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+*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 77400 ***
+
+TRANSCRIBER’S NOTE
+
+Italic text is denoted by _underscores_.
+
+Footnote anchors are denoted by [number], and the footnotes have been
+placed at the end of the chapter.
+
+A superscript is denoted by ^x or ^{xx}, for example und^r or 36^{th}.
+
+Corrigenda on page xiv have been applied to the etext except for
+illustration corrections.
+
+Illustrations without captions have had a description added.
+
+Some minor changes to the text are noted at the end of the book.
+
+
+
+
+[Illustration:
+
+                               INVENTIONS
+
+                                 OF THE
+
+                                ANCIENTS
+
+                           HERO OF ALEXANDRIA
+]
+
+
+
+
+                                  THE
+
+                               PNEUMATICS
+
+                                   OF
+
+                           HERO OF ALEXANDRIA
+
+                        FROM THE ORIGINAL GREEK
+
+                      TRANSLATED FOR AND EDITED BY
+
+                            BENNET WOODCROFT
+
+                  PROFESSOR OF MACHINERY IN UNIVERSITY
+
+                             COLLEGE LONDON
+
+                   [Illustration: Decorative divider]
+
+                                 LONDON
+                       TAYLOR WALTON AND MABERLY
+            UPPER GOWER STREET AND IVY LANE PATERNOSTER ROW
+                                  1851
+
+
+
+
+                                   TO
+
+                    HIS ROYAL HIGHNESS PRINCE ALBERT
+
+                    PRESIDENT OF THE SOCIETY OF ARTS
+
+                                This Work
+
+               IS BY SPECIAL PERMISSION MOST RESPECTFULLY
+
+                                DEDICATED
+
+                  BY HIS ROYAL HIGHNESS’S OBEDIENT AND
+
+                          VERY HUMBLE SERVANT,
+
+                                                       BENNET WOODCROFT.
+
+
+
+
+[Illustration: Decorative border with depictions of cheribs sailing,
+making pottery and sculpting stone]
+
+
+
+
+EDITOR’S PREFACE.
+
+
+While the Editor of the present work was engaged in writing an
+_Analytical History of the Steam-Engine_, it became necessary to
+consult the antient mechanicians to ascertain who were the inventors of
+the several parts composing that machine: the earliest writer on the
+subject appeared to be Hero of Alexandria; throughout whose work so
+many of the elementary parts of all Steam-Engines, and those also of
+most other machines are mentioned, that it was thought a translation of
+Hero’s Pneumatics would be acceptable not only to the Engineer but to
+the scientific world generally.
+
+Although at the commencement of his work, Hero states that he has added
+his own discoveries to those “handed down by former writers,” yet in no
+instance has he pointed out any thing which originated with himself;
+nor is there any statement in the text, except the one I have just
+quoted, which would lead the reader to any other conclusion than that
+the whole is a compilation from the works of those who at that period
+of time were styled the “antient philosophers and mechanicians.”
+
+Those parts of each vessel or instrument which mechanically perform
+the operations assigned to them are alike, or nearly so, in the four
+manuscript and the three printed copies of Hero’s works which have been
+consulted by the Editor; but great diversity of form is given to the
+vessel in which they are placed. The drawings have been made expressly
+for this work from the best examples.
+
+The seventy-eighth proposition is the only instance in which there is
+an omission of the illustrative drawing, and this occurs in all the
+copies; the two drawings which are now supplied to that proposition
+have been made from the descriptions given in the text.
+
+For the Translation of Hero from the Greek, the valuable assistance of
+Mr. J. G. Greenwood, Fellow of University College, London, has been
+obtained: he is the recently appointed Professor of the Languages and
+Literature of Greece and Rome, in Owen’s College, Manchester.
+
+It is confidently hoped that this Translation will be found superior to
+its predecessors in whatever language; and that it will prove not only
+generally interesting but practically useful.
+
+
+
+
+[Illustration: Decorative border of curled leafy vines.]
+
+
+
+
+TRANSLATOR’S PREFACE.
+
+
+Concerning Hero of Alexandria, the author of the treatise here
+translated, little is known with certainty. When his name and the place
+of his abode have been given, all that can be positively affirmed is
+exhausted. We are further told by Hero the younger, who is supposed to
+have written in the seventh century A. D., that Hero, the author of
+the “Pneumatics,” was a pupil of Ctesibius;—a statement sufficiently
+probable from the character of his works, and strengthened by the
+inscription Ἥρωνος Κτησιβίου[1] prefixed to another work by Hero on the
+construction of missiles.
+
+Even the precise period at which Hero lived is a debated point. From
+his own writings all that can be gathered is that he knew the works
+of Archimedes, and of Philo the Byzantian, who, again, is known to
+have been a contemporary of Ctesibius; and, as the earliest mention of
+him by others is as low down as the fourth century A. D., external
+evidence, even if it were distinct, would be little trustworthy. Such
+evidence, however, is vague and scanty. The only direct statement
+bearing on the date of Hero is the assertion that he was the pupil of
+Ctesibius. The date of Hero therefore depends on the date of Ctesibius,
+and this has been variously fixed by different chronologists.
+
+Clinton, (F. H. vol. iii. pp. 535, 538,) who puts Hero as low down
+as the end of the second century B. C., proceeds on the following
+evidence: Athenæus (vol. iv. p. 174, edit. Schweighæuser) quotes one
+Aristocles as saying, in a work περὶ χορῶν, of the water-organ, φασὶ
+τοῦτο εὑρῆσθαι ὑπὸ Κτησιβίου κουρέως ἐνταῦθα οἰκοῦντος ἐν τῇ Ἀσπενδίᾳ
+ἐπὶ τοῦ δευτέρου Εὐεργέτου· διαπρέψαι τέ φασι μεγάλως. Now Euergetes
+II. (Ptolemy VII.) reigned from B. C. 170 to B. C. 117, and hence
+Clinton assigns Hero, the pupil of Ctesibius, to the reign of Ptolemy
+VIII. that is, to B. C. 117–81.
