower Rhine. Their name is preserved in the Saxony +of to-day. The Alemanni were chiefly of Suevic +origin, but they embraced many other German tribes, +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_12">[Pg 12]</span>as their name, Alemanni—all men, or men of all +nations—indicates. In the third century of our era, +they occupied the region from the Main to the +Danube, from whence they were driven by the +Romans, but which territory they recovered after the +Roman empire began to decline. They not only re-established +themselves in the country from which +they had been driven, but extended their dominion +as far as the Rhine and beyond, including Alsace +and part of Lorraine. Southward they pressed forward, +until they occupied the greater part of South +Germany, and Eastern and Northern Switzerland.</p> + +<p>At the end of six hundred years, from the time of +their first contact with the Romans, the triumph of +the German races was complete, after which they +were never again disturbed by a Roman foe. The +Alemanni remained in the region of the Upper Rhine +country, where they developed into the race, from +which sprung the progenitors of those Germans, who +many centuries afterwards found their way to Pennsylvania.</p> + +<p>The Roman writers regarded the Alemanni as the +largest, and most formidable of all the German tribes. +They constituted a league of different German races +against which the Romans struggled in vain, and +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_13">[Pg 13]</span>when the latter ceased to offer much resistance, the +Alemanni themselves undertook the part of conquerors. +About the close of the fifth century they met +an army under Clovis, the first French king, in battle, +on a field not far from the present city of Cologne, in +which they were defeated, when they withdrew to +Southwestern Germany where their descendants are +living at this day. During the whole period of German +history, from the founding of the first empire, +the Alemanni constituted a very important element, +and for many centuries maintained an influential and +independent political existence.</p> + +<hr class="tb"> + +<p>With the coming into existence of the princely +family of Hohenstaufen, in the twelfth century, whose +members furnished a long line of kings and emperors +to Germany, the political state of the Palatinate was +founded, with Conrad of Hohenstaufen as the first +prince invested with the Electoral authority by his +brother, the Emperor Frederick I. The Palatinate as a +distinct hereditary sovereignty, continued for nearly +seven hundred years, until in 1801, when it became +extinct, and its territory went to the adjoining states +in Germany, except Rhenish Bavaria, which yet remains +to remind us, of the dignity of a once influential +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_14">[Pg 14]</span>principality. During the continuance of the old +state of the Palatinate, its people spread to Baden, +Wurtemberg, Swabia, Bavaria, the Tyrol, and parts +of Switzerland. All of these states contributed to the +German emigration to Pennsylvania, and all practically +spoke the same dialect, which came down from +the Alemanni, and which students claim to be the best +type of old High German, as it exists in German literature +from the eighth to the eleventh century.</p> + +<p>Down to the time when the Romans quitted Germany, +there had been no successful attempts made to +nationalize the German races, notwithstanding the +greater part of Europe had fallen under their sway. +Soon after this period, the races began to coalesce, +and lay the groundwork from which the European +nations began to be evolved. The Franks, who conquered +Gaul, founded the kingdom of France about +this time. The Alemanni who were established in +Southwestern Germany and who had maintained their +independence long before that period, also began the +formation of a national existence with a hereditary +chief at the head. Later they constituted the most +powerful political division of the first German empire, +which dates its existence from 843, with the Treaty of +Verdun.</p> + + +<div class="footnotes"> +<h3>FOOTNOTES:</h3> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a id="Footnote_1_1" href="#FNanchor_1_1" class="label">[1]</a> According to Bayard Taylor’s “History of Germany” the German +tribes, during their early contact with the Romans were settled, east of the +Rhine, except two or three small tribes, which are supposed to have crossed +that river and settled between the Vosges and the Rhine, from Strasburg to +Mayence. The greater part of Belgium was occupied at that time by the +Eburones and Condrusii, to which were afterwards added the Aduatuci. +At the mouth of the Rhine dwelt the Batavi, the forefathers of the Dutch. +A little eastward of the Rhine, on the shores of the North sea, dwelt the +Frisii, where they still dwell in the province of Friesland; and beyond +them, about the mouth of the Weser, lived the Chauci.</p> + +<p>What is now Westphalia was inhabitated by the Sicambrians; the +Marsi and Ampsivarii lived beyond them, towards the Hartz, and south of +the latter the Ubii, from the Weser to the Elbe, in the north was the land of +the Cherusci; south of them were the Chatti, the ancestors of the modern +Hessians; and still further south along the headwaters of the Main were +the Marcomanni. The Hermunduri were settled in what is now Saxony, +with their kindred, the Chatti, who were called Suevi by the Romans. +Northward toward the mouth of the Elbe, dwelt the Longobardi (Lombards); +beyond them, in Holstein the Saxons; and north of the latter, in +Schleswig, the Angles.</p> + +<p>East of the Elbe were the Semnones; north of them dwelt the Vandals, +and along the Baltic coast the Rugii; between these and the Vistula were +the Burgundiones, and a few smaller tribes. In the extreme northeast, +between the Vistula and where Königsberg now stands, was the home of +the Goths, south of whom were the Slavonic Sarmatians, who afterwards +founded Poland.</p> + +<p>The German tribes enumerated constituted all the tribes with which the +Roman power contended for five centuries, few of which have their names +preserved in history. It will be seen later on in this volume how all the +names of the German tribes disappeared, and were merged into four principle +ones.</p></div> +</div> + + +<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop"> +<div class="chapter"> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_15">[Pg 15]</span></p> + + + <h2 class="nobreak" id="CHAPTER_II"> + CHAPTER II. + <br> + THE PALATINATE,—(GERMAN PFALZ). + </h2> +</div> + +<blockquote> +<p class="hanging-indent1">Palatinate as an Independent State of Germany.—Erection +of the Electorate.—Division of the +Palatinate.—France Takes a Portion.—Its Restoration +to Germany.—Present Rhine Palatinate.—Ancestors +of the Pennsylvania Germans.—Exodus +of German Palatines to Pennsylvania.—The +Rhine Palatinate the Battleground +of all Europe.</p> +</blockquote> + + +<p>The Palatinate was formerly an independent +state of Germany, and consisted of two separate territorial +divisions, respectively called the Upper, or +Bavarian Palatinate, and the Lower, or Rhine Palatinate. +The Bavarian Palatinate now forms the northern +part of the kingdom of Bavaria. The Lower, or +Rhine Palatinate was situated on both sides of the +Rhine, bounded by Wurtemberg and Baden on the +east; Baden and Lorraine on the south; Alsace and +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_16">[Pg 16]</span>Lorraine on the west. It extended north as far as the +cities of Treves and Mainz.</p> + +<p>In the twelfth century the Palatinate was erected +into a hereditary monarchy, as already stated, which +was ruled by electors of the old German empire, until +about the middle of the seventeenth century, when +the two territories were divided, and the Upper Palatinate +became united with Bavaria; while the Rhine +Palatinate continued in the possession of the original +dynasty. During the eighteenth century, the two +districts were again united under the elector Charles +Theodore, who afterwards also became king of +Bavaria.</p> + +<p>During the French Revolution, France took possession +of that part of the Palatinate on the west bank +of the Rhine, but after the fall of Napoleon in 1815, +that part was again restored to Germany. Prussia +and Hesse-Darmstadt received a part, but the greater +part fell to Bavaria. This part constitutes the present +Rhine Palatinate, as is shown on the map of Germany, +and is bounded by the Rhine on the east; Prussia +and Hesse-Darmstadt on the north; Alsace-Lorraine +on the south and west. It forms a <i>Regierungsbezirk</i> +of Bavaria, with Speyer for its capital.</p> + +<p>After 1801, the Rhine Palatinate ceased to exist +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_17">[Pg 17]</span>as an independent state, and its territory was divided +under the terms of the Treaty of Luneville, by which +Napoleon dictated, that the Rhine should thenceforth +be the frontier of France. By the terms of that treaty, +the territory comprising the Rhine Palatinate was +divided between Hesse-Darmstadt, Baden, Leinigen-Dachsburg, +Nassau; France taking all west of the +Rhine. This partition of the Palatinate remains undisturbed +at this day, with the exception of that part +which fell to France, which was transferred back +again to Germany, after Napoleon’s downfall, as +stated.</p> + +<hr class="tb"> + +<p>There is nothing in all German history, which possesses +a greater interest, than the story of the Rhine +Pfalz. In that beautiful country dwelt the ancestors +of the Pennsylvania Germans two centuries ago, before +persecution drove them from it. A journey +through the valley of the Upper Rhine at the present +day will suggest the inquiry, why a people should wish +to leave so fair an estate. Nowhere has nature been +more lavish in bestowing its bounties, than in that fair +land. There, are to be seen, the most highly cultivated +fields; vine-clad hills; enchanting scenery; +ruined castles, that tell of a once feudal dignity and +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_18">[Pg 18]</span>glory. The valley of the Rhine is indeed “the garden +of Germany,” if not of all Europe. The causes +however which led to the enormous emigration from +the charming Rhine nigh unto two hundred years ago +were irresistable. They are written in fire and blood.</p> + +<p>For more than a thousand years, reaching far back +into the earliest times, the Rhine was the prize for +which the Romans, Gauls and the Germans contended. +There is no region of country on the globe, of equal +extent, that has witnessed so many sanguinary conflicts +as the Palatinate of the Rhine. It is there +where the Romans struggled for more than five centuries +to subdue the fierce German tribes, only to leave +them unconquered at the end of that time. After +the Romans withdrew, the Palatinate continued to be +the battlefield of rival races and of nations. The +many strategic points along the stream made it always +a rich prize to be coveted by European nations when +at war with each other, which was nearly all the time. +No matter what nations were engaged in war the +scene of their conflict was almost invariably transferred +to the Upper Rhine country.</p> + +<p>From no nation did the Rhine provinces suffer +more, than from the French. The battles of the incessant +wars of the French monarchs, were almost +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_19">[Pg 19]</span>invariably fought in the region of the Rhine. As +late as the Franco-German war, if it had not been for +the promptness with which the German troops +marched to the frontier, where they met the French +army: defeated it, and drove it back upon French territory, +the operations of that war would have once +more taken place in the Rhine country.</p> + +<p>The crimes committed in the Palatinate, in consequence +of religious intolerance, fanaticism, and political +persecution, are unparalleled in the history of +human savagery. They make the blackest pages in +the history of the whole world.</p> + +<hr class="tb"> + +<p>The German Palatines, at an early day, embraced +the tenets of the Reformation; so did the people of +most of the other German states. This exercise of +freedom of thought in matters pertaining to religion, +soon brought them in collision with the German emperors, +who continued to adhere to the Roman Catholic +faith. The See of Rome determined to crush out +heresy everywhere, and judging from subsequent +events, it would seem as if the Palatines had been selected +as the special victims upon whom to inflict the +fullest vengeance of the Catholic princes. The latter +manifested the greatest zeal, in seconding the injunctions +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_20">[Pg 20]</span>of the papal authority. The religious contentions +followed soon after Martin Luther’s protestation +against the Church of Rome, and they continued for +more than one hundred years. They were waged +with a cruelty and ferocity compared to which the +crimes of the Turks in later years against the Christian +Armenians pale into a mere shadow.</p> + +<p>During the Thirty Years’ War the Palatinate was +frequently ravaged by contending armies. Both the +Protestants and Catholics, in South Germany, were +among the first to take up arms in defense of their +religion, which made the Palatinate the theatre of +war at once, and it continued the scene of many of its +most important conflicts until peace came at the end +of thirty years. Even when the war was transferred +for a time to Bohemia and elsewhere, the Palatinate +did not get a respite, for it was then invaded by a +Spanish army under Spinola in 1620, and again in +1645 the armies under Turenne and Conde, invaded +the Palatinate and each time it was devastated.</p> + +<p>When peace came at last with the Treaty of Westphalia, +by which Protestantism was saved to Germany, +but at a fearful cost, the Palatines retired from +the contest, believing that their persecutions had now +come to an end. The war left them in a frightfully +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_21">[Pg 21]</span>impoverished condition. Their land had been turned +into a desert, their substance wasted, a great part of +the population had been destroyed, while those who +were left, had declined morally and mentally to such +an extent, as to require very many years for them, as +well as of all Germany to recover from the demoralization, +as the result of the Thirty Years’ War.</p> + +<p>With the end of the war, the Protestant Palatines +gained religious freedom; it was no longer sought to +compel them to worship God at the point of the +sword, in violation of the dictates of their conscience. +But there was not yet peace for them. Their persecutions +were not yet to end. The echoes of the clashing +of arms of the Thirty Years’ War had scarcely +ceased, when the tramp of the invader was again +heard, and it was not long before the unfortunate Palatines +learned, that the worst cruelties were yet to be +inflicted upon them.</p> + + +<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop"> +<div class="chapter"> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_22">[Pg 22]</span></p> + + + <h2 class="nobreak" id="CHAPTER_III"> + CHAPTER III. + <br> + THE DEVASTATION OF THE PALATINATE. + </h2> +</div> + +<blockquote> +<p class="hanging-indent1">Death of the Elector Philip Wilhelm.—Louis XIV. +seeks the Electorate for His Sister-in-law, the +Duchess of Orleans.—He invades the Palatinate.—Louvois +the King’s Secretary of War.—His +atrocious Order.—Burning of a Score of +Cities and Towns in the Palatinate.—The Palatinate +overrun and Devastated by the French.—William +III. of England succors the Palatines.—Imperial +Germany also acts.—Persecutions +By Louvois, Tesse, and Duras.—Heidelberg +sacked and Burned.—Its Inhabitants expelled.—Peace +and the Treaty of Ryswick.—The War +of the Spanish Succession.—German Emigration +to America begins.—Causes of German +Emigration.</p> +</blockquote> + + +<p>We have now reached a period in the history of +the Palatinate, when a recital of the events which +transpired there, will show the chief reasons for the +large emigration of the Palatines to America, of +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_23">[Pg 23]</span>whom the province of Pennsylvania received by far +the larger number.</p> + +<p>Upon the death of the Elector Philip Wilhelm, in +1688, John Wilhelm, his eldest son, became the lawful +successor to the Electorate. Louis XIV. of France +undertook to usurp the Electorate for his sister-in-law, +the Duchess of Orleans.</p> + +<p>In the autumn of 1688, there began a chapter in +the history of the Palatinate which has no parallel in +the history of the world, for savage brutality, and the +atrocities perpetrated by the French soldiers, with +the approbation, and under the direction of the French +monarch. The invasion of the Palatinate was attended +by such monstrous crimes, that a belief in them taxes +the credulity of mankind, notwithstanding the barbarities +of the Turks in these later days. No war was +ever waged with such ferocity, as characterized the +French attempt to subjugate the Palatinate.</p> + +<p>In September, 1688, Louis entered on his campaign +of invasion, and in less than two months from +that time, the whole of the Palatinate was overrun by +his soldiers, under Louvois, Bouffiers, and Marshal de +Duras. The whole country was pillaged, and made +desolate; towns and cities were laid in ashes, and more +than one hundred thousand of the inhabitants murdered. +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_24">[Pg 24]</span>The descent of the French troops into the +Palatinate came unexpectedly, and was made with +such suddenness, as to give no chance to arrest the +progress of the invaders. After Louis had set up the +claims of the Duchess of Orleans, and promised to +sustain her pretensions by force of arms, the German +government determined to sustain the lawful elector’s +just claim. But the imperial government was weak, +without being prepared to come speedily to the aid of +the lawful prince, while the Palatines were able to +make but feeble resistance against the invaders, who +soon overwhelmed the people, and more than a score +of beautiful cities and towns, fell into the hands of +Louis’ ferocious soldiers, to which they applied the +torch, and the sword to the inhabitants, none of whom +were spared,—not even the women and children.</p> + +<p>The spirit which controlled the soldiers of the +French king can be judged, by the order which Louvois +made to his subordinates in command: to “seek +people in the country capable of setting fire to houses +at night, in order that places too remote to be reached +by troops, might nevertheless submit through fear, to +the levy of contributions.”</p> + +<p>While the work of destruction was going on, the +crafty Louis succeeded in involving the imperial government, +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_25">[Pg 25]</span>under an incompetent prince in a war with +Austria. To still further make the German government +impotent to succor the Palatines, Louis succeeded +in creating a war feeling against the +German ruler, on the part of the Hungarians and +the Turks, who threatened to invade the very heart +of Germany. Those conditions compelled the imperial +government to devote its attentions to the +threatenings of Hungary and Austria, while the Palatines +were left to take care of themselves. Being too +weak to resist the overwhelming power of the French +soldiers, they fell an easy prey to their ferocity, notwithstanding +they made a heroic struggle in defence +of their homes and firesides.</p> + +<p>While the Palatines on both sides of the Rhine, +had thus fallen under the cruel yoke of the French +sovereign and his brutal tyranny, and those who still +remained for victims of the fury of the French soldiers, +were ready to surrender in hopeless despair, there +came a ray of shining hope from England, which +promised relief to the Palatines who had escaped death +at the hands of the brutal minions of Louis XIV.</p> + +<p>James II. of England had just then abdicated the +English throne and fled the country, when William +of Orange was made king of England. Soon after his +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_26">[Pg 26]</span>accession, this generous prince began to turn his attention, +to the suffering and persecuted people of the +Palatinate. His first step towards their relief was a +declaration of war against Louis. William soon +found his efforts seconded, by the greater part of +Europe entering into a league against the French +king. When the Palatines learned what the English +king intended doing for their relief, their rejoicings +were unbounded, and they gathered new hope, and +new courage in their efforts to break the French +power. At the same time there were many happenings +in Europe, which caused fresh complications; all +of which operated against Louis. England, Holland, +Spain and the Scandinavian states all combined +against him. With such an array of force united +against the French tyrant, the imperial government +of Germany was aroused to new action, in defence of +the Palatinate, and it began to look as if Louis was +doomed. He was undaunted, however, and prepared +to enter on several new campaigns with renewed vigor. +Notwithstanding his crimes in the Palatinate, he was +able to raise large accessions to his army in Germany. +The threatening attitude of the European powers, +made Louis more cautious in his future movements, +and he decided on a defensive war in the Palatinate +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_27">[Pg 27]</span>thenceforth, while he in order to head off the English +king in his determination to relieve the Palatines, +hastened to take steps to invade Ireland, as the best +means by which to embarrass William. In this new +enterprise Louis found that he needed more troops +than he had at his disposal; for a large portion of his +troops were required to garrison the places in the Palatinate +which had already fallen into the hands of his +soldiers. But the cruel genius of so great a monster +as Louis, did not require much deliberation to find a +way out of the difficulty. The scheme entered upon +by Louis and his generals, has been characterized by an +eminent French historian, as one which has “sullied +with an ineffaceable stain the reign of Louis the Great.”</p> + +<p>For an account of the atrocities perpetrated in the +execution of the scheme determined upon, we will +here let the French historian, Henri Martin, tell the +story:</p> + +<blockquote> +<p>It was impossible to furnish garrisons to all places +recently conquered, or rather invaded, without renewing +with more dangerous consequences, the mistake +of 1672. The advanced posts of Wurtemberg +had already been abandoned—somewhat precipitately +in January, 1689. Louvois counselled the king, +utterly to destroy the cities that could not be held, so +that the posts from which the king’s troops should +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_28">[Pg 28]</span>retire might henceforth serve no one. Louis after +some hesitation, gave his signature to this expedient, +worthy of Tartar conquerors. They began with the +trans-Rhenish Palatinate. Laudenberg and Heidelberg +were burned, after the inhabitants had been +warned to leave with their families, their cattle and +their furniture. The castle of Heidelberg, the residence +of the Elector-Palatine, was sapped and blown +up; its beautiful ruins are still to posterity a living +testimony of Louvois’ fury. The mills, the bridges, +all the public buildings, were torn down; the whole +city was set on fire. Tesse, the executioner of this infernal +work (he was nevertheless one of the leaders +of the dragonades) had not the heart to see more, +or drive the unfortunate inhabitants from among the +ruins of their city. He left with his soldiers. The +citizens extinguished the conflagration behind him, +and called to their aid the German troops, who fortified +themselves in the ruins of the castle. On the +news of this, Louvois became furious that Heidelberg +had not been entirely burned and destroyed, ordered +that Mannheim should not only be burned, but that not +one stone should be left on another, (March, 1689). Of +the new conquests beyond the Rhine, Philippsburg +alone was preserved. As to the countries on the left +bank, the French contended themselves at first with +dismantling the cities and blowing up the fortifications +belonging to the Palatinate, and the electorates +of Mayence and Treves, save Mayence which was +made an important stronghold. But when the hostile +forces began to threaten Mayence, the chief of the +French army of the Rhine, Marshal Duras, proposed to +the king and the minster a frightful resolution, namely, +to destroy, not only the burghs and villages which +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_29">[Pg 29]</span>might facilitate an attack on Mayence, but all the +towns in the neighborhood of the Rhine between +Mayence and Philippsburg. The fatal word given, +Duras became terrified at it himself, and wished to +recede from what he had proposed. Louvois did not +allow his prey to be thus snatched from him! He +caused the king to order the Marshal to consummate +the deed! Speyer, Worms, Oppenheim, Bingen +Frankenthal were condemned to the flames. Franchises +and privileges were offered to the magistrates +for such as would be willing to emigrate to Lorraine, +Alsace, Franche-Comte, with means of transport for +their household goods. Those who should refuse +might transport their goods to fortified towns belonging +to the king, but not among enemies. Thus even +the consolation of taking refuge among their countrymen +was refused them. This was monstrous; its +exaction worse. It is only too easy to conceive all the +license and rapacity of the soldiers must have added +to those of desolation.</p> + +<p>It had been desired that the celebrated cathedrals +of Worms and Speyer, as well as the episcopal palaces, +and the effects that the inhabitants had not been able +to carry away, but had been collected there be saved, +but the fire reached the churches, and burned whatever +could be burned (end of May, beginning of +June). This beautiful country which the middle ages +had adorned with so many religious and military monuments, +presented only a mass of smoking ruins, as if +a new Attila had passed over Gaul and Germany. +One hundred thousand unfortunates driven from +their homes, in flames, demanded vengeance from all +Germany, from all Europe, and raised against the +great king an indignation, still more general than that +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_30">[Pg 30]</span>which had been raised against the French refugees. +The people of the Rhine whom nature has attached +by so many ties to France, vowed a long and implacable +resentment against its government, which was to +be extinguished only with the monarchy of Louis +XIV. in the presence of a new France.</p> +</blockquote> + +<p>One other historian in speaking of the cruelties +perpetrated by the French soldiers says: “The +elector beheld from his castle at Mannheim two cities +and twenty-five towns in flames, where lust and rapine +walked hand in hand with fire and sword.” Another +records that while the burning of cities and towns was +in progress, and the country was being turned into a +desert, the defenceless inhabitants begging for mercy +on their bended knees, were stripped naked and +driven into the fields in mid-winter, where they perished +in the snow from hunger and cold.</p> + +<p>The atrocities here recounted raised the indignation +of all the rulers of Europe to the highest pitch, +and resolved on an offensive and defensive treaty +against the French, and determined that they would +not lay down their arms until the French king was +humbled, and all his conquests taken from him. +Affairs in Europe favored the scheme of the princes +now allied against Louis, because the latter was beginning +to have much more on hand than he was able +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_31">[Pg 31]</span>to attend to. He had the war of the Spanish succession +on hand; he was bent on restoring James II. +to the throne of England, all of which enterprises +weakened him in the Palatinate, because many of his +troops had to be withdrawn from there, because they +were needed elsewhere, while the German princes +entered with renewed vigor on the work of expelling +the French armies from German soil. Such were the +conditions in the fall of 1689. The German troops +wintered in the Palatinate, although that country had +been made almost inhabitable by the ravages of the +French armies. The French remained in Alsace and +Lorraine during the winter. When spring opened +the war in the Palatinate was renewed with still +greater ferocity on the part of the French. Here let +the impartial French chronicler again tell the story:</p> + +<blockquote> +<p>Louvois was not yet satiated with devastation. +After the loss of Mayence, he would have gladly inflicted +the fate of Worms and Speyer on a much more +illustrious city. He proposed to the king to burn +Treves. Louis when the question had arisen of annihilating +the towns on the Rhine, was at first fascinated +by the kind of terrible grandeur that such a destruction +of power manifests; but the remorse was not slow +to awaken in his soul; he recoiled before the new outrage. +Louvois warmly repulsed, returned to the +charge. Some days afterwards he audaciously declared +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_32">[Pg 32]</span>to Louis, that he had taken the responsibility +on himself and had sent the order. The king transported +with rage, raised his hand against the minister. +Madame Maintenon threw herself between the two; +Louis commanded Louvois to hasten to countermand +the order, or his head should answer for a single +house burned. The order had not gone; Louvois had +sought to compel assent of the king by announcing +the thing done.</p> +</blockquote> + +<p>It would seem therefore that the enormity of the +crimes committed by his soldiers was at last beginning +to make an impression on his cruel heart. The following +year, in 1690, the war along the Rhine was renewed, +and carried on with varying success. The +ravages of the French soldiers continued, wherever +there was anything left to ravage and destroy. New +horrors continued to be enacted. Heidelberg was +again sacked in 1693, and once more given up to the +flames. This time the entire population was expelled, +and the people left without clothing or provisions. +There was no letting up of these outrages by the +French until the year 1697, when peace came with +the Treaty of Ryswick in September of that year, to +which France, England, Spain, the Netherlands, and +Germany were parties.</p> + +<p>From this time on, the Palatinate ceased to be the +special object of vengeance of the French, but it continued +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_33">[Pg 33]</span>to be the battlefield of other European wars. +It will be seen how difficult it was for the Palatines +to repair the ruin wrought by the soldiers of Louis +XIV. The Palatines despaired of being ever freed +from the horrors of war, or the tramp of invading +armies. They began to look for homes elsewhere. +Many of them had scattered to other parts of Germany; +some went beyond, and sought homes in Holland, +and in other parts of Europe. The new province +of William Penn was brought to the attention of +the troubled Palatines, and it was not long before the +exodus across the sea began. The wars which still +continued to ravage the Palatinate, stimulated the +emigration to America.</p> + +<hr class="tb"> + +<p>The war of the Spanish succession broke out in +1701, and continued until the peace of Utrecht in +1713. During the continuance of that war the Palatinate +was repeatedly overrun by hostile armies, and +the land laid waste. It was during those years, that +the emigration from the Palatinate to Penn’s province +began in earnest, and by the end of the war many +thousands had found new homes in Pennsylvania, +who formed a nucleus around which many thousands +more gathered in the coming years.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_34">[Pg 34]</span></p> + +<p>In 1715 Louis XIV. died. Frenchmen have embalmed +the memory of this great butcher as “Le +Grande Monarch,” but the rest of the world execrates +his memory, for the crimes of his soldiers in the Palatinate, +perpetrated by his approval. He was succeeded +by Louis XV., who in turn plunged France +into a new war with Saxony, Russia and Austria. In +1740 a general European war began, which involved +the Austrian succession. It continued for eight years, +when it came to an end with the Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle. +In 1750 war broke out between Prussia and +Austria, which involved England and France. During +all these wars, the Palatinate furnished their +camping grounds and battlefields. No sooner had the +people started to repair the ruin made by hostile +armies, than their fields were again laid waste by a +new war.</p> + +<hr class="tb"> + +<p>We now understand what the causes were which +led to the great exodus of German Palatines to America. +Life in their own country became intolerable +and Penn’s province offered them an asylum.</p> + + +<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop"> +<div class="chapter"> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_35">[Pg 35]</span></p> + + + <h2 class="nobreak" id="CHAPTER_IV"> + CHAPTER IV. + <br> + THE PROVINCE OF PENNSYLVANIA. + </h2> +</div> + +<blockquote> +<p class="hanging-indent1">Penn’s Grant.—Its Extent.—Penn visits His Province.—Makes +Laws for its Government.—Prior +Explorations of the Dutch.—Dutch and Swedish +Settlements.—First White People who set Foot +on Pennsylvania Soil.—Colony passes under +English Control.</p> +</blockquote> + + +<p>There is a pretty well authenticated account of +three European travelers, who in 1614 started from +some point on the Mohawk river, not far from Albany, +N. Y., thence proceeded up the Mohawk valley +a distance of about thirty miles, after which they +changed to a southerly course, through an unbroken +forest, to the headwaters of the Delaware river, and +thence following down the course of that stream a distance +of nearly three hundred and fifty miles, through +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_36">[Pg 36]</span>a trackless wilderness to Delaware Bay. Those travelers +are believed to have been the first white men +that ever set foot on the soil of the present State of +Pennsylvania. It is recorded that Cornelius Hendrickson, +in command of one of the vessels of the West +India Company, while exploring the country along +the Delaware river, met those three men the following +year, some distance below where the city of Philadelphia +now stands. Hendrickson’s vessel was the first +one that had ascended the Delaware river as far +north as Pennsylvania up to that time, although Hendrik +Hudson, engaged in the Dutch service, had as +early as 1609 ascended the waters of the Delaware as +far as the state of that name.</p> + +<p>The Dutch immediately upon the reports of the +explorations of Hudson and Hendrickson, laid claim +to their discoveries, and dispatched vessels to America +with officers who were instructed to establish sovereignty +over the new possessions in the name of the +Dutch government. Attempts to colonize the new +possessions were also made simultaneously, which +were attended with some success. The civil authority +over the colonies on the Delaware was thereafter exercised +by the Dutch, whose chief seat of government +was at New Amsterdam (New York). There were +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_37">[Pg 37]</span>but few accessions to the settlements for a long time, +until in 1638 when a company of Swedes, including +some Finns arrived, and established themselves permanently +among the Dutch, after which the colony +was alternately ruled by the Dutch and Swedes, until +1655 when the Dutch authorities came over from +New Amsterdam, and took possession of the Swedish +settlement, as well as the settlements made by the +Dutch. In 1664 the English captured New Amsterdam, +when the colonies on the Delaware passed under +their control. Subsequently, in 1674 the Dutch recaptured +their American colonies, and after holding +them for a short time, they were again transferred to +English rule; after that the colonies on the Delaware +within the present limits of Pennsylvania, continued +to be ruled over by the English, until the proprietary +government was established under William Penn.</p> + +<p>In 1681 the British government made a grant to +William Penn of a “tract of land in America lying +north of Maryland; on the east bounded by the Delaware +river; on the west limited as Maryland, and +northward to extend as far as plantable.” Such were +the boundaries of Pennsylvania as defined by the +charter of Charles II. of England to William Penn in +1681. The grant to Penn was made in liquidation of +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_38">[Pg 38]</span>a claim of his father against the government, of sixteen +thousand pounds, to which he fell heir, after his +father’s death.</p> + +<p>In 1682 Penn visited his province, remaining +nearly two years, during which time he instituted a +government for its regulation; planned the city of +Philadelphia, and laid the foundation of a future +mighty commonwealth. He established a civil constitution, +and formulated a code of laws, which guaranteed +civil and religious freedom to every inhabitant +within the limits of his province. Some of the most +beneficient features of Penn’s code are still preserved, +in the Declaration of Rights in the present Constitution +of Pennsylvania.</p> + +<p>After Penn had laid the foundation of civil government +for his province, he put forward schemes for +its colonization. One of his first acts was a treaty +with the Indians, whom he recognized as the rightful +owners of the soil. He did not pretend to make any +title to lands before he procured the relinquishment +of the Indian title by treaty and purchase. The +treaties made by Penn with the Indians were sacredly +kept by him, and they stand out in honorable relief, +when contrasted with a century of violated treaties, +broken promises, and bad faith of the United States +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_39">[Pg 39]</span>Government, in its dealings with the various Indian +tribes.</p> + +<p>After Penn had acquired honest title to the Indian +lands, he offered them for sale in blocks of 5,000 +acres for 100 pounds. This was at the rate of ten +cents an acre reckoned at the present value of money, +for the choicest land in Pennsylvania. Persons who +brought servants with them on coming here, were entitled +to 50 acres for each servant, and after the expiration +of their term of service, the latter were also +entitled to 50 acres of land. Such as desired to rent +land, were charged one penny per annum for each +acre rented. Such liberal terms upon which to +acquire land, gave a great stimulus to emigration, and +it was not long before the great stream of humanity +from the old world, began to flow into Pennsylvania +at a rapid rate, and continued to flow with little abatement +for upwards of three-quarters of a century.</p> + + +<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop"> +<div class="chapter"> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_40">[Pg 40]</span></p> + + + <h2 class="nobreak" id="CHAPTER_V"> + CHAPTER V. + <br> + GERMAN EMIGRATION TO PENNSYLVANIA. + </h2> +</div> + +<blockquote> +<p class="hanging-indent1">German Quakers arrive.—They found Germantown.—Penn’s +Return to England.—Visits +the Palatinate.—William III. Dies.—Queen +Anne ascends the Throne.—Her sympathies +with the persecuted Palatines.—Tide of Emigration +from the Palatinate begins to flow +toward Pennsylvania.—Queen Anne’s Liberality.—Emigrants +sold for the Cost of their Passage.—Known +as Redemptioners.—Terms of +their Sale.—German Hostility to Proprietors.</p> +</blockquote> + + +<p>It has already been seen how all the conditions were +ripe for a speedy settlement of Penn’s province. The +same year in which Penn arrived, there was quite an +accession to the few settlers who had preceded him. +The next two years about fifty vessels arrived bringing +settlers from England, a few from Holland, and +German Quakers from the Palatinate, who founded +Germantown.</p> + +<p>After Penn returned to England from his first +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_41">[Pg 41]</span>visit to his province, he visited Germany and there +proclaimed to the persecuted Palatines, the great +opportunities awaiting those who would emigrate to +the land of promise in America. This was Penn’s +third visit to the Palatines; his first visit having been +made in 1671, when he was on a religious pilgrimage, +preaching the tenets of the Quakers, whose society as +a religious sect had been recently founded. He again +visited Germany in 1677 on a similar mission making +many converts, with whom he continued in communication +subsequently to his visits. Penn was a proficient +German scholar; spoke the German language +fluently, and his preaching to the Germans, and his +intercourse with them was in their own tongue, so +that he had no difficulty in cultivating the most intimate +personal relations with them. The German +converts to Quakerism had learned to honor and trust +Penn; so that when he came among them on his +third visit to proclaim to them, and their kinsmen in +the Palatinate, his province in Pennsylvania, where +he had already established civil and religious liberty, +they did not hesitate long to exchange their desolate +homes in the land where their ancestors for more than +a hundred years, had been the victims of the fiercest +religious and political persecution, that was ever inflicted +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_42">[Pg 42]</span>on any people in the world’s history. The +offer of an asylum in Penn’s province came at an +opportune time. The Palatines were longing for +some spot on earth, where they could go and live in +peace, freed from their cruel oppressors. Penn +pointed to his province in America, as the solution of +the problem which confronted them. He wanted +colonists, and the Palatines wanted to leave their desolate +and ruined homes, in the land of their birth. +Under such circumstances the start of the emigration +from the Palatinate to Pennsylvania was easy. The +first emigration began while William III. was king +of England. We have already learned how his sympathies +went out to his suffering Protestant brethren +in the Palatinate, when he came to their rescue, while +they were struggling against the barbarities of the +French king. He died in 1702, when Queen Anne +succeeded him. Anne was a zealous Protestant, and +inherited William’s sympathies for the persecuted +Palatines. Her sympathies in this respect, were no +doubt emphasized by the fact that her cousin, Frederick +V. was at that time the ruling Prince Palatine. +For these and other reasons the Palatines became the +subjects of special consideration of the English sovereign. +Queen Anne evinced the most tender regard +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_43">[Pg 43]</span>for them, and when the tide of emigration from the +Palatinate had set fairly in, the generous Queen +assisted numerous Palatines to America, from her own +bounty, some of whom no doubt came to Pennsylvania. +The memory of Queen Anne deserves to be +gratefully cherished by Pennsylvania Germans by +reason of the generosity bestowed by her upon their +persecuted kinsmen.</p> + +<p>Other causes operated to stimulate the German +emigration to Pennsylvania during the first half of +the eighteenth century. Interested parties who had +visited the colonies, returned to their homes in +Europe, and gave the most glowing and exaggerated +accounts of the newly found paradise, so that many +who had been living in comfort at home, disposed of +their effects, often at a sacrifice, and rushed to the +nearest seaport, and embarked for America, frequently +to regret it. Many who had no money to +pay for their passage, were carried by masters of vessels, +who depended for their compensation for transporting +them across the ocean, on their chances of selling +them, for the price of their passage to some purchaser +for a term of years. Many Palatines, some +Dutch, and a few of other nationalities found their +way to America, and to Pennsylvania by those means. +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_44">[Pg 44]</span>After such immigrants had redeemed their freedom +by honest service, many frequently remained with +their masters for a while longer, until they were able +to set up for themselves. It was not an unusual +occurence for the servant after he had served his +term, to marry his master’s daughter. Some of these +servants however would gain their freedom sometimes, +by running away from their masters.</p> + +<p>This species of servitude, and the selling of emigrants +for their passage had not a few of the features +about it, of involuntary chattel slavery, and it was +characterized at the time as the “German Slave +Trade.”</p> + +<p>There were agents in Rotterdam, Amsterdam, and +probably other European seaports, who made it a business +to entice people to go to America, with the +promise of having their passage paid, and employment +given them on their arrival. Those immigrants +were known officially as “Redemptioners,” and their +term of service depended on the value of their services, +in the particular occupation in which they were +employed. A skillful workman usually gained his +freedom in three years, while others were compelled +to serve six or seven years. Children continued in +this involuntary service usually until 21 years of age.