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+ visibility: hidden; + line-height:.7em; + clear: both; + } + + li.drop-cap2 {text-indent: 0em;} + + .x-ebookmaker li.drop-capi { + margin-top: .5em; + text-indent: -2em; + padding-left: 1em; + color: inherit; + visibility: visible;} + .x-ebookmaker li.drop-cap2 { + margin-top: .5em; + text-indent: -2em; + padding-left: 1em;} + + .x-ebookmaker li.drop-capi:first-letter { + float: none; + margin: 0; + font-size: 100%; + visibility: visible;} + + </style> +</head> +<body> +<div style='text-align:center'>*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 77400 ***</div> + +<div class="transnote"> +<strong>TRANSCRIBER’S NOTE</strong> +<p class="noindent">Footnote anchors are denoted by [number], and the footnotes have been +placed at the end of the chapter.</p> + +<p class="noindent"><a href="#CORRIGENDA">Corrigenda</a> on page xiv have been applied to the etext except for illustration corrections.</p> + +<p class="noindent">Some minor changes to the text are noted at the <a href="#ENDNOTE">end of the book</a>.</p> +</div> + +<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop"> +<div class="chapter"> + +<figure class="figcenter illowp90" id="tp"> + <img class="w100" src="images/cover.jpg" alt=""> + <figcaption> + <p class="center wsp lsp2"> + <span class="fs150">INVENTIONS</span><br> + <br> + <span class=fs80>OF THE</span><br> + <br> + <span class=fs150>ANCIENTS</span><br> + <br> + <span class="smcap lspp5">Hero of Alexandria</span></p> + </figcaption> +</figure> +</div> + +<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop"> + +<div class="chapter"> +<h1><span class=fs60>THE</span><br> +<span class="fs120 lsp1"></span>PNEUMATICS<br> +<span class=fs60>OF</span><br> +<span class="fs120 lsp2">HERO OF ALEXANDRIA</span><br> +<span class=fs60>FROM THE ORIGINAL GREEK</span></h1> + + +<p class="center wsp lh17 pb4"><span class=fs70>TRANSLATED FOR AND EDITED BY</span><br> +<span class="lsp2 fs140">BENNET WOODCROFT</span><br> +<span class=fs70>PROFESSOR OF MACHINERY IN UNIVERSITY<br> +COLLEGE LONDON</span></p> + + + +<figure class="figcenter illowp25" id="bar"> + <img class="w100" src="images/bar.jpg" alt="Decorative divider"> +</figure> + + +<p class="center p4 wsp lh17 fs85"><span class=lsp1>LONDON</span><br> +TAYLOR WALTON AND MABERLY<br> +UPPER GOWER STREET AND IVY LANE PATERNOSTER ROW<br> +1851</p> + + +<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop"> + +<div class="chapter"> +<p class="center"> +TO<br> +<br> +<span class="lsp1 fs140">HIS ROYAL HIGHNESS PRINCE ALBERT</span><br> +<br> +PRESIDENT OF THE SOCIETY OF ARTS<br> +<br> +<span class="gothic fs120">This Work</span><br> +<br> +IS BY SPECIAL PERMISSION MOST RESPECTFULLY<br> +<br> +DEDICATED<br> +<br> +BY HIS ROYAL HIGHNESS’S OBEDIENT AND<br> +<br> +VERY HUMBLE SERVANT, +</p> +</div> + +<p class="right"> + BENNET WOODCROFT. +</p> +<br> +<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop"> + +<div class="chapter"> +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_vii">[Pg vii]</span></p> + + +<figure class="figcenter illowp70" id="vii"> + <img class="w100" src="images/vii.jpg" alt="Decorative border with depictions of cheribs sailing,⏎making pottery and sculpting stone"> +</figure> + +</div> + <h2 class="nobreak lsp15" id="EDITORS_PREFACE"> + EDITOR’S PREFACE. + </h2> +</div> + + +<img class="drop-capi" src="images/w.jpg" alt="Stylized W"> +<p class="drop-capi"><span class="uc">While</span> the Editor of the present work was engaged +in writing an <i>Analytical History of the +Steam-Engine</i>, it became necessary to consult +the antient mechanicians to ascertain who were +the inventors of the several parts composing +that machine: the earliest writer on the subject appeared to +be Hero of Alexandria; throughout whose work so many of +the elementary parts of all Steam-Engines, and those also of +most other machines are mentioned, that it was thought a +translation of Hero’s Pneumatics would be acceptable not only +to the Engineer but to the scientific world generally.</p> + +<p>Although at the commencement of his work, Hero states that +he has added his own discoveries to those “handed down by +former writers,” yet in no instance has he pointed out any +thing which originated with himself; nor is there any statement +in the text, except the one I have just quoted, which would +lead the reader to any other conclusion than that the whole is +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_viii">[viii]</span>a compilation from the works of those who at that period of +time were styled the “antient philosophers and mechanicians.”</p> + +<p>Those parts of each vessel or instrument which mechanically +perform the operations assigned to them are alike, or nearly +so, in the four manuscript and the three printed copies of +Hero’s works which have been consulted by the Editor; but +great diversity of form is given to the vessel in which they are +placed. The drawings have been made expressly for this work +from the best examples.</p> + +<p>The seventy-eighth proposition is the only instance in which +there is an omission of the illustrative drawing, and this occurs +in all the copies; the two drawings which are now supplied to +that proposition have been made from the descriptions given +in the text.</p> + +<p>For the Translation of Hero from the Greek, the valuable +assistance of Mr. J. G. Greenwood, Fellow of University College, +London, has been obtained: he is the recently appointed +Professor of the Languages and Literature of Greece and +Rome, in Owen’s College, Manchester.</p> + +<p>It is confidently hoped that this Translation will be found +superior to its predecessors in whatever language; and that it +will prove not only generally interesting but practically useful.</p> + + +<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop"> +<div class="chapter"> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_ix">[ix]</span></p> + + +<figure class="figcenter illowp70" id="ix"> + <img class="w100" src="images/ix.jpg" alt="Decorative border of curled leafy vines."> +</figure> + + + <h2 class="nobreak" id="TRANSLATORS_PREFACE"> + TRANSLATOR’S PREFACE. + </h2> +</div> + + +<img class="drop-capi" src="images/c.jpg" alt="Stylized C"> +<p class="drop-capi"><span class="uc">Concerning</span> Hero of Alexandria, the author +of the treatise here translated, little is known +with certainty. When his name and the place +of his abode have been given, all that can be +positively affirmed is exhausted. We are further +told by Hero the younger, who is supposed to have written +in the seventh century <span class="allsmcap">A. D.</span>, that Hero, the author of the +“Pneumatics,” was a pupil of Ctesibius;—a statement sufficiently +probable from the character of his works, and strengthened +by the inscription <span lang="grc"> Ἥρωνος Κτησιβίου</span>⁠<a id="FNanchor_1_1" href="#Footnote_1_1" class="fnanchor">[1]</a> prefixed to another +work by Hero on the construction of missiles.</p> +<p>Even the precise period at which Hero lived is a debated +point. From his own writings all that can be gathered is that +he knew the works of Archimedes, and of Philo the Byzantian, +who, again, is known to have been a contemporary of Ctesibius; +and, as the earliest mention of him by others is as low +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_x">[x]</span>down as the fourth century <span class="allsmcap">A. D.</span>, external evidence, even if it +were distinct, would be little trustworthy. Such evidence, +however, is vague and scanty. The only direct statement +bearing on the date of Hero is the assertion that he was the +pupil of Ctesibius. The date of Hero therefore depends on +the date of Ctesibius, and this has been variously fixed by different +chronologists.</p> + +<p>Clinton, (F. H. vol. iii. pp. 535, 538,) who puts Hero as +low down as the end of the second century <span class="allsmcap">B. C.</span>, proceeds on +the following evidence: Athenæus (vol. iv. p. 174, edit. +Schweighæuser) quotes one Aristocles as saying, in a work +<span lang="grc">περὶ χορῶν,</span> of the water-organ, +<span lang="grc">φασὶ τοῦτο εὑρῆσθαι ὑπὸ Κτησιβίου κουρέως +ἐνταῦθα οἰκοῦντος ἐν τῇ Ἀσπενδίᾳ ἐπὶ τοῦ δευτέρου Εὐεργέτου· +διαπρέψαι τέ φασι μεγάλως.</span> +Now Euergetes II. (Ptolemy VII.) reigned from +<span class="allsmcap">B. C.</span> 170 to <span class="allsmcap">B. C.</span> 117, and hence Clinton assigns Hero, the +pupil of Ctesibius, to the reign of Ptolemy VIII. that is, to <span class="allsmcap">B. C.</span> +117–81.</p> + +<p>Fabricius, on the other hand, (Bibi. Græc. vol. iv. pp. 222, +234, edit. Harl.) setting out from an entirely different datum, +places him more than a hundred years earlier, in the time of +Ptolemy Philadelphus (Euergetes I.): Athenæus Mechanicus, +(one of the mechanical writers whose works are printed in the +<i>Veterum Mathematicorum Opera</i>), in his treatise <span lang="grc">περὶ μηχανημάτων</span>, +p. 8, speaks of Ctesibius as a contemporary; his words are +<span lang="grc">Κτησίβιος ὁ Ἀσκληνὸς, ὁ ἐν Ἀλεξανδρείᾳ μηχανικός</span>. This treatise is dedicated +to a Marcellus, and Fabricius, assuming, after Hero +junior, this Marcellus to be the conqueror of Syracuse, has +hence assigned Ctesibius and Hero to the reigns of the second +and third Ptolemies (<span class="allsmcap">B. C.</span> 285–222).</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_xi">[xi]</span></p> + +<p>Of these conflicting dates that assigned by Clinton has been +generally adopted. The question is discussed at some length +by Schweighæuser, in a note on the passage of Athenæus referred +to above: he deems the identification of the patron of +Athenæus Mechanicus with the conqueror of Syracuse to be +unwarranted, and, besides, thinks it most unlikely that at so +early a period a Greek should dedicate a work on military engines +to any Roman. But from the expression employed by +Athenæus, (<span lang="grc">ὦ σεμνότατε Μάρκελλε</span>,) it may be inferred that his +patron was a man of very exalted rank; and the second objection +from the alleged improbability that a Greek should dedicate +such a work to a Roman at that period will hardly be thought +to apply at the period referred to, while the skill displayed by +Marcellus in the siege of Syracuse, and the regret expressed +by him for the fate of Archimedes, (whether genuine or not,) +may well have suggested the dedication to him of a work on +military engineering. The assumption of Fabricius, then, is, +in itself, not to be too hastily rejected; and it will be seen that +it is not so irreconcileable with the statement of Aristocles as +has been supposed. Fabricius has carried back the date further +than his argument requires or even warrants. Marcellus +was killed <span class="allsmcap">B. C.</span> 208: Athenæus might have inscribed his work +to him about <span class="allsmcap">B. C.</span> 212 or 210; at this period, then, we must +suppose Ctesibius to have been known as a philosopher,⁠<a id="FNanchor_2_2" href="#Footnote_2_2" class="fnanchor">[2]</a> but +he may have lived far into the succeeding century,—possibly +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_xii">[xii]</span>even into the reign of Euergetes II. (<span class="allsmcap">B. C.</span> 170–117); Hero +would thus be placed about <span class="allsmcap">B. C.</span> 150, a result by no means inconsistent +with the statement of Aristocles, since it is not necessary, +with Clinton, to assign the whole of the long reign of +Euergetes II. to Ctesibius, and then to put Hero so low down +as the reign of Ptolemy VIII.</p> + +<p>The treatise on Pneumatics was first published in an Italian +translation by Aleotti (Bologna, 1547). In 1575 appeared a +Latin version by F. Commandine (Urbino, 1575): this translation, +through which the work has been most extensively +known, was reprinted at Amsterdam and at Paris. Several +other translations were made into Italian, and one into German +(see Fabricius, iv. p. 235). It was not till the year 1693, and +subsequently to the appearance of all the versions named +above, that the Greek text was published at Paris in the <i>Veterum +Mathematicorum Opera</i>. The design of this collection was +formed by Thevenot, deputy librarian of the Royal library in +the reign of Louis XIV., and after his death it was carried out +by De la Hire. Thevenot’s plan was to publish an accurate +transcript of the MSS. of the several authors. The inevitable +obscurity arising from the numerous corruptions which had +crept into the manuscripts was to be remedied by an appendix +of notes and a Latin translation. But for the Pneumatics +of Hero it seemed sufficient to adopt the already well-known +translation of Commandine; and, in consequence, of the eight +MSS. of this treatise existing in the Royal Library, that one +was chosen which most nearly agreed with the Latin version. +This MS. was closely followed, and, as might be expected, the +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_xiii">[xiii]</span>printed text is extremely corrupt: not unfrequently entire +clauses are wanting, which, ending with the same word as the +clause preceding, seem to have been passed over by the transcriber, +whose eye, in returning from his copy to the original, +rested on the second instead of the first of the two similar words. +These defective passages, which appear to have been conjecturally +restored by Commandine, have been supplied in the +present translation from MSS. of Hero preserved in the British +Museum. These MSS. are described in the appendix, where +the most important cases in which the printed text has been +supplemented, or otherwise amended, from this source are collected. +When any words are included in the translation between +brackets, it is to be understood that they appear neither +in the text nor in any of the MSS. collated, but have been inserted +as necessary to the sense.</p> + +<p>The other treatises of Hero are:—1. On the construction of +slings. 2. On the construction of missiles. 3. On automata. +These are published in Greek and Latin in the <cite>Vet. Math.</cite> +4. On the method of lifting heavy bodies. This treatise has +not yet been edited: it exists only in an Arabic translation. +5. On the “dioptra” or spying-tube: also inedited. It exists +in manuscript in the Royal Library at Vienna, and among the +MSS. of Hero contained in the Library of the University of +Strasburgh. Schweighæuser in his notice of these MSS. (ap. +Fabric. iv. p. 226), intimates that this treatise is of much interest, +and contains an account of the dioptra “newly invented +or improved by Hero himself.” Some help might perhaps be +derived from it towards the settlement of Hero’s date, as the +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_xiv">[xiv]</span>dioptra is mentioned and minutely commented on by Polybius. +Several other treatises, entirely lost, are enumerated by Fabricius, +iv. p. 236.</p> + +<p>A question of great interest presents itself as to the claim of +Hero to be considered as the inventor of the several machines +and methods described by him. In the introduction of the +“Pneumatica” he declares that his purpose is to arrange in +order the discoveries of his predecessors, and to add to them +his own. The treatise on the construction of missiles is ascribed +in some MSS. to Ctesibius, (as in one at Leyden, Fabric. +iv. p. 229,) while at the end of a MS. of the same work +in the Library of Vienna are these words, <span lang="grc">τέλος τῶν Ἀρχιμήδους +Βελοποιΐκῶν, τῶν ἐξηγηθέντων παρὰ Ἥρωνος Κτησιβίου</span>. Again, it is singular +that neither Pliny nor Vitruvius has any reference to +Hero, though Ctesibius and his inventions are repeatedly mentioned. +Vitruvius (x. 7) minutely describes a machine for +raising water to a great height, which he expressly ascribes to +Ctesibius; and in the following chapter he treats, at great +length, of the construction of water-organs, yet without any +notice of Hero. Both Pliny and Vitruvius expressly name +Ctesibius as famous for his skill in the invention of pneumatic +and hydraulic instruments. Pliny’s words are (vii. 38) “Laudatus +est Ctesibius pneumatica ratione et hydraulicis organis +repertis.” Vitruvius, (x. 7, compare also ix. 8,) after his +description of the machine for raising water, says “Nec tamen +hæc sola ratio Ctesibii fertur exquisita, sed etiam plures et +variis generibus ab eo liquore pressionibus coacto spiritus +efferre ab natura mutuatos effectus ostenduntur, uti merularum +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_xv">[xv]</span>aquæ motu voces, atque engibata, quæ bibentia tandem +movent sigilla, cæteraque quæ delectationibus oculorum et +aurium usu sensus eblandiuntur.” He refers the curious to +the commentaries of Ctesibius himself. How well this description +of Ctesibius’ inventions suits the general character of +those preserved by Hero, will be manifest at once. Vitruvius, +as Schneider has pointed out,⁠<a id="FNanchor_3_3" href="#Footnote_3_3" class="fnanchor">[3]</a> seems to have had no knowledge +of Hero’s Pneumatics, as both the forcing-pump and the +water-organ differ in several important particulars from those +of Hero: he does not even notice the application of the forcing-pump +in extinguishing conflagrations. This silence on the +part of Vitruvius and Pliny, so remarkable on the supposition +that Hero was an original discoverer, is more easily accounted +for if we regard him rather as the interpreter of Ctesibius.⁠<a id="FNanchor_4_4" href="#Footnote_4_4" class="fnanchor">[4]</a></p> + +<p>For further details on the life and writings of Hero, the +reader is referred to Fabricius, iv. pp. 222–239, Smith’s Dictionary +of Biography, and Baldi <i>de Vita Heronis</i>, in his edition +of the Belopœica.</p> + +<p class="right"> + J. G. G. +</p> + + +<p class="noindent"> + Jan. 31, 1851. +</p> + +<div class=footnotes> +<h3>FOOTNOTES:</h3> +<div class="footnote"><p class="noindent"><a id="Footnote_1_1" href="#FNanchor_1_1" class="label">[1]</a> This has, indeed, been conjectured to be an error +for<span lang="grc"> Ἥρωνος ἢ Κτησιβίου</span>, +but Baldi (in his edition of the Belopœica, p. 44,) has satisfactorily proved that +Hero was the writer.</p></div> +<div class="footnote"><p class="noindent"><a id="Footnote_2_2" href="#FNanchor_2_2" class="label">[2]</a> That Ctesibius began his researches at an early age may be inferred from +the fact mentioned by Vitruvius, ix. 9. (edit. Schneider.)</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p class="noindent"><a id="Footnote_3_3" href="#FNanchor_3_3" class="label">[3]</a> On Vitruvius, x. 7. The sections of Hero and the corresponding chapters of +Vitruvius are minutely compared by Schneider, Vitruv. vol. iii. pp. 283–330.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p class="noindent"><a id="Footnote_4_4" href="#FNanchor_4_4" class="label">[4]</a> Baldi arrives at the same conclusion: (p. 74) “Cæterum haud immerito +quispiam dubitaverit quam ob rem Architectus Heronis nostri nomen silentio +præterierit. Nos ideo factum putamus quod ille Ctesibio utpote inventori ea +tribuere maluerit quæ ab Herone locupletiora et illustriora quam ipse a magistro +accepisset evulgata fuere.”</p></div> + +</div> +<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop"> +<div class="chapter"> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_xvi">[xvi]</span></p> + + + <h2 class="nobreak p4" id="CORRIGENDA"> + CORRIGENDA. + </h2> +</div> + + + +<table class="toc"> +<tr> +<td class="tdrt wd20"><a href="#c1">Page 4, line 3,</a></td> +<td class="tdl hang1"><i>for</i> them <i>read</i> it.</td></tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdrt"><a href="#fig02">14, figure.</a></td> +<td class="tdl hang1">The mouth of the vessel should be open.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdrt"><a href="#c2">25, line 8,</a></td> +<td class="tdl hang1"><i>for</i> ⁷⁄₀₁ <i>read</i> ⁷⁄₁₀.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdrt"><a href="#c3">35, .. 25,</a></td> +<td class="tdl hang1">after <span class="allsmcap">P R</span>, <i>read</i> so that the goblet may be filled, and the pedestal <span class="allsmcap">M N O X</span> as high, &c.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdrt"><a href="#c4">40, .. 6,</a></td> +<td class="tdl hang1">for <i>Wine and Water</i> read <i>Wine-and-Water</i>. +</td></tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdrt"><a href="#fig24">—, figure.</a></td> +<td> The pipe <span class="allsmcap">S T</span> should connect the vessels <span class="allsmcap">A B</span> and <span class="allsmcap">C D</span> near their bases.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdrt"><a href="#c5">43, line 23,</a></td> +<td class="tdl hang1"><i>for</i> across a third pulley, <span class="allsmcap">C</span>, to another pulley, <span class="allsmcap">S</span>, <i>read</i> across the pulley <span class="allsmcap">S</span> to another pulley, <span class="allsmcap">T</span>.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdrt"><a href="#c6">61, .. 12,</a></td> +<td class="tdl hang1"><i>dele</i> , <i>after</i> vessel.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdrt"><a href="#c7">62, .. 7 }</a></td> +<td class="tdlm hang1" rowspan=3><i>for</i> the Hercules <i>read</i> Hercules.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdrt"><a href="#c8">—, .. 27 }</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdrt"><a href="#c9">63, .. 6 }</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdrt"><a href="#c10">79, .. 1,</a></td> +<td class="tdl hang1"><i>dele</i> , after <i>attached</i>.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdrt"><a href="#c11">84, .. 4,</a></td> +<td class="tdl hang1"><i>read</i> (from which extends the hand of the figure which is to pour the libation.)</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdrt"><a href="#c12">—, .. 6,</a></td> +<td class="tdl hang1"><i>read</i> side of the wine vessel.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdrt"><a href="#c13">89, .. 23,</a></td> +<td class="tdl hang1"><i>for</i> escaping <i>read</i> entering.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdrt"><a href="#c14">96, .. 18,</a></td> +<td class="tdl hang1"><i>dele</i> , <i>after</i> partition.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdrt"><a href="#c15">105, .. 6,</a></td> +<td class="tdl hang1"><i>after</i> this <i>insert</i> and communicating with it.</td> +</tr> +</table> + + + +<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop"> +<div class="chapter"> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_xvii">[xvii]</span></p> + + +<figure class="figcenter illowp70" id="xvii"> + <img class="w100" src="images/xvii.jpg" alt="Decorative border of curled leafy vines."> +</figure> + + + <h2 class="nobreak" id="CONTENTS"> + CONTENTS. + </h2> +</div> + + + +<table class="toc"> +<tr> +<td class="tdr" colspan=3> Page</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdrt">1.</td> +<td class="tdlt hang1">The bent Siphon</td> +<td class="tdrt"><a href="#Sec_1">11</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdrt">2.</td> +<td class="tdlt hang1">Concentric or inclosed Siphon</td> +<td class="tdrb"><a href="#Sec_2">14</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdrt">3.</td> +<td class="tdlt hang1">Uniform discharge Siphon</td> +<td class="tdrb"><a href="#Sec_3">16</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdrt">4.</td> +<td class="tdlt hang1">Siphon which is capable of discharging a greater or less quantity of Liquid with uniformity</td> +<td class="tdrb"><a href="#Sec_4">17</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdrt">5.</td> +<td class="tdlt hang1">A Vessel for withdrawing Air from a Siphon</td> +<td class="tdrb"><a href="#Sec_5">18</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdrt">6.</td> +<td class="tdlt hang1">A Vessel for retaining or discharging a Liquid at pleasure</td> +<td class="tdrb"><a href="#Sec_6">19</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdrt">7.</td> +<td class="tdlt hang1">A Vessel for discharging Liquids of different temperatures at pleasure</td> +<td class="tdrb"><a href="#Sec_7">20</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdrt">8.</td> +<td class="tdlt hang1">A Vessel for discharging Liquids in varying proportions</td> +<td class="tdrb"><a href="#Sec_8">22</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdrt">9.</td> +<td class="tdlt hang1">A Water Jet produced by mechanically compressed Air</td> +<td class="tdrb"><a href="#Sec_9">23</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdrt">10.</td> +<td class="tdlt hang1">A Valve for a Pump</td> +<td class="tdrb"><a href="#Sec_10">25</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdrt">11.</td> +<td class="tdlt hang1">Libations on an Altar produced by Fire</td> +<td class="tdrb"><a href="#Sec_11">26</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdrt">12.</td> +<td class="tdlt hang1">A Vessel from which the contents flow when filled to a certain height</td> +<td class="tdrb"><a href="#Sec_12">27</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdrt">13.</td> +<td class="tdlt hang1">Two Vessels from which the contents flow, by a Liquid being poured into one only</td> +<td class="tdrb"><a href="#Sec_13">28</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdrt">14.</td> +<td class="tdlt hang1">A Bird made to whistle by flowing Water</td> +<td class="tdrb"><a href="#Sec_14">29</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdrt">15.</td> +<td class="tdlt hang1">Birds made to sing and be silent alternately by flowing Water</td> +<td class="tdrb"><a href="#Sec_15">31</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdrt">16.</td> +<td class="tdlt hang1">Trumpets sounded by flowing Water</td> +<td class="tdrb"><a href="#Sec_16">32</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdrt">17.</td> +<td class="tdlt hang1">Sounds produced on the opening of a Temple Door</td> +<td class="tdrb"><a href="#Sec_17">33</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdrt">18.</td> +<td class="tdlt hang1">Drinking-Horn from which either Wine or Water will flow</td> +<td class="tdrb"><a href="#Sec_18">34</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdrt">19.</td> +<td class="tdlt hang1">A Vessel containing a Liquid of uniform height, although a Stream flows from it</td> +<td class="tdrb"><a href="#Sec_19">35</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdrt">20.</td> +<td class="tdlt hang1">A Vessel which remains full, although Water be drawn from it</td> +<td class="tdrb"><a href="#Sec_20">36</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdrt">21.</td> +<td class="tdlt hang1">Sacrificial Vessel which flows only when Money is introduced</td> +<td class="tdrb"><a href="#Sec_21">37</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdrt">22.</td> +<td class="tdlt hang1">A Vessel from which a variety of Liquids may be made to flow through one Pipe</td> +<td class="tdrb"><a href="#Sec_22">38</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdrt">23.</td> +<td class="tdlt hang1">A Flow of Wine from one Vessel, produced by Water being poured into another</td> +<td class="tdrb"><a href="#Sec_23">39</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdrt">24.</td> +<td class="tdlt hang1">A Pipe from which flows Wine-and-Water in varying proportions</td> +<td class="tdrb"><a href="#Sec_24">40</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdrt">25.</td> +<td class="tdlt hang1">A Vessel from which Wine flows in proportion as Water is withdrawn</td> +<td class="tdrb"><a href="#Sec_25">41</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdrt">26.</td> +<td class="tdlt hang1">A Vessel from which Wine flows in proportion as Water is poured into another</td> +<td class="tdrb"><a href="#Sec_26">43</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdrt">27.</td> +<td class="tdlt hang1">The Fire-Engine</td> +<td class="tdrb"><a href="#Sec_27">44</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdrt"><span class="pagenum" id="Page_xviii">[xviii]</span>28. </td> +<td class="tdlt hang1">An Automaton which drinks at certain times only, on a Liquid being presented to it</td> +<td class="tdrb"><a href="#Sec_28">46</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdrt">29.</td> +<td class="tdlt hang1">An Automaton which may be made to drink at any time, on a Liquid being presented to it</td> +<td class="tdrb"><a href="#Sec_29">47</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdrt">30.</td> +<td class="tdlt hang1">An Automaton which will drink any quantity that may be presented to it</td> +<td class="tdrb"><a href="#Sec_30">48</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdrt">31.</td> +<td class="tdlt hang1">A Wheel in a Temple, which, on being turned liberates purifying Water</td> +<td class="tdrb"><a href="#Sec_31">49</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdrt">32.</td> +<td class="tdlt hang1">A Vessel containing different Wines, any one of which may be liberated by placing a certain Weight in a Cup</td> +<td class="tdrb"><a href="#Sec_32">50</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdrt">33.</td> +<td class="tdlt hang1">A self-trimming Lamp</td> +<td class="tdrb"><a href="#Sec_33">52</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdrt">34.</td> +<td class="tdlt hang1">A Vessel from which Liquid may be made to flow, on any portion of Water being poured into it</td> +<td class="tdrb"><a href="#Sec_34">53</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdrt">35.</td> +<td class="tdlt hang1">A Vessel which will hold a certain quantity of Liquid when the supply is continuous, will only receive a portion of such Liquid if the supply is intermittent</td> +<td class="tdrb"><a href="#Sec_35">54</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdrt">36.</td> +<td class="tdlt hang1">A Satyr pouring Water from a Wine-skin into a full Washing-Basin, without making the contents overflow</td> +<td class="tdrb"><a href="#Sec_36">55</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdrt">37.</td> +<td class="tdlt hang1">Temple Doors opened by Fire on an Altar</td> +<td class="tdrb"><a href="#Sec_37">57</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdrt">38.</td> +<td class="tdlt hang1">Other intermediate means of opening Temple Doors by Fire on an Altar</td> +<td class="tdrb"><a href="#Sec_38">59</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdrt">39.</td> +<td class="tdlt hang1">Wine flowing from a Vessel may be arrested on the Introduction of Water, but, when the Supply of Water ceases, the Wine flows again</td> +<td class="tdrb"><a href="#Sec_39">60</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdrt">40.</td> +<td class="tdlt hang1">On an Apple being lifted, Hercules shoots a Dragon which then hisses</td> +<td class="tdrb"><a href="#Sec_40">62</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdrt">41.</td> +<td class="tdlt hang1">A Vessel from which uniform Quantities only of Liquid can be poured</td> +<td class="tdrb"><a href="#Sec_41">64</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdrt">42.</td> +<td class="tdlt hang1">A Water Jet actuated by compressed Air from the Lungs</td> +<td class="tdrb"><a href="#Sec_42">65</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdrt">43.</td> +<td class="tdlt hang1">Notes from a Bird produced at intervals by an intermittent Stream of Water</td> +<td class="tdrb"><a href="#Sec_43">66</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdrt">44.</td> +<td class="tdlt hang1">Notes produced from several Birds in succession, by a Stream of Water</td> +<td class="tdrb"><a href="#Sec_44">67</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdrt">45.</td> +<td class="tdlt hang1">A Jet of Steam supporting a Sphere</td> +<td class="tdrb"><a href="#Sec_45">68</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdrt">46.</td> +<td class="tdlt hang1">The World represented in the Centre of the Universe</td> +<td class="tdrb"><a href="#Sec_46">68</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdrt">47.</td> +<td class="tdlt hang1">A Fountain which trickles by the Action of the Sun’s Rays</td> +<td class="tdrb"><a href="#Sec_47">69</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdrt">48.</td> +<td class="tdlt hang1">A Thyrsus made to whistle by being submerged in Water</td> +<td class="tdrb"><a href="#Sec_48">70</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdrt">49.</td> +<td class="tdlt hang1">A Trumpet, in the Hands of an Automaton, sounded by compressed Air</td> +<td class="tdrb"><a href="#Sec_49">71</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdrt">50.</td> +<td class="tdlt hang1">The Steam-Engine</td> +<td class="tdrb"><a href="#Sec_50">72</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdrt">51.</td> +<td class="tdlt hang1">A Vessel from which flowing Water may be stopped at pleasure</td> +<td class="tdrb"><a href="#Sec_51">73</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdrt">52.</td> +<td class="tdlt hang1">A Drinking-Horn in which a peculiarly formed Siphon is fixed</td> +<td class="tdrb"><a href="#Sec_52">74</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdrt">53.</td> +<td class="tdlt hang1">A Vessel in which Water and Air ascend and descend alternately</td> +<td class="tdrb"><a href="#Sec_53">75</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdrt">54.</td> +<td class="tdlt hang1">Water driven from the Mouth of a Wine-skin in the Hands of a Satyr, by means of compressed Air</td> +<td class="tdrb"><a href="#Sec_54">76</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdrt">55.</td> +<td class="tdlt hang1">A Vessel, out of which Water flows as it is poured in, but if the supply is withheld, Water will not flow again, until the Vessel is half filled; and on the supply being again stopped, it will not then flow until the Vessel is filled</td> +<td class="tdrb"><a href="#Sec_55">77</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdrt">56.</td> +<td class="tdlt hang1">A Cupping-Glass, to which is attached, an Air-exhausted Compartment</td> +<td class="tdrb"><a href="#Sec_56">79</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdrt">57.</td> +<td class="tdlt hang1">Description of a Syringe</td> +<td class="tdrb"><a href="#Sec_57">80</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdrt"><span class="pagenum" id="Page_xix">[xix]</span> 58. </td> +<td class="tdlt hang1">A Vessel from which a Flow of Wine can be stopped, by pouring into it a small Measure of Water</td> +<td class="tdrb"><a href="#Sec_58">81</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdrt">59.</td> +<td class="tdlt hang1">A Vessel from which Wine or Water may be made to flow, separately or mixed</td> +<td class="tdrb"><a href="#Sec_59">82</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdrt">60.</td> +<td class="tdlt hang1">Libations poured on an Altar, and a Serpent made to hiss, by the Action of Fire</td> +<td class="tdrb"><a href="#Sec_60">83</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdrt">61.</td> +<td class="tdlt hang1">Water flowing from a Siphon ceases on surrounding the End of its longer Side with Water</td> +<td class="tdrb"><a href="#Sec_61">85</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdrt">62.</td> +<td class="tdlt hang1">A Vessel which emits a Sound when a Liquor is poured from it</td> +<td class="tdrb"><a href="#Sec_62">86</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdrt">63.</td> +<td class="tdlt hang1">A Water-Clock, made to govern the quantities of Liquid flowing from a Vessel</td> +<td class="tdrb"><a href="#Sec_63">87</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdrt">64.</td> +<td class="tdlt hang1">A Drinking-Horn from which a Mixture of Wine and Water, or pure Water may be made to flow alternately or together, at pleasure</td> +<td class="tdrb"><a href="#Sec_64">89</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdrt">65.</td> +<td class="tdlt hang1">A Vessel from which Wine or Water may be made to flow separately or mixed</td> +<td class="tdrb"><a href="#Sec_65">90</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdrt">66.</td> +<td class="tdlt hang1">Wine discharged into a Cup in any required quantity</td> +<td class="tdrb"><a href="#Sec_66">91</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdrt">67.</td> +<td class="tdlt hang1">A Goblet into which as much Wine flows as is taken out</td> +<td class="tdrb"><a href="#Sec_67">92</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdrt">68.</td> +<td class="tdlt hang1">A Shrine over which a Bird may be made to revolve and sing by Worshippers turning a Wheel</td> +<td class="tdrb"><a href="#Sec_68">93</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdrt">69.</td> +<td class="tdlt hang1">A Siphon fixed in a Vessel from which the Discharge shall cease at will</td> +<td class="tdrb"><a href="#Sec_69">94</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdrt">70.</td> +<td class="tdlt hang1">Figures made to dance by Fire on an Altar</td> +<td class="tdrb"><a href="#Sec_70">95</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdrt">71.</td> +<td class="tdlt hang1">A Lamp in which the Oil can be raised by Water contained within its Stand</td> +<td class="tdrb"><a href="#Sec_71">96</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdrt">72.</td> +<td class="tdlt hang1">A Lamp in which the Oil is raised by blowing Air into it</td> +<td class="tdrb"><a href="#Sec_72">98</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdrt">73.</td> +<td class="tdlt hang1">A Lamp in which the Oil is raised by Water as required</td> +<td class="tdrb"><a href="#Sec_73">99</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdrt">74.</td> +<td class="tdlt hang1">A Steam-Boiler from which a hot-Air blast, or hot-Air mixed with Steam is blown into the Fire, and from which hot Water flows on the introduction of cold</td> +<td class="tdrb"><a href="#Sec_74">100</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdrt">75.</td> +<td class="tdlt hang1">A Steam-Boiler from which either a hot Blast may be driven into the Fire, a Blackbird made to sing, or a Triton to blow a Horn</td> +<td class="tdrb"><a href="#Sec_75">103</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdrt">76.</td> +<td class="tdlt hang1">An Altar Organ blown by manual Labour</td> +<td class="tdrb"><a href="#Sec_76">105</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdrt">77.</td> +<td class="tdlt hang1">An Altar Organ blown by the agency of a Wind-mill</td> +<td class="tdrb"><a href="#Sec_77">108</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdrt">78.