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+*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 77632 ***
+
+
+
+
+                =UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA PUBLICATIONS
+                  AMERICAN ARCHAEOLOGY AND ETHNOLOGY=
+
+          Vol. 4                                       No. 1
+
+
+                   THE EARLIEST HISTORICAL RELATIONS
+                       BETWEEN MEXICO AND JAPAN
+
+              FROM ORIGINAL DOCUMENTS PRESERVED IN SPAIN
+                               AND JAPAN
+
+                                  BY
+                             ZELIA NUTTALL
+
+                               BERKELEY
+                         THE UNIVERSITY PRESS
+                              APRIL, 1906
+
+
+
+
+                =UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA PUBLICATIONS
+
+                  AMERICAN ARCHAEOLOGY AND ETHNOLOGY=
+
+          =VOL. 4=                                   =NO. 1=
+
+
+
+
+                  THE EARLIEST HISTORICAL RELATIONS
+                       BETWEEN MEXICO AND JAPAN
+
+        (FROM ORIGINAL DOCUMENTS PRESERVED IN SPAIN AND JAPAN.)
+
+                                  BY
+                            ZELIA NUTTALL.
+
+         PUBLISHED BY THE CROOKER FUND FOR RESEARCH IN MEXICO.
+
+
+It is strange but true, that whereas for many years past much has
+been said and written about the hypothetical transmission of Asiatic
+influences to Mexico and Central America by means of the ship-wrecked
+crews of Japanese junks, the precise date when official relations
+were first established between Japan and Mexico has only just been
+ascertained.
+
+It is Señor C. A. Lera, the actual Mexican Envoy Extraordinary and
+Minister Plenipotentiary to Japan and China, who deserves the credit
+of having instituted researches in archives and annals of Japan
+and succeeded in finding therein the documentary evidence which a
+countryman of his, Angel Nuñez Ortega, had vainly endeavored to find
+in the national archives of Mexico.
+
+With the coöperation of Father Steichen, a learned missionary
+residing in Japan, who is known as the author of a History of
+Japanese Commerce, Señor Lera obtained translations of important
+original documents, and incorporated them in a report to the Mexican
+Minister of Foreign Affairs, which was privately printed in Tokio in
+pamphlet form a few months ago, under the title of “First Official
+Relations Between Japan and Spain With Respect to Mexico.”
+
+On reading Señor Lera’s valuable contribution I found evidences that
+he was unacquainted with the scholarly monograph privately published
+in Mexico in 1879, by the distinguished scholar and diplomat, Señor
+Ortega, under the title “Historical Note on the Political and
+Commercial Relations Between Mexico and Japan in the XVIIth Century.”
+I found moreover that although Señor Lera refers to it, neither of
+the above writers had ever read that most valuable document, the
+detailed report of his embassy submitted to Viceroy Mendoza, by the
+first ambassador ever sent from New Spain to Japan. This is contained
+in Vol. VIII of that monumental work published in Madrid: Collection
+of unedited documents relating to the discovery and conquest and
+organization of ancient Spanish possessions in America and Oceania.
+
+Finding myself deeply interested in the facts preserved in the above
+disconnected monographs, it occurred to me that I could not send
+to the San Francisco meeting of the Anthropological Association
+a more acceptable communication than a compilation of all three
+publications, with translations of the original documents contained
+therein. In preparing this I found it necessary, in order to fill
+certain gaps, to refer to a number of works on Japan, and also to
+incorporate certain data contained in a newspaper article recently
+published in the City of Mexico by the erudite Father V. de P.
+Andrade. I venture to believe that the data collectively presented
+here, for the first time in English, will be of interest and value,
+not only to historians and ethnologists, but also to the general
+public.
+
+To them it will doubtless be a matter of surprise, as it was to me,
+to learn that it was no less a personage than Tokugawa Iyeyasu,
+surnamed “The Illustrious,” who, in 1598, took the first steps
+towards establishing official relations with Mexico. Iyeyasu is known
+to have inaugurated the policy of exclusion and isolation, which was
+perfected by his grandson, Iyemitsu, and to have organized the form
+of government which secured to Japan a peace of two hundred years.
+
+At the time, however, when he conceived the desire to enter into
+direct communication with New Spain, he was at the beginning of
+his remarkable career. Only two years had passed since Taikun
+Hideyoshi had bestowed upon him, as a reward for his services as a
+general, the eight provinces, which were designated “The Kwanto,” and
+ordered him to take up his residence at the then unimportant town
+of Yedo, the present Tokio. Considering that since 1542, when the
+first Portuguese trading vessels visited Japan, the Portuguese had
+been enjoying the monopoly of a system of trade by barter, it was
+certainly a new departure for General Iyeyasu to attempt to establish
+direct communication between his new domain and Mexico. It was his
+idea that this result might be obtained if he could but induce the
+merchant vessels which plied between the Philippines and Mexico
+to touch at one of the ports of “The Kwanto.” With this object in
+view, he sought the advice and aid of the learned Franciscan friar,
+Geronimo de Jesús, who wrote for him a Spanish letter to the governor
+of the Philippines, in which, as an opening to future negotiations,
+Iyeyasu courteously invited the Spanish merchant vessels to seek
+shelter in any of the ports situated in his domain, if ever overtaken
+by the dangerous storms so prevalent in these regions. This letter,
+which was written in the same year in which the second expedition to
+Corea came to an end and a number of Coreans were brought from that
+country to Japan, was not sent when written, for the negotiations
+were suspended by the stirring events which culminated in the famous
+battle of Sekigakara, which, in 1600, established Iyeyasu’s supremacy
+in Japan. It was not until 1601 that Iyeyasu found leisure to revert
+to his plan, and sent Shinkiro, a wealthy merchant of the City of
+Sakai, as bearer of the above letter and some costly presents to the
+governor of the Philippines. The latter, deeply involved at that time
+in the war which Spain was carrying on in Cambodia against Siam,
+responded by saying that Iyeyasu’s proposal pleased him extremely,
+and that he would accept it as soon as he was free and able to do so.
+Meanwhile he begged him to accept certain gifts in return for those
+which he had received with much gratitude through the Japanese envoy
+Shinkiro.
+
+In the month of May of the following year, a new governor, Don Pedro
+Bravo de Acuña, was appointed for the Philippines. In September of
+the same year Iyeyasu dispatched Shinkiro again with another letter,
+also written in Spanish by the Franciscan friar, Geronimo. The
+original draft of this interesting document, which is preserved in
+Japan, is in Japanese, from which language it was translated into
+French for Señor Lera, so that he, in turn, could translate it into
+Spanish, from which language I have made the following literal
+translation.
+
+I venture to suggest that it would be an interesting experiment for
+some scholar to translate my version back into Japanese, and to
+compare his translation with the original document and verify the
+changes which must have been produced by its passing through the
+crucible of three European languages.
+
+  “Minamoto Iyeyasu of Japan, to his Lordship the Governor of
+  Luzon:--
+
+  “After a long voyage your envoy has arrived at last with your
+  letter. He has spoken to me of the mode of government and the
+  flourishing condition of your country, and, at the same time,
+  delivered to me the five objects which you have deigned to
+  send me as presents.
+
+  “Although I have never had the honor to see or listen to you,
+  your amiable behavior makes me realize how all men are members
+  of a single family; which reflection has moved me deeply.
+
+  “Nothing would satisfy my desires so much as to see merchant
+  vessels establishing frequent communication between my country
+  and New Spain. In formulating this wish, it was not only the
+  interests of Japan which moved me, but also, in equal measure,
+  your own advantage. Many of your people have assured me that
+  it would be a considerable advantage to them to be able to
+  count upon a port in the Kwanto as a shelter for their ships
+  during tempests. They have also manifested to me the pleasure
+  with which they would see Japanese vessels making voyages
+  between the Kwanto and New Spain.
+
+  “I shall await your answer with eager anticipation.
+
+  “If you render me this service, I, in turn, will severely
+  prohibit piracy even in the most remote islands of Japan, and,
+  if you so desire, I will condemn all pirates to death. You, in
+  turn, can execute all Japanese who in the Philippines violate
+  your laws. If any of the merchants who with my authorization
+  visit your country, prove to be rebellious to your authority,
+  I will, upon being informed of their names, prohibit their
+  embarking again.
+
+  “Although unworthy of you, deign to accept as a sign of
+  friendship the Japanese suit of armor, which I send you.
+
+  “My ambassador will tell you all that I have failed to express
+  in this letter.”
+
+It is related that Iyeyasu’s assurances did not disarm the
+suspicions of the Spaniards, nor convince them that he would or
+could keep his promise. Indeed the Spaniards’ fear to send their
+galleons to Japan was not unfounded, for, but eight years previously
+in 1596, Hideyoshi, since surnamed the “Napoleon of Japan,” had
+confiscated without provocation the Spanish vessel named “San
+Felipe,” and a month before the date of Iyeyasu’s above letter
+another galleon, the “Espirito Santo,” almost incurred the same
+fate. It was sailing with contrary winds from Manila to New Spain,
+and touched the coast of Tosa in August, 1602. It was immediately
+attacked by the natives of this province, and its captain, Lope
+de Ulloa, had to resort to arms in order to defend it against its
+assailants. As soon as the news of this singularly inopportune
+episode reached Iyeyasu, in October, he hastened to write to the
+governor of the Philippines, protesting that what had occurred had
+been without his knowledge and consent. He laid stress upon the
+amicable relations then existing between both countries--adding that
+they might almost be regarded as an alliance. Refusing to admit that
+his subjects were in fault, he adroitly suggests that it was probably
+only the fear of a repetition of the “San Felipe” episode, which had
+caused the Spaniards to take alarm and precipitate their departure
+from the Japanese coast. He adds: “Henceforth, in case of any kind of
+accidents, let your people not hesitate to take refuge in the ports
+of my domain, for I have sent to all quarters severe orders relating
+to this matter. Through your merchants I have learned that the eight
+galleons which leave Luzon every year for New Spain desire to obtain
+a license permitting them to take refuge in the ports of my country.
+Full of compassion for these foreigners I have had eight licenses
+written and sealed. These will preserve them from the rapacity of the
+people, and thanks to them they will without fear be able not only to
+take refuge in the ports and islands, but also to land and penetrate
+into all villages and towns throughout Japan, without incurring the
+risk of being treated as spies, even should they devote themselves to
+studying the usages and customs of the land.”
+
+While nothing could exceed the courtesy and good will expressed in
+this letter, it utterly failed to reassure the governor of the
+Philippines, who could but bear in mind several recent disastrous
+losses of Spanish galleons, laden with the much coveted riches from
+the Spanish possessions in Asia. But fifteen years had elapsed since
+Francis Drake had lain in wait at Cape St. Lucas for the galleon
+expected from the Philippines, and after robbing it of its treasures,
+abandoned its crew on the arid shores of the Peninsula of California.
+This disaster had produced a profound commotion throughout the
+Spanish colonies, and brought infinite trouble upon the viceroy
+of Mexico, who was obliged to send out a maritime expedition with
+orders to pursue and punish the English corsairs. The seizure of
+another galleon by a Japanese potentate had taken place but six years
+previously, and now, at the very time that Iyeyasu was offering
+hospitality to Spanish merchantmen, came the news of the real or
+imaginary danger incurred by the vessel which had taken refuge in a
+Japanese port. Considering that besides all this the memory of the
+persecution and martyrdom of Roman Catholic missionaries in 1597 was
+still fresh, it is not surprising that the Spanish governor took no
+notice of Iyeyasu’s overtures, and broke off negotiations.