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_45">[Pg 45]</span></p> + +<p>The Rev. H. M. Muhlenberg in the “Hallischen +Nachrichten,” gives an account of the manner in +which this traffic was conducted. A vessel that had +been long expected, arrived in the harbor of Philadelphia +in mid-winter, and after it had anchored in the +stream, one after another of the intending purchasers +went on board, and examined the list of human +freight, and the terms upon which each soul could be +bought, which list was furnished the master of the +vessel at the port in Holland whence he sailed. The +list set forth the price of each emigrant’s passage, and +other incidental expenses in bringing him here.</p> + +<p>In the earlier days the price of passage, for each +adult was from 6 to 10 Louis d’or, (a French gold coin +worth 20 shillings); but at the time of which Muhlenberg +wrote, the price had advanced to 14 and 17 Louis +d’or, for each person. Before the vessel could anchor +in front of the city, it was visited by a doctor to ascertain +whether there was any contagious disease on +board, after which the immigrants were all marched +to the Land Office, where they were made to take the +oath of allegiance to the King of Great Britain. They +were then taken back to the ship, where they were +kept under restraint, until publication could be made +of the arrival of the vessel, and the number of passengers +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_46">[Pg 46]</span>that were for sale to pay for their passage and +other charges. When the time for the sale arrived, +the purchasers were on hand. The latter went among +the newcomers, looked them carefully over, and when +one was found that suited the purchaser, he took him +to the seller, paid the charges, and then took him to +the Government office, where he bound himself in +writing to serve for a specified term.</p> + +<p>The young people of both sexes, were the first to +go; old people, and those physically defective were +difficult to dispose of. If however they had healthy +children, their passage was added to that of the children. +The latter found ready purchasers, but had to +serve long terms by reason of the additional cost. +The parents were then set at liberty. If any of the +newcomers had friends to pay for their passage, they +also were give their freedom.</p> + +<p>It sometimes happened that a master had no +longer use for a servant purchased by him, or that he +was unsuitable for the needs of the master, in which +case the redemptioner was advertised for sale for the +remainder of the original term of service.</p> + +<p>In the “Pennsylvania Staatsbote” of Aug. 4, +1766, appeared the following: “A German female +servant is for sale. She has five years to serve.” In +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_47">[Pg 47]</span>the Pennsylvania Gazette in June, 1762 appeared the +following advertisement: “To be sold. A likely +servant woman, having three years to serve. She is +a good spinner.”</p> + +<p>In the Pennsylvania Staatsbote of December 14, +1773 is found: “To be sold. A Dutch apprentice +lad, who has five years and three months to serve; +he has been brought up to the tailor’s business. Can +work well.”</p> + +<p>Occasionally these servants were put up at public +auction, and knocked down to the highest bidder. In +Christoph Sauer’s newspaper, published at Germantown +of date of February 10, 1754 appeared the following +advertisement: “Rosina Dorothea Kost, <i>nee</i> +Kaufmann, born in Waldenberg, who arrived at +Patapsco, November 12, 1753, desires to let her +brother-in-law, one Spohr of Conestoga know through +the medium of this paper of her sale at public vendue.”</p> + +<p>Rosina evidently hoped that her brother-in-law +would come forward, and redeem her, if the foregoing +notice should be brought to his attention. It +is hoped that he may have done so.</p> + +<p>The sale of children of old and decrepid parents, +often worked great wrongs. It not infrequently separated +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_48">[Pg 48]</span>children from their parents, who never saw them +again, because they became scattered among +strangers, and people of different nationality from +themselves, speaking a different language. For a +people in whom the sentiment of the home, and family +is as strong as it is with the Germans, this was an +almost unbearable cruelty.</p> + +<p>The system of selling immigrants for the cost of +their passage, only came to an end after a vigorous +protest was made against it, in which some of the religious +sects led, notably the Mennonites. They +scattered the intelligence of the horrors of the “German +Slave Trade,” throughout the European seaport +towns, whence most of the emigrants sailed for the +American colonies. The Palatine elector, Karl Theodore, +also drove the unscrupulous agents of the masters +of vessels, who were engaged in recruiting emigrants, +out of the Palatinate.</p> + +<p>The owners of vessels found the business of transporting +emigrants to the colonies in America, to be +sold for their passage a profitable one, but for the +unfortunate victims of the system it must have possessed +little romance. The fate of the so-called redemptioners +did not differ very materially from that +of any other system of involuntary serfdom, except +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_49">[Pg 49]</span>that the term of their servitude was limited, and was +self-imposed.</p> + +<p>While the system of selling emigrants for the cost +of their passage was profitable for ship-owners, the +cupidity of the latter often got the better of their +business judgment, by overcrowding their vessels to +such an extent, that many passengers died on the +voyage in consequence of sickness, and disease breaking +out among them, as a result of bad food, and +worse sanitary conditions. It has been said of one +small vessel that left a Dutch port, with 400 passengers, +that arrived at Philadelphia with only 50 of +them alive. An ocean voyage in those days was an +undertaking to be dreaded under the most favorable +conditions possible; but the emigrant ships were horrible +to make the long and tedious voyage in. One +chronicler denominated them as “destroying angels,” +and judging from the mortalities on them, they were +properly designated. The emigrants were packed in +between decks, where they were deprived of all pure +air, so that after a long voyage of many weeks and +often of many months, their quarters became a scene +of filth, horror, and lamentations. It has been stated +that in the year 1738 not less than 2000 passengers +died while crossing the ocean.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_50">[Pg 50]</span></p> + +<p>Those who sailed ships in those days were cruel +taskmasters. An emigrant was of very little account, +beyond the price for which he could be sold if +brought alive to some port in the colonies. Beyond +that the masters of ships had no interest in them. +Those who were able to pay for their passage in advance, +received even less consideration from those +who sailed ships, than those whose passage depended +on their sale upon their arrival in America, because +no further pecuniary advantage could be derived +from the former, while the compensation for transporting +the latter across the ocean, depended upon +bringing them alive and well into some American +port, while it did not matter to the ship-owners, +whether or not the former arrived alive or not. As a +matter of fact, the ship-owners were in pocket, if the +emigrant who paid for his passage in advance, died +early during the voyage.</p> + +<p>In 1765 the Provincial Assembly was appealed to, +for the purpose of interesting it in providing legislation, +which would result in mitigating the horrors of +a sea voyage in an emigrant ship. There was slight +improvement after that, but it was not until as late as +1818, when the Legislature of Pennsylvania enacted +more stringent laws regulating the importation of +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_51">[Pg 51]</span>German and other emigrants, that any practical improvement +was brought about.</p> + +<p>With regard to the so-called redemptioners, they +were not less esteemed than their more fortunate +countrymen, who were able to pay for their passage +to America, and with very few exceptions, they became +useful and substantial citizens; and many of +their descendants in these days are filling honorable +stations in every walk of life.</p> + +<hr class="tb"> + +<p>We have seen on what liberal terms colonists were +invited to the province of Pennsylvania by its +founder; but those liberal terms were afterwards restricted, +when a change of proprietors came. William +Penn died July 30, 1718, and his three sons, +Thomas, Richard, and John succeeded him as his +heirs, and assumed control of affairs. After that the +lands were surveyed, and settlers were expected to +pay liberally for the land upon which they had settled, +but the newcomers were ignorant of the new conditions, +and relied on the earlier promises, so that +upon their arrival, they paid little attention to the +new mode of procedure to obtain land, but merely +went in search of some favorable location; settled +thereon, and proceeded to make the necessary improvements. +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_52">[Pg 52]</span>Their disregard of the new regulations +to obtain land, brought them in collision with the +agents of the proprietory government.</p> + +<p>The kindly regard which Penn had for his early +German colonists, was now succeeded by the indignation +of the agents of the new proprietors. James +Logan the Colonial Secretary, wrote in 1725 concerning +the great influx of German emigrants, and their +unscrupulousness about complying with the rules of +the Land Office, in the following ill-tempered strain: +“They come here in crowds, and as bold indigent +strangers from Germany, where many of them have +been soldiers. All these go on the best vacant lands, +and seize upon them as common spoil.” Logan complained +that they rarely approached him on their arrival +for the purpose of purchasing land, and when +their right to occupy it was challenged, they sought +to justify their action, by stating that it had been +published in Europe, that colonists were wanted, and +that they had been solicited to come; and came in +pursuance of those representations, without bringing +with them the means with which to pay for any land.</p> + +<p>The new proprietors who succeeded the benevolent +and pacific Penn, were governed by wholly different +motives, from those that controlled him. Instead +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_53">[Pg 53]</span>of seeking the welfare of their fellow men, the +first consideration with them was the promotion of +their own personal interests. It may be said however +to their credit, that they did not molest, or try +to dispossess any of the newcomers, who had settled +on land in violation of the regulations of the land +office. More pacific counsels prevailed, and by skillful +diplomacy on the part of the proprietors they succeeded +after a few years, to get a settlement out of the +newcomers for the land occupied by them, after they +had accumulated enough money for that purpose.</p> + +<p>The great tide of German immigration to Pennsylvania +continued for many years. A few came +near the close of the seventeenth century, but with +the early years of the eighteenth it began in earnest, +and continued for three quarters of a century. By +the time of the Revolution their numerical strength, +made them a powerful factor in determining Pennsylvania +on the side of independence.</p> + +<p>Authorities differ with regard to the number of +Germans in Pennsylvania prior to the Revolution. +The late Prof. Haldeman, in his “Pennsylvanisch +Deitsch,” places their number in 1763 at 280,000. The +natural increase for the next ten years without any increase +by immigration,—which however still continued +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_54">[Pg 54]</span>during that period,—would make their numbers +in excess of 300,000 immediately prior to the +Revolution. Against these figures we have the estimate +of C. D. Ebeling, a German geographer who +contributed the accounts of America, in “Busching’s +Erdbeschreibung,” who makes their number in 1790 +only 144,660. While the figures given by Prof. +Haldeman may be too high, those by Ebeling are +manifestly too low. It is quite likely that the true +figures are somewhere between the two. The population +of Pennsylvania in 1752 has been fixed at 190,000, +of which 90,000 or nearly one-half were estimated +to have been Germans. Adding to those the +natural increase, and the number of Germans arriving +during the succeeding 25 years, as gathered from +the reports of masters of vessels, it would seem as if +the statement was warranted, that the number of Germans +in Pennsylvania immediately preceding the +Revolution numbered not less than 200,000. Governor +Thomas the proprietary Governor places them +in 1747 at 120,000.</p> + +<p>During the period of the largest emigration from +the Palatinate, which was from about 1730, to 1750, +a period of twenty years, the ships crossing the Atlantic, +“plied between Rotterdam and Philadelphia with +almost the regularity of a ferry.”</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_55">[Pg 55]</span></p> + +<p>Rotterdam was the chief port from which the emigrants +embarked, and the shipping and other resources, +to transport the people across the Atlantic +were overtaxed to such an extent, that those under +whose direction the business was conducted, sought +to discourage emigration by various expedients, +among which was the circulation of the most horrible +accounts about the hardships and sufferings of the emigrants +on the voyage across the ocean. The following +is a specimen of the distressing tales circulated to +turn back the tide of Palatines, heading for the land +of promise in Pennsylvania:</p> + +<p>“We learn from New York that a ship from Rotterdam, +going to Philadelphia, with one hundred and +fifty Palatines on board wandered twenty weeks at +sea. When they finally arrived at port they were +nearly all dead. The rest were forced to subsist on +rats and vermin, and were all sick and weak.”</p> + +<p>Even this horrible tale of suffering at sea, had no +effect to deter people from undertaking the voyage, +so they continued to come as fast as ever. It may be +stated that the foregoing tale was only a slight exaggeration +of the real truth, of the hardships of an ocean +voyage on an emigrant ship in those days.</p> + +<p>Notwithstanding the apprehension felt at one +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_56">[Pg 56]</span>time, about the danger of the large German immigration +in Pennsylvania to British ascendency in the +colony, Lieutenant Governor Thomas in 1738, when +appealed to, regarding some restrictions against the +continued large German immigration, opposed any +such measure, and gave the following substantial +reasons for refusing to give his sanction to any scheme +looking to a restriction of immigration:</p> + +<blockquote> +<p>“This Province has been for some years the +Asylum of the distressed Protestants of the Palatinate, +and other parts of Germany, and I believe it +may with truth be said, that the present flourishing +condition of it is in a great measure owing to the industry +of those People; and should any discouragement +direct them from coming hither, it may well be +apprehended that the value of your Lands will fall, +and your advance to wealth be much slower.”</p> +</blockquote> + +<p>This appeal of the Governor, to the cupidity of +the English members of the provincial council had +the desired effect, and no further efforts were made +to put any restriction on the immigration of German +Palatines.</p> + +<p>The German settlers occupied all the counties +south and east of the Blue Mountain, except Chester +and the lower end of Bucks; Delaware not being +then organized. Philadelphia contained very many +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_57">[Pg 57]</span>of them, and constituted an important element in +commercial and political concerns. In later years +they spread to the counties beyond the Blue Mountain, +where their descendants still live.</p> + +<p>The German Palatines were excellent judges of +the soil. They came from a fertile region in their +native land, the soil of which was in many respects +similar to that of the limestone valleys of Pennsylvania. +The chief occupation of the ancient Upper +Rhine provinces was in those days, and still remains +that of farming. In the valleys of the Rhine and +Neckar, the cereals of oats, rye, wheat, etc., are still +grown abundantly, while the hillsides are covered +with vineyards.</p> + +<p>When the Palatines came to Pennsylvania they +instinctively seized on the fertile lands in the limestone +valleys, leaving the less fertile, hilly, and mountainous +regions to others that came after them. The +lands settled upon by the Germans were heavily timbered, +and it required severe toil to shape them into +farms, but they preferred them to the more open and +sparsely timbered lands, because the latter were less +fertile, though susceptible to be made into farms at +much less expense of labor, and of money.</p> + +<p>The wisdom of the Germans in the selection of +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_58">[Pg 58]</span>lands is seen at this day, in the magnificent farms occupied +by their descendants everywhere in the fertile +valleys of Southeastern Pennsylvania. It is not believed +that there is a region of country anywhere on +the globe of equal extent, that possesses greater agricultural +wealth; such well-tilled fields; palatial farm +houses; immense barns; picturesque and varied scenery, +and a more contented pastoral life, as is the inheritance +of the Pennsylvania German farmers.</p> + +<figure class="figcenter illowp100" id="image058" style="width: 12.5em;"> + <img class="w100" src="images/image058.jpg" alt=""> +</figure> + + +<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop"> +<div class="chapter"> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_59">[Pg 59]</span></p> + + + <h2 class="nobreak" id="CHAPTER_VI"> + CHAPTER VI. + <br> + GERMAN IMMIGRANTS IN SOME OF THE OTHER AMERICAN + COLONIES. + </h2> +</div> + +<blockquote> +<p class="hanging-indent1">Grant of Maryland to Cecilius Calvert.—Maryland +designed as a Refuge for Catholics.—Puritan +aggression.—Religious Freedom Proclaimed.—German +immigration in the Province.—Maryland +Germans in the Revolution.—Germans +settle in Virginia.—In the Shenandoah Valley.—Also +in North Carolina.—A Colony +of Swiss and Palatines found New Bern.—Graffenried’s +Adventure with Indians.—The Indians +burn Lawson at the Stake.—“King” of the +Palatines.—War between the English and Indians.—German +Colony in South Carolina.—Purrysburg +founded by Them.—Large German +Settlement on Edisto River.—Saxe-Gotha.—An +Imposter.—Executed for Murder.—Salzburgers +Emigrate to Georgia.—Germans in +other States.—Palatines settle in Ireland.</p> +</blockquote> + + +<p>New York received a large German immigration +at an early day. The influences which operated to +send many Palatines to Pennsylvania, were exerted +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_60">[Pg 60]</span>in favor of New York to a very great extent. The +British government was anxious to colonize that province, +and when the great flood of emigration from the +Palatinate began to set in, much of it was diverted to +New York, through the influence of the English. +The latter in numerous instances furnished the means +to transport such as desired to emigrate. In that way +New York received many thousands of German immigrants, +most of whom came from the Rhine provinces, +and settled along the Hudson river, and in the +Mohawk valley. A German colony also settled in +Schoharie county. The first German immigrants +went to New York in 1710, and others came afterwards. +The Schoharie colony became disintegrated +a few years after its settlement, on account of difficulties +with the local authorities, when many of them +left New York under the lead of John Conrad Weiser +and his son Conrad, and settled in Pennsylvania.</p> + +<p>After the Weisers had led their colony to Pennsylvania, +the emigration to the province of New York +came very nearly to an end. The Schoharie colonists +who came to Pennsylvania, wrote to their relatives +and countrymen in the Palatinate, that they had at +last found an asylum where they could rest in peace, +and be secure in their rights, and advised all who contemplated +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_61">[Pg 61]</span>emigrating to America to avoid New York, +and come to Pennsylvania. Many who started from +their homes in the Palatinate after that, with the intention +of going to Pennsylvania, were diverted from +their plans, and forced on ships bound for New York; +but they were no sooner landed than “they hastened +to Pennsylvania in sight of all the inhabitants of New +York.”</p> + +<p>The names of many towns in New York attest +their German origin, such as Newburg, Rhinebeck, +New Pfalz, Palatine Bridge, Herkimer (Hercheimer), +named for General Herkimer, a distinguished soldier +of the State of New York, and numerous other names.</p> + + +<p class="ph3">NEW JERSEY.</p> + +<p>New Jersey being situated between New York +and Pennsylvania, necessarily profited by the immigration +in the adjacent States, although there does not +seem to have been that concerted effort to attract German +emigrants to it, as there was made on behalf of +the New York and Pennsylvania colonies, yet the +State was continually receiving numerous accessions +of German settlers. German Valley in what is now +Morris county, was settled by them in consequence +of an untoward event. A shipload of German emigrants +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_62">[Pg 62]</span>sailed from a European port bound for New +York, but adverse winds drove the ship out of its +course, and when it finally reached American waters, +found it most convenient to enter the port of Philadelphia, +whence its passengers disembarked, and +sought to make their way to New York overland, +across the State of New Jersey. Their course led +them into a beautiful valley, where they halted and +made a permanent settlement, whence came the name, +German Valley.</p> + + +<p class="ph3">MARYLAND.</p> + +<p>In 1632 the province of Maryland was granted to +Cecilius Calvert by Charles I. Calvert was a Roman +Catholic, and it was designed by him, to make his +province a refuge for his co-religionists, without making +it a distinct Catholic colony. In 1663, 200 Catholic +colonists arrived in Maryland and made a permanent +settlement. Soon thereafter a number of Puritans +came and settled among them, who soon created +strife by trying to enforce their peculiar tenets and +practices upon their Catholic neighbors, which resulted +in making things very uncomfortable for the +intolerant Puritans, so much so, that they moved out +of Maryland into Virginia.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_63">[Pg 63]</span></p> + +<p>Religious freedom was proclaimed in Maryland +by the authorities, after which Quakers, German +Lutherans, and other sects emigrated thither and +made permanent settlements. Considerable numbers +of German emigrants sailed direct from foreign +ports to Maryland; many went there from New York +where they had become dissatisfied with English rule, +while Pennsylvania furnished a good many, and a +few came from New England.</p> + +<p>The Germans occupied certain parts of Maryland +in the early days, to the exclusion almost of people +of every other nationality. About the middle of the +previous century, the larger part of the population +of Frederick county, was either German or of German +parentage. Like their kin in Pennsylvania +those Germans continued the almost exclusive use of +their native dialect for a long period after their settlement +in Frederick county, and until a comparatively +recent period, all religious services were conducted +by them in the German language. At the outbreak +of the Revolution, Maryland sent a German regiment +of infantry in the field, and also a German company +of artillery, besides numerous Germans enlisted in +other organizations.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_64">[Pg 64]</span></p> + + +<p class="ph3">VIRGINIA.</p> + +<p>Virginia began to receive Germans from the Palatinate, +and from other parts of Germany as early as +1743. In that year a vessel arrived at Hampton +Roads, which had sailed from a Holland port with +200 passengers on board, 100 of whom died on the +voyage. Many Swiss were among the early settlers +in Virginia. Germans from Pennsylvania also settled +in Virginia during different periods, chiefly in +the Shenandoah valley.</p> + + +<p class="ph3">NORTH CAROLINA.</p> + +<p>In 1719 at a time when the German Palatines +were rushing to America, a large number of them +were in London, awaiting assistance to enable them +to take passage to some one of the American colonies. +There was in London at that time a Swiss gentleman +by the name of Christoph Graffenried. He met +there one Louis Michel also a Swiss, who had spent +some time in America, and was familiar with the +country’s needs, and also its possibilities for colonists. +The two conceived the idea of founding a colony of +Swiss and Germans in America, and for that purpose +secured a tract of land in North Carolina, between +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_65">[Pg 65]</span>the Neuse and Cape Fear rivers, with the understanding +that after they had paid for 5000 acres, they +should obtain title to 100,000.</p> + +<p>Soon thereafter two vessels with 650 Palatines +and Swiss on board, were dispatched to North Carolina, +where they arrived in December 1710; and they +founded Newbern.</p> + +<p>The following year the Tuscarora Indians began +to make war against the English, and whites generally. +Before the settlers had any intelligence of the +designs of the Indians, Graffenried who came to +North Carolina with the Swiss and Palatine colonists, +started off on one occasion, with a land surveyor +named Lawson, and a negro servant, to ascend the +river Neuse in a boat to explore the country. They +did not dream of any unfriendliness on the part of +the Indians, so in the evening they tied their boat up +near an Indian village, intending to spend the night +with their savage neighbors. They found the Indians +in a morose mood, manifesting none of their usual good +will. Graffenried’s suspicions that their manner boded +trouble, was increased, when he saw a large quantity +of arms and ammunition provided by the Indians. +He started away from the village with his companions, +with the intention of ascending higher up the +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_66">[Pg 66]</span>stream, but after they had reached their boat and +were about entering it, they were surrounded by +about 60 armed Indians, who took them back to the +village, and brought them before the chief, who ordered +that they should be kept under strict guard +until the next day, when they were brought before a +council to consider the question, as to what disposition +should be made of them. The following evening, +they were taken before the council, the deliberations +of which lasted until the following morning, when an +Indian made his appearance, with whom Lawson had +some time previous a difficulty, and from whom the +Indian did not get very good treatment. The Indian +informed the council, that the whites had conspired +in secret to destroy them; this so angered the savages, +that they immediately condemned Graffenried +and his two companions to death. The next day +they were taken to the place of execution, where they +were bound hand and foot, and left to lie on the +ground. The Indians kindled a big fire, erected a +cross which they decorated with flowers. In the +painful position in which Graffenried and his companions +had been placed, they remained all day and +the following night. With sunrise the next morning, +a multitude of Indians assembled, to witness the +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_67">[Pg 67]</span>final act of the tragedy. An armed guard stood over +the condemned during all that time. The principal +Indians sat about them in a circle of two rows; behind +them were about 300 Indians engaged in +dancing, and yelling like so many devils possessed. +Two executioners were detailed to carry out the decree +of the council, who were painted so as to make +as hideous an appearance as possible. In this extremity, +a thought occurred to Graffenried. He +turned to the principal chief, and asked what right +they had to condemn an innocent man, and whether +they were willing to hazard the execution of a king; +pretending that he was the king of the Palatines. +This ruse served its purpose, for a second council was +held; Graffenried’s fetters were unloosened, but +Lawson and the negro servant both suffered death at +the stake.</p> + +<p>Graffenried was kept in confinement for five +weeks longer, when he was released, upon his entering +into a compact with the Indians, that in the event +of war between them and the English, that he would +remain neutral as “king” of the Palatines, and would +discontinue measuring and appropriating their lands.</p> + +<p>In the war which followed, the Swiss and Palatine +settlers, who were both known under the name of Palatines, +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_68">[Pg 68]</span>remained neutral, and Newbern was saved +from harm. The details of the foregoing account of +Graffenried’s adventure is based on a letter written by +him to the governor of the province, soon after its +occurrence.</p> + +<p>After the war between the Tuscaroras and the Indians, +many other Palatines settled in North Carolina; +the names of whose descendants abound numerously +in that state at the present day.</p> + + +<p class="ph3">SOUTH CAROLINA.</p> + +<p>It is not known when the Germans first came to +South Carolina, but it is known that in 1734 a number +of emigrants from Salzburg arrived at Charleston +and settled in the province, and about the same time +170 Swiss emigrants also arrived at Charleston under +the lead of Johann Peter Purry, and founded Purrysburg +on the Savannah river; the following year 200 +additional Swiss arrived, and later a colony of Swiss +and Palatines made settlement in the neighborhood +of Orangeburg, which was founded about the same +time. Their settlement was on the Edisto river, and +the whole region on both sides of the stream in that +neighborhood was originally settled by Germans, +chiefly from the Palatinate, and Switzerland. Other +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_69">[Pg 69]</span>Germans from parts in Germany further north settled +in South Carolina. They founded a colony further +inland from Orangeburg, and called it Saxe-Gotha. +This became an important central point, from which +the German settlement spread, which continued to +gain large accessions until the Revolution.</p> + +<p>In 1763 there came two ship loads of German emigrants +from London to Charleston. They were poor, +and the Colonial Legislature voted them 500 pounds, +200 muskets and ammunition, and settled them in the +Saxe-Gotha district. The Germans monopolized this +district, and continued to speak the German language +long after it had ceased to be spoken elsewhere in +South Carolina. A traveller who visited this district +as late as 1850 wrote, that German was no longer +spoken by the descendants of the early German settlers, +but that the people retained their German +Bibles, hymn-books, and observed many of the customs, +festivals and holidays of their German ancestors.</p> + +<hr class="tb"> + +<p>There is said to have been a remote district in +South Carolina in the first half of the last century, +which had been settled by Germans, which had +scarcely any communication with the outside world; +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_70">[Pg 70]</span>where the people were without churches, or schools, +who had fallen into such dense ignorance, that they +were not far removed from a savage state. A Swiss +came among them named Weber, who represented +himself to be Jesus Christ; his wife the Virgin Mary, +and another who came with him, as the Holy Ghost. +This imposter hired a man to represent the devil, and +he went about making converts of many simple souls +who believed in him. He ordered that Satan be +bound in chains and placed in a great cavern which +existed in that neighborhood, which was accordingly +done. He finally decreed that Satan should be put +out of the world. The poor devil was placed in a +featherbed, and covered with pillows and bed clothes, +after which some of Weber’s followers smothered +Satan to death. When the affair reached the knowledge +of the authorities at Charleston, Weber was +arrested, tried for murder; convicted and duly +hanged. His wife, children, and ignorant dupes +were pardoned by the Governor.</p> + + +<p class="ph3">GEORGIA.</p> + +<p>Very few Palatines, if any, went to Georgia direct +from Germany in the early days, although considerable +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_71">[Pg 71]</span>numbers went there from some of the other colonies.</p> + +<p>In 1739 a fierce religious persecution began in the +archbishopric of Salzburg. This persecution continued +for many years, during which time more than +30,000 Protestant Germans left the archbishopric, +and settled elsewhere. Some went to Prussia, some +to Holland, and others went to England, who soon +thereafter left for Georgia, where they settled permanently, +and became a nucleus around which several +thousand of the persecuted Salzburgers afterwards +gathered.</p> + + +<p class="ph3">TENNESSEE AND KENTUCKY.</p> + +<p>Whatever German immigration went to the territory +now embraced in the foregoing named states in +the early days went to North Carolina and Virginia; +Tennessee being taken from the first named state, and +Kentucky from the latter. After the Revolution, +and Tennessee and Kentucky were admitted as states, +each received large accessions of German population. +Many went to those states from Pennsylvania, Maryland +and Virginia.</p> + + +<p class="ph3">GERMAN PALATINES IN IRELAND.</p> + +<p>About the years 1709-10, when many thousands +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_72">[Pg 72]</span>of Palatines abandoned their native land, to seek +homes elsewhere, the exodus assumed the nature, of +what would in these days be termed a “craze.” +Thousands left their homes in the Palatinate, without +any well-defined idea where they would eventually +land. The first consideration with them was to get +away from their oppressors; the question with regard +to their future was deemed of minor importance. +Under such circumstances 5,000 Germans from the +Palatinate found their way to England in the months +of May and June, 1709, which number was increased +by October to 13,000, comprising husbandmen, +tradesmen, artisans, schoolteachers, and clergymen.</p> + +<p>Those emigrants all came to London, and when +the first lot arrived, they took the Londoners by surprise, +for they came without any notice of their coming, +and the first intimation which the citizens of +London had concerning them was when they found +about 5,000 Palatine men, women, and children under +tents in the suburbs of their city. They seemed +to be without any definite plans for the future, beyond +the fact that they had been told in their own country, +that settlers were wanted for the British colonies in +America, and in pursuance of those representations +they came to London, expecting that the British government +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_73">[Pg 73]</span>would provide for them. England did take +care of them; sheltering them about the city in empty +dwellings, warehouses, barns, and wherever vacant +places could be found. Good Queen Anne ordered +tents to be pitched on Blackheath for their accommodation. +A large majority of those people were sent +to the British colonies in America.</p> + +<p>Upon the petition of the Lord Lieutenant Governor +of Ireland 3,800 of them were sent to Ireland +and settled in the county Limerick, in the province of +Munster, where many of their descendants are living +at this day, the most prosperous and well-to-do farmers +and tradesmen in Ireland.</p> + +<p>The late Professor Rupp in his book of “The +Names of 30,000 German Immigrants,” makes reference +to the settlement of those German Palatines in +Ireland, and states “that it is said” that some of +them still speak a German dialect. The author visited +the descendants of those people a few years ago, +but found no trace of any German dialect; it has died +out long ago; only the German names remain, some +of which have become so changed in their spelling, as +to make their German origin scarcely recognizable. +Many of those people have intermarried with the +Irish population, so that the present generation is +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_74">[Pg 74]</span>more Irish than German. Those people are still +spoken of as Palatines.</p> + +<p>The migration of so many Palatines in the course +of a few months and their sudden appearance in England, +furnishes one of the most interesting episodes in +the whole history of the German emigration from the +Palatinate. Their reception, treatment and their disposition +by the English Government, redounds much +to its credit, generosity, and humanity, most of which +was owing to the kindly disposition toward those people +of Queen Anne.</p> + +<p>While there was no settled purpose in the mind of +the English authorities at first regarding the ultimate +disposition of those people, the first impulse however +was that they had to be provided for. The Palatines +themselves were without any fixed purpose, but were +inspired with the hope of eventually reaching America. +Some of the young men among them enlisted +in the British army; others scattered throughout +rural England, while a considerable number of them +sought service in London, and in some of the other +cities and towns of England. The great majority +however were disposed of in the way hereinbefore +stated.</p> + +<p>As proof of the magnanimity of the English people +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_75">[Pg 75]</span>in their treatment of their unfortunate guests, +Parliament, at the suggestion of the noble-minded +Queen voted £24,000 for those who elected to go to +Ireland, for transportation and subsistence. Those +that were sent to the American colonies also had their +transportation paid by the British government.</p> + +<p>Among the foregoing mentioned Palatines, there +were about 1,500 German Catholics, which is evidence +going to show, that it was not alone religious +persecution as has been often contended, that drove +those people from their homes in the Palatinate, but +that Protestant and Catholic alike left the devastated +land of their birth, to improve their material, rather +than their spiritual welfare.</p> + +<p>Those in authority in England at that time were +not as tolerant of other people’s religious views as people +are in these days, and the government refused to send +those of the Catholic faith to the American colonies, +in consequence of which many of them renounced +their religion rather than return to their desolate and +ravished homes in the Palatinate, where such as were +tenacious of their faith were sent under passports of +the British government.</p> + + +<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop"> +<div class="chapter"> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_76">[Pg 76]</span></p> + + + <h2 class="nobreak" id="CHAPTER_VII"> + CHAPTER VII. + <br> + THE QUAKERS, GERMANS, AND THE PROPRIETORS. + </h2> +</div> + +<blockquote> +<p class="hanging-indent1">Quakers Emigrate to America.—Their Hostility to +the Proprietors after Penn.—Indian Outbreaks.—Quakers +refuse to bear Arms.—Defence of +their Own Homes left to non-Quakers.—Quakers +oppose the Formation of a Militia.—Penn’s +sons Forsake Quaker Faith.—Attitude of the +Germans.—Christoph Sauer’s German Newspaper.—Its +Influence.—Controls the Germans.—Their +Influence is a menace to English Rule.—Their +Influence in Politics.—Sauer’s partisan +Appeals to the Germans.—Asserts English intent +to enslave Them.—English fear a German +Colony.—War between France and Great Britain.—Efforts +to stop German Emigration.—Taxing +Emigrants.—Fails to have any effect on +Emigration.—They continue to come.</p> +</blockquote> + + +<p>During the first half of the eighteenth century, +the influence of the Quaker element predominated, +and it can scarcely be said that it was always exerted +for the best interests of the province after Penn died. +The German Quakers never cut much of a figure in +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_77">[Pg 77]</span>the affairs of the colony; it was left to the English +Quakers to concern themselves about its domestic +affairs. The latter at their former home in England +owed their origin to a revolt against English religious +thought, in consequence of which they became the +subjects of much persecution. After many of them +had emigrated to Pennsylvania, where they were assured +of religions freedom, it was not long before they +arrayed themselves in opposition to the civil power.</p> + +<p>The peace of the new province was often threatened +by foes from within and from without. The +wars between England and France frequently threatened +the peace of all the colonies, and the Indians +were a menace to the settlers all the time. They +would start out on frequent raids, among the inhabitants, +and would sometimes perpetrate cruel +massacres, against which it was of the highest importance +to guard, by an efficient militia, the organization +of which the Quakers opposed to a man. The Indians +knew that the civil authorities could not rely on the +Quakers for any armed assistance, because they were +opposed to war, and the bearing of arms. This left +the defence of the colony to the non-Quaker population, +and to the civil authorities to which the Quakers +refused loyal support. The Quakers were an embarrassing +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_78">[Pg 78]</span>influence in the Colonial Assembly, to which +they were frequently elected by the aid of the German +votes, especially of those in Northampton +county. It has been said that the organization of this +county, was primarily, for the purpose of divorcing +the German vote from Quaker control, in behalf of +whose candidates it was usually cast, in obedience to +the influence of the Quakers of Philadelphia and +Bucks counties.</p> + +<p>The Quaker opposition to the organization of a +militia, to protect the province against the Indians +and the French, who were making war on the border, +while the defence of their own homes was left to the +poorly armed non-Quakers, was such a perversion of +common sense and of justice, as to embitter all classes +against a people whose religious tenets could justify +such rank injustice and selfishness. This attitude of +the reputed mild-mannered Quakers, brought them +into unfriendly relations with most of the other colonists +in Pennsylvania, as well as into hostile collision +with the proprietary government. The Quakers had +not much respect for the sons of the original proprietor. +Penn’s sons were in control at this time, and +it is interesting to note, that none of them remained +in fellowship with the Quakers after their father’s +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_79">[Pg 79]</span>death. After his death all the proprietary governors +were non-Quakers, and this fact no doubt, had the +tendency to increase the spirit of insubordination, of +the Quaker element against the civil authority.</p> + +<p>For the sake of the truth of history, it must be remarked, +that the Germans who had not much affection +for English rule, too often took sides with the +Quakers in opposing the English, and thereby frustrated +designs of the lawful authorities, intended for +the general welfare.</p> + +<p>In 1739 Christoph Sauer began to publish a German +newspaper at Germantown, which gained a large +circulation among the Germans, and controlled their +political actions entirely, which was often in opposition +to the ruling class.</p> + +<p>The Germans however when the security of the +province was threatened by the French, or the homes +of the settlers were menaced by their savage foes, +were always among the first to take up arms in defence +of both; while their Quaker neighbors not only +refused to take up arms, to defend the homes of the +colonists when threatened by hostile savages, but opposed +the creation of a militia for that purpose.</p> + +<p>It is difficult to reconcile this attitude of the Quakers +towards the civil authorities, and their refusal to +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_80">[Pg 80]</span>perform their obligations to the government which +was ever ready to protect them, with the duties of +good citizenship, which was one of the tenets of their +faith. Their disregard of some of the most important +civil obligations, seem to contradict the teachings of +the sect, of a rigid morality, unbending personal integrity, +and living a simple and sincere life, of all of +which they were marked exemplars.</p> + +<p>The Quakers were however, foremost in the work +of many reforms. They entered their protest early +against the infliction of the death penalty, for the +commission of minor offences such as larceny, etc. +The mild laws laid down by Penn for the government +of his province, and the satisfactory results springing +therefrom are the best proofs of their utility. The +Quakers were also the first to raise their voice against +slavery in the colonies, although it required the teachings +of more than two hundred years, and at the end +a prodigious civil war, to wipe that institution from +our American system.</p> + +<p>While the Quakers in Penn’s province in the early +years of its history could not always be commended +for their fidelity to the constituted authorities, yet +they deserve much credit for many commendable +virtues.</p> + + +<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop"> +<div class="chapter"> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_81">[Pg 81]</span></p> + + + <h2 class="nobreak" id="CHAPTER_VIII"> + CHAPTER VIII. + <br> + THE PENNSYLVANIA GERMANS IN HISTORY. + </h2> +</div> + +<blockquote> +<p class="hanging-indent1">Political Influence of the Germans.