</td> +<td class="tdlt hang1">An Automaton, the head of which continues attached to the body, +after a knife has entered the neck at one side, passed completely +through it, and out at the other; <ins class="corr" title="Transcriber's Note—original text: which" id="which">the</ins> animal will drink immediately +after the operation</td> +<td class="tdrb"><a href="#Sec_78">109</a></td> +</tr> +</table> + + + +<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop"> +<div class="chapter"> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_1">[1]</span></p> + + +<figure class="figcenter illowp70" id="001a"> + <img class="w100" src="images/001a.jpg" alt="Decorative border with an anvil in the middle and a pair of cheribs working with tools on each side."> +</figure> + + + <h2 class="nobreak" id="A_TREATISE_ON_PNEUMATICS"> + A TREATISE ON PNEUMATICS. + </h2> +</div> + + +<img class="drop-capi" src="images/t.jpg" alt="Stylized T"> +<p class="drop-capi"><span class="uc">The</span> investigation of the properties of Atmospheric Air +having been deemed worthy of close attention by the +ancient philosophers and mechanists, the former deducing +them theoretically, the latter from the action +of sensible bodies, we also have thought proper to arrange +in order what has been handed down by former +writers, and to add thereto our own discoveries: a task from which +much advantage will result to those who shall hereafter devote themselves +to the study of mathematics. We are further led to write this +work from the consideration that it is fitting that the treatment of this +subject should correspond with the method given by us in our treatise, +in four books, on water-clocks. For, by the union of air, earth, fire and +water, and the concurrence of three, or four, elementary principles, various +combinations are effected, some of which supply the most pressing +wants of human life, while others produce amazement and alarm.</p> + +<p>But, before proceeding to our proper subject, we must treat of the +vacuum. Some assert that there is absolutely no vacuum; others that, +while no continuous vacuum is exhibited in nature, it is to be found +distributed in minute portions through air, water, fire and all other +substances: and this latter opinion, which we will presently demonstrate +to be true from sensible phenomena, we adopt. Vessels which seem to +most men empty are not empty, as they suppose, but full of air. Now +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_2">[2]</span>the air, as those who have treated of physics are agreed, is composed of +particles minute and light, and for the most part invisible. If, then, +we pour water into an apparently empty vessel, air will leave the vessel +proportioned in quantity to the water which enters it. This may be +seen from the following experiment. Let the vessel which seems to be +empty be inverted, and, being carefully kept upright, pressed down into +water; the water will not enter it even though it be entirely immersed: +so that it is manifest that the air, being matter, and having itself filled +all the space in the vessel, does not allow the water to enter. Now, if +we bore the bottom of the vessel, the water will enter through the +mouth, but the air will escape through the hole. Again, if, before perforating +the bottom, we raise the vessel vertically, and turn it up, we +shall find the inner surface of the vessel entirely free from moisture, +exactly as it was before immersion. Hence it must be assumed that the +air is matter. The air when set in motion becomes wind, (for wind is +nothing else but air in motion), and if, when the bottom of the vessel +has been pierced and the water is entering, we place the hand over the +hole, we shall feel the wind escaping from the vessel; and this is +nothing else but the air which is being driven out by the water. It +is not then to be supposed that there exists in nature a distinct and +continuous vacuum, but that it is distributed in small measures through +air and liquid and all other bodies. Adamant alone might be thought +not to partake of this quality, as it does not admit of fusion or fracture, +and, when beaten against anvils or hammers, buries itself in them entire. +This peculiarity however is due to its excessive density: for the +particles of fire, being coarser than the void spaces in the stone, do +not pass through them, but only touch the outer surface; consequently, +as they do not penetrate into this, as into other substances, no heat +results. The particles of the air are in contact with each other, yet +they do not fit closely in every part, but void spaces are left between +them, as in the sand on the sea shore: the grains of sand must be imagined +to correspond to the particles of air, and the air between the +grains of sand to the void spaces between the particles of air. Hence, +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_3">[3]</span>when any force is applied to it, the air is compressed, and, contrary +to its nature, falls into the vacant spaces from the pressure exerted on +its particles: but when the force is withdrawn, the air returns again +to its former position from the elasticity of its particles, as is the case +with horn shavings and sponge, which, when compressed and set free +again, return to the same position and exhibit the same bulk. Similarly, +if from the application of force the particles of air be divided and +a vacuum be produced larger than is natural, the particles unite again +afterwards; for bodies will have a rapid motion through a vacuum, where +there is nothing to obstruct or repel them, until they are in contact. +Thus, if a light vessel with a narrow mouth be taken and applied to the +lips, and the air be sucked out and discharged, the vessel will be suspended +from the lips, the vacuum drawing the flesh towards it that the +exhausted space may be filled. It is manifest from this that there was +a continuous vacuum in the vessel. The same may be shown by means +of the egg-shaped cups used by physicians, which are of glass,⁠<a id="FNanchor_5_5" href="#Footnote_5_5" class="fnanchor">[5]</a> and have +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_4">[4]</span>narrow mouths. When they wish to fill these with liquid, after sucking +out the contained air, they place the finger on the vessel’s mouth and +invert <ins class="corr" title="Transcriber's Note—Corrigenda change was: them" id="c1">it</ins> into the liquid; then, the finger being withdrawn, the +water is drawn up into the exhausted space, though the upward motion +is against its nature. Very similar is the operation of cupping-glasses, +which, when applied to the body, not only do not fall though of considerable +weight, but even draw the contiguous matter toward them +through the apertures of the body. The explanation is that the fire +placed in them consumes and rarefies the air they contain, just as other +substances, water, air or earth are consumed and pass over into more +subtle substances.</p> +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_5">[5]</span></p> + +<p>That something is consumed by the action of fire is manifest from +coal-cinders, which, preserving the same bulk as they had before combustion, +or nearly so, differ very much in weight. The consumed parts +pass away with the smoke into a substance of fire or air or earth: the +subtlest parts pass into the highest region where fire is; the parts somewhat +coarser than these into air, and those coarser still, having been +borne with the others a certain space by the current, descend again into +the lower regions and mingle with earthy substances. Water also, +when consumed by the action of fire, is transformed into air; for the +vapour arising from cauldrons placed upon flames is nothing but the +evaporation from the liquid passing into air. That fire, then, dissolves +and transforms all bodies grosser than itself is evident from the above +facts. Again, in the exhalations that rise from the earth the grosser +kinds of matter are changed into subtler substances; for dew is sent +up from the evaporation of the water contained in the earth by exhalation; +and this exhalation is produced by some igneous substance, when the +sun is under the earth and warms the ground below, especially if the +soil be sulphureous or bituminous, and the ground thus warmed increases +the exhalation. The warm springs found in the earth are due to the +same cause. The lighter portions of the dew, then, pass into air; the +grosser, after being borne upwards for a certain space from the force of +the exhalation, when this has cooled at the return of the sun, descend +again to the surface.</p> + +<p>Winds are produced from excessive exhalation, whereby the air is +disturbed and rarefied, and sets in motion the air in immediate contact +with it. This movement of the air, however, is not everywhere of uniform +velocity: it is more violent in the neighbourhood of the exhalation, +where the motion began; fainter at a greater distance from it: just as +heavy bodies, when rising, move more rapidly in the lower region +where the propelling force is, and more slowly in the higher; and when +the force which originally propelled them no longer acts upon them, +they return to their natural position, that is, to the surface of the earth. +If the propelling force continued to urge them onward with equal velocity, +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_6">[6]</span>they would never have stopped; but now the force gradually ceases, +being as it were expended, and the speed of the motion ceases with it.</p> + +<p>Water, again, is transformed into an earthy substance: if we pour +water into an earthy and hollow place, after a short time the water disappears, +being absorbed by the earthy substance, so that it mingles with, +and is actually transformed into, earth. And if any one says that it is +not transformed or absorbed by the earth, but is drawn out by heat, either +of the sun or some other body, he shall be shewn to be mistaken: for if +the same water be put into a vessel of glass, or bronze, or any other +solid material, and placed in the sun, for a considerable time it is not +diminished except in a very small degree. Water, therefore, is transformed +into an earthy substance: indeed, slime and mud are transformations +of water into earth.</p> + +<p>Moreover, the more subtle substance is transformed into the grosser; +as in the case of the flame of a lamp dying out for want of oil,—we see +it for a time borne upwards and, as it were, striving to reach its proper +region, that is, the highest of all above the atmosphere, till, overpowered +by the mass of intervening air, it no longer tends to its kindred place, +but, as though mixed and interwoven with the particles of air, becomes +air itself. The same may be observed with air. For, if a small vessel +containing air and carefully closed be placed in water with the mouth +uppermost, and then, the vessel being uncovered, the water be allowed to +rush in, the air escapes from the vessel; but, being overpowered by the +mass of water, it mingles with it again and is transformed so as to become +water.</p> + +<p>When, therefore, the air in the cupping-glasses, being in like manner +consumed and rarefied by fire, issues through the pores in the sides of +the glass, the space within is exhausted and draws towards it the matter +adjacent, of whatever kind it may be. But, if the cupping-glass be +slightly raised, the air will enter the exhausted space and no more +matter will be drawn up.</p> + +<p>They, then, who assert that there is absolutely no vacuum may invent +many arguments on this subject, and perhaps seem to discourse most +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_7">[7]</span>plausibly though they offer no tangible proof. If, however, it be +shewn by an appeal to sensible phenomena that there is such a thing as +a continuous vacuum, but artificially produced; that a vacuum exists +also naturally, but scattered in minute portions; and that by compression +bodies fill up these scattered vacua, those who bring forward such +plausible arguments in this matter will no longer be able to make good +their ground.</p> + +<p>Provide a spherical vessel, of the thickness of metal plate so as not +to be easily crushed, containing about 8 cotylæ (2 quarts). When this +has been tightly closed on every side, pierce a hole in it, and insert a +siphon, or slender tube, of bronze, so as not to touch the part diametrically +opposite to the point of perforation, that a passage may be left for +water. The other end of the siphon must project about 3 fingers’ breadth +(2 in.) above the globe, and the circumference of the aperture through +which the siphon is inserted must be closed with tin applied both to the +siphon and to the outer surface of the globe, so that when it is desired +to breathe through the siphon no air may possibly escape from the +vessel. Let us watch the result. The globe, like other vessels commonly +said to be empty, contains air, and as this air fills all the space +within it and presses uniformly against the inner surface of the vessel, +if there is no vacuum, as some suppose, we can neither introduce water +nor more air, unless the air contained before make way for it; and if +by the application of force we make the attempt, the vessel, being full, +will burst sooner than admit it. For the particles of air cannot be condensed, +as there must in that case be interstices between them, by compression +into which their bulk may become less; but this is not credible +if there is no vacuum: nor again, as the particles press against one +another throughout their whole surface and likewise against the sides +of the vessel, can they be pushed away so as to make room if there is no +vacuum. Thus in no way can anything from without be introduced into +the globe unless some portion of the previously contained air escape; if, +that is to say, the whole space is closely and uniformly filled, as the objectors +suppose. And yet, if any one, inserting the siphon in his mouth, +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_8">[8]</span>shall blow into the globe, he will introduce much wind without any of the +previously contained air giving way. And, this being the uniform result, +it is clearly shewn that a condensation takes place of the particles +contained in the globe into the interspersed vacua. The condensation +however is effected artificially by the forcible introduction of air. Now +if, after blowing into the vessel, we bring the hand close to the mouth, +and quickly cover the siphon with the finger, the air remains the whole +time pent up in the globe; and on the removal of the finger the introduced +air will rush out again with a loud noise, being thrust out, as we +stated, by the expansion of the original air which takes place from its elasticity. +Again, if we draw out the air in the globe by suction through the +siphon, it will follow abundantly, though no other substance take its place +in the vessel, as has been said in the case of the egg. By this experiment +it is completely proved that an accumulation of vacuum goes on in the +globe; for the particles of air left behind cannot grow larger in the interval +so as to occupy the space left by the particles driven out. For +if they increase in magnitude when no foreign substance can be added, +it must be supposed that this increase arises from expansion, which is +equivalent to a re-arrangement of the particles through the production +of a vacuum. But it is maintained that there is no vacuum; the particles +therefore will not become larger, for it is not possible to imagine +for them any other mode of increase. It is clear, then, from what has +been said that certain void spaces are interspersed between the particles +of the air, into which, when force is applied, they fall contrary to their +natural action.</p> + +<p>The air contained in the vessel inverted in water does not undergo +much compression, for the compressing force is not considerable, seeing +that water, in its own nature, possesses neither weight nor power of excessive +pressure. Whence it is that, though divers to the bottom of the +sea support an immense weight of water on their backs, respiration is +not compelled by the water, though the air contained in their nostrils is +extremely little. It is worth while here to examine what reason is given +why those who dive deep, supporting on their backs an immense weight +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_9">[9]</span>of water, are not crushed. Some say that it is because water is of uniform +weight: but these give no reason why divers are not crushed by the +water above. The true reason may be shewn as follows. Let us imagine +the column of liquid which is directly over the surface of the object +under pressure, (in immediate contact with which the water is,) to be a +body of the same weight and form as the superincumbent liquid, and +that this is so placed in the water that its under surface coincides with +the surface of the body pressed, resting upon it in the same manner as +the previously superincumbent liquid, with which it exactly corresponds. +It is clear, then, that this body does not project above the liquid in +which it is immersed, and will not sink beneath its surface. For Archimedes +has shewn, in his work on ‘Floating Bodies,’ that bodies of equal +weight with any liquid, when immersed in it, will neither project above +nor sink beneath its surface: therefore they will not exert pressure on +objects beneath. Again, such a body, if all objects which exert pressure +from above be removed, remains in the same place; how then can +a body which has no tendency downward exert pressure? Similarly, +the liquid displaced by the body will not exert pressure on objects beneath; +for, as regards rest and motion, the body in question does [not] +differ from the liquid which occupies the same space.</p> + +<p>Again, that void spaces exist may be seen from the following considerations: +for, if there were not such spaces, neither light, nor heat, nor +any other material force could penetrate through water, or air, or any +body whatever. How could the rays of the sun, for example, penetrate +through water to the bottom of the vessel? If there were no pores in the +fluid, and the rays thrust the water aside by force, the consequence +would be that full vessels would overflow, which however does not take +place. Again, if the rays thrust the water aside by force, it would +not be found that some were reflected while others penetrated below; +but now all those rays that impinge upon the particles of the water are +driven back, as it were, and reflected, while those that come in contact +with the void spaces, meeting with but few particles, penetrate to the +bottom of the vessel. It is clear, too, that void spaces exist in water +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_10">[10]</span>from this, that, when wine is poured into water, it is seen to spread itself +through every part of the water, which it would not do if there were +no vacua in the water. Again, one light traverses another; for, when +several lamps are lighted, all objects are brilliantly illuminated, the rays +passing in every direction through each other. And indeed it is possible +to penetrate through bronze, iron, and all other bodies, as is seen in +the instance of the marine torpedo.</p> + +<p>That a continuous vacuum can be artificially produced has been shewn +by the application of a light vessel to the mouth, and by the egg of physicians. +With regard, then, to the nature of the vacuum, though other +proofs exist, we deem those that have been given, and which are founded +on sensible phenomena, to be sufficient. It may, therefore, be affirmed +in this matter that every body is composed of minute particles, between +which are empty spaces less than the particles of the body, (so that we +erroneously say that there is no vacuum except by the application of +force, and that every place is full either of air, or water, or some other +substance), and, in proportion as any one of these particles recedes, +some other follows it and fills the vacant space: that there is no continuous +vacuum except by the application of some force: and again, that +the absolute vacuum is never found, but is produced artificially.</p> + +<p>These things having been clearly explained, let us treat of the theorems +resulting from the combination of these principles; for, by means +of them, many curious and astonishing kinds of motion may be discovered. +After these preliminary considerations we will begin by treating +of the bent siphon, which is most useful in many ways in Pneumatics.</p> + +<div class=footnotes> +<h3>FOOTNOTES:</h3> +<div class="footnote"><p><a id="Footnote_5_5" href="#FNanchor_5_5" class="label">[5]</a></p> + +<figure class="figcenter illowp30" id="003a"> + <img class="w100" src="images/003a.jpg" alt="Egyptian painting of glassblowers at a fire"> + +</figure> + +<figure class="figcenter illowp30" id="003b"> + <img class="w100" src="images/003b.jpg" alt="Egyptian painting of glassblowers blowing a large vessel."> +</figure> + <p>“Glass working was practised by the ancient Egyptians at a very early period of their + national existence. Sir J. G. Wilkinson, in his able work on the <cite>Manners and Customs + of the ancient Egyptians</cite>, has adduced three distinct proofs that the art of Glass working + was practised in Egypt before the Exodus of the children of Israel from that land, three + thousand five hundred years ago. At Beni Hassan are two paintings representing Glass + blowers at work, and from the hieroglyphics accompanying them they are shown to have been + executed in the reign of the first Osirtasen at the early date above mentioned. Such was + the skill of the Egyptians in glass making, that they successively counterfeited the Amethyst + and other precious stones worn as ornaments for the person. Winckelmann, a high authority, + is of opinion that glass was employed more frequently in ancient than in modern times; + it was used by the Egyptians even for coffins; (<i>within the year 1847 a process was patented + in England for making Coffins of Glass</i>) they also employed it not only for drinking + vessels but for Mosaic work, the figures of deities, and sacred emblems, in which they + attained excellent workmanship, and surprising brilliancy of colour.</p> +<p> + “It is certain that the glass houses of Alexandria were celebrated among the ancients for + the skill and ingenuity of their workmen; and from thence the Romans, who did not acquire + a knowledge of the art till a later period, procured all their Glass ware.</p> + <p>“Most of the large cinerary vases in the British Museum, found in Roman barrows which + contained bones and bone-ashes, are, probably, the production of extensive Egyptian or + Roman works: they are large, and of excellent form and workmanship: but the Glass is + somewhat impure, of a greenish tint, has numerous globules and striæ, and is not unlike the + modern common crown or sheet glass in quality.</p> + <p>“We have incidentally mentioned the discovery of Glass at Pompeii. Glass vessels have + also been found among the ruins of Herculaneum: and it appears that Glass was used for + admitting light to dwellings in Pompeii.</p> + <p>“Mr. Auldjo, of Noel house, Kensington, who resided several years at Naples, states, that + he has seen glass in the window-frames of some of the houses of Pompeii.</p> + <p>“Mr. Roach Smith has a specimen of ancient flat Glass such as he believes to have been + used by the Romans, or their predecessors for windows.”—<cite>Curiosities of Glass making</cite> by + <span class="smcap">Apsley Pellat</span>, London, 1849.</p> + <p>Mr. Layard in his interesting work on Nineveh, 1849, London, in Vol. I, page 342, says: + “I took the instrument, and, working cautiously myself, was rewarded by the discovery + of two small vases, one in alabaster, the other in glass (both in the most perfect preservation) + of elegant shape, and admirable workmanship. Each bore the name and title of the + Khorsabad King, written in two different ways, as in the inscriptions of Khorsabad.”</p> +</div> +</div> + +<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop"> +<div class="chapter"> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_11">[11]</span></p> + + + <h2 class="nobreak" id="Sec_1"> + <i>No. 1. The bent Siphon.</i> + </h2> +</div> + + +<figure class="figright illowp30" id="fig01"> + <img class="w100" src="images/fig01.jpg" alt="Diagram of apparatus as described in text"> +</figure> + +<img class="drop-capi" src="images/l.jpg" alt="Stylized L"> +<p class="drop-capi"><span class="uc">Let</span> <span class="allsmcap">A B C</span>, (fig. 1), be a bent siphon, or tube, of which +the leg <span class="allsmcap">A B</span> is plunged into a vessel <span class="allsmcap">D E</span> containing +water. If the surface of +the water is in <span class="allsmcap">F G</span>, the leg +of the siphon, <span class="allsmcap">A B</span>, will be +filled with water as high +as the surface, that is, up to <span class="allsmcap">H</span>, the portion +<span class="allsmcap">H B C</span> remaining full of air. If, then, we +draw off the air by suction through the aperture +<span class="allsmcap">C</span>, the liquid also will follow from the +impossibility, explained above, of a continuous +vacuum. And, if the aperture <span class="allsmcap">C</span> be level +with the surface of the water, the siphon, +though full, will not discharge the water, but +will remain full: so that, although it is contrary +to nature for water to rise, it has risen +so as to fill the tube <span class="allsmcap">A B C</span>; and the water will +remain in equilibrium, like the beams of a +balance, the portion <span class="allsmcap">H B</span> being raised on high, +and the portion <span class="allsmcap">B C</span> suspended. But if the +outer mouth of the siphon be lower than the +surface <span class="allsmcap">F G</span>, as at <span class="allsmcap">K</span>, the water flows out; for the liquid in <span class="allsmcap">K B</span>, being +heavier, overpowers and draws toward it the liquid in <span class="allsmcap">B H</span>. The discharge, +however, continues only until the surface of the water is on a +level with the mouth <span class="allsmcap">K</span>, when, for the same reason as before, the efflux +ceases. But if the outer mouth of the tube be lower than <span class="allsmcap">K</span>, as at <span class="allsmcap">L</span>, the +discharge continues until the surface of the water reaches the mouth <span class="allsmcap">A</span>. +If then we wish all the water in the vessel to be drawn out, we must +depress the siphon so far that the mouth <span class="allsmcap">A</span> may reach the bottom of the +vessel, leaving only a passage for the water.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_12">[12]</span></p> + +<p>Now some writers have given the above explanation of the action of +the siphon, saying that the longer leg, holding more, attracts the +shorter. But that such an explanation is incorrect, and that he who believes +so would be greatly mistaken if he were to attempt to raise water +from a lower level, we may prove as follows. Let there be a siphon +with its inner leg longer and narrow, and the outer much less in length +but broader so as to contain more water than the longer leg. Then, +having first filled the siphon with water, plunge the longer leg into a +vessel of water or a well. Now, if we allow the water to flow, the +outer leg, containing more than the inner, should draw the water out +of the longer leg, which will at the same time draw up the water in +the well; and the discharge having begun will exhaust all the water +or continue for ever, since the liquid without is more than that within. +But this is not found to be the case; and therefore the alleged cause +is not the true one. Let us then examine into the natural cause. The +surface of every liquid body, when at rest, is spherical and concentric +with that of the earth; and, if the liquid be not at rest, it moves until +it attains such a surface. If then we take two vessels and pour water +into each, and, after filling the siphon and closing its extremities with +the fingers, insert one leg into one vessel plunging it beneath the water, +and the other into the other, all the water will be continuous, for each +of the liquids in the vessels communicates with that in the siphon. If, +then, the surfaces of the liquids in the vessels were at the same level +before, they will both remain at rest when the siphon is plunged in. +But if they were not, as soon as the water is continuous it must inevitably +flow into the lower vessel through the channel of communication, +until either all the water in both vessels stands at the same height, or +one of the vessels is emptied. Suppose that the liquids stand at the +same height; they will of course be at rest, so that the liquid in the +siphon will also be at rest. If, then, the siphon be conceived to be +intersected by a plane in the surface of the liquids in the vessels, even +now the liquid in the siphon will be at rest, and, if raised without being +inclined to either side, it will again be at rest, and that, whether the +siphon is of equal breadth throughout or one leg is much larger than +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_13">[13]</span>the other. For the reason why the liquid remained at rest did not lie +in this, but in the fact that the apertures of the siphon were at the +same level. The question now arises why, when the siphon is raised, +the water is not borne down by its own weight, having beneath it air +which is lighter than itself. The answer is that a continuous void +cannot exist; so that, if the water is to descend, we must first fill the +upper part of the siphon, into which no air can possibly force its way. +But if we pierce a hole in the upper part of the siphon, the water will +immediately be rent in sunder the air having found a passage. Before +the hole is bored, the liquid in the siphon, resting on the air beneath, +tends to drive it away, but the air having no means of escape does not +allow the water to pass out: when however the air has obtained a passage +through the hole, being unable to sustain the pressure of the water, it +escapes. It is from the same cause that, by means of a siphon, we can +suck wine upwards, though this is contrary to the nature of a liquid; +for, when we have received into the body the air which was in the +siphon, we become fuller than before, and a pressure is exerted on the +air contiguous to us, and +this in turn presses on the +atmosphere at large, until +a void has been produced +at the surface of the wine, +and then the wine undergoing +pressure itself will pass +into the exhausted space of +the siphon; for there is no +other place into which it +can escape from the pressure. +It is from this cause +that its unnatural upward +movement arises.</p> + +<figure class="figright illowp50" id="013"> + <img class="w100" src="images/013.jpg" alt="Two overlaping circles, A, B, C are on the left circle.⏎F, B, D are on the right. a is a center point, F is on a line from a⏎to A. There is a line from a to B, the intersection point of the two⏎circles."> +</figure> + +<p>That the water in the +siphon will rest when its surface is spherical and concentric with +<a href="#fig02"></a>that of the earth may be shewn otherwise. It is required to prove +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_14">[14]</span>that a liquid is stationary when its surface is spherical and concentric +with that of the earth. If possible let it not be stationary; it will of +course become so after being moved; let it then have become stationary. +Its surface will now be spherical and concentric with that of +the earth, and it will cut the former surface; for, when the same +liquid has taken two positions, there must be a line of intersection +common to both. Let both surfaces be cut by a plane passing through +the centre of the earth; the intersections will be the circumferences +of circles concentric with the earth. Let these circumferences be +<span class="allsmcap">A B C</span> and <span class="allsmcap">F B D</span>, (<a href="#fig01">fig. 1 a.</a>) Join <span class="allsmcap">B G</span>; <span class="allsmcap">B G</span> is equal to each of the +lines <span class="allsmcap">G F</span>, <span class="allsmcap">G A</span>, which is absurd. The liquid will therefore be in equilibrium.</p> + + +<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop"> +<div class="chapter"> + <h2 class="nobreak" id="Sec_2"> + 2. <i>Concentric or inclosed Siphon.</i> + </h2> +</div> + + +<figure class="figright illowp30" id="fig02"> + <img class="w100" src="images/fig02.jpg" alt="Diagram of apparatus as described in text"> +</figure> + +<img class="drop-capi" src="images/t.jpg" alt="Stylized T"> +<p class="drop-capi"><span class="uc">There</span> is another kind of siphon called <em>the concentric</em> or +<em>inclosed diabetes</em>, the principle +of which is the same +as that of the bent siphon. +As before, let there be a vessel, +<span class="allsmcap">A B</span> (fig. 2), containing +water. Through its bottom insert a tube, <span class="allsmcap">C D</span>, +soldered into the bottom and projecting below. +Let the aperture <span class="allsmcap">C</span> of the siphon approach +to the mouth of the vessel <span class="allsmcap">A B</span>, and let +another tube, <span class="allsmcap">E F</span>, inclose the tube <span class="allsmcap">C D</span>, the distance +between the tubes being every where +equal, and the mouth of the outer tube being +closed by a plate, <span class="allsmcap">E G</span>, a little above the mouth +<span class="allsmcap">C</span>. The lower opening of the tube <span class="allsmcap">E F</span> must +be so far removed from the bottom of the +vessel as to leave a passage for the water. +These arrangements being completed, if we +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_15">[15]</span>exhaust, by suction through the mouth <span class="allsmcap">D</span>, the air in the tube <span class="allsmcap">C D</span>, we +shall draw into it the water in the vessel <span class="allsmcap">A B</span>, so that it will flow out +through the projection of the siphon until the water is exhausted. For +the air contained between the liquid and the tube <span class="allsmcap">E F</span>, being but little, +can pass into the tube <span class="allsmcap">C D</span>, and the water can then be drawn after it. And +the water will not cease flowing because of the projection of the siphon +below:—if, indeed, the tube <span class="allsmcap">E F</span> were removed, the discharge would cease +on the surface of the water arriving at <span class="allsmcap">C</span>, in spite of the projection below; +but when <span class="allsmcap">E F</span> is entirely immersed no air can enter the siphon in place of +that drawn off, since the air which enters the vessel takes the place of +the water as it passes out:—the discharge then, will not cease, for the +whole of the outer aperture of the tube, where the water issues forth, is +always lower than the surface of the water in the vessel, and, as one +level can never be attained, all the water is drained off, attraction being +exerted by the deeper column. If we do not choose to draw out the air +in the tube <span class="allsmcap">C D</span> by suction, water may be poured into the vessel <span class="allsmcap">A B</span> +until, when it has risen above <span class="allsmcap">C</span>, a discharge begins through <span class="allsmcap">C D</span>. In +this case, again, all the water in the vessel will be drawn out. This +instrument is called, as we said before, <em>the inclosed siphon</em>, or <em>the inclosed +diabetes</em>.</p> + +<p>It is evident from what has been proved above that as long as the +siphon is stationary the stream through it will be of irregular velocity, +for the result is the same as in a discharge through a hole pierced +in the bottom of a vessel, where the stream is irregular from the +pressure of a greater weight on the discharge at its commencement, +and, of a less, as the contents of the vessel are reduced. In like +manner, in proportion as the excess of the outer leg of the siphon is +greater, the velocity of the stream is greater; for a greater pressure is +exerted on the discharge than when the projection of the outer leg +below the surface of the water in the vessel is less. Therefore we have +said that the discharge through the siphon is always of variable velocity. +But we must contrive a siphon in which the velocity of the discharge +shall be uniform.</p> + + +<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop"> +<div class="chapter"> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_16">[16]</span></p> + + + <h2 class="nobreak" id="Sec_3"> + 3. <i>Uniform discharge Siphon.</i> + </h2> +</div> + + +<figure class="figright illowp50" id="fig03"> + <img class="w100" src="images/fig03.jpg" alt="Diagram of apparatus as described in text"> +</figure> + +<img class="drop-capi" src="images/l.jpg" alt="Stylized L"> +<p class="drop-capi"><span class="uc">Let</span> there be a vessel, +<span class="allsmcap">A B</span>, (fig. 3.) containing water, +on which a small basin, <span class="allsmcap">C D</span>, floats, having its mouth +covered with the +lid <span class="allsmcap">C D</span>. Through +this lid and the +bottom of the basin +insert one leg of the siphon soldering +it into the holes with tin. Let +the other leg be outside the vessel <span class="allsmcap">A B</span>, +having its mouth lower than the surface +of the water in <span class="allsmcap">A B</span>. If we draw +the air in the siphon through the +outer extremity, the water will at +once follow because of the impossibility +of a continuous vacuum in the +siphon; and the siphon, having begun +to flow, flows on until it has exhausted +all the water in the vessel: +but the discharge will be uniform, +since the projection of the outer leg +below the surface of the water does not vary; for, as the vessel becomes +empty, the basin sinks with the siphon. The greater the excess +of the outer leg the greater will be the velocity of the discharge, yet +still uniform. In the figure, <span class="allsmcap">E F G</span> is the siphon described, and the surface +of the water is in the line <span class="allsmcap">H K</span>.</p> + + +<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop"> +<div class="chapter"> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_17">[17]</span></p> + + + <h2 class="nobreak" id="Sec_4"> + 4. <i>Siphon which is capable of discharging a greater or less quantity + of Liquid with uniformity.