+
+In the native history of Japanese Commerce (Nihon Shogyoshi) and
+Kottenhamp’s “History of the Colonization of America,” this rupture
+and the subsequent failures to establish the desired commercial
+relations are attributed, no doubt justly, chiefly to the powerful
+merchant princes of Seville, who violently opposed any encroachment
+on their monopoly of Asiatic trade. Six years later, however, in
+1608, the situation suddenly changed. A new governor, Don Rodrigo de
+Vivero, came to the Philippines, where, at that period, there existed
+a colony of about fifteen thousand Japanese. The principal Japanese
+merchants residing in Manila petitioned him to resume the interrupted
+negotiations, and an ambassador sent by Iyeyasu insisted, at the same
+time, upon the advantages that would accrue to Spanish interests by a
+friendly treaty with Japan.
+
+Iyeyasu’s ambassador, in this case, was the Englishman William Adams,
+a native of Gillingham, Kent, who shares, with his companion Timothy
+Shotten, the distinction of being the first Englishmen who went to
+Japan. Both served as pilots on a Dutch ship, the “De Liefde,”
+which had sailed from Texel at the mouth of the Zuyder Zee in 1598
+with four other vessels and was wrecked at Bunzo, in Japan, on April
+19, 1600. Adams ingratiated himself with the Japanese, volunteered
+to instruct them in the art of ship-building, and won the Emperor’s
+notice by offering to teach him geography and geometry. Received at
+court, he rapidly rose in favor. The title “Hatamoto,” or Noble, was
+conferred upon him, and he became not only Iyeyasu’s influential
+adviser, but was employed, as in this case, as the emperor’s envoy in
+establishing commercial relations with foreign countries.
+
+Won over by William Adams’ representations, backed by the petition
+presented by the Japanese residents of Manila, Governor Vivero agreed
+to renew negotiations at once, and commissioned the leaders of the
+Japanese colony to write two letters for him in their language. These
+and some gifts were entrusted to William Adams, who was likewise
+placed in command of the next Spanish vessel which was sent to
+Japan. In the first letter, addressed to Iyeyasu, the interruption
+of negotiations and its cause were wisely ignored, and great stress
+was laid upon “the amiable sympathy which from olden times had bound
+one nation to the other,” and assurances were given that “far from
+wishing to abandon it or allowing it to become lukewarm, it would be
+his aim diligently to tighten the bonds of their long friendship.” He
+states, immediately afterwards, that a number of turbulent characters
+having promoted sedition and made disturbance in the Japanese colony
+at Manila, he had adopted the course of sending them back to Japan.
+According to Father Steichen not less than two hundred Japanese
+were thus expelled from Manila. Governor Vivero adds that their
+troublesome behavior would certainly not prevent him from receiving
+any peaceful Japanese merchants who might come to the Philippines.
+With respect to such nothing had changed. He continues: That he was
+sending a vessel to Japan, and had given orders to William Adams
+to take shelter by preference in a port in the “Kwanto.” In case,
+however, that contrary winds should impede the vessel’s course,
+he had no objection to any other port being entered, now that the
+whole of Japan was under Iyeyasu’s Lordship. He did not doubt that
+his captain and his people would meet with a good reception, and
+he begged, at the same time, that the Catholic friars residing in
+Japan should be well treated. In the second letter, addressed to
+the shogun, Hidetada, Iyeyasu’s son, in whose favor the latter had
+resigned in 1605, Vivero announced the sending of a galleon, and
+states that he would be obliged if the shogun would send Japanese
+vessels, but not more than four a year, to the Philippines, and he
+requests that he view with benevolence the friars and priests who
+were living in Japan.
+
+By the time that these letters reached their destination, eight
+years had elapsed since Iyeyasu had made his first attempt to open
+negotiations. Vivero, the enterprising and enlightened governor of
+the Philippines, henceforth became his ally, and, as we shall see,
+conducted the first Japanese embassy to Mexico.
+
+The credit of having established amicable relations should be given
+to William Adams, whose influence over Iyeyasu finally opened to the
+Spaniards the Port of Uraga, the most commodious and flourishing port
+of Japan, situated in the Province of Sagami, a day’s journey from
+Yedo. An imperial decree, dated 1608, was posted at the entrance of
+this port, threatening severe penalties to all who might molest the
+merchantmen from Luzon.
+
+The answers to Governor Vivero’s letters, which were soon sent,
+express Iyeyasu’s and his son’s pleasure at the realization of their
+desire.
+
+With regard to the Japanese who had been forcibly expelled from
+Manila, Iyeyasu simply remarks:--
+
+  “In your country the government and the people live in
+  harmony, the inhabitants treat each other with good will and
+  courtesy, and extend even to foreigners the same general
+  benevolence. In Japan we also have just laws, and all are
+  governed with equity. Consequently we have no thieves nor
+  malefactors. Therefore, if the Japanese who are in the
+  Philippines commit injustices, pray condemn them to death.”
+
+In a letter dated October 2, 1608, Hidetada reiterates his father’s
+assurances that Spanish vessels might visit Japan without fear,
+and expressed the desire that future communications should be more
+frequent between both countries.
+
+Perfect harmony having thus been established, friendship increased
+between the Japanese and Spaniards, and the galleon which navigated
+between Manila and Acapulco regularly touched at Uraga.
+
+In the following year a change of governor took place in the
+Philippines, and Don Juan de Silva, the new governor, hastened to
+announce to Iyeyasu his arrival in Luzon, and his intention to
+continue to send vessels to Japan. He seized this opportunity,
+however, to inform the emperor that a number of Japanese residents in
+the Philippines were fomenting revolt and disturbing the peace. In
+answer to the latter complaint, Iyeyasu sent the governor a copy of
+the severe laws applied to criminals in Japan, directing him to apply
+these laws in punishing the seditious Japanese in the Philippines. He
+ends with the assurance that the friars in Japan were being treated
+with sympathy and good will. Considering that, in 1597, twenty-six
+Christians and foreign friars, among them a native of Mexico, San
+Felipe de Jesús, were crucified at Nagasaki, the imperial assurances
+that he viewed the friars with benevolence and good will must have
+been extremely welcome to Governor Vivero.
+
+Three months subsequently, Hidedata, who vied with his father in
+liberality and affability, renewed the privilege granted to Spanish
+vessels to enter all Japanese ports indiscriminately, and sent their
+captains copies of an official permission, dated November 2, 1609,
+which reads as follows:--
+
+  “The vessels sailing from Luzon to New Spain may freely enter
+  all ports in Japan and take shelter therein in stormy weather.”
+
+In this same year a strange combination of circumstances occurred,
+which afforded the Japanese rulers an unexpected opportunity not
+only of demonstrating their good will towards the Spaniards, but
+of giving a proof of their good faith and generosity. Don Rodrigo
+de Vivero, the retiring governor of the Philippines, sailed from
+Luzon for New Spain on the 25th of July, in a vessel named the “San
+Francisco,” escorted by two galleons. Overtaken by a storm, the “San
+Francisco” and one of the galleons were wrecked on the shores of
+Japan. As soon as the Japanese learned that the ship-wrecked crews
+were Spaniards, and that among them was the former friendly governor
+of the Philippines, they hastened to offer them shelter and food.
+Vivero dispatched two messengers to the Japanese court to inform the
+emperor and the shogun of his misfortunes. Whereupon they not only
+invited him and his companions to the capital, but with spontaneous
+liberality promised a restitution of all the merchandise, etc., which
+could be saved from both wrecks. Iyeyasu generously offered to part
+with one of the best vessels, which had been constructed for him
+by William Adams, and likewise to lend him four thousand ducats,
+with which to man and provision the ship, which was named “San
+Buenaventura.” Vivero was also loaded with presents for the King of
+Spain and Viceroy of Mexico, and was requested to exert his influence
+towards the sending of a Spanish ambassador to Japan.
+
+It appears that Vivero took advantage of his sojourn in Japan to
+prejudice the Japanese rulers against the Portuguese, who had
+hitherto enjoyed the sole privilege of exporting gold from Japan.
+He likewise attempted to have this privilege transferred to the
+Spaniards.
+
+An interesting fact connected with this visit, and to which I will
+revert, is that Iyeyasu requested that as many as fifty expert miners
+be sent to Japan from Mexico in order to teach the Japanese the most
+advantageous methods of working their gold mines, the principal one
+of which was situated in the Island of Sado.
+
+Governor Vivero, having consented to take with him to New Spain a
+certain number of Japanese merchants, so that they might learn the
+way, and also study commercial conditions, stipulated that the price
+of the vessel ceded to him might be payable in Spanish merchandise.
+
+On the first of August, 1610, after having enjoyed Japanese
+hospitality for over a year, Vivero and his countrymen embarked for
+New Spain with twenty-three Japanese merchants, who were under the
+leadership of two noblemen named Tanaka Shosake and Shuya Ryusai.
+
+In Mexico City, where they arrived towards the end of the year, the
+Japanese were presented by Vivero to the viceroy, Don Luis de Velasco
+the Second, who received them well and stood sponsor at the baptism
+of at least one of the two Japanese noblemen, who returned to Japan
+bearing the Christian name Francisco and the viceroy’s family name,
+Velasco.
+
+The singularly noble conduct of the Japanese towards the ship-wrecked
+sailors at a time when all nations accepted the principle of “_jus
+littoris_” could but make a particularly deep impression upon the
+viceroy, who in the year 1600, for instance, had granted a concession
+to the inhabitants of the coast of the Gulf of Mexico, which legally
+authorized them to appropriate all ship-wrecked goods. Moved by
+gratitude, or as Father Caro prefers to state, by his ardent desire
+for the aggrandizement of New Spain, the viceroy determined to
+exert a prerogative usually confined to sovereigns, and to send an
+ambassador to Japan, entrusted with a letter in which he expressed
+to the Japanese rulers his gratitude and appreciation of the great
+charity and liberality towards his ship-wrecked countrymen.
+
+Mexican historians have differed as to the name of the ambassador
+appointed, but an original document preserved in the archives of
+the Indies proves, beyond a doubt, that it was General Sebastian
+Viscaino, who in this document is twice mentioned as being a son of
+the viceroy.[1]
+
+  FOOTNOTE:
+
+  [1] It has already been mentioned that the contents of this
+      valuable document have not been discussed by Señor Ortega,
+      Father Andrade or Señor Lera, who erroneously states in a
+      footnote on page 23 of his monograph that the texts of the
+      two letters from the Japanese sovereigns are contained in
+      Vol. VIII of the collection of unedited documents; whereas
+      this contains only the texts of Spanish letters addressed
+      by General Viscaino to the emperor and shogun.
+
+The memory of Don Sebastian Viscaino is intimately associated with
+California, for, in 1596, he was commissioned by the King of Spain
+to make a voyage of discovery to California, and, as is well known,
+sailed from the Port of Acapulco with three vessels and reached the
+Port of La Paz, where he established himself, built a church and
+dispatched a series of expeditions westward. This expedition ended
+somewhat disastrously on account of the discontent of the soldiers
+under his command, but in 1602 he was appointed Captain General of an
+expedition sent by order of Phillip III and fitted out by the Count
+of Monterey, viceroy of Mexico. During this voyage, which lasted
+nine months, the whole coast of Southern California was carefully
+surveyed. After reaching Cape Mendocino, they proceeded as far north
+as 45 degrees north latitude, but he was forced to return to Acapulco
+on account of illness and mortality amongst his men.
+
+The account of his embassy to Japan, evidently written under his
+dictation by the secretary of the expedition, is divided into twelve
+chapters, and fills ninety-seven printed pages in the collection of
+unedited documents to which I have already referred. This document,
+which is full of interesting and valuable information concerning
+the avowed and secret aims of his mission, gives a detailed account
+of its history. It enables one clearly to recognize moreover the
+manifold causes and events which within a few years wrought so
+complete a change in Iyeyasu’s views, and which culminated in the
+banishment of foreigners, the extirpation of Christianity, and the
+complete isolation of Japan for centuries.