—Not an office-holding +Class.—War between England and +France.—German Indifference.—Efforts to Anglicize +the Germans.—The Germans During the +Revolution.—Favor Independence.—Germans +Organize.—Prominent in Furnishing Troops.—Mainstay +of the Army.—Germans a unit for Independence.—They +raise a Battalion, before +Independence is Declared.</p> +</blockquote> + + +<p>While the Germans never had any particular affection +for English rule, they nevertheless were +always loyal to the authorities, notwithstanding they +were strong enough during several decades before the +Revolution, by making an alliance with the Quaker +element to have wrested the colony from British control. +Such an alliance would not have been difficult +by reason of the well-known hostility of the Quakers +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_82">[Pg 82]</span>to the proprietary rule. But the Germans never had +any ambition in that direction. They cared little for +political power, being content to cultivate their fields, +and enjoy the blessings of civil and religious liberty, +which was denied them in the land of their +birth. They did not aspire to political honors, and +their names seldom appear in the official lists of the +provincial government. Their almost exclusive use +of the German language, also disqualified them from +holding office. They however by reason of their +numbers exerted an important influence in the colony, +especially in the election of members of the Colonial +Assembly, as well as with regard to other elective +officers, inasmuch as their votes were in all cases cast +as a unit for a single favorite candidate. The only +issue raised at the elections in those days was the one, +whether the representative of the proprietory government +should succeed, or the opposition candidate +should carry off the honors. The latter usually won, +wherever the German vote predominated. Sauer’s +German paper was the only newspaper circulated +among the Germans for many years, and it controlled +their political actions throughout. It was conducted +on similar lines to those of the partisan newspapers of +to-day. It was thoroughly anti-English in sentiment, +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_83">[Pg 83]</span>and indulged in vehement appeals to the prejudices of +the Germans by making them believe, that it was the +purpose of the English to enslave them; compelling +their young men to become soldiers, thereby bringing +up the horrible recollections of the military bondage +from which they fled in their native land. Sauer’s +paper taught the Germans to believe, that the English +were seeking to put burdens upon them, as great as +those which they had borne in the old country. The +inculcation of such beliefs, coupled with their numerical +strength alarmed the English, and caused them +to fear, that the Germans would at a time not remote, +give them not only laws of their own making, but +make the colony a German province.</p> + +<p>The English distrust of the Germans was heightened +by the fact that about the middle of the eighteenth +century, while Great Britain was at war with +France for the conquest of Canada, the Germans were +reluctant, and in some instances absolutely refused to +serve as soldiers, manifesting no small amount of hostility +to the British cause; while the French looked to +them for aid and encouragement in their struggle +with the British. The Germans made no secret of +their sentiments, that it did not matter much to them +under whose authority they lived, so long as they +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_84">[Pg 84]</span>were not molested in the enjoyment of their property, +and their personal freedom.</p> + +<p>But later when the conditions had changed, and +the French became the aggressors, in threatening the +colonies by making war against them, the Germans +made up for their former indifference, by enlisting in +large numbers to defend the colonies against their +hereditary enemies.</p> + +<p>Various schemes were proposed to overcome the +influence of the Germans by the English. Among +other things it was suggested, to disfranchise them, +from having any voice in the election of members of +the Colonial Assembly, pending a period during which +they should be taught the English tongue. For that +purpose it was proposed to support Protestant ministers +and school teachers among them, to the end that +they should become English. The schemes suggested +were never carried into execution; so the Germans +failed to become Anglicized, and the descendants of +thousands of them continue to be German at this +day.</p> + +<p>To arrest the coming of so many Germans in some +degree, the Assembly passed a tax of twenty shillings +a head on each newcomer, but it had no effect in preventing +them from coming.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_85">[Pg 85]</span></p> + +<p>The large influx of Palatines gave James Logan, +the secretary of the province much apprehension and +annoyance. He feared that their numbers would in +time result in the colony being lost to the British +crown. Logan’s apprehensions were prophetic! All +the colonies were wrested from the crown in later +years, and no people rendered more invaluable services +in that behalf, than the Germans of Pennsylvania.</p> + +<p>The prejudice of the English against the Germans +was shared by even so eminent a statesman and +philosopher as Benjamin Franklin. From a letter +written by him to Peter Collinson an English botanist +and natural philosopher, in 1753, it would seem as if +the latter had been also apprehensive about the large +German immigration in Pennsylvania, and had conveyed +his views to Franklin in a letter to which the +latter replied as follows:</p> + +<blockquote> +<p>“I am perfectly of your mind, that measures +of great temper are necessary touching the +Germans, and am not without apprehensions +that, through their indiscretion, or ours, or both, +great disorders may one day arise among us. Those +who come hither are generally the most stupid of +their own nation, and as ignorance is often attended +with great credulity, when knavery would mislead it, +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_86">[Pg 86]</span>and with suspicion when honesty would set it right; +and few of the English understand the German language, +so that they cannot address them either from +the press or pulpit, it is almost impossible to remove +any prejudice they may entertain. The clergy have +very little influence on the people, who seem to take +pleasure in abusing and discharging the minister on +every trivial occasion. Not being used to liberty, +they know not how to make modest use of it. They +are under no restraint from ecclesiastical government; +they behave however, submissively enough at present +to the civil government, which I wish they may continue +to do, for I remember when they modestly declined +intermeddling with our elections; but now they +come in droves and carry all before them, except in +one or two counties. Few of their children in the +country know English. They import many books +from Germany, and, of the six printing houses in the +province, two are entirely German, two half German, +half English, and but two are entirely English. They +have one German newspaper, and one half German. +Advertisements intended to be general, are now +printed in Dutch, (German) and English. The signs +in our streets, (Phila.,) have inscriptions in both languages, +and some places only in German. They begin +of late, to make all their bonds and other legal instruments +in their own language, (though I think it +ought not to be), are allowed good in courts, where +the German business so increases, that there is continued +need of interpreters, and I suppose in a few +years, they will also be necessary in the Assembly, to +tell one-half of our legislators, what the other half +says. In short, unless the stream of importation +could be turned from this to other colonies, as you +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_87">[Pg 87]</span>very judiciously propose, they will soon outnumber +us, that all the advantages we have, will, in my opinion, +be not able to preserve our language, and even +our government will become precarious.”</p> +</blockquote> + +<p>Some of the adverse criticisms in the foregoing +letter are manifestly unjust; but as they were made to +harmonize with English sentiment, there may have +been an element of policy in them, as Franklin was at +that time an attache of the proprietary government, +and supplicant for royal favor. The letter also bears +on its face its own contradiction in some essential particulars. +The statement that the Germans “import +many books from Germany,” which they are presumed +to have read, does not bear out the statement +that they were “the most stupid of their nation,” +which contradiction is emphasized by the fact, +as asserted by Franklin that out of the six +printing houses in the province, the English had only +two; the Germans two, and the remaining two were +half German, and half English.</p> + +<p>A people among whom printing houses, books, and +newspapers abound, can safely be accredited with a +fair amount of intelligence, although they may have +obtained the inspiration of their knowledge from German +books and German newspapers.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_88">[Pg 88]</span></p> + +<p>There is no doubt that Franklin thought better of +his German fellow-citizens and compatriots, when in +less than a quarter of a century later they stood +shoulder to shoulder with him in the cause of American +independence.</p> + + +<p class="ph3">THE GERMANS IN THE REVOLUTION.</p> + +<p>When the first murmurings of discontent, which +later culminated in open revolt, were heard throughout +the colonies, the Germans of Pennsylvania were +among the first to place themselves in harmony with +those ideas, which determined the colonies in favor of +independence. Even some time before separation had +been determined upon, the Germans were active +among their countrymen in their efforts to promote +that step. It required a great deal of resolution on +their part to espouse such a policy at that time, with +the formidable influences opposed to them. The government +of the colonies was in the hands of the royal +representatives of the British crown; these sustained +intimate personal and social relations with leading colonists, +some of whom supported the royal authority, +while others were resisting British aggression, but +were not decided in favor of separation at that early +stage. The English ties of blood no doubt kept many +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_89">[Pg 89]</span>patriots from favoring extreme measures, before independence +was declared, but the Germans were not influenced +by any such considerations. They had inherited +a fierce hatred of oppression in their native +country, and they had no sympathy with a temporizing +policy, and declared in favor of independence +long before the events of Lexington and Bunker Hill.</p> + +<p>The Germans of Pennsylvania exerted a potent +influence, not only in bringing their own colony to +the side of independence, but they were actively employed +in influencing their countrymen in the other +colonies to take a similar step. They put themselves +in communication with the German settlers everywhere, +and urged upon them to espouse the cause of +separation and freedom; and by the time that the first +gun of the Revolution was fired, the Germans in all +the colonies were in line against the British government. +In Pennsylvania they became the mainstay in +furnishing troops to fill the quotas of its regiments, +and from their ranks came many officers who gained +honorable distinction during the war. Many had +been soldiers in their native country, where they +fought against oppression, while others inherited the +spirit of freedom from their fathers, who had felt the +hand of persecution in other lands.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_90">[Pg 90]</span></p> + +<p>The historian has faithfully chronicled the distinguished +services rendered by all classes during the +Revolution, with the exception of the invaluable services +of the Germans of Pennsylvania; their services +have been dismissed with curt brevity. Even Bancroft +in his history of the Revolution passes them by +in the following words: “The Germans who constituted +a large portion of the population of Pennsylvania +were all on the side of freedom.”</p> + +<p>The importance which was attached to the influence +which the Germans might exert, in the event +of hostilities between the colonies and the British +crown is shown, upon the occasion when Franklin appeared +before the British ministry, urging the repeal +of the Stamp Act, and of other oppressive measures. +He was asked how many Germans there were in +Pennsylvania at that time. He replied that not less +than one-third of the population, and probably more, +as he had no means to tell accurately. He was then +asked whether any of them had served as soldiers in +the European wars; to which he replied, that they had +not only been soldiers in Europe, but that many of +them had served in the colonial wars. The ministry +also wanted to know whether the Germans were as +much dissatisfied with the stamp tax, as the English +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_91">[Pg 91]</span>born citizens; to which his reply was that they were +even more hostile to it. If this colloquy had any significance +at that time, it must be construed to have +meant, that the English had a wholesome dread of the +Germans in the event of an open rupture, between +the mother country and her colonies. Whatever the +moving cause may have been, the Stamp Act was +repealed.</p> + +<p>As early as 1772 the German residents of Philadelphia, +who at that time exercised a controlling influence +in business and civic affairs, organized an +association under the name of “The Patriotic Society +of the City and County of Philadelphia.” The purpose +of this society was to make ready for the struggle +which the Germans regarded as inevitable. In 1774 +after the threat had been made by the British ministry, +of closing the Boston harbor, and indicating the +intention of a resort to force, to crush the revolutionary +spirit manifested by the Massachusetts patriots, a +meeting was called by leading Germans of Philadelphia +to consider the threatening situation, at which +meeting a “Correspondence Committee” was appointed, +the duty of which was to correspond with the +Germans of other colonies, urging upon them to +organize, so as to be ready for the conflict, which to +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_92">[Pg 92]</span>their minds could not be much longer delayed.</p> + +<p>In the Provincial Assembly which was held in the +same year, to consider the condition of affairs, the +German element was strongly represented, and their +views received earnest and careful consideration. +Among the Germans who occupied seats in that convention +were such prominent representatives as Christopher +Ludwig, George Schlosser, Adam Hubley, +Jacob Barge, from Philadelphia; Matthias Schlauch, +Moses Erwin, Joseph Ferree, and George Ross, from +Lancaster county; Christopher Schultz, and Jonathan +Potts from Berks county; Peter Keichlein and Jacob +Arndt, from Northampton county, and Casper Weitzel +from Northumberland county.</p> + +<p>In the convention which met in January following, +the Germans were still more largely represented. +This convention declared in favor of the utmost resistance, +against any further British insolence and +tyranny, and issued a call for a Colonial Congress.</p> + +<p>The Germans residing in the colonies of New +York and North Carolina, were undecided at first +with regard to taking sides, before the actual breaking +out of hostilities, until they were appealed to by their +kinsmen in Pennsylvania by means of correspondence, +and also by messengers sent among them, +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_93">[Pg 93]</span>to urge them to go with the Germans of the rest of +the colonies. A pamphlet was written and published +by the “Correspondence Committee,” which was especially +designed for the Germans of New York, and +North Carolina, in which it was set forth, that the +Germans of Pennsylvania had learned with satisfaction, +that the people without regard to race, creed, +or former nationality; whether rich or poor, had given +their unqualified approval, to the acts of their Congress, +and that the Germans especially, everywhere +were taking measures, to have the militia put in shape, +and were forming new military organizations, so that +they should be ready to march wherever they should +be needed in the event of war, and urging upon those +Germans that could not enlist for any reason, to contribute +to the patriot cause according to their ability.</p> + +<p>The pamphlet went on further to state, that they +were grieved to learn, that there were numbers of +Germans, in various parts of New York, and many in +North Carolina, who were indifferent to the cause for +which their kinsmen had enlisted and were preparing +elsewhere. That the efforts of the Germans in Pennsylvania +proved successful is not doubted, for after +the first shedding of blood at Lexington, there were +no Germans in any of the colonies, that did not +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_94">[Pg 94]</span>espouse the cause of the patriots in behalf of freedom.</p> + +<p>In May 1776 before the adoption of the Declaration +of Independence the Continental Congress determined +to raise a battalion for immediate service, +and called upon Pennsylvania and Maryland to furnish +four companies each. On July 17, following +Pennsylvania reported—not only with the required +four companies—but with five full companies, enlisted +from the Germans. The greater number of the Maryland +companies raised for this battalion were also recruited +from the Germans. Every officer of the battalion +was a German. Soon after its formation it +took the field, and rendered conspicuous service at a +critical period during the early part of the war.</p> + +<p>As there are no doubt many descendants of the +rank and file of this battalion, still living throughout +Pennsylvania and Maryland, the names of its commissioned +officers are here given: Colonel, Nicholas +Hausseger; Lieut. Col., George Striker; Major, Ludwig +Waltner; Adjutant, Louis von Linkendorf. The +Captains and Lieutenants of each company follow in +the order of their rank: (1) Daniel Burkhard, Friederich +Rollwagen, George Habacker; (2) Philipp +Grebel, Johann Lora, Christian Meyers; (3) George +Hubley, Peter Boyer, Johann Laudenberger; (4) +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_95">[Pg 95]</span>Heinrich Fister, Karl Balsel, Michael Boyer; (5) +Jacob Bunner, Wilhelm Rice, George Schafer; (6) +George Kieport, Jacob Kotz, Adam Smith; (7) Benjamin +Weiser, Jacob Bower, Friederich Heiser; (8) +W. Heiser, Samuel Gerock, Wilhelm Ritter; (9) Daniel +Woelper, Bernhard Hubley, Philipp Schrader.</p> + +<p>There was one piece of ill-luck which came to this +battalion. Some complaint was made against its Colonel, +under the pressure of which he resigned and +afterward turned traitor to the cause of the patriots. +His successor was Baron von Arendt, who afterwards +resigned on account of ill-health, after which Major +Waltner succeeded to the command. In the following +September the battalion was ordered to join +Washington’s army.</p> + +<p>The cause of the patriots did not look very promising +at this time. The British had possession of New +York; New Jersey was wholly defenceless; Philadelphia +was threatened, and a large and influential party +of Tories was watching for an opportunity to strike +the patriots in the rear. The leaders were disheartened, +Washington’s army was not much more than a +ragged mob of undisciplined, “uncouth, intractable +ploughboys and farmers.” Many of the German +officers had experience as soldiers in their native country, +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_96">[Pg 96]</span>and they became useful in helping to establish +discipline, and in making the army fit to fight.</p> + +<p>The German battalion participated in the affair +at Trenton in December 1776, which inspired the +army with confidence, and the people with hope; it +was at Princeton; with Washington at the ill-fated +fields of Brandywine and Germantown, and spent the +terrible winter of 1777-1778 at Valley Forge. The +deeds and sufferings of this German battalion furnish +a proud memorial of the German soldiers of the Revolution, +and it is hoped that some one with the laudable +inclination, and access to such of its history as may be +yet preserved, will give to the world a faithful account +of its heroic deeds, on many a battlefield of the Revolution. +Many German soldiers also served in other +commands, and it is a matter of history that Washington +greatly relied on their fidelity, no matter in +what situation they were placed. If we will scan the +lists of company, regimental and brigade officers of +the commands from Pennsylvania, we will find them +bristling with German names.</p> + +<p>It is generally believed that the German Quakers, +Mennonites, and Moravians held entirely aloof from +the struggle for independence, on account of their religious +faith against bearing arms. This is no doubt +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_97">[Pg 97]</span>true of all those who remained loyal to their sect, but +there is authority for the statement, that not a few +young Quakers, and Mennonites, did enlist and fight +with the patriots for freedom. All such however +either voluntarily withdrew from their church, or +were shut out from all fellowship with it.</p> + +<p>Before the Revolution many German Catholics +had settled in Pennsylvania, and they were prompt +in enlisting on the side of freedom, and their blood +mingled with their Protestant compatriots on many a +sanguinary field of the Revolution.</p> + +<p>In the German Catholic emigration to America, +may be found an argument showing that the direct +cause of the great exodus of Germans to America was +not altogether the result of religious persecution, but +rather the desire to get away from the incessant +European wars and its desolations. It was not an +unusual thing during the later years of the German +emigration, for the Protestant and the Catholic, to +cross the ocean in the same ship, and upon their arrival +settle in the same neighborhood, and in later years +fight side by side in the cause of civil liberty.</p> + +<hr class="tb"> + +<p>The just tribute to which the Germans of Pennsylvania +are entitled for their invaluable services, +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_98">[Pg 98]</span>during the Revolutionary War has never been duly +chronicled, and it may be hoped that with the revival +of interest in their history through the Pennsylvania +German Society, that some chronicler will some day +do them full justice.</p> + + +<p class="ph3">GERMAN MERCENARIES.</p> + +<p>There is a popular belief among some people, that +the Hessian mercenaries brought here by the British +government to fight the Americans, remained here after +the war was over, and that their descendants constitute +a considerable element of the Pennsylvania Germans +of to-day. Comparatively few remained here after +the war, because the British government was under +contract to return such as escaped the casualties of +the war, after it was over. The few that remained +made good citizens, as they made the very best soldiers +against the Americans, and whenever it was +practicable to do so, they were put in the most responsible +places by the British commanders. The intense +hatred at one time, against the so-called Hessian +soldiers, some of which still lingers with the present +generation is very unjust, because they did not volunteer +to fight against the Americans, but they were +forced into the British service, by the impecunious +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_99">[Pg 99]</span>German princes who sold them to the British like so +many slaves. The Hessian soldiers would sometimes +take a notion to desert, and they invariably found +refuge among some of the German colonists. A considerable +number of them were left behind from time +to time on marches, on account of sickness or wounds; +these always found a ready welcome among the German +settlers; few of them ever found their way back +to their native land.</p> + +<p>While all the German mercenaries are known as +Hessians, they were not all subjects of the Landgrave +of Hesse-Cassel, although the larger portion of them +were furnished by that prince. The first contingent of +German mercenaries was made up as follows: The +Landgrave of Hesse-Cassel, furnished 12,104; the +Duke of Brunswick 4,084; Prince of Hesse 663; +Prince of Waldeck 670, a total of 17,521, for which +the several princes received $30 for each man. Later +there were additional troops furnished by the German +princes, some of whom came from Anspach-Bayreuth, +and Anhalt-Zerbst. Authorities do not agree as to +the exact number of mercenaries furnished by +the German princes. The German historian Frederick +Kapp, who is said to have investigated the question +closely, places the entire number at 29,166. +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_100">[Pg 100]</span>Kapp informs us that 17,313 returned to their native +land after the war, which would leave 11,853 unaccounted +for in America. From this number there +must be taken the casualties of war, which must have +been exceedingly large, because they had to do their +campaigning in a new, and for a great part in a wild +country, in some parts of which pestilential fevers carried +the soldiers off much faster, than the bullets of +the enemy. There were none of the sanitary conditions +of an army in those days, to guard the health +of soldiers, which prevail nowadays. Military surgery +had made little progress, so that the percentage +of deaths among the wounded was much larger than +it is in modern times. From these conditions a calculation +based on the casualties of our Civil War, +will enable one to form an approximate idea of the +casualties of the Hessian soldiers in the Revolution. +According to such an estimate, the losses of the Hessians +from all causes could not have fallen short of +5,000, leaving less than 7,000 who remained in America, +some of whom settled in the Canadian provinces, +but the majority of them settled in the states of New +York, Pennsylvania, Maryland, Virginia, North, and +South Carolina.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_101">[Pg 101]</span></p> + +<p>It is interesting to note, that appeals were made +by the British government to some of the other +European sovereigns for hireling soldiers, to fight +against the Americans, besides the German princes +herein mentioned. Holland and Russia were both +appealed to, but their rulers refused to entertain the +proposition. Frederick the Great was also approached +upon the subject of hiring his soldiers, but he not +only declined the tempting offer of $30 a head for +them, but he prohibited, any of the hireling soldiers +of the other German princes, to go through his territory +on their way to the seaports, whence they were to +embark for America.</p> + +<figure class="figcenter illowp100" id="image137" style="width: 12.5em;"> + <img class="w100" src="images/image137.jpg" alt=""> +</figure> + + +<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop"> +<div class="chapter"> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_102">[Pg 102]</span></p> + + + <h2 class="nobreak" id="CHAPTER_IX"> + CHAPTER IX. + <br> + THE PENNSYLVANIA GERMAN DIALECT. + </h2> +</div> + +<blockquote> +<p class="hanging-indent1">Pennsylvania German a dialect of South Germany.—German +vs. Dutch.—Confusion of Terms.—Dialect +Corrupted, but still Vigorous.—Germans +Tenacious of their Dialect.—Progress of +English among Them.—No Prospect, that the +Dialect will become soon Extinct.—Has no Literary +Merit.</p> +</blockquote> + + +<p>Pennsylvania German is a legitimate dialect of +South Germany, which has suffered, and become corrupted, +by the introduction of English words, and +idioms. There are still many thousands of people in +Pennsylvania, who speak no other language. They +are found in nearly all the counties of Pennsylvania, +lying east and south of the Blue Mountain, and in +some of the counties beyond, where their ancestors +took up their places of abode, when they first came to +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_103">[Pg 103]</span>the province of Pennsylvania, some of whom arrived +as early as the last years of the seventeenth century.</p> + +<p>There is a widespread misconception concerning +the Pennsylvania Germans, which is not altogether +confined to the illiterate classes of English-speaking +people. There are those who entertain the belief, +that the Pennsylvania Germans are of Dutch extraction, +and that their dialect is a confused jargon, having +no relation to any legitimate language. This mistaken +notion entertained by untrained people is no +doubt largely due, to a confusion of the terms, +Deutsch and Dutch, and also because the Pennsylvania +Germans are frequently spoken of erroneously, as +the “Pennsylvania Dutch.” All Germans in their +own language are designated as Deutsch; the Dutch +are designated in German as Holländer, and their language +as Holländisch. Uneducated people are apt to +confuse these terms, which leads to the erroneous conception +before referred to.</p> + +<p>The ancestors of the Pennsylvania Germans emigrated +from the region of the Upper Rhine, and from +the valley of the Neckar in South Germany. The +dialect spoken in that part of Germany is known as +Pfälzisch, and the people at the time of the great +German emigration from there, were known as German +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_104">[Pg 104]</span>Palatines. The dialect spoken by the Pennsylvania +Germans at this day, is an inheritance from +their ancestors, and barring its English infusion, it is +substantially the same as when first brought here.</p> + +<p>By eliminating the English words taken up by +Pennsylvania German, the dialect approaches the +Pfälzisch, spoken by the common people in South +Germany very closely. There are many expressions, +words, and idioms common to both that are indistinguishable, +and for the purposes of colloquial intercourse +the two dialects meet on common ground, without +any serious embarrassment.</p> + +<p>There is a shade of difference in the pronunciation, +accent, and inflexion of words between the Pennsylvania +German and Pfälzisch dialects and similar +differences are noticed, in different German communities +in Pennsylvania, the result no doubt of Germans, +speaking various dialects settling in the same neighborhood, +and each contributing certain peculiarities +to the common speech. But as the Pfälzisch largely +predominated in the early days of German emigration +to Pennsylvania, it is that dialect which has given to +the Pennsylvania German its controlling characteristics. +In support of this view the following from Professor +Marion D. Learned’s “Pennsylvania German +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_105">[Pg 105]</span>Dialect,” may be cited: “Pennsylvania German, in +borrowing from the English to enrich its vocabulary, +has by no means forfeited its birthright and become a +pitiable hybrid of bad German and worse English, +but on the contrary, has perpetuated in their pristine +vigor the characteristics of its venerable ancestor, the +Rhine Frankish, specifically <i>Rhine Palatinate</i>, +“<i>Rhinepfälzisch</i>.”</p> + +<p>When it is considered, how environment influences +all conditions, extending to physical characteristics, +as well as to the speech of men, the continued +similarity of the dialect of the Pennsylvania Germans +and that spoken in South Germany seems remarkable +after their separation for a period of upwards of two +centuries. But we must not forget the influences and +conditions that surrounded the Germans in Pennsylvania +for many generations after their coming here; +which operated to keep the Pfälzisch dialect alive +in Pennsylvania down to this time. The greater +portion of the German emigrants were fairly +well educated when they came here. They +brought with them educated clergymen who +preached to them in their native language, and school +teachers, who taught their children in their mother +tongue. Education was never neglected by the Germans, +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_106">[Pg 106]</span>and they built churches and school houses +whenever they found it practicable to do so. The +German schools were continued in Pennsylvania until +a comparatively recent period; German newspapers +still circulate extensively in nearly all of the German +counties, not a few of the people still read their German +Bible, and German Prayer Book, while the Gospel +is yet preached in German from more than a thousand +pulpits every Sunday throughout the rural districts +of southeastern Pennsylvania. In view of such +conditions and surroundings, there can be no surprise +that the Pennsylvania German dialect should still +flourish in its “pristine vigor,” after its separation +from its parent speech for more than a century and a +half.</p> + +<p>It is not believed that the day of its extinction is +near. A large majority of the school children in the +country districts of half a score of the wealthiest, and +most populous counties in the State, speak the dialect, +not only outside of the school room, but very frequently +inside. The children do all their thinking in +German; all their little affairs are discussed by them +in their native dialect, so that it can scarcely be otherwise +than that they should grow up, and continue almost +as thoroughly German as those that preceded +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_107">[Pg 107]</span>them, making almost exclusive use of their German +dialect, for all purposes of colloquial and familiar intercourse.</p> + +<p>It may be asked whether the English schools do +not make any progress towards Anglicizing the German +children? The answer is that they do, but the +progress in that direction is slow. While the German +school children get a smattering of English, it +also becomes a prolific means of still further corrupting +their native speech, without acquiring much pure +English.</p> + +<p>When the German schools in Pennsylvania gave +way entirely to altogether English schools, it was believed +by many, that it would speedily result in Anglicizing +the Pennsylvania Germans; but forty years’ experience +does not prove that it has been an unqualified +success.</p> + +<p>The German-speaking children in the public +schools, are laboring under great disadvantages alongside +of their English-speaking schoolmates. The latter +have an intelligent appreciation of their studies, +while the training of the German child is little more +than merely mechanical. The German children begin +to learn their letters in a language which they do +not understand, and by the time that they begin to +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_108">[Pg 108]</span>have some intelligent comprehension of their studies +the English-speaking children have outstripped them +in the race for knowledge. The question occurs +whether it was altogether wise to take away from exclusively +German-speaking children their German +schools, and compel them to pursue their studies in a +language to which they are strangers.</p> + +<p>The early Anglicization of the Pennsylvania Germans +cannot be looked forward to with much confidence, +no matter how much the extinction of their +dialect may be desired. It is yet by far too vigorous +to hope for its early disappearance.</p> + +<p>The tenacity with which the Pennsylvania Germans +have clung to their dialect for so many years, is +not without its parallels among other people. Take +for example Wales, a country which contains an area +much smaller than that embraced by the German +counties of Pennsylvania, with less population; separated +from England by only an imaginary boundary; +having been in political connection with Great Britain +for six hundred years; with English as the official +language; the language of culture; of commercial intercourse; +and with English schools almost everywhere; +yet more than one-half of the people of Wales +in the cities and towns speak the Welsh language, +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_109">[Pg 109]</span>while in the rural districts the Welsh language is +spoken almost exclusively.</p> + +<p>Switzerland furnishes another example. Out of +the 22 cantons of the Swiss republic, with a population +of over three millions of people, German is spoken by +the people of 16 cantons; French by those of 5; Italian +by the people of only 1. Although German is +the principal language spoken throughout Switzerland, +and is the language of official intercourse; its +various people having lived near neighbors for centuries, +and under the same government for a long +time, yet each race has maintained its linguistic integrity +to this day.</p> + +<p>There is a region in Switzerland embraced in the +canton of Grisons, where there exists a group of +Romansch dialects, which have come down from the +days of the Roman empire, when the region in which +those dialects still exist was a Roman province known +as Rhaetia. The canton in which those dialects prevail, +has an area of about twice the size of one of the +largest counties of Pennsylvania, with a population of +about 90,000, surrounded on all sides by neighbors +the greater portion of whom speak German, yet those +people, whose ancestors were “shepherd-peasants” +when Rome was mistress of the world, continue to +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_110">[Pg 110]</span>speak corrupted Latin, after the lapse of more than a +thousand years. Unless the Pennsylvania German +dialect is less tenacious, it may continue to be spoken +for several centuries.</p> + +<p>During the earlier years of the German emigration +to Pennsylvania, large numbers of Palatines settled +in the province of New York. Those chiefly +located along the Hudson river; in the Mohawk valley, +and in Schoharie county. The Dutch and English +had preceded them. Each race maintained its +own language for a while; the Germans being weakest +in point of numbers, their dialect was the first to disappear, +but the Dutch being much more numerous, +they held on to their dialect vigorously for a hundred +years, and it did not wholly disappear in the Mohawk +valley, until some time during the first half of the +present century.</p> + +<p>While the prospects for the early disappearance +of the Pennsylvania German dialect are not very +promising, it will necessarily become more debased +every year. With the abolition of German schools, +few of the young people will learn anything of literary +German, and while many will continue to use the +dialect, they will be continually taking up more English +words, because they will find their own vocabulary +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_111">[Pg 111]</span>growing more deficient in words to express their +thoughts. Forty years ago the Pennsylvania German +dialect was of much better quality than it is to-day. +It was not then yet as far removed from literary German +as it now is; it still retained at that time some of +the advantages of the German schooling of those who +spoke it. Since then many good German words have +dropped out of the dialect, and their places have been +supplied by English words. This debasement of the +dialect will increase from now on.</p> + +<p>The present century has been fertile in inventions +and discoveries; every branch of the arts and sciences +made wonderful progress; many new things were unfolded, +which required the coinage of new words, for +which the Pennsylvania Germans have no German +equivalents; so they draw on the English to supply +the deficiency. So when they speak of the telegraph, +electricity, the telephone, or any other new discovery +or invention they add the technical names employed +to their vocabulary.</p> + +<p>So long as the Pennsylvania German confines his +conversation to his personal concerns, and talks about +his horses, his cows, his crops, his fields, and his family +or his domestic affairs, his German vocabulary is generally +sufficient, and he draws very little on the English. +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_112">[Pg 112]</span>It is only when he enters the domain of politics, +or undertakes to discuss some abstruse philosophic +problem, that he interlards his speech with impure +German and probably worse English, making a patois, +that would paralyze a Heidelberg professor if he came +within range of it.</p> + +<p>Pennsylvania German makes no pretensions to +any literary merit, and it has none, yet it has answered +the needs of the people speaking it for a long +period of years, and it is not doubted that it will continue +the speech for colloquial intercourse of many +thousands of people in Pennsylvania for many years +to come. It were far better if English could be made +to take its place for all purposes, but with the knowledge +we have of the tenacity with which a people will +cling to a language or to a dialect, often under the +most adverse conditions, we are made to believe, that +the day of its disappearance is very remote. Its +tenacity is one of the proofs of its quality, and while it +has no literary merit in the sense of High German, it +is yet wonderfully resourceful in expression, and capable +of the sublimest pathos. Whoever is familiar +with Harbaugh’s “Gedichte in Pennsylvanisch +Deutscher Mundart,” will testify to the fact that it is +capable of awakening the tenderest emotions of the +human heart.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_113">[Pg 113]</span></p> + + +<p class="ph3">THE ENGLISH INFUSION.</p> + +<p>Since the abolition of the German schools, Pennsylvania +German has suffered much by the English +infusion into the dialect. Before that time the infusion +was not nearly as great. Words which +approach nearest to pure German have suffered the +most in having their places usurped by English. The +man of middle life who is familiar with the dialect +will remember when it contained many pure German +words, and many others nearly pure, some of which +are yet heard occasionally spoken by the older people, +but with the generation now coming on all such words +have been superseded by English, and too often by +worse English relatively, than the quality of the German +the places of which it has taken. It is not more +than a generation and a half ago, since the following +words, and many more equally good were in common +use by Pennsylvania Germans, but which have since +then almost entirely disappeared from the dialect: +Zum beispiel (for example), billige’—billigen (approve), +ei’richte’—einrichten (arrange), überi’schtimme’—übereinschtimmen +(to agree), schtimzettle +(ballot), dampkessel—dampfkessel (boiler), ausser +(besides), g’schäft—geschäft (business), handel (dealings), +koffer (trunk), gerechtichkeit (justice), geniessen +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_114">[Pg 114]</span>(enjoy), genau (exact), entschuldigen (excuse), +ausführe—ausführen (execute), ausklären (explain), +erwarten (expect), wahl (election), öffentlicke versteigerung +(public vendue), gewalt (force), betrug +(humbug), in der that, wirklich (indeed), inwennig—inwendig +(inside), bares geld (cash), dreten—treten +(kick), vollständig (complete), liebes brief (love-letter), +einsam (lonesome), nachricht (notice), genunk—genug +(enough), g’falle’—gefallen (please), einfach +(plain), langsam (slow), studire’—studiren (study), +eichhörnche’—eichhörnchen (squirrel), klug (smart), +rauche’—rauchen (smoke), sicher (sure).</p> + +<p>This list could be extended so as to reach hundreds +of words, which would prove a much better quality of +the dialect in the past, than it now is and how it is +growing more debased by being robbed of legitimate +German words, which are its rightful inheritance. +This is manifestly the result of the abolition of German +schools, and the closer relation to English teaching +and English speaking. Foreign-born Germans +coming to this country and settling in English-speaking +communities, notwithstanding their German +training, will pick up many English words in a comparatively +short time, which they mix up in their +German speech, although they are thoroughly conversant +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_115">[Pg 115]</span>with their German equivalents. It would +seem as if the Pennsylvania German’s temptation +should be still greater to draw on English to enrich +his vocabulary because it is really deficient in expression, +while the newly-arrived German’s vocabulary is +adequate for all purposes, yet he is given to the use +of English words in almost the same degree as the +native born Pennsylvania German. The tendency of +all Germans to take up English in their native speech +is shown by the fact that those who live on the borders +of an English settlement employ more English words, +than those who live more remote from English-speaking +people.</p> + +<p>Pennsylvania German dialect writers vary greatly +in the number of English words which they employ. +Some do not make use of more than 1 German word +to 300 of English, while others make use of 1 to every +25. One dialect writer translated an English poem +of 600 words without the use of a single English word +and the entire translation is in the vernacular of the +Pennsylvania German.</p> + +<p>Humorous dialect writers make use of the largest +percentage of English words, not because they have +no German equivalents, but they think that it increases +the ludicrous features of their productions.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_116">[Pg 116]</span></p> + + +<p class="ph3">EXAMPLES OF PENNSYLVANIA GERMAN, AND PFÄLZISCH +COMPARED.</p> + +<p>The word “Pfälzisch” strictly speaking applies +only to the “Pfalz,” or the region formerly embraced +within the limits of the old state of the Palatinate, +but inasmuch as the Pfälzisch dialect has spread all +over South Germany, and even beyond, it has given +character to some of the other German dialects, so +the use of the word is justified in speaking of the +South German dialects generally.