</i> + </h2> +</div> + + +<figure class="figright illowp50" id="fig04"> + <img class="w100" src="images/fig04.jpg" alt="Diagram of apparatus as described in text"> +</figure> + +<img class="drop-capi" src="images/b.jpg" alt="Stylized B"> +<p class="drop-capi"><span class="uc">By</span> the following arrangement we can produce a discharge +at once uniform and variable; that is, a discharge +in +which, for a +certain time +at pleasure, +the stream continues uniform +from the beginning, and again, +for any other period, is slower +or quicker than before, but still +uniform with itself. As before, +let <span class="allsmcap">A B</span> (fig. 4.) be a vessel of +water, and <span class="allsmcap">C D</span> a basin. Into +the lid and bottom of the basin +solder a tube <span class="allsmcap">L M</span> wider than +the inner leg of the siphon. +On the lid place a wooden +frame, <span class="allsmcap">C N X D</span>, consisting of +two upright pieces and a third +lying across them on the top. +In the inner sides of the upright +pieces let grooves be cut +down their whole length, along which another piece <span class=allsmcap>O P</span> is to move freely. +Let <span class="allsmcap">R S</span> be a screw, working perpendicularly in the direction of the lid +<span class="allsmcap">C D</span>, and passing through a hole in <span class="allsmcap">O P</span>: in <span class="allsmcap">O P</span> let a pin be so fixed as to +enter the spiral thread of the screw. The screw must project above <span class="allsmcap">N X</span>, +and a handle be fastened to its top by which to turn it, and by this means +<span class="allsmcap">O P</span> can be raised or lowered. Let the inner leg of the siphon be fixed in +<span class="allsmcap">O P</span>, and pass through the tube <span class="allsmcap">L M</span>, so that its mouth may dip into the +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_18">[18]</span>water in the vessel. Now if, as before, we draw off the liquid through +the outer mouth, the siphon will flow with a uniform stream until the +whole be exhausted. And when it is wished that a quicker stream should +be produced through the siphon, but uniform with itself, let the screw +be turned so as to lower the board <span class="allsmcap">O P</span>; for then the excess of the outer +leg is increased, and thus the stream is still of uniform velocity, but +quicker than before. If a still greater velocity is desired, turn the screw +again, so as to lower <span class="allsmcap">O P</span> still further; and if a less velocity is sought, +let <span class="allsmcap">O P</span> be raised. Thus a discharge is produced through a siphon in +one sense uniform, in another variable.</p> + + +<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop"> +<div class="chapter"> + <h2 class="nobreak" id="Sec_5"> + 5. <i>A vessel for withdrawing Air from a Siphon.</i> + </h2> +</div> + + +<figure class="figright illowp50" id="fig05"> + <img class="w100" src="images/fig05.jpg" alt="Diagram of apparatus as described in text"> +</figure> + +<img class="drop-capi" src="images/t.jpg" alt="Stylized T"> +<p class="drop-capi"><span class="uc">To</span> avoid the necessity of drawing off the water through +the mouth, which is only possible in very small siphons, +the following +contrivance +may be +used. Take a +double tube (fig. 5) one part of +which fits into the other, and +attach the smaller part to the +outer leg of the siphon, so that +the discharge may pass through +it. Let <span class="allsmcap">T N</span> be the smaller tube, +and <span class="allsmcap">Q U</span> the greater, which must +be previously fitted tightly into +a vessel, <span class="allsmcap">W Y</span>, containing somewhat +more water than the siphon +will hold, and having an outlet, +<span class="allsmcap">Z</span>, at the bottom. When it is +wished to draw off the water in +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_19">[19]</span><span class="allsmcap">A B</span>, close the outlet of <span class="allsmcap">W Y</span> with the finger, then apply the larger tube +<span class="allsmcap">Q U</span> to the smaller, and leave the outlet <span class="allsmcap">Z</span> free. As the vessel <span class="allsmcap">W Y</span> becomes +empty the air in the siphon will pass into the exhausted space, +and the liquid in <span class="allsmcap">A B</span> will follow so as to fill the siphon: then remove the +vessel <span class="allsmcap">W Y</span>, and let the siphon run.</p> + +<p>To act properly the siphon must be perpendicular; and this may be +secured by fixing two straight bars to the lip of the vessel <span class="allsmcap">A B</span>, and +placing the inner leg of the siphon between them so as to touch each +of the bars: then fasten a small bar crosswise on each side of the leg of +the siphon, so as to touch the former bars within. Thus, if the smaller +bars touch the larger, the siphon will neither lean sideways nor forwards, +but will hang perpendicularly.</p> + + +<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop"> +<div class="chapter"> + <h2 class="nobreak" id="Sec_6"> + 6. <i>A Vessel for retaining or discharging a Liquid at pleasure.</i> + </h2> +</div> + + +<figure class="figright illowp50" id="fig06"> + <img class="w100" src="images/fig06.jpg" alt="Diagram of apparatus as described in text"> +</figure> + +<img class="drop-capi" src="images/l.jpg" alt="Stylized L"> +<p class="drop-capi"><span class="uc">Let</span> us now proceed to construct the necessary instruments, +beginning with the less important, as from the +elements. The +following is a +contrivance of +use in pouring +out wine. A hollow globe of +bronze is provided, such as <span class="allsmcap">A B</span> (fig. +6) pierced in the lower part with +numerous small holes like a sieve. +At the top let there be a tube, <span class="allsmcap">C D</span>, +the upper extremity of which is +open, communicating with and +soldered into the globe. When it is +desired to pour out wine, with one +hand grasp the tube <span class="allsmcap">C D</span> near the +mouth <span class="allsmcap">C</span>, and plunge the globe into +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_20">[20]</span>the wine until it is wholly immersed. The wine enters through the +holes, and the air within, being driven out, passes through the tube +<span class="allsmcap">C D</span>: and if, pressing the thumb on the aperture <span class="allsmcap">C</span>, you lift the globe +out of the wine, the wine contained in the globe will not flow out, +as no air can enter to supply the vacuum, for the only entrance is +through the mouth <span class="allsmcap">C</span>, which is closed by the thumb. When, then, we +desire to let the wine flow, we remove the finger, and the air, rushing +in, fills the vacuum produced. If we again press the finger on the +air-hole <span class="allsmcap">C</span>, there will be no discharge until we once more remove the +finger from the vent. We may, in like manner, dip the globe into +hot or cold water, and then retain or let out the contents at pleasure, +until all the water within is exhausted. If the extremity <span class="allsmcap">C</span> of the tube +<span class="allsmcap">C D</span> is bent, the action will be the same, and it is then easier to stop the +orifice with the finger.</p> + + +<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop"> +<div class="chapter"> + <h2 class="nobreak" id="Sec_7"> + 7. <i>A Vessel for discharging Liquids of different temperatures at pleasure.</i> + </h2> +</div> + + +<figure class="figright illowp50" id="fig07"> + <img class="w100" src="images/fig07.jpg" alt="Diagram of apparatus as described in text"> +</figure> + +<img class="drop-capi" src="images/b.jpg" alt="Stylized B"> +<p class="drop-capi"><span class="uc">By</span> the same means it is possible to discharge from +the same globe +both hot and +cold water in any +quantity. The +globe <span class="allsmcap">A B</span> (fig. +7) is constructed as before, but furnished +with a perpendicular partition, +<span class="allsmcap">C D</span>, dividing it equally. At the +top a tube, <span class="allsmcap">H F</span>, soldered into the +globe, communicates with the interior; +this tube is also furnished with +a partition, <span class="allsmcap">C G</span>, a continuation of the +partition <span class="allsmcap">C D</span>, and its openings, <span class="allsmcap">H</span>, <span class="allsmcap">K</span>, +must curve over in the directions <span class="allsmcap">C</span> +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_21">[21]</span>and <span class="allsmcap">F</span>. On each side of the partition <span class="allsmcap">C D</span>, at the bottom of the globe towards +<span class="allsmcap">D</span>, let holes be made like those in a cook’s ladle. When it is desired to +draw hot water, take the apertures <span class="allsmcap">H</span> and <span class="allsmcap">K</span> by the two fingers and plunge +the globe into hot water, and then unclose one of the vents, <span class="allsmcap">H</span>, that the +air in the hemisphere <span class="allsmcap">B C D</span> may be driven out through <span class="allsmcap">H</span>: the hot +water, entering through the holes, will fill the hemisphere <span class="allsmcap">B C D</span>: again +stopping the vent <span class="allsmcap">H</span> take the globe out of the water, and its contents +will be retained, as the air has no entrance. Then, in like manner, +plunge the globe into cold water, unclosing the vent <span class="allsmcap">K</span>, and, when the +hemisphere <span class="allsmcap">A C D</span> is filled, close <span class="allsmcap">K</span> and draw the globe out. The globe +is now full of hot and cold water, and when it is desired to discharge +either of these, unclose the proper vent: in like manner close it again +when the discharge is sufficient; and this may be repeated till the contents +are exhausted. In the same way it is possible to draw up into and +discharge from the same vessel wine, and cold or hot water, and anything +else whatever, at any time, and in any quantity, by making the necessary +partitions and orifices through which the air may enter into each +chamber and leave it again. Instead of the curved outlets, holes may +be made in the upper part of the sides of the tube in various directions; +and these holes are of course to be closed when it is required to shut +out the air. That the holes pierced in the bottom of the vessel may not +be seen, both sets may be included in one channel, so that both streams +may appear to flow from the same source.</p> + + +<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop"> +<div class="chapter"> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_22">[22]</span></p> + + + <h2 class="nobreak" id="Sec_8"> + 8. <i>A Vessel for discharging Liquids in varying proportions.</i> + </h2> +</div> + + +<figure class="figright illowp30" id="fig08"> + <img class="w100" src="images/fig08.jpg" alt="Diagram of apparatus as described in text"> +</figure> + +<img class="drop-capi" src="images/a.jpg" alt="Stylized A"> +<p class="drop-capi"><span class="uc">A jar</span> can be made receiving and discharging a greater +quantity of liquid at one time than at another, and in +such a way that, when wine +and water are poured into it, it +shall discharge at one time +pure water, at another time +unmixed wine, and, again, a mixture of the two. +Its construction is as follows. Let <span class="allsmcap">A B</span> (fig. 8) be +a pitcher having a partition in the middle, <span class="allsmcap">C D</span>. In +the partition, near the circumference of the vessel, +let small holes be pierced in a curve, as at <span class="allsmcap">E</span>. +In the opposite side of the partition let there be +a circular aperture, <span class="allsmcap">F</span>, through which the tube <span class="allsmcap">F G +H</span> is to be inserted, being soldered into the partition, +and reaching nearly to the bottom of the vessel +at <span class="allsmcap">G</span>. Let the other mouth of the tube <span class="allsmcap">H</span> +issue at the side of the pitcher, under the handle, +and be soldered into the handle which must be +hollow, and have a hole on its outer surface at +<span class="allsmcap">K</span>, which may be closed with the finger when +necessary. If, then, closing the vent, as before, +we pour any liquid into the jar, the liquid poured into the upper chamber +will remain there, not being able to continue its way through the narrow +holes into the lower chamber, as there is no other outlet for the +air than through the vent <span class="allsmcap">K</span>. When, however, we unclose the vent, +the liquid will descend into the chamber beneath, and then the jar will +hold more. If, then, we first pour in wine so as to fill the chamber <span class="allsmcap">B C D</span>, +and then, closing the vent, pour water upon it, the two cannot mix, and +if we invert the jar it will emit pure water. But, when we unclose the +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_23">[23]</span>vent, the water continuing to flow, the wine will flow out also, since air +can enter through <span class="allsmcap">K</span> to fill up the void left; and afterwards the wine +will flow out unmixed. We may also pour in the water first, and then, +stopping the vent, pour wine upon it, so as to pour out wine for some, +wine and water for others, and mere water for those whom we wish to +jest with.</p> + + +<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop"> +<div class="chapter"> + <h2 class="nobreak" id="Sec_9"> + 9. <i>A Water Jet produced by mechanically compressed Air.</i> + </h2> +</div> + + +<figure class="figright illowp30" id="fig09"> + <img class="w100" src="images/fig09.jpg" alt="Diagram of apparatus as described in text"> +</figure> + +<img class="drop-capi" src="images/a.jpg" alt="Stylized A"> +<p class="drop-capi"><span class="uc">A hollow</span> globe, or other vessel, may be constructed, +into which if any liquid be poured, it will be forced +aloft spontaneously +and with much violence, +so as to empty +the vessel, though +such an upward motion is contrary to +nature. The construction is as follows. +Let there be a globe, containing about +6 cotylæ (3 pints), the sides of which +are of metal plate, strong enough to +sustain the pressure that will be exerted +upon them by the air. Let <span class="allsmcap">A B</span> (fig. 9) +be the globe, resting on any base C. +Through an aperture in the top of the +globe insert a tube, <span class="allsmcap">D E</span>, soldered into the +globe at the aperture, and projecting a +little above it; and reaching to the other +extremity, except an interval sufficient +for the passage of water. At its upper +extremity let the tube <span class="allsmcap">D E</span> branch into +two tubes, <span class="allsmcap">D G</span> and <span class="allsmcap">D F</span>, to which two +other pipes, <span class="allsmcap">G H K L</span>, <span class="allsmcap">F M N X</span>, are fastened transversely, communicating +with <span class="allsmcap">D G</span>, <span class="allsmcap">D F</span>. Again, into these transverse pipes, and communicating +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_24">[24]</span>with them, let another pipe, <span class="allsmcap">P O</span>, be fitted, from which a small pipe, <span class="allsmcap">R S</span>, +projects perpendicularly, communicating with it, and terminating in a +small orifice at <span class="allsmcap">S</span>. If, then, we take hold of <span class="allsmcap">R S</span> and turn round the tube +<span class="allsmcap">P O</span>, the connection between the corresponding holes will be shut off, so +that the liquid which is to be forced up will have no outlet. Now, through +another aperture in the globe, let another tube, <span class="allsmcap">T U Q</span>, be inserted, closed +at the lower extremity <span class="allsmcap">Q</span>, and having a hole in the side near the bottom +at <span class="allsmcap">W</span>. In this hole must be fixed a valve, such as the Romans call <i lang="la">assarium</i>, +the construction of which we will explain presently. Into the +tube <span class="allsmcap">T U Q</span> insert another tube, <span class="allsmcap">Y Z</span>, fitting tightly. If the tube <span class="allsmcap">Y Z</span> be +drawn out, and water poured into <span class="allsmcap">T U Q</span>, it will enter the vessel through +the aperture <span class="allsmcap">W</span>, (the valve opening into the interior of the vessel), and +the air will escape through the pipe <span class="allsmcap">O P</span>, which communicates, as we have +explained, with the apertures of the pipes <span class="allsmcap">G H K L</span> and <span class="allsmcap">F M N X</span>. When +the globe is half full of liquid, turn the small tube <span class="allsmcap">R S</span> so as to break the +connection between the corresponding apertures: then depress the tube +<span class="allsmcap">Y Z</span> and drive out the air and liquid collected in <span class="allsmcap">T U Q</span>, which will, on the +exertion of some force, (as the vessel is full of air and liquid), pass through +the valve into the hollow of the globe; and this passage is made possible +by the compression of the air into the void spaces dispersed among +its particles. Draw up the tube <span class="allsmcap">Y Z</span>, in order again to fill <span class="allsmcap">T U Q</span> with +air, and then, depressing it again, we shall force this air into the globe. +By repeating this frequently we shall have a large quantity of air compressed +into the globe; for it is clear that the air forced in does not +escape again when the rod is drawn up, as the valve, pressed on by the +air within, remains closed. If, then, we restore the pipe <span class="allsmcap">R S</span> to its upright +position, and re-open the communication between the corresponding +apertures at <span class="allsmcap">L</span> and <span class="allsmcap">X</span>, the liquid will now be forced out, as the condensed +air expands to its original bulk and presses on the liquid beneath; +and if the quantity of condensed air be large, it will drive out all the +liquid, and even the superfluous air will be forced out at the same time.</p> + + +<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop"> +<div class="chapter"> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_25">[25]</span></p> + + + <h2 class="nobreak" id="Sec_10"> + 10. <i>A Valve for a Pump.</i> + </h2> +</div> + + +<figure class="figright illowp40" id="fig10"> + <img class="w100" src="images/fig10.jpg" alt="Diagram of apparatus as described in text"> +</figure> + +<img class="drop-capi" src="images/t.jpg" alt="Stylized T"> +<p class="drop-capi"><span class="uc">The</span> following is the construction of the valve referred +to. Take two rectangular plates of bronze of the +thickness of a carpenter’s +rule, and +measuring about +one finger’s breadth +(<ins class="corr" title="Transcriber's Note—Corrigenda change was: 7/01" id="c2">⁷⁄₁₀</ins> of an inch) on each side. When +these have been accurately fitted to +each other, polish their surfaces so +that neither air nor liquid may pass +between them. Let <span class="allsmcap">A B C D</span>, <span class="allsmcap">E F G H</span>, +(fig. 10) be the plates, and in the centre +of one of them, <span class="allsmcap">A B C D</span>, bore a circular +hole about ⅓ of a finger’s breadth +(¼ of an inch) in diameter. Then, applying +the side <span class="allsmcap">C D</span> to <span class="allsmcap">E F</span>, let the +plates be attached by means of hinges, +so that the polished surfaces may come together. When the valve is +to be used, fasten the plate <span class="allsmcap">A B C D</span> over the aperture, and any air or +liquid forced through will be effectually confined. For by the pressure +exerted the hinges move, and the plate <span class="allsmcap">E F G H</span> opens readily to admit the +air or liquid; which when inclosed in the air-tight vessel, presses on +the plate <span class="allsmcap">E F G H</span>, and closes the aperture through which the air was +forced in.</p> + + +<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop"> +<div class="chapter"> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_26">[26]</span></p> + + + <h2 class="nobreak" id="Sec_11"> + 11. <i>Libations at an Altar produced by Fire.</i> + </h2> +</div> + + +<figure class="figright illowp60" id="fig11"> + <img class="w100" src="images/fig11.jpg" alt="Diagram of apparatus as described in text"> +</figure> + +<img class="drop-capi" src="images/t.jpg" alt="Stylized T"> +<p class="drop-capi"><span class="uc">To</span> construct an altar such that, when a fire is raised on +it, figures at the side shall offer libations. Let there +be a pedestal, <span class="allsmcap">A B C D</span>, (fig. 11) on which the figures +stand, and also an altar, <span class="allsmcap">E F G</span>, perfectly air-tight. The +pedestal must also be air-tight, and communicate with +the altar at <span class="allsmcap">G</span>. Through the pedestal insert the tube +<span class="allsmcap">H K L</span>, reaching nearly +to the bottom at <span class="allsmcap">L</span>, and +communicating at <span class="allsmcap">H</span> +with a bowl held by +one of the figures. +Pour liquid into the pedestal +through a hole, +<span class="allsmcap">M</span>, which must afterwards +be closed. Now +if a fire be lighted on +the altar <span class="allsmcap">E F G</span>, the air +within it, being rarefied, +will descend into +the pedestal, and exert +pressure on the liquid +it contains, which, +having no other way +of retreat, will pass through the tube <span class="allsmcap">H K L</span> into the bowl. Thus the +figures will pour a libation, and will not cease so long as the fire remains +on the altar. When the fire is extinguished, the libation ceases; and +as often as the fire is kindled the same will be repeated. The pipe +through which the heat is to pass should be broader towards the middle, +for it is requisite that the heat, or rather the vapour from it, passing into +a broader space, should expand and act with greater force.</p> + + +<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop"> +<div class="chapter"> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_27">[27]</span></p> + + + <h2 class="nobreak" id="Sec_12"> + 12. <i>A Vessel from which the contents flow when filled to a certain height.</i> + </h2> +</div> + + +<img class="drop-capi" src="images/t.jpg" alt="Stylized T"> +<p class="drop-capi"><span class="uc">There</span> are some vessels which emit no stream unless +they are filled; but when filled discharge all the liquid +they contain. They are made as follows: Let +<span class="allsmcap">A B C D</span> (fig. 12) be a vessel open at the top, and through +its bottom pass a tube, either an inclosed diabetes as +<span class="allsmcap">E F G</span>, or a bent siphon <span class="allsmcap">G H K</span>. When the vessel <span class="allsmcap">A B C D</span> +is filled, and the water runs over, a discharge will begin through the +diabetes, and continue till the vessel is empty, if the interior opening +of the diabetes is so near the bottom of the vessel as only to leave +a passage for the water.</p> + +<figure class="figcenter illowp70" id="fig12"> + <img class="w100" src="images/fig12.jpg" alt="Diagram of apparatus as described in text"> +</figure> + + +<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop"> +<div class="chapter"> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_28">[28]</span></p> + + + <h2 class="nobreak" id="Sec_13"> + 13. <i>Two Vessels from which the contents flow, by a Liquid being + poured into one only.</i> + </h2> +</div> + + +<figure class="figright illowp60" id="fig13"> + <img class="w100" src="images/fig13.jpg" alt="Diagram of apparatus as described in text"> +</figure> + +<img class="drop-capi" src="images/i.jpg" alt="Stylized I"> +<p class="drop-capi"><span class="uc">If</span> two vessels, both of them having visible outlets, stand +upon a pedestal, and one of them be filled with wine, +the other remaining empty, the wine shall not flow out +until the empty vessel be filled with water; and then +a discharge shall begin, of wine from one, and of water +from the other, until both are empty. Such vessels are +called <em>harmonious +goblets</em>. Let <span class="allsmcap">A B C D</span> +(fig. 13) be the pedestal +on which the vessels, +<span class="allsmcap">E</span> and <span class="allsmcap">F</span>, stand. +In each of them +place a bent siphon, +<span class="allsmcap">G H K</span> in <span class="allsmcap">E</span>, and <span class="allsmcap">L M N</span> +in <span class="allsmcap">F</span>, and let the outer +extremities of the +siphons be shaped +like water-pipes. At +the bend the siphons +must approach nearly +to the mouths of +the vessels. Let another +bent tube, <span class="allsmcap">X O +P R</span>, passing through the pedestal, connect the two vessels, the extremities +of which, <span class="allsmcap">X</span> and <span class="allsmcap">R</span>, must reach as high as the bend of the siphons. +Now pour wine into one vessel, taking care that it does not mount higher +than the bend of the siphon at <span class="allsmcap">H</span>. Up to this point the wine will not +flow out, as there is nothing to originate a discharge through the siphon. +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_29">[29]</span>But if we pour water into the vessel <span class="allsmcap">F</span>, until its surface mounts above +the bend of the siphon at <span class="allsmcap">M</span>, then the water will descend and pass through +the pipe <span class="allsmcap">X O P R</span> into the other vessel. Thus a discharge is occasioned +of the wine also, and both vessels will continue to run the one with wine, +the other with water, until both are emptied.</p> + + +<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop"> +<div class="chapter"> + <h2 class="nobreak" id="Sec_14"> + 14. <i>A Bird made to whistle by flowing Water.</i> + </h2> +</div> + + +<figure class="figright illowp60" id="fig14"> + <img class="w100" src="images/fig14.jpg" alt="Diagram of apparatus as described in tex"> + +</figure> + +<img class="drop-capi" src="images/v.jpg" alt="Stylized V"> +<p class="drop-capi"><span class="uc">Vessels</span> may be made such that, when water is +poured into them, the note of the black-cap, or a +whistling sound, is produced. The following is their +construction. Let <span class="allsmcap">A B C D</span> (fig. 14) be a hollow air-tight +pedestal: through the top, <span class="allsmcap">A D</span>, let a funnel, <span class="allsmcap">E F</span>, +be introduced and soldered into the surface, its tube +approaching so near to +the bottom as only to +leave a passage for the +water. Let <span class="allsmcap">G H K</span> be a +small pipe, such as will +emit sound, communicating +with the pedestal +and likewise soldered +into <span class="allsmcap">A D</span>. Its +extremity, which is +curved, must dip into +water contained in a +small vessel placed +near at <span class="allsmcap">L</span>. If water be +poured in through the +funnel <span class="allsmcap">E F</span>, the result +will be that the air, being driven out, passes through the pipe <span class="allsmcap">G H K</span>, and +emits a sound. When the extremity of the pipe dips into water a bubbling +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_30">[30]</span>sound is heard, and the note of the black-cap is produced: if no +water is near, there will be a whistling only.</p> + +<p>These sounds are produced through pipes; but the quality of the +sounds will vary as the pipes are more or less fine, or longer, or shorter; +and as a larger or smaller portion of the pipe is immersed in the water: +so that by this means the distinct notes of many birds can be produced. +The figures of several different birds are arranged near a fountain, or +in a cave, or in any place where there is running water: near them sits +an owl, which, apparently of her own accord, turns at one time towards +the birds, and then again away from them; and when the owl looks +away the birds sing, when she looks at them they are mute: and this +may be repeated frequently.</p> + + +<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop"> +<div class="chapter"> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_31">[31]</span></p> + + + <h2 class="nobreak" id="Sec_15"> + 15. <i>Birds made to sing, and be silent alternately by flowing Water.</i> + </h2> +</div> + + +<img class="drop-capi" src="images/t.jpg" alt="Stylized T"> +<p class="drop-capi"><span class="uc">The</span> construction is after this manner. Let <span class="allsmcap">A</span> (fig. 15) +be a stream perpetually running. Underneath place +an air-tight vessel, <span class="allsmcap">B C D E</span>, provided with an inclosed +diabetes or bent siphon <span class="allsmcap">F G</span>, and having inserted in it +a funnel, <span class="allsmcap">H K</span>, between the extremity of the tube of +which and the bottom of the vessel a passage is left +for the water. +Let the funnel +be provided with +several smaller +pipes, as described +before, at +<span class="allsmcap">L</span>. It will be +found that, while +<span class="allsmcap">B C D E</span> is being +filled with water, +the air that is +driven out will +produce the notes +of birds; and +as the water is +being drawn off +through the siphon +<span class="allsmcap">F G</span> after +the vessel is filled, +the birds will be +mute.</p> + +<figure class="figright illowp70" id="fig15"> + <img class="w100" src="images/fig15.jpg" alt="Diagram of apparatus as described in text"> +</figure> + +<p>We are now to describe the contrivance by which the owl is enabled +to turn herself towards, or away from, the birds, as we have said. Let +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_32">[32]</span>a rod <span class="allsmcap">N X</span> turned in a lathe rest on any support <span class="allsmcap">M</span>: round this rod let a +tube <span class="allsmcap">O P</span> be fitted, so as to move freely about it, and having attached to +it the kettle-drum top <span class="allsmcap">R S</span>, on which the owl is to be securely fixed. +Round the tube <span class="allsmcap">O P</span> let a chain pass, the two extremities of which, <span class="allsmcap">T U</span>, +<span class="allsmcap">Q W</span>, wind off in opposite directions, and are attached, by means of two +pullies, the one, <span class="allsmcap">T U</span>, to a weight suspended at <span class="allsmcap">Y</span>, and <span class="allsmcap">Q W</span> to an empty +vessel <span class="allsmcap">Z</span>, which lies beneath the siphon or inclosed diabetes <span class="allsmcap">F G</span>. It will +be found that while the vessel <span class="allsmcap">B C D E</span> is being emptied, the liquid being +carried into the vessel <span class="allsmcap">Z</span> causes the tube <span class="allsmcap">O P</span> to revolve, and the owl with +it, so as to face the birds: but when <span class="allsmcap">B C D E</span> is exhausted, the vessel <span class="allsmcap">Z</span> +becomes empty likewise by means of an inclosed or bent siphon contained +within it; and then the weight <span class="allsmcap">Y</span>, again preponderating, causes +the owl to turn away just at the time when the vessel <span class="allsmcap">B C D E</span> is being +filled again and the notes once more issue from the birds.</p> + + +<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop"> +<div class="chapter"> + <h2 class="nobreak" id="Sec_16"> + 16. <i>Trumpets sounded by flowing Water.</i> + </h2> +</div> + + +<img class="drop-capi" src="images/i.jpg" alt="Stylized I"> +<p class="drop-capi"><span class="uc">In</span> the same manner as that just described the sound +of trumpets can be produced. Insert into a carefully +closed vessel the tube of a funnel reaching nearly to +the bottom and soldered into the surface of the vessel; +and, by its side, a trumpet, provided both with a mouthpiece +and bell, and communicating at its upper extremity +with the vessel. If water be poured through the funnel, it will +be found that the air contained in the vessel, as it is being driven out +through the mouthpiece, will produce the sound of a trumpet.</p> + + +<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop"> +<div class="chapter"> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_33">[33]</span></p> + + + <h2 class="nobreak" id="Sec_17"> + 17. <i>Sounds produced on the opening of a Temple Door.</i> + </h2> +</div> + + +<figure class="figright illowp60" id="fig17"> + <img class="w100" src="images/fig17.jpg" alt="Diagram of apparatus as described in text"> +</figure> + +<img class="drop-capi" src="images/t.jpg" alt="Stylized T"> +<p class="drop-capi"><span class="uc">The</span> sound of a trumpet may be produced on the opening +of the doors of a temple. The following is the +construction. Behind the door let there be a vessel, +<span class="allsmcap">A B C D</span> (fig. 17), containing water. In this invert a +narrow-necked vessel, shaped like an extinguisher, +<span class="allsmcap">F</span>, with which, at its lower extremity, let a trumpet, +<span class="allsmcap">H K</span>, communicate, provided +with bell and mouthpiece. +Parallel with the +tube of the trumpet, and +attached to it, let the rod +<span class="allsmcap">L M</span> run, fastened, at the +lower end, to the vessel <span class="allsmcap">F</span>, +and having at the other extremity +a loop, <span class="allsmcap">M</span>: through +this loop let the beam <span class="allsmcap">N X</span> +pass, thus supporting the +vessel <span class="allsmcap">F</span>, at a sufficient +height above the water. +The beam <span class="allsmcap">N X</span> must turn +on the pivot <span class="allsmcap">O</span>, and a chain or cord, attached to the extremity <span class="allsmcap">X</span>, be +fastened, by means of the pulley, <span class="allsmcap">P</span>, to the hinder part of the door. +When the door is opened, the cord will be stretched, and draw upwards +the extremity <span class="allsmcap">X</span> of the beam, so that the beam <span class="allsmcap">N X</span> no longer supports +the loop <span class="allsmcap">M</span>; and when the loop changes its position in consequence, the +vessel <span class="allsmcap">F</span> will descend into the water, and give forth the sound of a +trumpet by the expulsion of the air contained in it through the mouthpiece +and bell.</p> + + +<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop"> +<div class="chapter"> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_34">[34]</span></p> + + + <h2 class="nobreak" id="Sec_18"> + 18. <i>Drinking-Horn from which either Wine or Water will flow.</i> + </h2> +</div> + + +<figure class="figright illowp35" id="fig18"> + <img class="w100" src="images/fig18.jpg" alt="Diagram of apparatus as described in text"> +</figure> + +<img class="drop-capi" src="images/t.jpg" alt="Stylized T"> +<p class="drop-capi"><span class="uc">There</span> is a kind of drinking-horn, such that if wine +be first poured into it, and then water, sometimes the +water flows out unmixed, +and sometimes +the wine. The +following is the construction. +Let <span class="allsmcap">A B C</span> (fig. 18) be a drinking-horn, furnished with two partitions, +<span class="allsmcap">D E</span> and <span class="allsmcap">F G</span>: through both of these let +a tube, <span class="allsmcap">H K</span>, pass, soldered into the partitions, +and pierced with a small hole, <span class="allsmcap">L</span>, +situated a little above the partition <span class="allsmcap">F G</span>; +and under the partition <span class="allsmcap">D E</span> let there be +a vent, <span class="allsmcap">M</span>, in the side of the vessel. If, +when these arrangements are complete, we close the passage at <span class="allsmcap">C</span> and +pour in wine, it will pass through the vent <span class="allsmcap">M</span>; and, if we cover <span class="allsmcap">M</span> with +the finger, the wine in <span class="allsmcap">D E F G</span> will be retained. Now, if we pour [water] +into the part <span class="allsmcap">A B D E</span>, still closing the vent <span class="allsmcap">M</span>, pure water will flow out; +but if, while the water is still in the upper part of the vessel, we unclose +<span class="allsmcap">M</span>, a mixture will be discharged; and when all the water has passed out, +the stream will be of pure wine. By frequently unclosing <span class="allsmcap">M</span> the discharge +may be varied: but the better method is first to pour water into +the chamber <span class="allsmcap">D E G F</span>, and then, closing the vent, to pour wine upon it. +The result will be that sometimes pure water flows out, and again, when +the siphon is set free, a mixture; presently, on stopping the vent, pure +wine. And this can be done as often as we please.</p> + + +<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop"> +<div class="chapter"> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_35">[35]</span></p> + + + <h2 class="nobreak" id="Sec_19"> + 19. <i>A Vessel containing a Liquid of uniform height, although a + Stream flows from it.</i> + </h2> +</div> + + +<figure class="figright illowp50" id="fig19"> + <img class="w100" src="images/fig19.jpg" alt="Diagram of apparatus as described in text"> +</figure> + +<img class="drop-capi" src="images/i.jpg" alt="Stylized I"> +<p class="drop-capi"><span class="uc">If</span> a goblet be placed upon a pedestal, whatever quantity +may be drawn from it, it shall always continue +full. The construction +is as +follows. Let <span class="allsmcap">A B</span> +(fig. 19) be a +vessel, the mouth of which is closed +just at the neck, by the partition +<span class="allsmcap">C D</span>. Through <span class="allsmcap">C D</span> let a tube, <span class="allsmcap">E F</span>, +be inserted, reaching nearly to the +bottom; let another tube, <span class="allsmcap">G H</span>, be +passed through the bottom of the +vessel, reaching nearly up to the +partition <span class="allsmcap">C D</span>; and in the bottom +bore a hole, <span class="allsmcap">K</span>, to admit the small +tube <span class="allsmcap">K L</span>. The vessel <span class="allsmcap">A B</span> must +stand upon a pedestal, <span class="allsmcap">M N O X</span>, through which passes the projection of +the tube <span class="allsmcap">G H</span>, and another tube <span class="allsmcap">S T</span> communicating with the pedestal and +the goblet <span class="allsmcap">P R</span> so that the goblet may be filled, and the +pedestal <span class="allsmcap">M N O X</span> as high, &c. Now let wine be poured through <span class="allsmcap">E F</span> into <span class="allsmcap">A B</span> (the air +will pass out through <span class="allsmcap">G H</span>), and, if the tube <span class="allsmcap">K L</span> be left open, it will pass +through into the pedestal and the goblet <span class="allsmcap">P R</span>: but, if <span class="allsmcap">K L</span> be closed, the +vessel <span class="allsmcap">A B</span> will be filled. Let, then, the wine run into the pedestal <span class="allsmcap">M N +O X</span> and the goblet <span class="allsmcap">P R</span>, +<ins class="corr" title="Transcriber's Note—Corrigenda change add: 'so that the goblet may be filled, and the...'" id="c3">so that the goblet may be filled, and the pedestal <span class="allsmcap">M N O X</span> as high </ins> +as the +mouth of the tube <span class="allsmcap">G H</span>. When this is done, close <span class="allsmcap">E</span>, and the wine in <span class="allsmcap">A B</span> +will no longer [flow] through <span class="allsmcap">K L</span>, for no more air can enter through <span class="allsmcap">E</span> to +supply the vacuum created. When, therefore, any wine is taken from +the goblet, the orifice <span class="allsmcap">E</span> must be unclosed, and, the air having found an +entrance, the wine will flow again into the pedestal and goblet, until it +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_36">[36]</span>is full. And this may be done as often as we draw off wine from the +goblet. It will be requisite that a small hole be pierced in the side of +the pedestal at <span class="allsmcap">U</span>, that an equivalent bulk of air may pass into the vessel +<span class="allsmcap">A B</span> through the orifice <span class="allsmcap">G</span> and the hole <span class="allsmcap">U</span>.