+
+On the 22nd of March, 1611, Viscaino sailed in a vessel named the
+“San Francisco” from Vera Cruz, accompanied by the Japanese nobleman
+now known as Don Francisco de Velasco, twenty-two Japanese merchants,
+a commissary and six friars of the Franciscan order, a captain named
+Palacios and a crew of fifty-two.
+
+Before launching into Viscaino’s report, of which I shall give a
+literal translation, excepting where abbreviations and commentaries
+are necessary, let us read the Japanese records of the foregoing
+events, which were indirectly communicated by the well-known scholar,
+Mr. Ernest Satow, to Señor Nuñez Ortega, in 1879. They demonstrate
+that in the 17th century, as now, the official records of Japan were
+written with a brevity and reticence which causes so many modern
+Japanese war dispatches to read more like our weather reports:--
+
+  “The Sairan Igen of Arai Haku Seki (B. 1657, D. 1725) says:
+  In the 15th year of Keycho (1600) a merchant vessel belonging
+  to New Spain was driven by a storm on the east coast of Japan
+  and considerably damaged. The government ordered that it
+  should be repaired, and provisions having been supplied it was
+  started to depart. In the summer of the 17th year (1612), an
+  ambassador came from that country on a complimentary mission,
+  to return thanks. Amongst the presents was a self-sounding
+  bell (clock), and our manufacture of this article commenced
+  from this date.”[2]
+
+  FOOTNOTE:
+  [2] This clock is still preserved in the temple of Kino-San,
+      near Shizouka, Province of Suraga. An inscription records
+      its history, and a small metal plate, fastened to it,
+      records that it was made in Madrid.
+
+The same annals preserve the following report, made to their
+government by the Japanese merchants on their return from New Spain:--
+
+  “Some of our sailing merchants departed in company with this
+  embassy. They (the merchants) returned in the following
+  year, and stated that the country visited was populous and
+  productive. They also reported that the foreigners had thanked
+  them, saying: ‘Our countries are far apart and navigation is
+  difficult. Pray do not come again.’”
+
+It is, of course, evident that this blunt intimation that their
+presence was not desired in New Spain emanated from the same
+monopolists who had caused the rupture of negotiations in 1602, and
+who, later on, obtained a royal decree, limiting the traffic between
+Mexico and Japan to one galleon a year, and putting restrictions upon
+the value of the cargo it carried.
+
+From Viscaino’s report we learn that the relations between the
+Japanese merchants and the Spanish crew of the “San Francisco”
+were decidedly strained. He relates that, at the beginning of the
+voyage, the Japanese gave trouble on account of their haughtiness
+and rudeness to the sailors--especially “concerning matters of the
+kitchen,” and by their high-handedness. The general put an end to
+this state of affairs by ordering that no Spaniard was to interfere
+with a Japanese, nor lay hands on him, nor give occasion for dispute,
+under penalty of death. The same threat was made to the Japanese,
+and they were enjoined to be civil, and to come to him whenever any
+difficulty presented itself, and to avoid all disputes and quarrels
+with the sailors. Viscaino likewise threatened that if any Japanese
+were insolent, he would have him hanged from the yardarm, and would
+report him to the Japanese emperor, of whom it was known that he
+did not like his vassals to be insolent--especially when they were
+being treated to such a good voyage. Whereupon, it is recorded, the
+Japanese were so filled with fear that they “restrained their pride
+and haughtiness, became more docile than lambs,” and gave no cause
+for complaint during the remainder of the voyage. Their leader was
+the first to set an example of changed behavior. Viscaino invited him
+to his table, considering it expedient, as he says, to please and
+satisfy him, in view of the fact that upon his report to the emperor
+would depend the manner of reception accorded to the Spaniards by
+his Imperial Majesty, and the dispatch with which permission would be
+obtained to set out from said Empire of Japan for the discovery of
+said islands of gold and silver, which constituted the principal aim
+of this expedition.
+
+It is interesting to note that in the letters which General Viscaino
+sent by messengers to the emperor and his son, on his arrival in
+Japan after a voyage of eighty days, he emphasized how much respect
+and honor had been accorded to the Japanese merchants during the
+voyage, but refrained from all mention of the islands of gold and
+silver, which it was his main object to discover.
+
+General Viscaino’s letter to Iyeyasu reads as follows:--
+
+  “Most Serene Emperor of the kingdoms and provinces of Japan:--
+
+  “Sebastian Viscaino, General and Ambassador of his Majesty
+  the King of Spain, Phillip III, and also of the Marquis of
+  Salinas, Viceroy of New Spain and the King’s Lieutenant, as
+  well as the Friar, Peter Baptist, of the Order of St. Francis,
+  make known unto your Majesty that, to-day, Saturday, the 10th
+  of June, 1611, we have reached this Port of Uraga in a vessel
+  in which we sailed from the Port of Acapulco, in New Spain, on
+  the 22nd of March of this year. We have come to this kingdom
+  directly for the sole purpose of bringing you the news that
+  said Marquis received the embassy and presents which you sent
+  through Friar Alonzo Munoz, and also to bring to this realm
+  Josquendono and your other vassals who went last year with Don
+  Rodrigo de Vivero to New Spain, as well as to return the money
+  which by your order was lent to Don Vivero and the value of
+  the ship ‘San Buenaventura,’ which said Marquis purchased in
+  the name of my lord and king. It was not considered expedient
+  to return here in said vessel for reasons of which Josquendono
+  and the other Japanese will inform you. They will tell you at
+  the same time how, during their voyage to and from New Spain,
+  they were respected and honored and given presents on account
+  of their being your servants and vassals. While the said
+  Marquis could have sent them back by the Islands of Luzon,
+  he did not do so, considering that voyage would be long and
+  dangerous, not only on account of difficult navigation but
+  because they, the money and the value of the ship which we are
+  bringing to your Majesty, in the name of my lord and king,
+  might have been endangered on account of the number of Dutch
+  pirates, whose vessels are in the vicinity of the Islands, and
+  who are going about robbing and in revolt against my lord and
+  king.”
+
+Viscaino closes his letter by humbly begging permission to go to
+court in order to “kiss the emperor’s hands,” and by an allusion to
+the existing relations of peace and good understanding which it is
+his mission to promote.
+
+Notwithstanding these relations, the general found it necessary,
+before landing his Spanish crew, to confer with the governor of the
+port and the commander of the Japanese fleet of junks as to the best
+method of avoiding quarrels and disputes between the Spaniards and
+Japanese. He issued orders that, under penalty of death, no Spaniard
+was to draw his sword or any other arm against the Japanese--nor
+use violence against Japanese women, nor take anything from any one
+against his will.
+
+A great number of Japanese visited the Spanish vessel, among them
+many noblemen. These were received with honors by Viscaino, who
+“offered them chairs and gave them sweets, which they soaked in
+sherry, which they liked extremely.”
+
+He records complacently that the Japanese merchants and their leader,
+Josquendono, departed at once for the court of the emperor, in order
+to give him an account of their voyage, in which they expressed
+the excellent treatment they had received from the Spaniards. But
+since we know the nature of the official report of their voyage,
+made by some of these same merchants, who must also have harbored
+resentment at the threats employed by Viscaino on ship-board, we may
+be prompted to doubt whether all accounts were as favorable as that
+of Josquendono, who had been won over by Viscaino. An insight into an
+existing undercurrent of ill will towards the Spaniards is afforded
+by Viscaino’s remark, “that it was indeed well that they had come
+directly to Japan, for their arrival with the Japanese merchants
+contradicted the rumors which had been rife, and which had spread the
+belief that the Spaniards had deceived the emperor; that the money
+lent to Vivero would never be returned, and that the Japanese who
+went to New Spain were enslaved and made to serve the Spaniards.”
+
+In a few days Viscaino received a gracious communication, signed by
+several court officials, informing him that the shogun, Hidedata, had
+received his letter with great pleasure, and granted him permission
+and all facilities to visit him immediately at his court. In the five
+junks placed at his disposal Viscaino at once embarked with an escort
+of thirty Spaniards, armed with muskets and arquebusses, and with the
+friars and a few of the Japanese whom he had brought from New Spain.
+
+At the mouth of the river Yedo he was met by the commander of
+the junks, who made great demonstrations of joy and offered him
+a Japanese collation. The Spaniards responded by a salutation of
+musketry and arquebusses and by the beating of the drum. On the main
+mast of the ambassador’s junk they flew the royal standard, and at
+the stern floated another royal standard, made of Castilian silk,
+along with an infantry flag with its streamers, all of which, it is
+related, gave great pleasure to the Japanese beholders who crowded
+the banks of the river that was filled with innumerable junks.
+
+On landing, the Spaniards were hospitably entertained at the house
+of the commander, and were assigned a fine residence, whither a
+nobleman, followed by a numerous suite, came with a message from the
+shogun. The general went out to meet him at the door, his escort
+being drawn up in line. The Japanese nobleman was most polite, bowing
+to the ground, according to native usage. The ambassador followed the
+Spanish mode, and made a great display of politeness--particularly
+at the door, where there was much discussion as to who should enter
+first.
+
+The nobleman expressed the shogun’s hope that the Spaniards were
+resting and contented in his domain. He informed them that his
+messenger had orders to provide amply for the general and his escort,
+and that they would be given six meals a day, for the expenses of
+which he was sending gold and silver instead of the customary rice,
+which was used in barter. On the following day he sent two cooks,
+many servants and an abundance of game and fish. Two kitchens were
+set up in which meals were respectively prepared in Spanish and
+Japanese styles. The shogun’s messenger returned to investigate
+whether all was being attended to, and was invited to dine by the
+ambassador, who found that his guest cared less for his meat than
+for his sherry, but was unwilling or unable to respond when his host
+drank his health for the second time.
+
+On the next day, Tuesday, another messenger was sent by the shogun,
+announcing that on Wednesday, if the weather were fine, Viscaino
+would be permitted to deliver his embassy. This message was
+communicated by two noblemen, who then inquired whether Viscaino had
+it in mind to adapt himself to the ancient court etiquette of the
+rulers of Japan, which required that, in the imperial presence, he
+would have to kneel on both knees and remain with his hands and head
+on the floor until the shogun gave the sign for him to rise. The
+Spanish ambassador promptly answered that he did not intend to do
+any such thing, but would adhere to Spanish court etiquette, would
+make the bows and render homage to the emperor in the same way as he
+would to his own lord, the King of Spain. He also announced that he
+would refuse to lay aside his sword and dagger, or remove his boots,
+and that the chamberlain would have to assign him a seat near enough
+to the shogun to be able to hear what the latter said. This answer
+caused much consternation and discussion and an exchange of messages.
+Finally the general threatened that if he were not allowed to deliver
+his embassy according to Spanish etiquette, he would return to New
+Spain without delivering the viceroy’s letter or presents, and would
+merely report that he had brought back the Japanese merchants, and
+returned the money lent to Vivero. Upon this the shogun’s counsellors
+courteously reminded him that, when received at the Japanese court,
+Don Rodrigo Vivero, who was not only a cavalier and relative of the
+viceroy, but had also been governor of Luzon, had made no objections,
+and had entered the presence of the shogun in the way that was
+required of him. Ambassador Viscaino replied that all this was
+perfectly true in the case of Don Vivero, who personally was worthy
+of the highest consideration, but the latter had come to this court
+because he had been ship-wrecked and lost, and because necessity
+compelled him to seek aid and means to proceed to New Spain. He was
+then in such dire necessity that he was not to blame for any act of
+submission he may have made, since he came to implore succor and
+naturally was grateful to the ruler of this country who afforded
+him aid. It was in consideration of all this that the viceroy had
+dispatched the present embassy to escort the Japanese merchants home
+and to express the good will of their Catholic majesties. He added,
+what was not quite true, that he had not come to ask for anything,
+nor to bring merchandise, nor to reap gain or profits, but solely for
+the purpose of delivering his embassy. He repeated, however, that he
+would sooner depart without delivering it than allow the authority of
+king and viceroy to be lowered one fraction of its grandeur, for his
+king was the greatest lord on earth. Viscaino’s arrogant utterances
+naturally gave offense to the shogun’s messengers; they returned to
+the palace greatly nonplussed, and affairs came to a standstill.