</p> + +<p>In spelling and pronunciation, Pennsylvania German +and Pfälzisch agree in many particulars. With +regard to some of the consonants, both use them interchangeably. +The Pennsylvania German will frequently +give t, the sound of d; b, of p; v, of w, and +<i>vice versa</i>. So will the South German. For example: +Both will say dode, for todt (dead); dochter, +for tochter (daughter); draurig, for traurig (sad); +dhier, for thür (door); deich, for teich (a swale); +bloge, for plage (to vex); blanscht, for pflanzt +(planted). They will also confuse the letters f, v, and +w, in similar fashion. The letters k, and g are made +to suffer in the same way, as for example in k’scher, +for geschirr (harness). The South German says +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_117">[Pg 117]</span>“nit” for nicht, while the Pennsylvania German will +substitute e, for i, and make it “net.”</p> + +<p>There are very many imperfect German words +in use both in Pennsylvania and in South Germany, +of which the following are a few examples: +The word “grumbeera” (potatoes) is in universal use +by the Germans in Pennsylvania, and is heard every +where in South Germany and east as far as Austria. +It is a corruption of a good German word, “grundbirn.” +The latter word is however rarely used by +German-speaking people, the word “kartoffeln” being +preferred. “Beera,” for birnen (pears); “pershing,” +for pfirsich (peach); “hinkel,” for hühner (chickens) +are all terms common to both dialects. The Germans +of Pennsylvania have the word “pattereesel,” or pattereesli, +for rebhuhn (partridge). This word seems +to come from the French <i>perdrix</i>, and is believed to +have been brought to Pennsylvania by Alsatians during +the early German emigration. The word is +heard in Alsace and German Lorraine. The Germans +corrupted the French word by giving it its +diminutive form, by adding the suffix “eesli,” a custom +which prevails largely among Germans, as for example: +For hund (dog), they have “hundli,” for mädchen +(girl), they make maedli, and very many other similar +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_118">[Pg 118]</span>diminutives. The Germans of Alsace and Lorraine +have lived neighbors to the French for so long a time, +that their speech has acquired a considerable number +of French words and idioms, which have become much +corrupted.</p> + +<p>Some of this corrupted French was no doubt +brought here by German emigrants who came from +the borders of France.</p> + +<p>There are a number of other words in use by +the Pennsylvania Germans which cannot be traced to +any German origin. The Germans living along the +Delaware river always speak of that stream as the +“reffeer.” This term cannot be traced to any German +origin, and is most likely a corruption of the +French <i>riviere</i> for river. Pennsylvania Germans +also speak of a river as a “rewwer,” or “revver.”</p> + +<p>There are certain words in use by Pennsylvania +Germans that are wholly misapplied, and which have +no relation to the sense in which they are used. This +is the result of a misconception of what certain things +were, which they found when they came here, and +with which they were not familiar. They associated +those with things they heard mentioned in Germany, +believing that the two were the same and in that way +misapplied certain terms.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_119">[Pg 119]</span></p> + +<p>The term “<i>pomeranze</i>” is an example of this misapplication +of terms. The Pennsylvania Germans +make use of this word to designate a “tomato,” while +the word is the German term for an orange. In some +parts of Pennsylvania the word pomeranze has been +corrupted into “gomeranze” or “gumeranze.” The +German for tomato is <i>liebesapfel</i>. The manner in +which the P. G. have fallen into the error of designating +tomatoes as pomeranze has been explained in this +way. In the days of the Palatine emigration tomatoes +were unknown in the Palatinate, but oranges were +known there, but their use was confined to the rich +and well-to-do. When the Palatine peasants came to +Pennsylvania, they found tomatoes, and mistook them +for <i>pomeranze</i> (oranges)—hence the erroneous designation +of tomatoes, which still remains. There are +other similar misapplication of terms.</p> + +<hr class="tb"> + +<p>The following expressions were heard in South +Germany, and a note made of them at the time: At +Speyer: “Na ich denk net” (no I think not); “ich will +’mohl sana” (I’ll see); “was hen sie don g’doon” (what +have you done); “ich will ken koffee” (I don’t want +coffee); “ich nem en achtel wei’” (I take an eighth of a +liter wine). The Pfälzer drop the final n, in words +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_120">[Pg 120]</span>like nein, stein, wein, making them nei’, wei’, and so +on. The Pennsylvania Germans do the same to a +very large extent.</p> + +<p>At a Volksfest, not far from Speyer was heard: +“Ich wase net;” “es is fier uhr, bal’ zeit fur erfrischung +(refreshment);” “ich nem e’ bissel wurst;” +“geb mir e’ halb liter bier;” “ich glaab nit os getreide +(wheat) guth g’rode is, wie letscht johr.” Children +playing at Heidelberg: “Wu is dei’ balla +(where is your ball);” “hasht en ferlora?” “sehn +’mohl dort de geilla (horses).” Strolling through a +narrow street a woman followed a cat out of house, +when she was accosted by one of her neighbors, who +said “dort geht dei kats,” to which she replied: “Ja +die kats schpringed immer zum finschter naus, ich kan +sie gar net im haus halte.” That such German should +be heard within the very shadow of the great University +at Heidelberg, must shock the erudite writers of +magazine and newspaper articles, who have made the +discovery that Pennsylvania “Dutch,” is a mere jargon, +bearing no relation to any known language.</p> + +<p>South Germany is not alone however, in the kind +of idiomatic German here mentioned. The following +was heard in classic Dresden. A lady made some inquiry +of a police officer about a railway train, to which +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_121">[Pg 121]</span>he replied: “Na,—wid mit em pferdebahn geh’, +oder mit em electrische-bahn?” She answered: “Es +is mir gans einerlei.” Question. “Gehen sie nach +Berlin?” Answer. “Ja.” The officer replied: +“Den nemmen sie besser den zug os dort dro’wa +schteht.”</p> + +<hr class="tb"> + +<p>It may be some satisfaction for a Pennsylvania +German to know that there are people who speak +a German dialect, compared to which his own may +make some pretensions of being classic. He can +have his pride gratified in that respect, by a visit to the +extreme southern part of Baden, and the adjoining +cantons in Switzerland. For example, in a weingarten +at Neuhausen: “Ne’ für den scha’ i’ ne’; er zahlt +ni’, (für ihn arbeit ich nicht, er bezahlt nicht);” “ne’ +i’ ha’ ni’ (no I have not);” “ge’sht mid nach Scha’haus’ +i’ bin zurick vor siev’ uhr (gehen sie mit nach +Schaffhausen, bin wieder zurick bis sieben uhr); ich +gla’ es net (ich glaube es nicht).” It will be noticed +that the foregoing examples of Swiss patois, are much +inferior to Pennsylvania German. The dropping of +final consonants and frequently of entire final syllables, +is exasperating to those not accustomed to it.</p> + +<p>In the foregoing comparison of the Pennsylvania +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_122">[Pg 122]</span>German and Pfälzisch dialects, the mode of spelling +has been generally followed, which will produce the +sound with which Pennsylvania Germans are familiar, +according to English pronunciation. This is deemed +necessary, because by spelling Pennsylvania German +words on the basis of literary or High German, would +make them unintelligible to Pennsylvania German +readers, who have no knowledge of literary or High +German.</p> + +<p>The reader will find an extension of comparisons +of Pennsylvania and South German words in the Appendix +to this volume; together with their High German, +and English equivalents.</p> + +<figure class="figcenter illowp100" id="image155" style="width: 12.5em;"> + <img class="w100" src="images/image155.jpg" alt=""> +</figure> + + +<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop"> +<div class="chapter"> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_123">[Pg 123]</span></p> + + + <h2 class="nobreak" id="CHAPTER_X"> + CHAPTER X. + <br> + THE GERMAN AND DUTCH LANGUAGES. + </h2> +</div> + +<blockquote> +<p class="hanging-indent1">Old Dutch the Basis of all Germanic Languages.—The +Separation of Dutch and German.—The +two Grew Wide Apart.—Affinity of Dutch and +English Languages.—The Saxon Dialect.—Literary +High German.</p> +</blockquote> + + +<p>Before the revival of learning in Europe, the German +and Dutch languages pursued the same lines; +but after that period they began to separate, and have +since developed into two distinct languages.</p> + +<p>The German language is spoken by the people of +the German empire; by about 60 per cent. of those +of Austria, and of about 71 per cent. of those of +Switzerland. The Dutch language is spoken by the +inhabitants of the Netherlands, and it is claimed to +be identical, with only slight differences, with the +Flemish language spoken by the Low German inhabitants +of Belgium.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_124">[Pg 124]</span></p> + +<p>There was a time when Old Dutch embraced the +whole of the Teutonic, or Germanic race, and when +the Dutch language included the Teutonic, or German +language in all its forms. During the Middle +Ages, there was little difference between the various +Teutonic forms. Changes began to develop with the +revival of learning in Europe, about the fifteenth century. +After that time, Modern Dutch and Modern +German became divorced, and the differences which +at first separated them, continued to increase during a +period of more than four centuries, until at this day +they have grown wide apart. The changes which +have taken place in their spelling, pronunciation, +phonology, and inflection of words, resulted in two +distinct languages, each with a history of its own, and +two nations with little or no homogeneity.</p> + +<p>When the two languages began to pursue divergent +lines, the Anglo-Saxon and the Dutch seem to +have continued on parallel lines for a long period, so +that the affinity between those two languages is even +greater, than that which exists between the German +and Dutch. The Dutch language of to-day bears a +striking resemblance to the same language as it existed +for three hundred years, beginning with the +twelfth century, during which period the German +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_125">[Pg 125]</span>pursued nearly the same lines. Learning was at a +low ebb during those years, and the development of +all languages from their ruder forms to that of a more +cultivated was slow.</p> + +<p>After the separation of the German and Dutch +languages, the former was composed of numerous dialects, +many of which still continue in their modified +forms, but a few of them disappeared, while others +became widely separated from their conditions during +the Middle Ages. One of the principal dialects was +of Saxon origin. It made more progress in traveling +away from Old Middle Dutch, than any of the other +dialects, and in the course of time it became the favorite +dialect of the more cultivated classes, and writers +began to make use of it for literary purposes. Other +German dialects found very little difficulty in adjusting +themselves to it, so that German authors, historians, +and poets adopted it, and it was thus that it became +the literary, or High German language of all +German speaking people. A chief influence which +gave great emphasis to the making of the Saxon dialect +the literary language of all Germans, was on account +of Martin Luther selecting it for his translation +of the Bible. That gave it its pre-eminence over all +the other numerous dialects, and it will no doubt continue, +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_126">[Pg 126]</span>for all time the means by which Germans +everywhere throughout the world, will express the +thoughts of their inspiration, in poetry, music, and +song.</p> + +<hr class="tb"> + +<p>Specimens of the same text, showing the affinity +of the English, Dutch, and German Languages.</p> + + +<p class="ph3">ENGLISH.</p> + +<p>1. In the beginning was the Word, and the Word +was with God and the Word was God. 2. +The same was in the beginning with God. +3. All things were made by him; and without +him was not anything made that was made. +4. In him was life; and the life was the light of men. +5. And the light shineth in darkness; and the darkness +comprehended it not. 6. There was a man sent +from God whose name was John. 7. The same came +for a witness, to bear witness of the Light, that all +men through him might believe.—St. John, chap. 1. +V. 1-7.</p> + + +<p class="ph3">DUTCH.</p> + +<p>1. In den beginne was het woord, en het woord +was bij God, en het woord was God. 2. Dit was in +den beginne bij God. 3. Alle dingen zijn door hetzelve +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_127">[Pg 127]</span>gemaakt, en zonder hetzelve is geen ding gemaakt, +dat gemaakt is. 4. In hetzelve was het leven, +en het leven was het licht der menschen. 5. En het +licht schijnt in de duisternis, en de duisternis heeft +het niet begrepen. 6. Daar was een mensch van God +gezonden, wiens naam was Johannes. 7. Deze kwam +tot een getuigenis, om van het licht te getuigen, opdat +allen door hem gelooven zouden.</p> + + +<p class="ph3">GERMAN.</p> + +<p>1. Im Anfang war das Wort, und das Wort war +bei Gott, und Gott war das Wort. 2. Dasselbige war +im Anfang bei Gott. 3. Alle Dinge sind durch dasselbige +gemacht, und ohne dasselbige ist nichts gemacht, +was gemacht ist. 4. In ihm war des Leben, +und das Leben war das Licht der Menschen. 5. Und +das Licht scheinet in der Finsterniss, und die Finsterniss +haben es nicht begriffen. 6. Es ward ein Mensch +von Gott gesandt, der hiess Johannes. 7. Derselbige +kam zum Zeugniss, das er von dem Licht zeugete, und +das sie Alle durch ihn glaubten.</p> + +<hr class="tb"> + +<p>The following version from Caedmon, on the Creation, +is a specimen of Anglo-Saxon in King Alfred’s +time, about A. D. 885.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_128">[Pg 128]</span></p> + +<p>Nu we sceolan herian heofon-rices weard, metodes +mihte and his mod-geponc wera wuldor-faeder swa he +wundra gehwaes ece dryhten cord onstealde.</p> + + +<p class="ph3">LITERAL ENGLISH VERSION.</p> + +<p>Now we must praise the guardian of heaven’s +kingdom, the Creator’s might, and his mind’s thought, +glorious Father of men, as of every wonder he, Lord +eternal, formed the beginning.</p> + +<figure class="figcenter illowp100" id="image128" style="width: 12.5em;"> + <img class="w100" src="images/image128.jpg" alt=""> +</figure> + + +<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop"> +<div class="chapter"> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_129">[Pg 129]</span></p> + + + <h2 class="nobreak" id="CHAPTER_XI"> + CHAPTER XI. + <br> + SCHOOLS, CHURCHES, AND RELIGIOUS SECTS. + </h2> +</div> + +<blockquote> +<p class="hanging-indent1">Early schools in Pennsylvania.—German Schools.—Churches, +and Religious Sects.—Lutherans Predominate.—German +Reformed Numerous.—Swedish +Lutherans.—Moravians, and other Sects.</p> +</blockquote> + + +<p>With the founding of Penn’s province, and the +organization of a civil government for it, there was +established a moral code in which the principles of +the Quaker sect furnished the groundwork; but it was +not the purpose of Penn to exclude persons of any religious +sect, from participation in the new political +regime which he had set up. He opened wide the +doors to people of different mind and faith from himself. +The only conditions imposed were, that all who +came should be peaceably disposed, and loyal to the +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_130">[Pg 130]</span>government which was erected by him. To that end +schools and churches were established at a very early +day; first by the Quakers; then by the adherents of +the Anglican church, and the Germans soon followed +in their footsteps.</p> + +<p>The German emigrants embarking for America +were often furnished with religious books, chief among +which was “Arndt’s Wahres Christenthum,” which +not many generations ago was found in the family +of almost every Pennsylvania German, and it no +doubt still serves the purpose of offering consolation +to many German readers. Ministers often accompanied +the emigrants on the same ship, as also did +school teachers. The latter would frequently read +printed sermons, and prayers to the people when the +supply of ministers was short.</p> + +<p>By far the larger portion of the German emigrants +who came to Pennsylvania were Lutherans and German +Reformed,—the Lutherans predominating. +There also came German Quakers, Mennonites and +later German Catholics, Dunkers, Schwenkfelders, +Moravians, and a few minor sects.</p> + +<p>The Lutherans and German Reformed embraced +the tenets of the Reformation in their native country +at an early day, and when they began to emigrate to +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_131">[Pg 131]</span>Pennsylvania, they brought with them the germs of +their religious convictions, which were soon planted +in the new soil, where they grew into flourishing +churches.</p> + +<p>There were however Lutherans within the limits +of Pennsylvania before the granting of the province to +Penn, and before the Germans came here. About +1638 a small colony of Swedes made a settlement a +short distance from where the city of Philadelphia +was afterwards founded. Pastors were sent to them +from Sweden, who organized a Lutheran church, +where its members were worshipping God according +to their conscience, when their countryman Gustavus +Adolphus was fighting for religious freedom in +Europe.</p> + +<p>Dutch Lutherans from Holland, established a +church at New Amsterdam (New York), a few years +prior to the founding of the Swedish church near Philadelphia. +The Holland Lutherans were the subjects +of much persecution in their new home, on account of +their non-conformity with the Calvinistic religion, +which was chiefly in vogue. After the English captured +New Amsterdam from the Dutch in 1664, they +gained religious freedom.</p> + +<p>The Lutheran Church however did not become an +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_132">[Pg 132]</span>organized religious hierarchy until Melchoir Muhlenberg +was sent to America, upon application to the +Lutheran pastors in London, to look after the Lutherans +in the colonies. He arrived in 1742, and immediately +proceeded to organize the church by which +he earned the title of the “Patriarch of the Lutheran +Church in the United States.” He was highly educated, +and while pastor in New York, he preached +three times every Sunday in as many languages viz: +German, Dutch and English.</p> + +<p>John Peter Gabriel Muhlenberg, son of the former, +born in Montgomery county, Pa., became even +more distinguished than his father. He was clergyman, +soldier, and statesman. He went to Woodstock, +Va., to preach in 1772, where he was serving a Lutheran +Congregation when the Revolution broke out. +One Sunday after the services were finished, he threw +off his gown in the pulpit, displaying a military uniform; +read his commission as a colonel, and ordered +the drums to beat for recruits. He served with distinction +during the war; rose to the rank of Major-General; +served in Congress after the war, and was +elected to the United States Senate from Pennsylvania +in 1801. He died near Philadelphia Oct. 1, +1807.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_133">[Pg 133]</span></p> + +<p>The Lutherans compose an evangelical body of +Christians who have as a basis for their creed the +Augsburg Confession.</p> + +<hr class="tb"> + +<p><span class="smcap">The german reformed church</span>, in the United +States owes its origin to the Reformed churches of +Switzerland and Germany, of which Zwingli and Calvin +were the most prominent leaders. Rev. Michael +Schlatter was to the Reformed Church in the United +States and Pennsylvania, what Muhlenberg was to +the Lutheran. He was sent here by the Synod of +Holland in 1746, and with his coming the Church began +its organized existence as a united ecclesiastical +body; although such eminent clergymen as Johann +Philip Boehm, and George Michael Weiss preceded +him several years, preaching to various Reformed congregations +in Pennsylvania.</p> + +<p>The Reformed Church is Calvinistic, and the +Heidelberg Catechism is the only confession of faith +recognized by it.</p> + +<hr class="tb"> + +<p><span class="smcap">Mennonites.</span>—This sect arose in Switzerland in +1525. It was named for Menno Simons, the founder +of the sect, whose members differ in matters of religious +belief from some of the other evangelical +churches, among other things in opposing infant baptism, +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_134">[Pg 134]</span>the taking of oaths, accepting civil offices, and +bearing arms. They suffered great persecution in +Switzerland where the sect had its origin. After +Penn offered religious freedom in his new province, +they emigrated to Pennsylvania, where they formed +a society at Germantown as early as 1683.</p> + +<hr class="tb"> + +<p><span class="smcap">Dunkers.</span>—The doctrine of the Dunkers is similar +to that of the Mennonites, only differing with respect +to baptism, with regard to which they believe in trine +immersion. They are also known as German American +Baptists; but they call themselves Brethren. +They arose in Germany about 1709, and after being +much persecuted they emigrated to Pennsylvania +during the first quarter of the last century.</p> + + +<p><span class="smcap">Schwenkfelders.</span>—Hans Kasper von Schwenkfeld +was born in Silesia in 1490. He was in the service +of the Duke of Leignitz, when he embraced the +Reformation; but later took issue with Luther, concerning +his teaching with regard to the Lord’s Supper. +He denied that there was any change in the +elements employed in the sacrament. He founded a +church, which would conform to his ideas, which +brought him in conflict with the Reformers, whose +antagonism drove him from his home to Strassburg, +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_135">[Pg 135]</span>where he was tried for heresy and banished. Most of +his followers emigrated to Pennsylvania in 1734.</p> + +<hr class="tb"> + +<p><span class="smcap">Moravians.</span>—This sect takes its name from one +of its principal seats in the fifteenth century, which +was Moravia. Its official name is the <i>Unitas Fratrum</i>. +The martyrdom of John Huss, gave rise to +the church, and was founded by his followers at Lititz +in Bohemia in 1457. Its fundamental doctrines are +in harmony with other evangelical churches.</p> + +<p>They began to arrive in America in 1735, and established +a colony in Georgia; and in 1740, they came +to Pennsylvania, and founded Bethlehem and several +other places; the former continuing its chief seat in +the United States.</p> + +<hr class="tb"> + +<p><span class="smcap">Catholics.</span>—Among the emigrants to Pennsylvania +in the last century were numerous German Catholics. +As an ecclesiastical body they do not differ from their +English-speaking co-religionists. The Roman Catholic +Church antedates all other Christian churches. +Catholics claim that Christ conferred special attributes +on Peter, making him the rock on which the +church is built. The primary of Peter as one of the +apostles is perpetuated in the Pope of Rome, who as +Peter’s successor “enjoys not merely a pre-eminence +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_136">[Pg 136]</span>of honor, but a real, immediate jurisdiction over the +entire church, and over each of its members.”</p> + +<hr class="tb"> + +<p><span class="smcap">Minor Sects.</span>—There were other minor sects +among the early arrivals: Mystics, who believe in a +pure, sublime and wholly disinterested devotion, who +claim that they have direct intercourse with the divine +Spirit, and that they gain a knowledge of God and of +spiritual things by the natural intellect, and as such +cannot be analyzed or explained. Separatists who +dissent from all sects, and refuse to conform to any +church government. Inspirationists, who believe that +inspiration extends to the very words and forms of +expression of the divine message. All these were +represented in the early German emigration.</p> + +<hr class="tb"> + +<p><span class="smcap">Methodists.</span>—During the period of German emigration +into Pennsylvania, no German speaking Methodists +came here, because Methodism had not gained +any foothold among the Germans at that time, although +since then it has spread largely among the +Pennsylvania Germans. Methodism did not make its +appearance in the province of Pennsylvania until long +after George Whitfield, who led the advance guard of +Methodism in the United States came here to preach +the new tenets of the sect. Its first organized existence +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_137">[Pg 137]</span>in America dates with the building of the famous +old “John Street Chapel,” in New York in 1763, +which is believed to be the first Methodist church +erected in the Western Hemisphere. There are other +religious sects among the Pennsylvania Germans, but +they are off-shoots of other denominations, and had +no existence among the early emigrants. There are +numerous descendants of Pennsylvania Germans who +after they became Anglicized, joined other evangelical +denominations, such as the Presbyterian, Episcopal +and other churches.</p> + +<figure class="figcenter illowp100" id="image137_2" style="width: 12.5em;"> + <img class="w100" src="images/image137.jpg" alt=""> +</figure> + + +<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop"> +<div class="chapter"> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_138">[Pg 138]</span></p> + + + <h2 class="nobreak" id="CHAPTER_XII"> + CHAPTER XII. + <br> + SOCIAL LIFE AND DOMESTIC CUSTOMS. + </h2> +</div> + +<blockquote> +<p class="hanging-indent1">The German Home.—German Hospitality.—Consideration +for Strangers.—Inherited Traits and +Customs.—Mode of Living.—Folk Lore.—Teutonic +Myths and Legends.—Holidays and Religious +Festivals.—Christmas.—City and Rural +Life.—German Politeness.</p> +</blockquote> + + +<p>When the large stream of German emigration +poured into Pennsylvania, chiefly from South Germany, +it found none of the conditions here by which +the emigrants had been surrounded at home. The +new order of things made certain changes in their +mode of life necessary, but so far as the new conditions +would permit, they retained their inherited +traits, social and domestic customs, nearly all of which +have come down to the present generation. In some +instances they have borrowed from their English-speaking +neighbors, while the latter have in return +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_139">[Pg 139]</span>borrowed largely, from the predominant German element.</p> + +<p>But in the main, the social customs and domestic +habits brought by the ancestors of the Pennsylvania +Germans from the fatherland were continued, and remain +to this day with little change, both among the +latter and their kinsmen in the Rhine country.</p> + +<p>The resemblance of these customs and habits are +most striking, among the Germans in the rural districts +of Pennsylvania, and among the peasantry of +South Germany, for the simple reason that the fixed +habits, and traits of a people, are longest preserved by +the great body of the rural population.</p> + +<p>A marked characteristic of all Germans everywhere, +is their “home life.” Nowhere do we find +such cheerful sunny homes, as among the Germans. +No matter how humble the home, or how poor the +family may be, the first consideration always is, to live +for home and family where cheerfulness, and affection +reign supreme. That these virtues prevail among +other people there is no doubt, but the Germans are +believed to excel in this respect.</p> + +<p>The German mode of living is simple, plain and +economical; heightened by a friendly hospitality. +With regard to these traits the Pennsylvania Germans +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_140">[Pg 140]</span>retain their racial characteristics. There is a single +domestic virtue universal among them, which serves +to illustrate their character in this respect, and to +prove their disinterested friendship. They always receive +and entertain strangers with generous hospitality. +If one should come among them unexpectedly +at meal time, an extra seat is at once provided, and the +stranger asked to join the family at the table. These invitations +are never perfunctory, but are extended in the +hope that they will be accepted. Should the stranger +be overtaken by night, a spare bed is always provided +for such occasions. These characteristics have been +the subject of frequent remark, by people traveling +among the Germans in the rural districts of Pennsylvania.</p> + +<p>In connection with the subject of the Pennsylvania +German’s spare bed, a kind word may be in order +for the traditional feather bed which seems to be an +indispensable feature of every Pennsylvania German +household. The often derided feather bed is a distinctive +German institution, and is found everywhere +in Germany at this day, in winter and summer. No +matter what the season, the feather quilt is found +neatly folded at the foot of the bed ready for use, in +case the emergency calls for it, so that its existence +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_141">[Pg 141]</span>to-day in Pennsylvania is an honest inheritance from +the ancestors of the Pennsylvania Germans, who +brought the custom with them when they first came +here, and where it has held its own ever since, as one +of the settled household institutions.</p> + +<p>While the Pennsylvania Germans retain many of +the customs of their kinsmen on the other side of the +Atlantic there is one particular in which the former +have made a wide departure. In Germany the peasantry +are all crowded in small villages, in striking +contrast to the Pennsylvania farmers who live on their +large well-tilled farms, in palatial farm houses which +tell of opulence and luxury. In Germany the peasantry +are living in small <i>dorfs</i>, where the houses are +all built of stone most of which are several centuries +old; situated on narrow streets, so as to take up as +little of the valuable ground as possible; the houses +are often situated in such close proximity to the cows, +pigs and hens as to make it appear as if all belonged +to the same household. This last condition is however +an exception to the rule, for as a general rule the +German peasant homes, are clean and wholesome, although +furnished in the plainest manner. The first +floors are frequently of stone; carpets are rarely seen +in the houses of peasants, and even among the higher +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_142">[Pg 142]</span>classes, floors are usually painted; kept scrupulously +clean; and ornamented with rugs.</p> + +<p>The universal passion of the Germans for flowers +and other ornamentation is often shown by the poorest +peasants, but their almost constant employment in +the fields, prevents them from indulging their instincts +in that direction to any great extent, but they +neglect no opportunity to do so, whenever it is possible.</p> + +<p>The German instinct for flowers is strongly exhibited +by the Pennsylvania German women. There +are not many, who do not find time to give some attention +to their cultivation. The yard of nearly every +Pennsylvania German farm house bears testimony to +this fact. There are few houses in rural Pennsylvania +the surroundings of which are not more or less +beautified by flowering plants, often of the choicest +kinds; while the poorer people are often content, with +a few roses; the fragrant honeysuckle; and sometimes +the unpretentious dahlia and sunflower, are made to +attest their love of the beautiful.</p> + +<p>There are certain kinds of labor performed by the +German women in their native country, which are +also performed by German women in rural Pennsylvania. +They attend to the milking, look after the +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_143">[Pg 143]</span>poultry, and attend to the garden, in addition to their +regular household duties. They also assist not infrequently +at certain kinds of work in the fields. These +customs still prevail largely in Germany, but it is a +satisfaction to note, that the custom is growing into +disfavor in Pennsylvania more every year, and it is +to be hoped that the chivalry of the Pennsylvania +German farmers will soon relegate the practice wholly +to the rear, as a custom out of consonance with the +spirit of the times.</p> + +<hr class="tb"> + +<p>There are many articles of diet peculiar to the +Pennsylvania Germans to which most people have +been strangers until they acquired the knowledge +from them. For instance,—“Scrapple” (P. G. pan-haas), +which the “Standard Dictionary” defines as an +“article of food made by boiling meal or flour with +scraps of pork, chopped hog’s liver, and kidneys, and +seasoning, and served in fried slices;” then adds that +it originated among the “Pennsylvania Dutch.” It +did not originate among the “Pennsylvania Dutch” +because in the first place there are no such people, and +in the next place it is a common article of food in the +Rhine Pfalz, whence the early German emigrants +brought it to Pennsylvania.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_144">[Pg 144]</span></p> + +<p>The origin of the word “pan-haas,” (English pan-hare, +or pan-rabbit), is a puzzle, but it probably belongs +to that class of slang words, of which “welsh +rabbit;” “blind robin,” and the like are specimens.</p> + +<p>“Sauer-kraut,” a dish at one time associated with +things vulgar and regarded as not “good form” to eat +by the more aesthetic people, has forged its way to +the front, until it has acquired a very respectable +standing. It is of purely German origin, and supplied +the larder of the Hessian soldiers as one of their +chief articles of diet when they embarked for America +during the Revolutionary War. “Schnits and +knepp.”—sliced apples, and dumplings, cooked with +pork, is another purely German dish, for which the +Pennsylvania Germans are indebted to the fatherland. +The so-called “Dutch cheese,” is merely the +“Mainzer käse,” of Germany, so named after the city +of Mainz on the Rhine. “Smear-case,” from the +German “schmier-käse,” is also a native of the Pfalz. +There is an endless variety of articles of food, and +their manner of preparation for the table in vogue +among the Pennsylvania Germans, which are inheritances +from their ancestors who brought the art with +them, when they emigrated to Pennsylvania.</p> + +<p>The custom of feasting at funerals among the Germans +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_145">[Pg 145]</span>in Pennsylvania, has been a subject of much +comment by English-speaking people, also prevails in +Germany to a limited extent. It is there confined to +a few simple refreshments for guests, especially for +those who come some distance to attend the funeral. +The somewhat extravagant feasts prepared by the +Germans in Pennsylvania on the occasion of funerals, +may be the result of their greater ability to provide +liberally for their guests; but there is no doubt that +the custom is the outgrowth of the disposition of good-will, +and benevolence so characteristic of the Germans +everywhere. Relatives are always invited to attend +funerals by the Pennsylvania Germans, and they +often come long distances, to manifest their sympathy +on such occasions, and it would be regarded a great +breach of civility and of friendship, to send the relatives +away, without inviting them to partake of the +hospitalities of the house of mourning; and to refuse +to accept such an invitation, would be regarded an +equal breach of decorum toward the bereaved family.</p> + +<p>The similarity of the domestic customs of the +Pennsylvania Germans and their Palatine kinsmen, +are exhibited in many ways; but it does not stop with +their social habits and domestic customs. Much of +their folk-lore, legendary romances, and Teutonic +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_146">[Pg 146]</span>myths, which have come down the ages, and which +are the inheritances of all German-speaking races are +alike. The Rhine traditions being the most recent +are best preserved.</p> + +<p>The resemblances can be traced in many of the +usages and beliefs common to both; in their religious +observances, and manner of worship; agricultural festivals; +customs at weddings; the “home-bringings,” +courtship, making acquaintances; old-fashioned methods +of work; neighborly gathering of friends to aid +in certain kinds of work, called by the English-speaking +people a “bee,” such as a husking bee; a barn +raising bee, and the like, which is called by the Pennsylvania +Germans in their dialect a “frolic” which +would seem to indicate that they borrowed the term +from the English, but it is more likely that it is a corruption +of the German word “<i>fröhlich</i>,” because on +such occasions all hands are gay, jovial, and make +merry, which is usually heightened by “liquid refreshments,” +followed when the work is done by a +great feast. Among the common beliefs, more particularly +among the less informed are certain superstitions; +belief in fairies, and hobgoblins, and ghosts; +lucky and unlucky days; the influence of certain +planets on the elements, upon which subject they have +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_147">[Pg 147]</span>a vast amount of weather lore; belief in the curative +power of magic; “pow-wow” and the like. These +and many more are superstitions, customs and beliefs, +not altogether handed down traditionally, and communicated +from generation to generation, but most +of them have been preserved in the literature of folk-lore +of which the Germans have produced the larger +part. The word folk-lore comes from the German +<i>Volk</i>, people, and <i>Lehre</i> learning. So that the traditions +of peasants, and uneducated people, are merely +the result of that which was at one time believed by +all classes.</p> + +<p>Even at this day much of the ancient folk-lore is +found to exist, and rigidly believed in by some of the +most intelligent people, as well as among the rudest +and most uncultivated people. How many people are +there who would care to start on a long sea voyage on +a Friday; or go unattended through a lonely graveyard +on a night of inky darkness?</p> + +<p>Many church and festal days, observed in the +Pfalz, are still complied with by the Pennsylvania +Germans; although the tendency with regard to their +observance is growing feebler every year. The man +of middle life will remember the time when such +days as Good Friday, Ascension Day, Whitsuntide, +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_148">[Pg 148]</span>and other church days were rigidly observed by attending +religious services in the morning, and spending +the remainder of the day in social recreation, by +visiting friends and relatives, and in other similar +diversions.</p> + +<p>Those days are still devoted to similar enjoyments +in Germany. A great deal of this social recreation in +Germany takes place in wine halls; beer and music +gardens on all festal occasions as well as on Sundays. +The Germans are a church-going people on Sunday +mornings, but the afternoons are devoted to recreations, +which as a general rule lead to the music gardens, +where beer and wine are dispensed. This mixing +of beer, music, and religion on Sunday is one of +the things which few of our American Sabbatarians +can understand, because they view it from the standpoint +of what they see of drinking in their own country. +And it must be admitted, that it is seriously +doubted, whether a quiet and orderly Sunday could +be had in this country, if the same freedom were allowed. +If the doors of the saloons in this country +were thrown wide open as they are in Germany from +eleven o’clock in the morning until eleven at night, +drunken revels would follow with almost absolute certainty, +while such a thing as drunkenness is almost +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_149">[Pg 149]</span>wholly unknown in South Germany. The people +there drink scarcely any spirits, but confine themselves +to beer, and light wines. This is not true of the +North German states, for there the people drink +spirits, and a good deal of drunkenness prevails. The +Germans as a rule drink moderately. The whole family +goes to the beer garden, or the wine hall, and a +<i>liter</i> of beer suffices for all, and they will spend an +hour or more over that quantity, while the American +style of drinking would in the same length of time +produce more or less intoxication by reason of the +quantity consumed, much of which is due to the +habit of “treating” which does not prevail in Germany. +A German familiar with the American custom +with regard to drinking expressed the difference +between the two countries tersely when he remarked: +“In Deutschland trinken die leute bier, aber in +Amerika saufen sie es.”</p> + +<p>Christmas is the great religious festal day of the +Germans, as it has become with most Christian people +everywhere within recent years. With the Pennsylvania +Germans it always held first place, as it has with +their kinsmen across the sea, from whom the former +inherited all the essential characteristics of its observance, +such as the merry-makings, family re-unions, +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_150">[Pg 150]</span>and other social recreations. Christmas is especially +a German holiday. To them it is largely due that +the day has been shorn of its early ascetic character, +and has been succeeded by a day of sunny cheerfulness, +and general good-will. The Germans have surrounded +it with much poetic sentiment, in addition to +its religious aspect; and while the domestic sentiment +is always uppermost with them, it is at Christmas +that this sentiment is most strongly exemplified. +With Christmas eve the festival commences +with them. All Pennsylvania German children +look forward to that evening with great anxiety. +That is the evening for the “Bellsnickle” to put in his +appearance in hideous disguise to look after naughty +boys and girls, and when he distributes his gifts in the +shape of nuts and cakes by throwing them on the +floor, woe to any youngster who dares to pick +any of them up, for if he attempts to do so, he will be +sure to get a sound whack on his back with a whip +which this fright of the children carries with him. +The “Bellsnickle” is a purely German character, and +does not seem to belong to any other people who have +not derived the character from the Germans. The +name is supposed to come from the words “peltz” skin, +or a furred coat, and “nickle,” a dirty person, as the +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_151">[Pg 151]</span>make-up of the character resembles such a combination.</p> + +<p>To offset the Bellsnickle there is the patron saint +of the little children, good Kriss Kringle, from the +German <i>Christ-kindlein</i>—Christ child—who brings +the children happiness with their “Weinacht-gaschenk” +a word which conveys a much more poetic +sentiment than the commonplace English phrase of +“Christmas present.” Most of the Christmas stories +which delight children so much, come from the Germans.</p> + +<hr class="tb"> + +<p>The Germans have many holidays. Sometimes +the most trivial event furnishes the occasion for a +festal day. The birthdays of their princes, and distinguished +soldiers and statesmen, are made interesting +events in the lives of the people themselves, by the +elaborate manner in which they celebrate them. +Among the Germans the birthday of every member +of the family is observed in some way. This custom +prevails to some extent among the Pennsylvania Germans, +but it is mainly confined to the celebration of +the birthdays of aged people, especially of parents, +grandparents, and of young children. The Moravians +still continue the custom of celebrating the birthdays +in some form, of all the members of their families.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_152">[Pg 152]</span></p> + +<p>The hard lives of the early German immigrants in +Pennsylvania, had the effect to dispel much of the +cheer of the happy homes, which still surrounds the +firesides of their kinsmen in the Rhine country; and +in these days the Pennsylvania Germans have acquired +the universal contagion of Americans, of the +mad rush after wealth, which robs them of many of +the sunny pleasures of the Germans in their native +land, about which Americans know very little.</p> + +<p>If the emigrants that come from Germany in +these days, should seem to negative the conditions of +the happy German homes herein mentioned, the reply +is, that they are not intended to embrace the Germans +that come from the eastern part of Germany +where the land is poor and the people still poorer. +Very few emigrants come from the region once embraced +in the old state of the Palatinate to the United +States in these days, and the few that do come do not +make the change to improve their temporal welfare, +but to escape military duty, or the possibilities of +war, which is a continual menace to the peace of Germany. +While the German peasants in the Rhine +country are not rich, and enjoy but few of the luxuries +of the Pennsylvania German farmers, they have +an abundance of the actual necessities of life; live +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_153">[Pg 153]</span>comfortably, and are more contented and happier +than any other people in the same walk in life, in the +whole of Europe, and even possibly in this country.