+
+Fabricius, on the other hand, (Bibi. Græc. vol. iv. pp. 222, 234,
+edit. Harl.) setting out from an entirely different datum, places him
+more than a hundred years earlier, in the time of Ptolemy Philadelphus
+(Euergetes I.): Athenæus Mechanicus, (one of the mechanical writers
+whose works are printed in the _Veterum Mathematicorum Opera_), in his
+treatise περὶ μηχανημάτων, p. 8, speaks of Ctesibius as a contemporary;
+his words are Κτησίβιος ὁ Ἀσκληνὸς, ὁ ἐν Ἀλεξανδρείᾳ μηχανικός. This
+treatise is dedicated to a Marcellus, and Fabricius, assuming, after
+Hero junior, this Marcellus to be the conqueror of Syracuse, has hence
+assigned Ctesibius and Hero to the reigns of the second and third
+Ptolemies (B. C. 285–222).
+
+Of these conflicting dates that assigned by Clinton has been generally
+adopted. The question is discussed at some length by Schweighæuser,
+in a note on the passage of Athenæus referred to above: he deems the
+identification of the patron of Athenæus Mechanicus with the conqueror
+of Syracuse to be unwarranted, and, besides, thinks it most unlikely
+that at so early a period a Greek should dedicate a work on military
+engines to any Roman. But from the expression employed by Athenæus,
+(ὦ σεμνότατε Μάρκελλε,) it may be inferred that his patron was a
+man of very exalted rank; and the second objection from the alleged
+improbability that a Greek should dedicate such a work to a Roman at
+that period will hardly be thought to apply at the period referred
+to, while the skill displayed by Marcellus in the siege of Syracuse,
+and the regret expressed by him for the fate of Archimedes, (whether
+genuine or not,) may well have suggested the dedication to him of
+a work on military engineering. The assumption of Fabricius, then,
+is, in itself, not to be too hastily rejected; and it will be seen
+that it is not so irreconcileable with the statement of Aristocles
+as has been supposed. Fabricius has carried back the date further
+than his argument requires or even warrants. Marcellus was killed B.
+C. 208: Athenæus might have inscribed his work to him about B. C.
+212 or 210; at this period, then, we must suppose Ctesibius to have
+been known as a philosopher,[2] but he may have lived far into the
+succeeding century,—possibly even into the reign of Euergetes II. (B.
+C. 170–117); Hero would thus be placed about B. C. 150, a result by
+no means inconsistent with the statement of Aristocles, since it is
+not necessary, with Clinton, to assign the whole of the long reign of
+Euergetes II. to Ctesibius, and then to put Hero so low down as the
+reign of Ptolemy VIII.
+
+The treatise on Pneumatics was first published in an Italian
+translation by Aleotti (Bologna, 1547). In 1575 appeared a Latin
+version by F. Commandine (Urbino, 1575): this translation, through
+which the work has been most extensively known, was reprinted at
+Amsterdam and at Paris. Several other translations were made into
+Italian, and one into German (see Fabricius, iv. p. 235). It was not
+till the year 1693, and subsequently to the appearance of all the
+versions named above, that the Greek text was published at Paris in
+the _Veterum Mathematicorum Opera_. The design of this collection was
+formed by Thevenot, deputy librarian of the Royal library in the reign
+of Louis XIV., and after his death it was carried out by De la Hire.
+Thevenot’s plan was to publish an accurate transcript of the MSS. of
+the several authors. The inevitable obscurity arising from the numerous
+corruptions which had crept into the manuscripts was to be remedied by
+an appendix of notes and a Latin translation. But for the Pneumatics of
+Hero it seemed sufficient to adopt the already well-known translation
+of Commandine; and, in consequence, of the eight MSS. of this treatise
+existing in the Royal Library, that one was chosen which most nearly
+agreed with the Latin version. This MS. was closely followed, and,
+as might be expected, the printed text is extremely corrupt: not
+unfrequently entire clauses are wanting, which, ending with the same
+word as the clause preceding, seem to have been passed over by the
+transcriber, whose eye, in returning from his copy to the original,
+rested on the second instead of the first of the two similar words.
+These defective passages, which appear to have been conjecturally
+restored by Commandine, have been supplied in the present translation
+from MSS. of Hero preserved in the British Museum. These MSS. are
+described in the appendix, where the most important cases in which the
+printed text has been supplemented, or otherwise amended, from this
+source are collected. When any words are included in the translation
+between brackets, it is to be understood that they appear neither in
+the text nor in any of the MSS. collated, but have been inserted as
+necessary to the sense.
+
+The other treatises of Hero are:—1. On the construction of slings. 2.
+On the construction of missiles. 3. On automata. These are published in
+Greek and Latin in the _Vet. Math._ 4. On the method of lifting heavy
+bodies. This treatise has not yet been edited: it exists only in an
+Arabic translation. 5. On the “dioptra” or spying-tube: also inedited.
+It exists in manuscript in the Royal Library at Vienna, and among the
+MSS. of Hero contained in the Library of the University of Strasburgh.
+Schweighæuser in his notice of these MSS. (ap. Fabric. iv. p. 226),
+intimates that this treatise is of much interest, and contains an
+account of the dioptra “newly invented or improved by Hero himself.”
+Some help might perhaps be derived from it towards the settlement of
+Hero’s date, as the dioptra is mentioned and minutely commented on by
+Polybius. Several other treatises, entirely lost, are enumerated by
+Fabricius, iv. p. 236.