</p> + + +<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop"> +<div class="chapter"> + <h2 class="nobreak" id="Sec_20"> + 20. <i>A Vessel which remains full, although Water be drawn from it.</i> + </h2> +</div> + + +<figure class="figright illowp60" id="fig20"> + <img class="w100" src="images/fig20.jpg" alt="Diagram of apparatus as described in text"> +</figure> + +<img class="drop-capi" src="images/i.jpg" alt="Stylized I"> +<p class="drop-capi"><span class="uc">If</span> it is desired to adapt this contrivance for use, so that +from a goblet occupying any given position a considerable +quantity of water may be drawn and yet the +goblet remain full, proceed as follows. Let <span class="allsmcap">A B</span> (fig. 20) +be a vessel containing as much water as will probably +be required, and <span class="allsmcap">C D</span> a pipe leading from this into a +trough beneath, <span class="allsmcap">G H</span>. Near +the pipe fix a lever-beam, +<span class="allsmcap">E F</span>, and at the extremity <span class="allsmcap">E</span> +suspend a piece of cork, <span class="allsmcap">K</span>, so +that it may float in the trough; +at the other extremity <span class="allsmcap">F</span> let +a chain be fastened furnished +with a leaden weight, <span class="allsmcap">X</span>. Let +the whole be so arranged +that the cork, floating on the +water in <span class="allsmcap">G H</span>, closes the +mouth of the pipe; yet that, when water has been drawn from the trough, +the cork, being heavier than the weight at <span class="allsmcap">X</span>, shall sink and open the +pipe, so that the water may flow in again and raise the cork. Let <span class="allsmcap">L M</span> +be the goblet placed in any convenient position, its lip being on a level +with the surface of the water in the trough when there is no discharge +from the pipe owing to the floating cork: and let the tube <span class="allsmcap">H N</span> lead from +the trough into the bottom of the goblet. Now if, when the goblet is +full, we draw water from it, we shall at the same time reduce the water +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_37">[37]</span>in the trough; and the cork sinking will unclose the pipe, so that the +water, flowing both into the trough and the goblet, will again raise the +cork, and the discharge will cease. And this will happen as often as +we remove water from the goblet.</p> + + +<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop"> +<div class="chapter"> + <h2 class="nobreak" id="Sec_21"> + 21. <i>Sacrificial Vessel which flows only when Money is introduced.</i> + </h2> +</div> + + +<figure class="figright illowp40" id="fig21"> + <img class="w100" src="images/fig21.jpg" alt="Diagram of apparatus as described in text"> +</figure> + +<img class="drop-capi" src="images/i.jpg" alt="Stylized I"> +<p class="drop-capi"><span class="uc">If</span> into certain sacrificial vessels a coin of five drachms +be thrown, water shall flow out and surround them. +Let <span class="allsmcap">A B C D</span> (fig. 21) +be a sacrificial vessel +or treasure chest, +having an opening in +its mouth, <span class="allsmcap">A</span>; and in the chest let there +be a vessel, <span class="allsmcap">F G H K</span>, containing water, +and a small box, <span class="allsmcap">L</span>, from which a pipe, +<span class="allsmcap">L M</span>, conducts out of the chest. Near +the vessel place a vertical rod, <span class="allsmcap">N X</span>, about +which turns a lever, <span class="allsmcap">O P</span>, widening at <span class="allsmcap">O</span> +into the plate <span class="allsmcap">R</span> parallel to the bottom +of the vessel, while at the extremity <span class="allsmcap">P</span> +is suspended a lid, <span class="allsmcap">S</span>, which fits into the +box <span class="allsmcap">L</span>, so that no water can flow through +the tube <span class="allsmcap">L M</span>: this lid, however, must be +heavier than the plate <span class="allsmcap">R</span>, but lighter +than the plate and coin combined. When +the coin is thrown through the mouth <span class="allsmcap">A</span>, it will fall upon the plate <span class="allsmcap">R</span> +and, preponderating, it will turn the beam <span class="allsmcap">O P</span>, and raise the lid of the +box so that the water will flow: but if the coin falls off, the lid will descend +and close the box so that the discharge ceases.</p> + + +<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop"> +<div class="chapter"> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_38">[38]</span></p> + + + <h2 class="nobreak" id="Sec_22"> + 22. <i>A Vessel from which a variety of Liquids may be made to flow + through one Pipe.</i> + </h2> +</div> + + +<figure class="figright illowp40" id="fig22"> + <img class="w100" src="images/fig22.jpg" alt="Diagram of apparatus as described in text"> +</figure> + +<img class="drop-capi" src="images/s.jpg" alt="Stylized S"> +<p class="drop-capi"><span class="uc">Several</span> kinds of liquid having been poured into a +vessel through one mouth, it is required that through +the same pipe they +shall flow out separately +at pleasure. +Let <span class="allsmcap">A B</span> (fig. 22) be a +vessel closed at the neck by the partition +<span class="allsmcap">C D</span>; and let there be in it several +vertical partitions, extending to +the partition <span class="allsmcap">C D</span> and making as many +chambers as we wish to pour in liquids. +Suppose, for the present, that these are +two in number, and let the partition be +<span class="allsmcap">E F</span>. In the partition <span class="allsmcap">C D</span> pierce fine +holes, as in a sieve, opening into each +chamber, and air holes, <span class="allsmcap">G</span>, <span class="allsmcap">H</span>, close to +the partition, also opening into the +chambers: again, at the bottom let there be small tubes, <span class="allsmcap">K</span>, <span class="allsmcap">L</span>, communicating +with the chambers and opening into the common pipe <span class="allsmcap">M</span>. If, +having first closed the vents <span class="allsmcap">G</span>, <span class="allsmcap">H</span>, and the pipe <span class="allsmcap">M</span>, we pour one of the +liquids through the mouth of the vessel, it will enter into neither chamber, +as the air has no means of escape: but if one of the vents be opened, +the liquid will pass into that chamber to which the vent belongs; and +if, after closing this vent again, we pour in the other liquid and set free +the other vent, the liquid will pass into the other chamber. Now let +all the vents and the sieve-like holes be closed, and, on opening the pipe +<span class="allsmcap">M</span>, no discharge can take place until one of the vents be opened; when, +the air having found an entrance, the liquid contained in that chamber +will flow out. If this vent be closed and the other opened, the same result +will follow.</p> + + +<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop"> +<div class="chapter"> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_39">[39]</span></p> + + + <h2 class="nobreak" id="Sec_23"> + 23. <i>A Flow of Wine from one Vessel, produced by Water being + poured into another.</i> + </h2> +</div> + + +<figure class="figright illowp60" id="fig23"> + <img class="w100" src="images/fig23.jpg" alt="Diagram of apparatus as described in text"> +</figure> + +<img class="drop-capi" src="images/i.jpg" alt="Stylized I"> +<p class="drop-capi"><span class="uc">If</span> of two vessels standing on a pedestal one be full of +wine and the other empty, whatever quantity of water +be poured into the empty vessel, as much wine shall +flow from the other. The following is the construction. +On any pedestal, <span class="allsmcap">A B</span> (fig. 23) let there be two +vessels, <span class="allsmcap">C D</span>, <span class="allsmcap">E F</span>, having their mouths closed by the +partitions <span class="allsmcap">G H</span>, <span class="allsmcap">K L</span>. Let +the tube <span class="allsmcap">M N X O</span> pass +through the pedestal and +bend upwards into the +vessels, reaching very +nearly to the partitions +at <span class="allsmcap">M</span> and <span class="allsmcap">O</span>. In <span class="allsmcap">E F</span> place +a bent siphon, <span class="allsmcap">P R S</span>, the +bend being near the vessel’s +mouth, and one leg, +shaped like a water-pipe, +passing outside. Through +the partition <span class="allsmcap">G H</span> let a funnel, +<span class="allsmcap">T U</span>, descend almost +to the bottom of the vessel, +its tube being soldered +into the partition. Into +the vessel <span class="allsmcap">E F</span> pour wine +through a hole, <span class="allsmcap">Q</span>, which must afterwards be carefully closed again. +Now, if we pour water into the vessel <span class="allsmcap">C D</span> through the funnel, the contained +air will be forced out, and pass through the tube <span class="allsmcap">M N X O</span> into <span class="allsmcap">E F</span>, +and, in its turn, force out the wine contained in <span class="allsmcap">E F</span>: and this will happen +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_40">[40]</span>as often as we pour in the water. It is evident that the air forced out +has an equal bulk with the water poured in, and that it will force out +as much wine. If no bent siphon be used, but merely a pipe at <span class="allsmcap">S</span>, the +effect will be the same, unless the force of the water be too great for the +pipe.</p> + + +<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop"> +<div class="chapter"> + <h2 class="nobreak" id="Sec_24"> + 24. <i>A Pipe from which flows <ins class="corr" title="Transcriber's Note—Corrigenda change was: Wine and Water" id="c4">Wine-and-Water</ins> in varying proportions.</i> + </h2> +</div> + + +<figure class="figright illowp70" id="fig24"> + <img class="w100" src="images/fig24.jpg" alt="Diagram of apparatus as described in text"> +</figure> + +<img class="drop-capi" src="images/l.jpg" alt="Stylized L"> +<p class="drop-capi"><span class="uc">Let</span> there be an empty vessel, and another containing +wine: whatever quantity of water we pour into the +empty vessel, the same quantity of wine and water +mixed may be drawn off through a pipe in any proportion +we please; such, for instance, that there may +be two parts of water to one of wine. Let <span class="allsmcap">A B</span> (fig. +24) be an empty vessel, either a cylinder or a rectangular parallelopiped: +by the side of this, and on the same base, place another +vessel, <span class="allsmcap">C D</span>, perfectly +air-tight, and, like +<span class="allsmcap">A B</span>, either a cylinder +or a rectangular parallelopiped; +but the +base of <span class="allsmcap">A B</span> must be +twice as great as that +of <span class="allsmcap">C D</span>, as the water +is to be the double +of the wine. Near +<span class="allsmcap">C D</span> place another +air-tight vessel, <span class="allsmcap">E F</span>, into which the wine is to be poured; and between +the vessels <span class="allsmcap">C D</span>, <span class="allsmcap">E F</span>, let a tube run, <span class="allsmcap">G H K</span>, perforating and soldered into +their coverings. In <span class="allsmcap">E F</span> let there be a bent siphon, <span class="allsmcap">L M N</span>, the inner leg +of which must reach almost to the bottom of the vessel, leaving only a +passage for the water, and the other, being bent within the vessel, lead +into the next vessel, <span class="allsmcap">O X</span>. From this vessel let the tube <span class="allsmcap">P R</span> lead through +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_41">[41]</span>the vessels, or be carried under the pedestal on which they stand, that +it may readily pass near the bottom of the vessel <span class="allsmcap">A B</span>. Let another +tube, <span class="allsmcap">T S</span>, connect the vessels <span class="allsmcap">A B</span>, <span class="allsmcap">C D</span>, and near the bottom of <span class="allsmcap">A B</span> place +a small pipe, <span class="allsmcap">U</span>, which with <span class="allsmcap">P R</span> must be included in a larger pipe, <span class="allsmcap">Q W</span>, +provided with a cock by means of which it may be opened or shut +at pleasure. When these preparations have been made, close the pipe +<span class="allsmcap">Q W</span>, and pour water into the vessel <span class="allsmcap">A B</span>; a part, viz. one half, will +pass into <span class="allsmcap">C D</span>, through the tube <span class="allsmcap">S T</span>, and the water which falls into <span class="allsmcap">C D</span> +will force out a mass of air equal to itself through <span class="allsmcap">G H K</span> into the vessel +<span class="allsmcap">E F</span>; in like manner this air will force an equal quantity of wine into +the vessel <span class="allsmcap">O X</span> through <span class="allsmcap">L M N</span>. Now, if we open the pipe <span class="allsmcap">Q W</span>, the water +poured into the vessel <span class="allsmcap">A B</span> and the wine carried out of <span class="allsmcap">O X</span> through the +tube <span class="allsmcap">P R</span> will flow through it together: and thus what was proposed will +be done. The vessels will be empty again when, the mixed liquid +having been all discharged, the air enters them through the tube <span class="allsmcap">P R</span>.</p> + + +<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop"> +<div class="chapter"> + <h2 class="nobreak" id="Sec_25"> + 25. <i>A Vessel from which Wine flows in proportion as Water is + withdrawn.</i> + </h2> +</div> + + +<figure class="figright illowp50" id="fig25"> + <img class="w100" src="images/fig25.jpg" alt="Diagram of apparatus as described in text"> +</figure> + +<img class="drop-capi" src="images/l.jpg" alt="Stylized L"> +<p class="drop-capi"><span class="uc">Let</span> there be a vessel containing water, and a pipe in it provided with +a key or cock, and let a figure float on the surface of the water; then +if water, in any quantity, be drawn off through the pipe, wine shall +flow from the figure in any given ratio to the water drawn off. Let +<span class="allsmcap">A B</span> (fig. 25) be the vessel of water, provided with a pipe, +<span class="allsmcap">C</span>, which admits of being closed; +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_42">[42]</span>and on the surface of the water let a basin, <span class="allsmcap">D</span>, float, in which is a perpendicular +tube, <span class="allsmcap">E F</span>, carved in the shape of some animal. Place near another +vessel, <span class="allsmcap">G H</span>, containing wine, in which is a bent siphon, <span class="allsmcap">K L M</span>, one +leg being within the vessel <span class="allsmcap">G H</span>, and the other without, conducting into +the tube <span class="allsmcap">E F</span>. Now if we draw the wine through the lower mouth <span class="allsmcap">M</span>, it +will flow into the tube <span class="allsmcap">E F</span> until the surface of the wine in the vessel <span class="allsmcap">G H</span> +and in the tube <span class="allsmcap">E F</span> shall be at the same level. Let that level be in the +line <span class="allsmcap">N X O P</span>; and at the point <span class="allsmcap">P</span> fix an open pipe, <span class="allsmcap">R</span>. Hitherto there is +no discharge of wine, but, if any quantity of water is drawn off through +<span class="allsmcap">C</span>, the basin <span class="allsmcap">D</span>, and, with it, the tube <span class="allsmcap">E F</span> will sink, and the surface of +the wine [in the tube] will become lower than the surface <span class="allsmcap">N X</span>; so that, +the outer leg of the siphon being depressed, the wine will again pass on +into the tube <span class="allsmcap">E F</span> and run out through the pipe <span class="allsmcap">R</span>. This will happen as +often as we draw off water through the pipe <span class="allsmcap">C</span>, the wine flowing in a +fixed ratio to the water drawn off. The base of the vessel <span class="allsmcap">A B</span> must bear +the required proportion to the base of <span class="allsmcap">G H</span>; and thus what was proposed +is done.</p> + + +<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop"> +<div class="chapter"> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_43">[43]</span></p> + + + <h2 class="nobreak" id="Sec_26"> + 26. <i>A Vessel from which Wine flows in proportion as Water is + poured into another.</i> + </h2> +</div> + + +<figure class="figright illowp70" id="fig26"> + <img class="w100" src="images/fig26.jpg" alt="Diagram of apparatus as described in text"> +</figure> + +<img class="drop-capi" src="images/i.jpg" alt="Stylized I"> +<p class="drop-capi"><span class="uc">If</span> it is required that the wine shall flow in a certain ratio to the +water we pour <em>into</em> the vessel, we must proceed as follows. As +before let <span class="allsmcap">A B</span> (fig. 26) be the vessel containing water, +and <span class="allsmcap">G H</span> that which contains wine, but let the tube <span class="allsmcap">E +F</span> be outside the vessel <span class="allsmcap">A B</span>. In <span class="allsmcap">A B</span> let a +ball, <span class="allsmcap">D</span>, float, from which a cord, passing over a pulley, +<span class="allsmcap">S</span>, is attached to the tube <span class="allsmcap">E F</span> so as to suspend it; +and let all else correspond with what was stated in the last paragraph. +The result will be that, when water is poured into the vessel <span class="allsmcap">A +B</span>, the ball <span class="allsmcap">D</span> rising will lower the tube <span class="allsmcap">E F</span>, +and the wine will flow again. This may be effected in a different +manner by attaching the cord from the ball <span class="allsmcap">D</span>, +across the pulley <span class="allsmcap">S</span> <ins class="corr" title="Transcriber's Note—Corrigenda change was: across a third pulley" id="c5">to another pulley</ins>, <span class="allsmcap">T</span> +and across that +again to the siphon <span class="allsmcap">K L</span>. It will be found now that, when the +ball rises, the siphon <span class="allsmcap">K L M</span>, being suspended by the cord, is +lowered, so that, the outer leg having again become the longer, the +wine will flow through the mouth <span class="allsmcap">M</span>.</p> + + + +<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop"> +<div class="chapter"> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_44">[44]</span></p> + + + <h2 class="nobreak" id="Sec_27"> + 27. <i>The Fire-Engine.</i> + </h2> +</div> + + +<figure class="figright illowp60" id="fig27"> + <img class="w100" src="images/fig27.jpg" alt="Diagram of apparatus as described in text"> +</figure> + +<img class="drop-capi" src="images/t.jpg" alt="Stylized T"> +<p class="drop-capi"><span class="uc">The</span> siphons used in conflagrations are made as follows. Take two +vessels of bronze, <span class="allsmcap">A B C D</span>, <span class="allsmcap">E F G H</span>, (fig. 27), +having the inner surface bored in a lathe to fit a piston, (like the +barrels of water-organs), <span class="allsmcap">K L</span>, <span class="allsmcap">M N</span> being the pistons +fitted to the boxes. Let the cylinders communicate with each other +by means of the tube <span class="allsmcap">X O D F</span>, and be provided with valves, +<span class="allsmcap">P</span>, <span class="allsmcap">R</span>, such as have been explained above, within +the tube <span class="allsmcap">X O D F</span> and opening outwards from the cylinders. +In the bases of the cylinders pierce circular apertures, <span class="allsmcap">S</span>, +<span class="allsmcap">T</span>, covered with polished hemispherical cups, <span class="allsmcap">V Q</span>, +<span class="allsmcap">W Y</span>, through which insert spindles soldered to, or in some way +connected with, the bases of the cylinders, and provided with shoulders +at the extremities that the cups may not be forced off the spindles. To +the centre of the pistons fasten the vertical rods <span class="allsmcap">S E</span>, <span class="allsmcap">S +E</span>, and attach to these the beam <span class="allsmcap">A´</span> <span class="allsmcap">A´</span>, working, +at its centre, about the stationary pin <span class="allsmcap">D</span>, and about the pins +<span class="allsmcap">B</span>, <span class="allsmcap">C</span>, at the rods <span class="allsmcap">S E</span>, <span class="allsmcap">S E</span>. Let +the vertical tube <span class="allsmcap">S´ E´</span> communicate with the tube <span class="allsmcap">X O D +F</span>, branching into two arms at <span class="allsmcap">S´</span>, and provided with small +pipes through +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_45">[45]</span>which to force up water, such as were explained above in the description +of the machine for producing a water-jet by means of the compressed +air. Now, if the cylinders, provided with these additions, be plunged +into a vessel containing water, <span class="allsmcap">I J U Z</span>, and the beam <span class="allsmcap">A´ A´</span> be made to +work at its extremities <span class="allsmcap">A´</span>, <span class="allsmcap">A´</span>, which move alternately about the pin <span class="allsmcap">D</span>, +the pistons, as they descend, will drive out the water through the tube +<span class="allsmcap">E´ S´</span> and the revolving mouth <span class="allsmcap">M´</span>. For when the piston <span class="allsmcap">M N</span> ascends it +opens the aperture <span class="allsmcap">T</span>, as the cup <span class="allsmcap">W Y</span> rises, and shuts the valve <span class="allsmcap">R</span>; but +when it descends it shuts <span class="allsmcap">T</span> and opens <span class="allsmcap">R</span>, through which the water is +driven and forced upwards. The action of the other piston, <span class="allsmcap">K L</span>, is the +same. Now the small pipe <span class="allsmcap">M´</span>, which waves backward and forward, +ejects the water to the required height but not in the required direction, +unless the whole machine be turned round; which on urgent occasions +is a tedious and difficult process. In order, therefore, that the water +may be ejected to the spot required, let the tube <span class="allsmcap">E´ S´</span> consist of two tubes, +fitting closely together lengthwise, of which one must be attached to the +tube <span class="allsmcap">X O D F</span>, and the other to the part from which the arms branch off at +<span class="allsmcap">S´</span>; and thus, if the upper tube be turned round, by the inclination of +the mouthpiece <span class="allsmcap">M´</span> the stream of water can be forced to any spot we +please. The upper joint of the double tube must be secured to the lower, +to prevent its being forced from the machine by the violence of the +water. This may be effected by holdfasts in the shape of the letter L, +soldered to the upper tube, and sliding on a ring which encircles the +lower.</p> + + +<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop"> +<div class="chapter"> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_46">[46]</span></p> + + + <h2 class="nobreak" id="Sec_28"> + 28. <i>An Automaton which drinks at certain times only, on a Liquid + being presented to it.</i> + </h2> +</div> + + +<figure class="figright illowp50" id="fig28"> + <img class="w100" src="images/fig28.jpg" alt="Diagram of apparatus as described in text"> +</figure> + +<img class="drop-capi" src="images/i.jpg" alt="Stylized I"> +<p class="drop-capi"><span class="uc">In</span> any place provided with running water make a figure +of some animal in bronze or any other material: when +a cup is offered to +it, the animal shall +drink with a loud +noise so as to present +the appearance of thirst. The +following is the construction. <span class="allsmcap">A B</span> +(fig. 28) is a vessel into which a +stream of running water, <span class="allsmcap">C</span>, falls. In +<span class="allsmcap">A B</span> place a bent siphon or inclosed +diabetes, <span class="allsmcap">D E F</span>, one leg of which +must project below the bottom of the +vessel. Underneath this let there be +an air-tight pedestal, <span class="allsmcap">G H K L</span>, also +containing a bent siphon, <span class="allsmcap">M N X</span>. Below +the orifice <span class="allsmcap">F</span> place a funnel, <span class="allsmcap">O P</span>, +the tube of which must descend into +the pedestal leaving a passage for the water between its extremity and +the bottom. Let the mouth of the animal be at <span class="allsmcap">R</span>, from which a concealed +tube, <span class="allsmcap">R S T</span>, must run along one of the feet, or some other part, +into the pedestal. When the vessel <span class="allsmcap">A B</span> is filled, the water will overflow +and run into the funnel, filling the pedestal <span class="allsmcap">G H K L</span> and emptying the +vessel <span class="allsmcap">A B</span>; in like manner, when the pedestal is full, the water will +overflow through the siphon <span class="allsmcap">M N X</span> and empty the pedestal; and, as this +becomes empty, the air will enter through the mouth <span class="allsmcap">R</span> to fill up the +void that is left. If, then, we apply a drinking vessel at <span class="allsmcap">R</span>, the liquid will +be violently attracted and sucked down instead of the air, until the +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_47">[47]</span>pedestal within has become empty. Then the vessel <span class="allsmcap">A B</span> is again filled +and emptied, and the same will take place as before. In order that the +cup may be applied at the right time, that is, when the water is being +drawn off from the pedestal, let something be contrived that will move +when struck by water from the discharge through the siphon <span class="allsmcap">M N X</span>. +When this is seen to move, apply the drinking cup.</p> + + +<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop"> +<div class="chapter"> + <h2 class="nobreak" id="Sec_29"> + 29. <i>An Automaton which may be made to drink at any time, on a + Liquid being presented to it.</i> + </h2> +</div> + + +<figure class="figright illowp70" id="fig29"> + <img class="w100" src="images/fig29.jpg" alt="Diagram of apparatus as described in text"> +</figure> + +<img class="drop-capi" src="images/t.jpg" alt="Stylized T"> +<p class="drop-capi"><span class="uc">There</span> is another way in which, by the aid of running water, the animal +may be made to drink on the revolution of a carved figure of Pan. Let +<span class="allsmcap">A B C D</span> (fig. 29) be a pedestal, air-tight on every side, +and divided into two chambers by a partition. On the surface place +the animal, and let the tube <span class="allsmcap">E F G</span> pass through its mouth. +Within the pedestal, in the lower chamber, let there be a bent siphon, +<span class="allsmcap">H K L</span>, the lower leg projecting from the bottom: and let a +funnel, <span class="allsmcap">M N</span>, pass through the middle of the partition, its +tube reaching nearly to the bottom. On the pedestal <span class="allsmcap">A B C D</span> +place another pedestal, <span class="allsmcap">O X</span>, on which the figure of Pan, +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_48">[48]</span><span class="allsmcap">P R</span>, is to stand, having attached to it the rod <span class="allsmcap">S</span> +which projects below into the pedestal. To <span class="allsmcap">S</span> let the tube +<span class="allsmcap">T U</span> be fastened, at the end of which is the cup <span class="allsmcap">U Q</span>, +attached to and communicating with the tube. Let the tube be of such a +length that, when the figure <span class="allsmcap">P R</span> turns round, the cup <span class="allsmcap">U +Q</span> will be directly above the funnel <span class="allsmcap">M N</span>. On the pedestal, +and communicating with it, and directly above the funnel <span class="allsmcap">M N</span>, +place the cup <span class="allsmcap">W Y</span>. Let the stream <span class="allsmcap">Z</span>, (which must be +greater than the discharge through the siphon <span class="allsmcap">H K L</span>), flow +into <span class="allsmcap">W Y</span>: the liquid will pass through <span class="allsmcap">M N</span> into the +lower part of the pedestal, the contained air passing out through <span class="allsmcap">E +F G</span>: and now the pedestal will continue full as the influx is +greater than the discharge. But, when we turn the figure <span class="allsmcap">P R</span> +round, the cup <span class="allsmcap">U Q</span> will intercept the stream <span class="allsmcap">Z</span>, which +will pass elsewhere through the tube <span class="allsmcap">T U</span>, and, as the water no +longer flows into the lower chamber of the pedestal, the siphon <span class="allsmcap">H +K L</span> will empty it, and the air will enter through <span class="allsmcap">E F G</span>. +Thus, when the cup is applied, the animal will drink as before.</p> + + +<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop"> +<div class="chapter"> + <h2 class="nobreak" id="Sec_30"> + 30. <i>An Automaton which will drink any quantity that may be + presented to it.</i> + </h2> +</div> + + +<figure class="figright illowp50" id="fig30"> + <img class="w100" src="images/fig30.jpg" alt="Diagram of apparatus as described in text"> +</figure> + +<img class="drop-capi" src="images/t.jpg" alt="Stylized T"> +<p class="drop-capi"><span class="uc">The</span> animal may be made to drink without the aid of +running water, +or of any +thing to move +the figure of +Pan. Let <span class="allsmcap">A B +C D</span> (fig. 30) be a pedestal, and +<span class="allsmcap">E</span> the mouth of the animal, +through the breast and hinder +foot or tail of which a tube, <span class="allsmcap">E F +G</span>, is inserted, leading from the +mouth <span class="allsmcap">E</span> to the interior of the +pedestal. The pedestal having +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_49">[49]</span>been first firmly fixed, let a hole, <span class="allsmcap">E</span>, so fine as to be scarcely discernible, +be bored in the tube <span class="allsmcap">E F G</span> which passes through the animal, in a line +with the extremity <span class="allsmcap">G</span>. Now if we fill the siphon <span class="allsmcap">E F G</span> with water through +some pipe above it, the mouth of which is applied to <span class="allsmcap">E</span>, the siphon will +continue full since its two orifices lie in the same level. If, therefore, a +drinking vessel be brought to the mouth <span class="allsmcap">E</span>, and a portion of the mouth +immersed in it, it will be found that the leg of the siphon towards <span class="allsmcap">G</span> has +become the longer, so that it will attract the water, and the water attracted +is carried into the pedestal <span class="allsmcap">A B C D</span>. In this construction it is not +necessary that <span class="allsmcap">A B C D</span> should be air-tight.</p> + + +<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop"> +<div class="chapter"> + <h2 class="nobreak" id="Sec_31"> + 31. <i>A Wheel in a Temple, which, on being turned, liberates purifying + Water.</i> + </h2> +</div> + +<figure class="figright illowp50" id="fig31"> + <img class="w100" src="images/fig31.jpg" alt="Diagram of apparatus as described in text"> +</figure> + +<img class="drop-capi" src="images/i.jpg" alt="Stylized I"> +<p class="drop-capi"><span class="uc">In</span> the porticoes of Egyptian temples revolving wheels +of bronze are placed for those who enter to turn round, +from an opinion +that bronze +purifies. There +are also vessels +of lustral water, from which +the worshippers may sprinkle +themselves. Let it then be required +so to construct a wheel +that, on turning it round, water +shall flow from it to sprinkle the +worshippers as we have described. +Behind the entrance-pillar let a +vessel of water, <span class="allsmcap">A B C D</span> (fig. 31), +be concealed, having a hole, <span class="allsmcap">E</span>, +perforated in its base. Underneath +the base let a small tube, <span class="allsmcap">F G H K</span>, be fastened, having also a hole +bored opposite the orifice in the base, and within this place another +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_50">[50]</span>tube, <span class="allsmcap">L M</span>, soldered to the tube <span class="allsmcap">F G H K</span> at <span class="allsmcap">L</span>, + and opposite the orifice +having in like manner a hole, <span class="allsmcap">S</span>: between these two pipes let another +pipe, <span class="allsmcap">N X O R</span>, be closely fitted, with a hole at <span class="allsmcap">P</span> opposite to <span class="allsmcap">E</span>. Now, if +the several holes are in one line, when water is poured into the vessel +<span class="allsmcap">A B C D</span> it will flow out through the pipe <span class="allsmcap">L M</span>; but, if the pipe <span class="allsmcap">N X O R</span> is +made to revolve so as to change the position of the hole <span class="allsmcap">P</span>, the discharge +will cease. Attach the wheel to the pipe <span class="allsmcap">N X O R</span>, and, if it is repeatedly +made to revolve, water will flow out.</p> + + +<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop"> +<div class="chapter"> + <h2 class="nobreak" id="Sec_32"> + 32. <i>A Vessel containing different Wines, any one of which may be + liberated by placing a certain Weight in a Cup.</i> + </h2> +</div> + +<figure class="figright illowp50" id="fig32"> + <img class="w100" src="images/fig32.jpg" alt="Diagram of apparatus as described in text"> +</figure> + +<img class="drop-capi" src="images/i.jpg" alt="Stylized I"> +<p class="drop-capi"><span class="uc">If</span> several kinds of wine be poured into a vessel by +its mouth, any one of them at choice may be drawn +out through +the same pipe: +so that, if several +persons +have poured in the several wines, +each one may receive his own +according to the proportion +poured in by him. Let <span class="allsmcap">A B C D</span> +(fig. 32), be an air-tight vessel, +the neck of which is closed by a +partition, <span class="allsmcap">E F</span>; and let the whole +vessel be divided into as many +compartments as we intend there +shall be different kinds of wine. +Suppose, for instance, that <span class="allsmcap">G H</span>, +<span class="allsmcap">K L</span>, are the partitions, making three compartments, <span class="allsmcap">M</span>, <span class="allsmcap">N</span>, and <span class="allsmcap">X</span>, into +which the wine will be poured. In the partition <span class="allsmcap">E F</span> pierce small holes, +one in each compartment, <span class="allsmcap">O, P, R</span>; and from these holes let small tubes, +<span class="allsmcap">P S</span>, <span class="allsmcap">O T</span>, <span class="allsmcap">R U</span>, communicating with the vessel, extend up into the neck. +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_51">[51]</span>Perforate the partition <span class="allsmcap">E F</span>, near each tube, with fine sieve-like holes, +through which the liquid will pass into the compartments. When it is +desired to pour in each kind of wine, place the fingers on <span class="allsmcap">S</span>, <span class="allsmcap">T</span>, and <span class="allsmcap">U</span>, and +pour in the wine through the neck <span class="allsmcap">Q</span>; it will not pass into either of the +compartments as the air contained in them has no outlet. But, if we +set free one of the vents <span class="allsmcap">S</span>, <span class="allsmcap">T</span>, or <span class="allsmcap">U</span>, the air contained in the corresponding +compartment will pass out through the passage as the wine falls into the +compartment. Then, placing the finger again on this vent, set another +free in like manner, and pour in another kind of wine: and so in order +with the rest, as many as there may be both of compartments and kinds +of wine. We may procure each wine, in its due quantity, through the +same pipe in the following manner. In the base of the vessel <span class="allsmcap">A B C D</span> +let there be tubes leading from each compartment, <span class="allsmcap">W Y</span> from <span class="allsmcap">M</span>, <span class="allsmcap">Z A´</span> +from <span class="allsmcap">N</span>, and <span class="allsmcap">B´ C´</span> from <span class="allsmcap">X</span>: the extremities of these tubes <span class="allsmcap">Y</span>, + <span class="allsmcap">A´</span> and <span class="allsmcap">C´</span>, +must communicate with another tube <span class="allsmcap">Y A´ C´</span>, into which another tube, +<span class="allsmcap">E´ F´</span>, is tightly fitted, closed at the interior extremity <span class="allsmcap">F´</span>, and having +holes pierced in it opposite to <span class="allsmcap">Y</span>, <span class="allsmcap">A´</span>, and <span class="allsmcap">C´</span> so that, as the tube <span class="allsmcap">E´ F´</span> + revolves, +when the holes pierced in it coincide consecutively with the +holes <span class="allsmcap">Y</span>, <span class="allsmcap">A´</span>, and <span class="allsmcap">C´</span>, they may admit the wine contained in each chamber +and send it forth through the outer mouth of the tube <span class="allsmcap">E´ F´</span>. To the +tube <span class="allsmcap">E´ F´</span> attach an iron rod, <span class="allsmcap">G´ H´</span>; to this, at the extremity <span class="allsmcap">H´</span>, solder a +mass of lead, <span class="allsmcap">K´</span>, and at <span class="allsmcap">G´</span> an iron pin, <span class="allsmcap">L´ M´</span>, to the middle of which is +fastened a cup, <span class="allsmcap">L</span>, with the concavity upwards: let the interior of this be +a hollow truncated cone of which <span class="allsmcap">M´</span> is the larger circle and <span class="allsmcap">N´</span> the less, +and through this the pin <span class="allsmcap">L´ M´</span> is to pass. Take several balls of lead, +varying in weight, and equal in number to the compartments <span class="allsmcap">M</span>, <span class="allsmcap">N</span>, <span class="allsmcap">X</span>; +and if we place the least of the balls in the cup <span class="allsmcap">M´ N´</span>, it will descend +by its weight until it touches the hollow surface of the truncated cone, +causing the tube <span class="allsmcap">E´ F´</span> to revolve until the hole in it coincides with <span class="allsmcap">Y</span> and +admits the wine in the compartment <span class="allsmcap">M</span>, which will flow as long as the +ball remains in the cup, unless it be entirely exhausted: when we remove +the ball the weight <span class="allsmcap">K´</span> will turn back and close the orifice <span class="allsmcap">Y</span>, and +the discharge will cease. Again, insert another of the balls, and the +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_52">[52]</span>cup will descend lower and turn the tube <span class="allsmcap">E´ F´</span> further round until the +hole in it reaches the hole <span class="allsmcap">A´</span>, and then the wine in <span class="allsmcap">N</span> will flow: as before +when the ball is removed the weight <span class="allsmcap">K´</span> will run down and close +the orifice <span class="allsmcap">A´</span>, and the wine will cease to flow. If another ball still +heavier be placed in the cup, the tube <span class="allsmcap">E´ F´</span> will be turned still further +round, so that the wine in the compartment <span class="allsmcap">X</span> will flow. It is necessary +however that the least of the balls when placed in the cup should preponderate +over the weight <span class="allsmcap">K´</span>, or, in other words, be able to cause <span class="allsmcap">E´ F´</span> +to revolve; for then the other balls will preponderate and move <span class="allsmcap">E´ F´</span>.