</p> + +<p>A striking characteristic of the Germans in their +own country is one of politeness, much of which they +soon forget after they come here, and their Pennsylvania +German kinsmen, do not any longer cultivate +that trait very assiduously; but in this respect they +are not behind the rest of their countrymen in democratic +America. It is also true, that there is often as +much genuine friendliness concealed beneath the +rougher exterior of the average American, as there is +in the more polished manner, and outward semblance +of the profusive manifestations of friendship of the +German, or Frenchman. It is a fact however that +Europeans generally are politer than Americans.</p> + +<p>Nowhere does one meet with more courteous consideration, +affability and manifestations of good-will, +than among the Germans in their native country. +This is true with regard to their daily intercourse, +and upon all informal occasions, and it’s heightened in +their intercourse with strangers.</p> + +<p>The urbane manner, and considerate courteousness +of the Germans is called by them “Gemüthlichkeit.” +It is said that the word has no equivalent in +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_154">[Pg 154]</span>the English language. It is this “gemüthlichkeit,”—good +nature, kindly disposition, and affability +which controls every action of the German’s daily +life. No matter whether you negotiate with the +<i>kellnerin</i> for a glass of beer, or you meet the <i>zimmermädchen</i> +that takes care of your room at the hotel, it is +always “<i>guten morgen</i>,” or “<i>guten tag</i>,” and upon your +departure from a place the salutations of adieu, “<i>lebe +wohl</i>,” “<i>auf wiedersehen</i>,” are showered upon you in +such an earnest manner, that you must believe that +it is all meant. Traveling on a railway train, a +stranger enters the coupe in which you are seated, +he will always greet you by wishing you good day, +after which he may become absorbed in a book, or as +he frequently does, may enter in conversation with +you; and on his departing he will invariably wish you a +“<i>glückliche reise</i>,” and “<i>sehr fiel vergnügen</i>.” “<i>Ich +danke sehr</i>,” and “<i>ich bitte</i>,” are continually heard in +recognition of the most ordinary courtesies at every +turn, all day long. Should you call on some newly-made +acquaintance, you are always received with: +“<i>Herzliche wilkommen</i>.” Men upon meeting often +take off their hats to each other, especially if they +have not met for some time; and on meeting a peasant +when traveling in the country, he will always take +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_155">[Pg 155]</span>his hat off to a stranger, and bid him the time of day.</p> + +<p>With all this excessive politeness, there is also +sometimes great rudeness, but the latter is a rare exception, +and is usually confined to military officers, +who seem to monopolize all the boorishness and bad +manners in Germany. They seem to think that in +order to prove their chivalry, that they must needs +make themselves offensive by their rudeness.</p> + +<figure class="figcenter illowp100" id="image155_2" style="width: 12.5em;"> + <img class="w100" src="images/image155.jpg" alt=""> +</figure> + + +<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop"> +<div class="chapter"> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_156">[Pg 156]</span></p> + + + <h2 class="nobreak" id="CHAPTER_XIII"> + CHAPTER XIII. + <br> + LIFE IN PENNSYLVANIA IN THE EARLY DAYS. + </h2> +</div> + +<blockquote> +<p class="hanging-indent1">Poverty of early Settlers.—Lack of Houses to live in.—Some +made their Homes in Caves at First.—Food +was Plentiful.—Game was Abundant.—Lack +of Roads.—Country a dense Forest.—Only +Indian Trails to get from one Place to Another.—Early +Roads Projected.—Wild Animals numerous +and Destructive.—Early Iron making.—The +Crime of Horse Stealing.—Health of new +Settlers.—Courts and Penalties.—Early Laws.</p> +</blockquote> + + +<p>As has already been learned, German emigration +into Pennsylvania began with Penn’s first visit to his +province, but the great tide of emigration did not set +in, until the beginning of the eighteenth century.</p> + +<p>Penn was an early reformer in England, with +notions of his own concerning both spiritual, and +secular matters, which were considered at that time +as heretical, visionary, and impractical. In his new +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_157">[Pg 157]</span>province in America, he was not hampered with any +of the traditions of European governments, with their +arbitrary rule, religious persecution, and political oppression. +He was free on this side of the Atlantic, +to give a practical turn to his schemes of an ideal government +which should be a religious and temporal +paradise.</p> + +<p>His notions of government involved entirely new +ideas, and were not at all consonant with the times +in which he lived. He did not believe in much governmental +restraint, but believed that a people were +best governed who felt the restraints of government +the least. On this basis he undertook to lay the foundation +of civil government for his province.</p> + +<p>People who beheld the elements with which he +would have to contend, despaired of his success in +forming a government of law and order, with the material +at hand. As in all new countries there were +among the people whom he found here, the idle, the +vicious, and the depraved, to say nothing of the incongruous +elements, of people of different nationality, +language, customs and manners. His task must +have seemed a formidable one; but he succeeded as +the framers of no government ever succeeded before +him, nor since.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_158">[Pg 158]</span></p> + +<p>The German emigrants on their coming here +found a beneficient government on their arrival, and +they were rid of the fearful persecution from which +they had been made the sufferers in their native land, +yet they had an appalling task before them, in making +for themselves homes in the forest wilderness, to +which they had come. But they were free men for +the first time in their lives. The wrongs of their +cruel oppressors no longer beset them by day, nor +haunted their dreams by night. Most of the emigrants +were very poor and had to make their new +start in life, with nothing but stout hearts and willing +hands. Many on their arrival at Philadelphia had +not the means to procure shelter and it could not be +procured very often at any price, so that not a few +made their temporary homes in caves along the shores +of the Delaware river, which had been previously +occupied by native Indians. It is said that the first +white child born of English parents at Philadelphia, +was born in one of those caves. John Key, who became +an honored citizen, and who lived a long life of usefulness, +had such a humble birthplace in 1682. He +died in Chester county in 1767.</p> + +<p>It was not long however before the early arrivals +were provided with more substantial dwellings, for in +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_159">[Pg 159]</span>less than two years after Penn had laid out his ideal +city, it contained 300 houses built of wood; affording +a fair degree of comfort.</p> + +<p>After that more substantial buildings began to be +erected of brick brought from England, some of +which still remain standing, well preserved to testify +to the thrift and enterprise of the settlers two centuries +ago.</p> + +<p>The mode of living at first corresponded with the +early means of shelter, and pretty much all except the +few rich, shared the same conditions. After the +newcomer had succeeded so far as to be able to live under +the roof of his own modest log cabin, he had made +an enviable start, and soon forgot his earlier privations, +while the recollections of his wretched condition +in his native land, made him happy and contented +in his new home. After he succeeded to a log +cabin, a horse, cow, plow, axe, saw, and a table of +rough hewn timber, a bedstead and bench in keeping, +he regarded himself on the high road to fortune, and +was happy in the contrast between his condition in +his new home, and his former home in the desolate +Palatinate. With the few primitive household goods, +clothing aptly corresponded. Woolen fabrics were +unknown. The clothing of the new settlers consisted +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_160">[Pg 160]</span>of home-made cloth, woven from tow, made +from flax grown on the virgin soil. Their apparel +was neither rich nor gaudy, and did not admit of much +change of dress, which was chiefly confined to a shirt, +trousers, and coat. In warm weather the shirt and +trousers sufficed; in cold weather an additional top coat +was worn for protection. Shoes were made to last a +long time, and were only worn when absolutely necessary. +Cobblers traveled through the country, among +the settlers and mended their shoes; in that way procuring +a livelihood.</p> + +<p>The foregoing observations apply only to the +rural population in the early days. In Philadelphia +the residents fared better. That city soon developed +into a prosperous commercial town, and it remained +for many years the chief mart in Pennsylvania, to +which settlers came to trade from all parts of the +province.</p> + +<p>Most of the early settlers in Pennsylvania took +to farming on their arrival as soon as they were able +to do so, because they were trained to that occupation +at home, and it also brought them the quickest return, +and surest employment.</p> + +<p>But to make farms in those days was no easy task. +It was necessary first to subdue the wilderness, which +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_161">[Pg 161]</span>was an unbroken forest everywhere. There were no +roads, and to travel from one part of the country to +another was a difficult undertaking. The Indian +trails furnished the only means to get through the +forest, which in many places was practically impenetrable. +There were innumerable streams to be +crossed, without bridges. The building of roads of +course received early attention, but its progress must +necessarily have been slow, owing to the nature of +the country through which they had to be built, and +the making of them did not keep pace with the constantly +increasing population.</p> + +<p>In 1686, four years after Philadelphia was +founded, a road to Trenton was projected. This was +done no doubt to bring the settlements already existing +in southern parts of New Jersey in easy communication +with Philadelphia. In 1729 a road was laid +out to Lancaster; by that time many thousands of +settlers had located between the latter place and Philadelphia, +with no direct means of communication. +Before that time people traveling between those two +places had to go in a round about way, by Chester; +and the projected road to Lancaster was not built until +1733. A road from Philadelphia to Upper Milford +township in what is now Lehigh county, was built +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_162">[Pg 162]</span>about the same time. From that time on, many roads +were projected and built throughout eastern Pennsylvania.</p> + +<p>Before the building of roads was begun the farmers +had no need for wagons, so that horses were made +the chief vehicles for the purposes of transportation, +while the shoulders of the stalwart farmers were made +to perform similar service. Road building through +the dense forest was not easy. Large trees had to be +felled, and the roadway cleared of stumps and brush. +After roads were thus opened, many farmers at first +improvised wagons, by making wheels out of the butt +ends of large trees. Untanned hides furnished +materials for harness. Settlers during the early years +of their coming here lived far apart, so that they +could not be of much service to each other, and when +winter came on, all communication between them +practically ended, until the following spring.</p> + +<p>The early settlers surely found no earthly paradise +when they first came here, and their descendants who +to-day occupy the rich and highly cultivated farms +which their ancestors hewed out of the primeval +forest, cannot realize the poverty and privations of +the first comers to Penn’s El Dorado; yet they were +content, because they were no longer the victims of a +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_163">[Pg 163]</span>ferocious soldiery, whose crimes made their lives intolerable +in the land of their birth.</p> + +<p>The great discomforts and privations of the +earliest settlers were of not long duration. It did not +take those that came first long to get a fair start, and +they soon acquired an abundance of the most urgent +necessities, which they were ever ready to share with +their newly arrived countrymen. There does not +seem to have been at any time any great scarcity of +food, for it seems that the streams and forests supplied +that in abundance. Penn on the occasion of +his first visit to his province, wrote to a friend in England: +“Of food there is an abundance, and of the +best quality.” One newly arrived emigrant wrote: +“Wild pigeons come in clouds, and frequently fly so +low as to enable one to knock them down with a stick. +Wild turkeys are so large and fat; some of them +weigh 46 pounds. Some that weigh as much as 30 +pounds are sold for a shilling. A deer can be bought +for two shillings and six pence. The streams are full +of fish, and so they are in New Jersey. The Indians +often bring in seven or eight deer at a time; of geese, +ducks, wild swan, and pheasants there are plenty.”</p> + +<p>In 1750 the farmers complained to the government, +that the bounty offered for the destruction of +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_164">[Pg 164]</span>squirrels, was an injury to them, because laborers, instead +of helping in harvest, would go squirrel hunting, +because they could make better wages thereby, +than by working in harvest.</p> + +<p>According to an act of the Colonial Assembly, +the government paid a bounty for each dozen crows, +blackbirds, and squirrels, one shilling and six pence. +Even at that price those destructive creatures did not +seem to diminish, so that in 1754 an appeal was made +to the Assembly to compel every settler to destroy a +certain number of them, for which he was to receive +certain compensation, and in case anyone failed to +destroy his share, he was to forfeit a <i>pro rata</i> penalty. +It was hoped by such means, to save the farmers’ corn +after it was planted and came up, which the crows, +blackbirds, and squirrels destroyed. Deer were also +so numerous as to become very destructive of the +grain after it came up in the fall. Foxes and muskrats +were also very destructive of poultry, and wolves +were very numerous and would sometimes destroy +entire flocks of sheep. The farmers were never without +their guns; it was customary for them to carry +them wherever they went. These animals had their +homes in the dense forests which were inaccessible on +account of the lack of roads. Farmers frequently +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_165">[Pg 165]</span>lost their horses if allowed to stray away in the endless +wood. The dense forests made horse-stealing an +easy occupation for the lawless, and it constituted one +of the chief crimes of the early days of the settlement +of the province, as the forests made a convenient hiding +place for them with their prey. During a period of +three years after Northampton County was organized, +nine horse thieves were tried and punished in that +county, while a great many more escaped arrest. The +punishment prescribed at that time for horse-stealing, +was public whipping, which did not have the effect +to deter the lawless from committing that sort of +crime. The field of operation of the horse-thieves +was so large and their chances of escape so great, that +they carried on their occupation with little hindrance. +The extent of the evil was so great, that the citizens +petitioned the Assembly to create the death penalty +for the crime of horse-stealing.</p> + +<p>The horse-thieves seem to have had a monopoly +of crime. For a new country there was none of that +lawlessness which has characterized the new frontier +settlements of our western domain. The “tough citizen” +of our western frontier had not then yet been +developed. He seems to have made his appearance +later, and is especially, an American product, unique +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_166">[Pg 166]</span>in his character, without a rival, or counterpart in any +other part of the world, outside of the United States.</p> + +<p>After agriculture had made a fair start other industries +began to attract the attention of the more +wide-awake settlers, who had cast their lot with the +future of Penn’s province. As early as 1696, only +14 years after Penn laid out his ideal city on the Delaware, +the question of making iron began to be discussed, +and in 1726 a German by the name of Kurtz +gave the matter a practical turn, by the erection of a +furnace.</p> + +<p>A firm named Grubb Bros., also built a furnace +and iron-works about the same time in Lancaster +County. By the time of the middle of the eighteenth +century, the province of Pennsylvania had made +much progress in agriculture and the industrial arts, +and its boundless resources and great hidden wealth, +began to attract great attention, when many persons +of wealth in England and Germany, were attracted +hither, who began the development of the iron, and +other resources, and establish various industrial enterprises, +to meet the growing needs of the province.</p> + +<hr class="tb"> + +<p>In those early days, the traffic in spirituous liquors +as a beverage was already a perplexing question. The +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_167">[Pg 167]</span>manufacture of the product became a profitable industry +soon after the settlement of the province, and +the early settlers were not exempt, from the craving +for some artificial stimulant, which has been implanted +in mankind ever since Noah planted a vineyard +among the hills of Ararat, and became “drunken” on +the fruits thereof. The excessive use then, as it always +has been, brought along with it its attendant evils. +In 1721 a convention of leading citizens was held at +Philadelphia, to consider the question, of restraining +the traffic in strong drink, and to encourage the use +of light beer instead, as being less injurious. It would +seem from this proposition, that the German citizens +sought to introduce, and enforce the custom of beer +drinking which then prevailed in their native land +and which still continues, instead of the vise of spirituous +liquors as a beverage, which are vastly more injurious. +In South Germany at this day, the people +confine themselves almost exclusively to light wines +and beer, with the result that an intoxicated person is +scarcely ever seen in that part of Germany.</p> + +<p>In 1733 the owners of certain iron works petitioned +the Legislature, to enact a law prohibiting the +traffic in strong drink in the neighborhood where +their works were operated, as it was injurious to the +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_168">[Pg 168]</span>management of their industries; but asked that the +sale of beer and cider be permitted.</p> + +<hr class="tb"> + +<p>Unlike most new countries the province of Pennsylvania +was singularly exempt from many of those +diseases with which new countries have to contend, +and outside of the few small towns which existed in +the early days there were no doctors, and the obstinate +Quakers did not seem to think that there was +any need for them, and did not encourage their coming. +They seemed to have had nearly or quite as much +aversion to doctors as they had to lawyers. One +Quaker wrote in 1690 concerning the needs of the +colony: “Of lawyers and doctors I will make no +mention as the country is very peaceable and +healthy.” This complacent Quaker probably changed +his mind about doctors, when later malignant fevers, +and the smallpox broke out among the settlers, which +resulted in very many deaths. In later years Philadelphia +had a visitation from the yellow fever which +carried its citizens off by hundreds. As late as the +middle of the last century, Philadelphia did not have +a single paved street, and until 1793 the water for +culinary, and other household purposes was obtained +from wells which could not be saved from becoming +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_169">[Pg 169]</span>polluted, by surface drainage. After Philadelphia +had been scourged by the yellow fever well water fell +into disfavor, and the Schuylkill and Delaware rivers +were drawn upon for water.</p> + + +<p class="ph3">COURTS AND THE ADMINISTRATION OF JUSTICE.</p> + +<p>During the early years after the founding of the +province, there were no courts. The Quakers who +were then in control discouraged them, as they also +did lawyers, and all litigation. One of the first +laws passed by the Colonial Assembly, was one to +prevent litigation. It was not until 1701 that courts +were considered necessary. In that year a Court +House was built at Philadelphia, which answered for +the whole province. The justices appointed to preside +over the courts, were empowered to make final +settlement of all disputes.</p> + +<p>The business of the courts in those days, was conducted +with great formality and solemnity. The +judges wore three-cornered hats, and when they returned +from court to their homes, the constables with +the emblems of their office led the way. The judges +on the bench wore a grave and serious aspect. The +common folks in attendance were inspired with great +awe. It is needless to say that things in this respect +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_170">[Pg 170]</span>have changed since then. In those days judges were +the appendages of royalty, while in these later days, +the people make and unmake them at their pleasure.</p> + +<p>The penalties inflicted on offenders against the +law were peculiar, and in many cases revolting; savoring +more as viewed at this day, of primitive savagery, +than that of a criminal code of a civilized people. +Malefactors for certain offences were branded in the +hands with red hot irons; others had their ears cut +off, or were nailed fast by their ears to the whipping +post; or sentenced to a certain number of lashes, while +others for more trivial offences were made to stand +in the pillory for a specified time. The pillory was +usually erected in the market place, and the sentence +usually carried out on market days. Watson in his “Annals” +says that upon such occasions the price of eggs +usually advanced for obvious reasons. The penalties +here enumerated were dealt out to persons found +guilty of crime, without regard to rank, station or sex.</p> + +<hr class="tb"> + +<p>In Christoph Sauer’s newspaper of date of March +16, 1775, an amusing incident is related, as having +occurred at Easton. A man was sentenced to receive +a certain number of lashes, for having stolen an axe. +The sheriff, who was not inclined to inflict the punishment, +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_171">[Pg 171]</span>offered four dollars to any one who would perform +the duty for him. No one came forward to +perform the job, when the culprit’s wife came along, +and undertook to perform the task. She laid on the +number of lashes decreed, with all her might, after +which she added one more, remarking at the same +time that the last one was for the occasion when her +husband boxed her ears. She was paid her four dollars +by the sheriff, and the law was vindicated. Sometimes +a malefactor’s entire property was forfeited; +sometimes only a fine was imposed, and if the condemned +was unable to pay it, he was put up at public +auction, and sold to the highest bidder to serve a +certain length of time, which was governed by the +price bidden. This latter feature of the law remained +in force until 1786, while the whipping post was not +abolished until 1790.</p> + + +<p class="ph3">EARLY LEGISLATION.</p> + +<p>The first Colonial Assembly of Pennsylvania met +at Philadelphia January 10, 1683, and was of course +dominated by Penn, and his co-religionists. Some +queer laws were proposed, and some of them were +enacted, and put in force. One legislator wanted a +law passed to encourage matrimony; another sought +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_172">[Pg 172]</span>to make it unlawful for any one to wear more than +two kinds of clothing. One kind was prescribed for +summer, and another kind for winter.</p> + +<p>It was made unlawful for any one to introduce, +or frequent “stage plays,” and the penalty was fixed +at ten days’ imprisonment at hard labor in the house +of correction, or forfeit twenty shillings. It was also +made unlawful for any one to play cards for amusement, +under a penalty of five shillings, or in default +of payment, imprisonment in the house of correction, +at labor five days.</p> + +<p>The price of ale and beer at a public house, was +fixed at two pennies a Winchester quart.</p> + +<p>A law was passed, changing the names of the days +of the week, “according to Scripture,” making them +first, second, third, etc., instead of the “heathen +names,” Monday, Tuesday, etc. The names of the +months were similarly changed.</p> + +<p>Any one convicted of lying in conversation, was +to suffer a penalty of half a crown for each offense, +or in default of payment suffer three days imprisonment +at hard labor. If such a law were in force in +these days the revenues therefrom would soon create +a surplus, and the government would not be embarrassed +by a deficit.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_173">[Pg 173]</span></p> + +<p>Any one found guilty of speaking derogatorily of +the sentence, or judgment of any court, or of speaking +disrespectfully of a judge, was to be fined at the discretion +of the court.</p> + +<p>Any one found guilty of stealing hogs a third time +was to receive thirty lashes, and be banished from the +province.</p> + +<p>It was made the duty of parents to have their +children taught to read and write, by the time they +were twelve years of age; then taught some useful +trade, for neglect of which, the parents were fined +five pounds for every child so neglected.</p> + + +<p class="ph3">UNJUST CRITICISM OF PENNSYLVANIA GERMANS.</p> + +<p>The Pennsylvania Germans have often been made +to suffer by calumnious reports concerning them, by +reason of the prejudice, and oftener perhaps of the +ignorance of a certain class of writers for the press. +A number of years ago, an editorial appeared in the +Public Ledger, defending them against the aspersions +and mendacious misrepresentations of a Yankee +scribbler for a newspaper who said: “The immigrants +came over here with their priests, a fragment +of the middle ages, uneducated and uncultivated. +What is the consequence? We see before us the petrifaction +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_174">[Pg 174]</span>of a social and mental condition which has +long since disappeared from Germany. We behold a +picture of the dark ages.”</p> + +<p>It is remarkable that such dense ignorance should +have existed anywhere, even among only half educated +people, at any time within the present century concerning +a people, who have always occupied an honorable +and conspicuous place in the history of their state +and country; who to-day number not less than a million +and a half of people, many of whom are filling +some of the highest stations in every walk of life. +All that is necessary to put to shame such base libellers +as the foregoing is to point to the long line of +Pennsylvania’s German Governors, and to the men +of the same blood in our halls of legislation, on the +bench, at the bar, in the pulpit, among the men eminent +in the sciences, among the educators, business +men and financiers, not only in Pennsylvania, but +wherever the Pennsylvania Germans and their descendants +have spread.</p> + +<p>The following extract from the editorial of the +Ledger is just as timely now as when first written, in +case there are still any people as ignorant and misinformed, +as the one who wrote the foregoing libel:</p> + +<blockquote> +<p>“No one familiar with the German farmers of +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_175">[Pg 175]</span>Pennsylvania need be told that this is a stupid and +ignorant libel. Its author has either never traveled +through our state, or has maliciously misrepresented +what he saw. So far from our German farmers being +on a level with the serfs of one hundred and fifty +years ago, they are vastly in advance of cotemporary +German and French farmers, or even of English +farmers of similar means. On this point we need go +no further for authority than to Mr. Munch, the fellow +laborer with Mr. Herder in the late campaign, +who though hostile in politics to our German farmers +in general, was forced, during his tour through Pennsylvania, +to admit their sterling worth. Mr. Munch +is an experienced and practical agriculturist, and not +merely a speculative man of letters, so that his judgment +on such a question is worth that of a score of +visionary, ill-informed, prejudiced, disappointed +demagogues or partisan editors. After eulogizing +the picturesque natural features of the landscape of +our German counties, praising the excellent taste +which has preserved the woods on the hill sides, and +extolling the appearance of the farms, this gentleman +adds significantly that he found the people of a +genial, solid and respectable stamp, enviably circumstanced +in comparison with the European farmer, and +very far superior in intelligence and morals. It is +time that the truth should be spoken, and justice done +to our German population. We are willing to go as +far as any one in testifying to the value of books, +newspapers and schools; we are willing to admit that +our German farmers, as a class, have cared less for +these things than they ought; but we are not silly +enough to say that a man is necessarily a bad farmer, +a disorderly citizen, or a profligate husband because +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_176">[Pg 176]</span>he does not speak English, is not crammed with book-learning, +or does not take in a half a dozen journals. +Our German farmers prove the reverse. Whether a +denizen of a state be valuable to it on account of what +he annually adds to the realized wealth of the community, +or for his faithful obedience to the laws, or +for his sacredness with which he preserves the family +compact, our German farmers certainly merit as much +as any other class for the practice of either of these +virtues, or indeed for the harmonious exercise of them +all. Even their intelligence is underrated. As Mr. +Munch of Misso, has said, they are a ‘genial, solid and +respectable stamp;’ there is no false mental glitter +about them; in a word, they are rather men of sound +judgment, than brilliant rhetoricians, or one-sided +ideologists. All persons who have had transactions +with our German farmers, love to respect the excellent +sense they display in the ordinary concerns of +life. * * * *</p> + +<p>In many particulars, German farmers surpass +even the people of New England, who of late have +put in a claim, it would seem to be the <i>ne plus ultra</i> +in all things. The German farmers understand, or +if they do not understand they observe the laws of +health, better than even the rural people of Massachusetts; +and the result is that they are really the +finest race of men, physically, to be found in the +United States. In certain favorable localities of +Kentucky, or on the frontier, where from being a +dominant caste, or from the immediate vicinity of the +unpeopled wilderness, the inhabitants live a half +nomad life, there are as fine, perhaps finer specimens +of men to be seen; but there is nowhere in America, +an agricultural population, the members of which +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_177">[Pg 177]</span>personally till the soil, that has such thews and sinews, +such a healthy development, or such generally prolonged +life, as our much abused “Pennsylvania +Dutchmen.” To be plain, if some of our crotchetty, +one-idead dyspeptic, thin cadaverous, New England +brethren would emigrate to our German counties; +follow for a generation or two, the open air life of +our German farmers; and last of all marry into our +vigorous anti-hypochondrical German families, they +would soon cease to die by scores of consumption, to +complain that there were no longer any healthy +women left, and to amuse sensible people with such +silly vagaries of Pantheism, or a thousand and one +intellectual vagaries which are born of their abnormal +physical conditions.”</p> +</blockquote> + +<p>In these somewhat desultory and digressive pages, +the author sought to tell the “Story of the Pennsylvania +Germans,” but he realizes that the task has been +but imperfectly performed. If however he has +succeeded in encouraging some one else with the +energy and inclination to undertake the task on a +more extended scale, he will be amply paid for all the +time and labor which this volume has cost him. The +story of the Pennsylvania Germans has never been +told, and is only partially chronicled in these pages. +It still remains for some faithful chronicler to give +them their proper place in the history of their State, +and of the nation, in behalf of which they rendered +invaluable services at the birth of the Republic.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_178">[Pg 178]</span></p> +<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop"> +<div class="chapter"> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_179"></a>[Pg 179]</span></p> + + + <h2 class="nobreak" id="APPENDIX_A"> + APPENDIX A. + <br> + EXAMPLES OF PFÄLZISCH, AND SOUTH GERMAN DIALECTS. + </h2> +</div> + + +<p>The following poem, in the Pfälzisch dialect, is +from Professor Franz von Kobell’s “Gedichte in +Pfälzisch Mundart.”</p> + +<p>(Franz von Kobell, was born at Munich in 1803, +and died there in 1882, where he had been Professor +of Mineralogy, in the University of Munich for many +years. He was also a poet of considerable distinction.)</p> + + +<p class="center">’S Lob vun Binge’.</p> + +<div class="poetry-container"> + <div class="poetry"> + <div class="stanza"> + <div class="verse indent0">Die herrlichsht’ Gegend am ganze Rhei’</div> + <div class="verse indent2">Dess is die Gegend vun Binge’,</div> + <div class="verse indent0">Es wachst der allerbeschte wei’</div> + <div class="verse indent2">Der Scharlach wachst bei Binge’.</div> + </div> + <div class="stanza"> + <div class="verse indent0">Die g’schick’schte Schiffleit’, die mer find’t,</div> + <div class="verse indent2">Dess sin die Schiffer vun Binge’,</div> + <div class="verse indent0">Un’ sicht mer in Meens, e’hübsches Kind,</div> + <div class="verse indent2">Wo is es her? Vun Binge’.</div> +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_180">[Pg 180]</span> </div> + <div class="stanza"> + <div class="verse indent0">Ke’ Loch is uf der ganze’ Welt</div> + <div class="verse indent2">So berühmt wie des vun Binge’,</div> + <div class="verse indent0">Ke’ Thorn so keck in’s wasser g’stellt,</div> + <div class="verse indent2">Wie der im Rhei’ bei Binge’.</div> + </div> + <div class="stanza"> + <div class="verse indent0">Die Mäus’ vum Bischof Hatto, sich!</div> + <div class="verse indent2">Sin g’schwumme’ bis noch Binge’,</div> + <div class="verse indent0">Ke G’schicht’ war je so ferchterlich,</div> + <div class="verse indent2">Wie selli dort bei Binge’.</div> + </div> + <div class="stanza"> + <div class="verse indent0">Un’ die heilig’ Hildegard die war</div> + <div class="verse indent2">Halt aach drheem in Binge’,</div> + <div class="verse indent0">Un war Aebtissen dort sogar,</div> + <div class="verse indent2">Dess alles war in Binge’.</div> + </div> + <div class="stanza"> + <div class="verse indent0">Es is e’ wahri Herlichkeit</div> + <div class="verse indent2">Dess liebe kleene Binge’,</div> + <div class="verse indent0">Mei’ Vater and Mutter un’ all mei Leut’</div> + <div class="verse indent2">Ja mir sin all’ vun Binge’.</div> + </div> + </div> +</div> + +<p>In the foregoing poem there is not a single word +that is not identical with Pennsylvania German except +the word “keck” (bold, or saucy) in the third +line of the third stanza, and the author can recall that +word being used by Pennsylvania Germans a generation +and a half ago, but it seems to have dropped out +of the dialect, in recent years.</p> + +<p>The word “Loch” in the third stanza, has reference +to the so-called “Bingerloch,” or “Hole of Bingen,” +which derives its name from the narrowing of +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_181">[Pg 181]</span>the Rhine near Bingen, to a dangerous rocky channel; +and the “Thorn” in the same stanza, refers to the +famous “Mouse Tower,” which received its name +from the legend, concerning the cruel Bishop Hatto +of Mainz, who as the legend tells us burned a number +of people in a barn, during a famine, and who was +afterwards attacked by swarms of mice, when he took +refuge in the tower on the rock in the middle of the +river, and was there devoured by the mice, that followed +him thither. This is one of the many legends +of the Rhine, preserved in a volume of “Legends of +the Rhine,” by H. A. Guerber, and is as follows:</p> + + +<p class="ph3">BINGEN.—THE RAT TOWER.</p> + +<blockquote> +<p>In the year 914, when Hatto was Bishop of Mainz, +a protracted rain entirely ruined the harvest, occasioning +a terrible famine from which the poor people +suffered sorely. As they were perishing from hunger, +they finally applied to the bishop, whose granaries +were filled to overflowing with the produce of the +former, more favorable years. But the Bishop was +cruel and hard-hearted and utterly refused to listen +to them until at last they so wearied him by their +constant importunity, that he bade them to assemble +in an empty barn, where he promised to meet them +on a certain day and hour to quiet all their demands.</p> + +<p>Almost beside themselves with joy at the promise, +the people hastened to the appointed spot, gathering +there in such numbers that the empty barn was soon +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_182">[Pg 182]</span>quite full. Anxiously they watched for the bishop, +whom they greeted with loud cries of joy, as soon as +he appeared. Their acclamations were however soon +changed into blood-curdling cries of distress, for the +cruel prelate after bidding his servants fasten the +doors and windows so that none could escape, set fire +to the building and burned them all, declaring they +were like rats and should perish in the same way.</p> + +<p>This wholesale massacre ended, the bishop retired +home, sat down before his lavishly spread table, and +ate with as healthy an appetite as usual. When he +entered the dining room on the morrow, however, he +stood still in dismay, for during the night the rats +gnawed his recently finished portrait out of the frame, +and it now lay an unseemly heap upon the floor. +When he stood over it his heart filled with sudden +nameless terror, for he fancied it was a bad omen; a +servant came rushing into the room, bidding him to +fly for his life, as a whole army of hungry, fierce looking +rats were coming that way. Without waiting +for his usual escort, the bishop flung himself on his +messenger’s steed, and rode rapidly away. From +time to time he nervously turned his head to mark +the gradual approach of a dark line, formed of thousands +of rats, animated by the revengeful spirit of the +poor he had so cruelly burned.</p> + +<p>Faster and faster Hatto urged his panting steed, +but in spite of all his efforts, he had scarcely dismounted, +entered a small skiff and rode out into the +Rhine, ere an army of rats fell upon his horse and devoured +it. The bishop shuddering with fear, rowed +with all his might to his tower in the middle of the +Rhine, where he quickly locked himself in fancying +that he had escaped from his hungry foes. But the +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_183">[Pg 183]</span>voracious rats having disposed of his steed, now boldly +swam across the Bingerloch to the tower, and +swarmed up its sides, seeking some crevice through +which they could get at their foe. As they found +none, they set their sharp teeth to work, and Hatto +quailed with dread as he heard them gnawing busily +on all sides. In a very few moments the rats had a +thousand holes through which they rushed upon +their victim.</p> +</blockquote> + +<p>Southey, who has versified this legend, which he +calls “God’s Judgment upon a wicked Bishop,” describes +their entrance thus:</p> + +<div class="poetry-container"> + <div class="poetry"> + <div class="stanza"> + <div class="verse indent0">“And in at the window, and at the door,</div> + <div class="verse indent0">And through the walls, helter skelter they pour,</div> + <div class="verse indent0">And down from the ceiling, and up through the floor,</div> + <div class="verse indent0">From the right and the left, from behind and from before,</div> + <div class="verse indent0">From within and without, from above and below,</div> + <div class="verse indent0">And all at once to the bishop they go.</div> + </div> + <div class="stanza"> + <div class="verse indent0">“They have whetted their teeth against the stones,</div> + <div class="verse indent0">And now they pick the bishop’s bones;</div> + <div class="verse indent0">They gnawed the flesh from every limb,</div> + <div class="verse indent0">For they were sent to do judgment on him.”</div> + </div> + </div> +</div> + +<p>Ever since then, that building in the Rhine has +been known as the “Rat Tower.” Tradition relates +that the bishop’s soul sank down to the nethermost +hell, where it is ever burning in a fire far hotter, than +that he kindled around the starving poor. At sunset +a peculiar red glow may be seen over the tower, and +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_184">[Pg 184]</span>this, the people declare is only a faint reflection of +the infernal furnace, to warn all mankind against +cruelty to God’s poor.</p> + + +<p class="ph3">POEM IN SOUTH GERMAN DIALECT.</p> + +<p>The following is a characteristic poem in the +South German dialect, taken from the “Fliegende +Blätter,” a humorous periodical, published at Munich:</p> + + +<p class="center"><i>E’ Frühling’s Poesie.</i></p> + +<div class="poetry-container"> + <div class="poetry"> + <div class="stanza"> + <div class="verse indent0">Wan die Beem un’ Hecke</div> + <div class="verse indent0">Gans voll Veggle hucke,</div> + <div class="verse indent0">Un’ die Deckel-schnecke</div> + <div class="verse indent0">Aus de Häuser gucke</div> + <div class="verse indent0">Dann isch’ Frijohr worre.</div> + </div> + <div class="stanza"> + <div class="verse indent0">Wan die Schlee bliehe</div> + <div class="verse indent0">Un’ die Veilcher kumme,</div> + <div class="verse indent0">Wann die Keffer fliehe</div> + <div class="verse indent0">Un’ die Imme summe,</div> + <div class="verse indent0">Dann isch’ Frijohr worre.</div> + </div> + <div class="stanza"> + <div class="verse indent0">Wann die Fresch un’ krötte</div> + <div class="verse indent0">Ihre junge hortzle,</div> + <div class="verse indent0">Uffem Wiesebodde</div> + <div class="verse indent0">Wie besoff’ umporzle</div> + <div class="verse indent0">Dann isch Frijohr worre.</div> + </div> + <div class="stanza"> + <div class="verse indent0">Wann die junge Mere</div> + <div class="verse indent0">No’ de Buwe gucke</div> + <div class="verse indent0">Un’ vor alle Dere</div> + <div class="verse indent0">Omds die Alte hucke</div> + <div class="verse indent0">Dann isch Frijohr worre.</div> + </div> + </div> +</div> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_185">[Pg 185]</span></p> + + +<p class="ph3">A POEM IN THE PENNSYLVANIA GERMAN DIALECT.</p> + +<p>The following from “Gedichte in Pennsylvanisch +Deutscher Mundart” by the late Rev. Heinrich Harbaugh, +is an excellent example of Pennsylvania German +dialect, showing the sublimity, and deep pathos +of which the dialect is capable:</p> + + +<p class="center">HEEMWEH.</p> + +<div class="poetry-container"> + <div class="poetry"> + <div class="stanza"> + <div class="verse indent0">Ich wees net was de Uhrsach is—</div> + <div class="verse indent2">Wees net, warum ich’s du:</div> + <div class="verse indent0">’N jedes Johr mach ich der weg</div> + <div class="verse indent2">Der Alte Heemet zu:</div> + <div class="verse indent0">Hab weiter nix zu suche dort—</div> + <div class="verse indent2">Kee’ Erbschaft un kee geld;</div> + <div class="verse indent0">Un doch treibt mich des Heemgefiehl</div> + <div class="verse indent2">So schtark wie alle Welt;</div> + <div class="verse indent0">Nor’d schtärt ich ewe ab un geh,</div> + <div class="verse indent2">Wie owe schun gemeldt.</div> + </div> + <div class="stanza"> + <div class="verse indent0">Wie nächer dass ich kumm zum Ziel,</div> + <div class="verse indent2">Wie schtärker will ich geh,</div> + <div class="verse indent0">For ebbes in mei ’m Herz werd letz</div> + <div class="verse indent2">Un dhut m’r kreislich weh.</div> + <div class="verse indent0">Der letschte Hiwel schpring ich nuf,</div> + <div class="verse indent2">Un eb ich drowe bin,</div> + <div class="verse indent0">Schtreck ich mich uf so hoch ich kann</div> + <div class="verse indent2">Un guck mit luschte hin;</div> + <div class="verse indent0">Ich seh’s alt Schtee’haus dorch die Beem,</div> + <div class="verse indent2">Un wott ich wär schun drin.</div> +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_186">[Pg 186]</span> </div> + <div class="stanza"> + <div class="verse indent0">Guk wie der Kicheschornschtee’ schmokt—</div> + <div class="verse indent2">Wie oft hob ich sel g’seh,</div> + <div class="verse indent0">Wann ich draus in de Felder war,</div> + <div class="verse indent2">’N Buwele jung un klee’</div> + <div class="verse indent0">O, sehnscht die Fenschterscheiwe dort?</div> + <div class="verse indent2">Sie guk’n roth wie Blut;</div> + <div class="verse indent0">Hab oft cunsiddert, doch net g’wisst,</div> + <div class="verse indent2">Dass sell die Sunn so dhut.</div> + <div class="verse indent0">Ja, manches wees’n Kind noch net—</div> + <div class="verse indent2">Wann’s dhet, wär’s ah net gut!