+
+A question of great interest presents itself as to the claim of
+Hero to be considered as the inventor of the several machines and
+methods described by him. In the introduction of the “Pneumatica” he
+declares that his purpose is to arrange in order the discoveries of
+his predecessors, and to add to them his own. The treatise on the
+construction of missiles is ascribed in some MSS. to Ctesibius, (as
+in one at Leyden, Fabric. iv. p. 229,) while at the end of a MS. of
+the same work in the Library of Vienna are these words, τέλος τῶν
+Ἀρχιμήδους Βελοποιΐκῶν, τῶν ἐξηγηθέντων παρὰ Ἥρωνος Κτησιβίου. Again,
+it is singular that neither Pliny nor Vitruvius has any reference to
+Hero, though Ctesibius and his inventions are repeatedly mentioned.
+Vitruvius (x. 7) minutely describes a machine for raising water to a
+great height, which he expressly ascribes to Ctesibius; and in the
+following chapter he treats, at great length, of the construction
+of water-organs, yet without any notice of Hero. Both Pliny and
+Vitruvius expressly name Ctesibius as famous for his skill in the
+invention of pneumatic and hydraulic instruments. Pliny’s words are
+(vii. 38) “Laudatus est Ctesibius pneumatica ratione et hydraulicis
+organis repertis.” Vitruvius, (x. 7, compare also ix. 8,) after his
+description of the machine for raising water, says “Nec tamen hæc sola
+ratio Ctesibii fertur exquisita, sed etiam plures et variis generibus
+ab eo liquore pressionibus coacto spiritus efferre ab natura mutuatos
+effectus ostenduntur, uti merularum aquæ motu voces, atque engibata,
+quæ bibentia tandem movent sigilla, cæteraque quæ delectationibus
+oculorum et aurium usu sensus eblandiuntur.” He refers the curious to
+the commentaries of Ctesibius himself. How well this description of
+Ctesibius’ inventions suits the general character of those preserved
+by Hero, will be manifest at once. Vitruvius, as Schneider has pointed
+out,[3] seems to have had no knowledge of Hero’s Pneumatics, as both
+the forcing-pump and the water-organ differ in several important
+particulars from those of Hero: he does not even notice the application
+of the forcing-pump in extinguishing conflagrations. This silence on
+the part of Vitruvius and Pliny, so remarkable on the supposition that
+Hero was an original discoverer, is more easily accounted for if we
+regard him rather as the interpreter of Ctesibius.[4]
+
+For further details on the life and writings of Hero, the reader
+is referred to Fabricius, iv. pp. 222–239, Smith’s Dictionary of
+Biography, and Baldi _de Vita Heronis_, in his edition of the Belopœica.
+
+                                                                J. G. G.
+
+
+Jan. 31, 1851.
+
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[1] This has, indeed, been conjectured to be an error for Ἥρωνος ἢ
+ Κτησιβίου, but Baldi (in his edition of the Belopœica, p. 44,) has
+ satisfactorily proved that Hero was the writer.
+
+[2] That Ctesibius began his researches at an early age may be inferred
+from the fact mentioned by Vitruvius, ix. 9. (edit. Schneider.)
+
+[3] On Vitruvius, x. 7. The sections of Hero and the corresponding
+chapters of Vitruvius are minutely compared by Schneider, Vitruv. vol.
+iii. pp. 283–330.
+
+[4] Baldi arrives at the same conclusion: (p. 74) “Cæterum haud
+immerito quispiam dubitaverit quam ob rem Architectus Heronis nostri
+nomen silentio præterierit. Nos ideo factum putamus quod ille Ctesibio
+utpote inventori ea tribuere maluerit quæ ab Herone locupletiora et
+illustriora quam ipse a magistro accepisset evulgata fuere.”
+
+
+
+
+CORRIGENDA.
+
+
+  Page 4, line 3, _for_ them _read_ it.
+      14, figure. The mouth of the vessel should be open.
+      25, line 8, _for_ ⁷⁄₀₁ _read_ ⁷⁄₁₀.
+      35, .. 25, after P R, _read_ so that the goblet may be filled,
+            and the pedestal M N O X as high, &c.
+      40, .. 6, for _Wine and Water_ read _Wine-and-Water_.
+      —, figure. The pipe S T should connect the vessels A B and C D
+            near their bases.
+      43, line 23, _for_ across a third pulley, C, to another pulley, S,
+            _read_ across the pulley S to another pulley, T.
+      61, .. 12, _dele_ , _after_ vessel.
+      62, ..  7 }
+       —, .. 27 } _for_ the Hercules _read_ Hercules.
+      63, ..  6 }
+      79, ..  1, _dele_ , after _attached_.
+      84, ..  4, _read_ (from which extends the hand of the figure which
+            is to pour the libation.)
+      —, ..  6, _read_ side of the wine vessel.
+      89, .. 23, _for_ escaping _read_ entering.
+      96, .. 18, _dele_ , _after_ partition.
+     105, ..  6, _after_ this _insert_ and communicating with it.
+
+
+
+
+[Illustration: Decorative border of curled leafy vines.]
+
+
+
+
+CONTENTS.