</p> + + +<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop"> +<div class="chapter"> + <h2 class="nobreak" id="Sec_33"> + 33. <i>A self-trimming Lamp.</i> + </h2> +</div> + + +<figure class="figright illowp60" id="fig33"> + <img class="w100" src="images/fig33.jpg" alt="Diagram of apparatus as described in text"> +</figure> + +<img class="drop-capi" src="images/t.jpg" alt="Stylized T"> +<p class="drop-capi"><span class="uc">To</span> contrive a self-trimming lamp. Let <span class="allsmcap">A B C</span> (fig. 33), +be a lamp through the mouth of which is inserted an +iron bar, <span class="allsmcap">D E</span>, capable of sliding freely about the point +<span class="allsmcap">E</span>, and let the wick be wound loosely about the bar. +Place near a toothed wheel <span class="allsmcap">F</span>, moving freely about +an axis, its teeth in contact with the iron bar, that, +as the wheel revolves, +the wick may be pushed +on by means of the +teeth. Let the opening +for the oil be of considerable +width, and +when the oil is poured +in let a small basin float +upon it, <span class="allsmcap">G</span>, to which is +attached a perpendicular +toothed bar, <span class="allsmcap">H</span>, the +teeth of which fit into +the teeth of the wheel. +It will be found that, as +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_53">[53]</span>the oil is consumed, the basin sinks and causes the wheel <span class="allsmcap">F</span> to revolve by +means of the teeth of the bar, and thus the wick is pushed on.</p> + + +<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop"> +<div class="chapter"> + <h2 class="nobreak" id="Sec_34"> + 34. <i>A Vessel from which Liquid may be made to flow, on any + portion of Water being poured into it.</i> + </h2> +</div> + + +<figure class="figright illowp30" id="fig34"> + <img class="w100" src="images/fig34.jpg" alt="Diagram of apparatus as described in text"> +</figure> + +<img class="drop-capi" src="images/i.jpg" alt="Stylized I"> +<p class="drop-capi"><span class="uc">If</span> into a vessel, provided at the bottom with an open +spout, liquid is poured, the spout shall sometimes run +from the first, sometimes +when the vessel +is half filled, and sometimes +not until the +whole is filled: in fine, when any proposed +quantity of liquid has been poured in, +the spout shall run until all is exhausted. +Let <span class="allsmcap">A B</span> (fig. 34), be the vessel, the neck +of which is closed: insert the tube <span class="allsmcap">C D</span>, +air-tight, through the partition, and let +it reach to the bottom of the vessel leaving +only a passage for the water. Let <span class="allsmcap">E F G</span> +be a bent siphon, the inner leg of which +extends nearly to the bottom of the vessel, +while the other projects without, being +fashioned in the shape of a water-spout: +the curve of the siphon must be close to +the neck of the vessel. In <span class="allsmcap">A B</span> make an +air-hole, <span class="allsmcap">H</span>, near the partition and leading +into the body of the vessel. If we intend the spout to run immediately +on the entrance of the liquid, we must place the finger on the vent <span class="allsmcap">H</span>, and +the spout will run, for as the air in the vessel has no way of retreat, the +liquid will rush out through the bent siphon. If we do not close <span class="allsmcap">H</span>, the +liquid will pass into the body of the vessel, and the spout cannot run +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_54">[54]</span>until we again close the vent: and then, if we set the vent free, the +siphon will exhaust all the liquid.</p> + + +<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop"> +<div class="chapter"> + <h2 class="nobreak block" id="Sec_35"> + 35. <i>A Vessel which will hold a certain quantity of Liquid when the + supply is continuous, will only receive a portion of such Liquid if + the supply is intermittent.</i> + </h2> +</div> + + +<figure class="figright illowp50" id="fig35"> + <img class="w100" src="images/fig35.jpg" alt="Diagram of apparatus as described in text"> +</figure> + +<img class="drop-capi" src="images/a.jpg" alt="Stylized A"> +<p class="drop-capi"><span class="uc">A vessel</span> can be made which, as long as you pour in +any liquid, admits it, but, if you once cease pouring, +holds no more: the construction is in this manner. +Let <span class="allsmcap">A B</span> (fig. 35), be a vessel, the neck of which is +closed by the partition <span class="allsmcap">C D</span>. Through the partition +insert the tube <span class="allsmcap">E F</span>, reaching nearly to the bottom, +and projecting above the partition +so as almost to reach +the brim of the vessel; and +let this tube be encircled by +another <span class="allsmcap">G H</span>, the top of which +is closed by a lid, at a sufficient +interval from the partition +and the tube <span class="allsmcap">E F</span> to admit +of the passage of water: in +<span class="allsmcap">A B</span> make an air-hole, <span class="allsmcap">K</span>, leading +into the body of the vessel. +Now, if we pour liquid into +the vessel’s neck, it will be +found that it will pass into +the body through the tubes +<span class="allsmcap">G H</span> and <span class="allsmcap">E F</span>, the air retreating +through the vent <span class="allsmcap">K</span>. But, +if we cease pouring, and the neck of the vessel becomes empty, the air +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_55">[55]</span>will break the continuity, so that any liquid in <span class="allsmcap">G H</span> will flow down and +fall upon the partition; for the breadth about the tube <span class="allsmcap">G H</span> should be +considerable, that the water may fall by its own weight. If more +liquid be poured in, the air confined in the tubes <span class="allsmcap">E F</span> and <span class="allsmcap">G H</span> will +not allow it to pass through, so that it will run over the brim of the +vessel.</p> + + +<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop"> +<div class="chapter"> + <h2 class="nobreak" id="Sec_36"> + 36. <i>A Satyr pouring Water from a Wine-skin into a full Washing-Basin, + without making the contents overflow.</i> + </h2> +</div> + + +<figure class="figright illowp60" id="fig36"> + <img class="w100" src="images/fig36.jpg" alt="Diagram of apparatus as described in text"> +</figure> + +<img class="drop-capi" src="images/c.jpg" alt="Stylized C"> +<p class="drop-capi"><span class="uc">Construct</span> on a pedestal the figure of a satyr holding +in his hands a wine-skin: place near a washing-basin, +and into this let some liquid be poured until +it is full; water shall be made to flow into the basin +without running over, until all the water in the +skin is exhausted. The following is the construction. +Let <span class="allsmcap">A B</span> (fig. +36), be a perfectly air-tight +pedestal, either +cylindrical or octagonal +in shape, as may +seem more elegant, +and divided into two +chambers by the partition +<span class="allsmcap">C D</span>, through +which the tube <span class="allsmcap">E F</span>, +fitting closely into the +partition, extends upwards +nearly to the +roof of the pedestal. +Through the roof insert +the tube <span class="allsmcap">G H</span>, projecting +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_56">[56]</span>slightly above the vessel, and lying exactly under the basin, +while, below, it reaches to the bottom except that room must be left for +the passage of water: this tube must be soldered into the roof of the +pedestal and the partition. Another tube, <span class="allsmcap">K L M</span>, must also be inserted +through the roof, reaching not quite so low as the partition, soldered +into the roof and carrying its stream into the basin, which lies above the +tube <span class="allsmcap">G H</span> and communicates with it. Now let the vessel <span class="allsmcap">A D</span> be filled with +water through an orifice <span class="allsmcap">N</span>, which must be afterwards closed. If water is +poured into the basin, it will pass through the tube <span class="allsmcap">G H</span> into the vessel <span class="allsmcap">B C</span>; +and the air in <span class="allsmcap">B C</span>, passing through the tube <span class="allsmcap">E F</span> and into the vessel <span class="allsmcap">A D</span>, +will force the liquid in <span class="allsmcap">A D</span> through <span class="allsmcap">K L M</span> into the basin; and this being +carried again into <span class="allsmcap">B C</span> will force out the contained air as before, which, +again, will force the water in the vessel <span class="allsmcap">A D</span> into the basin: and this +will go on until the water in <span class="allsmcap">A D</span> is exhausted. The tube <span class="allsmcap">K L M</span> must +pass through the mouth of the skin and be particularly fine, that the +display may last a considerable time.</p> + + +<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop"> +<div class="chapter"> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_57">[57]</span></p> + + + <h2 class="nobreak" id="Sec_37"> + 37. <i>Temple Doors opened by Fire on an Altar.</i> + </h2> +</div> + + +<img class="drop-capi" src="images/t.jpg" alt="Stylized T"> +<p class="drop-capi"><span class="uc">The</span> construction of a small temple such that, on lighting +a fire, the doors shall open spontaneously, and +shut again when the fire is extinguished. Let the +proposed temple stand on a pedestal, <span class="allsmcap">A B C D</span> (fig. 37), +on which lies a small altar, <span class="allsmcap">E D</span>. Through the altar +insert a tube, <span class="allsmcap">F G</span>, of which the mouth <span class="allsmcap">F</span> is within the +altar, and the mouth <span class="allsmcap">G</span> is contained in a globe, <span class="allsmcap">H</span>, reaching nearly to its +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_58">[58]</span>centre: the tube must be soldered into the globe, in which a bent siphon, +<span class="allsmcap">K L M</span>, is placed. Let the hinges of the doors be extended downwards +and turn freely on pivots in the base <span class="allsmcap">A B C D</span>; and from the hinges let +two chains, running into one, be attached, by means of a pulley, to a hollow +vessel, <span class="allsmcap">N X</span>, which is suspended; while other chains, wound upon the hinges +in an opposite direction to the former, and running into one, are attached, +by means of a pulley, to a leaden weight, on the descent of which the +doors will be shut. Let the outer leg of the siphon <span class="allsmcap">K L M</span> lead into the +suspended vessel; and through a hole, <span class="allsmcap">P</span>, which must be carefully closed +afterwards, pour water into the globe enough to fill one half of it. It will +be found that, when the fire has grown hot, the air in the altar becoming +heated expands into a larger space; and, passing through the tube <span class="allsmcap">F G</span> +into the globe, it will drive out the liquid contained there through the +siphon <span class="allsmcap">K L M</span> into the suspended vessel, which, descending with its +weight, will tighten the chains and open the doors. Again, when the +fire is extinguished, the rarefied air will escape through the pores in the +side of the globe, and the bent siphon, (the extremity of which will be +immersed in the water in the suspended vessel) will draw up the liquid +in the vessel in order to fill up the void left by the particles removed. +When the vessel is lightened the weight suspended will preponderate +and shut the doors. Some in place of water use quicksilver, as it is +heavier than water and is easily disunited by fire.</p> + +<figure class="figcenter illowp80" id="fig37"> + <img class="w100" src="images/fig37.jpg" alt="Diagram of apparatus as described in text"> +</figure> + + +<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop"> +<div class="chapter"> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_59">[59]</span></p> + + + <h2 class="nobreak" id="Sec_38"> + 38. <i>Other intermediate means of opening Temple Doors by Fire + on an Altar.</i> + </h2> +</div> + + +<img class="drop-capi" src="images/t.jpg" alt="Stylized T"> +<p class="drop-capi"><span class="uc">There</span> is another way in which, on lighting a fire, the +doors will open. As before, let a small temple stand +upon a base, <span class="allsmcap">A B C D</span> (fig. 38), on which is an altar, +<span class="allsmcap">E</span>. Let a tube, <span class="allsmcap">F G H</span>, pass through the altar and be +attached to a leathern bag, <span class="allsmcap">K</span>, perfectly air-tight: beneath +this let a small weight, <span class="allsmcap">L</span>, hang, from which a +chain is attached across a pulley to the chains round the hinges, so that, +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_60">[60]</span>when the bag is folded together, the weight <span class="allsmcap">L</span> preponderates and shuts +the doors, and when fire is placed on the altar they are opened. For, +as before, the air in the altar growing hot, and expanding, will pass +through the tube <span class="allsmcap">F G H</span> into the bag, and raise it up with the weight <span class="allsmcap">L</span>; +and then the doors will be opened. The doors will either open of themselves, +as the doors of baths shut spontaneously, or they may have a +counterbalancing weight to open them. When the sacrifice is extinguished, +and the air which has entered the bag passes out, the weight, +descending with the bag, will tighten the chains and close the doors.</p> + + +<figure class="figcenter illowp70" id="fig38"> + <img class="w100" src="images/fig38.jpg" alt="Diagram of apparatus as described in text"> +</figure> + +<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop"> +<div class="chapter"> + <h2 class="nobreak block" id="Sec_39"> + 39. <i>Wine flowing from a Vessel may be arrested on the Introduction + of Water, but, when the Supply + of Water ceases, the Wine flows + again.</i> + </h2> +</div> + + +<figure class="figright illowp50" id="fig39"> + <img class="w100" src="images/fig39.jpg" alt="Diagram of apparatus as described in text"> +</figure> + +<img class="drop-capi" src="images/i.jpg" alt="Stylized I"> +<p class="drop-capi"><span class="uc">If</span> there be a +vessel containing +wine, and +provided with +three spouts, +wine shall flow +through the middle of the three; +and, when water is poured in, +the stream of wine shall cease, +and water shall flow through +the other two; again, when the +stream of water ceases, wine shall +flow through the middle spout: +and this shall take place as often +as we pour in water. Let <span class="allsmcap">A B</span> +(fig. 39), be a vessel, the neck of +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_61">[61]</span>which is closed by the partition <span class="allsmcap">C D</span>, and having a spout, <span class="allsmcap">E</span>, at the bottom. +Let two tubes, <span class="allsmcap">F G H</span>, <span class="allsmcap">K L M</span>, terminating in spouts, pass through +the partition and project above it; and round the projecting parts place +other tubes, <span class="allsmcap">N</span>, <span class="allsmcap">X</span>, covered with lids at the top and extending to the +partition except a passage for the water. Another tube, <span class="allsmcap">P</span>, reaching +nearly up to the partition, communicates with <span class="allsmcap">F G H</span>. Having first +closed the spout <span class="allsmcap">E</span>, fill the vessel<del class="corr" title="Transcriber's Note—Corrigenda change was: ," id="c6"> </del><span class="allsmcap">A B</span> with wine through an orifice, <span class="allsmcap">Q</span>, +which must be carefully closed afterwards. When <span class="allsmcap">E</span> is set free it will +be found that wine flows through it, for air enters from without into the +void created, through the orifice <span class="allsmcap">H</span> and the tube <span class="allsmcap">P</span>. Now, if we pour +water upon the partition <span class="allsmcap">C D</span>, it will be carried out through the tubes +<span class="allsmcap">F G H</span>, <span class="allsmcap">K L M</span>; but, as the air has no means of entering the vessel <span class="allsmcap">A B</span>, +the wine will cease to flow until all the water has escaped, when the air +finds an entrance again and the wine flows. Instead of the tube <span class="allsmcap">P</span>, +another tube, <span class="allsmcap">R S</span>, may be used, piercing through the partition, about +which another, <span class="allsmcap">T U</span>, must lie, like the tubes <span class="allsmcap">N</span> and <span class="allsmcap">X</span>, but higher than +those, so that <span class="allsmcap">R S</span> may rise above the lip of the vessel. The same result +will follow.</p> + + +<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop"> +<div class="chapter"> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_62">[62]</span></p> + + + <h2 class="nobreak" id="Sec_40"> + 40. <i>On an Apple being lifted, Hercules shoots a Dragon + which then hisses.</i> + </h2> +</div> + + +<figure class="figright illowp70" id="fig40"> + <img class="w100" src="images/fig40.jpg" alt="Diagram of apparatus as described in text"> +</figure> + +<img class="drop-capi" src="images/o.jpg" alt="Stylized O"> +<p class="drop-capi"><span class="uc">On</span> a pedestal is placed a small tree round which a serpent +or dragon is coiled; a figure of Hercules stands +near shooting from a bow, and an apple lies upon +the pedestal: if any one raises, with the hand, the +apple a little from the pedestal, <ins class="corr" title="Transcriber's Note—Corrigenda change was: the Hercules" id="c7">Hercules</ins> shall +discharge his arrow at the serpent and the serpent +hiss. Let <span class="allsmcap">A B</span> (fig. 40) be the proposed pedestal, air-tight and divided +by a partition, <span class="allsmcap">C D</span>. +Fixed in the partition +is a hollow truncated +cone, <span class="allsmcap">E F</span>, the lesser circle +of which, <span class="allsmcap">F</span>, is open +and approaches to the +bottom of the pedestal, +leaving a sufficient interval +for the passage +of water. To this cone +must be tightly fitted +another cone <span class="allsmcap">H</span>, attached +by means of a +chain through a hole +in the surface, to the +apple <span class="allsmcap">K</span>, which lies on +the pedestal. Let +<ins class="corr" title="Transcriber's Note—Corrigenda change was: the Hercules" id="c8">Hercules</ins> hold a small +bow of horn, the string of which is stretched, and at the proper distance +from the hand. In the right hand, and directed towards the serpent, +let there be a hand in every respect similar to the visible hand, but +smaller, and holding the trigger. From the extremity of the trigger +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_63">[63]</span>let a chain, or cord, proceed through the pedestal and be attached to a +pulley, which is placed above the partition, and again to the chain which +is connected with the cone and apple. Now we must draw the bow, +and placing the trigger beneath the hand, close it so that the cord is +stretched and draws the apple tightly downwards: the cord must +run inside <ins class="corr" title="Transcriber's Note—Corrigenda change was: the Hercules" id="c9">Hercules</ins> and through the body and hand. From the +partition let a small tube, one of those which are used to whistle, extend +above the pedestal and pass under the tree or along its trunk. +Then fill the vessel <span class="allsmcap">A D</span> with water. Let <span class="allsmcap">L M</span> be the tree, <span class="allsmcap">N X</span> the bow, <span class="allsmcap">S +P</span> the string, <span class="allsmcap">R S</span> the hand that grasps the bow, <span class="allsmcap">T U</span> the trigger, <span class="allsmcap">Q W</span> the +cord, <span class="allsmcap">W</span> the pulley round which the cord runs, and <span class="allsmcap">Y Z</span> the whistling +pipe. Now if some one raise the apple <span class="allsmcap">K</span>, he will at the same time raise +the cone <span class="allsmcap">H</span>, tighten the cord <span class="allsmcap">Q W</span>, and draw back the hand, so that the +arrow is discharged: and the water in <span class="allsmcap">A D</span>, being carried into <span class="allsmcap">B C</span>, will +drive out the air contained in <span class="allsmcap">B C</span> through the pipe, and produce the +hissing sound. When the apple is replaced, the cone <span class="allsmcap">H</span> fitting again +into the other, will stop the stream of water so that no sound is produced. +We must now re-arrange the arrow and leave it. If the vessel +<span class="allsmcap">B C</span> is full, it can be emptied again by means of a spout with a key: <span class="allsmcap">A D</span> +must be filled as before.</p> + + +<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop"> +<div class="chapter"> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_64">[64]</span></p> + + + <h2 class="nobreak" id="Sec_41"> + 41. <i>A Vessel from which uniform Quantities only of Liquid + can be poured.</i> + </h2> +</div> + + +<figure class="figright illowp35" id="fig41"> + <img class="w100" src="images/fig41.jpg" alt="Diagram of apparatus as described in text"> +</figure> + +<img class="drop-capi" src="images/t.jpg" alt="Stylized T"> +<p class="drop-capi"><span class="uc">The</span> following is the construction of the vessel called a +dicæometer, which, having been filled with liquid, +discharges an equal quantity +every time it is inverted. +Let <span class="allsmcap">A B</span> (fig. +41), be a vessel the neck +of which is closed by the partition <span class="allsmcap">A B</span>: near +its bottom let there be a small globe, <span class="allsmcap">C</span>, +holding the measure of water we intend +to flow out. Through the partition insert +a small and very fine tube, <span class="allsmcap">D E</span>, communicating +with the globe. In the lower part +of the globe perforate a small hole, <span class="allsmcap">F</span>, from +which a pipe, <span class="allsmcap">F G</span>, extends upwards, running +just beneath, and communicating with, the +handle of the vessel which is hollow. Near +the hole just mentioned make another at <span class="allsmcap">L</span> +towards the body of the vessel: the handle +also must have a vent at <span class="allsmcap">H</span>. Having first +stopped the vent <span class="allsmcap">H</span> we must fill the vessel +with liquid through a hole which must +afterwards be carefully closed, or the vessel +may even be filled through the tube <span class="allsmcap">D E</span> +itself, a fine hole, however, being made in +the body of the vessel through which the air can be driven out; and +the globe <span class="allsmcap">C</span> will be filled with liquid at the same time through the tube +<span class="allsmcap">D E</span>. Now, if we invert the vessel and set the vent <span class="allsmcap">H</span> free, the liquid in +the globe <span class="allsmcap">C</span> and the tube <span class="allsmcap">D E</span> will flow out. If we again close the vent +and restore the vessel to its original position, the globe and tube will +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_65">[65]</span>be filled again, for the air they contain will be driven out by the liquid +rushing in; and, when the vessel is once more inverted, a like quantity +of liquid will again flow out, except indeed with some difference as to +the tube <span class="allsmcap">D E</span>, for it will not be always filled, but as the vessel grows +empty it will be empty itself: this difference however is extremely small.</p> + + +<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop"> +<div class="chapter"> + <h2 class="nobreak" id="Sec_42"> + 42. <i>A Water Jet actuated by compressed Air from the Lungs.</i> + </h2> +</div> + + +<figure class="figright illowp50" id="fig42"> + <img class="w100" src="images/fig42.jpg" alt="Diagram of apparatus as described in text"> +</figure> + +<img class="drop-capi" src="images/t.jpg" alt="Stylized T"> +<p class="drop-capi"><span class="uc">There</span> are vessels from which water is forced up by +blowing into them. Through the neck of the vessel +(fig. 42), a tube is +inserted, reaching +nearly to the +bottom, and soldered +in at its mouth. Stop this +mouth with the finger, and pour in +some liquid through a hole: then, +having blown into the vessel through +the same hole, close it by means +of a key, and set free the mouth +of the tube; the liquid will be made +to spout up through the orifice by +the compressed air which was +blown in.</p> + + +<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop"> +<div class="chapter"> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_66">[66]</span></p> + + + <h2 class="nobreak" id="Sec_43"> + 43. <i>Notes from a Bird produced at intervals by an intermittent + Stream of Water.</i> + </h2> +</div> + + +<figure class="figright illowp50" id="fig43"> + <img class="w100" src="images/fig43.jpg" alt="Diagram of apparatus as described in text"> +</figure> + +<img class="drop-capi" src="images/t.jpg" alt="Stylized T"> +<p class="drop-capi"><span class="uc">The</span> notes of birds are produced at intervals as follows. +Take an air-tight vessel (fig. 43), through which a +funnel is inserted, the tube being far enough from the +bottom of the vessel to allow of the passage of water. +Above the funnel is placed a hollow vessel, turning +on pivots, and having a weight below, into which +water is continually carried. So +long as the vessel on the pivots +is empty it will be found to remain +upright, for a weight is attached +to its bottom; but, when +the vessel is filled the water is +overturned into the air-tight +vessel, and the air contained in +the vessel being driven out +through a small pipe will produce +the sound. The vessel is +emptied of water by means of a +bent siphon, and, while it is being +emptied, the vessel on pivots +is again filled and overturned. +It will be requisite that the +stream of water should not fall into the centre of the vessel on pivots, +that when filled it may be inverted speedily.</p> + + +<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop"> +<div class="chapter"> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_67">[67]</span></p> + + + <h2 class="nobreak" id="Sec_44"> + 44. <i>Notes produced from several Birds in succession, by a + Stream of Water.</i> + </h2> +</div> + + +<figure class="figright illowp50" id="fig44"> + <img class="w100" src="images/fig44.jpg" alt="Diagram of apparatus as described in text"> +</figure> + +<img class="drop-capi" src="images/s.jpg" alt="Stylized S"> +<p class="drop-capi"><span class="uc">Sounds</span> are produced at intervals in another way as +follows. A vessel is taken (fig. 44), provided with +several transverse +partitions. +In the +chambers are +placed siphons conducting into +the chambers beneath, the +streams through them being +unequal. In the lower compartment +is placed the pipe +which produces the sound, and +the stream of water falls into +the upper compartment. It +will be found that when the +upper chamber is filled, the +water passes through the siphon +placed there into the chamber +below, until it has arrived at +the lowest, and the vessel being +air-tight, the air in this chamber +is driven out through the pipe +and produces the sound.</p> + + +<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop"> +<div class="chapter"> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_68">[68]</span></p> + + + <h2 class="nobreak" id="Sec_45"> + 45. <i>A Jet of Steam supporting a Sphere.</i> + </h2> +</div> + + +<figure class="figright illowp50" id="fig45"> + <img class="w100" src="images/fig45.jpg" alt="Diagram of apparatus as described in text"> +</figure> + +<img class="drop-capi" src="images/b.jpg" alt="Stylized B"> +<p class="drop-capi"><span class="uc">Balls</span> are supported aloft in the following manner. +Underneath a cauldron +(fig. 45), containing +water and +closed at the top, a +fire is lighted. From +the covering a tube runs upwards, at the +extremity of which, and communicating +with it, is a hollow hemisphere. If +we put a light ball into the hemisphere, +it will be found that the steam from the +cauldron, rising through the tube, lifts +the ball so that it is suspended.</p> + + +<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop"> +<div class="chapter"> + <h2 class="nobreak" id="Sec_46"> + 46. <i>The World represented in the Centre of the Universe.</i> + </h2> +</div> + + +<figure class="figright illowp50" id="fig46"> + <img class="w100" src="images/fig46.jpg" alt="Diagram of apparatus as described in text"> +</figure> + +<img class="drop-capi" src="images/t.jpg" alt="Stylized T"> +<p class="drop-capi"><span class="uc">The</span> construction of a transparent globe containing air +and liquid, and also +of a smaller globe, in +the centre, in imitation +of the world. +Two hemispheres +of glass are made (fig. 46): one of +them is covered with a plate of bronze, +in the middle of which is a round +hole, To fit this hole a light ball, of +small size, is constructed, and thrown +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_69">[69]</span>into the water contained in the other hemisphere: the covered hemisphere +is next applied to this, and, a certain quantity of liquid having +been removed from the water, the intermediate space will contain the +ball; thus by the application of the second hemisphere what was proposed +is accomplished.</p> + + +<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop"> +<div class="chapter"> + <h2 class="nobreak" id="Sec_47"> + 47. <i>A Fountain which trickles by the Action of the Sun’s Rays.</i> + </h2> +</div> + + +<figure class="figright illowp60" id="fig47"> + <img class="w100" src="images/fig47.jpg" alt="Diagram of apparatus as described in text"> +</figure> + +<img class="drop-capi" src="images/t.jpg" alt="Stylized T"> +<p class="drop-capi"><span class="uc">The</span> “fountain” as it is called may be made to trickle as +long as the sun falls upon it. Let there be an air-tight +pedestal, <span class="allsmcap">A B C D</span> (fig. 47), through which a funnel +is inserted, its tube extending within a very little of +the bottom. Let <span class="allsmcap">E F</span> be a globe, from which a tube +leads into the pedestal, (reaching nearly to the bottom +of the pedestal and to the +circumference of the globe,) +while a bent siphon, fitted +into the globe, leads into +the funnel. Now pour water +into the globe; and when +the sun falls upon the +globe, the air in it, being +heated, will drive out the +liquid, which will be carried +along the siphon <span class="allsmcap">G</span>, and +pass through the funnel into +the pedestal. But when the +globe is in the shade, the +air having escaped through +the globe, the tube will +again suck up the liquid, and fill the void which had been produced; +and this will take place as often as the sun falls upon the globe.</p> + + +<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop"> +<div class="chapter"> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_70">[70]</span></p> + + + <h2 class="nobreak" id="Sec_48"> + 48. <i>A Thyrsus made to whistle by being submerged in Water.</i> + </h2> +</div> + + +<figure class="figright illowp35" id="fig48"> + <img class="w100" src="images/fig48.jpg" alt="Diagram of apparatus as described in text"> +</figure> + +<img class="drop-capi" src="images/b.jpg" alt="Stylized B"> +<p class="drop-capi"><span class="uc">By</span> immersing a thyrsus in water to produce the sound +either of a pipe or of any bird. Let <span class="allsmcap">A B C D</span> (fig. +48), be a thyrsus; and +at the extremity of its +head, which must be +hollow and shaped like +a fir-cone, let there be an orifice <span class="allsmcap">D</span>. Close +the shaft a little below the mouth by the +partition <span class="allsmcap">A E</span>, and place near it a small pipe, +<span class="allsmcap">F</span>, just beneath the mouth of the tube, and +passing through an orifice in the partition. +If we insert the thyrsus in water and force +it downwards, the air contained in it being +driven out by the water will produce a +sound. If there is nothing but the pipe we +shall have a whistle only; but if there is +any quantity of water under the partition +there will be a gurgling sound.</p> + + +<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop"> +<div class="chapter"> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_71">[71]</span></p> + + + <h2 class="nobreak" id="Sec_49"> + 49. <i>A Trumpet, in the Hands of an Automaton, sounded by + compressed Air.</i> + </h2> +</div> + + +<figure class="figright illowp50" id="fig49"> + <img class="w100" src="images/fig49.jpg" alt="Diagram of apparatus as described in text"> +</figure> + +<img class="drop-capi" src="images/a.jpg" alt="Stylized A"> +<p class="drop-capi"><span class="uc">A figure</span> stands upon a pedestal having a trumpet in +its mouth: if it be blown into, the trumpet shall +sound. Let <span class="allsmcap">A B +C D</span> (fig. 49), +be an air-tight +pedestal on +which a figure stands, and within +the pedestal let there be a hollow +hemisphere, <span class="allsmcap">E F G</span>, covered over at +the top and having small holes in +the bottom. From the hemisphere +a tube, <span class="allsmcap">H F</span>, extends upwards +into the figure in the direction of +the trumpet, which is provided +with a mouthpiece. Pour liquid +into the pedestal through a hole +which must be afterwards stopped +again by means of [a valve or tap +called] a smerisma. Now, if we +blow into the bell of the trumpet, +the air passing from us will force +out through the holes the water +in the hemisphere, which will +mount up into the pedestal: but +when we withdraw the breath, the water will enter the hemisphere +again and force out the air, which, passing out through the mouthpiece, +will produce the sound of a trumpet.</p> + + +<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop"> +<div class="chapter"> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_72">[72]</span></p> + + + <h2 class="nobreak" id="Sec_50"> + 50. <i>The Steam-Engine.</i> + </h2> +</div> + + +<figure class="figright illowp50" id="fig50"> + <img class="w100" src="images/fig50.jpg" alt="Diagram of apparatus as described in text"> +</figure> + +<img class="drop-capi" src="images/p.jpg" alt="Stylized P"> +<p class="drop-capi"><span class="uc">Place</span> a cauldron over a fire: a ball shall revolve on +a pivot. A fire is lighted under a cauldron, <span class="allsmcap">A B</span>, (fig. +50), containing water, and covered at the mouth by +the lid <span class="allsmcap">C D</span>: with this the bent tube <span class="allsmcap">E F G</span> communicates, +the extremity of the tube being fitted into a +hollow ball, <span class="allsmcap">H K</span>. Opposite to the extremity <span class="allsmcap">G</span> place a +pivot, <span class="allsmcap">L M</span>, resting on the lid <span class="allsmcap">C D</span>; +and let the ball contain two +bent pipes, communicating with +it at the opposite extremities of +a diameter, and bent in opposite +directions, the bends being +at right angles and across the +lines <span class="allsmcap">F G</span>, <span class="allsmcap">L M</span>. As the cauldron +gets hot it will be found that +the steam, entering the ball +through <span class="allsmcap">E F G</span>, passes out through +the bent tubes towards the lid, +and causes the ball to revolve, +as in the case of the dancing +figures.</p> + + +<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop"> +<div class="chapter"> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_73">[73]</span></p> + + + <h2 class="nobreak" id="Sec_51"> + 51. <i>A Vessel from which flowing Water may be stopped at pleasure.