</div> + </div> + <div class="stanza"> + <div class="verse indent0">Wie gleich ich selle Babble Beem,</div> + <div class="verse indent2">Sie schtehn wie Brieder dar;</div> + <div class="verse indent0">Un uf’m Gipple—g’wiss ich leb!</div> + <div class="verse indent2">Hockt alleweil’n Schtaar!</div> + <div class="verse indent0">’S Gipple biegt sich—guk, wie’s gaunscht—</div> + <div class="verse indent2">’R hebt sich awer fescht;</div> + <div class="verse indent0">Ich seh sei’ rothe Fliegle plehn,</div> + <div class="verse indent2">Wann er sei’ Feddere wescht;</div> + <div class="verse indent0">Will wette, dass sei’ Fraale hot</div> + <div class="verse indent2">Uf sellem Baam ’n nescht!</div> + </div> + <div class="stanza"> + <div class="verse indent0">O, es gedenkt m’r noch gans gut,</div> + <div class="verse indent2">Wo selle werri Beem</div> + <div class="verse indent0">Net greeser als ’n Welschkornschtock</div> + <div class="verse indent2">Gebrocht sin worre heem.</div> + <div class="verse indent0">Die Mammi war an’s Grändäd’s g’west,</div> + <div class="verse indent2">Dort ware Beem wie die;</div> + <div class="verse indent0">Drei Wipplein hot sie mitgebrocht,</div> + <div class="verse indent2">Un g’sa’t “Dort blanscht sie hie.”</div> + <div class="verse indent0">M’r hen’s gedhu’—un glaabscht du’s nau—</div> + <div class="verse indent2">Dort selli Beem sin sie!</div> +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_187">[Pg 187]</span> </div> + <div class="stanza"> + <div class="verse indent0">Guk! werklich, ich bin schier am Haus!—</div> + <div class="verse indent2">Wie schnell geht doch die Zeit!</div> + <div class="verse indent0">Wann m’r so in Gedanke geht,</div> + <div class="verse indent2">So wees m’r net wie weit.</div> + <div class="verse indent0">Dort is d’r Schap, die Welschkornkrip,</div> + <div class="verse indent2">Die Seiderpress dort draus;</div> + <div class="verse indent0">Dort is die Scheier, un dort die Schpring—</div> + <div class="verse indent2">Frisch quellt des wasser raus;</div> + <div class="verse indent0">Un guk! die sehm alt Klapbord-Fens,</div> + <div class="verse indent2">Un’s Dheerle vor’m Haus.</div> + </div> + <div class="stanza"> + <div class="verse indent0">Alles is schtill—sie wisse net,</div> + <div class="verse indent2">Dass ebber fremmes kummt.</div> + <div class="verse indent0">Ich denk, der alte Watsch is dodt,</div> + <div class="verse indent2">Sunscht wär er raus gedschumpt;</div> + <div class="verse indent0">For er hot als verschinnert g’brillt</div> + <div class="verse indent2">Wann er hot’s Dheerle g’heert;</div> + <div class="verse indent0">Es war de Träw’lers kreislich bang,</div> + <div class="verse indent2">Sie werre gans verzehrt:</div> + <div class="verse indent0">Kee’ G’fohr—er hot paar Mol gegauzt</div> + <div class="verse indent2">Nor’d is er umgekehrt.</div> + </div> + <div class="stanza"> + <div class="verse indent0">Alles is schtill—die Dheer is zu!</div> + <div class="verse indent2">Ich schteh, besinne mich!</div> + <div class="verse indent0">Es rappelt doch en wenig nau</div> + <div class="verse indent2">Dort hinne in der kich.</div> + <div class="verse indent0">Ich geh net nei—ich kann noch net!</div> + <div class="verse indent2">Mei’ Herz fiehlt schwer un krank;</div> + <div class="verse indent0">Ich geh’n wenig uf die Bortsch,</div> + <div class="verse indent2">Un hock mich uf die Bank;</div> + <div class="verse indent0">Es seht mich niemand, wann ich heil,</div> + <div class="verse indent2">Hinner der Drauwerank!</div> +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_188">[Pg 188]</span> </div> + <div class="stanza"> + <div class="verse indent0">Zwee Blätz sin do uf däre Bortsch,</div> + <div class="verse indent2">Die halt ich hoch in Acht,</div> + <div class="verse indent0">Bis meines Lebens Sonn versinkt</div> + <div class="verse indent2">In schtiller Dodtes-Nacht!</div> + <div class="verse indent0">Wo ich vum alte Vaterhaus</div> + <div class="verse indent2">’S erscht mol bin gange fort,</div> + <div class="verse indent0">Schtand mei’ Mammi weinend da,</div> + <div class="verse indent2">An sellem Rigel dort;</div> + <div class="verse indent0">Un nix is mir so heilig nau</div> + <div class="verse indent2">Als grade seller Ort.</div> + </div> + <div class="stanza"> + <div class="verse indent0">Ich kann sie heit noch sehne schteh,</div> + <div class="verse indent2">Ihr Schnuppduch in d’r Hand;</div> + <div class="verse indent0">Die Backe roth, die Aage nass—</div> + <div class="verse indent2">O, wie sie doch do schtand!</div> + <div class="verse indent0">Dort gab ich ihr mei’ Färewell,</div> + <div class="verse indent2">Ich weinte als ich’s gab,</div> + <div class="verse indent0">’S war’s leschte Mol in däre Welt,</div> + <div class="verse indent2">Dass ich’s ihr gewe hab!</div> + <div class="verse indent0">Befor ich widder kumme bin</div> + <div class="verse indent2">War sie in ihrem Grab!</div> + </div> + <div class="stanza"> + <div class="verse indent0">Nau wann ich an mei’ Mammi denk,</div> + <div class="verse indent2">Un meen, ich dhet sie seh,</div> + <div class="verse indent0">So schteht sie an dem Rigel dort</div> + <div class="verse indent2">Un weint, weil ich wek geh!</div> + <div class="verse indent0">Ich seh sie net im Shockelschtuhl!</div> + <div class="verse indent2">Net an keem annere Ort;</div> + <div class="verse indent0">Ich denk net an sie als im Grab;</div> + <div class="verse indent2">Juscht an dem Rigel dort!</div> + <div class="verse indent0">Dort schteht sie immer vor mei’m Herz</div> + <div class="verse indent2">Un weint noch liebreich fort!</div> +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_189">[Pg 189]</span> </div> + <div class="stanza"> + <div class="verse indent0">Was macht’s dass ich so dort hi’ guk,</div> + <div class="verse indent2">An sell End vun der Bank!</div> + <div class="verse indent0">Weescht du’s? Mei’ Herz is noch net dodt,</div> + <div class="verse indent2">Ich wees es, Gott sei Dank!</div> + <div class="verse indent0">Wie manchmal sass mei Dady dort,</div> + <div class="verse indent2">Am Summer-nochmiddag,</div> + <div class="verse indent0">Die Hände uf der Schoos gekreizt,</div> + <div class="verse indent2">Sei Schtock bei Seite lag.</div> + <div class="verse indent0">Was hot er dort im Schtille g’denkt?</div> + <div class="verse indent2">Wer mecht es wisse—sag?</div> + </div> + <div class="stanza"> + <div class="verse indent0">Verleicht is es’n Kindheets-Draam,</div> + <div class="verse indent2">Dass ihn so sanft bewegt;</div> + <div class="verse indent0">Oder is er’n Jingling jetz,</div> + <div class="verse indent2">Der scheene Plane legt!</div> + <div class="verse indent0">Er hebt sei’ Aage uf juscht nau</div> + <div class="verse indent2">Un gukt weit iwer’s Feld;</div> + <div class="verse indent0">Er seht v’rleicht d’r Kerchhof dort,</div> + <div class="verse indent2">Der schun die Mammi helt!</div> + <div class="verse indent0">Er sehnt v’rleicht nooch seiner Ruh</div> + <div class="verse indent2">Dort in der bessere Welt!</div> + </div> + <div class="stanza"> + <div class="verse indent0">Ich wees net, soll ich nei’ in’s Haus,</div> + <div class="verse indent2">Ich zitter an der Dheer!</div> + <div class="verse indent0">Es is wol alles voll inseid,</div> + <div class="verse indent2">Un doch is alles leer!</div> + <div class="verse indent0">’S is net meh heem, wie’s eemol war,</div> + <div class="verse indent2">Un kann’s ah nimme sei;</div> + <div class="verse indent0">Was naus mit unsere Eltere geht</div> + <div class="verse indent2">Kummt ewig nimme nei’!</div> + <div class="verse indent0">Die Friede hot der Dodt geärnt,</div> + <div class="verse indent2">Das Trauerdheel is mei’!</div> +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_190">[Pg 190]</span> </div> + <div class="stanza"> + <div class="verse indent0">So geht’s in däre rauhe Welt,</div> + <div class="verse indent2">Wo alles muss vergeh!</div> + <div class="verse indent0">Ja, in der alte Heemet gar</div> + <div class="verse indent2">Fiehlt m’r sick all allee’!</div> + <div class="verse indent0">O, wann’s net vor der Himmel wär,</div> + <div class="verse indent2">Mit seiner scheene Ruh,</div> + <div class="verse indent0">Dann wär m’r’s do schun lang verleedt,</div> + <div class="verse indent2">Ich wisst net, was ze dhu.</div> + <div class="verse indent0">Dock Hoffnung leichtet meinen Weg</div> + <div class="verse indent2">Der ew’gen Heemet zu.</div> + </div> + <div class="stanza"> + <div class="verse indent0">Dort is’n schee’, schee’, Vaterhaus,</div> + <div class="verse indent2">Dort geht m’r nimmeh fort;</div> + <div class="verse indent0">Es weint kee’ guti Mammi meh’</div> + <div class="verse indent2">In sellem Freideort.</div> + <div class="verse indent0">Kee’ Dady such meh’ for’n Grab,</div> + <div class="verse indent2">Wo, was er lieb hat liegt!</div> + <div class="verse indent0">Sell is kee’ Elendwelt wie die,</div> + <div class="verse indent2">Wo alle Luscht betriegt;</div> + <div class="verse indent0">Dort hat das Lewe ewiglich</div> + <div class="verse indent2">Iwer der Dodt gesiegt.</div> + </div> + <div class="stanza"> + <div class="verse indent0">Dort find m’r, was m’r do verliert,</div> + <div class="verse indent2">Un b’halt in Ewigkeit;</div> + <div class="verse indent0">Dort lewe unsre Dodte all.</div> + <div class="verse indent2">In Licht un ew’ger Freid!</div> + <div class="verse indent0">Wie oft, wann ich in Druwel bin,</div> + <div class="verse indent2">Denk ich an selli Ruh,</div> + <div class="verse indent0">Un wott, wann’s Gott’s Willie wär,</div> + <div class="verse indent2">Ich ging ihr schneller zu;</div> + <div class="verse indent0">Doch wart ich bis mei’ Schtindle schlägt</div> + <div class="verse indent2">Nor’d sag ich—Welt, adju!</div> + </div> + </div> +</div> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_191">[Pg 191]</span></p> + + +<p class="ph3">PENNSYLVANIA GERMAN AND HIGH GERMAN COMPARED.</p> + +<p>A comparison of Pennsylvania German with High +German, will prove the quality of the former. For +that purpose, Goethe’s Erlkönig is given, and also +rendered in Pennsylvania German.</p> + + +<p class="center"><i>Erlkönig.</i></p> + +<div class="poetry-container"> + <div class="poetry"> + <div class="stanza"> + <div class="verse indent0">Wer reitet so spät durch Nacht und Wind?</div> + <div class="verse indent0">Es ist der Vater mit seinem Kind;</div> + <div class="verse indent0">Er hat den Knaben wohl in dem Arm,</div> + <div class="verse indent0">Er fasst ihn sicher, er hält ihn warm.</div> + </div> + <div class="stanza"> + <div class="verse indent0">“Mein Sohn, was birgst du so bang dein Gesicht?”</div> + <div class="verse indent0">Siehst, Vater, du den Erlkönig nicht?</div> + <div class="verse indent0">Den Erlkönig mit Kron’ und Schweif?</div> + <div class="verse indent0">“Mein Sohn, es ist ein Nebelstreif.”</div> + </div> + <div class="stanza"> + <div class="verse indent0">“Du liebes Kind, komm’, geh mit mir!</div> + <div class="verse indent0">Gar schöne Spiele spiel’ ich mit dir!</div> + <div class="verse indent0">Manch’ bunte Blumen sind an dem Strand;</div> + <div class="verse indent0">Meine Mutter hat manch gülden Gewand.”</div> + </div> + <div class="stanza"> + <div class="verse indent0">Mein Vater, mein Vater, und hörest du nicht,</div> + <div class="verse indent0">Was Erlkönig mir leise verspricht?</div> + <div class="verse indent0">“Sei ruhig, bleibe ruhig, mein Kind!</div> + <div class="verse indent0">In dürren Blättern säuselt der Wind.”</div> + </div> + <div class="stanza"> + <div class="verse indent0">“Willst, feiner Knabe, du mit mir geh’n?</div> + <div class="verse indent0">Meine Töchter sollen dich warten schön;</div> + <div class="verse indent0">Meine Töchter führen den nächtlichen Reih’n</div> + <div class="verse indent0">Und wiegen und tanzen und singen dich ein.”</div> +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_192">[Pg 192]</span> </div> + <div class="stanza"> + <div class="verse indent0">Mein Vater, mein Vater, und siehst du nicht dort</div> + <div class="verse indent0">Erlkönigs Töchter am düstern Ort?</div> + <div class="verse indent0">“Mein Sohn, mein Sohn, ich seh’s genau,</div> + <div class="verse indent0">Es scheinen die alten Weiden so grau.”</div> + </div> + <div class="stanza"> + <div class="verse indent0">“Ich Lieb’ dich, mich reizt deine schöne Gestalt,</div> + <div class="verse indent0">Und bist du nicht willig, so brauch’ ich Gewalt.”</div> + <div class="verse indent0">Mein Vater, mein Vater, jetzt fasst er mich an,</div> + <div class="verse indent0">Erlkönig hat mir ein Leids gethan!</div> + </div> + <div class="stanza"> + <div class="verse indent0">Dem Vater grauset’s, er reited geschwind,</div> + <div class="verse indent0">Er hält in den Armen das ächtzende Kind,</div> + <div class="verse indent0">Erreicht den Hof mit Müh’ und Noth;</div> + <div class="verse indent0">In seinem Armen das Kind war todt.</div> + </div> + </div> +</div> + + +<p class="ph3">PENNSYLVANIA GERMAN FORM.</p> + +<div class="poetry-container"> + <div class="poetry"> + <div class="stanza"> + <div class="verse indent0">Wer reit so schpote dorch Nacht un Wind?</div> + <div class="verse indent0">Es is der Vater mit seim Kind;</div> + <div class="verse indent0">Er hat den Bu woll in seim Arm,</div> + <div class="verse indent0">Er fascht ihn sicher, er halt ihn warm.</div> + </div> + <div class="stanza"> + <div class="verse indent0">“Mei Soh, mei Soh, was bischt du so bang dei G’sicht”</div> + <div class="verse indent0">Sehn’scht, Vater du ken Erlkönig net?</div> + <div class="verse indent0">Der Erlkönig mit Kron’ un Schweef,</div> + <div class="verse indent0">Mei Soh, es is en Newel schtreefe.</div> + </div> + <div class="stanza"> + <div class="verse indent0">“Du liewes Kind, kum geh mit mir!</div> + <div class="verse indent0">Gar scheene Schpiele schpiel ich mit dir!</div> + <div class="verse indent0">Manch’ fiel-fart Blume sin am Schtrand</div> + <div class="verse indent0">Mei Muter hat manch’ guld’ne G’gleed.”</div> +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_193">[Pg 193]</span> </div> + <div class="stanza"> + <div class="verse indent0">Mei Vater, mei Vater, un heerscht du net,</div> + <div class="verse indent0">Was Erlkönig mir schtille verschprecht?</div> + <div class="verse indent0">“Sei ruhig, bleib ruhig, mei Kind</div> + <div class="verse indent0">In der Blätter merwelt der Wind.</div> + </div> + <div class="stanza"> + <div class="verse indent0">“Wilscht feiner Bu, du mit mir geh?</div> + <div class="verse indent0">Mei Döchter solle dir abwarte schee,</div> + <div class="verse indent0">Mei Döchter feih’r’n den nachtliche Danz</div> + <div class="verse indent0">Un schockle un Danz’n un singe dich ei.”</div> + </div> + <div class="stanza"> + <div class="verse indent0">Mei Vater, mei Vater, un sehnscht du net dort,</div> + <div class="verse indent0">Erlkönig’s Döchter am dunkle platz,</div> + <div class="verse indent0">“Mei Soh, mei Soh, ich seh’n es ganau</div> + <div class="verse indent0">Es scheme die alte Weide so gro’.”</div> + </div> + <div class="stanza"> + <div class="verse indent0">“Ich lieb dich, mich ziegt dei schee Muschter</div> + <div class="verse indent0">Un bischt du net willig, so brauch ich g’walt.”</div> + <div class="verse indent0">Mei Vater, mei Vater jetzt fascht er mich ah,</div> + <div class="verse indent0">Erlkönig hat mir en wee’s ge-dhu.</div> + </div> + <div class="stanza"> + <div class="verse indent0">Dem Vater fürcht’s, er reit g’schwind</div> + <div class="verse indent0">Er halt in ’em Arm dess seif’ziches Kindt</div> + <div class="verse indent0">Erreecht den Hof mit Meeh un Noth</div> + <div class="verse indent0">In seim Arm dess Kindt war dodt.</div> + </div> + </div> +</div> + +<p>In rendering the “Erlkönig” in Pennsylvania +German no English words are employed, and only +such words are used, as are in daily use by people +speaking the dialect. Harbaugh in his poems makes +use of a number of pure German words, such as are +rarely used by Pennsylvania Germans at this day, +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_194">[Pg 194]</span>but in the main he followed the Pennsylvania German +usages.</p> + +<p>It will also be observed that in the foregoing examples +of the Pfälzisch and South German dialects, +that both approach closely the spelling, accent, and +phonology of the Pennsylvania German, which attests +their intimate relationship.</p> + +<figure class="figcenter illowp100" id="image194" style="width: 12.5em;"> + <img class="w100" src="images/image194.jpg" alt=""> +</figure> + + +<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop"> +<div class="chapter"> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_195">[Pg 195]</span></p> + + + <h2 class="nobreak" id="APPENDIX_B"> + APPENDIX B. + <br> + VOCABULARY. + </h2> +</div> + + +<p>The following vocabulary contains numerous +Pennsylvania German words and idioms, with their +Pfälzisch, High German, and English equivalents. +The Pennsylvania German words are spelled, on the +High German basis wherever it could be done without +sacrificing the Pennsylvania German sound; +where that could not be done, the plan of Pennsylvania +German dialect writers has been followed, as +near as their diversified spelling would admit of. The +Pfälzisch words are taken from South German dialect +writers, chiefly from Kobell’s “Gedichte in Pfälzischer +Mundart,” and Ludwig Schandein’s “Gedichte +in Westricher Mundart,” both of which books +were written, and published in South Germany.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_196">[Pg 196]</span></p> + + +<p class="center">A.</p> + + +<table class="autotable"> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"></td> +<td class="tdl"><i>P. G.</i></td> +<td class="tdl"><i>Pfälzisch.</i></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"></td> +<td class="tdl"></td> +<td class="tdl"></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"></td> +<td class="tdl">Ah,</td> +<td class="tdl">Ah,</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"></td> +<td class="tdl">allenig,</td> +<td class="tdl">allenig,</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"></td> +<td class="tdl">allegebott,</td> +<td class="tdl">allegebott,</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"></td> +<td class="tdl">anne’geh,</td> +<td class="tdl">anne’geh,</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"></td> +<td class="tdl">anner,</td> +<td class="tdl">anner,</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"></td> +<td class="tdl">appel,</td> +<td class="tdl">appel,</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"></td> +<td class="tdl">artlich,</td> +<td class="tdl">artlich,</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"></td> +<td class="tdl">alleweil,</td> +<td class="tdl">alleweil,</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"></td> +<td class="tdl">awer,</td> +<td class="tdl">awer,</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"></td> +<td class="tdl">ängsterlich,</td> +<td class="tdl">ängsterlich,</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"></td> +<td class="tdl"></td> +<td class="tdl"></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"></td> +<td class="tdl"></td> +<td class="tdl"></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"></td> +<td class="tdl"><i>High German.</i></td> +<td class="tdl"><i>English.</i></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"></td> +<td class="tdl"></td> +<td class="tdl"></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"></td> +<td class="tdl">Auch,</td> +<td class="tdl">Also,</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"></td> +<td class="tdl">allein,</td> +<td class="tdl">alone,</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"></td> +<td class="tdl">jeden augenblick,</td> +<td class="tdl">every moment,</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"></td> +<td class="tdl">hin gehen,</td> +<td class="tdl">to go there,</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"></td> +<td class="tdl">ander,</td> +<td class="tdl">other,</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"></td> +<td class="tdl">apfel,</td> +<td class="tdl">apple,</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"></td> +<td class="tdl">sonderbar,</td> +<td class="tdl">wonderful,</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"></td> +<td class="tdl">ebenjetzt,</td> +<td class="tdl">even now,</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"></td> +<td class="tdl">aber,</td> +<td class="tdl">but,</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"></td> +<td class="tdl">ängstlich,</td> +<td class="tdl">afraid.</td> +</tr> +</table> + + + +<p class="center">B.</p> + + +<table class="autotable"> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"></td> +<td class="tdl"><i>P. G.</i></td> +<td class="tdl"><i>Pfälzisch.</i></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"></td> +<td class="tdl"></td> +<td class="tdl"></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"></td> +<td class="tdl">Backoufe,</td> +<td class="tdl">Backoufe,</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"></td> +<td class="tdl">ball,</td> +<td class="tdl">ball,</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"></td> +<td class="tdl">baam,</td> +<td class="tdl">baam,</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"></td> +<td class="tdl">beem (bame),</td> +<td class="tdl">bam,</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"></td> +<td class="tdl">batsche (im wasser),</td> +<td class="tdl">batsche,</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"></td> +<td class="tdl">babbere,</td> +<td class="tdl">babbere,</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"><span class="pagenum" id="Page_197">[Pg 197]</span></td> +<td class="tdl">bass uf,</td> +<td class="tdl">bass uf,</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"></td> +<td class="tdl">beer,</td> +<td class="tdl">beer,</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"></td> +<td class="tdl">beerebaum,</td> +<td class="tdl">beerebaum,</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"></td> +<td class="tdl">bibi, bibiche,</td> +<td class="tdl">bib’che,</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"></td> +<td class="tdl">buchele,</td> +<td class="tdl">buchele,</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"></td> +<td class="tdl">bissel,</td> +<td class="tdl">bissel,</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"></td> +<td class="tdl">blabbere,</td> +<td class="tdl">blabbere,</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"></td> +<td class="tdl">blo,</td> +<td class="tdl">blo,</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"></td> +<td class="tdl">blosbalk,</td> +<td class="tdl">blosbalg,</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"></td> +<td class="tdl">bollere,</td> +<td class="tdl">bollere,</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"></td> +<td class="tdl">bu,</td> +<td class="tdl">bu,</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"></td> +<td class="tdl">buwe,</td> +<td class="tdl">buwe,</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"></td> +<td class="tdl">buddle,</td> +<td class="tdl">buttle,</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"></td> +<td class="tdl"></td> +<td class="tdl"></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"></td> +<td class="tdl"></td> +<td class="tdl"></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"></td> +<td class="tdl"><i>High German.</i></td> +<td class="tdl"><i>English.</i></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"></td> +<td class="tdl"></td> +<td class="tdl"></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"></td> +<td class="tdl">Backofen,</td> +<td class="tdl">Bakeoven,</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"></td> +<td class="tdl">bald,</td> +<td class="tdl">soon,</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"></td> +<td class="tdl">baum,</td> +<td class="tdl">tree,</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"></td> +<td class="tdl">bäume,</td> +<td class="tdl">trees,</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"></td> +<td class="tdl">waten,</td> +<td class="tdl">to wade,</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"></td> +<td class="tdl">schnell schwetzen,</td> +<td class="tdl">rapid talk,</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"></td> +<td class="tdl">pass auf,</td> +<td class="tdl">take care,</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"></td> +<td class="tdl">birne,</td> +<td class="tdl">pear,</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"></td> +<td class="tdl">birnebaum,</td> +<td class="tdl">pear tree,</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"></td> +<td class="tdl">kleines huhn,</td> +<td class="tdl">little chicken,</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"></td> +<td class="tdl">buchlein,</td> +<td class="tdl">small book,</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"></td> +<td class="tdl">wenig,</td> +<td class="tdl">little,</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"></td> +<td class="tdl">eilig blabbern,</td> +<td class="tdl">idle talk,</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"></td> +<td class="tdl">blau,</td> +<td class="tdl">blue,</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"></td> +<td class="tdl">blasebalg,</td> +<td class="tdl">bellows,</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"></td> +<td class="tdl">poltern,</td> +<td class="tdl">make noise,</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"></td> +<td class="tdl">büblein,</td> +<td class="tdl">boy,</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"></td> +<td class="tdl">knaben,</td> +<td class="tdl">boys,</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"></td> +<td class="tdl">flasche,</td> +<td class="tdl">bottle.</td> +</tr> +</table> + + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_198">[Pg 198]</span></p> + + +<p class="center">C.</p> + + +<table class="autotable"> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"></td> +<td class="tdl"><i>P. G.</i></td> +<td class="tdl"><i>Pfälzisch.</i></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"></td> +<td class="tdl"></td> +<td class="tdl"></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"></td> +<td class="tdl">Christ owet,</td> +<td class="tdl">Christ owet,</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"></td> +<td class="tdl">Christel,</td> +<td class="tdl">Christel,</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"></td> +<td class="tdl">clafeer,</td> +<td class="tdl">clavier,</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"></td> +<td class="tdl"></td> +<td class="tdl"></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"></td> +<td class="tdl"></td> +<td class="tdl"></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"></td> +<td class="tdl"><i>High German.</i></td> +<td class="tdl"><i>English.</i></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"></td> +<td class="tdl"></td> +<td class="tdl"></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"></td> +<td class="tdl">Christ abend,</td> +<td class="tdl">Christmas eve,</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"></td> +<td class="tdl">Christiana,</td> +<td class="tdl">Christian,</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"></td> +<td class="tdl">clavier,</td> +<td class="tdl">piano-forte.</td> +</tr> +</table> + + + +<p class="center">D.</p> + + +<table class="autotable"> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"></td> +<td class="tdl"><i>P. G.</i></td> +<td class="tdl"><i>Pfälzisch.</i></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"></td> +<td class="tdl"></td> +<td class="tdl"></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"></td> +<td class="tdl">Dabber,</td> +<td class="tdl">Dabber,</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"></td> +<td class="tdl">dahl,</td> +<td class="tdl">dahl,</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"></td> +<td class="tdl">dambnudle,</td> +<td class="tdl">dambnudle,</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"></td> +<td class="tdl">dochterle,</td> +<td class="tdl">dochterle,</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"></td> +<td class="tdl">deheem,</td> +<td class="tdl">deheem,</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"></td> +<td class="tdl">deiwel,</td> +<td class="tdl">deiwel,</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"></td> +<td class="tdl">deel,</td> +<td class="tdl">deel,</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"></td> +<td class="tdl">dir,</td> +<td class="tdl">dir,</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"></td> +<td class="tdl">der wu,</td> +<td class="tdl">der wu,</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"></td> +<td class="tdl">dichel’che</td> +<td class="tdl">dichel’che,</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"></td> +<td class="tdl">dings,</td> +<td class="tdl">dings,</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"></td> +<td class="tdl">dodte-lad,</td> +<td class="tdl">dodte-lad,</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"></td> +<td class="tdl">darmlich,</td> +<td class="tdl">darmlich,</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"></td> +<td class="tdl">dreckich,</td> +<td class="tdl">drecket,</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"></td> +<td class="tdl">dummele,</td> +<td class="tdl">dummele,</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"></td> +<td class="tdl">dun’er,</td> +<td class="tdl">dun ihr,</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"></td> +<td class="tdl">drick’le,</td> +<td class="tdl">trickele,</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"></td> +<td class="tdl">der wo,</td> +<td class="tdl">der wo,</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"></td> +<td class="tdl">der zwett,</td> +<td class="tdl">der zwett,<span class="pagenum" id="Page_199">[Pg 199]</span></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"></td> +<td class="tdl"></td> +<td class="tdl"></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"></td> +<td class="tdl"></td> +<td class="tdl"></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"></td> +<td class="tdl"><i>High German.</i></td> +<td class="tdl"><i>English.</i><br></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"></td> +<td class="tdl"></td> +<td class="tdl"></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"></td> +<td class="tdl">Geschwind,</td> +<td class="tdl">Hurry,</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"></td> +<td class="tdl">thal,</td> +<td class="tdl">dale,</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"></td> +<td class="tdl">dampfnudle,</td> +<td class="tdl">dumpling,</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"></td> +<td class="tdl">tochterlein,</td> +<td class="tdl">little daughter,</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"></td> +<td class="tdl">daheim,</td> +<td class="tdl">at home,</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"></td> +<td class="tdl">teufel,</td> +<td class="tdl">devil,</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"></td> +<td class="tdl">theil,</td> +<td class="tdl">part,</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"></td> +<td class="tdl">dir,</td> +<td class="tdl">your,</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"></td> +<td class="tdl">der welcher,</td> +<td class="tdl">that who,</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"></td> +<td class="tdl">tuchlein,</td> +<td class="tdl">small cloth,</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"></td> +<td class="tdl">dinge,</td> +<td class="tdl">things,</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"></td> +<td class="tdl">tode-lad,</td> +<td class="tdl">coffin,</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"></td> +<td class="tdl">taumlich,</td> +<td class="tdl">dizzy,</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"></td> +<td class="tdl">schlammig,</td> +<td class="tdl">muddy,</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"></td> +<td class="tdl">eilen,</td> +<td class="tdl">hurrying,</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"></td> +<td class="tdl">thut ihr,</td> +<td class="tdl">do you,</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"></td> +<td class="tdl">trockenen,</td> +<td class="tdl">to dry,</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"></td> +<td class="tdl">der welche,</td> +<td class="tdl">which one,</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"></td> +<td class="tdl">der zweite,</td> +<td class="tdl">the second.</td> +</tr> +</table> + + + +<p class="center">E.</p> + + +<table class="autotable"> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"></td> +<td class="tdl"><i>P. G.</i></td> +<td class="tdl"><i>Pfälzisch.</i></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"></td> +<td class="tdl"></td> +<td class="tdl"></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"></td> +<td class="tdl">Ebber,</td> +<td class="tdl">ebber,</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"></td> +<td class="tdl">ebbes,</td> +<td class="tdl">ebbes,</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"></td> +<td class="tdl">eche,</td> +<td class="tdl">eche,</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"></td> +<td class="tdl">eifrig,</td> +<td class="tdl">eifrig,</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"></td> +<td class="tdl">ehnder,</td> +<td class="tdl">ehnder,</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"></td> +<td class="tdl">egens,</td> +<td class="tdl">egens,</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"></td> +<td class="tdl">e’letzig,</td> +<td class="tdl">e’letzig,</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"></td> +<td class="tdl">elle-bohe,</td> +<td class="tdl">elle-boh’,</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"></td> +<td class="tdl">eme,</td> +<td class="tdl">em’,<span class="pagenum" id="Page_200">[Pg 200]</span></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"></td> +<td class="tdl">er’beere,</td> +<td class="tdl">er’beere,</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"></td> +<td class="tdl">emol,</td> +<td class="tdl">emol,</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"></td> +<td class="tdl">end,</td> +<td class="tdl">en’,</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"></td> +<td class="tdl">ent,</td> +<td class="tdl">ent,</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"></td> +<td class="tdl"></td> +<td class="tdl"></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"></td> +<td class="tdl"></td> +<td class="tdl"></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"></td> +<td class="tdl"><i>High German.</i></td> +<td class="tdl"><i>English.</i></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"></td> +<td class="tdl"></td> +<td class="tdl"></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"></td> +<td class="tdl">etwer,</td> +<td class="tdl">some one,</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"></td> +<td class="tdl">etwas,</td> +<td class="tdl">something,</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"></td> +<td class="tdl">eiche,</td> +<td class="tdl">oak,</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"></td> +<td class="tdl">eifrig,</td> +<td class="tdl">industrious,</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"></td> +<td class="tdl">früher,</td> +<td class="tdl">sooner,</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"></td> +<td class="tdl">eigens,</td> +<td class="tdl">own,</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"></td> +<td class="tdl">vereinzelt,</td> +<td class="tdl">single,</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"></td> +<td class="tdl">ellbogen,</td> +<td class="tdl">elbow,</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"></td> +<td class="tdl">ihm,</td> +<td class="tdl">him,</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"></td> +<td class="tdl">erdbeere,</td> +<td class="tdl">strawberry,</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"></td> +<td class="tdl">einmal,</td> +<td class="tdl">once,</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"></td> +<td class="tdl">eine,</td> +<td class="tdl">one,</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"></td> +<td class="tdl">ende,</td> +<td class="tdl">end,</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"></td> +<td class="tdl">ente,</td> +<td class="tdl">duck.</td> +</tr> +</table> + + + +<p class="center">F.</p> + + +<table class="autotable"> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"></td> +<td class="tdl"><i>P. G.</i></td> +<td class="tdl"><i>Pfälzisch.</i></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"></td> +<td class="tdl"></td> +<td class="tdl"></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"></td> +<td class="tdl">Flicke,</td> +<td class="tdl">flicke,</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"></td> +<td class="tdl">fraa,</td> +<td class="tdl">fraa,</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"></td> +<td class="tdl">fremm,</td> +<td class="tdl">fremm,</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"></td> +<td class="tdl">frog,</td> +<td class="tdl">froh’,</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"></td> +<td class="tdl"></td> +<td class="tdl"></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"></td> +<td class="tdl"></td> +<td class="tdl"></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"></td> +<td class="tdl"><i>High German.</i></td> +<td class="tdl"><i>English.</i></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"></td> +<td class="tdl"></td> +<td class="tdl"></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"></td> +<td class="tdl">flicken,</td> +<td class="tdl">mend,</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"></td> +<td class="tdl">frau,</td> +<td class="tdl">woman, wife,</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"></td> +<td class="tdl">fremde,</td> +<td class="tdl">stranger,</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"></td> +<td class="tdl">fragen,</td> +<td class="tdl">ask.</td> +</tr> +</table> + + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_201">[Pg 201]</span></p> + + +<p class="center">G.</p> + + +<table class="autotable"> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"></td> +<td class="tdl"><i>P. G.</i></td> +<td class="tdl"><i>Pfälzisch.</i></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"></td> +<td class="tdl"></td> +<td class="tdl"></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"></td> +<td class="tdl">Gackere,</td> +<td class="tdl">gackere,</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"></td> +<td class="tdl">galje,</td> +<td class="tdl">galje,</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"></td> +<td class="tdl">gale,</td> +<td class="tdl">geel,</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"></td> +<td class="tdl">g’for,</td> +<td class="tdl">g’for,</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"></td> +<td class="tdl">geh,</td> +<td class="tdl">geh,</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"></td> +<td class="tdl">geloffe,</td> +<td class="tdl">geloffe,</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"></td> +<td class="tdl">gedu,</td> +<td class="tdl">gedu,</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"></td> +<td class="tdl">gelle,</td> +<td class="tdl">gel’,</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"></td> +<td class="tdl">g’nunk,</td> +<td class="tdl">g’nunk,</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"></td> +<td class="tdl">glawe,</td> +<td class="tdl">glaw’,</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"></td> +<td class="tdl">glei,</td> +<td class="tdl">glei’,</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"></td> +<td class="tdl">gro,</td> +<td class="tdl">gro’,</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"></td> +<td class="tdl">geblanzt,</td> +<td class="tdl">geplanzt,</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"></td> +<td class="tdl">grumbeere,</td> +<td class="tdl">grundbeere,</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"></td> +<td class="tdl">gummera,</td> +<td class="tdl">gurken,</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"></td> +<td class="tdl"></td> +<td class="tdl"></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"></td> +<td class="tdl"><i>High German.</i></td> +<td class="tdl"><i>English.</i></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"></td> +<td class="tdl"></td> +<td class="tdl"></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"></td> +<td class="tdl">gackern,</td> +<td class="tdl">to cackle,</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"></td> +<td class="tdl">galgen,</td> +<td class="tdl">gallows,</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"></td> +<td class="tdl">gelb,</td> +<td class="tdl">yellow,</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"></td> +<td class="tdl">gefahr,</td> +<td class="tdl">danger,</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"></td> +<td class="tdl">gehen,</td> +<td class="tdl">to go,</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"></td> +<td class="tdl">gelaufen,</td> +<td class="tdl">walked,</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"></td> +<td class="tdl">gethan,</td> +<td class="tdl">done,</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"></td> +<td class="tdl">gelt,</td> +<td class="tdl">is it not true?</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"></td> +<td class="tdl">genug,</td> +<td class="tdl">enough,</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"></td> +<td class="tdl">glauben,</td> +<td class="tdl">believing,</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"></td> +<td class="tdl">gleich,</td> +<td class="tdl">soon,</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"></td> +<td class="tdl">grau,</td> +<td class="tdl">grey,</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"></td> +<td class="tdl">gepflanzt,</td> +<td class="tdl">planted,</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"></td> +<td class="tdl">kartoffeln,</td> +<td class="tdl">potatoes,</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"></td> +<td class="tdl">gurken,</td> +<td class="tdl">cucumbers.</td> +</tr> +</table> + + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_202">[Pg 202]</span></p> + + +<p class="center">H.</p> + + +<table class="autotable"> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"></td> +<td class="tdl"><i>P. G.</i></td> +<td class="tdl"><i>Pfälzisch.</i></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"></td> +<td class="tdl"></td> +<td class="tdl"></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"></td> +<td class="tdl">Hensching,</td> +<td class="tdl">han’sche,</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"></td> +<td class="tdl">hab,</td> +<td class="tdl">hann,</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"></td> +<td class="tdl">ha’mer,</td> +<td class="tdl">ha’mer,</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"></td> +<td class="tdl">ha’wer,</td> +<td class="tdl">ha’wer,</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"></td> +<td class="tdl">hell,</td> +<td class="tdl">hel’,</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"></td> +<td class="tdl">hem,</td> +<td class="tdl">hem’,</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"></td> +<td class="tdl">herr jeh,</td> +<td class="tdl">herr jeh,</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"></td> +<td class="tdl">he’wel,</td> +<td class="tdl">he’wel,</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"></td> +<td class="tdl">hickele,</td> +<td class="tdl">hückele,</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"></td> +<td class="tdl">hinkel,</td> +<td class="tdl">hinkel,</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"></td> +<td class="tdl">hucke,</td> +<td class="tdl">hucke,</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"></td> +<td class="tdl">hochzich,</td> +<td class="tdl">hochzich,</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"></td> +<td class="tdl">hunne,</td> +<td class="tdl">hunne,</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"></td> +<td class="tdl">hunnert,</td> +<td class="tdl">hunnert,</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"></td> +<td class="tdl">huscht,</td> +<td class="tdl">hascht,</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"></td> +<td class="tdl">heemzu,</td> +<td class="tdl">heemzu,</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"></td> +<td class="tdl"></td> +<td class="tdl"></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"></td> +<td class="tdl"></td> +<td class="tdl"></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"></td> +<td class="tdl"><i>High German.</i></td> +<td class="tdl"><i>English.</i></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"></td> +<td class="tdl"></td> +<td class="tdl"></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"></td> +<td class="tdl">handschuh,</td> +<td class="tdl">gloves,</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"></td> +<td class="tdl">haben,</td> +<td class="tdl">to have,</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"></td> +<td class="tdl">haben wir,</td> +<td class="tdl">have we,</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"></td> +<td class="tdl">hafer,</td> +<td class="tdl">oats,</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"></td> +<td class="tdl">hölle,</td> +<td class="tdl">hell,</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"></td> +<td class="tdl">Herr-Jesus,</td> +<td class="tdl">Lord Jesus,</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"></td> +<td class="tdl">hügel,</td> +<td class="tdl">hill,</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"></td> +<td class="tdl">hemde,</td> +<td class="tdl">shirt,</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"></td> +<td class="tdl">hückeln, hupfen,</td> +<td class="tdl">to hop, or leap,</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"></td> +<td class="tdl">huhn,</td> +<td class="tdl">chicken,</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"></td> +<td class="tdl">sitzen,</td> +<td class="tdl">to sit,</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"></td> +<td class="tdl">hochzeit,</td> +<td class="tdl">wedding,</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"></td> +<td class="tdl">unten,</td> +<td class="tdl">below,<span class="pagenum" id="Page_203">[Pg 203]</span></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"></td> +<td class="tdl">hundert,</td> +<td class="tdl">hundred,</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"></td> +<td class="tdl">hast,</td> +<td class="tdl">have,</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"></td> +<td class="tdl">heim zu,</td> +<td class="tdl">homeward.