+
+
+                                                                  Page
+
+   1. The bent Siphon                                               11
+
+   2. Concentric or inclosed Siphon                                 14
+
+   3. Uniform discharge Siphon                                      16
+
+   4. Siphon which is capable of discharging a greater or less
+      quantity of Liquid with uniformity                            17
+
+   5. A Vessel for withdrawing Air from a Siphon                    18
+
+   6. A Vessel for retaining or discharging a Liquid at pleasure    19
+
+   7. A Vessel for discharging Liquids of different temperatures at
+      pleasure                                                      20
+
+   8. A Vessel for discharging Liquids in varying proportions       22
+
+   9. A Water Jet produced by mechanically compressed Air           23
+
+  10. A Valve for a Pump                                            25
+
+  11. Libations on an Altar produced by Fire                        26
+
+  12. A Vessel from which the contents flow when filled to a certain
+      height                                                        27
+
+  13. Two Vessels from which the contents flow, by a Liquid being
+      poured into one only                                          28
+
+  14. A Bird made to whistle by flowing Water                       29
+
+  15. Birds made to sing and be silent alternately by flowing
+      Water                                                         31
+
+  16. Trumpets sounded by flowing Water                             32
+
+  17. Sounds produced on the opening of a Temple Door               33
+
+  18. Drinking-Horn from which either Wine or Water will flow       34
+
+  19. A Vessel containing a Liquid of uniform height, although a
+      Stream flows from it                                          35
+
+  20. A Vessel which remains full, although Water be drawn from it  36
+
+  21. Sacrificial Vessel which flows only when Money is introduced  37
+
+  22. A Vessel from which a variety of Liquids may be made to flow
+      through one Pipe                                              38
+
+  23. A Flow of Wine from one Vessel, produced by Water being poured
+      into another                                                  39
+
+  24. A Pipe from which flows Wine-and-Water in varying
+      proportions                                                   40
+
+  25. A Vessel from which Wine flows in proportion as Water is
+      withdrawn                                                     41
+
+  26. A Vessel from which Wine flows in proportion as Water is
+      poured into another                                           43
+
+  27. The Fire-Engine                                               44
+
+  28. An Automaton which drinks at certain times only, on a Liquid
+      being presented to it                                         46
+
+  29. An Automaton which may be made to drink at any time, on a
+      Liquid being presented to it                                  47
+
+  30. An Automaton which will drink any quantity that may be
+      presented to it                                               48
+
+  31. A Wheel in a Temple, which, on being turned liberates
+      purifying Water                                               49
+
+  32. A Vessel containing different Wines, any one of which may be
+      liberated by placing a certain Weight in a Cup                50
+
+  33. A self-trimming Lamp                                          52
+
+  34. A Vessel from which Liquid may be made to flow, on any portion
+      of Water being poured into it                                 53
+
+  35. A Vessel which will hold a certain quantity of Liquid when the
+      supply is continuous, will only receive a portion of such
+      Liquid if the supply is intermittent                          54
+
+  36. A Satyr pouring Water from a Wine-skin into a full
+      Washing-Basin, without making the contents overflow           55
+
+  37. Temple Doors opened by Fire on an Altar                       57
+
+  38. Other intermediate means of opening Temple Doors by Fire on an
+      Altar                                                         59
+
+  39. Wine flowing from a Vessel may be arrested on the Introduction
+      of Water, but, when the Supply of Water ceases, the Wine flows
+      again                                                         60
+
+  40. On an Apple being lifted, Hercules shoots a Dragon which then
+      hisses                                                        62
+
+  41. A Vessel from which uniform Quantities only of Liquid can be
+      poured                                                        64
+
+  42. A Water Jet actuated by compressed Air from the Lungs         65
+
+  43. Notes from a Bird produced at intervals by an intermittent
+      Stream of Water                                               66
+
+  44. Notes produced from several Birds in succession, by a Stream
+      of Water                                                      67
+
+  45. A Jet of Steam supporting a Sphere                            68
+
+  46. The World represented in the Centre of the Universe           68
+
+  47. A Fountain which trickles by the Action of the Sun’s Rays     69
+
+  48. A Thyrsus made to whistle by being submerged in Water         70
+
+  49. A Trumpet, in the Hands of an Automaton, sounded by
+      compressed Air                                                71
+
+  50. The Steam-Engine                                              72
+
+  51. A Vessel from which flowing Water may be stopped at pleasure  73
+
+  52. A Drinking-Horn in which a peculiarly formed Siphon is fixed  74
+
+  53. A Vessel in which Water and Air ascend and descend
+      alternately                                                   75
+
+  54. Water driven from the Mouth of a Wine-skin in the Hands of a
+      Satyr, by means of compressed Air                             76
+
+  55. A Vessel, out of which Water flows as it is poured in, but if
+      the supply is withheld, Water will not flow again, until the
+      Vessel is half filled; and on the supply being again stopped,
+      it will not then flow until the Vessel is filled              77
+
+  56. A Cupping-Glass, to which is attached, an Air-exhausted
+      Compartment                                                   79
+
+  57. Description of a Syringe                                      80
+
+  58. A Vessel from which a Flow of Wine can be stopped, by pouring
+      into it a small Measure of Water                              81
+
+  59. A Vessel from which Wine or Water may be made to flow,
+      separately or mixed                                           82
+
+  60. Libations poured on an Altar, and a Serpent made to hiss, by
+      the Action of Fire                                            83
+
+  61. Water flowing from a Siphon ceases on surrounding the End of
+      its longer Side with Water                                    85
+
+  62. A Vessel which emits a Sound when a Liquor is poured from it  86
+
+  63. A Water-Clock, made to govern the quantities of Liquid flowing
+      from a Vessel                                                 87
+
+  64. A Drinking-Horn from which a Mixture of Wine and Water, or
+      pure Water may be made to flow alternately or together, at
+      pleasure                                                      89
+
+  65. A Vessel from which Wine or Water may be made to flow
+      separately or mixed                                           90
+
+  66. Wine discharged into a Cup in any required quantity           91
+
+  67. A Goblet into which as much Wine flows as is taken out        92
+
+  68. A Shrine over which a Bird may be made to revolve and sing by
+      Worshippers turning a Wheel                                   93
+
+  69. A Siphon fixed in a Vessel from which the Discharge shall
+      cease at will                                                 94
+
+  70. Figures made to dance by Fire on an Altar                     95
+
+  71. A Lamp in which the Oil can be raised by Water contained
+      within its Stand                                              96
+
+  72. A Lamp in which the Oil is raised by blowing Air into it      98
+
+  73. A Lamp in which the Oil is raised by Water as required        99
+
+  74. A Steam-Boiler from which a hot-Air blast, or hot-Air mixed
+      with Steam is blown into the Fire, and from which hot Water
+      flows on the introduction of cold                            100
+
+  75. A Steam-Boiler from which either a hot Blast may be driven
+      into the Fire, a Blackbird made to sing, or a Triton to blow
+      a Horn                                                       103
+
+  76. An Altar Organ blown by manual Labour                        105
+
+  77. An Altar Organ blown by the agency of a Wind-mill            108
+
+  78. An Automaton, the head of which continues attached to the
+      body, after a knife has entered the neck at one side, passed
+      completely through it, and out at the other; the animal will
+      drink immediately after the operation                        109
+
+
+
+
+[Illustration: Decorative border with an anvil in the middle and a pair
+of cheribs working with tools on each side.]