</i> + </h2> +</div> + + +<figure class="figright illowp70" id="fig51"> + <img class="w100" src="images/fig51.jpg" alt="Diagram of apparatus as described in text"> +</figure> + +<img class="drop-capi" src="images/i.jpg" alt="Stylized I"> +<p class="drop-capi"><span class="uc">If</span> a bowl stands upon a pedestal and has an open water-spout, +the discharge shall suddenly cease, though +there be no slide or tap attached to shut the spout. +Let <span class="allsmcap">A B</span> (fig. 51), be the bowl on the pedestal <span class="allsmcap">C</span>: through +the bottom of the bowl and the pedestal insert a +tube, <span class="allsmcap">D E F</span>, terminating in a spout; and at the handle +of the vessel fix a bar, +<span class="allsmcap">G H</span>, against which another +bar, <span class="allsmcap">K L</span>, may +move about the pin <span class="allsmcap">H</span>: +at the extremity <span class="allsmcap">K</span> place +a vertical bar, <span class="allsmcap">K M</span>, +moving about the pin +<span class="allsmcap">K</span>: to this bar let a box, +<span class="allsmcap">N X</span>, be attached at +<span class="allsmcap">M</span>, having weight, and +large enough to inclose +the tube <span class="allsmcap">D E F</span>. When +the bowl is full, if we +depress the extremity +<span class="allsmcap">L</span> of the bar, the box +<span class="allsmcap">N X</span> will ascend, and, +when this is raised, +the water in the bowl +will be carried out +through the tube <span class="allsmcap">D E F</span>: but if the extremity <span class="allsmcap">L</span> be set free, the box will +descend and encompass the tube <span class="allsmcap">D E F</span>, and the air it contains, having +no way of escape, will disconnect the liquid round the tube <span class="allsmcap">D E F</span>, and +prevent it from being further carried out through the mouth <span class="allsmcap">D</span>. When +we again depress the extremity <span class="allsmcap">L</span> the spout will run as before.</p> + + +<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop"> +<div class="chapter"> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_74">[74]</span></p> + + + <h2 class="nobreak" id="Sec_52"> + 52. <i>A Drinking-Horn in which a peculiarly formed Siphon is fixed.</i> + </h2> +</div> + + +<figure class="figright illowp60" id="fig52"> + <img class="w100" src="images/fig52.jpg" alt="Diagram of apparatus as described in text"> +</figure> + +<img class="drop-capi" src="images/t.jpg" alt="Stylized T"> +<p class="drop-capi"><span class="uc">The</span> construction of a drinking-horn such that, if a +cover of glass be placed upon it, while a discharge is +going on from the vessel, the liquid shall ascend into +the glass cover and be thrown back. <span class="allsmcap">A B C</span> (fig. 52), +is a drinking-horn, closed by the covering <span class="allsmcap">D E</span>; and +from <span class="allsmcap">D E</span> extend two tubes, <span class="allsmcap">F G</span>, <span class="allsmcap">H K</span>, one of them, <span class="allsmcap">H K</span>, +leading into the interior of the +vessel, the other, <span class="allsmcap">F G</span>, leading +outside. A glass cover, <span class="allsmcap">M N</span>, +incloses this; and in the top, +<span class="allsmcap">D E</span>, outside the glass vessel, +is an aperture, <span class="allsmcap">X</span>, through +which water may be poured. +When the horn is filled +through this aperture, the +tube <span class="allsmcap">H K</span> will be filled at the +same time, and as the water +is poured in it will ascend +into the glass vessel so as to +be carried outside through +the tube <span class="allsmcap">F G</span>. Thus we shall +have the arrangement of a +bent siphon, of which <span class="allsmcap">H K</span> +is the smaller leg and <span class="allsmcap">F G</span> +the greater, so that it will attract the liquid in the horn as it ascends +into the cover; it will also attract the air contained in the cover, which +is lighter than the liquid, and the water will appear to be thrown back +into the void space left by the air and to descend by its own weight; +for this upward motion is contrary to its nature.</p> + + +<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop"> +<div class="chapter"> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_75">[75]</span></p> + + + <h2 class="nobreak" id="Sec_53"> + 53. <i>A Vessel in which Water and Air ascend and descend alternately.</i> + </h2> +</div> + + +<figure class="figright illowp40" id="fig53"> + <img class="w100" src="images/fig53.jpg" alt="Diagram of apparatus as described in text"> +</figure> + +<img class="drop-capi" src="images/t.jpg" alt="Stylized T"> +<p class="drop-capi"><span class="uc">There</span> is also another contrivance by which liquid is +borne steadily upwards and remains, so as to seem +perpetually ascending. +Let <span class="allsmcap">A B</span> (fig. +53), be a perfectly +air-tight pedestal, +furnished with a partition, <span class="allsmcap">C D</span>, and a +cylindrical glass cover, <span class="allsmcap">E F</span>, also perfectly +air-tight. In the cover <span class="allsmcap">E F</span> let +there be a tube, <span class="allsmcap">G H</span>, reaching nearly to +the top, and passing through an orifice +in the partition <span class="allsmcap">C D</span>, and another tube, +<span class="allsmcap">K L</span>, passing through the top of the pedestal +but not descending quite so low +as the partition. In the pedestal, and +outside the glass cover, let there be an +aperture, <span class="allsmcap">M</span>, through which the vessel <span class="allsmcap">A +D</span> is to be filled, and near the bottom of +the pedestal a spout, <span class="allsmcap">N</span>; also one other +tube, <span class="allsmcap">X O</span>, passing through the partition +and reaching nearly to the bottom of +the pedestal, through which the vessel +<span class="allsmcap">C B</span> may be filled. If the spout, <span class="allsmcap">N</span>, be +closed the air in <span class="allsmcap">C B</span> will pass out +through the tubes <span class="allsmcap">G H</span>, <span class="allsmcap">K L</span>, and the hole <span class="allsmcap">M</span>; and when <span class="allsmcap">C B</span> is full we +must fill <span class="allsmcap">A D</span> through the hole <span class="allsmcap">M</span>, for the air contained in it will pass out +through the same hole. Now, if we set the spout <span class="allsmcap">N</span> free, the air in the +glass cover will pass through the tube <span class="allsmcap">G H</span> into the void space left +in <span class="allsmcap">C B</span>, and water will ascend from <span class="allsmcap">A D</span> through the tube <span class="allsmcap">K L</span> into the +void space left in the cover, while into the void of the vessel <span class="allsmcap">A D</span> air +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_76">[76]</span>will enter through the aperture <span class="allsmcap">M</span>; and this will go on until the glass cover +is filled: but the spaces <span class="allsmcap">A D</span>, <span class="allsmcap">C B</span>, <span class="allsmcap">E F</span>, must be of equal capacity that the +air and water may take the place of one another. When <span class="allsmcap">C B</span> is exhausted +and the continuity of the air is broken, the water will again descend out +of the glass cover into <span class="allsmcap">A D</span>, air passing into the cover through the spout +<span class="allsmcap">N</span> and the tube <span class="allsmcap">G H</span>. The air in <span class="allsmcap">A D</span> will pass out through the aperture <span class="allsmcap">M</span>.</p> + + +<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop"> +<div class="chapter"> + <h2 class="nobreak" id="Sec_54"> + 54. <i>Water driven from the Mouth of a Wine-skin in the Hands of a + Satyr, by means of compressed Air.</i> + </h2> +</div> + + +<figure class="figright illowp60" id="fig54"> + <img class="w100" src="images/fig54.jpg" alt="Diagram of apparatus as described in text"> +</figure> + +<img class="drop-capi" src="images/i.jpg" alt="Stylized I"> +<p class="drop-capi"><span class="uc">If</span> wind is blown through the mouth of certain figures, +they spout up water through some other place. For +example, if a satyr holds a wine-skin, water shall be +spouted up through the skin. <span class="allsmcap">A B C D</span> (fig. 54), is +an air-tight pedestal on which the figure is placed; +through the mouth of the figure a tube, <span class="allsmcap">E F</span>, is inserted, +communicating +with the pedestal, and +having underneath it a +small plate, <span class="allsmcap">G H</span>, which +closes the aperture <span class="allsmcap">F</span> +of the tube, and is +supported by pins to +which buttons are attached, +that the plate +may not fall off. Another +tube, <span class="allsmcap">K L</span>, is passed +through the pedestal, +of which the extremity, +<span class="allsmcap">K</span>, must be contiguous +to the point at which +the water-jet is to be, +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_77">[77]</span>and the extremity, <span class="allsmcap">L</span>, reach to the bottom of the pedestal, leaving only +a passage for the water. At the extremity <span class="allsmcap">K</span> there must be a valve +or tap by which the aperture <span class="allsmcap">K</span>, which is very small, may be shut. +Now if we pour any quantity of water into the pedestal through a hole, +which we must afterwards stop, and, having closed the aperture <span class="allsmcap">K</span>, blow +in air through the tube <span class="allsmcap">E F</span>, the air blown in will thrust aside the plate +and descend into the pedestal: and, if this is done several times, the air +in the pedestal will be compressed and close the plate. Let the valve or +tap be opened, and after a short time the compressed air will drive the +liquid in the pedestal violently out through the aperture <span class="allsmcap">K</span>, until all the +liquid is spouted up, and the air is brought back to its natural state, +that is, in which it is no longer subject to compression.</p> + + +<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop"> +<div class="chapter"> + <h2 class="nobreak block" id="Sec_55"> + 55. <i>A Vessel, out of which Water + flows as it is poured in, but if the + supply is withheld, Water will not + flow again, until the Vessel is half + filled; and on the supply being + again stopped, it will not then flow + until the Vessel is filled.</i> + </h2> +</div> + + +<figure class="figright illowp40" id="fig55"> + <img class="w100" src="images/fig55.jpg" alt="Diagram of apparatus as described in text"> +</figure> + +<img class="drop-capi" src="images/t.jpg" alt="Stylized T"> +<p class="drop-capi"><span class="uc">There</span> are some vessels +which, when water +is poured in, flow +immediately, but, if +we discontinue pouring +for a short space, +do not flow again, though water is poured +in afresh, till they are half full, +when they begin to flow once more; and +if we discontinue again, do not flow +any more till they are quite full. Let +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_78">[78]</span><span class="allsmcap">A B</span> (fig. 55), be a vessel containing, concealed in its interior, three +siphons, <span class="allsmcap">C</span>, <span class="allsmcap">D</span>, <span class="allsmcap">E</span>, one leg of each being near the bottom of the vessel, +while the other, fashioned into a water-spout, conducts outside the vessel. +At the outer extremities of the siphons, apply vessels, <span class="allsmcap">F</span>, <span class="allsmcap">G</span>, <span class="allsmcap">H</span>, the +bottoms of which are far enough from the orifices of the siphons to admit +the passage of water between; and let all this be encompassed by +another vessel, as it were a pedestal, <span class="allsmcap">K L M N</span>, which is provided with a +spout at <span class="allsmcap">X</span>. Let the bend of the siphon <span class="allsmcap">C</span> be close to the bottom of the +vessel <span class="allsmcap">A B</span>; that of <span class="allsmcap">D</span>, half way up its height, and that of <span class="allsmcap">E</span>, near the +neck. Now, if we pour water into the vessel <span class="allsmcap">A B</span>, it will immediately +flow through the siphon <span class="allsmcap">C</span> since its bend is near the bottom: but, if we +cease pouring, the liquid poured in will be drawn off through the pipe +<span class="allsmcap">F</span>, and the vessel <span class="allsmcap">F</span> will be found full of water, while the other part of +the siphon <span class="allsmcap">C</span> will be full of air. Consequently, when liquid is again +poured into the vessel, it will not pass through the siphon <span class="allsmcap">C</span>, owing to +the air which is contained in the siphon between the water which is +being poured in and that in the vessel <span class="allsmcap">F</span>. The liquid will therefore rise +as high as the bend of the siphon <span class="allsmcap">D</span>, which is at the middle of the vessel, +and then it will begin to flow: but, if we again cease pouring, the +same will happen as has been explained in the case of the siphon <span class="allsmcap">C</span>. A +like result must be imagined with the siphon <span class="allsmcap">E</span>. It will be necessary to +pour in the stream gently, that the air intercepted in the siphon may +not be forcibly driven out.</p> + + +<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop"> +<div class="chapter"> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_79">[79]</span></p> + + + <h2 class="nobreak" id="Sec_56"> + 56. <i>A Cupping-Glass, to which is attached<del class="corr" title="Transcriber's Note—Corrigenda change was: ," id="c10"> </del> an Air-exhausted + Compartment.</i> + </h2> +</div> + + +<figure class="figright illowp60" id="fig56"> + <img class="w100" src="images/fig56.jpg" alt="Diagram of apparatus as described in text"> +</figure> + +<img class="drop-capi" src="images/t.jpg" alt="Stylized T"> +<p class="drop-capi"><span class="uc">The</span> construction of a cupping-glass which shall attract +without the aid of fire. Let <span class="allsmcap">A B C</span> (fig. 56), be a cupping-glass, +such as is usually applied to the body, +having a partition across it, <span class="allsmcap">D E</span>: through the bottom +of the cupping-glass let two sliding tubes be inserted, +<span class="allsmcap">F G</span> being the outer tube and <span class="allsmcap">H K</span> the inner; and in +these, but outside the cupping-glass, +pierce corresponding +holes, <span class="allsmcap">L</span> and <span class="allsmcap">M</span>. +Let the inner extremities +of both the tubes be open, +but the outer extremity of +<span class="allsmcap">H K</span> be closed and provided +with a handle. Under +the partition <span class="allsmcap">D E</span> place +another pair of sliding +tubes, <span class="allsmcap">N X</span>, like those just +described; but the corresponding +holes must be +within the cupping-glass, +and be precisely adapted +to a hole in the partition. +When these perforations +are complete, let the handles of the sliding tubes be turned round, so +that the holes in the lower tubes may be in a line, while those under the +partition, not being allowed to coincide, remain closed. Now, the +chamber <span class="allsmcap">D C</span> being full of air, by applying the orifice <span class="allsmcap">L M</span> to the mouth +we can suck out a portion of that air; and then, by turning the handle +again and not removing the tubes from the mouth, we can keep the air +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_80">[80]</span>in the vessel <span class="allsmcap">C D</span> rarefied; and this must be repeated until we have +drawn off a large quantity of air. Then, applying the glass to the flesh +in the usual manner, we open the holes in the sliding tubes <span class="allsmcap">N X</span> by +means of the handle; and it must follow that some of the air in the vessel +<span class="allsmcap">A D E</span> will pass into the place of the air withdrawn from <span class="allsmcap">C D</span>, while +into the void thus created both the flesh and the matter about it will be +drawn up through the interstices of the flesh which we call invisible +spaces or pores.</p> + + +<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop"> +<div class="chapter"> + <h2 class="nobreak" id="Sec_57"> + 57. <i>Description of a Syringe.</i> + </h2> +</div> + + +<figure class="figright illowp30" id="fig57"> + <img class="w100" src="images/fig57.jpg" alt="Diagram of apparatus as described in text"> +</figure> + +<img class="drop-capi" src="images/t.jpg" alt="Stylized T"> +<p class="drop-capi"><span class="uc">The</span> instrument called a pyulcus acts on the same principle. +A hollow tube, of some length, is made, <span class="allsmcap">A B</span> +(fig. 57); into this another +tube, <span class="allsmcap">C D</span>, is nicely fitted, to +the extremity <span class="allsmcap">C</span> of which +is fastened a small plate or +piston, and at <span class="allsmcap">D</span> is a handle, <span class="allsmcap">E F</span>. Cover the +orifice <span class="allsmcap">A</span> of the tube <span class="allsmcap">A B</span> with a plate in which +an extremely fine tube, <span class="allsmcap">G H</span>, is fixed, its bore +communicating with <span class="allsmcap">A B</span> through the plate. +When we desire to draw forth any pus we +must apply the extreme orifice of the small +tube, <span class="allsmcap">H</span>, to the part in which the matter is, +and draw the tube <span class="allsmcap">C D</span> outwards by means of +the handle. As a vacuum is thus produced +in <span class="allsmcap">A B</span> something else must enter to fill it, and +as there is no other passage but through the +mouth of the small tube, we shall of necessity +draw up through this any fluid that may be +near. Again, when we wish to inject any +liquid, we place it in the tube <span class="allsmcap">A B</span>, and, taking hold of <span class="allsmcap">E F</span>, depress the tube +<span class="allsmcap">C D</span>, and force down the liquid until we think the injection is effected.</p> + + +<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop"> +<div class="chapter"> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_81">[81]</span></p> + + + <h2 class="nobreak" id="Sec_58"> + 58. <i>A Vessel from which a Flow of Wine can be stopped, by pouring + into it a small Measure of Water.</i> + </h2> +</div> + + +<figure class="figright illowp50" id="fig58"> + <img class="w100" src="images/fig58.jpg" alt="Diagram of apparatus as described in text"> +</figure> + +<img class="drop-capi" src="images/i.jpg" alt="Stylized I"> +<p class="drop-capi"><span class="uc">If</span> there be a vessel full of wine and provided with a running +spout, when a cyathus, or small measure, of water +is poured upon the neck of the vessel, the discharge +of wine shall cease, but, if a second measure of water +is poured on, this last shall flow out with the former, +or the two measures of water shall flow out through +two different spouts; and, +after all the water is drawn +off, the wine shall flow again +from the centre spout: moreover, +this shall happen as +often as any liquid is poured +on and flows out. Let <span class="allsmcap">A B</span> +(fig. 58), be a vessel with a +spout, <span class="allsmcap">C</span>, at the bottom, and +closed at the neck by the +partition <span class="allsmcap">D E</span> from which extends +a tube, <span class="allsmcap">F G</span>, encircled +by another tube which is sufficiently +removed from the +partition to allow of the passage +of water, as in the case +of the inclosed diabetes. +Through the partition insert +another tube, <span class="allsmcap">H K</span>, projecting +to a less height above the +partition than the former +tube, and branching off below +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_82">[82]</span>into two spouts <span class="allsmcap">L</span> and <span class="allsmcap">M</span>; and let this tube also be encircled by +another tube distant a small space from the partition: furthermore let +the vessel have a vent <span class="allsmcap">N</span> just under the partition. Now, if, after closing +the spouts, we pour in the wine, it will pass into the body of the vessel +through the tube <span class="allsmcap">F G</span>, for the air will escape through the vent <span class="allsmcap">N</span>: but +when we close the vent and set the spouts free, the liquid intercepted +in the tube <span class="allsmcap">H K</span> will flow through <span class="allsmcap">L</span> and <span class="allsmcap">M</span>, and that contained in the +vessel through <span class="allsmcap">C</span>. If, however, while <span class="allsmcap">C</span> is still running, we pour a small +measure of water upon the partition, the air will no longer be able to +enter through <span class="allsmcap">F G</span>, and the discharge through <span class="allsmcap">C</span> will cease: but if a +second measure is poured on, the water will rise above the tube <span class="allsmcap">H K</span>, and +be carried through into the spouts <span class="allsmcap">L</span> and <span class="allsmcap">M</span>, the whole being drawn up; +and then, the tube <span class="allsmcap">F G</span> being opened to the air will enable the spout <span class="allsmcap">C</span> +to flow as before. This result will take place as often as we pour on +the measures of water.</p> + + +<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop"> +<div class="chapter"> + <h2 class="nobreak" id="Sec_59"> + 59. <i>A Vessel from which Wine or Water + may be made to flow, separately or + mixed.</i> + </h2> +</div> + + +<figure class="figright illowp40" id="fig59"> + <img class="w100" src="images/fig59.jpg" alt="Diagram of apparatus as described in text"> +</figure> + +<img class="drop-capi" src="images/f.jpg" alt="Stylized F"> +<p class="drop-capi"><span class="uc">From</span> a vessel full of pure +wine sometimes the wine +flows; if water is poured +in, pure water flows out; +then again pure wine; +and, if it is desired, when +the water is poured in a mixture shall be +discharged. Let <span class="allsmcap">A B</span> (fig. 59), be a vessel, +having a partition near the neck, <span class="allsmcap">C D</span>, +through which a tube, <span class="allsmcap">E F</span>, is inserted, passing +out below and terminating in a spout. +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_83">[83]</span>In the tube <span class="allsmcap">E F</span>, within the vessel and near the bottom at <span class="allsmcap">G</span>, let there be +a fine hole, and a vent under the neck at <span class="allsmcap">H</span>. Now, if we close the spout +<span class="allsmcap">F</span>, and pour in the wine, it will pass into the body of the vessel, the air +escaping through the vent <span class="allsmcap">H</span>: but if we stop the vent and set the spout +free, nothing will flow out except what is intercepted in the tube <span class="allsmcap">E F</span>. +If water is then poured in, it will flow out pure, and, when the vent is +set free, a mixture is discharged: if nothing more is poured in, pure +wine will flow.</p> + + +<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop"> +<div class="chapter"> + <h2 class="nobreak" id="Sec_60"> + 60. <i>Libations poured on an Altar, and a Serpent made to hiss, by + the Action of Fire.</i> + </h2> +</div> + + +<figure class="figright illowp60" id="fig60"> + <img class="w100" src="images/fig60.jpg" alt="Diagram of apparatus as described in text"> +</figure> + +<img class="drop-capi" src="images/w.jpg" alt="Stylized W"> +<p class="drop-capi"><span class="uc">When</span> a fire is kindled on an altar, figures placed near +shall offer libations, and a serpent hiss. Let there +be a hollow +pedestal, <span class="allsmcap">A B</span> +(fig. 60), on +which is an +altar, <span class="allsmcap">C</span>, containing within it a +tube, <span class="allsmcap">D E</span>, which descends from +the hearth of the altar to the +pedestal, and then branches off +into three tubes, <span class="allsmcap">E F</span> leading to +the mouth of the serpent; <span class="allsmcap">E G +H</span> to a wine vessel <span class="allsmcap">K L</span>, (the +bottom of which must +be higher than the figure +<span class="allsmcap">M</span>,) and fastened to the +lid of <span class="allsmcap">K L</span> cross-bar +fashion; while the other +tube <span class="allsmcap">E N X</span>, in like manner, +extends into another +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_84">[84]</span>wine vessel <span class="allsmcap">O P</span>, also terminating in a cross-head. Both these +tubes must be soldered into the bottoms of the vessels, and in each wine +vessel there must be a bent siphon, <span class="allsmcap">R S</span>, and <span class="allsmcap">T U</span>, one extremity of each +being immersed in the wine, and the other, <ins class="corr" id="c11" title="Transcriber's Note—Corrigenda change was: (from which extend the hands of the figures which is to pour the libations,)"> +(from which extend the hand of the figure which is to pour the libation,)</ins> passing, air-tight, +through the <ins class="corr" id="c12" title="Transcriber's Note—Corrigenda change was: sides of the wine vessels">side of the wine vessel</ins>. When the fire is about to be +kindled, pour first a little water into the tubes, that they may not be +burst by the dry heat, and close up everything that no air may pass +through. The hot air, becoming mixed with the water, will ascend +along the tubes to the cross-heads, and through them it will exert pressure +on the wine, and carry it to the bent siphons <span class="allsmcap">R S</span> and <span class="allsmcap">T U</span>. The +wine flowing through the hands of the figures produces a libation as long +as a fire is burning on the altar. The other tube, conveying the hot +air to the mouth of the serpent, will cause the serpent to hiss.</p> + + +<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop"> +<div class="chapter"> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_85">[85]</span></p> + + + <h2 class="nobreak" id="Sec_61"> + 61. <i>Water flowing from a Siphon ceases on surrounding the End of + its longer Side with Water.</i> + </h2> +</div> + + +<figure class="figright illowp55" id="fig61"> + <img class="w100" src="images/fig61.jpg" alt="Diagram of apparatus as described in text"> +</figure> + +<img class="drop-capi" src="images/l.jpg" alt="Stylized L"> +<p class="drop-capi"><span class="uc">Let</span> there be an air-tight vessel provided with an open +spout, and by its side a thyrsus under which is a cup +full of water: if the cup is removed, as long as it is +withdrawn, a small stream shall flow from the mouth; +but when the cup is pushed back, the spout shall run +no longer. Let <span class="allsmcap">A B</span> (fig. 61), be the vessel described, +having its neck closed by the +partition <span class="allsmcap">C D</span>; from <span class="allsmcap">C D</span>, and +fitted air-tight in it, a tube, <span class="allsmcap">E +F</span>, extends, about which lies +another tube, <span class="allsmcap">K L</span>, forming an +inclosed diabetes. With <span class="allsmcap">K L</span> +another tube, <span class="allsmcap">M N</span>, communicates, +of which the mouth <span class="allsmcap">M</span> +is open, while the outer leg +is placed in a cup, <span class="allsmcap">O X</span>, into +which water has been poured +until it is full; it is clear that +so much of the leg of the siphon +as is in the cup will be +filled at the same time. Into +the neck of the vessel <span class="allsmcap">A B</span> a +little water must be poured, +just enough to close all entrance +for the air; and, when +<span class="allsmcap">A B</span> is full, the spout <span class="allsmcap">P</span>, though open, will not run, since the air has no +means of entrance, because of the water poured into the neck. But if +the cup is drawn slightly downwards, some portion of the leg of the +siphon which is in the cup must be emptied, and into the part emptied +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_86">[86]</span>the contiguous air will be drawn: this air will attract some of the water +which was poured into the neck, so that the water shall rise above the +mouth <span class="allsmcap">F</span>; and hence, the air having found an entrance, the spout <span class="allsmcap">P</span> +will run until the cup <span class="allsmcap">O X</span> is pushed up again, causing the water to +return to its old position and to close the passage for the air so that the +spout will cease to flow. This will happen as often as the cup is withdrawn +and applied: it is necessary however that the cup be not wholly +drawn away, that the siphon leg may not be wholly emptied. Let the +tube <span class="allsmcap">M N</span> be fashioned like a thyrsus, <span class="allsmcap">R N</span> being its shaft: thus the +spectacle will be properly arranged.</p> + + +<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop"> +<div class="chapter"> + <h2 class="nobreak" id="Sec_62"> + 62. <i>A Vessel which emits a Sound when a Liquor is poured from it.</i> + </h2> +</div> + + +<figure class="figright illowp45" id="fig62"> + <img class="w100" src="images/fig62.jpg" alt="Diagram of apparatus as described in text"> +</figure> + +<img class="drop-capi" src="images/t.jpg" alt="Stylized T"> +<p class="drop-capi"><span class="uc">The</span> construction of +a flagon which utters +a sound when +liquid is forced from +it. Take a flagon +(fig. 62), such as is +about to be described, the neck of +which is closed by the plate <span class="allsmcap">A B</span>, +and the mouth by <span class="allsmcap">C D</span>; and through +both these partitions, fitting into them +air-tight, let a tube, <span class="allsmcap">E F</span>, be inserted. +<span class="allsmcap">G H</span> is the handle of the flagon, and +<span class="allsmcap">K L</span> a tube placed in the opposite side +of the neck, fitting closely into the +partition <span class="allsmcap">A B</span> and far enough distant +from <span class="allsmcap">C D</span> to allow of the passage of +water: in <span class="allsmcap">C D</span> let there be a small +pipe <span class="allsmcap">M</span> such as will utter sound. The +flagon may be filled through the tube +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_87">[87]</span><span class="allsmcap">E F</span>, the air passing out through the tube <span class="allsmcap">K L</span> and the pipe <span class="allsmcap">M</span>; + and if we +take the handle of the flagon and incline it so as to pour out the contents, +water will flow out of the vessel through the tube <span class="allsmcap">E F</span>, and into +the neck <span class="allsmcap">B C</span> through <span class="allsmcap">K L</span>: the air contained in the neck being forced +out through <span class="allsmcap">M</span> gives forth a sound. There should be another hole in +<span class="allsmcap">A B</span> through which air may pass again when the vessel is righted.</p> + + +<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop"> +<div class="chapter"> + <h2 class="nobreak" id="Sec_63"> + 63. <i>A Water-Clock, made to govern the quantities of Liquid flowing + from a Vessel.</i> + </h2> +</div> + + +<figure class="figright illowp50" id="fig63"> + <img class="w100" src="images/fig63.jpg" alt="Diagram of apparatus as described in text"> +</figure> + +<img class="drop-capi" src="images/a.jpg" alt="Stylized A"> +<p class="drop-capi"><span class="uc">A vessel</span> containing wine, and provided with an open +spout, stands upon a pedestal: it is required by shifting +a weight +to cause the +spout to pour +forth a given +quantity,—sometimes, for instance, +a half cotyle (¼ pint), +sometimes a cotyle (½ pint), and, +in short, whatever quantity we +please. <span class="allsmcap">A B</span> (fig. 63), is the vessel +into which wine is to be poured: +near the bottom is a spout, <span class="allsmcap">D</span>: +the neck is closed by the partition +<span class="allsmcap">E F</span>, and through <span class="allsmcap">E F</span> is inserted +a tube, <span class="allsmcap">G H</span>, reaching +nearly to the bottom of the vessel, +but so as to allow of the passage +of water. <span class="allsmcap">K L M N</span> is the pedestal +on which the vessel stands, and +<span class="allsmcap">O X</span> another tube reaching within +a little of the partition and extending +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_88">[88]</span>into the pedestal, in which water is placed so as to cover the +orifice <span class="allsmcap">O</span>, of the tube. Fix a rod, <span class="allsmcap">P R</span>, one half within, and the other without, +the pedestal, moving like the beam of a lever about the point <span class="allsmcap">S</span>; +and from the extremity <span class="allsmcap">P</span> of the rod suspend a water-clock, <span class="allsmcap">T</span>, having a +hole in the bottom. The spout <span class="allsmcap">D</span> having been first closed, the vessel +should be filled through the tube <span class="allsmcap">G H</span> before water is poured into the +pedestal, that the air may escape through the tube <span class="allsmcap">X O</span>: then pour +water into the pedestal, through a hole, until the orifice <span class="allsmcap">O</span> is closed, and +set the spout <span class="allsmcap">D</span> free. It is evident that the wine will not flow, as there +is no opening through which air can be introduced: but if we depress +the extremity <span class="allsmcap">R</span> of the rod, a portion of the water-clock will be raised +from the water, and, the vent <span class="allsmcap">O</span> being uncovered, the spout <span class="allsmcap">D</span> will run +until the water suspended in the water-clock has flowed back and closed +the vent <span class="allsmcap">O</span>. If, when the water-clock is filled again, we depress the +extremity <span class="allsmcap">R</span> still further, the liquid suspended in the water-clock will +take a longer time to flow out, and there will be a longer discharge +from <span class="allsmcap">D</span>: and if the water-clock be entirely raised above the water, the +discharge will last considerably longer. To avoid the necessity of depressing +the extremity <span class="allsmcap">R</span> of the rod with the hand, take a weight <span class="allsmcap">Q</span>, +sliding along the outer portion of the rod, <span class="allsmcap">R W</span>, and able, if placed at <span class="allsmcap">R</span>, +to lift the whole water-clock; if at a distance from <span class="allsmcap">R</span>, some smaller portion +of it. Then, having obtained by trial the quantities which we wish +to flow from <span class="allsmcap">D</span>, we must make notches in the rod <span class="allsmcap">R W</span> and register the +quantities; so that, when we wish a given quantity to flow out, we have +only to bring the weight to the corresponding notch and leave the discharge +to take place.</p> + + +<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop"> +<div class="chapter"> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_89">[89]</span></p> + + + <h2 class="nobreak block" id="Sec_64"> + 64. <i>A Drinking-Horn from which a Mixture of Wine and Water, + or pure Water may be made to flow alternately or together, at + pleasure.</i> + </h2> +</div> + + +<figure class="figright illowp60" id="fig64"> + <img class="w100" src="images/fig64.jpg" alt="Diagram of apparatus as described in text"> +</figure> + +<img class="drop-capi" src="images/t.jpg" alt="Stylized T"> +<p class="drop-capi"><span class="uc">The</span> construction of a drinking-horn from which at first +a mixture shall flow; when we please, on pouring in +water, water +alone, and +then again +a mixture. +Let <span class="allsmcap">A B</span> (fig. 64), be a drinking-horn, +its neck closed by the +plate <span class="allsmcap">C D</span>, through which is inserted +a tube, <span class="allsmcap">E F</span>, leading to +the orifice <span class="allsmcap">F</span>, and having a hole, +<span class="allsmcap">G</span>, bored in it within the vessel: +in the vessel just under the +partition make a vent <span class="allsmcap">H</span>. Now, +if we close the orifice <span class="allsmcap">F</span> and +pour in the mixture, it will pass +into the body of the vessel +through the hole <span class="allsmcap">G</span>; and if we +set <span class="allsmcap">F</span> free, the mixture will +flow through it, the air <ins class="corr" id="c13" title="Transcriber's Note—Corrigenda change was: escaping">entering</ins> by the vent <span class="allsmcap">H</span>. Again, if we close +<span class="allsmcap">H</span> and pour in pure water, the mixture will no longer flow as the air +has no means of entrance, but pure water; and, when <span class="allsmcap">H</span> is set free, +both will flow, the water and the mixture, or rather a mixture which is +produced from the two united.</p> + + +<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop"> +<div class="chapter"> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_90">[90]</span></p> + + + <h2 class="nobreak" id="Sec_65"> + 65. <i>A Vessel from which Wine or Water may be made to flow + separately or mixed.</i> + </h2> +</div> + + +<figure class="figright illowp30" id="fig65"> + <img class="w100" src="images/fig65.jpg" alt="Diagram of apparatus as described in text"> +</figure> + +<img class="drop-capi" src="images/i.jpg" alt="Stylized I"> +<p class="drop-capi"><span class="uc">If</span> water is poured into a vessel standing upon a pedestal +and provided with a spout somewhat above its bottom, +at one time pure water flows +out, at another a mixture of +wine and water, and then unmixed +wine alone. Let <span class="allsmcap">A B</span> +(fig. 65), be the vessel, standing upon a pedestal +and provided with the spout <span class="allsmcap">C D</span>, of which the +orifice <span class="allsmcap">C</span> is above the bottom of the vessel. +Close the neck of the vessel with the partition +<span class="allsmcap">E F</span>, and through <span class="allsmcap">E F</span> insert the tube <span class="allsmcap">G H</span>, +projecting slightly above the partition and extending +to the bottom of the vessel except that +a space is left sufficient for the passage of water. +In the body of the vessel, and projecting without +it, let there be another tube <span class="allsmcap">K L</span>, under +which a vessel of unmixed wine, <span class="allsmcap">K M</span>, is to be +placed: in the partition <span class="allsmcap">E F</span> pierce a very fine +hole <span class="allsmcap">N</span>. If, when these arrangements are complete, we pour water into +the vessel through the neck, the liquid lying round the projection of the +tube will remain in the neck; but all above this will be carried into +the body of the vessel, and when it has reached the orifice <span class="allsmcap">C</span> of the +spout, there will be a discharge of pure water. When a stream has +begun to issue from the spout, the unmixed wine in the vessel <span class="allsmcap">K M</span> will +be drawn up at the same time, on the principle of the siphon, and a mixture +will be discharged; and when the water is exhausted, the pure wine +will flow by itself, except indeed that the water about the partition <span class="allsmcap">E F</span> will +be attracted at the same time. When the small quantity of water on +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_91">[91]</span><span class="allsmcap">E F</span> has all run through <span class="allsmcap">N</span>, the air will enter and break the continuity +and there will be no further discharge.