+
+It was then that the shogun wisely summoned a meeting of the
+presidents of the councils of state and government, and other high
+officials, who, after lengthy debates, finally formulated the
+decree that the Spanish ambassador was to be permitted to fulfill
+his “mission according to his own usage as best he could.” It was
+moreover decided that it was only when he spoke in the name of his
+king that he was to be permitted to occupy the same platform as the
+shogun who, seated, would receive the viceroy’s letter and presents.
+Having delivered these, the ambassador was to descend a step, and
+there deliver his present to the shogun, after which he was to seat
+himself. The decree concluded with the resolution that as much honor
+and mercy as possible was to be conceded to the first ambassador from
+New Spain. All difficulties having thus been overcome by the good
+will and courtesy of the Japanese, the audience took place on the
+following morning.
+
+The shogun sent four thousand soldiers of his guard to escort the
+Spaniards to his palace. The latter formed a group and proceeded in
+solemn procession, headed by the captain and pilot of the Spanish
+vessel, followed by members of its crew, and a sergeant, who bore
+the banner with three streamers, each held by a man. The standard
+came next, with its three streamers, the ambassador holding it with
+his right hand. Friar Luis Sotelo, the commissary of the Franciscan
+order, walked at one side with General Viscaino, and two Franciscan
+friars at the other, this group being preceded by the commander of
+the junks and another Japanese nobleman.
+
+The rear-guard was formed by the secretary of the expedition, a
+sergeant, and the general’s negro drummer, whose appearance and
+drumming made a great commotion, and attracted a numerous crowd. A
+detachment of the Japanese guard marched in front of the Spaniards
+and another behind. At the fifth door of the palace they were met by
+the chamberlain and other officials and were led into a waiting room,
+where the ambassador sat for a little while. Thence they were ushered
+through an inner, richly decorated hall, into a great court-yard,
+where stood more than a thousand royal princes and knights, each one
+wearing a helmet on which his insignia of rank was displayed. To them
+the ambassador made the courtesies and bows which he considered they
+were entitled to, beginning with the highest in rank. He records that
+they responded by folding their hands and bowing until their heads
+touched the ground. Passing on to another square, the ambassador
+came into the presence of the shogun, seated in his royal robes on
+cushions and rich carpets. To his right, at a distance, sat his nine
+counsellors, and, at a lower level, his steward, chamberlain, and
+secretary. A sign was made to the ambassador to approach, and he
+did so, all present observing him in profound silence. First of all
+he made three bows, which were not very deep, and lowered the staff
+he carried until it nearly touched the ground. He then advanced six
+paces to a lower platform and made three bows, which were slightly
+lower than the preceding ones. The next three bows he made, while
+standing on the lowest platform, were still more profound. Then he
+placed on his head the viceroy’s letter, and, after making three
+more bows, deposited it on the platform. During all this time the
+shogun and his counsellors were observing the ambassador and his
+extraordinary performances with unconcealed merriment, which the
+Spanish attributed entirely to the fact that before this the Japanese
+had never seen a full dress Spanish costume. Viscaino’s raiment is
+described as being very fine. His cap was adorned with feathers and a
+gold band. His sword and dagger were gilt, his boots were white with
+buttons, and his frill was of the finest lace.
+
+Showing evidence of being pleased, the shogun beckoned to his
+secretary, and gave him an order to lead the ambassador to the
+seat prepared for him, also to tell him that the shogun was glad to
+have seen him--especially after all the hardships of the long sea
+voyage. The thought of not seeing land for eighty-one days seemed
+to the shogun to be truly dreadful. The ambassador replied, through
+the interpreter, that he kissed his Highness’ hands for the great
+condescension that he was showing him, and that, as far as the
+hardships were concerned, which he had undergone and was yet to
+undergo on the return voyage, he had come to regard them as gifts
+ever since he had come into the presence of such a prince. When
+this speech was translated by the secretary, the prince bowed his
+head several times towards the ambassador to express his thanks.
+Viscaino then arose, and after a very profound obeisance presented
+the viceroy’s gifts. Up to the present the Spanish ambassador had
+had everything his own way, but now occurred an episode which was
+probably unexpected. After a moment’s silence, the prince waved
+his hand with great majesty, and two chamberlains approached the
+ambassador and led him out of the audience chamber. After a little
+while, during which the shogun examined the vice-regal presents,
+Viscaino was again led into the hall, which he entered as he had made
+his exit, performing the same series of triple bows. This time, it is
+related, these bows were more profound, a sign that the ambassador
+had been impressed with great respect for the shogun’s authority.
+The latter informed him, through his chief counsellors, that he much
+esteemed the gifts, and that, if the general would like the Spanish
+soldiers and servants to see him, they would be permitted to enter
+the audience room. The ambassador then made another bowing exit, and
+returned with his men, who were, as he takes pains to record, “booted
+and armed.” The shogun examined them with evident curiosity. The
+friars were then presented, and offered him their gifts themselves,
+two of them being excellent interpreters.
+
+Each time that the friars addressed a word to the ambassador, he,
+although in the presence of the shogun, arose and made them an humble
+and respectful bow, thus demonstrating his reverence for their
+priesthood, an observance which, he says, impressed the shogun and
+his counsellors. At the end of a quarter of an hour, during which
+the prince contemplated the Spaniards, he made a sign to two of his
+chief counsellors, who again went to the ambassador and led him out
+of the hall. He was then requested to allow the shogun to view the
+portraits of the King and Queen of Spain, which were intended for
+the emperor. When these were sent for and brought before the shogun,
+he arose and dismissed every one from the audience room and sent a
+message to the ambassador, telling him that he was to return to his
+lodgings, and that the portraits would be sent back to him later.
+It is recorded that he and his consort and the ladies of the palace
+particularly enjoyed seeing the portrait of the Spanish queen, on
+account of her beauty and rich costume, which to them seemed very
+strange.
+
+On receiving his dismissal, the ambassador set out as he had come,
+but received the injunction that no volleys of musketry were to be
+fired as long as he was inside the palace precincts. Once outside, to
+the great delight of the Japanese, the Spanish soldiers began to fire
+loud volleys of musketry, with such rapidity that in an hour they had
+used a whole barrel of powder.
+
+The following days were spent in making visits and presents to the
+court officials, and on St. John’s day the ambassador and his men
+went in state to mass, at the Convent of San Francisco, in order,
+as is stated, to honor the feast of the Saint, and also to give an
+example to the Japanese to go to church and respect the priests.
+
+At mass they offered a thanksgiving for the mercy that during their
+stay in the city there had been no accident or bloodshed such as
+might have been expected. At the Elevation of the Host, volleys were
+fired and the royal standard and banner were lowered to the base of
+the altar. On their way to the convent the Spaniards were met by
+Masumane, the mighty Lord of the Province of Oxo, who was awaiting
+them on horseback, accompanied by two thousand soldiers and many
+mounted horsemen. This noble prince, who was to become the friend and
+protector of the Spaniards and all Christians, is described as so
+powerful that, in case of warfare, he could command the services of
+eighty thousand men. As soon as he saw the ambassador he dismounted
+and sent him a message, asking him as a favor to order the Spanish
+soldiers to discharge their firearms, because he wanted to see and
+hear them do so. Acceding to this request, they discharged two such
+loud volleys that he put his hands to his ears in alarm. Frightened
+by the noise a number of horses threw their riders, or rolled on
+the ground. Viscaino relates that the prince and his suite were so
+amused at this that they nearly died of laughter. When order was
+restored, the prince approached the ambassador, and bowing to the
+ground, offered him thanks and his services, and passed on with such
+demonstrations of politeness and courtesy that the Spanish ambassador
+was led to state that the Japanese nobility excelled in politeness
+all of the nations of the world.
+
+The return journey to the Port of Uraga was made at the expense of
+the shogun and with a large escort of people. About a week later
+the embassy set out for the court of the emperor, Iyeyasu, at
+Shizuoka, in the Province of Suraga. On their way the Spaniards met
+nothing but hospitality, and on arriving at “Corunga,” were lodged
+in houses adjacent to the palace. On the following day the emperor
+sent a gracious message, expressing the hope that the ambassador
+was sufficiently rested to come to the palace. If not, he would be
+granted an audience whenever it suited him best. Viscaino, who, it
+is said, was always ready to guard his dignity and impose his will,
+sent answer that he was ready to deliver his embassy, but that he
+first desired to know how the ceremony was expected to be. He, for
+his part, refused to remove his sword, dagger and boots, nor would
+he kneel upon the floor; what is more, it was his wish and intention
+to be accompanied by his armed men bearing the insignia of war, the
+standard, banner and drum. The answer was that the emperor graciously
+permitted him to deliver his embassy according to his own usage, but
+that on no account would he be permitted to fire volleys of musketry
+in the imperial court. Possibly as a means of giving the emperor an
+opportunity of expressing his displeasure at the arrogance of the
+Spanish ambassador, it was decided that he was to enter and leave the
+audience chamber twice,--the first time as the ambassador of the king
+and viceroy, the second time in his capacity of captain general.
+
+On arriving at the palace, Viscaino was notified of this arrangement,
+and when he made his first entrance the emperor bowed his head in
+silent acknowledgment of the series of bows with which he advanced
+and presented the letter and viceregal gifts.[3]
+
+  FOOTNOTE:
+
+  [3] These gifts consisted, in the first case, of the clock,
+      manufactured in Madrid, which the Japanese described as
+      a “self-sounding bell,” and copied with such success that
+      Japanese clocks subsequently became famous as articles of
+      commerce.
+
+      Besides this, the viceregal gifts consisted of the royal
+      portraits already mentioned; of a water-proof coat, two
+      saddles, a roll of paper, two barrels of Spanish wine, two
+      sets of the implements used in falconry, and a roll of
+      ribbon with gold braid, such as was used in Spain to adorn
+      gala shoes.
+
+When Viscaino entered the second time, he was received on a lower
+platform, and the emperor with what is described as “greater
+severity” bowed his head only at the captain general’s entrance and
+exit, being apparently absorbed in examining the royal portraits just
+received.
+
+When the friars offered their gifts, they were spoken to with great
+friendliness by the emperor, who asked them many questions. A message
+was sent to the ambassador, who was waiting outside, telling him that
+the emperor had been pleased to see him, that he was to go back to
+his lodgings, and that the emperor would speak to him later on--a
+promise which was never fulfilled.
+
+The following days were spent in an interchange of visits with
+court officials. One of the ladies of the imperial palace, a devout
+Christian convert named Julia, went to visit the ambassador and
+hear mass at his residence. Her example was followed by a number of
+Christian Japanese, who were received with much affection by the
+Franciscan friars. Many other Japanese also came and expressed their
+desire to be taught the Catholic religion and to be baptized.