+
+
+
+
+A TREATISE ON PNEUMATICS.
+
+
+The investigation of the properties of Atmospheric Air having been
+deemed worthy of close attention by the ancient philosophers and
+mechanists, the former deducing them theoretically, the latter
+from the action of sensible bodies, we also have thought proper to
+arrange in order what has been handed down by former writers, and to
+add thereto our own discoveries: a task from which much advantage
+will result to those who shall hereafter devote themselves to the
+study of mathematics. We are further led to write this work from the
+consideration that it is fitting that the treatment of this subject
+should correspond with the method given by us in our treatise, in four
+books, on water-clocks. For, by the union of air, earth, fire and
+water, and the concurrence of three, or four, elementary principles,
+various combinations are effected, some of which supply the most
+pressing wants of human life, while others produce amazement and alarm.
+
+But, before proceeding to our proper subject, we must treat of the
+vacuum. Some assert that there is absolutely no vacuum; others that,
+while no continuous vacuum is exhibited in nature, it is to be found
+distributed in minute portions through air, water, fire and all
+other substances: and this latter opinion, which we will presently
+demonstrate to be true from sensible phenomena, we adopt. Vessels which
+seem to most men empty are not empty, as they suppose, but full of
+air. Now the air, as those who have treated of physics are agreed,
+is composed of particles minute and light, and for the most part
+invisible. If, then, we pour water into an apparently empty vessel,
+air will leave the vessel proportioned in quantity to the water which
+enters it. This may be seen from the following experiment. Let the
+vessel which seems to be empty be inverted, and, being carefully kept
+upright, pressed down into water; the water will not enter it even
+though it be entirely immersed: so that it is manifest that the air,
+being matter, and having itself filled all the space in the vessel,
+does not allow the water to enter. Now, if we bore the bottom of the
+vessel, the water will enter through the mouth, but the air will escape
+through the hole. Again, if, before perforating the bottom, we raise
+the vessel vertically, and turn it up, we shall find the inner surface
+of the vessel entirely free from moisture, exactly as it was before
+immersion. Hence it must be assumed that the air is matter. The air
+when set in motion becomes wind, (for wind is nothing else but air
+in motion), and if, when the bottom of the vessel has been pierced
+and the water is entering, we place the hand over the hole, we shall
+feel the wind escaping from the vessel; and this is nothing else but
+the air which is being driven out by the water. It is not then to be
+supposed that there exists in nature a distinct and continuous vacuum,
+but that it is distributed in small measures through air and liquid
+and all other bodies. Adamant alone might be thought not to partake of
+this quality, as it does not admit of fusion or fracture, and, when
+beaten against anvils or hammers, buries itself in them entire. This
+peculiarity however is due to its excessive density: for the particles
+of fire, being coarser than the void spaces in the stone, do not pass
+through them, but only touch the outer surface; consequently, as they
+do not penetrate into this, as into other substances, no heat results.
+The particles of the air are in contact with each other, yet they do
+not fit closely in every part, but void spaces are left between them,
+as in the sand on the sea shore: the grains of sand must be imagined
+to correspond to the particles of air, and the air between the grains
+of sand to the void spaces between the particles of air. Hence, when
+any force is applied to it, the air is compressed, and, contrary to
+its nature, falls into the vacant spaces from the pressure exerted on
+its particles: but when the force is withdrawn, the air returns again
+to its former position from the elasticity of its particles, as is the
+case with horn shavings and sponge, which, when compressed and set
+free again, return to the same position and exhibit the same bulk.
+Similarly, if from the application of force the particles of air be
+divided and a vacuum be produced larger than is natural, the particles
+unite again afterwards; for bodies will have a rapid motion through a
+vacuum, where there is nothing to obstruct or repel them, until they
+are in contact. Thus, if a light vessel with a narrow mouth be taken
+and applied to the lips, and the air be sucked out and discharged, the
+vessel will be suspended from the lips, the vacuum drawing the flesh
+towards it that the exhausted space may be filled. It is manifest from
+this that there was a continuous vacuum in the vessel. The same may be
+shown by means of the egg-shaped cups used by physicians, which are of
+glass,[5] and have narrow mouths. When they wish to fill these with
+liquid, after sucking out the contained air, they place the finger on
+the vessel’s mouth and invert it into the liquid; then, the finger
+being withdrawn, the water is drawn up into the exhausted space, though
+the upward motion is against its nature. Very similar is the operation
+of cupping-glasses, which, when applied to the body, not only do not
+fall though of considerable weight, but even draw the contiguous matter
+toward them through the apertures of the body. The explanation is that
+the fire placed in them consumes and rarefies the air they contain,
+just as other substances, water, air or earth are consumed and pass
+over into more subtle substances.