</td> +</tr> +</table> + + + +<p class="center">I.</p> + + +<table class="autotable"> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"></td> +<td class="tdl"><i>P. G.</i></td> +<td class="tdl"><i>Pfälzisch.</i><br></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"></td> +<td class="tdl"></td> +<td class="tdl"></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"></td> +<td class="tdl">Is,</td> +<td class="tdl">is,</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"></td> +<td class="tdl">is’m,</td> +<td class="tdl">is’m,</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"></td> +<td class="tdl">iwer,</td> +<td class="tdl">iwer,</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"></td> +<td class="tdl">iw’rig,</td> +<td class="tdl">iw’rig,</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"></td> +<td class="tdl">ich frog,</td> +<td class="tdl">ich frog,</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"></td> +<td class="tdl"></td> +<td class="tdl"></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"></td> +<td class="tdl"></td> +<td class="tdl"></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"></td> +<td class="tdl"><i>High German.</i></td> +<td class="tdl"><i>English.</i></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"></td> +<td class="tdl"></td> +<td class="tdl"></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"></td> +<td class="tdl">ist,</td> +<td class="tdl">is,</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"></td> +<td class="tdl">ist ihm,</td> +<td class="tdl">is he,</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"></td> +<td class="tdl">über,</td> +<td class="tdl">over,</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"></td> +<td class="tdl">übrig,</td> +<td class="tdl">left over,</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"></td> +<td class="tdl">ich frage,</td> +<td class="tdl">I ask.</td> +</tr> +</table> + + + +<p class="center">J.</p> + + +<table class="autotable"> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"></td> +<td class="tdl"><i>P. G.</i></td> +<td class="tdl"><i>Pfälzisch.</i></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"></td> +<td class="tdl"></td> +<td class="tdl"></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"></td> +<td class="tdl">Johr,</td> +<td class="tdl">Jahr,</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"></td> +<td class="tdl">jarelich,</td> +<td class="tdl">jährlich,</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"></td> +<td class="tdl">jauchze,</td> +<td class="tdl">jauchze’,</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"></td> +<td class="tdl">junghaet,</td> +<td class="tdl">junghaet,</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"></td> +<td class="tdl">jud,</td> +<td class="tdl">jud,</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"></td> +<td class="tdl"></td> +<td class="tdl"></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"></td> +<td class="tdl"></td> +<td class="tdl"></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"></td> +<td class="tdl"><i>High German.</i></td> +<td class="tdl"><i>English.</i></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"></td> +<td class="tdl"></td> +<td class="tdl"></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"></td> +<td class="tdl">Jahr,</td> +<td class="tdl">year,</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"></td> +<td class="tdl">jährlich,</td> +<td class="tdl">yearly,</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"></td> +<td class="tdl">jauchzen,</td> +<td class="tdl">to shout,</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"></td> +<td class="tdl">jungheit,</td> +<td class="tdl">newness, or young</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"></td> +<td class="tdl">jude,</td> +<td class="tdl">jew.</td> +</tr> +</table> + + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_204">[Pg 204]</span></p> + + +<p class="center">K.</p> + + +<table class="autotable"> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"></td> +<td class="tdl"><i>P. G.</i></td> +<td class="tdl"><i>Pfälzisch.</i></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"></td> +<td class="tdl"></td> +<td class="tdl"></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"></td> +<td class="tdl">Kawfe,</td> +<td class="tdl">Kaufe,</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"></td> +<td class="tdl">kapp,</td> +<td class="tdl">kapp,</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"></td> +<td class="tdl">kenne,</td> +<td class="tdl">ka’,</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"></td> +<td class="tdl">knopp,</td> +<td class="tdl">knopp,</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"></td> +<td class="tdl">kohle,</td> +<td class="tdl">kohle,</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"></td> +<td class="tdl">krapsche,</td> +<td class="tdl">krapsche,</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"></td> +<td class="tdl">kreisch,</td> +<td class="tdl">kreisch,</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"></td> +<td class="tdl">krott,</td> +<td class="tdl">krott,</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"></td> +<td class="tdl">kumm’rad,</td> +<td class="tdl">kummerad,</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"></td> +<td class="tdl"></td> +<td class="tdl"></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"></td> +<td class="tdl"><i>High German.</i></td> +<td class="tdl"><i>English.</i></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"></td> +<td class="tdl"></td> +<td class="tdl"></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"></td> +<td class="tdl">kaufen,</td> +<td class="tdl">to buy,</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"></td> +<td class="tdl">mütze,</td> +<td class="tdl">cap,</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"></td> +<td class="tdl">kein,</td> +<td class="tdl">none,</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"></td> +<td class="tdl">knopf,</td> +<td class="tdl">button,</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"></td> +<td class="tdl">kohlen,</td> +<td class="tdl">coal,</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"></td> +<td class="tdl">zusammen raffen,</td> +<td class="tdl">to grasp,</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"></td> +<td class="tdl">schrei,</td> +<td class="tdl">yell,</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"></td> +<td class="tdl">kröte,</td> +<td class="tdl">toad,</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"></td> +<td class="tdl">kamerad,</td> +<td class="tdl">comrade.</td> +</tr> +</table> + + + +<p class="center">L.</p> + + +<table class="autotable"> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"></td> +<td class="tdl"><i>P. G.</i></td> +<td class="tdl"><i>Pfälzisch.</i></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"></td> +<td class="tdl"></td> +<td class="tdl"></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"></td> +<td class="tdl">Laab,</td> +<td class="tdl">lab,</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"></td> +<td class="tdl">lappes,</td> +<td class="tdl">lappes,</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"></td> +<td class="tdl">lebdag,</td> +<td class="tdl">lebdah’,</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"></td> +<td class="tdl">lehne,</td> +<td class="tdl">lehne,</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"></td> +<td class="tdl">lefze,</td> +<td class="tdl">lefze,</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"></td> +<td class="tdl">ledig,</td> +<td class="tdl">lerig,</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"></td> +<td class="tdl">letz,</td> +<td class="tdl">letz,</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"></td> +<td class="tdl">lewendig,</td> +<td class="tdl">lewendig,</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"></td> +<td class="tdl">lutzer,</td> +<td class="tdl">lutzer,<span class="pagenum" id="Page_205">[Pg 205]</span></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"></td> +<td class="tdl"></td> +<td class="tdl"></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"></td> +<td class="tdl"></td> +<td class="tdl"></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"></td> +<td class="tdl"><i>High German.</i></td> +<td class="tdl"><i>English.</i></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"></td> +<td class="tdl"></td> +<td class="tdl"></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"></td> +<td class="tdl">laub,</td> +<td class="tdl">loaf,</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"></td> +<td class="tdl">muthloser mensch,</td> +<td class="tdl">spiritless man,</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"></td> +<td class="tdl">lebenzeit,</td> +<td class="tdl">lifetime,</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"></td> +<td class="tdl">leihen,</td> +<td class="tdl">to loan,</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"></td> +<td class="tdl">lippen,</td> +<td class="tdl">lips,</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"></td> +<td class="tdl">leidig,</td> +<td class="tdl">tiresome,</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"></td> +<td class="tdl">verkehrt,</td> +<td class="tdl">wrong,</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"></td> +<td class="tdl">lebendig,</td> +<td class="tdl">alive,</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"></td> +<td class="tdl">laterne,</td> +<td class="tdl">lantern.</td> +</tr> +</table> + + + +<p class="center">M.</p> + + +<table class="autotable"> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"></td> +<td class="tdl"><i>P. G.</i></td> +<td class="tdl"><i>Pfälzisch.</i></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"></td> +<td class="tdl"></td> +<td class="tdl"></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"></td> +<td class="tdl">Maad,</td> +<td class="tdl">mad,</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"></td> +<td class="tdl">mäd,</td> +<td class="tdl">mäd, or mere,</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"></td> +<td class="tdl">maha,</td> +<td class="tdl">maha,</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"></td> +<td class="tdl">mag,</td> +<td class="tdl">mag,</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"></td> +<td class="tdl">mais’che,</td> +<td class="tdl">mais’che,</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"></td> +<td class="tdl">manch’,</td> +<td class="tdl">manch’,</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"></td> +<td class="tdl">meh’,</td> +<td class="tdl">meh’,</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"></td> +<td class="tdl">mehner,</td> +<td class="tdl">mehner,</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"></td> +<td class="tdl">millich,</td> +<td class="tdl">milch,</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"></td> +<td class="tdl">munder,</td> +<td class="tdl">munder,</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"></td> +<td class="tdl"></td> +<td class="tdl"></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"></td> +<td class="tdl"></td> +<td class="tdl"></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"></td> +<td class="tdl"><i>High German.</i></td> +<td class="tdl"><i>English.</i></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"></td> +<td class="tdl"></td> +<td class="tdl"></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"></td> +<td class="tdl">magd,</td> +<td class="tdl">maid,</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"></td> +<td class="tdl">mädcher,</td> +<td class="tdl">girls,</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"></td> +<td class="tdl">magen,</td> +<td class="tdl">stomach,</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"></td> +<td class="tdl">magen,</td> +<td class="tdl">may,</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"></td> +<td class="tdl">mäuslein,</td> +<td class="tdl">little mouse,</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"></td> +<td class="tdl">manig,</td> +<td class="tdl">many,<span class="pagenum" id="Page_206">[Pg 206]</span></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"></td> +<td class="tdl">mehr,</td> +<td class="tdl">more,</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"></td> +<td class="tdl">milch,</td> +<td class="tdl">milk,</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"></td> +<td class="tdl">munter,</td> +<td class="tdl">active.</td> +</tr> +</table> + + + +<p class="center">N.</p> + +<table class="autotable"> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"></td> +<td class="tdl"></td> +<td class="tdl"></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"></td> +<td class="tdl"><i>P. G.</i></td> +<td class="tdl"><i>Pfälzisch.</i></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"></td> +<td class="tdl"></td> +<td class="tdl"></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"></td> +<td class="tdl">Näz,</td> +<td class="tdl">näz,</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"></td> +<td class="tdl">nau,</td> +<td class="tdl">nau,</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"></td> +<td class="tdl">ne,</td> +<td class="tdl">ne,</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"></td> +<td class="tdl">net,</td> +<td class="tdl">net,</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"></td> +<td class="tdl">newel,</td> +<td class="tdl">newel,</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"></td> +<td class="tdl">newe,</td> +<td class="tdl">newe,</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"></td> +<td class="tdl">newe naus,</td> +<td class="tdl">newe naus,</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"></td> +<td class="tdl">nexe,</td> +<td class="tdl">nexe,</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"></td> +<td class="tdl">ne-wer,</td> +<td class="tdl">’ne-wer,</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"></td> +<td class="tdl">nix,</td> +<td class="tdl">nix,</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"></td> +<td class="tdl">nochber,</td> +<td class="tdl">nachber,</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"></td> +<td class="tdl">nix batte,</td> +<td class="tdl">nix batte,</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"></td> +<td class="tdl"></td> +<td class="tdl"></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"></td> +<td class="tdl"></td> +<td class="tdl"></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"></td> +<td class="tdl"><i>High German.</i></td> +<td class="tdl"><i>English.</i></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"></td> +<td class="tdl"></td> +<td class="tdl"></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"></td> +<td class="tdl">faden, zwirn,</td> +<td class="tdl">thread,</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"></td> +<td class="tdl">nun, jezt,</td> +<td class="tdl">now,</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"></td> +<td class="tdl">nein,</td> +<td class="tdl">no,</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"></td> +<td class="tdl">nicht,</td> +<td class="tdl">not,</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"></td> +<td class="tdl">nebel,</td> +<td class="tdl">mist,</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"></td> +<td class="tdl">neben,</td> +<td class="tdl">at the side,</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"></td> +<td class="tdl">neben aus,</td> +<td class="tdl">out at the side,</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"></td> +<td class="tdl">necken,</td> +<td class="tdl">to tease,</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"></td> +<td class="tdl">hin über,</td> +<td class="tdl">the other side,</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"></td> +<td class="tdl">nichts,</td> +<td class="tdl">nothing,</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"></td> +<td class="tdl">nachbar,</td> +<td class="tdl">neighbor,</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"></td> +<td class="tdl">nichts nutzen,</td> +<td class="tdl">does no good.</td> +</tr> +</table> + + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_207">[Pg 207]</span></p> + + +<p class="center">O.</p> + + +<table class="autotable"> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"></td> +<td class="tdl"><i>P. G.</i></td> +<td class="tdl"><i>Pfälzisch.</i></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"></td> +<td class="tdl"></td> +<td class="tdl"></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"></td> +<td class="tdl">Oftmole,</td> +<td class="tdl">oftmal,</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"></td> +<td class="tdl">oufe,</td> +<td class="tdl">oufe,</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"></td> +<td class="tdl">ostera,</td> +<td class="tdl">ostera,</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"></td> +<td class="tdl">owet,</td> +<td class="tdl">owend,</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"></td> +<td class="tdl">owwe,</td> +<td class="tdl">owe,</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"></td> +<td class="tdl"></td> +<td class="tdl"></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"></td> +<td class="tdl"></td> +<td class="tdl"></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"></td> +<td class="tdl"><i>High German.</i></td> +<td class="tdl"><i>English.</i></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"></td> +<td class="tdl"></td> +<td class="tdl"></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"></td> +<td class="tdl">oftmals,</td> +<td class="tdl">oftentime,</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"></td> +<td class="tdl">ofen,</td> +<td class="tdl">stove,</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"></td> +<td class="tdl">ostern,</td> +<td class="tdl">easter,</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"></td> +<td class="tdl">abend,</td> +<td class="tdl">evening,</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"></td> +<td class="tdl">oben,</td> +<td class="tdl">above.</td> +</tr> +</table> + + + +<p class="center">P.</p> + + +<table class="autotable"> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"></td> +<td class="tdl"><i>P. G.</i></td> +<td class="tdl"><i>Pfälzisch.</i></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"></td> +<td class="tdl"></td> +<td class="tdl"></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"></td> +<td class="tdl">Paad,</td> +<td class="tdl">pad,</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"></td> +<td class="tdl">pann,</td> +<td class="tdl">pann,</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"></td> +<td class="tdl">parre,</td> +<td class="tdl">parre,</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"></td> +<td class="tdl">persching,</td> +<td class="tdl">persiche,</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"></td> +<td class="tdl">pishbere,</td> +<td class="tdl">pishbere,</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"></td> +<td class="tdl">protzig,</td> +<td class="tdl">prozig,</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"></td> +<td class="tdl">pattereesel,</td> +<td class="tdl">perdreesel,<br> (heard in<br> Lorraine)</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"></td> +<td class="tdl"></td> +<td class="tdl"></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"></td> +<td class="tdl"></td> +<td class="tdl"></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"></td> +<td class="tdl"><i>High German.</i></td> +<td class="tdl"><i>English.</i></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"></td> +<td class="tdl"></td> +<td class="tdl"></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"></td> +<td class="tdl">pfad,</td> +<td class="tdl">path,</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"></td> +<td class="tdl">pfanne,</td> +<td class="tdl">pan,</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"></td> +<td class="tdl">pfarrer,</td> +<td class="tdl">parson,</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"></td> +<td class="tdl">pfersiche,</td> +<td class="tdl">peach,</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"></td> +<td class="tdl">wispern,</td> +<td class="tdl">to whisper,</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"></td> +<td class="tdl">mürrisch,</td> +<td class="tdl">peevish,</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"></td> +<td class="tdl">rebhuhn,</td> +<td class="tdl">partridge.</td> +</tr> +</table> + + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_208">[Pg 208]</span></p> + + +<p class="center">R.</p> + + +<table class="autotable"> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"></td> +<td class="tdl"><i>P. G.</i></td> +<td class="tdl"><i>Pfälzisch.</i></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"></td> +<td class="tdl"></td> +<td class="tdl"></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"></td> +<td class="tdl">Rappele,</td> +<td class="tdl">rappelle,</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"></td> +<td class="tdl">rechele,</td> +<td class="tdl">rechele,</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"></td> +<td class="tdl">reckel’che,</td> +<td class="tdl">reckel’che,</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"></td> +<td class="tdl">reche,</td> +<td class="tdl">reche,</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"></td> +<td class="tdl">reff,</td> +<td class="tdl">reff,</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"></td> +<td class="tdl">reh’ert,</td> +<td class="tdl">rehe’,</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"></td> +<td class="tdl">roll duwak,</td> +<td class="tdl">rool dawak,</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"></td> +<td class="tdl">roppe,</td> +<td class="tdl">roppe,</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"></td> +<td class="tdl">runner,</td> +<td class="tdl">r’under,</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"></td> +<td class="tdl"></td> +<td class="tdl"></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"></td> +<td class="tdl"></td> +<td class="tdl"></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"></td> +<td class="tdl"><i>High German.</i></td> +<td class="tdl"><i>English.</i></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"></td> +<td class="tdl"></td> +<td class="tdl"></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"></td> +<td class="tdl">rappeleln,</td> +<td class="tdl">rattle,</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"></td> +<td class="tdl">rechnen,</td> +<td class="tdl">reckon,</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"></td> +<td class="tdl">röcklein,</td> +<td class="tdl">small coat,</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"></td> +<td class="tdl">rechen,</td> +<td class="tdl">rake,</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"></td> +<td class="tdl">futter behälter,</td> +<td class="tdl">manger,</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"></td> +<td class="tdl">regen,</td> +<td class="tdl">rain,</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"></td> +<td class="tdl">rollen tabak,</td> +<td class="tdl">roll tobacco,</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"></td> +<td class="tdl">rupfen,</td> +<td class="tdl">to pluck,</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"></td> +<td class="tdl">hereunter,</td> +<td class="tdl">down here.</td> +</tr> +</table> + + + +<p class="center">S.</p> + + +<table class="autotable"> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"></td> +<td class="tdl"><i>P. G.</i></td> +<td class="tdl"><i>Pfälzisch.</i></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"></td> +<td class="tdl"></td> +<td class="tdl"></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"></td> +<td class="tdl">Sag,</td> +<td class="tdl">sah’,</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"></td> +<td class="tdl">shank,</td> +<td class="tdl">shank,</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"></td> +<td class="tdl">sheckig,</td> +<td class="tdl">sheckig,</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"></td> +<td class="tdl">schunke,</td> +<td class="tdl">schinke,</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"></td> +<td class="tdl">schlosee,</td> +<td class="tdl">schlosee, hagel,</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"></td> +<td class="tdl">schlippe,</td> +<td class="tdl">schlüppe,</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"></td> +<td class="tdl">seller,</td> +<td class="tdl">seller,<span class="pagenum" id="Page_209">[Pg 209]</span></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"></td> +<td class="tdl">sellemol,</td> +<td class="tdl">sellemol,</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"></td> +<td class="tdl">sehne,</td> +<td class="tdl">seh’,</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"></td> +<td class="tdl">sin un schand,</td> +<td class="tdl">sin un scha’,</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"></td> +<td class="tdl">siwe,</td> +<td class="tdl">siwe,</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"></td> +<td class="tdl">schtrump,</td> +<td class="tdl">schtrump,</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"></td> +<td class="tdl">schproch,</td> +<td class="tdl">schprach,</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"></td> +<td class="tdl">schun,</td> +<td class="tdl">schon,</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"></td> +<td class="tdl">schtee,</td> +<td class="tdl">schtee’,</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"></td> +<td class="tdl">schtiwel,</td> +<td class="tdl">schtieb’l,</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"></td> +<td class="tdl">schmeisse,</td> +<td class="tdl">schmeisse’,</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"></td> +<td class="tdl">schlofe,</td> +<td class="tdl">schlafe,</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"></td> +<td class="tdl">schornschtee,</td> +<td class="tdl">schornschtee,</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"></td> +<td class="tdl">schträle,</td> +<td class="tdl">schtriegel,</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"></td> +<td class="tdl">schpell,</td> +<td class="tdl">steck-nodel,</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"></td> +<td class="tdl"></td> +<td class="tdl"></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"></td> +<td class="tdl"></td> +<td class="tdl"></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"></td> +<td class="tdl"><i>High German.</i></td> +<td class="tdl"><i>English.</i></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"></td> +<td class="tdl"></td> +<td class="tdl"></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"></td> +<td class="tdl">sagen,</td> +<td class="tdl">say,</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"></td> +<td class="tdl">schrank,</td> +<td class="tdl">cupboard,</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"></td> +<td class="tdl">gefleckt,</td> +<td class="tdl">speckled,</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"></td> +<td class="tdl">schinken,</td> +<td class="tdl">ham,</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"></td> +<td class="tdl">hagel,</td> +<td class="tdl">hail,</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"></td> +<td class="tdl">schlüpen,</td> +<td class="tdl">to slide,</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"></td> +<td class="tdl">jener,</td> +<td class="tdl">that one,</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"></td> +<td class="tdl">jenerzeit,</td> +<td class="tdl">that time,</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"></td> +<td class="tdl">sehen,</td> +<td class="tdl">to see,</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"></td> +<td class="tdl">sünd und schande,</td> +<td class="tdl">sin and shame,</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"></td> +<td class="tdl">sieben,</td> +<td class="tdl">seven,</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"></td> +<td class="tdl">strumpf,</td> +<td class="tdl">stocking,</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"></td> +<td class="tdl">schprache,</td> +<td class="tdl">language,</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"></td> +<td class="tdl">schon,</td> +<td class="tdl">already,</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"></td> +<td class="tdl">stein,</td> +<td class="tdl">stone,</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"></td> +<td class="tdl">stiefel,</td> +<td class="tdl">boots,</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"></td> +<td class="tdl">werfen,</td> +<td class="tdl">to throw,</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"></td> +<td class="tdl">schlafen,</td> +<td class="tdl">to sleep,<span class="pagenum" id="Page_210">[Pg 210]</span></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"></td> +<td class="tdl">schornstein,</td> +<td class="tdl">chimney,</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"></td> +<td class="tdl">kamin,</td> +<td class="tdl">comb,</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"></td> +<td class="tdl">stecknadel,</td> +<td class="tdl">pin.</td> +</tr> +</table> + + + +<p class="center">T.</p> + + +<table class="autotable"> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"></td> +<td class="tdl"><i>P. G.</i></td> +<td class="tdl"><i>Pfälzisch.</i></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"></td> +<td class="tdl"></td> +<td class="tdl"></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"></td> +<td class="tdl">Triweliere,</td> +<td class="tdl">triweliere,</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"></td> +<td class="tdl">tu-wock or duwack,</td> +<td class="tdl">tabak,</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"></td> +<td class="tdl">tadele,</td> +<td class="tdl">tadele,</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"></td> +<td class="tdl">tanze,</td> +<td class="tdl">tanze,</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"></td> +<td class="tdl">teivel, or deivel,</td> +<td class="tdl">teufel,</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"></td> +<td class="tdl"></td> +<td class="tdl"></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"></td> +<td class="tdl"></td> +<td class="tdl"></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"></td> +<td class="tdl"><i>High German.</i></td> +<td class="tdl"><i>English.</i></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"></td> +<td class="tdl"></td> +<td class="tdl"></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"></td> +<td class="tdl">qualen,</td> +<td class="tdl">to torment,</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"></td> +<td class="tdl">tabak,</td> +<td class="tdl">tobacco,</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"></td> +<td class="tdl">tadelen,</td> +<td class="tdl">to censure,</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"></td> +<td class="tdl">tanzen,</td> +<td class="tdl">to dance,</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"></td> +<td class="tdl">teufel,</td> +<td class="tdl">devil.</td> +</tr> +</table> + + + +<p class="center">U.</p> + + +<table class="autotable"> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"></td> +<td class="tdl"><i>P. G.</i></td> +<td class="tdl"><i>Pfälzisch.</i></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"></td> +<td class="tdl"></td> +<td class="tdl"></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"></td> +<td class="tdl">Uf,</td> +<td class="tdl">uf,</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"></td> +<td class="tdl">un,</td> +<td class="tdl">un,</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"></td> +<td class="tdl">unne,</td> +<td class="tdl">unne,</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"></td> +<td class="tdl"></td> +<td class="tdl"></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"></td> +<td class="tdl"></td> +<td class="tdl"></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"></td> +<td class="tdl"><i>High German.</i></td> +<td class="tdl"><i>English.</i></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"></td> +<td class="tdl"></td> +<td class="tdl"></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"></td> +<td class="tdl">auf,</td> +<td class="tdl">up,</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"></td> +<td class="tdl">und,</td> +<td class="tdl">and,</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"></td> +<td class="tdl">unten,</td> +<td class="tdl">under.</td> +</tr> +</table> + + + +<p class="center">V.</p> + + +<table class="autotable"> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"></td> +<td class="tdl"><i>P. G.</i></td> +<td class="tdl"><i>Pfälzisch.</i></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"></td> +<td class="tdl"></td> +<td class="tdl"></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"></td> +<td class="tdl">Vechel’che,</td> +<td class="tdl">vechel’che,</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"></td> +<td class="tdl">verretsche,</td> +<td class="tdl">verrätsche,</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"></td> +<td class="tdl">verbunne,</td> +<td class="tdl">verbunne,</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"></td> +<td class="tdl">verwische,</td> +<td class="tdl">verwische,</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"></td> +<td class="tdl">verschreckt,</td> +<td class="tdl">verschreckt,<span class="pagenum" id="Page_211">[Pg 211]</span></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"></td> +<td class="tdl"></td> +<td class="tdl"></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"></td> +<td class="tdl"></td> +<td class="tdl"></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"></td> +<td class="tdl"><i>High German.</i></td> +<td class="tdl"><i>English.</i></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"></td> +<td class="tdl"></td> +<td class="tdl"></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"></td> +<td class="tdl">vöglein,</td> +<td class="tdl">small bird,</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"></td> +<td class="tdl">klatschen,</td> +<td class="tdl">to slander,</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"></td> +<td class="tdl">verbunden,</td> +<td class="tdl">joined,</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"></td> +<td class="tdl">erwischen,</td> +<td class="tdl">to catch,</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"></td> +<td class="tdl">schrecken,</td> +<td class="tdl">scared.</td> +</tr> +</table> + + + +<p class="center">W.</p> + + +<table class="autotable"> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"></td> +<td class="tdl"><i>P. G.</i></td> +<td class="tdl"><i>Pfälzisch.</i></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"></td> +<td class="tdl"></td> +<td class="tdl"></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"></td> +<td class="tdl">Witt du,</td> +<td class="tdl">witt du,</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"></td> +<td class="tdl">wollen’er,</td> +<td class="tdl">wollen’r,</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"></td> +<td class="tdl">wore-et,</td> +<td class="tdl">woret,</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"></td> +<td class="tdl">wu,</td> +<td class="tdl">wu,</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"></td> +<td class="tdl"></td> +<td class="tdl"></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"></td> +<td class="tdl"></td> +<td class="tdl"></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"></td> +<td class="tdl"><i>High German.</i></td> +<td class="tdl"><i>English.</i></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"></td> +<td class="tdl"></td> +<td class="tdl"></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"></td> +<td class="tdl">wilst du,</td> +<td class="tdl">will you,</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"></td> +<td class="tdl">wollt ihr,</td> +<td class="tdl">will you,</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"></td> +<td class="tdl">wahrheit,</td> +<td class="tdl">truth,</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"></td> +<td class="tdl">wo,</td> +<td class="tdl">where.</td> +</tr> +</table> + + + +<p class="center">Z.</p> + + +<table class="autotable"> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"></td> +<td class="tdl"><i>P. G.</i></td> +<td class="tdl"><i>Pfälzisch.</i></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"></td> +<td class="tdl"></td> +<td class="tdl"></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"></td> +<td class="tdl">Zamme,</td> +<td class="tdl">zamme,</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"></td> +<td class="tdl">zipple,</td> +<td class="tdl">zipple,</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"></td> +<td class="tdl">zwee,</td> +<td class="tdl">zwee,</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"></td> +<td class="tdl">ze zwett,</td> +<td class="tdl">ze zwett,</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"></td> +<td class="tdl">zeitig,</td> +<td class="tdl">zeitig,</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"></td> +<td class="tdl"></td> +<td class="tdl"></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"></td> +<td class="tdl"></td> +<td class="tdl"></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"></td> +<td class="tdl"><i>High German.</i></td> +<td class="tdl"><i>English.</i></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"></td> +<td class="tdl"></td> +<td class="tdl"></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"></td> +<td class="tdl">zusammen,</td> +<td class="tdl">together,</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"></td> +<td class="tdl">zipfel,</td> +<td class="tdl">tip-top,</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"></td> +<td class="tdl">zwei,</td> +<td class="tdl">two,</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"></td> +<td class="tdl">zu zwett,</td> +<td class="tdl">both,</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"></td> +<td class="tdl">reif, zeitig,</td> +<td class="tdl">ripe.</td> +</tr> +</table> + + + +<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop"> +<div class="chapter"> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_212">[Pg 212]</span></p> + + + <h2 class="nobreak" id="APPENDIX_C"> + APPENDIX C. + </h2> +</div> + + +<p>Brief sketches of the rulers in England, Germany, +and the Palatinate from 1682 to 1770, the period of +the great exodus of German Palatines to Pennsylvania.</p> + + +<p class="ph3">KINGS OF ENGLAND. 1660-1820.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Charles ii.</span>: King of England, was born May 29, +1630, and died Feb. 6, 1685; lived four years after he +made his grant of Pennsylvania to William Penn. +He was son of Charles I. who was tried for treason, +and executed at Whitehall in January 1649. Charles +was not a good king. Dr. Brewer, one of his biographers, +says of him, that he was a good-natured, +shrewd, and witty; but indolent, selfish, and insincere. +His profligacy was scandalous, and his extravagance +frightful. The duke of Buckingham, one of +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_213">[Pg 213]</span>his favorite companions, wrote a mock epitaph for him +after his death, which was as follows:</p> + +<div class="poetry-container"> + <div class="poetry"> + <div class="stanza"> + <div class="verse indent0">Here lies our mutton-eating king,</div> + <div class="verse indent2">Whose word no man relies on;</div> + <div class="verse indent0">He never said a foolish thing,</div> + <div class="verse indent2">And never did a wise one.</div> + </div> + </div> +</div> + +<hr class="tb"> + +<p><span class="smcap">James ii.</span>—Charles II. was succeeded by his +brother James II., a zealous Roman Catholic. His +right to the throne was disputed by the duke of Monmouth, +but the latter was taken prisoner and beheaded. +James suspended the statutes which had +been passed against the Catholics, which angered the +Protestants, who invited his son-in-law William of +Orange to become their king. The prince of Orange +accepted the invitation; came to England in November +1688. James raised an army against him, but +was defeated near the river Boyne in Ireland July 1, +1690, after which he fled to France where he died in +exile.</p> + +<hr class="tb"> + +<p><span class="smcap">William and Mary.</span>—James was followed by +his daughter, and her husband who reigned jointly as +William III. and Mary II. from 1689 until December +27, 1694, when Mary died, after which William +reigned alone until his death which occurred in 1702.</p> + +<p>One of his biographers describes William as a +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_214">[Pg 214]</span>man of middle stature, slender, delicate, subject to +asthma. He was plain in manners, reserved, cold, +and inflexible. His judgment was sound, his courage +intrepid, his penetration most acute, and the +greatest general of his age.</p> + +<p>We have seen in these pages, how he made war +against Louis XIV., the French king, in order to +succor the persecuted Palatines. England made +great progress under his rule, and William and Mary +will always be remembered as among the best of English +sovereigns.</p> + +<hr class="tb"> + +<p><span class="smcap">Anne.</span>—After the death of William III., Anne, +the second daughter of James II., came to the throne +of England. She was born February 6, 1665, and +died August 1, 1714, after a reign of 12 years. She +has been described by one of her biographers, as having +been of good natural capacity; but not well educated; +her temper was mild; her manners coarse; her +disposition affectionate, and her charity unbounded. +This last virtue agrees with the statement that many +Palatines came to America, and to Pennsylvania as +the result of her benefactions.</p> + +<hr class="tb"> + +<p><span class="smcap">George i.</span>—After Anne’s death in 1714 George +I., elector of Hanover, and duke of Brunswick, was +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_215">[Pg 215]</span>crowned king of England. He was in the line of +succession to the British throne, by reason of being a +great-grandson of James I. He was also a cousin of +Queen Anne. He was born March 28, 1660, reigned +from 1714 until he died June 12, 1727. He has been +described as having been of middle size, his countenance +and expression, and his whole appearance undignified. +He was sensible and industrious; plain +and simple in his mode of life after the manner of the +Germans; and grave, and heartless. He had no love +for England when he came to the throne, and never +acquired any. He was profoundly ignorant of the +English language, and of England’s laws and its history. +It is said of him that he never learned to speak +the English language with any degree of accuracy.</p> + +<hr class="tb"> + +<p><span class="smcap">George ii.</span>: son of the former, succeeded to the +throne in 1727, and reigned until 1760, a period of +a little more than 33 years. He was born at Hanover, +Nov. 10, 1683; and died Oct. 1760. His predelictions +for Germany were quite as strong as those of +his father. In personal appearance, he was low in +stature, carried himself very erect; had prominent +eyes; a high nose, and receding forehead. He was +reserved and cautious in his manner, violent, and obstinate, +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_216">[Pg 216]</span>covetous and mean. He was a soldier and +had no other accomplishment.</p> + +<hr class="tb"> + +<p><span class="smcap">George iii.</span>, who followed George II. to the British +throne, was a grand-son of the latter, having been +born June 4, 1738. He was a son of Frederick Louis, +prince of Wales. He reigned from 1760, until Jan. +29, 1820, when he died.</p> + +<p>Americans have a better knowledge of George +III. than any of his immediate predecessors, because +he was on the British throne during the Revolutionary +War. As all the grievances of the American +colonies were charged against his account, the American +youths have learned to know him in history as a +wicked tyrant, although the real tyrants were his +ministers, against whom the greater indignation +should at all times have been directed. The British +ministry had much more to do with shaping the British +policy, with regard to the American colonies both +before, and during the war than the king had. +George III. suffered much on account of the infirmities +of his mind. It gave way five times during his +reign viz: in 1764, 1788, 1801, 1804, and the last +time in 1810, after which the full vigor of his mind +was never restored.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_217">[Pg 217]</span></p> + +<p>It is said of him, that when in full possession of his +faculties, that he was a man of great courage, and +steadiness of purpose; was temperate, faithful and +conscientious; religious, moral, and benevolent; but +bigoted and obstinate. His court was a model of decorum, +and his domestic life irreproachable.</p> + + +<p class="ph3">GERMAN EMPERORS.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Leopold i.</span>, was born June 9, 1640; died May 5, +1705. He was emperor of the Holy Roman Empire, +from 1658 until 1705. The empire was also called +the German-Roman Empire. The name “Holy +Roman Empire,” is the result of the theoretical pretensions, +that the German emperors, were the representatives +of the ancient Roman emperors, who asserted +authority over all the nations of Western and +Central Europe. The empire comprised all the German-speaking +people, but so far as any exercise of +imperial power was concerned, it was more the outward +show and trappings of an empire, than one +exercising and maintaining its authority as such.