+
+Meanwhile General Viscaino was preparing petitions to the emperor,
+which were worded as follows:--
+
+  “Sebastian Viscaino, Captain General of Phillip, King of
+  Spain, says:--
+
+  “That he carries an order from his king and the viceroy of New
+  Spain to make a survey of all the ports of this kingdom from
+  Nagasaki to its northernmost limits, providing your Imperial
+  Majesty grants the permission to do so. He is to make charts
+  and take soundings, so that if obliged to take shelter from
+  storms, Spanish vessels on their way from Luzon to New Spain
+  may know which are the best ports to enter, and may not be
+  wrecked and lost as heretofore. Viscaino begs, as mercy, that
+  a Japanese official be sent to accompany him, and to obtain
+  ships and provisions for him everywhere at moderate prices.
+  He ends with the promise that when the survey map is made, he
+  will send one copy to the emperor and another to his lord and
+  king.”
+
+In a second petition Viscaino requests permission to build a ship,
+so that when he returns to New Spain in the vessel in which he came,
+he could fill the new one with Japanese products, which he wished
+to take home as presents. He begs that the emperor will aid him
+by issuing an order that wood, carpenters, blacksmiths and other
+necessary workmen be supplied to him at reasonable rates such as are
+paid by his Imperial Majesty. He also asks that a Japanese official
+be placed in charge of the building of the vessel, and adds that he
+would gratefully receive this favor in the name of his king, for
+whom the ship was intended, and that he would return in it to Japan
+in the following year, with a view to promoting the friendship and
+commercial treaty already existing.
+
+In the third remarkable petition Viscaino makes the false assertion
+that he had come to Japan for the sole purpose of bringing thither
+the Japanese vassals of his Imperial Majesty, and of returning the
+money lent to Rodrigo de Vivero. He claims that he had no other
+interests or merchandise, but admits that he has some stuffs and
+cloths, which he was obliged to sell in Japan in order to provide
+food for his men and to build the ship mentioned in the previous
+petition. He complains that when he attempted to sell the stuffs in
+the Port of Uraga, he was prevented from doing so by some Japanese
+courtiers, who stated that his Majesty needed said stuffs for his
+personal use. If this is the case, he says, “the whole ship’s cargo
+and its men are at the emperor’s disposal. If not, then will his
+Majesty please send an order, so that now, and whenever he may
+return to this land from New Spain or Luzon, General Viscaino can
+sell such stuffs free from duty or taxation.” It would be well, he
+adds, to settle once and for all time what was to be done, so that
+one could know whether to return another time to Japan and whether
+peace and amity are to continue. Viscaino closes his note by stating
+“that in New Spain the Japanese merchants were allowed to sell their
+merchandise without paying duties or taxes of any kind.”
+
+The imperial message brought to Viscaino, after four days, stated
+that the orders had been given, and that he would be permitted to
+build a ship wherever he chose to do so--that the material and
+workmen would be furnished him at very moderate prices, and that the
+concessions to survey the ports and to sell stuffs free of taxation
+would be granted him. Not satisfied with this, Viscaino sent his
+expression of thanks, somewhat contradictorily adding, “that he
+wished to inform the emperor that the principal business for which he
+had come to Japan was to find out whether his Majesty intended to be
+friends with the Dutch and allow them to enter his realm. If so, the
+Spanish king would not like his vassals to come to Japan to trade,
+and the peace begun could not be continued, for many reasons which he
+would explain, if permitted to do so, to his Majesty and the council.”
+
+On the next day at the house of the emperor’s secretary, the latter
+and the president of the council listened attentively to Viscaino’s
+representations. He asked them, in the first place, for a written
+acknowledgment that he had faithfully brought back the Japanese
+who had gone to New Spain, and that they themselves had testified
+that they had been well treated during their voyage. He added that
+if any one had any complaint to make, he would certainly give him
+satisfaction. He also wished a written acknowledgment of his having
+paid all that was lent to Don Rodrigo de Vivero, and the proceeds of
+the sale at Acapulco of the Japanese ship in which Vivero had made
+the voyage to New Spain. He here volunteered to pay any debt that
+might be found remaining due, and then asked for a return of the
+bonds or bills which Vivero had left as guarantees for the payment of
+the debt. The Japanese officials told him that they considered his
+requests just ones, and that both of them would immediately report
+to the emperor on the subject. After having thus emphasized the
+faithfulness and honesty with which he had performed his mission,
+Viscaino made an attack upon the Dutch, which was to cost him and
+his countrymen dear. He accused certain Dutch traders who had made
+a mercantile contract with the emperor a year previous, of being
+pirates, who, after committing many robberies, had been pursued
+and chastised by the governor of the Philippines. He affirmed that
+they certainly would not be able to fulfill their contract with
+the emperor, and asked “what friendship could the latter have with
+people who were not only thieves, but were disobedient and in revolt
+against their lord, the King of Spain!” He requested his auditors
+to reflect upon what he had already written on this subject to the
+emperor, and also requested an answer as to whether the Japanese
+intended to tolerate Dutch trade or not. He expressed a wish not to
+have to leave Japan without knowing the result of his embassy, so as
+to report it to the King of Spain. Viscaino’s listeners expressed
+great surprise at his accusations against the Dutch traders and
+withdrew. On the following day they sent a message, saying that they
+had reported all he had told them to the emperor; that as they knew
+he intended to spend some time in Japan, an answer would be sent
+him before his departure for New Spain; that he was to go in God’s
+name to the Port of Uraga. On his return to that port, he found
+that the emperor had cut off the free supply of food and lodgings
+which had heretofore been given to Viscaino. Viscaino interprets
+this act as a token of the displeasure the emperor was said to have
+felt at the Spanish embassy having visited the court of his son, the
+shogun, before his. He also accuses the emperor of an avarice which
+was increasing with advancing years, and makes other derogatory
+remarks concerning the aged monarch. A few days later the Spaniards
+entered the domain of the shogun, who sought to make amends for his
+father’s abrupt action, and attributed it to the influence of his
+counsellors. Notwithstanding Viscaino’s report against the emperor,
+he boasts further on of his embassy not having cost his king one
+hundred pesos, or dollars--a fact, however, which he attributes to
+the shogun’s generosity and to his own practical wisdom and industry,
+which enabled him, as he said, “to make a quarter of a dollar of his
+Majesty’s treasury appear like a million.”
+
+A series of disappointments awaited the Spaniards at Uraga. Their
+sale of stuffs did not yield as much as they expected, for being
+unknown to them, the Japanese did not appreciate the real value of
+the finest woolen cloths and friezes, and would not buy them. Then,
+when the cost of building a vessel was estimated, it was found to
+exceed by far the means at their command; so it was determined to
+repair and strengthen the vessel they had come in, and to make the
+survey of the ports in it alone. It was found necessary before
+starting to apply to the shogun not only for credentials to the lords
+and princes who resided in the north of Japan and were not on good
+terms with the emperor, but also for the escort of a high official,
+who, in the name of the shogun, was to oblige people to furnish the
+necessary provisions and all assistance needed in making the survey.
+The shogun, who was under the influence of Friar Luis Sotelo, and
+showed a decided leaning towards Christianity, sent kindly messages
+to Viscaino, and expressed the wish to see and speak with him at
+length on his return concerning the friendly relations between his
+country and the Spanish nation. He also sent word, through the
+commander of the junks, that he had heard that Viscaino had given up
+building the vessel for lack of means, and he deplored his father’s
+parsimoniousness. He expressed the desire that the emperor’s license
+to build the vessel be transferred to him, as he would like to carry
+out the plan himself. Viscaino states that he gave him the imperial
+permit on account of being under obligations to him, and as it was
+important not to offend him on account of his friendliness towards
+Christians. Viscaino caused, however, a document to be drawn, in
+which he ventured to impose the following conditions upon the
+shogun:--
+
+  “The ship was not to carry more than one hundred tons. It was
+  to be placed under his entire command; only two Japanese were
+  to go as stewards of the ship and of its cargo. Not a cent was
+  to be spent on the vessel by the Spaniards, but, on arrival
+  at Vera Cruz, if the viceroy desired to buy the ship, it was
+  to be given him at a moderate price. If not wanted, it was to
+  sail for Manila, or wherever the viceroy might command.”
+
+It is needless to state that these conditions, which Viscaino
+attempted to impose upon the Japanese ruler who was to defray the
+entire expense of the building, were never fulfilled. What happened
+will be told later on. While at Uraga, Viscaino had a memorable
+interview with William Adams, the staunch partisan of his former
+employers, the Dutch, for whom, in 1611, he had obtained permission
+to establish a ship-building factory at Firando. Two Dutchmen had
+arrived at Uraga while Viscaino was there, carrying many presents for
+the emperor, who through William Adams’ influence received them very
+well, and gave them all the permits and grants they asked for. In
+their name Adams went to see the Spanish general, and demanded from
+him an explanation as to “why he had told the emperor that the Dutch
+were a bad people, who were disobedient and in revolt against their
+king, and who went about robbing and creating trouble.” Viscaino’s
+characteristic answer, which is verbally given, was, “that it was
+perfectly true that he had said all that to the emperor, and much
+more besides, and that he had fallen short of the truth in describing
+what the Dutch were. He ended by stating that he was ready to give
+them any satisfaction they desired.” He adds, “that it was agreed
+that the Dutchmen were to meet him, but that they did not dare to
+do so and adopted the alternative of leaving Uraga at night without
+seeing him.”
+
+Viscaino little imagined when he wrote thus disparagingly of the
+Hollanders, that these same men were about to secure a monopoly of
+Japanese trade which was to last for as many centuries as the dynasty
+of the Tokugawas.
+
+The above encounter, in which William Adams called Viscaino to
+account, is of special interest, for it was to him that Friar Cavo
+attributes the total failure of Viscaino’s embassy, and the fresh
+persecution of the Catholics which began at about this time.
+
+According to Cavo, the emperor, surprised at the Spanish ambassador’s
+over-bearing threats and demands, asked William Adams, his friend
+and adviser, whether such was the style of European nations. The
+answer was an emphatic denial, followed by a warning to the emperor
+“to be on his guard against the Spaniards, because it was their
+desire to dominate the whole world. For this purpose, they sent out
+as precursors the Jesuits, who, under the pretext of teaching the
+Christian religion, incited the people to rise in rebellion against
+their sovereigns. By this method they had made themselves masters of
+immense possessions in Asia and America. It was because they knew
+all this that the Dutch had cast off the yoke of their rule, and
+that the English and Germans were in warfare against them.” It was
+evidently immediately after his interview with Viscaino, in which
+Adams had ascertained the Spaniards’ antagonism towards the Dutch and
+more besides, that he returned to the emperor’s court, and informed
+his Majesty that they knew for a certainty that the principal aim
+of the Spanish ambassador’s visit was to discover certain islands
+of gold and silver. Adams and the merchants then took the liberty
+of asking the emperor how he could possibly have given the Spanish
+general permission to make a survey of the entire coast and of all
+the ports of his realm. The Spaniards, they said, were bellicose and
+skilled in the use of arms, and might come with a great armada to
+conquer Japan. In England and Holland no such permission would have
+been given to the Spaniards.
+
+The old emperor evidently resented the criticism of his action--even
+from his friends, for he loftily answered, “that if the English
+and Dutch would not grant such a permission, they must indeed be
+cowardly, since they admitted fear of another nation.” He said that
+“he had certainly not understood that the Spaniards had any such evil
+intentions, but that even if they had, he would have given them as
+ample a permission as he had done. He would have no fear even if the
+whole of Spain came against him, for he had enough men to defend him,
+so that this matter did not cause him the slightest anxiety. As to
+the islands that were to be discovered in his realm, he would like to
+know where they were--what report had been made about them and what
+their riches were reputed to be. If they belonged to his crown, he
+would know how to defend them, and if not, he wished the Spaniards
+good luck in discovering them, and he hoped that they would find
+them situated at a convenient distance, so that he could enter into
+mercantile relations with them, this being what he cared for most.”