+
+That something is consumed by the action of fire is manifest from
+coal-cinders, which, preserving the same bulk as they had before
+combustion, or nearly so, differ very much in weight. The consumed
+parts pass away with the smoke into a substance of fire or air or
+earth: the subtlest parts pass into the highest region where fire is;
+the parts somewhat coarser than these into air, and those coarser
+still, having been borne with the others a certain space by the
+current, descend again into the lower regions and mingle with earthy
+substances. Water also, when consumed by the action of fire, is
+transformed into air; for the vapour arising from cauldrons placed
+upon flames is nothing but the evaporation from the liquid passing
+into air. That fire, then, dissolves and transforms all bodies grosser
+than itself is evident from the above facts. Again, in the exhalations
+that rise from the earth the grosser kinds of matter are changed into
+subtler substances; for dew is sent up from the evaporation of the
+water contained in the earth by exhalation; and this exhalation is
+produced by some igneous substance, when the sun is under the earth
+and warms the ground below, especially if the soil be sulphureous or
+bituminous, and the ground thus warmed increases the exhalation. The
+warm springs found in the earth are due to the same cause. The lighter
+portions of the dew, then, pass into air; the grosser, after being
+borne upwards for a certain space from the force of the exhalation,
+when this has cooled at the return of the sun, descend again to the
+surface.
+
+Winds are produced from excessive exhalation, whereby the air is
+disturbed and rarefied, and sets in motion the air in immediate
+contact with it. This movement of the air, however, is not everywhere
+of uniform velocity: it is more violent in the neighbourhood of the
+exhalation, where the motion began; fainter at a greater distance from
+it: just as heavy bodies, when rising, move more rapidly in the lower
+region where the propelling force is, and more slowly in the higher;
+and when the force which originally propelled them no longer acts upon
+them, they return to their natural position, that is, to the surface
+of the earth. If the propelling force continued to urge them onward
+with equal velocity, they would never have stopped; but now the force
+gradually ceases, being as it were expended, and the speed of the
+motion ceases with it.
+
+Water, again, is transformed into an earthy substance: if we pour
+water into an earthy and hollow place, after a short time the water
+disappears, being absorbed by the earthy substance, so that it mingles
+with, and is actually transformed into, earth. And if any one says
+that it is not transformed or absorbed by the earth, but is drawn
+out by heat, either of the sun or some other body, he shall be shewn
+to be mistaken: for if the same water be put into a vessel of glass,
+or bronze, or any other solid material, and placed in the sun, for a
+considerable time it is not diminished except in a very small degree.
+Water, therefore, is transformed into an earthy substance: indeed,
+slime and mud are transformations of water into earth.
+
+Moreover, the more subtle substance is transformed into the grosser;
+as in the case of the flame of a lamp dying out for want of oil,—we
+see it for a time borne upwards and, as it were, striving to reach its
+proper region, that is, the highest of all above the atmosphere, till,
+overpowered by the mass of intervening air, it no longer tends to its
+kindred place, but, as though mixed and interwoven with the particles
+of air, becomes air itself. The same may be observed with air. For, if
+a small vessel containing air and carefully closed be placed in water
+with the mouth uppermost, and then, the vessel being uncovered, the
+water be allowed to rush in, the air escapes from the vessel; but,
+being overpowered by the mass of water, it mingles with it again and is
+transformed so as to become water.
+
+When, therefore, the air in the cupping-glasses, being in like manner
+consumed and rarefied by fire, issues through the pores in the sides
+of the glass, the space within is exhausted and draws towards it the
+matter adjacent, of whatever kind it may be. But, if the cupping-glass
+be slightly raised, the air will enter the exhausted space and no more
+matter will be drawn up.
+
+They, then, who assert that there is absolutely no vacuum may invent
+many arguments on this subject, and perhaps seem to discourse most
+plausibly though they offer no tangible proof. If, however, it be
+shewn by an appeal to sensible phenomena that there is such a thing
+as a continuous vacuum, but artificially produced; that a vacuum
+exists also naturally, but scattered in minute portions; and that by
+compression bodies fill up these scattered vacua, those who bring
+forward such plausible arguments in this matter will no longer be able
+to make good their ground.
+
+Provide a spherical vessel, of the thickness of metal plate so as not
+to be easily crushed, containing about 8 cotylæ (2 quarts). When this
+has been tightly closed on every side, pierce a hole in it, and insert
+a siphon, or slender tube, of bronze, so as not to touch the part
+diametrically opposite to the point of perforation, that a passage
+may be left for water. The other end of the siphon must project about
+3 fingers’ breadth (2 in.) above the globe, and the circumference
+of the aperture through which the siphon is inserted must be closed
+with tin applied both to the siphon and to the outer surface of the
+globe, so that when it is desired to breathe through the siphon no
+air may possibly escape from the vessel. Let us watch the result. The
+globe, like other vessels commonly said to be empty, contains air,
+and as this air fills all the space within it and presses uniformly
+against the inner surface of the vessel, if there is no vacuum, as
+some suppose, we can neither introduce water nor more air, unless the
+air contained before make way for it; and if by the application of
+force we make the attempt, the vessel, being full, will burst sooner
+than admit it. For the particles of air cannot be condensed, as there
+must in that case be interstices between them, by compression into
+which their bulk may become less; but this is not credible if there
+is no vacuum: nor again, as the particles press against one another
+throughout their whole surface and likewise against the sides of the
+vessel, can they be pushed away so as to make room if there is no
+vacuum. Thus in no way can anything from without be introduced into
+the globe unless some portion of the previously contained air escape;
+if, that is to say, the whole space is closely and uniformly filled,
+as the objectors suppose. And yet, if any one, inserting the siphon
+in his mouth, shall blow into the globe, he will introduce much wind
+without any of the previously contained air giving way. And, this being
+the uniform result, it is clearly shewn that a condensation takes place
+of the particles contained in the globe into the interspersed vacua.