</p> + +<p>All the European nations during the centuries +of the first German empire were incessantly at war +with each other, and the German government was +feeble in asserting its imperial authority, while certain +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_218">[Pg 218]</span>of the German states were continually at war, +with one nation or another, other of the German +states, were fighting among themselves. To meet all +the exigencies of war which were constantly rising +Leopold was wholly unfitted. He was a weak +and incompetent prince, and many of the ravages of +the French armies in the Palatinate during the last +half of the seventeenth century, were largely the result +of his incapacity. He was neither soldier, nor +statesman, and chaos ran riot in Germany during his +long and miserable reign.</p> + +<hr class="tb"> + +<p><span class="smcap">Joseph i.</span>, Leopold’s son, succeeded to the throne +of the empire after the death of his father. He was +born July 26, 1678; crowned emperor of Germany +in 1705, and reigned until his death, which occurred +April 17, 1711. He was involved in the war of the +Spanish succession.</p> + +<p>That war also involved France, during the reign +of Louis XIV. The latter grew tired of the war, and +offered to relinquish his claims and end it. As an +inducement for Germany to make peace, Louis offered +the emperor to restore Alsatia and Strasburg +which had been taken from Germany several years +before. This offer Joseph rejected, and it is a remarkable +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_219">[Pg 219]</span>fact that Germany was not able to recover +Alsatia and Strasburg for 160 years thereafter; not +until it was returned to its ancient owners as spoil of +the Franco-German war in 1871, although Louis +offered to return it as a condition of peace in 1710. +The emperor Joseph was no improvement on his +father as a ruler.</p> + +<hr class="tb"> + +<p><span class="smcap">Karl vi.</span>, the pretender to the throne of Spain, +and second son of Leopold I., became emperor of Germany +after the death of Joseph I., in 1711. Karl +was elected to the imperial throne, as all German +emperors were in those days. He issued a decree +about 1714, known as the “Pragmatic Sanction,” establishing +the succession to the throne of the German +empire for his dynasty.</p> + +<p>Karl was born Oct 1, 1685; died Oct. 20, 1740. +He reigned 29 years, during which time there were +the usual happenings of war, diplomatic intrigue, +without any exhibition of statesmanship, or the least +progress in advancing Germany to the rank of even +a second-rate nation. Up to this period Germany as +a nation can scarcely be said to have a history as such, +and at no time could the German empire lay claim to +the exercise of authority over all the states which +were theoretically under its sway.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_220">[Pg 220]</span></p> + +<hr class="tb"> + +<p><span class="smcap">Maria Theresa.</span> With her coming to the throne +the real history of Germany may be said to begin. +She came to the throne after the death of her father, +Karl VI. by virtue of the pragmatic sanction. She +was born May 13, 1717; died Nov. 29, 1780. With +her reign began a vigorous administration of the affairs +of the empire. It has been said of her that: +“Since the death of Maximilian II. in 1576, Austria +had no male ruler so prudent, just and energetic as +this woman.” Five years after her coming to the +throne her husband Francis I. died, when his eldest +son succeeded to the title as “Emperor,” but he was +only emperor in name, so long as the empress lived, +for she kept the conduct of affairs in her own hands.</p> + +<p>Bayard Taylor, in his “History of Germany,” +says of her: “Maria Theresa, like all the Hapsburgs, +after Ferdinand I., had grown up under the influence +of the Jesuits, and her ideas of justice were limited +by her religious bigotry. In other respects she was +wise and liberal; she effected a complete reorganization +of the government, establishing special departments +of justice, industry and commerce; she thought +to develop the resources of the country; abolish +torture, introduced a new criminal code,—in short, +she neglected scarcely any important interests of the +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_221">[Pg 221]</span>people, except their education and their religious +freedom. Nevertheless she was always jealous of the +presumptions of Rome, and prevented as far as she +was able, the immediate dependence of the Catholic +clergy upon the Pope.”</p> + +<p>Maria Theresa was an empress of great ability, +and during her reign, the German states made great +progress in many of the useful arts, and industries. +Her usefulness came to an end with her death in +1780, and the first German empire ceased to exist in +1806, when Francis II. abdicated as its last emperor.</p> + + +<p class="ph3">PALATINE ELECTORS.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Philip Wilhelm.</span>—This prince who was born in +1651, became the elector of the Palatinate in 1685, +and continued to rule for three years when he died. +During his short reign the Palatinate was comparatively +free from the ravages of contending armies. +The rapacity of Louis XIV. gave the poor Palatines +a brief respite; but their misery was not long postponed, +for the French king made war again upon +them immediately upon the accession of Philip Wilhelm’s +successor.</p> + +<hr class="tb"> + +<p><span class="smcap">John Wilhelm.</span>—With the death of the former +prince, his eldest son, John Wilhelm became the ruling +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_222">[Pg 222]</span>prince Palatine. He was born in 1658, and +came to the electorate in 1688, and continued, until +his death in 1716. It was during his reign, that the +beautiful Palatinate was made a desert, by the armies +of Louis XIV., in his efforts to usurp the electorate +for his sister-in-law, the duchess of Orleans. He was +a weak prince, and resided away from his dominion +for a great part of the time of the French occupation +of the Palatinate. He established himself at Düsseldorf, +from whence he feebly directed the operations +against the French hordes who were engaged in devastating +the Rhine provinces.</p> + +<hr class="tb"> + +<p><span class="smcap">Charles Philip.</span>—This prince was a brother of +the former, and became elector in 1717. He was +born in 1661, and his reign ended with his death in +1742. Louis XIV. died two years before the reign +of Charles Philip began, so the latter was spared the +ordeal of defending the Palatinate, against the ravages +of the French soldiers, although his dominion continued +to be overrun by the soldiers of other European +nations at war with each other. Charles Philip was +a fair sort of a prince, and tried to restore the Palatinate +to some of its ancient splendor, and made some +progress in that direction. He restored the castle of +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_223">[Pg 223]</span>Heidelberg in a great measure, and built the beautiful +castle at Mannheim, and lived there during a part +of his reign.</p> + +<hr class="tb"> + +<p><span class="smcap">Charles Theodore.</span>—This prince belonged to a +collateral branch of the line of Palatine electors, and +was born in 1724; came to the electorate in 1742, and +continued his rule until 1799, when he died. He +was a noble prince, highly educated, and devoted to +the fine arts. Numerous monuments of his reign +remain around Heidelberg, and the beautiful bridge +over the Neckar is one of them, which is pointed out +to the tourists by the citizens of Heidelberg with +great pride at the present day.</p> + +<p>In 1777, Charles Theodore inherited the throne +of Bavaria, and then removed his court to Munich. +He continued however in the electorate of the Palatinate +until his death, when he was succeeded by Maximilian +Joseph, who continued in the electorate only +two years, when it became extinct, by virtue of the +terms of the treaty of Luneville, which was dictated +by Napoleon; whereby France received all of the +Palatinate, on the west bank of the Rhine, and Baden +received the greater part of it, situated on the east +side. That part of the Palatinate on the west bank +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_224">[Pg 224]</span>of the Rhine taken by France was ceded back to Germany, +after the downfall of Napoleon in 1815. +Maximilian Joseph was the last ruling Palatine +elector. He came to the electorate in 1799, and in +1802 to 1803 he transferred his rights to the newly +established electoral House of Baden. In 1806 he +became King of Bavaria.</p> + +<p>There were other princes in the direct line of descent +of the Palatine electors who kept up the title for +a number of years after the electorate was abolished, +but none ever reigned, and the line is now extinct.</p> + +<figure class="figcenter illowp100" id="image155_3" style="width: 12.5em;"> + <img class="w100" src="images/image155.jpg" alt=""> +</figure> + + +<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop"> +<div class="chapter"> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_225">[Pg 225]</span></p> + + + <h2 class="nobreak" id="APPENDIX_D"> + APPENDIX D. + <br> + A CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE OF ALL THE REIGNING PRINCES + OF THE PALATINATE. + </h2> +</div> + + +<p>1. <span class="smcap">Conrad of Hohenstaufen.</span>—He was the first +prince invested with the electoral dignity. He was +raised to the honor by his brother the Emperor Frederick +I. (Barbarossa); was born in 1127; died in 1195.</p> + +<p>2. <span class="smcap">Henry the Guelph.</span>—Son of Henry the Lion—duke +of Brunswick; became Pfalzgrave of the +Rhine after Conrad. Born in 1169; died 1227.</p> + +<p>3. <span class="smcap">Henry the Younger</span>; married Mathilda of +Brabant; born in 1194; died 1214.</p> + +<p>4. <span class="smcap">Louis i.</span>, duke of Bavaria, was made elector by +the German emperor for distinguished military services, +although Henry the Younger’s father was still +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_226">[Pg 226]</span>living, and was the rightful heir of Conrad of Hohenstaufen.</p> + +<p>5. <span class="smcap">Otho</span>, the Illustrious, son of Louis I. followed +the latter; he was born in 1206; died 1253.</p> + +<p>6. <span class="smcap">Louis ii.</span>, the Severe, son of Otho I., married +Mary of Brabant, whom he had beheaded without +cause in a fit of jealousy.</p> + +<p>7. <span class="smcap">Rudolph i.</span>, son of Louis, at the beginning +reigned in common with his brother Louis of Bavaria, +who afterwards became emperor. He divided his +lands, and retained the Palatinate of the Rhine, while +his brother kept Bavaria.</p> + +<p>8. <span class="smcap">Adolphus</span> the Just, became invested with the +electorate by his uncle emperor Louis, in 1320. He +was born in 1300; died in 1327.</p> + +<p>9. <span class="smcap">Rudolph ii.</span>, next succeeded to the electorate.</p> + +<p>10. <span class="smcap">Rupert i.</span>, the Elder, reigned according to +the will of his uncle, in common with his brother, +and for the deceased brother Adolphus. He was the +founder of the University of Heidelberg in 1346, and +he also built the Rupertina Chapel of Heidelberg +castle. He was born in 1309; died 1390.</p> + +<p>11. <span class="smcap">Rupert ii.</span>, the Hard-hearted, son of Adolph, +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_227">[Pg 227]</span>came next to the electorate. He was an impetuous +soldier, who participated in most of the numerous +wars, which distracted the peace of Germany in his +day.</p> + +<p>12. <span class="smcap">Rupert iii.</span>, surnamed the Good, and on account +of his love of justice, called Justinian; the only +son of Rupert II. He was popular with all the German +princes, who elected him king of Germany in +1400. He built the Rupert’s building in the castle +of Heidelberg. He was born in 1352; died in 1410.</p> + +<p>13. <span class="smcap">Louis iii.</span>, surnamed the Bearded, was the +ancestor of the Heidelberg line of princes. He was +patron of Conrad of Constance in 1414, and confined +Pope John XXIII, for a long time in the Rudolph +building a prisoner. Born in 1376; died in 1437.</p> + +<p>14. <span class="smcap">Louis iv.</span>, surnamed the Candid, came next +and reigned 12 years. He was born in 1424; died +1449.</p> + +<p>15. <span class="smcap">Frederick i.</span>, the Victorious, brother of +Louis IV. became elector at the latter’s death. German +affairs were in a greatly disturbed condition, +when he came to the electorate. He became arrayed +against the emperor, and likewise the Pope; but he +triumphed over all his enemies, and his name lives in +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_228">[Pg 228]</span>history as one of the most eminent of all the German +princes. He was born in 1425; died in 1476.</p> + +<p>16. <span class="smcap">Philip</span>, the Sincere, son of Louis IV. succeeded +Frederick I. He was a prince who was devoted +to the sciences, and who labored for the welfare +of the people over whom he reigned. Born in 1448; +died in 1508.</p> + +<p>17. <span class="smcap">Louis v.</span>, surnamed the Pacific; was so called +because he labored unceasingly, at the meetings of +the diets of the German empire, to pacify all the +princes who differed in their religious opinions. He +was the son of Philip; and was a great disciple of +peace; he nevertheless prepared for war by constructing +important fortifications of the castle of Heidelberg. +He constructed the Louis building of the +castle, and connected the grand rampart, the Louis +tower, the watch tower, and the big tower, by subterranean +passages. His reign was a comparatively +pacific one, and lasted 36 years. It was during his +reign that Martin Luther launched his Reformation, +and nailed the 95 theses on the church door of Wittenberg; +and was excommunicated by the pope from +the church of Rome. Louis was born in 1478; died +1544.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_229">[Pg 229]</span></p> + +<p>18. <span class="smcap">Frederick ii.</span>, the Wise, was a brother of +Louis V. His reign lasted only six years; but he improved +that time by completing the fortifications of +the Heidelberg castle, and built the new court in connection +with it. He was born in 1482; died in 1550.</p> + +<p>19. <span class="smcap">Otho Henry</span>, the Magnanimous, was next +to obtain the electorate. He received his name because +of his generosity in protecting the arts and +sciences; and it was he who built the most beautiful +architectural monument of the castle of Heidelberg,—the +Otho-Henry building. He was born in 1502; +died in 1559.</p> + +<p>20. <span class="smcap">Frederick iii.</span>, the Pious, had an uneventful +reign, excepting the religious contentions, in consequence +of the Reformation. Born in 1515; died +1570.</p> + +<p>21. <span class="smcap">Louis vi.</span>, son of the former, reigned 15 +years, from 1559 until 1576. Born in 1539; died in +1583.</p> + +<p>22. <span class="smcap">John Casimir</span>, brother of the former, came to +the electorate in 1576. He was a chivalrous prince; +much esteemed by his subjects. He built the first +Big Tun, in the cellar of the Heidelberg castle. Born +in 1543; died 1592.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_230">[Pg 230]</span></p> + +<p>23. <span class="smcap">Frederick iv.</span>, son of Louis VI., reigned 18 +years, during which he erected the splendid Frederick’s +building with its new chapel in the castle. Born +1574; died 1610.</p> + +<p>24. <span class="smcap">Frederick v.</span>, surnamed the Patient, married +Elizabeth Stuart of England, grand-daughter of the +unfortunate Mary, Queen of Scots. He made many +fine architectural additions to the castle of Heidelberg; +among them the palace of Elizabeth, and its +magnificent gate which is still admired in the +grandeur of its ruins by thousands of tourists each +year. Frederick was elected king of Bohemia in +1619, but soon after he was defeated in a great battle +near Prague by the emperor Ferdinand, and thereby +lost his crown, when he fled to Holland, where he +died without ever returning to the castle of his ancestors. +Born in 1596; died 1632.</p> + +<p>25. <span class="smcap">Charles Louis</span>, surnamed the German Solomon, +returned to his hereditary lands in 1649, as heir +to the Palatinate. He restored the castle which had +been almost ruined by the ravages of the Thirty +Years’ War, and made himself useful in re-establishing +prosperity to the Palatinate, which had been severely +afflicted, and he soon succeeded in making the rich +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_231">[Pg 231]</span>soil of the valleys of the Upper Rhine, and Neckar +bloom again like a garden. He was a noble prince; +born in 1617, died in 1680 while on his way from +Mannheim to Heidelberg in an orchard in the village +of Edingen.</p> + +<p>26. <span class="smcap">Charles</span>, his only son and heir succeeded +him. He died without issue and his sister married to +the duke of Orleans, brother of Louis XIV. of France, +who made pretensions to the electorate, and was +supported by Louis. Her unjust claim was the signal +for the unfortunate war, which brought the ruin and +desolation to the Palatinate, the details of which have +been recounted in these pages.</p> + +<p>Sketches of the Palatine electors, 27, 28, 29 and +30 have already been noted among the sketches of the +counts Palatine, who reigned during the period of the +German emigration from the Palatinate to America.</p> + + +<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop"> +<div class="chapter"> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_232">[Pg 232]</span></p> + + + <h2 class="nobreak" id="APPENDIX_E"> + APPENDIX E. + <br> + GLOSSARY. + </h2> +</div> + + +<blockquote> +<p class="hanging-indent1">Aduatuci, a German tribe formed out of the fragments +of the Cimbrians and Teutonians.</p> + +<p class="hanging-indent1">Aix-la-Chapelle, Treaty of. A treaty which ended +the war of the Austrian Succession, in October, +1748.</p> + +<p class="hanging-indent1">Alsace, a province of the German empire, a part of +which was conquered by France in the Thirty +Years’ War, and the whole ceded to France in +1791. The whole was ceded back to Germany +in 1871, as a result of the Franco-Prussian war.</p> + +<p class="hanging-indent1">Alemanni, a German race of Suevic origin, which +occupied the region from the Main to the Danube, +in the first part of the third century A. D., +afterwards extending to the Rhine, including +Alsace, and part of Eastern Switzerland.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_233">[Pg 233]</span></p> + +<p class="hanging-indent1">Ampsivari, a German tribe described by Tacitus, +which continued until the fifth century A. D., +when it became merged in the Franks.</p> + +<p class="hanging-indent1">Anne, Queen, succeeded to the throne of England in +1702, upon the death of William III.</p> + +<p class="hanging-indent1">Aryan, a Sanscrit word, applied to all nations who +speak a language mainly derived from the Sanscrit, +or ancient Hindoo, as the Greek, Latin, +Gothic, English, German and all kindred +tongues.</p> + +<p class="hanging-indent1">Arendt, Baron von, a patriot and German soldier, of +the Revolution.</p> + +<p class="hanging-indent1">Attila, a famous king of the Huns, whose conquests +in Europe were a terrific marvel, leaving ruin +and desolation in his trail, in consequence of +which he was called the “Scourge of God.” He +died in 453 A. D.</p> + +<p class="hanging-indent1">Austrian Succession, War of. The emperor Charles +VI. had no male heirs, and he sought to get all the +powers concerned to accede to the Pragmatic +Sanction, by which the Austrian possessions +were to go to his eldest daughter Maria Theresa. +The elector of Bavaria, Charles Albert, never +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_234">[Pg 234]</span>gave consent to the pragmatic sanction, and +when Charles the VI. died, he claimed the Austrian +throne, as being next in line of succession. +A desire seized the European powers to break up +the Austrian state, and divide its dominions +among them. Great Britain was the only +European nation which came to the aid of Austria. +After eight years of war, Maria Theresa +was confirmed as empress of Austria.</p> +</blockquote> + + +<p class="center">B.</p> + +<blockquote> +<p class="hanging-indent1">Batavi, a German tribe, which took sides with the +Romans, and enlisted in its armies, against the +rest of the Germans. They became ultimately +merged in the Salic Franks.</p> + +<p class="hanging-indent1">Barbarians, foreigners; people whose names have +“Bar” prefixed to them, signifying son of.</p> + +<p class="hanging-indent1">Bingen, a city of Germany, in Hesse, situated at the +junction of the Nahe with the Rhine.</p> + +<p class="hanging-indent1">Boehm, Philip, an early German Reformed preacher +in Pennsylvania.</p> + +<p class="hanging-indent1">Boufflers, a marshal of France under Louis XIV., +born January, 1644; died August 20, 1711.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_235">[Pg 235]</span></p> + +<p class="hanging-indent1">Brainard, David, a missionary among the Indians, +born at Haddonfield, Conn., April 20, 1718; +died at Northampton, Mass., Oct. 9, 1749.</p> + +<p class="hanging-indent1">Brandywine, Battle of. A battle fought on the creek +of that name in Pennsylvania, during the Revolutionary +war, at which the Americans under +Washington were defeated by the British under +General Howe.</p> + +<p class="hanging-indent1">Burgundians, a German tribe, which settled in Gaul, +and founded the kingdom of Burgundy in the +fifth century.</p> +</blockquote> + + +<p class="center">C.</p> + +<blockquote> +<p class="hanging-indent1">Calvert, Cecilius (Lord Baltimore). The first proprietor +of Maryland; born about the year 1605; +died at London Nov. 30, 1675.</p> + +<p class="hanging-indent1">Chauci, a German tribe, first mentioned by Strabo, +living about the shores of the North Sea, on +both sides of the Weser. They disappeared in +the fifth century, becoming merged with the +Saxons.</p> + +<p class="hanging-indent1">Chatti, a powerful German tribe, some of whom left +their abode in the region of the Main, and became +absorbed by the Salic Franks. Those who +remained, were the progenitors of the Hessians.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_236">[Pg 236]</span></p> + +<p class="hanging-indent1">Cherusci, a German tribe, dwelling in the time of +Caesar, west of the Elbe, about the middle +Weser. Their name disappeared in the fifth +century, when they became a constituent part of +the Saxons.</p> + +<p class="hanging-indent1">Cimbrians, an ancient German tribe, inhabiting +Northern Germany at an early day. With the +Teutons as allies they invaded the Roman provinces +in 113 B. C. They were afterwards +“virtually exterminated,” by a Roman army under +Marius.</p> + +<p class="hanging-indent1">Clovis, born about 465; died at Paris Sept. 8, 511. +He was the founder of the Merovingian line of +Frankish kings.</p> + +<p class="hanging-indent1">Conde, Prince de, born at Paris 1621; died at Fontainebleau, +France, Dec. 11, 1686. He was a celebrated +French general during the reign of Louis +XIV., and took an active part in the devastation +of the Palatinate.</p> + +<p class="hanging-indent1">Condrusii, a German tribe, occupying a part of Belgium, +when they became first known. Their +name disappeared from history at an early day.</p> +</blockquote> + + +<p class="center">D.</p> + +<blockquote> +<p class="hanging-indent1">Dunkers, a sect of German American Baptists, called +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_237">[Pg 237]</span>by themselves Brethren, founded in Westphalia, +in 1708, by Alexander Mack.</p> + +<p class="hanging-indent1">Duras, de, a French general under Louis XIV.</p> +</blockquote> + + +<p class="center">E.</p> + +<blockquote> +<p class="hanging-indent1">Eburones, a German tribe occupying a part of Belgium +at the time the Romans first made their +acquaintance.</p> + +<p class="hanging-indent1">Erlkönig, the subject of Goethe’s well-known poem. +In German legend, a “goblin or personified +natural power who haunts the Black Forest. He +is particularly addicted to destroying children.”</p> +</blockquote> + + +<p class="center">F.</p> + +<blockquote> +<p class="hanging-indent1">Finns, the natives of Finland, a colony of whom made +settlement on the Delaware river within the present +limits of Pennsylvania, as early as the year +1637.</p> + +<p class="hanging-indent1">Flemish, a Low German language of which the Dutch +is a type.</p> + +<p class="hanging-indent1">Frederick, The Great, born at Berlin Jan. 24, 1712; +died at Sans Souci near Potsdam Aug. 17, 1786. +King of Prussia, and one of the greatest generals +and statesmen of his time.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_238">[Pg 238]</span></p> + +<p class="hanging-indent1">Franche-Comte, an ancient government of Eastern +France. It was at one time a part of the old +kingdom of Burgundy, but was annexed to +France more than two hundred years ago.</p> + +<p class="hanging-indent1">Franks, the name assumed, in the third century A. D. +by a confederation of German tribes, a branch of +which founded the Merovingian monarchy, under +Clovis (481-511).</p> + +<p class="hanging-indent1">Frankenthal, a town in the Palatinate, destroyed by +the soldiers of Louis XIV.</p> + +<p class="hanging-indent1">Franklin, Benjamin, an American statesman, diplomat, +philosopher, and author. Born at Boston, +Mass., Jan. 17, 1706; died at Philadelphia April +17, 1790.</p> + +<p class="hanging-indent1">Frisii, a German tribe, on the North Sea, and the +progenitors of the present race of Friesians in +Friesland.</p> +</blockquote> + + +<p class="center">G.</p> + +<blockquote> +<p class="hanging-indent1">German: Origin, of name unknown; is said to be +neither of Latin, nor of German origin; claimed +to be most probably Celtic.</p> + +<p class="hanging-indent1">“German Slave Trade,” a name contemptuously applied +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_239">[Pg 239]</span>to the custom of selling German emigrants +for the cost of their passage.</p> + +<p class="hanging-indent1">Germantown, a former borough of Pennsylvania, now +a part of the municipality of Philadelphia. +Founded by German Quakers in 1683.</p> + +<p class="hanging-indent1">Goths, a powerful Teutonic tribe, forming two historical +divisions of the Visigoths, and Ostrogoths; +branches of them settled early, in the present +Servia, and Bulgaria; while others founded monarchies +in France, Italy, and Spain. They became +merged later into other races.</p> + +<p class="hanging-indent1">Graffenried, a Swiss colonist, in North Carolina, who +helped to found Newbern.</p> +</blockquote> + + +<p class="center">H.</p> + +<blockquote> +<p class="hanging-indent1">Hatto, Bishop, archbishop of Mainz; died about 970. +According to a German legend, he was eaten +alive by mice as a punishment for having burned +to the ground a barn full of people during the +time of a famine.</p> + +<p class="hanging-indent1">“Heemweh,” a characteristic poem by the late Rev. +Heinrich Harbaugh in the Pennsylvania German +dialect.</p> + +<p class="hanging-indent1">Heidelberg, a city in Baden, Germany, situated on +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_240">[Pg 240]</span>the Neckar 12 miles from its junction with the +Rhine at Mannheim. It was for many years +the seat of the Palatine electors, and contains +the famous castle built by them. Its ruins are +said to be the most imposing in Europe.</p> + +<p class="hanging-indent1">Hendrickson, Cornelius, a navigator in the service of +the Dutch East India Company, who explored +the Delaware river, as far as the present site of +Philadelphia in 1614.</p> + +<p class="hanging-indent1">Hermunduri, a German tribe, a branch of the Suevi. +It is believed that they became the Thuringians.</p> + +<p class="hanging-indent1">Hessians, are the natives or inhabitants of Hesse in +Germany. In this volume, the name is employed +to designate the hireling soldiers which +the Landgrave of Hesse-Cassel, and certain other +German princes sold to the British government, +to fight against American independence.</p> + +<p class="hanging-indent1">Hohenstaufen. The name of a German princely +family, which has furnished the sovereigns to the +first German empire, 1138-1254; also for a long +period the Palatine electors, were supplied by +the same family. The dynasty became extinct +in 1268, when Conradin, the last of the line, +was executed.</p> +</blockquote> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_241">[Pg 241]</span></p> + + +<p class="center">I.</p> + +<blockquote> +<p class="hanging-indent1">Indo-European, applied to the languages of India and +Europe, which are derived from the prehistoric +Aryan language; also applies to the people or +nations who speak those languages.</p> + +<p class="hanging-indent1">Inspirationists, a religious sect, some of whom found +their way to Pennsylvania at an early day.</p> +</blockquote> + + +<p class="center">K</p> + +<blockquote> +<p class="hanging-indent1">Key, John, the first white child born at Philadelphia, +after Penn had laid out his city.</p> + +<p class="hanging-indent1">“King of the Palatines,” Graffenried one of the +founders of Newbern, N. C., saved his life, after +he was condemned to be burned at the stake, by +pretending that he was “king of the Palatines.”</p> +</blockquote> + + +<p class="center">L.</p> + +<blockquote> +<p class="hanging-indent1">Lawson, Samuel, a companion of Graffenried, whom +the Tuscarora Indians burned at the stake.</p> + +<p class="hanging-indent1">Lexington, a city 11 miles from Boston, Mass. It is +the scene of the first bloodshed of the American +Revolution, April 19, 1775.</p> + +<p class="hanging-indent1">Longobardi, an early German tribe, known later as +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_242">[Pg 242]</span>the Lombards, who founded the kingdom of +Lombardy, which was overthrown by Charlemagne +in 774.</p> + +<p class="hanging-indent1">Lorraine, a region on the border between France and +Germany, formerly an independent duchy, conquered +by France in the 17th century. The +German part of it was ceded to Germany in 1871, +in consequence of the treaty between France +and Germany after the Franco-German war.</p> + +<p class="hanging-indent1">Lothaire, king of Lorraine, died 869.</p> + +<p class="hanging-indent1">Louis XIV., surnamed by the French, “Le Grand”—(the +Great). He was born Sept. 5, 1638; died +at Versailles Sept. 1715. The devastation of +the Palatinate, by his soldiers, under his direction +and approval, will always cause his memory +to be execrated, throughout the civilized world.</p> + +<p class="hanging-indent1">Louvois, Francois, Marquis de, born at Paris Jan. 9, +1639; died July 16, 1691. A noted French +statesman, minister of war under Louis XIV. and +one of the chief instruments in the devastation of +the Rhine provinces, 1666-1691.</p> + +<p class="hanging-indent1">Luneville, Treaty of. A treaty which the First +Napoleon dominated, and in which most of the +powers of continental Europe participated. It +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_243">[Pg 243]</span>was concluded Feb. 9, 1801. By its terms +France received all the territory on the west +bank of the Rhine; Tuscany was ceded to Parma; +and the Cisalpine, Ligurian, Helvetic, and Batavian +republics were recognized. The end of +the “Holy Roman Empire,” soon followed this +treaty.</p> +</blockquote> + + +<p class="center">M.</p> + +<blockquote> +<p class="hanging-indent1">Maintenon, Francoise d’Aubige, was born in prison +at Niort, France, Nov. 27, 1635; died at St. Cyr +near Versailles April 15, 1719. Her parents +were in prison for political offenses when she +was born. She became the second wife of Louis +XIV. and is said to have exercised great influence +over him with regard to his religious bigotry +and his persecutions in the Palatinate.</p> + +<p class="hanging-indent1">Mannheim, a city of Baden, situated at the junction of +the Neckar with the Rhine. It was founded in +1606; was destroyed during the Thirty Years’ +War; rebuilt, and became the capital of the Palatinate +in 1720.</p> + +<p class="hanging-indent1">Mainz, a city on the Rhine, and capital of Rhine-Hesse.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_244">[Pg 244]</span></p> + +<p class="hanging-indent1">Marcomanni, a German tribe, branch of the Suevi. +Drusus in his campaign found them on the middle +and upper Rhine stoutly resisting his advance. +They disappeared from history as a separate +tribe in the fourth century.</p> + +<p class="hanging-indent1">Marsi, a German tribe, mentioned by Strabo, which +dwelt in the region about Saxony, at the commencement +of our era, which disappeared as a +distinct tribe after the campaign of Germanicus.</p> + +<p class="hanging-indent1">Melac, a French officer under whose immediate direction +Heidelberg was sacked and burned.</p> + +<p class="hanging-indent1">Mennonites, a religious sect founded in Europe in the +16th century. To escape persecution many of +them emigrated to Pennsylvania.</p> + +<p class="hanging-indent1">Michel, Louis, a Swiss colonist in North Carolina who +assisted in the founding of Newbern.</p> + +<p class="hanging-indent1">Muhlenberg, Heinrich Melchoir; born at Einbeck +Prussia, Sept. 6, 1711; died at Trappe, Pa., Oct. +7, 1787. A German clergyman, and chief +founder of the Lutheran Church in the United +States.</p> + +<p class="hanging-indent1">Muhlenberg, John Peter Gabriel, son of the former, +born at Trappe, Pa., Oct. 1, 1746; died near +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_245">[Pg 245]</span>Philadelphia Oct. 1, 1807. He was a Lutheran +clergyman, Major-General in the Revolutionary +army; member of Congress, and United States +Senator from Pennsylvania.</p> + +<p class="hanging-indent1">Mystics, a name common to several religious sects +some of whose members came to Pennsylvania +with the early German emigration.</p> +</blockquote> + + +<p class="center">O.</p> + +<blockquote> +<p class="hanging-indent1">Oppenheim, a town in the province of Rhine-Hesse, +11 miles southwest of Mainz. It was one of the +towns destroyed by the French soldiers.</p> + +<p class="hanging-indent1">Orleans, Duchess of, sister-in-law of Louis XIV. for +whom the latter tried to usurp the Palatine +electorate after the death of the elector Philip +Wilhelm, which resulted in the war which devastated +the Palatinate, and drove thousands of the +inhabitants from their homes.</p> +</blockquote> + + +<p class="center">P.</p> + +<blockquote> +<p class="hanging-indent1">Palatinate, a former German state, which ceased to +exist as an independent state in 1801.</p> + +<p class="hanging-indent1">Pfalz, the German term for the Palatinate.</p> + +<p class="hanging-indent1">Pfälzer, an inhabitant of the Palatinate; and German +term for Palatine.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_246">[Pg 246]</span></p> + +<p class="hanging-indent1">Philippsburg, a town of Baden which suffered much +from the wars of Louis XIV.</p> + +<p class="hanging-indent1">Purrysburg, a town in South Carolina, founded by +German emigrants from the Palatinate early in +the 18th century.</p> + +<p class="hanging-indent1">Penn, William, founder of Pennsylvania, who gave +the province its first code of laws; born in London +Oct. 14, 1664; died in England, July 30, +1718. He was a son of Admiral Sir William +Penn. He was carefully educated, studied at +Oxford; was converted to Quakerism, after +which he was expelled from the university. He +was repeatedly imprisoned, for preaching the +Quaker doctrines, but continued in his faith to +the end. After his father’s death, he inherited +a claim against the British government of 16,000 +pounds, on account of which Charles II. gave +him the grant of Pennsylvania.</p> +</blockquote> + + +<p class="center">Q.</p> + +<blockquote> +<p class="hanging-indent1">Quaker, one of a religious sect founded by George +Fox, in England about the year 1650. The sect +suffered much persecution in England which resulted +in very many of them emigrating to +Pennsylvania.</p> +</blockquote> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_247">[Pg 247]</span></p> + + +<p class="center">R.</p> + +<blockquote> +<p class="hanging-indent1">Redemptioner, as applied to emigrants who were sold +for their passage upon their arrival at American +ports, one who redeemed his freedom by a term +of service.</p> + +<p class="hanging-indent1">Reformation, specifically the religious movement +commenced by Martin Luther, in the early part +of the 16th century, which resulted in the formation +of the various Protestant sects.</p> + +<p class="hanging-indent1">Rhenish Bavaria, the present Rhine Palatinate, with +Speyer as the capital.</p> + +<p class="hanging-indent1">Roman Empire, founded about 500 years before the +Christian era, and embracing at one time nearly +the whole civilized world. It began to decline +about the fifth century of our era, and later was +compelled to give up nearly all its conquests of +many centuries.</p> + +<p class="hanging-indent1">Ryswick, Treaty of. At the treaty signed at Ryswick, +a village in Holland, Sept. 21, 1697, between +France on the one side, and England, the Netherlands, +Germany, and Spain on the other, by +which Louis XIV., among other things, recognized +William III. as king of England, thereby +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_248">[Pg 248]</span>abandoning the cause of the Stuarts. As William +III. had espoused the cause of the Palatines, +against whom Louis had carried on a frightful +war of devastation for many years, and as Germany +was a party to the treaty, one of its conditions +was that Louis was to withdraw his armies +from the Palatinate.</p> +</blockquote> + + +<p class="center">S.</p> + +<blockquote> +<p class="hanging-indent1">Sauer, Christopher, the pioneer printer of German +newspapers in the United States. He began the +publication of a German newspaper at Germantown, +Pa., in 1739, which continued to be printed +many years, exerting a great influence among +the German settlers in Pennsylvania.</p> + +<p class="hanging-indent1">Salzburgers, refugees from the archbishopric of Salzburg +in Austria, who emigrated on account of +religious persecution. Many of them found +their way to Georgia, and South Carolina.</p> + +<p class="hanging-indent1">Saxe-Gotha, an early German settlement in South +Carolina, named from the principality in Germany, +whence the first settlers came.</p> + +<p class="hanging-indent1">Saxon dialect, a dialect which came from a Low German +dialect, and developed into the present literary +or High German.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_249">[Pg 249]</span></p> + +<p class="hanging-indent1">Schwenkfeld, Hans Kasper: Born in Silesia 1490; +died in New Ulm, Germany, 1561. A German +Protestant Mystic, persecuted by the Lutherans; +founder of a sect of Schwenkfelders, or Schwenkfeldians, +who emigrated to Pennsylvania in the +17th century.</p> + +<p class="hanging-indent1">Semnones, a German tribe, and a principal branch of +the Suevi. Their name disappeared from history, +at the end of the second century.</p> + +<p class="hanging-indent1">Separatists, a sect of religionists, who refuse to conform +to, or be governed by any church or its +forms.</p> + +<p class="hanging-indent1">Sicambrians, a powerful German tribe, in ancient +times, which afterward became merged in the +confederation of the Franks.</p> + +<p class="hanging-indent1">Spanish Succession, War of, a war arising out of the +disputes about the succession in Spain on the +death of Charles the II., which lasted from 1701 +until 1714. It was fought between Louis I., +emperor of Germany on the one side, and Louis +XIV. of France, and his allies on the other. The +emperor of Germany, and the king of France, +each claimed the right to name the successor.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_250">[Pg 250]</span></p> + +<p class="hanging-indent1">Speyer, the capital of the Rhenish Palatinate, situated +at the junction of the Speier with the Rhine. It +was totally destroyed by the French in 1689.</p> + +<p class="hanging-indent1">Suevi, is the collective name of a German people, +known to Cesar, who describes them as the +largest, and most warlike of the German tribes. +In the fifth century the Suevi appeared as neighbors +and allies of the Alemanni, with whom they +acted as one people. They settled in the region +of the headwaters of the Danube, where their +name is still preserved in Swabia.</p> +</blockquote> + + +<p class="center">T.</p> + +<blockquote> +<p class="hanging-indent1">Tesse, a French General operating in the Palatinate, +afterward a Marshal of France; born 1651; died +1704.</p> + +<p class="hanging-indent1">Teutonians, a German tribe who with the Cimbrians, +defeated several Roman armies, near the end of +the second century B. C., but were defeated, and +nearly destroyed, by Marius, at what is now Aix, +France, in 102 B. C. They afterwards settled +near the Lower Elbe.</p> + +<p class="hanging-indent1">Thirty Years’ War. A religious, and political war, +which involved Germany, and other countries in +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_251">[Pg 251]</span>Europe, and continued from 1618, until 1648. +The struggle was begun between the Roman +Catholics and Protestants, for the ascendency +both religious and political. The immediate +cause of the war was the result of the persecutions +of Protestants by Ferdinand, when he became +king of Bohemia. Protestant churches +were closed in some places, and pulled down at +others. Disturbances and persecutions of Protestants +soon spread into Germany, and elsewhere. +Protestant and Catholics alike armed, for the +coming conflict, which continued for thirty +years; coming to an end with the treaty of Westphalia, +Oct. 24, 1648.</p> + +<p class="hanging-indent1">Tilly, a famous German general in the Thirty Years’ +War, serving in the Imperial army. He was +born in Belgium in February, 1559; died from a +mortal wound received in a contest with Gustavus +Adolphus, April 30, 1632.</p> + +<p class="hanging-indent1">Tory, one who during the Revolution, adhered to the +British crown.</p> + +<p class="hanging-indent1">Trenton, Battle of. A victory gained by the Americans +under Washington, over the British and +Hessian mercenaries, Dec. 26, 1776.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_252">[Pg 252]</span></p> + +<p class="hanging-indent1">Turenne, a celebrated French marshal; born at Sedan, +France, Sept. 11, 1611; he devastated the Rhine +provinces in 1674, and was killed by a cannon +ball, while on a reconnoissance, near Sasbach, +Baden.</p> + +<p class="hanging-indent1">Treves, a city in Rhenish Prussia, on the Moselle, +noted for its Roman antiquities.</p> +</blockquote> + + +<p class="center">U.</p> + +<blockquote> +<p class="hanging-indent1">Ubii, a German tribe, first mentioned by Caesar, who +found them situated on the right bank of the +Rhine, north of the Taunus region; their principal +place was where the Cologne of to-day +stands. They became ultimately merged in the +Franks.</p> + +<p class="hanging-indent1">Utrecht, Treaty of. By this treaty the war of the +Spanish succession came to an end, in 1713, between +France on the one side, and Great Britain, +the Netherlands, Savoy, and Portugal on the +other. By it, Philip V. of France was confirmed +as king of Spain, and France recognized +the Protestant succession in England; Prussia +was recognized as a kingdom, and Great Britain +received Newfoundland, Nova Scotia, etc., in +North America.</p> +</blockquote> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_253">[Pg 253]</span></p> + + +<p class="center">V.</p> + +<blockquote> +<p class="hanging-indent1">Vandals, a German tribe, which made its first appearance +in middle and southern Germany, in the +first half of the fifth century. They ravaged +Gaul, Spain, and North Africa, etc., and in 445, +they ravaged Rome, doing much damage to +treasures, art, and literature. They founded a +kingdom in Africa with Carthage as its capital.</p> + +<p class="hanging-indent1">Verdun, Treaty of. A treaty made at Verdun, +France, in 843, between the French emperor +Lothaire, and his brother Ludwig the German. +By this treaty, Lothaire was confirmed as emperor, +and received Italy, and in general the +region west of the Rhine and Alps, and east of +the Rhine, etc.; Charles the Bald obtained the +region west of Lothaire’s dominions, and Ludwig +the region between the Rhine and the Elbe, +which formed the nucleus of the first German +empire.</p> +</blockquote> + + +<p class="center">W.</p> + +<blockquote> +<p class="hanging-indent1">Weber, an imposter, who was executed at Charleston, +S. C., for murder in the early days of the settlement +of that state.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_254">[Pg 254]</span></p> + +<p class="hanging-indent1">Westphalia, Treaty of. This treaty was concluded +in 1648, and ended the Thirty Years’ War. +Among the conditions of that treaty, the electoral +house of the Palatinate received the Rhine +Palatinate; and religious freedom was guaranteed, +thereby saving Protestantism to Europe +and to the world.</p> + +<p class="hanging-indent1">William III., King of England, 1689-1702.</p> + +<p class="hanging-indent1">Wolf, George, a son of a German emigrant from the +Palatinate, and Governor of Pennsylvania 1829-1835, +and founder of the Common School System +of that state.</p> +</blockquote> + + + + +<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop"> +<div class="chapter"> +<div class="tnote"> + <h2 class="nobreak" id="Transcribers_note"> + Transcriber’s note + </h2> + + + +<p>Typos fixed; non-standard spelling and dialect retained.</p> +</div> +</div> + +<div style='text-align:center'>*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 77784 ***</div> +</body> +</html> |