+The Dutchmen then told him that the rumor of the existence of these
+islands was attributable to some Portuguese, who, being lost at sea,
+had come across them. They had spent several days on them, saw that
+they were inhabited, and that the land was fertile and produced gold
+and silver, but they could not tell in what latitude, nor at how
+many leagues from Japan the islands were situated.
+
+The emperor somewhat sarcastically rejoined that “it would certainly
+require great good fortune for any one to discover anything so vague.”
+
+Although the Dutchmen were dissatisfied at the way in which the
+emperor had received their communications, they evidently bore fruit.
+Soon after, a Portuguese frigate arrived, with Don Nuño de Sotomayor,
+the Admiral of the Fleet of the Indies, as ambassador to Iyeyasu and
+the shogun. With the presents he offered, he made a request that the
+Portuguese be allowed to return to trade in Japan, stating that they
+would like to do so under certain conditions, the principal one being
+the removal of the governor of Nagasaki, against whom they had made
+some complaint. The emperor received them coolly and simply said that
+“if they desired to come to his country, they might do so, but that
+it was not for them to ask him to reform things therein, and that he
+did not wish to grant their request.” The Portuguese left without
+obtaining more than this rebuff, and “with evil disposition towards
+the Japanese.”
+
+Doubtless the enemies of the Spaniards likewise brought to Iyeyasu’s
+notice a disagreeable little episode which occurred at about that
+time, and cited it as an example of Spanish commercial dishonesty.
+It seems that no less a personage than a son of the commander of
+the junks had entrusted a member of Don Rodrigo Vivero’s suite with
+a quantity of valuable merchandise, which was taken to Mexico and
+sold there. From the proceeds the Spaniards were to buy certain
+woolen stuffs and fine cloths for the Japanese nobleman’s household.
+The latter learned, on Viscaino’s arrival, that the Japanese goods
+had been sold in Mexico, and also that Vivero’s follower had
+sent him nothing in return. It seems that it was with difficulty
+that the ambassador pacified the incensed creditor, and tried to
+exonerate Vivero from all blame, stating that he doubtless knew
+nothing about his follower’s affairs. In order to hush the matter
+up, however, Viscaino and the Franciscan friars jointly compensated
+the Japanese lord with woolen stuffs of the value of seven hundred
+dollars. Commenting on this, Viscaino expresses himself as follows,
+unconsciously rendering a tribute to Japanese commercial honesty, at
+that period:--
+
+  “This transaction was wrong and deserving of
+  punishment--especially with people like these, who are so
+  punctual and exact, and are unacquainted with such dealings.”
+
+Unfortunately, about this period, a high official in the house
+of the aged emperor was found guilty of an unprecedented act of
+deceitfulness and treachery, and, on being tortured, confessed that
+not only he but his wife and other fellow servants had been converted
+to Christianity by the Spanish friars. All were arrested and
+threatened with punishment and the confiscation of their property if
+they did not abjure their new faith. Many remained firm and incurred
+disgrace and loss of property, among them the lady Julia, who was
+expelled from the palace with shorn head and exiled to an island.
+
+Shortly afterwards, under pretext of having to extend the boundaries
+of the town, the Franciscan monastery at Yedo was destroyed, and
+throughout the country the Christian churches and monasteries were
+razed to the ground. An ill-timed speech delivered by Viscaino
+during his visit to a Japanese lord was also doubtless reported to
+the emperor, and must have prejudiced him still more against the
+Spanish influence. Viscaino had assured his Japanese host “that the
+latter could not give greater satisfaction to the King of Spain
+than by allowing the friars to enter his domain and preach to his
+vassals--thus establishing permanent peace. For the King of Spain,”
+he said, “did not care about trade with Japan, nor any temporal
+interests, for God had given him many kingdoms and dominions. The
+only inducement that his Christian Majesty had (to enter into
+relations with Japan) was a pious desire that all nations should be
+taught the holy Catholic faith, and thus be saved.”
+
+While the emperor, under the influence of his English and Dutch
+protestant advisers, daily took more active measures to expel the
+Roman catholicism introduced by the Spaniards and Portuguese,
+Viscaino was sailing northward, surveying ports and thickly populated
+islands, and bestowing upon them the names of his patron saints! He
+little thought, as he took his soundings, and in the absence of a
+Spanish cosmographer, superintended the drawing of his charts by a
+Japanese artist, that he had become the unconscious educator of the
+Japanese, and that they, and never the Spaniards, were to make sole
+use of the results of his trained skill.
+
+His charts, of which he duly sent the promised copies to the
+emperor and shogun, were examined with great interest by more than
+one Japanese nobleman. One lord, the coast of whose domain he had
+surveyed, sent him presents and a message, saying “that he much
+esteemed the trouble Viscaino was taking in discovering towns of his
+dominion, that he was delighted to hear that there were good ports in
+his land, and that he would much like to see the map of demarcation
+and the paintings which had been made.”
+
+Everywhere Viscaino and his companions were well received and
+generously entertained. Friar Luis Sotelo accompanied him for part
+of the time, and was with him when he visited Masumane, the powerful
+Lord of Oxo, who had displayed such interest in Spanish musketry at
+Yedo. This prince welcomed the Spanish general, and particularly
+Friar Sotelo, with utmost affection, respect and reverence, and
+insisted upon serving food and drink to them with his own hands. As a
+pledge of a friendship which he faithfully kept, he changed his sword
+for Viscaino’s dagger, and, on receiving this, kissed its crossed
+handle, and placed it on his head. He displayed his socialistic
+tendencies and esteem for Christians by bestowing a title on one of
+his own servants, who was a convert, and by inviting him to dine with
+him and his Spanish Christian friends. Thereupon, naturally enough,
+many other members of Prince Masumane’s household crowded around the
+friar, kissed the hem of his robe, and announced their intention
+to frequent the Franciscan monastery and study the Christian
+religion. Masumane from the first exhibited the greatest interest and
+inclination towards the Catholic faith, proved himself a true friend
+and protector of the Christians, and ultimately became a convert with
+all of his family, and a large number of his vassals.
+
+At the beginning of December, General Viscaino had reached 40 degrees
+north latitude. On interrogating the natives he found that they knew
+the use of the compass, and was told that there was a distance of
+about sixty leagues from the extremity of Japan to Corea, and that
+before reaching Tartary, in the channel lay a great island called
+Yeso, which was inhabited by people like savages who were so covered
+by hair that only their eyes were visible, and who habitually visited
+Japan in the months of July and August for trading purposes. Intense
+cold set in, and as Viscaino concluded that ports situated on the
+northwestern and southeastern shores of Japan would be of little use
+to vessels trading from the Philippines, he decided to return to
+Uraga, where he arrived on the 4th of January and met the members of
+his crew who had remained behind. He lingered at Uraga until the end
+of May selling his woolen stuffs at Yedo, “with difficulty and poor
+profits,” and then started on a survey of the coast lying between
+Uraga and Nagasaki.
+
+He first went to Ito, however, where, as agreed upon, the ship was
+being built by Japanese workmen under the patronage of the shogun.
+He found that beyond the preparing of the timber nothing had been
+done to advance its construction, and was struck by the lukewarmness
+and slowness with which the work was progressing. The general gave
+instructions to the shipbuilders by word and by letter, and then
+proceeded on his journey. On returning to Miaco on July 2, he had
+four copies made of his survey charts, or as he calls them his
+“Discovery of Japanese Ports,” these being intended for Iyeyasu, the
+shogun, the King of Spain and himself. From Corunga, a week later,
+he sent a message to the emperor, asking permission to start on his
+homeward voyage. It is evident that the emperor understood that
+Viscaino intended to sail directly to New Spain, for he sent word
+that Viscaino was to go on to Uraga, whither his answer would reach
+him, and there the emperor sent him a gift and a letter for the
+Viceroy of Mexico. The fact of his not sending any letter or gift to
+the King of Spain by Viscaino proved that he, probably enlightened by
+William Adams, had not taken very seriously Viscaino’s pretence to be
+the ambassador of the king as well as of the viceroy. Viscaino, who
+had been informed that the emperor was so incensed at the Christians,
+on account of the treachery in his household, that no Christian dared
+approach him, complains that the emperor’s answer to the viceroy was
+very different from what had been promised, since in it his Majesty
+wrote “that he did not like” the Christian religion.
+
+The complete text of this remarkable letter has just been published
+by Señor Lera, who wrongly states, however, on page 23, that Spanish
+translations of both letters are contained on page 185, Vol. VIII,
+of the “Documentos Ineditos,” and on page 22, that the first galleon
+which sailed from Uraga for Acapulco carried six letters to the
+viceroy.
+
+In Iyeyasu’s letter, dated July 18, 1612, which closes the
+official correspondence between him and the viceroy of New Spain,
+he courteously thanks the viceroy for his presents and letter,
+and “expresses the hope that Heaven will permit that their mutual
+relations will be as close as those which result from familiar
+intercourse between neighboring countries.” He remarks “that the
+interchange of merchandise could but be of mutual advantage”; and
+then expounds the elements of the Japanese religion, explaining that
+“in Japan, in making solemn compacts or agreements, it was customary
+to appeal to the gods to act as witnesses of their sincerity. These
+gods infallibly reward those who are faithful to their promises, and
+punish those who violate them.” Iyeyasu next asks, “whether the path
+of all virtue is not to be found in the practice of the five virtues:
+Humanity, Justice, Courtesy, Prudence, and Fidelity?”
+
+He then makes a statement which reveals too well what unfortunate
+experiences he had had in his dealings with the very people whose
+intercourse he had cordially desired for many years, and what
+erroneous ideas concerning the Christian religion had reached him in
+his seclusion within his palace walls, for he says:--
+
+  “The doctrine followed in your country differs entirely from
+  ours, therefore, I am persuaded it would not suit us.”
+
+“In the Buddhist writings it says that it is difficult to convert
+those who are not disposed towards being converted. It is best,
+therefore, to put an end to the preaching of your doctrine on our
+soil.
+
+“On the other hand, you can multiply the voyages of merchant ships,
+and thus promote mutual interests and relations. Your ships can
+enter Japanese ports without exception. I have given strict orders
+to this effect.” The presents sent with this letter are said to have
+been “five pairs of gilt screens and a map of Japan.”
+
+The shogun’s letter was brief and reserved, but entirely friendly.
+He gives thanks for the viceroy’s letter and presents, states “that
+intercourse and inclination, mocking at distance, have brought them
+together as neighbors,” and adds “that he would await with impatience
+the merchant vessel, which, once a year, was to bring him news of the
+viceroy and his nation.”
+
+In conclusion he mentions three breast-plates and other pieces of
+Japanese armor, which he begs the viceroy “to accept as a proof of
+his devotion.”
+
+At the time this letter was written, the shogun, who did not share
+his father’s views, and was under the influence of Friar Luis Sotelo,
+was preparing to send an embassy to New Spain on his own account,
+with a view of counteracting his father’s severity and establishing
+direct relations between New Spain and his own domain.
+
+The first step towards the execution of his plan had been his request
+to Viscaino to transfer to him the emperor’s license to build a
+vessel, and it would seem as though the whole affair had been kept a
+profound secret from his father and from General Viscaino. As soon as
+the latter had departed, presumably for New Spain, the rigging and
+fitting up of the vessel, which seems to have been purposely delayed,
+were rapidly completed. Five weeks after Viscaino’s departure, Friar
+Sotelo sailed from Uraga for New Spain with credentials appointing,
+him the shogun’s ambassador, and with a numerous suite of Japanese.