</p> + + +<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop"> +<div class="chapter"> + <h2 class="nobreak" id="Sec_66"> + 66. <i>Wine discharged into a Cup in any required quantity.</i> + </h2> +</div> + + +<figure class="figright illowp50" id="fig66"> + <img class="w100" src="images/fig66.jpg" alt="Diagram of apparatus as described in text"> +</figure> + +<img class="drop-capi" src="images/l.jpg" alt="Stylized L"> +<p class="drop-capi"><span class="uc">Let</span> there be a vessel filled with wine and provided with a +spout under which a drinking cup is placed: wine shall +run into the +cup in any required +quantity. +Let <span class="allsmcap">A B</span> +(fig. 66), be the vessel containing +wine, and <span class="allsmcap">C D</span> the spout, the +upper surface of which at the +extremity <span class="allsmcap">C</span> is so smooth that, +when a valve in the form of +a kettle-drum <span class="allsmcap">E F</span> is placed upon +it, water is excluded. On the +handle of the vessel fix the vertical +rod <span class="allsmcap">G H</span>, on which, as on +a fulcrum, another rod <span class="allsmcap">K L</span> vibrates: +again place another +rod, <span class="allsmcap">M N</span>, under the pedestal, +moving about the point <span class="allsmcap">X</span>, and attach two more rods <span class="allsmcap">K O</span>, <span class="allsmcap">L P</span>, moving +on pivots in such a way that, if the extremity <span class="allsmcap">M</span> of the bar be depressed, +the valve <span class="allsmcap">E F</span> is raised, and the spout is opened and sends out a stream, +but is closed again when <span class="allsmcap">M</span> is suffered to return. Let the bar <span class="allsmcap">M N</span> support +the drinking cup <span class="allsmcap">R</span>, into which we wish to receive the given quantity +of liquid: the cup must be placed beneath the spout. Take a +weight, <span class="allsmcap">S</span>, capable, by means of a ring, of being shifted along the projection +<span class="allsmcap">M O</span> of the rod: and when <span class="allsmcap">S</span> has been brought towards <span class="allsmcap">M</span>, the +spout will be opened and send its stream into the cup, but as the cup +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_92">[92]</span>grows heavy the weight will be raised again and the spout closed. That +the wine may flow out in the required quantity, place in the cup any +measure of liquid, for instance, a cotyle, and, receiving what falls from +the spout in another vessel, shift the weight along the bar to the first +point at which the discharge from the spout ceases: make a mark on +the bar at this point and register one cotyle. We must proceed in the +same manner for a half-cotyle, and two cotylæ, and so on for other measures +as far as we please; and thus we shall have marks for the different +quantities, signifying the points to which the weight must be brought +in order that they may be discharged. Instead of the valve <span class="allsmcap">E F</span>, an air-tight +vessel may encircle the spout, so that, as long as the liquid is kept +away by the air within, there will be no discharge through the spout.</p> + + +<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop"> +<div class="chapter"> + <h2 class="nobreak" id="Sec_67"> + 67. <i>A Goblet into which as much Wine flows as is taken out.</i> + </h2> +</div> + + +<figure class="figright illowp50" id="fig67"> + <img class="w100" src="images/fig67.jpg" alt="Diagram of apparatus as described in text"> +</figure> + +<img class="drop-capi" src="images/l.jpg" alt="Stylized L"> +<p class="drop-capi"><span class="uc">Let</span> there be a vessel containing wine and provided with +a spout, underneath which a goblet is placed: whatever +quantity +of wine is taken +from the goblet, +as much +shall flow into it from the spout. +Let <span class="allsmcap">A B</span> (fig. 67), be the vessel of +wine, and <span class="allsmcap">C D</span> the spout, to which +are attached the valve <span class="allsmcap">E F</span>, and +the rods <span class="allsmcap">G H</span>, <span class="allsmcap">K L</span>, <span class="allsmcap">K O</span>, <span class="allsmcap">L M</span> as +before; and beneath the spout +place the cup <span class="allsmcap">P</span>. To the rod <span class="allsmcap">K O</span> +fix a small basin <span class="allsmcap">R</span> contained in +the vessel <span class="allsmcap">S T</span>, and let a tube, <span class="allsmcap">U Q</span>, +connect the vessels <span class="allsmcap">S T</span> and <span class="allsmcap">P</span>. +When these arrangements are +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_93">[93]</span>complete, if the vessels <span class="allsmcap">S T</span> and <span class="allsmcap">P</span> are empty, the basin <span class="allsmcap">R</span> + will fall to the +bottom of <span class="allsmcap">S T</span>, and open the spout <span class="allsmcap">C D</span>. A stream will flow from <span class="allsmcap">C D</span> into +both the vessels <span class="allsmcap">S T</span> and <span class="allsmcap">P</span>, so that the basin will rise and shut the spout +again, until we remove more liquid from the goblet. This result will +happen as often as we remove liquid from <span class="allsmcap">P</span>.</p> + + +<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop"> +<div class="chapter"> + <h2 class="nobreak" id="Sec_68"> + 68. <i>A Shrine over which a Bird may be made to revolve and sing + by Worshippers turning a Wheel.</i> + </h2> +</div> + + +<figure class="figright illowp55" id="fig68"> + <img class="w100" src="images/fig68.jpg" alt="Diagram of apparatus as described in text"> +</figure> + +<img class="drop-capi" src="images/t.jpg" alt="Stylized T"> +<p class="drop-capi"><span class="uc">The</span> construction of a shrine provided with a revolving +wheel of bronze, termed a purifier, which worshippers +are accustomed to turn round as they enter. Let +it be required that, if the wheel is turned, the note +of the black-cap shall be produced, and the bird, +standing on the top of the shrine, turn round as +well; while, if the wheel is +turned [in the opposite direction], +the black-cap neither +sings nor revolves. Let <span class="allsmcap">A B +C D</span> (fig. 68), be the shrine +and <span class="allsmcap">E F</span> an axis extending +across it, capable of revolving +freely, to which the wheel <span class="allsmcap">H K</span>, +which is to be turned round, +is attached. Let two other +wheels be attached to the axis, +in the interior of the shrine, +<span class="allsmcap">L</span> and <span class="allsmcap">M</span>, of which <span class="allsmcap">L</span> has a +pulley, and <span class="allsmcap">M</span> is a wheel with +rays. Round the pulley a +cord is wound, from the extremity +of which is suspended a +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_94">[94]</span>vessel <span class="allsmcap">N</span>, shaped like a conical oven, and provided with a tube <span class="allsmcap">X O</span>, terminating +in a small pipe which produces the note of a black-cap: under +the conical vessel <span class="allsmcap">N</span> must be placed a vessel of water. From the top of +the shrine let fall a small axis <span class="allsmcap">S T</span> capable of revolving freely: at the extremity +<span class="allsmcap">S</span> let a black-cap be placed, and at <span class="allsmcap">T</span> a wheel with rays, the +rays of which are implicated with, or take into, the rays of the wheel <span class="allsmcap">M</span>. +It will be found that, when the wheel <span class="allsmcap">H K</span> is made to revolve, the cord +is wound round the pulley and raises the conical vessel <span class="allsmcap">N</span>; but, if the +wheel is let go, <span class="allsmcap">N</span> descends by its own weight into the water and produces +the sound by the expulsion of the air. The black-cap turns round +at the same time owing to the revolution of the wheels.</p> + + +<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop"> +<div class="chapter"> + <h2 class="nobreak" id="Sec_69"> + 69. <i>A Siphon fixed in a Vessel from which the Discharge shall + cease at will.</i> + </h2> +</div> + + +<figure class="figright illowp50" id="fig69"> + <img class="w100" src="images/fig69.jpg" alt="Diagram of apparatus as described in text"> +</figure> + +<img class="drop-capi" src="images/t.jpg" alt="Stylized T"> +<p class="drop-capi"><span class="uc">There</span> are certain siphons which, when placed in vessels, +flow until the vessels are emptied, or the surface +of the water has +sunk to the level +of the outer orifice +of the siphon. Let +it be required that the discharge +shall suddenly cease whenever we +wish. <span class="allsmcap">A B</span> (fig. 69), is a vessel containing +a siphon, <span class="allsmcap">C D E</span>, the inner leg +of which is bent upwards as at <span class="allsmcap">C F G</span>. +Let a vertical rod <span class="allsmcap">H K</span> be fixed, on +which another, <span class="allsmcap">L M</span>, works as a lever-beam: +from <span class="allsmcap">L M</span> extends another +rod, <span class="allsmcap">M N</span>, moving on a pivot, and provided +at the extremity <span class="allsmcap">N</span> with a vessel +large enough to encircle the bent +portion of the siphon <span class="allsmcap">F G</span>. On the +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_95">[95]</span>rod <span class="allsmcap">L M</span> suspend a weight at <span class="allsmcap">L</span>, so that the encircling vessel is raised +above the upward bend of the siphon, and the siphon flows. When we +wish the discharge to cease, we have only to remove the weight at <span class="allsmcap">L</span>, +and the vessel at <span class="allsmcap">N</span> will descend and encircle the bend <span class="allsmcap">G C</span>, so that the +siphon will cease to flow. If it is desired that the stream should continue, +we must again suspend the weight.</p> + + +<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop"> +<div class="chapter"> + <h2 class="nobreak" id="Sec_70"> + 70. <i>Figures made to dance by Fire on an Altar.</i> + </h2> +</div> + + +<figure class="figright illowp60" id="fig70"> + <img class="w100" src="images/fig70.jpg" alt="Diagram of apparatus as described in text"> +</figure> + +<img class="drop-capi" src="images/w.jpg" alt="Stylized W"> +<p class="drop-capi"><span class="uc">When</span> a fire is kindled on an altar, figures shall be seen +to dance: for the altars must be transparent, either of +glass or horn. Through the hearth of the altar (fig. +70), a tube is let down turning on a pivot towards the +base of the altar, and, above, on a small pipe which +is attached to the hearth. Communicating with, and +attached to, this tube are +smaller tubes lying at right +angles to each other, and +bent at the extremities in opposite +directions. A wheel +or platform on which the +dancing figures stand, is also +fastened to the tube. When +the sacrifice is kindled, the +air, growing hot, will pass +through the pipe into the +tube, and be forced out of +this into the smaller tubes; +when, meeting with resistance +from the sides of the +altar, it will cause the tube +and the dancing figures to +revolve.</p> + + +<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop"> +<div class="chapter"> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_96">[96]</span></p> + + + <h2 class="nobreak" id="Sec_71"> + 71. <i>A Lamp in which the Oil can be raised by Water contained + within its Stand.</i> + </h2> +</div> + + +<figure class="figright illowp40" id="fig71"> + <img class="w100" src="images/fig71.jpg" alt="Diagram of apparatus as described in text"> +</figure> + +<img class="drop-capi" src="images/t.jpg" alt="Stylized T"> +<p class="drop-capi"><span class="uc">The</span> construction of a lamp-stand, such that, if a lamp +is placed upon it, whenever the oil fails, a supply +shall be poured into +it from the handle to +the amount required, +though no vessel is +placed upon the lamp from which the oil +can flow into it. Let the lamp-stand be +constructed with a triangular pedestal, +like a pyramid, <span class="allsmcap">A B C D</span> (fig. 71), hollow and +provided with a partition <span class="allsmcap">E F</span>. Let <span class="allsmcap">G H</span>, +which must also be hollow, be the shaft +of the lamp-stand, and above this shaft +place a hollow cup, <span class="allsmcap">K L</span>, capable of containing +a considerable quantity of oil. From +the partition<del class="corr" title="Transcriber's Note—Corrigenda change was: ," id="c14"> </del><span class="allsmcap">E F</span>, and fitting closely into +it, a tube, <span class="allsmcap">M N</span>, must extend upwards, +leaving a passage for the air between its +extremity and the covering of the cup, +<span class="allsmcap">K L</span>, on which the lamp is placed. Through +the plate <span class="allsmcap">K L</span> insert another small tube <span class="allsmcap">X Q</span>, +a passage being left for water between it +and the bottom of the cup: the tube <span class="allsmcap">X Q</span> +must project a little above the plate <span class="allsmcap">K L</span>, and into the projecting part another +pipe <span class="allsmcap">P</span> is tightly fitted, closed at its upper extremity, and passing +through the bottom of the lamp so as to be included within it, that there +may be no projection outside. To <span class="allsmcap">P</span> solder another pipe, extremely fine, +communicating with it, and reaching to the extremity of the handle, so +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_97">[97]</span>that its stream will be carried into the body of the lamp; this pipe +must have an orifice like the others. Under the partition <span class="allsmcap">E F</span> let a tap +be soldered leading into the chamber <span class="allsmcap">C D E F</span>, so that, when it is opened, +the water in the chamber <span class="allsmcap">A B E F</span> will pass into <span class="allsmcap">C D E F</span>. In the plate <span class="allsmcap">A B</span> +let a fine hole be perforated through which <span class="allsmcap">A B E F</span> may be filled with +water; the [air] contained in it will pass out through the same hole. +We now remove the lamp and fill the cup with oil through the pipe <span class="allsmcap">X Q</span>, +the air escaping through <span class="allsmcap">M N</span>, and again through an open cock in the +bottom <span class="allsmcap">C D</span>, when any water in <span class="allsmcap">C D E F</span> has first flowed out. The lamp +having been placed on the top by means of the sliding tube <span class="allsmcap">P</span>, when it +is required to pour in oil, we must open the tap in the plate <span class="allsmcap">E F</span>, and +the water in the chamber <span class="allsmcap">A B E F</span> passing into <span class="allsmcap">C D E F</span>, the air in <span class="allsmcap">C D E F</span> +will reach the cup through the tube <span class="allsmcap">M N</span>, and force out the oil contained +in it: the oil will pass into the lamp through the tube <span class="allsmcap">X Q</span> and the pipe +attached to it. When we wish the oil to stop running, we must shut +the cock and the discharge will cease. This process can be repeated +whenever it is necessary.</p> + + +<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop"> +<div class="chapter"> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_98">[98]</span></p> + + + <h2 class="nobreak" id="Sec_72"> + 72. <i>A Lamp in which the Oil is raised by blowing Air into it.</i> + </h2> +</div> + + +<figure class="figright illowp40" id="fig72"> + <img class="w100" src="images/fig72.jpg" alt="Diagram of apparatus as described in text"> +</figure> + +<img class="drop-capi" src="images/t.jpg" alt="Stylized T"> +<p class="drop-capi"><span class="uc">The</span> same effect can be +produced with the same +general construction, +more readily [than] by +constructing the pedestal +in which the +water is. Let the rest be as before, with +the exception of the pedestal and the water +in it; the extremity <span class="allsmcap">M</span> of the tube +<span class="allsmcap">M N</span>, (fig. 72), being fitted air-tight into +an orifice in the surface of the shaft, +so as to be visible outside. Then apply +the mouth and blow into the outer orifice; +the breath will pass into the cup +and force out the oil through the tube <span class="allsmcap">X O</span>. +Thus the same will take place as before; +for as often as we blow into the tube oil +will flow into the lamp. It will be necessary +that the extremity of the handle +should be bent at right angles to the orifice +of the lamp, that the oil may not be driven outside.</p> + + +<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop"> +<div class="chapter"> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_99">[99]</span></p> + + + <h2 class="nobreak" id="Sec_73"> + 73. <i>A Lamp in which the Oil is raised by Water, as required.</i> + </h2> +</div> + + +<figure class="figright illowp60" id="fig73"> + <img class="w100" src="images/fig73.jpg" alt="Diagram of apparatus as described in text"> +</figure> + +<img class="drop-capi" src="images/t.jpg" alt="Stylized T"> +<p class="drop-capi"><span class="uc">The</span> construction of a lamp. * * * * * * * * Underneath +the lamp place a vessel perfectly air-tight, <span class="allsmcap">A B</span> +(fig. 73), either attached to the lamp or distinct from +it. From this let two tubes extend, <span class="allsmcap">C D</span>, <span class="allsmcap">E F</span>, communicating +with the vessel; the extremity <span class="allsmcap">C</span> must reach +to the bottom except a space sufficient for the passage +of water, and the tube <span class="allsmcap">C D</span> +to the surface of the lamp, +having at the extremity <span class="allsmcap">D</span> +a small cup through which +the water is to be poured +in: the tube <span class="allsmcap">E F</span> must pass, +air-tight, through the bottom +of the lamp. Now if +oil be poured through the +opening, it will first pass +into the vessel <span class="allsmcap">A B</span>, and +then, when <span class="allsmcap">A B</span> is full, the +tubes <span class="allsmcap">C D</span>, <span class="allsmcap">E F</span>, and the lamp +will be filled also. As the +lamp burns it will become +empty, and if we pour in +water through the cup, it +will pass into the vessel <span class="allsmcap">A B</span>, +and the oil will ascend and fill up the deficiency in the lamp, until it +reaches the lamp-nozzle. When the oil has sunk again, we must do the +same, repeating it till the supply is expended. If it is required to remove +the vessel <span class="allsmcap">A B</span>, the oil being retained in the lamp, there must be a valve +or tap in the pipes <span class="allsmcap">C D</span>, <span class="allsmcap">E F</span>, close to the vessel <span class="allsmcap">A B</span>, with keys near the +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_100">[100]</span>lamp, so that when the keys are turned, the oil in the lamp, and that in +the tubes, shall be confined. Thus the vessel may be removed from the +lamp, and, whenever it is desired, we may bring them together again, +and open the keys. It is better that the pipe <span class="allsmcap">E F</span> should lead to the +handle of the lamp, and <span class="allsmcap">C D</span> a little behind it, having the cup which +communicates with it, and through which water will be poured in, placed +above; so that the oil will flow from the handle at the same time that +the water is poured into the cup.</p> + + +<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop"> +<div class="chapter"> + <h2 class="nobreak block" id="Sec_74"> + 74. <i>A Steam-Boiler from which a hot-Air blast, or hot-Air mixed + with Steam is blown into the Fire, and from which hot water flows + on the introduction of cold.</i> + </h2> +</div> + + +<figure class="figright illowp60" id="fig74"> + <img class="w100" src="images/fig74.jpg" alt="Diagram of apparatus as described in text"> +</figure> + +<img class="drop-capi" src="images/t.jpg" alt="Stylized T"> +<p class="drop-capi"><span class="uc">The</span> construction +of a boiler, +on +which if +a figure +is placed, shaped as if in +the act of blowing, the figure +shall blow on the coals and +thus the boiler be heated: +moreover, if an open spout +project near the mouth of +the boiler, nothing shall +flow from it until we have +first poured cold water into +a cup; and the cold water +shall not mix with the hot +until it passes to the bottom +of the vessel, while +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_101">[101]</span>water extremely hot flows from the spout. The shape of the boiler +having been determined at pleasure, in that part of it intended to hold +the water a small chamber, perfectly air-tight, is intercepted between +two perpendicular partitions. With this chamber a tube, one of those +which pass under the coals, communicates near the bottom, one end of +the tube being closed that no water may enter it from the boiler: the +other tubes lead into the chamber where the water is. Thus when the +coals are ignited they will generate vapour through that tube which leads +into the small chamber. This vapour is carried along a tube which +pierces the surface of the boiler, and through the mouth of the figure on +to the coals, (for the figure must be bent so as to blow downwards;) and +as vapour is always being generated, the figure is always blowing. The +vapour is generated from the fire, and, if we pour a very small quantity +of water into the small chamber, we shall produce more vapour, and +the figure, blowing with great violence, will heat the boiler still higher: +just as in the case of cauldrons exposed to fire we see smoke ascending +from the water. The figure should be moveable by means of a double +sliding tube, to allow of our pouring in the small quantity of water: and, +at the same time, by means of this tube, whenever we do not require +the figure to blow on the coals, we can turn it round in the opposite +direction. On the surface place a small cup from which a tube leads to +the bottom of the boiler, that when cold water is poured in, it may pass +through to the bottom. In order that the boiler may admit of being +filled when water is poured in, and, at the same time, that the water +may not boil over and run out, let another pipe communicate with the +cup on its inner surface, to avoid offending the sight. We will now +expose to view the construction of the boiler. Set up a hollow cylinder +(fig. 74), of which <span class="allsmcap">A B</span> is the under surface, and <span class="allsmcap">C D</span> the upper; and +construct another hollow cylinder, with the same axis as the former, of +which <span class="allsmcap">E F</span> is the under surface, and <span class="allsmcap">G H</span> the upper. On the outer edges of +the cylinders let plates be fastened, so as to keep the cylinders together +and cover the edges. In the cylinder <span class="allsmcap">E F G H</span> place the tubes, <span class="allsmcap">O K</span>, <span class="allsmcap">L X</span>, +<span class="allsmcap">M N</span>, of which <span class="allsmcap">L X</span> perforates the cylinder on one side only at <span class="allsmcap">X</span>, while +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_102">[102]</span>the other two are bored quite through at each end, and their orifices +either way open into the space between the cylinders. Into the space +intercepted between the two cylinders let down the partitions <span class="allsmcap">E G</span>, <span class="allsmcap">H F</span>, +intercepting the chamber <span class="allsmcap">G H E F</span>, into which the tube described above, +perforated at one side only, penetrates. Place on the surface, that is +on <span class="allsmcap">G H</span>, a small tube having the figure attached to, and communicating +with, it; the figure must be perforated throughout, and incline downwards +so as to look towards the coals. That the figure may cease blowing +whenever we like, let the tube on which it sits be fitted tightly into the +other, so that, when we turn it round in the opposite direction, the +figure will no longer blow on the coals but away from the boiler. We +shall also find this sliding tube useful for pouring water into the chamber +<span class="allsmcap">G F E H</span>, for, after raising the figure from the tube on which it is placed, +we can pour the water through, and thus more vapour will be passed +along into the figure. On the surface <span class="allsmcap">H C</span> let a cup, <span class="allsmcap">R S</span>, be placed; +communicating with the interior, and having a tube at its extremity +reaching down to the bottom of the boiler with the exception of a +passage for water. When we desire to let the hot water out, we must +pour in cold through <span class="allsmcap">R S</span>; this will pass through the tube which communicates +with the cup into the chamber of the warm water, which +will ascend and flow out through the spout near the neck, for the cold +water which has been introduced will not yet have mingled with the +warm below. As often as this is repeated we shall obtain warm water +for the cold we throw in. In order that we may know when the boiler +will bubble up, the <i lang="la">chasmatium</i> is contrived, perforated throughout, and +placed on the neck, a hole having been made in the surface: it is furnished +with a small tube which looks towards the cup <span class="allsmcap">R S</span>, that, when +the warm water ascends, it may be carried into the cup. Such is the +construction of the boiler. If we prefer not to cut off the chamber <span class="allsmcap">F G +E H</span> through the whole length, but only for a portion of it, the partitions +are made to reach half-way, and another is placed upon them, admitting +through it a tube which extends up to the figure. When the fire is +kindled there will be a rush of vapour from the small chamber, into which +water will be poured as before.</p> + + +<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop"> +<div class="chapter"> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_103">[103]</span></p> + + + <h2 class="nobreak block" id="Sec_75"> + 75. <i>A Steam-Boiler from which either a hot Blast may be driven into + the Fire, a Blackbird made to sing, or a Triton to blow a Horn.</i> + </h2> +</div> + + +<figure class="figright illowp60" id="fig75"> + <img class="w100" src="images/fig75.jpg" alt="Diagram of apparatus as described in text"> +</figure> + +<img class="drop-capi" src="images/a.jpg" alt="Stylized A"> +<p class="drop-capi"><span class="uc">Another</span> construction of the same kind is employed +to produce the sound of a trumpet and the note of a +blackbird. A boiler is made (fig. 75), of the same +kind as the last, of which all the tubes in the base +are bored through at each end, and near the surface +there is a tube <span class="allsmcap">Q E</span>, into which another tube <span class="allsmcap">K L</span> is +closely fitted, extending +into the chamber for +warm air, and moveable +about the pin <span class="allsmcap">K L</span>. +This tube is perforated +by three holes, <span class="allsmcap">M</span>, <span class="allsmcap">N</span>, <span class="allsmcap">X</span>, +and similarly three holes +are bored in <span class="allsmcap">Q E</span> opposite +the holes <span class="allsmcap">M</span>, <span class="allsmcap">N</span>, <span class="allsmcap">X</span>. +Near <span class="allsmcap">X</span>, an aperture is +made in a support which +receives a tube fitting +closely into <span class="allsmcap">X</span> and surmounted +by the figure, +as was described in the +last paragraph: and from +<span class="allsmcap">M</span> and <span class="allsmcap">N</span> two tubes extend, +<span class="allsmcap">M O</span>, <span class="allsmcap">N P</span>, bent +at their upper extremities; +these tubes pierce +through the surface of +the boiler, into which they are carefully soldered. Through the apertures +other tubes pass, fitting tightly into the tubes <span class="allsmcap">P</span> and <span class="allsmcap">O</span>. On one +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_104">[104]</span>of these tubes is placed the figure of a sparrow, hollow within so as to +receive water: the tube on which the bird sits is bent, and provided with +a tuning-pipe, such as are made to produce notes, and the curved part +of it passes as far as the water contained in the sparrow, so that, when +the sound of the pipe reaches the water, the note of a blackbird is produced. +In like manner the tube <span class="allsmcap">N P</span> has another tube fitting closely +into it, on which is placed a figure shaped like a triton with a trumpet +in its mouth: the tube on which the triton is placed is moreover furnished +with the mouthpiece and bell as usual, and when the vapour +reaches these and enters them it will give out the sound of a trumpet. +We must discover by trial when the holes in <span class="allsmcap">K L</span> are opposite the tubes +<span class="allsmcap">M O</span> and <span class="allsmcap">N P</span>, and when to <span class="allsmcap">X</span> on which the figure is placed. Having +learnt this, we must make corresponding marks on the pin <span class="allsmcap">K L</span>, that the +trumpet may sound, or the figure blow, or the blackbird’s note be produced, +at our pleasure. The arrangements about the cup and the +ascent of the warm water are to be made according to the previous description.</p> + + +<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop"> +<div class="chapter"> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_105">[105]</span></p> + + + <h2 class="nobreak" id="Sec_76"> + 76. <i>An Altar Organ blown by manual Labour.</i> + </h2> +</div> + + +<figure class="figright illowp60" id="fig76"> + <img class="w100" src="images/fig76.jpg" alt="Diagram of apparatus as described in text"> +</figure> + +<img class="drop-capi" src="images/t.jpg" alt="Stylized T"> +<p class="drop-capi"><span class="uc">The</span> construction of a hydraulic organ. Let <span class="allsmcap">A B C D</span> +(fig. 76), be a small altar of bronze containing water. +In the water invert a hollow hemisphere, called a <i lang="grc">pnigeus</i>, +<span class="allsmcap">E F G H</span>, which will allow of the passage of the +water at the bottom. From the top of this <ins class="corr" id="c15" title="Transcriber's Note—Corrigenda added"> and communicating with it</ins> let two +tubes ascend above the altar; one of them, <span class="allsmcap">G K L M</span>, +bent without the altar +and communicating +with a box, <span class="allsmcap">N X O P</span>, inverted, +and having its +inner surface made +perfectly level to fit a +piston. Into this box +let the piston <span class="allsmcap">R S</span> be +accurately fitted, that +no air may enter by +its side; and to the +piston attach a rod, +<span class="allsmcap">T U</span>, of great strength. +Again, attach to the +piston rod another rod, +<span class="allsmcap">U Q</span>, moving about a pin +at <span class="allsmcap">U</span>, and also working +like the beam of a lever +on the upright rod <span class="allsmcap">W Y</span>, +which must be well +secured. On the inverted bottom of the box <span class="allsmcap">N X O P</span> let another smaller +box, <span class="allsmcap">Z</span>, rest, communicating with <span class="allsmcap">N X O P</span> and closed by a lid above: in +the lid is a hole through which the air will enter the box. Place a thin +plate under the hole in the lid to close it, upheld by means of four pins +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_106">[106]</span>passing through holes in the plate, and furnished with heads so that the +plate cannot fall off: such a plate is called a valve. Again, let another +tube, <span class="allsmcap">F I</span>, ascend from <span class="allsmcap">F G</span>, communicating with a transverse tube, <span class="allsmcap">A´ B´</span>, +on which rest the pipes <span class="allsmcap">A</span>, <span class="allsmcap">A</span>, <span class="allsmcap">A</span>, communicating with the tube, and +having at the lower extremities small boxes, like those used for money; +these boxes communicate with the pipes, and their orifices <span class="allsmcap">B</span>, <span class="allsmcap">B</span>, <span class="allsmcap">B</span>, must +be open. Across these orifices let perforated lids slide, so that, when +the lids are pushed home, the holes in them coincide with the holes in +the pipes, but, when the lids are drawn outwards, the connexion is broken +and the pipes are closed. Now, if the transverse beam <span class="allsmcap">U Q</span> be depressed +at <span class="allsmcap">Q</span>, the piston <span class="allsmcap">R S</span> will rise and force out the air in the box <span class="allsmcap">N X O P</span>; the +air will close the aperture in the small box <span class="allsmcap">Z</span> by means of the valve described +above, and pass along the tube <span class="allsmcap">M L K G</span> into the hemisphere: +again it will pass out of the hemisphere along the tube <span class="allsmcap">F I</span> into the +transverse tube <span class="allsmcap">A´ B´</span>, and out of the transverse tube into the pipes, if the +apertures in the pipes and in the lids coincide, that is, if the lids, either +all, or some of them, have been pushed home.</p> + +<p>In order that, when we wish any of the pipes to sound, the corresponding +holes may be opened, and closed again when we wish the sound to +cease, we may employ the following contrivance. Imagine one of the +boxes at the extremities of the pipes, <span class="allsmcap">C D</span>, to be isolated, <span class="allsmcap">D</span> being its orifice, +<span class="allsmcap">E</span> the communicating pipe, <span class="allsmcap">R S</span> the lid fitted to it, and <span class="allsmcap">G</span> the hole in +the lid not coinciding with the pipe <span class="allsmcap">E</span>. Take three jointed bars <span class="allsmcap">F H</span>, <span class="allsmcap">H M</span>, +<span class="allsmcap">M M</span><sup>2</sup>, of which the bar <span class="allsmcap">F H</span> is attached to the lid <span class="allsmcap">S F</span>, while the whole +moves about a pin at <span class="allsmcap">M</span><sup>3</sup>. Now, if we depress, with the hand, the extremity +<span class="allsmcap">M</span><sup>2</sup> towards <span class="allsmcap">D</span> the orifice of the box, we shall push the lid inwards, +and, when it is in, the aperture in it will coincide with that in the tube. +That, when we withdraw the hand, the lid may be spontaneously drawn +out and close the communication, the following means may be employed. +Underneath the boxes let a rod, <span class="allsmcap">M</span><sup>4</sup> <span class="allsmcap">M</span><sup>5</sup>, run, equal and parallel to the +tube <span class="allsmcap">A´ B´</span>, and fix to this slips of horn, elastic and curved, of which <span class="allsmcap">M</span><sup>6</sup>, +lying opposite <span class="allsmcap">C D</span>, is one. A string, fastened to the extremity of the +slip of horn, is carried round the extremity <span class="allsmcap">H</span>, so that, when the lid is +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_107">[107]</span>pushed out, the string is tightened; if, therefore, we depress the extremity +<span class="allsmcap">M</span><sup>2</sup> and drive the lid inwards, the string will forcibly pull the piece of horn +and straighten it, but, when the hand is withdrawn, the horn will return +again to its original position and draw away the lid from the orifice, so as +to destroy the correspondence between the holes. This contrivance +having been applied to the box of each pipe, when we require any of the +pipes to sound we must depress the corresponding key with the fingers; +and when we require any of the sounds to cease, remove the fingers, +whereupon the lids will be drawn out and the pipes will cease to sound.</p> + +<p>The water is poured into the altar that the superabundant air, (I +mean, of course, that which is thrust out of the box and forces the water +upwards,) may be confined in the hemisphere, so that the pipes which +are free to sound may always have a supply. The piston <span class="allsmcap">R S</span>, when +raised, drives the air out of the box into the hemisphere, as has been +explained; and when depressed, opens the valve in the small box <span class="allsmcap">Z</span>. +By this means the box is filled with air from without, which the piston, +when forced up again, will again drive into the hemisphere. It would +be better that the rod <span class="allsmcap">T U</span> should move about a pivot at <span class="allsmcap">T</span> also, by means +of a single [loop,] <span class="allsmcap">R</span>, which may be fitted into the bottom of the piston, +and through which the pivot must pass, that the piston may not be +drawn aside, but rise and fall vertically.</p> + + +<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop"> +<div class="chapter"> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_108">[108]</span></p> + + + <h2 class="nobreak" id="Sec_77"> + 77. <i>An Altar Organ blown by the agency of a Wind-mill.