+The condensation however is effected artificially by the forcible
+introduction of air. Now if, after blowing into the vessel, we bring
+the hand close to the mouth, and quickly cover the siphon with the
+finger, the air remains the whole time pent up in the globe; and on
+the removal of the finger the introduced air will rush out again with
+a loud noise, being thrust out, as we stated, by the expansion of
+the original air which takes place from its elasticity. Again, if we
+draw out the air in the globe by suction through the siphon, it will
+follow abundantly, though no other substance take its place in the
+vessel, as has been said in the case of the egg. By this experiment
+it is completely proved that an accumulation of vacuum goes on in the
+globe; for the particles of air left behind cannot grow larger in the
+interval so as to occupy the space left by the particles driven out.
+For if they increase in magnitude when no foreign substance can be
+added, it must be supposed that this increase arises from expansion,
+which is equivalent to a re-arrangement of the particles through the
+production of a vacuum. But it is maintained that there is no vacuum;
+the particles therefore will not become larger, for it is not possible
+to imagine for them any other mode of increase. It is clear, then, from
+what has been said that certain void spaces are interspersed between
+the particles of the air, into which, when force is applied, they fall
+contrary to their natural action.
+
+The air contained in the vessel inverted in water does not undergo
+much compression, for the compressing force is not considerable,
+seeing that water, in its own nature, possesses neither weight nor
+power of excessive pressure. Whence it is that, though divers to the
+bottom of the sea support an immense weight of water on their backs,
+respiration is not compelled by the water, though the air contained in
+their nostrils is extremely little. It is worth while here to examine
+what reason is given why those who dive deep, supporting on their
+backs an immense weight of water, are not crushed. Some say that it
+is because water is of uniform weight: but these give no reason why
+divers are not crushed by the water above. The true reason may be shewn
+as follows. Let us imagine the column of liquid which is directly over
+the surface of the object under pressure, (in immediate contact with
+which the water is,) to be a body of the same weight and form as the
+superincumbent liquid, and that this is so placed in the water that its
+under surface coincides with the surface of the body pressed, resting
+upon it in the same manner as the previously superincumbent liquid,
+with which it exactly corresponds. It is clear, then, that this body
+does not project above the liquid in which it is immersed, and will
+not sink beneath its surface. For Archimedes has shewn, in his work
+on ‘Floating Bodies,’ that bodies of equal weight with any liquid,
+when immersed in it, will neither project above nor sink beneath its
+surface: therefore they will not exert pressure on objects beneath.
+Again, such a body, if all objects which exert pressure from above be
+removed, remains in the same place; how then can a body which has no
+tendency downward exert pressure? Similarly, the liquid displaced by
+the body will not exert pressure on objects beneath; for, as regards
+rest and motion, the body in question does [not] differ from the liquid
+which occupies the same space.
+
+Again, that void spaces exist may be seen from the following
+considerations: for, if there were not such spaces, neither light,
+nor heat, nor any other material force could penetrate through water,
+or air, or any body whatever. How could the rays of the sun, for
+example, penetrate through water to the bottom of the vessel? If there
+were no pores in the fluid, and the rays thrust the water aside by
+force, the consequence would be that full vessels would overflow,
+which however does not take place. Again, if the rays thrust the water
+aside by force, it would not be found that some were reflected while
+others penetrated below; but now all those rays that impinge upon the
+particles of the water are driven back, as it were, and reflected,
+while those that come in contact with the void spaces, meeting with
+but few particles, penetrate to the bottom of the vessel. It is clear,
+too, that void spaces exist in water from this, that, when wine is
+poured into water, it is seen to spread itself through every part
+of the water, which it would not do if there were no vacua in the
+water. Again, one light traverses another; for, when several lamps are
+lighted, all objects are brilliantly illuminated, the rays passing
+in every direction through each other. And indeed it is possible to
+penetrate through bronze, iron, and all other bodies, as is seen in the
+instance of the marine torpedo.
+
+That a continuous vacuum can be artificially produced has been shewn
+by the application of a light vessel to the mouth, and by the egg of
+physicians. With regard, then, to the nature of the vacuum, though
+other proofs exist, we deem those that have been given, and which are
+founded on sensible phenomena, to be sufficient. It may, therefore,
+be affirmed in this matter that every body is composed of minute
+particles, between which are empty spaces less than the particles of
+the body, (so that we erroneously say that there is no vacuum except
+by the application of force, and that every place is full either of
+air, or water, or some other substance), and, in proportion as any one
+of these particles recedes, some other follows it and fills the vacant
+space: that there is no continuous vacuum except by the application of
+some force: and again, that the absolute vacuum is never found, but is
+produced artificially.
+
+These things having been clearly explained, let us treat of the
+theorems resulting from the combination of these principles; for, by
+means of them, many curious and astonishing kinds of motion may be
+discovered. After these preliminary considerations we will begin by
+treating of the bent siphon, which is most useful in many ways in
+Pneumatics.