+They had barely reached the open sea, however, when they were
+overtaken by a storm which drove their ship upon the rocky coast and
+completely wrecked it. The fact that when building it the dimensions
+planned by Viscaino had been altered and the probability that the
+Japanese were as yet unskilled in the navigation of similar vessels
+may in part account for the loss of the vessel. The shogun, who, for
+unknown reasons, cast the entire responsibility and blame for the
+disaster upon Friar Sotelo, had him cast into prison and sentenced
+to death. He released and pardoned him, however, at the instance of
+Masumane, who took Friar Sotelo to his court and made him his chief
+counsellor.
+
+While all this was occurring at Uraga, General Viscaino was cruising
+about in search of the two islands, for it had never been his
+intention to sail for New Spain until he had accomplished what he
+and his father, the viceroy, had decided to be the principal aim of
+his voyage, namely, the discovery of the islands described by the
+Portuguese mariners. To his chagrin, he had had to give up setting
+out with the second ship, as he had planned from the beginning, for
+it had been built of a greater capacity, and although he had seen it
+actually afloat at Uraga, it could not be finished before he left.
+
+On the 16th of September, Viscaino, with a reduced crew, and short
+of many necessary provisions, sailed from Uraga. On the 25th,
+after covering more than two hundred leagues, he found himself in
+the latitude in which, according to certain charts, the islands
+were supposed to lie. Finding no sign of these, the general held a
+consultation with the pilots on board as to what would be the best
+method to pursue in searching for them. All agreed to sail southward
+to 32 degrees of latitude, and did so, coming across many signs of
+a proximity to land, such as floating pieces of pumice stone, ducks
+and turtles. But they did not find the islands. The general, who it
+is recorded would not allow himself to think of returning to Acapulco
+until he had ascertained whether the islands existed or not, gave
+orders to retrace the ship’s course. They continued their search with
+extraordinary diligence until October 12th, when some of the sailors
+became disheartened. The pilot then declared that, to his belief,
+the islands did not exist, and that he had exceeded his obligations
+and the viceroy’s orders. Some of the crew mutinied, and, as he had
+no armed men to back him, the general, to avoid being killed, was
+obliged to pacify them with good words. On the 14th a violent storm
+overtook them, followed on the 18th by a hurricane which obliged them
+to cut down the mainmast. For eleven days they were in great peril,
+and suffered from lack of water and food, all cooking utensils having
+been washed overboard. Giving themselves up as lost, and realizing
+the importance of continuing their voyage to New Spain, they held a
+consultation and decided that there was nothing to do but return to
+Japan, obtain a loan from the emperor, which their king would approve
+of, and make preparations to go back to New Spain in the following
+year. With a vessel which owed its escape from foundering to the
+lining which had been given it in Uraga, they reached this port,
+where further trials and deceptions awaited them.
+
+The first news learned by Viscaino, on reaching the harbor of Uraga,
+was the history of the shogun’s attempt to send an embassy and the
+loss of his vessel. The following is his characteristic comment on
+this disaster:--
+
+  “We found on reaching Uraga that the ship ‘San Sebastian’ had
+  sailed and had run aground about a league from port, because
+  the Japanese had insisted on carrying out their will, and had
+  loaded it without permission from the Spaniards. The Japanese
+  recognized their mistake.”
+
+On landing, Viscaino at once sent messages to Iyeyasu and the shogun,
+announcing his return and explaining his misfortunes and the absolute
+necessity there was for him to obtain means to fit himself out for
+his return journey to Mexico in the following year.
+
+The answer he received was that both sovereigns were grieved at his
+hardships, and that he was not to be troubled, as they would furnish
+him with what was necessary; that the emperor was about to visit his
+son at Yedo, and that, while there, both would discuss what was to
+be done. As soon as the general heard that the emperor had reached
+Yedo, he went thither to see him and solicit the loan he had asked
+for. He spent five whole months making extraordinary efforts, by
+means of presents and petitions, to attain his end. He underwent many
+hardships and suffered from exposure to cold--even waiting for hours
+by the roadside and in the places where he expected the emperor to
+pass when out hunting, but he never succeeded in speaking to him, nor
+did his petitions ever reach their destination, being intercepted by
+the secretaries and counsellors.
+
+All this did not correspond with what had been promised him, and it
+was but natural he should abuse the Japanese, and accuse them of bad
+faith, etc. Later on he learned the cause of the treatment he had
+received and exonerated the emperor’s counsellors from blame. It
+seems that a friar, whose name and whose order Viscaino withholds,
+had sent a communication to the emperor, stating that he had heard
+that the general was soliciting a loan of six thousand dollars, to
+be repaid in New Spain. He warned the emperor and his counsellors
+to be careful, because Viscaino carried no authorization from the
+viceroy or from the King of Spain to make a loan there, that he
+had no means of repaying it, and that none of the friars would be
+responsible for the debt. Naturally the emperor withheld the loan,
+but kept Viscaino waiting in uncertainty for five months. Meanwhile
+the latter received an offer from certain Spaniards to loan him the
+sum he needed, the capital and interest to be payable in New Spain.
+This offer was joyfully accepted, and Viscaino drew up a mortgage
+of his and the king’s property to give as security. But the friars
+warned the Spaniards also, stating that they had their grave doubts
+as to whether the loan would ever be repaid, and other things which,
+Viscaino says, could not bear repetition. In his dire necessity he
+called together his men, who were suffering from hunger, explained
+the situation and told them that nothing remained but for him to try
+to sell in Yedo at auction all he possessed--not only his negro slave
+and the mattresses from his own bed, but also the merchandise he had
+bought on commission for several noblemen of Mexico. He appealed
+to them to follow his example, and to sell all their personal
+belongings, so that they would be able to pay what they owed, repair
+their vessel and sail for New Spain. He thought that even if they had
+to live on rice and water alone during the whole voyage, it would
+be better than “to remain in the heathenish country they were in.”
+When on the next day he endeavored to collect the clothing, etc., in
+order to take all to Yedo for sale, the majority of his men excused
+themselves, some hid their belongings and others sold them secretly
+and deserted. Being powerless, as he says, to “exercise the power of
+royal justice,” Viscaino confesses that he thought it best “to be
+silent and dissimulate.” So he collected all he possessed and went to
+Yedo to dispose of it, with the intention of paying his debts, and
+then meeting the expenses of his return voyage by taking freight and
+Spanish and Japanese passengers on his vessel.
+
+The Spaniards agreed to this and some Japanese were inclined to
+do so, when another friar of the same order crossed Viscaino’s
+plans--not only hindering the sale of his effects and the realization
+of his project, but also preventing Japanese merchants from even
+visiting the general’s lodgings.
+
+After making certain accusations against the friar, who seems to have
+been no other than Luis Sotelo, Viscaino describes how he became so
+discouraged that he actually fell ill. He was rapidly growing worse
+when a new vista suddenly opened out before him. Agents sent by Lord
+Masumane arrived, and offered to employ him and his men to build a
+vessel and to navigate it, when ready, to New Spain. Viscaino, who
+had had to relinquish all hope of ever being able to return in his
+own ship, which had become unseaworthy, only too gladly drew up a
+contract, the terms of which were, as he states, most favorable to
+his Majesty, the King of Spain. Masumane’s agents undertook not only
+to give the remainder of the Spanish crew, consisting of twenty-six
+pilots, carpenters and other workmen, the same salary they had
+been receiving from the crown, but also to advance them good wages
+and free transportation for themselves and their belongings to the
+prince’s domain.
+
+General Viscaino, the royal constable, the surgeon and three or four
+other officers were to remain in the pay of the Spanish crown, but
+were to have free board and lodgings from the time they embarked
+until they reached Acapulco. Over and above these terms of agreement,
+which were faithfully kept by the Japanese, Viscaino imposed upon the
+agents two conditions which Masumane did not subsequently recognize.
+The first of these was that all employees, whether Japanese or
+Spaniards, were to be exclusively under the general’s orders. The
+second was that, if, previous to sailing, no permission was received
+from the viceroy of Mexico for Japanese to go to New Spain, only a
+few Japanese were to be allowed to fill menial positions on board,
+and only in case they were needed. This clause, similar to that
+introduced by Viscaino in his previous contract, absolutely confirms
+the statement of the Japanese merchants who returned from New Spain
+and reported that they had been asked not to return, and shows that
+the vice-regal government of Mexico had received orders from Spain
+to follow a policy of exclusion in order to protect Spanish-Asiatic
+trade.
+
+It was not until the 26th of October, 1613, that the vessel was ready
+for the voyage. Viscaino complains of having had great trouble with
+the Japanese, and of suffering much from the constant interference of
+“a friar who had persuaded the Japanese to help him to further a plan
+he had in mind.” At the last moment, Viscaino relates, “the friar
+took entire command of everything, embarked as many Japanese as he
+wanted, and constituted himself Governor and Captain General of the
+vessel.” The friar was no less a personage than Friar Luis Sotelo,
+whose previous expedition as the shogun’s ambassador had ended so
+disastrously. This time he and a Japanese nobleman, named Hasekura
+Rokuyemon, set out as co-ambassadors for Masumane, the Lord of Oxo,
+with a suite of one hundred and eighty Japanese, including sixty
+Samurai and several merchants. They were provided with letters not
+only to the viceroy of Mexico, but also to the King of Spain and to
+Pope Paul V.
+
+Viscaino pathetically records that he protested in vain, and finally,
+in order to avert a great disaster, was forced “to dissimulate and to
+embark as a mere passenger” upon the ship he and his men had built.
+He adds that the humor of the Japanese was such that they actually
+would have killed him had he attempted to do otherwise.
+
+It would seem as though Viscaino left the vessel at the first Mexican
+port which was touched, for it is from Zacatula, north of Acapulco,
+that Viscaino dispatched, on January 22, 1614, his report to his
+father, Don Luis de Velasco, then living in Spain, and whom he
+probably soon joined. He seems to have ended his days in obscurity,
+for the date of his death was unknown to his Mexican biographer,
+Beristian.
+
+The somewhat lengthy superscription of Viscaino’s report conclusively
+reveals the true aim of his embassy, which he took such pains to
+conceal from the Japanese, but of which they were informed by William
+Adams and his Dutch friends. It reads as follows:--
+
+  “Account of the voyage made for the discovery of the Islands
+  named ‘The Rich in Gold and Silver,’ situated in Japan, Don
+  Luis de Velasco being Viceroy of New Spain, and his son,
+  Sebastian Viscaino, the General of the Expedition.”
+
+Here ends the history of the first and last Spanish vice-regal
+ambassador to Japan.
+
+Friar Sotelo’s arrival in Mexico as the ambassador of the Protector
+of Christianity in Japan, and with a flock of would-be converts,
+was regarded as a triumph of the church and particularly of the
+deservedly much loved Franciscan order. At Acapulco, the town
+officials determined to honor the members of an embassy to the
+viceroy, the king and the pope with extraordinary honors, and greeted
+it with salutes of artillery. Its members were escorted with music to
+luxuriously appointed lodgings, and the festivities were crowned by
+a gala bull-fight. The viceroy sent orders that provisions for the
+journey to the capital were to be provided, and a large mounted and
+armed escort was to accompany the embassy on its long and somewhat
+perilous journey. In all villages, towns and cities along their route
+the travelers were received with military music and triumphal arches.
+Carpets strewn with pieces of gold were spread on their pathway, and
+they were lodged and lavishly entertained at the royal houses. In
+the capital, where they were anxiously expected, they were lodged in
+a palace near the Convent of San Francisco, where they were at once
+visited by the archbishop, the judges and officers of the inquisition
+and the high nobility and gentlemen of Mexico.