</i> + </h2> +</div> + +<img class="drop-capi" src="images/t.jpg" alt="Stylized T"> +<p class="drop-capi"><span class="uc">The</span> construction of an organ from which, when the +wind blows, the sound of a flute shall be produced. Let +<span class="allsmcap">A</span>, <span class="allsmcap">A</span>, <span class="allsmcap">A</span>, (fig. 77), be the pipes, <span class="allsmcap">B C</span> the transverse tube +communicating with them, <span class="allsmcap">D E</span> the vertical tube, and +<span class="allsmcap">E F</span> another transverse tube leading from <span class="allsmcap">D E</span> into a +box <span class="allsmcap">G H</span>, the inner surface of which is made level to +fit a piston. Into this box fit the piston <span class="allsmcap">K L</span>, which is capable of descending +into it freely. To the piston attach a rod, <span class="allsmcap">M N</span>, and to this another, +<span class="allsmcap">N X</span>, working on the rod <span class="allsmcap">P R</span>. At <span class="allsmcap">N</span> let there be a pin moving readily, +and to the extremity <span class="allsmcap">X</span> fasten a small plate, <span class="allsmcap">X O</span>, near which a rod, <span class="allsmcap">S</span>, is to +be placed, moving on iron pivots placed in a frame which admits of +being shifted. To the rod <span class="allsmcap">S</span> attach two small wheels, <span class="allsmcap">U</span> and <span class="allsmcap">Q</span>, of which +<span class="allsmcap">U</span> is furnished with pegs placed close to the plate <span class="allsmcap">X O</span>, and <span class="allsmcap">Q</span> with broad +arms like the sails of a wind-mill. When all of these arms, urged by +the wind, drive round the wheel <span class="allsmcap">Q</span>, the rod <span class="allsmcap">S</span> will be driven round, so +that the wheel <span class="allsmcap">U</span> and the pegs attached to it will strike the plate <span class="allsmcap">X O</span> at +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_109">[109]</span>intervals and raise the piston; when the peg recedes, the piston, descending, +will force out the air in the box <span class="allsmcap">G H</span> into the tubes and pipes, and +produce the sound. We may always move the frame which contains +the rod <span class="allsmcap">S</span> towards the prevailing wind, that the revolution may be more +rapid and uniform.</p> + + +<figure class="figcenter illowp70" id="fig77"> + <img class="w100" src="images/fig77.jpg" alt="Diagram of apparatus as described in text"> +</figure> + + +<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop"> +<div class="chapter"> + <h2 class="nobreak block" id="Sec_78"> + 78. <i>An Automaton, the head of which continues attached to the body, + after a knife has entered the neck at one side, passed completely + through it, and out at the other; the animal will drink immediately + after the operation.</i> + </h2> +</div> + + +<figure class="figright illowp45" id="fig78"> + <img class="w100" src="images/fig78.jpg" alt="Diagram of apparatus as described in text"> +</figure> + +<img class="drop-capi" src="images/a.jpg" alt="Stylized A"> +<p class="drop-capi"><span class="uc">An</span> animal shall be made +to drink while it is being +severed in two. +In the mouth of the +animal (fig. 78), let +there be a tube, <span class="allsmcap">A B</span>, +and in the neck another, <span class="allsmcap">C D</span>, passing +along through one of the outer feet. +Between these tubes let a male cylinder, +<span class="allsmcap">E F</span>, pass, to which are attached toothed +bars, <span class="allsmcap">G</span> and <span class="allsmcap">H</span>. Above <span class="allsmcap">G</span> place a portion +of a toothed wheel, <span class="allsmcap">K</span>, and, in like manner, +beneath <span class="allsmcap">H</span> a portion of a toothed +wheel, <span class="allsmcap">L</span>. Over all let there be a wheel, +<span class="allsmcap">M</span>, the inner rim of which is thicker +than the outer; and let sections be cut +out of this wheel by the three circles <span class="allsmcap">M</span>, <span class="allsmcap">N</span> and <span class="allsmcap">X</span>, so that the interval +between each division may be equal to the radius of the wheel. Let +the rim or felly be likewise divided by the circles, so that the circumference +of the wheel will no longer be a circle. Having made an incision, +<span class="allsmcap">O P</span>, in the upper part of the neck, and severed the head within the +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_110">[110]</span>incision, make in it a circular cavity broader below than above, as it +were a female tube shaped like an axe, which will contain two sides of +the hexagon inscribed in the circle. Let this cavity be <span class="allsmcap">R S</span>, in which +the entire rim <span class="allsmcap">M N X</span> will revolve in such a manner that, before one division +disappears, the beginning of the next will succeed, and similarly +with the third: so that, if a pin be inserted through the wheel, the +wheel will revolve, and the head of the animal adhere to the neck. +Now, if a knife is passed down through the incision <span class="allsmcap">O P</span>, it will enter one +of the clefts of the wheel <span class="allsmcap">M</span>, and confine it in the circular cavity; and, +descending lower, it will touch the projecting tooth of the part <span class="allsmcap">K</span> of the +wheel, which, being forced downwards, will fit its teeth into those of +the bar <span class="allsmcap">G</span>, and the bar being pushed back will bring the cylinder out +of the tube <span class="allsmcap">A B</span>. The knife, passing through the intervening space, will +still descend and fall upon the projecting tooth of the part <span class="allsmcap">L</span> of the +wheel; and this, being forced downwards, and fitting its teeth into the +toothed bar <span class="allsmcap">H</span>, will drive the cylinder out of <span class="allsmcap">C D</span> and fit it into <span class="allsmcap">A B</span>. This +cylinder is an interior tube fitted into the two tubes, that, namely, in +the mouth of the animal, and that reaching from the incision in the +neck to the hinder foot. When the knife has passed quite through the +neck, and the tube <span class="allsmcap">E F</span> has touched both <span class="allsmcap">A B</span> and <span class="allsmcap">C D</span>, let water be offered +to the animal, and a pair of sliding tubes, placed under the herdsman, be +turned round. When the herdsman revolves, the water above will flow +downwards along the tube <span class="allsmcap">C D E F A B</span>, and the current of air caused by +the stream of water will attract the water offered to the mouth of the +animal. Of course the sliding tubes are so arranged that, as the herdsman +turns round, the holes in them coincide.</p> + +<figure class="figright illowp60" id="fig79"> + <img class="w100" src="images/fig79.jpg" alt="Diagram of apparatus as described in text"> + <figcaption> + <p>Fig. 79.</p> + </figcaption> +</figure> + +<p>The same result can be brought about without the aid of a stream of +water in the following manner. Take once more a pedestal perfectly +air-tight, <span class="allsmcap">A B C D</span> (fig. 79), having a partition across the middle, <span class="allsmcap">E F</span>. Let +the tube from the mouth of the animal, <span class="allsmcap">G H K</span>, lead into the pedestal, and +another tube, <span class="allsmcap">L M N</span>, pass through the surface <span class="allsmcap">A D</span> and the partition <span class="allsmcap">E F</span>. +In the tube, <span class="allsmcap">L M N</span>, perforate a hole, <span class="allsmcap">X</span>, just above the partition <span class="allsmcap">E F</span>, and let +another tube, <span class="allsmcap">O P</span>, fit into it closely, having a hole, <span class="allsmcap">R</span>, corresponding with +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_111">[111]</span>the hole <span class="allsmcap">X</span>. To the tube +<span class="allsmcap">O P</span> attach a figure of +Pan, or some other figure +with a fierce look, +and, when the figure is +turned towards the animal, +it shall not drink, +as though frightened; +when the figure turns +away, it shall drink. +Now, if we pour water +into the compartment +<span class="allsmcap">A D E F</span> through a hole, +<span class="allsmcap">G´</span>, which must afterwards +be carefully closed +with wax or some other substance, it will be found that, if the holes <span class="allsmcap">R</span> +and <span class="allsmcap">X</span> are made to coincide, the water which was poured in will pass +into the compartment <span class="allsmcap">E B C F</span>. As <span class="allsmcap">A D E F</span> becomes empty, it will attract +the air through the mouth of the figure, which will then drink when +a cup is presented to it.</p> + + +<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop"> +<div class="chapter"> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_112"></a><a id="Page_113"></a>[113]</span></p> + + +<figure class="figcenter illowp70" id="113_2"> + <img class="w100" src="images/113.jpg" alt="Decorative floral border"> +</figure> + + + <h2 class="nobreak" id="APPENDIX"> + APPENDIX. + </h2> +</div> + + +<img class="drop-capi" src="images/t.jpg" alt="Stylized T"> +<p class="drop-capi"><span class="uc">There</span> are four MSS. of Hero contained in the British Museum. +Two belong to the Harleian Collection: they are numbered 5605 +and 5589, and are assigned, the first to the fifteenth, the second to +the sixteenth century; they are distinguished in the table below +by the letters <i>a</i> and <i>b</i>. The others are among the Burney MSS., (108 and 81), +and are both assigned to the sixteenth century: they are cited as <i>c</i> and <i>d</i>. Of +these MSS. the first and third, (<i>a</i> and <i>c</i>), are by far the most trustworthy: they +generally supply the clauses missing in the printed text, and often furnish emendations +of passages otherwise corrupt. The other two agree, for the most part, +with each other, and with the printed text, both in the omission of numerous +clauses and in the grossest errors in individual words. It is thus rendered probable +that the defects of the Paris edition are in great measure due, not to the +Editors, but to the MS. followed.</p> + +<p>In the following table of emendations made in the text of Hero as it appears +in the <cite>Veterum Mathematicorum Opera</cite>, those only have been noticed which appeared +curious or important. Many more have been passed over in which the +correction was obvious even without the aid of any MS. The references are to +the page and line of the Paris edition.</p> + +<table class="apxtab"> +<tr> +<td class="tdcb bb br wd15" colspan=3>Page and Line of Paris edition.</td> +<td class="tdcb bb br wd40">Reading of Paris Text.</td> +<td class="tdcb bb">Reading adopted.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdct">147</td> +<td class="tdct">-</td> +<td class="tdct br">29</td> +<td class="tdlt br"><span lang="grc">συκίαν </span><i>a b d</i>.</td> +<td class="tdlt"><span lang="grc">σικύαν</span> <i>c</i>.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdct">150</td> +<td class="tdct">-</td> +<td class="tdct br">10</td> +<td class="tdlt br"><span lang="grc">ἐκφανείας</span></td> +<td class="tdlt"><span lang="grc">ἐπιφανείας</span> <i>a b c d</i>.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdct">—</td> +<td class="tdct">-</td> +<td class="tdct br">34</td> +<td class="tdlt br"><span lang="grc">τὴν—διαστολὴν</span></td> +<td class="tdlt"><span lang="grc">κατὰ τὴν—διαστολὴν</span> <i>a</i>.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdct">151</td> +<td class="tdct">-</td> +<td class="tdct br">8</td> +<td class="tdlt br"><span lang="grc">μυκτῆρσιν </span><i>d</i>.</td> +<td class="tdlt"><div lang="grc">μυκτῆρσιν ἀέρος</div> <i>a b c</i>.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdct">—</td> +<td class="tdct">-</td> +<td class="tdct br">51</td> +<td class="tdlt br"><span lang="grc">ὅσας</span></td> +<td class="tdlt"><span lang="grc">ὅσαι</span> <i>a b c d</i>.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdct">153</td> +<td class="tdct">-</td> +<td class="tdct br">6</td> +<td class="tdlt br"><span lang="grc">βαθύτερον</span> <i>d</i>.</td> +<td class="tdlt"><span lang="grc">βαρύτερον</span> <i>a b c</i>.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdct">—</td> +<td class="tdct">-</td> +<td class="tdct br">23</td> +<td class="tdlt br"><span lang="grc">στεγνὸν</span> <i>d</i>.</td> +<td class="tdlt"><span lang="grc">στενὸν</span> <i>a c</i>.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdct">155</td> +<td class="tdct"> -</td> +<td class="tdct br"> 3 <span class="pagenum" id="Page_114">[114]</span></td> +<td class="tdlt br"><span lang="grc">ἀντέχον</span> <i>a c d</i>.</td> +<td class="tdlt"><span lang="grc">ἀντέχων</span> <i>b</i>.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdct">156</td> +<td class="tdct">-</td> +<td class="tdct br">1</td> +<td class="tdlt br"><span lang="grc">πνυκτικὸς</span> <i>a b</i>.</td> +<td class="tdlt"><span lang="grc">πνικτικὸς</span> <i>c</i>. Commandine reads πνευματικὸς.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdct">—</td> +<td class="tdct">-</td> +<td class="tdct br">24</td> +<td class="tdlt br"><span lang="grc">ἀλλὰ τὸ μὴ</span> <i>c</i>.</td> +<td class="tdlt"><span lang="grc">ἀλλὰ τῷ μὴ</span> <i>a b d</i>.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdct">—</td> +<td class="tdct">-</td> +<td class="tdct br">26</td> +<td class="tdlt br"><span lang="grc">ἀντεπεξίοντος</span></td> +<td class="tdlt"><span lang="grc">ἀντὶ τοῦ ἐπεξίοντος</span> <i>a b c d</i>.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdct">159</td> +<td class="tdct">-</td> +<td class="tdct br">17</td> +<td class="tdlt br"><span lang="grc">τὸ ἐν τῷ ὑγρῷ</span> <br>(<span lang="grc">τὸ εν τῷ ὑγρον</span> <i>b</i>.)</td> +<td class="tdlt"><span lang="grc">τὸ ἐν ἀυτῷ ὑγρὸν</span> <i>a c</i>.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdct">161</td> +<td class="tdct">-</td> +<td class="tdct br">2</td> +<td class="tdlt br"><span lang="grc">ἰσθμὸς</span></td> +<td class="tdlt"><p><span lang="grc">ἠθμὸς.</span> This correction, adopted originally on the conjecture of Professor Malden, is supported by the variations of the MSS.; <i>a</i> reads <span lang="grc">ἱθμος</span>, <i>b</i> <span lang="grc">ἡθμος</span>. In like manner elsewhere read <span lang="grc">ἠθμοειδή</span>, &c. for <span lang="grc">ἰσθμοειδή</span>.</p></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdct">—</td> +<td class="tdct">-</td> +<td class="tdct br">20</td> +<td class="tdlt br"><span lang="grc">ἐκκεκρυήσεται</span> <br>(so all the MSS.)</td> +<td class="tdlt"><span lang="grc">οὐκ ἐκρυήσεται</span></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdct">170</td> +<td class="tdct">-</td> +<td class="tdct br">30</td> +<td class="tdlt br"><span lang="grc">ἐκείνοις</span></td> +<td class="tdlt"><span lang="grc">ἔκεινον</span> <i>a b c</i>.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdct">172</td> +<td class="tdct">-</td> +<td class="tdct br">17</td> +<td class="tdlt br"><span lang="grc">κατέχοντος </span><i>c</i>.</td> +<td class="tdlt"><span lang="grc">κατέχοντες</span> <i>a b</i>.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdct">—</td> +<td class="tdct">-</td> +<td class="tdct br">18</td> +<td class="tdlt br"><span lang="grc">ἐὰν δὲ ἄνω ὄντος</span></td> +<td class="tdlt"><span lang="grc">ἐὰν δὲ ἀνῶμεν ἔτι ἄνω ὄντος</span> <i>a b c</i>.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdct">—</td> +<td class="tdct">-</td> +<td class="tdct br">30</td> +<td class="tdlt br"><span lang="grc">ἴσον, ἐὰν</span></td> +<td class="tdlt"><span lang="grc">ὅσον ἐὰν</span> <i>a b c</i>.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdct">173</td> +<td class="tdct">-</td> +<td class="tdct br">20–24</td> +<td class="tdlt" colspan=2><p>This passage is unintelligible as it stands. It should be read (with <i>a b c</i>) as follows:—</p> +<p> <span lang="grc">Ἐγχέωμεν οὖν καὶ εἰς τὴν ΜΝΞΟ βάσιν καὶ εἰς τὸν ΠΡ κρατῆρα τὸν +οἶνον ὥστε πλήρη εἶναι τὸν ΠΡ κρατῆρα, καὶ τὴν ΜΝΞΟ βάσιν πεπληρῶσθαι +ἄχρι τοῦ Η στομίου τοῦ σωλῆνος· τούτου δὲ γενομένου, καὶ φραγέντος +τοῦ Ε, οὐ διὰ τοῦ ΚΛ σωλῆνος</span>, &c. In the printed text all the +words from <span lang="grc">τὸν οἶνον</span> to <span lang="grc">τὸν κρατῆρα</span> inclusive are omitted; so is the +οὐ after <span lang="grc">φραγέντος</span>. In the translation the MSS. have been departed +from in reading “as high as the mouth of the tube G H,” instead of “as +high as the mouth G of the tube G H.” The latter reading is clearly +inconsistent with the argument.</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdct">174</td> +<td class="tdct">-</td> +<td class="tdct br">3</td> +<td class="tdlt br"><p><span lang="grc">εἰσχωρεῖ καὶ διὰ τοῦ τρήματος</span></p></td> +<td class="tdlt"><p><span lang="grc">εἰσχωρεῖν καὶ διὰ τοῦ Υ τρήματος</span> <i>a b c</i>.</p></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdct">—</td> +<td class="tdct">-</td> +<td class="tdct br">13</td> +<td class="tdlt br"><span lang="grc">ὁ Κ, ὁ κενὼν</span></td> +<td class="tdlt"><span lang="grc">ὁ Κ ἔνων </span><i>a b c</i>.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdct">177</td> +<td class="tdct">-</td> +<td class="tdct br">1</td> +<td class="tdlt br"><span lang="grc">ἀνακεκαμφθέντα ἀγγεῖα</span></td> +<td class="tdlt"><p><span lang="grc">ἀνακεκάμφθω εἰς τὰ ἀγγεῖα</span> <i>c</i>. <i>a b</i> have <span lang="grc">ἀνακεκάμφω</span>.</p></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdct">—</td> +<td class="tdct">-</td> +<td class="tdct br">24</td> +<td class="tdlt" colspan=2><p>The printed text is here quite unintelligible. We find (beginning of § 24 in translation) these words:— +<span lang="grc">ἔστω σμηρισμάτιον ᾧ ἐὰν βουλώμεθα λόγῳ· ἔστω δὲ τὸ +ὕδωρ τοῦ οἴνου διπλάσιον.</span> The opening sentence should be as +follows: <span lang="grc">Ἀγγείου ὄντος κενοῦ καὶ ἑτέρου οἶνον ἔχοντος, ὅσον ἐὰν ὕδωρ +εἰς τὸ κενὸν ἀγγεῖον ἐμβάλωμεν</span>, +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_115">[115]</span> <span lang="grc">τοσοῦτον διὰ κρουνοῦ ληψόμεθα κεκραμένον +ᾧ ἐὰν βουλώμεθα εἶναι λόγῳ· ἔστω δὲ τὸ ὕδωρ τοῦ οἴνου διπλάσιον</span>. + So <i>a c</i>: <i>b d</i> agree with the text.</p></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdct">180</td> +<td class="tdct">-</td> +<td class="tdct br">11</td> +<td class="tdlt" colspan=2><p>Omit <span lang="grc">τρίτου</span> with <i>a c</i>: <i>b d</i> agree with the text in retaining the word, which is unintelligible.</p></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdct">192</td> +<td class="tdct">-</td> +<td class="tdct br">3</td> +<td class="tdlt br"><span lang="grc">ἐπιληφθέντα</span> <i>b d</i>.</td> +<td class="tdlt"><span lang="grc">ἐπειληθέντα </span><i>c</i>. <i>a</i> has <span lang="grc">ἐπειληφθέντα</span>.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdct">193</td> +<td class="tdct">-</td> +<td class="tdct br">26</td> +<td class="tdlt br"><span lang="grc">ἀποδεδεμένοι</span></td> +<td class="tdlt"><span lang="grc">ἀποδεδομένοι</span> <i>a b c d</i>.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdct">195</td> +<td class="tdct">-</td> +<td class="tdct br">7</td> +<td class="tdlt br"><span lang="grc">ἀποδεδόσθω</span></td> +<td class="tdlt"><span lang="grc">ἀποδεδέσθω</span> <i>a b c d</i>.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdct">197</td> +<td class="tdct">-</td> +<td class="tdct br">6</td> +<td class="tdlt br"><span lang="grc">ἄνω</span> <i>a b c d</i>.</td> +<td class="tdlt"><p><span lang="grc">κάτω</span>, which is given in the margin of <i>d</i>, is necessary to the sense.</p></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdct">200</td> +<td class="tdct">-</td> +<td class="tdct br">8</td> +<td class="tdlt" colspan=2><p>Read <span lang="grc">ἐναρμοσθεὶς εἰς τὸ σφαίριον φερέτω εἰς τὴν χώνην, καὶ ἐμβεβλήσθω εἰς τὸ σφαίριον ὕδωρ</span>. So all the MSS. In the text all from <span lang="grc">φερέτω</span> to <span lang="grc">σφαίριον</span> inclusive is omitted.</p></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdct">—</td> +<td class="tdct">-</td> +<td class="tdct br">14</td> +<td class="tdlt" colspan=2><p>After <span lang="grc">ὑγρὸν add καὶ ἀναπληρώσει τὸν κενωθέντα τόπον</span>. So <i>a b c</i>.</p></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdct">202</td> +<td class="tdct" style="width:.5em; ">-</td> +<td class="tdct br">20</td> +<td class="tdlt" colspan=2><p>The last clause of § 50 (of the translation) is unintelligible as it stands in the printed text. For <span lang="grc">στρέφειν εἰς τὴν χώραν</span> <i>a</i> and <i>c</i> give <span lang="grc">εἰς τὴν σφαῖραν</span>. In the translation <span lang="grc">σφαῖραν</span> is preferred to <span lang="grc">χώραν</span>, and <span lang="grc">εἰς</span> omitted.</p></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdct">205<br> 206<br> 185</td> +<td class="tdct"> -<br>-<br>- </td> +<td class="tdct br" style="min-width: 3em"> 10 }<br> 10 }<br> 11 }</td> +<td class="tdlm" colspan=2><p>Clauses of considerable length are missing in the text from the usual cause. They are supplied in the translation.</p></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdct" >212</td> +<td class="tdct br" colspan=2></td> +<td class="tdlt" colspan=2><p>The arrangement of the three plans for self-acting lamps has been altered in conformity with <i>a</i> and <i>c</i>; <i>b</i> and <i>d</i>, agreeing with the printed text.</p></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdct">216</td> +<td class="tdct">-</td> +<td class="tdct br">26</td> +<td class="tdlt br"><span lang="grc">ἐκπίπτοντος</span></td> +<td class="tdlt"><span lang="grc">εἰσπίπτοντος</span> <i>a</i>.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdct">223</td> +<td class="tdct">-</td> +<td class="tdct br">7</td> +<td class="tdlt br"><span lang="grc">ΓΔ</span> (CD)</td> +<td class="tdlt"><p><span lang="grc">ΕΖ</span> (EF): this change has been made on conjecture.</p></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdct">—</td> +<td class="tdct">-</td> +<td class="tdct br">16</td> +<td class="tdlt" colspan=2><p>Before <span lang="grc">ὥστε ἢ</span> has been inserted, without support from the MSS. The passage is otherwise self-contradictory.</p></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdct">226</td> +<td class="tdct">-</td> +<td class="tdct br">23</td> +<td class="tdlt br"><span lang="grc">διηνοιγμένον</span> <i>a b c d</i>.</td> +<td class="tdlt"><span lang="grc">διενηνεγμένον?</span></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdct">227</td> +<td class="tdct">-</td> +<td class="tdct br">21</td> +<td class="tdlt" colspan=2><p>This passage is corrupt, but the MSS. give no light.</p></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdct">228</td> +<td class="tdct">-</td> +<td class="tdct br">8</td> +<td class="tdlt br"><span lang="grc">ἐκτὸς</span></td> +<td class="tdlt"><span lang="grc">ἐντὸς</span> <i>a b c d</i>.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdct">—</td> +<td class="tdct">-</td> +<td class="tdct br">41</td> +<td class="tdlt br"><span lang="grc">ἐν τοῖς αὐλοῖς</span> <i>a b c d</i>.</td> +<td class="tdlt"><span lang="grc">τοῖς ἐν τοῖς αὐλοῖς</span>?</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdct">229</td> +<td class="tdct">-</td> +<td class="tdct br">30–40</td> +<td class="tdlt" colspan=2><p>The reading of the text is evidently corrupt here, but the MSS. do not supply means for correcting it: <span lang="grc">μίας οὔσης</span> may be a corruption of μενούσης; Hero speaks elsewhere of a <span lang="grc">περόνη μένουσα</span>.</p></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdct">232</td> +<td class="tdct">-</td> +<td class="tdct br">14</td> +<td class="tdlt" colspan=2><p>The text and all the MSS. read <span lang="grc">ὑπὸ</span>; nevertheless ὑπὲρ has been substituted in the translation. If the holes X and R were <em>beneath</em> the partition, the action of the tubes would fail.</p></td> +</tr> +</table> + + + +<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop"> +<div class="chapter"> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_116">[116]</span></p> + + +<figure class="figcenter illowp70" id="016"> + <img class="w100" src="images/116.jpg" alt="Decorative floral border"> +</figure> + + + <h2 class="nobreak" id="INDEX"> + INDEX. + </h2> +</div> + + +<ul class="index"> + +<li class="ifrst drop-capi"><img class="li-drop-capi" src="images/a2.jpg" alt="Stylized A"><span class=uc>Air</span> (atmospheric), <a href="#Page_1">1</a>.</li> + + <li class="indx drop-cap2">Adamant, <a href="#Page_2">2</a>.</li> + + <li class="indx drop-cap2">Anvil, <a href="#Page_2">2</a>.</li> + + <li class="indx drop-cap2">Archimedes, <a href="#Page_9">9</a>.</li> + + <li class="indx">Air-pump (condensing), <a href="#Page_23">23</a>.</li> + + <li class="indx">Altar, <a href="#Page_26">26</a>, <a href="#Page_83">83</a>.</li> + + <li class="indx">Apple, <a href="#Page_62">62</a>.</li> + + <li class="indx">Arrow, <a href="#Page_62">62</a>.</li> + + <li class="indx">Air-engine, <a href="#Page_95">95</a>.</li> + + + <li class="ifrst">Bottle, <a href="#Page_3">3</a>.</li> + + <li class="indx">Bitumen, <a href="#Page_5">5</a>.</li> + + <li class="indx">Bronze, <a href="#Page_7">7</a>.</li> + + <li class="indx">Beam, balance, <a href="#Page_11">11</a>.</li> + + <li class="indx">Bar, <a href="#Page_19">19</a>.</li> + + <li class="indx">Bird, <a href="#Page_29">29</a>.</li> + + <li class="indx">Beam on an axis, <a href="#Page_33">33</a>.</li> + + <li class="indx">Ball tap, <a href="#Page_36">36</a>.</li> + + <li class="indx">Ball float, <a href="#Page_43">43</a>.</li> + + <li class="indx">Beam, <a href="#Page_44">44</a>.</li> + + <li class="indx">Bow, <a href="#Page_62">62</a>.</li> + + <li class="indx">Boiler, <a href="#Page_72">72</a>, <a href="#Page_101">101</a>, <a href="#Page_102">102</a>, <a href="#Page_103">103</a>.</li> + + <li class="indx">Buttons, <a href="#Page_76">76</a>.</li> + + <li class="indx">Bellows, (substitute for), <a href="#Page_105">105</a>.</li> + + <li class="indx">Bell-crank lever, <a href="#Page_106">106</a>.</li> + + + <li class="ifrst">Cupping-glasses, <a href="#Page_4">4</a>.</li> + + <li class="indx">Coal-cinders, <a href="#Page_5">5</a>, <a href="#Page_101">101</a>, <a href="#Page_102">102</a>.</li> + + <li class="indx">Cook’s ladle, <a href="#Page_21">21</a>.</li> + + <li class="indx">Carpenters’ rule, <a href="#Page_25">25</a>.</li> + + <li class="indx">Chain, <a href="#Page_32">32</a>.</li> + + <li class="indx">Cork, <a href="#Page_36">36</a>.</li> + + <li class="indx">Coin, <a href="#Page_37">37</a>.</li> + + <li class="indx">Cock or tap, <a href="#Page_41">41</a>.</li> + + <li class="indx">Cylinders, (bored bronze), <a href="#Page_44">44</a>.</li> + + <li class="indx">Church organ, <a href="#Page_105">105</a>.</li> + + + <li class="ifrst">Dew, <a href="#Page_5">5</a>.</li> + + <li class="indx">Divers, <a href="#Page_8">8</a>.</li> + + <li class="indx">Door of temple, <a href="#Page_33">33</a>.</li> + + <li class="indx">Dragon, <a href="#Page_62">62</a>.</li> + + + <li class="ifrst">Earth, <a href="#Page_1">1</a>.</li> + + <li class="indx">Extinguisher, <a href="#Page_33">33</a>.</li> + + <li class="indx">Engine, (steam-), <a href="#Page_72">72</a>.</li> + + + <li class="ifrst">Fire, <a href="#Page_1">1</a>.</li> + + <li class="indx">Force, <a href="#Page_3">3</a>.</li> + + <li class="indx">Funnel, <a href="#Page_29">29</a>.</li> + + <li class="indx">Fir-cone, <a href="#Page_70">70</a>.</li> + + <li class="indx">Flagon, <a href="#Page_86">86</a>.</li> + + <li class="indx">Finger-organ, keys, <a href="#Page_105">105</a>.</li> + + + <li class="ifrst">Glass, <a href="#Page_3">3</a>, <a href="#Page_68">68</a>, <a href="#Page_74">74</a>, <a href="#Page_75">75</a>, <a href="#Page_76">76</a>, <a href="#Page_79">79</a>, + <a href="#Page_95">95</a>.</li> + + <li class="indx">Globe, <a href="#Page_7">7</a>, <a href="#Page_20">20</a>.</li> + + <li class="indx">Groove, <a href="#Page_17">17</a>.</li> + + + <li class="ifrst">Hammer, <a href="#Page_2">2</a>.</li> + + <li class="indx">Heat, <a href="#Page_2">2</a>.</li> + + <li class="indx">Horn-shavings, <a href="#Page_3">3</a>.</li> + + <li class="indx">Handle, <a href="#Page_17">17</a>.</li> + + <li class="indx">Hinges, <a href="#Page_25">25</a>.</li> + + <li class="indx">Holy water, <a href="#Page_49">49</a>.</li> + + <li class="indx">Hercules, <a href="#Page_62">62</a>.</li> + + <li class="indx">Hot-air blast, <a href="#Page_100">100</a>, <a href="#Page_101">101</a>.</li> + + + <li class="ifrst">Iron, <a href="#Page_10">10</a>.</li> + + + <li class="ifrst">Jar, <a href="#Page_22">22</a>.</li> + + + <li class="ifrst">Kettle-drum, <a href="#Page_32">32</a>.</li> + + <li class="indx">Key, <a href="#Page_41">41</a>.</li> + + + <li class="ifrst"><span class="pagenum" id="Page_117">[117]</span>Light, <a href="#Page_9">9</a>.</li> + + <li class="indx">Libation, <a href="#Page_26">26</a>.</li> + + <li class="indx">Lathe for turning, <a href="#Page_32">32</a>.</li> + + <li class="indx">Lead, <a href="#Page_36">36</a>.</li> + + <li class="indx">Lamp-wick, <a href="#Page_52">52</a>.</li> + + <li class="indx">Lever-beam, <a href="#Page_94">94</a>.</li> + + + <li class="ifrst">Metal plate, <a href="#Page_7">7</a>.</li> + + <li class="indx">Marine torpedo, <a href="#Page_10">10</a>.</li> + + + <li class="ifrst">Nut, (substitute for), <a href="#Page_17">17</a>.</li> + + + <li class="ifrst">Oil, <a href="#Page_6">6</a>.</li> + + <li class="indx">Owl, <a href="#Page_30">30</a>.</li> + + <li class="indx">Oven, <a href="#Page_94">94</a>.</li> + + <li class="indx">Organ-pipes, <a href="#Page_105">105</a>.</li> + + + <li class="ifrst">Pores, <a href="#Page_9">9</a>.</li> + + <li class="indx">Priest, <a href="#Page_26">26</a>, <a href="#Page_83">83</a>.</li> + + <li class="indx">Priestess, <a href="#Page_26">26</a>.</li> + + <li class="indx">Pulley and rope, <a href="#Page_32">32</a>.</li> + + <li class="indx">Piston, turned, (metallic), <a href="#Page_44">44</a>.</li> + + <li class="indx">Piston-rods, <a href="#Page_44">44</a>.</li> + + <li class="indx">Pan, <a href="#Page_47">47</a>.</li> + + <li class="indx">Pinion, (toothed), <a href="#Page_52">52</a>.</li> + + <li class="indx">Poised cup, <a href="#Page_66">66</a>.</li> + + + <li class="ifrst">Quicksilver, <a href="#Page_58">58</a>.</li> + + + <li class="ifrst">Rod, <a href="#Page_32">32</a>.</li> + + <li class="indx">Rack, (toothed), <a href="#Page_52">52</a>.</li> + + <li class="indx">Racks, <a href="#Page_109">109</a>.</li> + + + <li class="ifrst">Sand, <a href="#Page_2">2</a>.</li> + + <li class="indx"><ins class="corr" title="Transcriber's Note—original text: Spunge" id="Spunge">Sponge</ins>, <a href="#Page_3">3</a>.</li> + + <li class="indx">Smoke, <a href="#Page_5">5</a>.</li> + + <li class="indx">Steam, <a href="#Page_5">5</a>, <a href="#Page_68">68</a>, <a href="#Page_69">69</a>, <a href="#Page_72">72</a>, <a href="#Page_100">100</a>.</li> + + <li class="indx">Sulphur, <a href="#Page_5">5</a>.</li> + + <li class="indx">Sun, <a href="#Page_5">5</a>.</li> + + <li class="indx">Sun’s rays, <a href="#Page_9">9</a>.</li> + + <li class="indx">Suction, <a href="#Page_11">11</a>.</li> + + <li class="indx">Solder, <a href="#Page_17">17</a>.</li> + + <li class="indx">Sliding-frame, <a href="#Page_17">17</a>.</li> + + <li class="indx">Screw, <a href="#Page_17">17</a>.</li> + + <li class="indx">Sieve, <a href="#Page_19">19</a>.</li> + + <li class="indx">Spout, <a href="#Page_73">73</a>.</li> + + <li class="indx">Syringe, <a href="#Page_80">80</a>.</li> + + <li class="indx">Serpent, <a href="#Page_83">83</a>.</li> + + <li class="indx">Steel-yards, <a href="#Page_87">87</a>.</li> + + <li class="indx">Shrine, <a href="#Page_93">93</a>.</li> + + <li class="indx">Spur wheels, <a href="#Page_93">93</a>.</li> + + <li class="indx">Sparrow, <a href="#Page_104">104</a>.</li> + + <li class="indx">Springs, <a href="#Page_106">106</a>.</li> + + <li class="indx">Sectors, (toothed), <a href="#Page_109">109</a>.</li> + + + <li class="ifrst">Tube, <a href="#Page_7">7</a>.</li> + + <li class="indx">Tin, <a href="#Page_8">8</a>.</li> + + <li class="indx">Trumpet, (mouthpiece and bell), <a href="#Page_32">32</a>.</li> + + <li class="indx">Three-way cock, <a href="#Page_51">51</a>.</li> + + <li class="indx">Trigger, <a href="#Page_62">62</a>.</li> + + <li class="indx">Thyrsus, <a href="#Page_70">70</a>.</li> + + <li class="indx">Turn-table, <a href="#Page_95">95</a>.</li> + + <li class="indx">Triton, <a href="#Page_103">103</a>.</li> + + <li class="indx">Tuning-pipe, <a href="#Page_104">104</a>.</li> + + <li class="indx">Tappet-wheel, <a href="#Page_108">108</a>.</li> + + + <li class="ifrst">Universal joint, <a href="#Page_45">45</a>.</li> + + + <li class="ifrst">Vacuum, <a href="#Page_1">1</a>.</li> + + <li class="indx">Vent, <a href="#Page_21">21</a>.</li> + + <li class="indx">Valve, (circular slide), <a href="#Page_23">23</a>.</li> + + <li class="indx">Valve, (clack), <a href="#Page_24">24</a>.</li> + + <li class="indx">Valve, (suspended), <a href="#Page_37">37</a>.</li> + + <li class="indx">Valve, (spindle), <a href="#Page_44">44</a>.</li> + + <li class="indx">Valve, (plane slide), <a href="#Page_105">105</a>.</li> + + + <li class="ifrst">Water-clocks, <a href="#Page_1">1</a>, <a href="#Page_87">87</a>.</li> + + <li class="indx">Water, <a href="#Page_1">1</a>.</li> + + <li class="indx">Wind, <a href="#Page_2">2</a>.</li> + + <li class="indx">Wine, <a href="#Page_19">19</a>.</li> + + <li class="indx">Weight, <a href="#Page_32">32</a>.</li> + + <li class="indx">Wheels, <a href="#Page_49">49</a>.</li> + + <li class="indx">Wine-skin, <a href="#Page_55">55</a>.</li> + + <li class="indx">Washing-basin, <a href="#Page_55">55</a>.</li> + + <li class="indx">Water-jet, <a href="#Page_65">65</a>.</li> + + <li class="indx">Whistle, <a href="#Page_70">70</a>.</li> + + <li class="indx">Wheel and axle, <a href="#Page_93">93</a>.</li> + + <li class="indx">Wind-mill, <a href="#Page_108">108</a>.</li> +</ul> + +<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop"> +<div class="chapter"></div> + +<figure class="figcenter illowp30" id="118"> + <img class="w100" src="images/118.jpg" alt="Shield with initials W.C. being held by a lion"> +</figure> + + + +<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop"> +<div class="chapter"></div> + + +<figure class="figcenter illowp30" id="119"> + <img class="w100" src="images/119.jpg" alt="Sketch of a boat with sails"> +</figure> + <p class="wsp fs120 center lh15"> + SKETCH OF THE ORIGIN AND PROGRESS OF + STEAM NAVIGATION.<br> +<span class=fs80>FROM AUTHENTIC DOCUMENTS.<br> +BY BENNET WOODCROFT.</span><br> +<span class=fs60>PROFESSOR OF MACHINERY IN UNIVERSITY COLLEGE LONDON.</span></p> + +<p><i>With Seventeen Lithographic Plates and Woodcuts.</i> Fcap. 4to. 12<i>s.</i> cloth.</p> + +<hr class="r15"> +<p class="noindent"><span class=smcap>Although</span> much has been written and published on the subject of Steam Navigation, the +merits of the several inventions by which it has been brought into practical operation have +not in all cases been faithfully recorded, or duly assigned to their respective authors.</p> + +<p>This defect is intended to be supplied in the following sketch; first, by a chronological +enumeration of the several projectors, whether subjects of Great Britain or Foreigners; and +secondly, by presenting to the reader a clear and impartial statement of what has been accomplished +by each, viewed either as an original inventor, or as having been instrumental in +promoting the means by which Steam Navigation has reached its present state of excellence.</p> + +<p>The pretensions of the several inventors are accordingly arranged in the order of time, +and at such length as the limits of the work will admit.</p> + +<p>Those who have explained the nature and principles of their inventions are afforded the +advantages derivable from such explanations by quotations from their own writings; while +other inventors or patentees, who have not availed themselves of this mode of giving publicity +to a description of the means by which they have endeavoured to supersede prior inventions, +or to extend their utility, have the benefit of such remarks as have been elicited by the writings +of their own countrymen.</p> + +<p>The sketch accordingly commences by detailing facts which demonstrate that the use of +the Paddle-wheel as an instrument for propelling boats or vessels is of great antiquity, preceding +by ages the first suggestion of the application of steam as a motive power for that +purpose.</p> + +<p>This is succeeded by a recapitulation of the early projects for propelling vessels by the +aid of the steam-engine, and of the various modifications proposed or practically adopted at +subsequent periods; thus placing before the reader the means of forming a just estimate of +the pretensions of the several projectors to be ranked as <i>the real authors of the present +system of Steam Navigation</i>.</p> + +<p>In conclusion, some of the instruments denominated Screw Propellers are duly noticed, +with authentic statements of the results of various experiments in which they were applied, +and remarks on those generally in use in Europe and in the United States of America. It +will be obvious that the facts thus detailed were widely scattered, and in some few instances +difficult of access: they have consequently been collected and arranged from many sources, +and the compilation is now submitted as forming a book of reference which may be found +not only useful, but interesting to those who seek for information as to the origin and progress +of Steam Navigation.—<i>Preface.</i></p> + +<hr class="r15"> +<p class="center p2 wsp lh15"> +LONDON: TAYLOR, WALTON, AND MABERLY, IVY LANE,<br> +<span class=fs90>PATERNOSTER ROW. 1848.</span> +</p> + + +<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop"> +<div class="transnote" id="ENDNOTE"> + <strong> + TRANSCRIBER’S NOTE + </strong> + + +<p class="noindent">Illustrations in this eBook have been positioned between paragraphs.</p> + +<p class="noindent">The index was not checked for proper alphabetization or correct page +references.</p> + +<p class="noindent">Obvious typographical errors and punctuation errors have been +corrected after careful comparison with other occurrences within +the text and consultation of external sources.</p> + +<p class="noindent">Some hyphens in words have been silently removed, some added, +when a predominant preference was found in the original book.</p> + +<p class="noindent">Except for those changes noted below, all misspellings in the text, +and inconsistent or archaic usage, have been retained.</p> + +<table class="toc"> + +<tr> +<td class="tdrt">Pg <a href="#which">xix</a>:</td> +<td class="tdl hang1">‘which’ replaced by ‘the’ to match the title of the section.<br></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdrt"><a href="#Spunge">117</a>:</td> +<td class="tdl hang1">‘Spunge’ replaced by ‘Sponge’.</td> +</tr> +</table> + +</div> + +<div style='text-align:center'>*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 77400 ***</div> +</body> +</html> diff --git a/77400-h/images/001a.jpg b/77400-h/images/001a.jpg Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..e124c74 --- /dev/null +++ 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