+
+Having opportunely arrived in Holy Week, the Japanese were able to
+witness the solemn processions and impressive religious ceremonies
+held in the cathedral and churches of Mexico, the interiors of which
+were beautifully decorated with flowers. They were so impressed with
+what they saw that seventy-eight members of the Japanese ambassador’s
+suite expressed their desire to be baptized. This sacrament was
+performed in the Church of San Francisco with great solemnity and
+the sanction of the archbishop’s presence, members of the highest
+nobility acting as sponsors. Subsequently the Japanese ambassador
+expressed his desire to be baptized, but after consultation the
+archbishop and the commissary-general of the Franciscan order advised
+him to defer this ceremony until his arrival at the Spanish court.
+
+It is recorded that on the day the Japanese ambassador went to “kiss
+the hand” of the viceroy, he distributed new liveries to his servants
+and went in state to the palace, with a mounted escort.
+
+The viceroy, Don Diego Fernandez de Cordova, Marquis of Guadalcazár,
+who received him with great delight and courtesy, expressed his
+satisfaction at the embassy’s having been sent from Japan. He
+consented to give the Japanese passports allowing them to go to
+Spain, but informed them that it would be necessary for them to
+obtain from the King of Spain permission to return to Mexico; a
+detail which again reveals the existence of an established policy of
+exclusion.
+
+On account of the difficulties of transporting so many persons,
+it was decided that the majority of the ambassador’s suite was to
+remain in Mexico. The baptized converts were sent back to Acapulco,
+and the few merchants who had accompanied the embassy remained in
+the country, doubtless studying its products and manufactories. The
+mercantile relations with Mexico, which are said in the “Japanese
+History of Commerce” to have been kept up until 1636, when they
+entirely ceased, were probably established by these merchants and
+limited to Masumane’s domain.
+
+Friar Sotelo, Masumane’s ambassador, his relatives and the sixty
+Samurai departed for Vera Cruz, visiting Puebla, where bull-fights
+and tournaments were held in their honor, and where they were lodged
+in the Franciscan monastery.
+
+On the 10th of June, after spending four and a half months in Mexico,
+the embassy embarked in one of the best Spanish vessels and, escorted
+by the fleet commanded by General Antonio de Oquendo, reached Havana
+a fortnight later, and finally landed in Spain on the 5th of October,
+1614.
+
+The embassy was received with honors in Madrid, where the baptism of
+the ambassador was celebrated. He was given the name of the king, who
+probably acted as his sponsor, and that of Francis, the founder of
+Friar Sotelo’s order.
+
+Friar Cavo states that “this embassy did not succeed in establishing
+commercial relations between Spain and Japan on account of the
+persecution of Christians going on in the latter country.” It is
+obvious, however, that no diplomatic negotiations could possibly
+have been entered into by the King of Spain with ambassadors who were
+sent by one of the feudal lords and not by the emperor of the country
+whence they came.
+
+After a very short stay in Madrid, during which, however, the King
+of Spain appointed Friar Sotelo his court preacher, the embassy
+went to Rome, where the friars and Hasekura Phillip Francis were
+received in audience by the Pope on the 3rd of November, 1615. It is
+recorded that after being presented to his Holiness they read him,
+probably with a view of obtaining his support, Latin translations
+of Masumane’s letters, in which the prince cordially invited
+Franciscan friars to his domain, promised to protect all converts
+to the Catholic faith, expressed his desire to hold friendship with
+his Catholic Majesty, the King of Spain, and to enter into direct
+commercial relations with Mexico.
+
+The Franciscan friar, Gregorio Petrocha, then made an address,
+and a Monsignor answered for the Pope, expressing his joy at the
+embassy, his benevolent acceptance of the homage and reverence paid
+to the Apostolic See by the “King,” Masumane, who, he hoped, would
+soon follow his pious inclination and be baptized. The embassy was
+dismissed with presents and a letter for Masumane.
+
+Beristian states that a painting from life of Friar Sotelo and
+Hasekura is preserved in the Quirinal Palace, in the ante-chamber of
+the chapel.
+
+Señor Lera’s publication contains the only statement I have been able
+to find concerning the date of the return of Masumane’s embassy to
+Japan. He says that after an absence of six years it reached Nagasaki
+in 1620. This prolonged absence seems to indicate that it would have
+been dangerous for them to have returned sooner on account of the
+emperor’s persecution of the Christians, and the proscription of
+their religion. It is not impossible that some of these converted
+Japanese remained permanently in Mexico.
+
+Three years after the return of the embassy Iyeyasu died under tragic
+circumstances, and was succeeded by his grandson, Iyemitsu, who, in
+1624, issued an edict ordering away all foreigners and interdicting
+Christianity.
+
+In the following year Friar Sotelo, with several companions, was
+burned alive at Bomura, thus realizing, as is quaintly said, “the
+desire with which he had come to Japan, to win a martyr’s crown.”
+
+In 1636 all commercial relations with New Spain ceased, and in 1638
+the Portuguese were expelled from Japan, and all ports were closed
+to foreign traffic. The Dutch alone were tolerated as traders and
+settlers, but the latter were virtually imprisoned on the peninsula
+of Dashima, where they had a factory.
+
+Iyemitsu completed the system inaugurated by his predecessor, and
+put an end to Japanese trade and intercourse with foreign countries
+by issuing an edict forbidding his subjects to leave their country,
+under pain of capital punishment. He also ordered the destruction of
+all vessels of European pattern belonging to Japan. From that time to
+1854, when Commander Perry made a treaty with the shogunate at Uraga,
+Japan “maintained a most rigid policy of isolation.”
+
+The foregoing history of the events which followed Iyeyasu’s attempt
+to establish commercial relations with New Spain, based on original
+documents only and here presented for the first time, explains
+some of the reasons why, later on, the same emperor decided that
+intercourse with European nations positively endangered the integrity
+and future of Japan.
+
+All had been simple at first when the Portuguese, regularly meeting
+Japanese merchants at the Island of Hirado, traded by barter and
+exported from Japan on an average of over three million dollars
+a year in gold. The three Portuguese Jesuit missionaries, St.
+Francis Xavier, Torres, and Fernandez, who landed in the Province
+of Satsuma in 1549, met with unexpected success in introducing the
+Catholic religion. The arrival of certain Spanish Franciscan friars,
+sent on a mission to Miaco by the governor of Manila, divided the
+Christian foreigners and converts in Japan into two rival parties,
+one consisting of the Portuguese Jesuits backed by the merchants of
+their own country, the other of the Spanish Franciscans supported by
+the Manila merchants, who bitterly resented the Portuguese monopoly
+of Japanese trade. The arrival of the Spanish Dominicans caused
+still further complications; the dissensions among the members and
+followers of the three orders giving direct provocation to the
+persecution of Christians by the Japanese government. In order to
+establish peace, Pope Gregory XIII in 1585 issued a Bull forbidding
+all religious orders but that of the Jesuits to exercise priestly
+offices in Japan.
+
+Vivero, the first Spanish official who landed in Japan, made efforts
+to poison the emperor’s mind against the Portuguese, with a view of
+securing the monopoly of gold exportation for the Spaniards. Vivero
+and the viceroy of Mexico also ignored Iyeyasu’s request for the
+expert Mexican miners, whom he had wished to employ to teach the
+Japanese the best methods of working their own gold mines.
+
+Viscaino, the first Spanish ambassador, maligned the Dutch, with
+whom a commercial treaty had just been made, and went so far as to
+threaten that if the Japanese intended to tolerate the Dutch, the
+Spanish king would not allow his subjects to have dealings with
+Japan. On the other hand, the protestant Dutch republicans, and their
+influential English friend, William Adams, denounced the religion of
+the Portuguese and Spaniards, and described the latter’s thirst for
+gold and success in conquering many remote countries which yielded
+the precious metal.
+
+The revelation that Viscaino’s secret mission was precisely to
+discover an unknown source of gold, presumably belonging to his
+dominion, was received by Iyeyasu simultaneously with the reproach
+of having unsuspectingly granted permission to survey the Japanese
+coast, which would unquestionably facilitate any future invasion of
+Japan, whether actually intended or not by the Spaniards. It seems
+possible that the existence of Viscaino’s charts may have suggested
+to the emperor and his counsellors the idea of closing all Japanese
+ports to foreign nations.
+
+The discoveries that certain converts made by Japanese missionaries
+had pledged their allegiance to a foreign power; that in the
+emperor’s own household Christians had been guilty of treachery and
+duplicity, and the memory that missionaries, in open defiance of the
+emperor’s orders, not only had preached in the streets of Miaco,
+but had even erected a church, explain, moreover, why the ruling
+class in Japan took alarm, and concluded that the Christian religion
+“struck at the root of the political and religious systems of Japan,”
+and that “Christians formed a dangerous and anti-national class,
+whose extirpation was essential to the political system initiated by
+Iyeyasu and perfected by Iyemitsu.”
+
+While it has seemed to me that the foregoing data concerning the
+earliest relations between Japan and Mexico were interesting from a
+historical point of view, I have also realized that they could but
+be of particular value to ethnologists and those who are especially
+interested in evidences of Asiatic influences in Mexico and Central
+America. To them I venture to recommend the consideration of the
+following facts:--
+
+More or less frequent indirect intercourse between Japan and Mexico
+undoubtedly took place as soon as communication was established
+between the Philippine Islands and Acapulco.
+
+In 1608 there were fifteen thousand Japanese residing in the
+Philippines, some of whom were probably employed in the crews of the
+galleons, eight of which came to Acapulco each year. In 1610, with
+the ex-governor of the Philippines, Vivero, twenty-three Japanese
+noblemen and merchants spent five months in Mexico and its capital.
+
+In 1613, one hundred and eighty Japanese spent four and a half months
+in Mexico. The majority remained when the embassy departed for
+Europe, seventy-eight returning to Acapulco. The presumption is that
+they remained there awaiting the return of the ambassadors, which was
+delayed for six years.
+
+Iyemitsu’s prohibition to Japanese to leave their country, under
+penalty of death, indicates that a large number of persecuted
+Christians had been going into voluntary exile. In all probability
+some of these, and also members of the Japanese colony in the
+Philippines, came to Mexico and settled there. What is more, for
+over two hundred years Mexico was the highroad over which passed the
+merchandise brought from Spain’s Asiatic possessions, and landed at
+Acapulco by vessels whose crews frequently were partly Asiatic.
+
+It is obvious, therefore, that it is the first duty of ethnologists
+to assign to the above influx of Japanese into Mexico in historical
+times any indications of Asiatic influence that they may detect, and
+for anthropologists to consider the more or less limited mingling of
+races which doubtless occurred in the 17th century and afterwards.
+
+I will set an example by attributing to the Japanese who visited
+Mexico in the 17th century the introduction of the raincoat made of
+grass or palm leaves, which is worn by the Indians inhabiting the
+Pacific coast of Mexico, and which is said to be identical with that
+used in Japan from time immemorial.
+
+In this connection it suffices to point out the significant fact that
+the members of Masumane’s suite returned to Acapulco from the City of
+Mexico in June, precisely at the beginning of the rainy season. It
+being absolutely necessary for them to have some protection from the
+torrential showers they were exposed to during their long journey, it
+seems more than probable that they deftly manufactured from native
+grasses or palm leaves such rain-coats as they had been accustomed to
+make and wear in their native land.
+
+The practical lesson thus taught the observant natives and the models
+furnished by the rain-coats discarded at the end of the wet season
+would surely sufficiently account for the introduction and use to
+the present day of these useful and easily manufactured garments, of
+which a specimen, bought in the marketplace at Oaxaca, has been sent
+by the writer to the Museum of the Department of Anthropology of the
+University of California.
+
+
+
+
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+Transcriber’s Note:
+
+
+Words and phrases in italics are surrounded by underscores, _like
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+
+
+*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 77632 ***