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[5] “Glass working was practised by the ancient Egyptians at a very
+early period of their national existence. Sir J. G. Wilkinson, in
+his able work on the _Manners and Customs of the ancient Egyptians_,
+has adduced three distinct proofs that the art of Glass working was
+practised in Egypt before the Exodus of the children of Israel from
+that land, three thousand five hundred years ago. At Beni Hassan
+are two paintings representing Glass blowers at work, and from the
+hieroglyphics accompanying them they are shown to have been executed
+in the reign of the first Osirtasen at the early date above mentioned.
+Such was the skill of the Egyptians in glass making, that they
+successively counterfeited the Amethyst and other precious stones
+worn as ornaments for the person. Winckelmann, a high authority, is
+of opinion that glass was employed more frequently in ancient than in
+modern times; it was used by the Egyptians even for coffins; (_within
+the year 1847 a process was patented in England for making Coffins of
+Glass_) they also employed it not only for drinking vessels but for
+Mosaic work, the figures of deities, and sacred emblems, in which they
+attained excellent workmanship, and surprising brilliancy of colour.
+“It is certain that the glass houses of Alexandria were celebrated
+among the ancients for the skill and ingenuity of their workmen; and
+from thence the Romans, who did not acquire a knowledge of the art till
+a later period, procured all their Glass ware.
+
+[Illustration: Egyptian painting of glassblowers at a fire]
+
+[Illustration: Egyptian painting of glassblowers blowing a large
+vessel.]
+
+“Most of the large cinerary vases in the British Museum, found in
+Roman barrows which contained bones and bone-ashes, are, probably, the
+production of extensive Egyptian or Roman works: they are large, and of
+excellent form and workmanship: but the Glass is somewhat impure, of a
+greenish tint, has numerous globules and striæ, and is not unlike the
+modern common crown or sheet glass in quality.
+
+“We have incidentally mentioned the discovery of Glass at Pompeii.
+Glass vessels have also been found among the ruins of Herculaneum: and
+it appears that Glass was used for admitting light to dwellings in
+Pompeii.
+
+“Mr. Auldjo, of Noel house, Kensington, who resided several years at
+Naples, states, that he has seen glass in the window-frames of some of
+the houses of Pompeii.
+
+“Mr. Roach Smith has a specimen of ancient flat Glass such as he
+believes to have been used by the Romans, or their predecessors for
+windows.”—_Curiosities of Glass making by_ APSLEY PELLAT, London, 1849.
+
+Mr. Layard in his interesting work on Nineveh, 1849, London, in Vol. I,
+page 342, says: “I took the instrument, and, working cautiously myself,
+was rewarded by the discovery of two small vases, one in alabaster,
+the other in glass (both in the most perfect preservation) of elegant
+shape, and admirable workmanship. Each bore the name and title of the
+Khorsabad King, written in two different ways, as in the inscriptions
+of Khorsabad.”
+
+
+
+
+_No. 1. The bent Siphon._
+
+
+[Illustration: Diagram of apparatus as described in text]
+
+Let A B C, (fig. 1), be a bent siphon, or tube, of which the leg A B is
+plunged into a vessel D E containing water. If the surface of the water
+is in F G, the leg of the siphon, A B, will be filled with water as
+high as the surface, that is, up to H, the portion H B C remaining full
+of air. If, then, we draw off the air by suction through the aperture
+C, the liquid also will follow from the impossibility, explained above,
+of a continuous vacuum. And, if the aperture C be level with the
+surface of the water, the siphon, though full, will not discharge the
+water, but will remain full: so that, although it is contrary to nature
+for water to rise, it has risen so as to fill the tube A B C; and the
+water will remain in equilibrium, like the beams of a balance, the
+portion H B being raised on high, and the portion B C suspended. But if
+the outer mouth of the siphon be lower than the surface F G, as at K,
+the water flows out; for the liquid in K B, being heavier, overpowers
+and draws toward it the liquid in B H. The discharge, however,
+continues only until the surface of the water is on a level with the
+mouth K, when, for the same reason as before, the efflux ceases. But
+if the outer mouth of the tube be lower than K, as at L, the discharge
+continues until the surface of the water reaches the mouth A. If then
+we wish all the water in the vessel to be drawn out, we must depress
+the siphon so far that the mouth A may reach the bottom of the vessel,
+leaving only a passage for the water.
+
+Now some writers have given the above explanation of the action of the
+siphon, saying that the longer leg, holding more, attracts the shorter.
+But that such an explanation is incorrect, and that he who believes so
+would be greatly mistaken if he were to attempt to raise water from a
+lower level, we may prove as follows. Let there be a siphon with its
+inner leg longer and narrow, and the outer much less in length but
+broader so as to contain more water than the longer leg. Then, having
+first filled the siphon with water, plunge the longer leg into a vessel
+of water or a well. Now, if we allow the water to flow, the outer leg,
+containing more than the inner, should draw the water out of the longer
+leg, which will at the same time draw up the water in the well; and
+the discharge having begun will exhaust all the water or continue for
+ever, since the liquid without is more than that within. But this is
+not found to be the case; and therefore the alleged cause is not the
+true one. Let us then examine into the natural cause. The surface of
+every liquid body, when at rest, is spherical and concentric with that
+of the earth; and, if the liquid be not at rest, it moves until it
+attains such a surface. If then we take two vessels and pour water into
+each, and, after filling the siphon and closing its extremities with
+the fingers, insert one leg into one vessel plunging it beneath the
+water, and the other into the other, all the water will be continuous,
+for each of the liquids in the vessels communicates with that in the
+siphon. If, then, the surfaces of the liquids in the vessels were at
+the same level before, they will both remain at rest when the siphon is
+plunged in. But if they were not, as soon as the water is continuous
+it must inevitably flow into the lower vessel through the channel of
+communication, until either all the water in both vessels stands at the
+same height, or one of the vessels is emptied. Suppose that the liquids
+stand at the same height; they will of course be at rest, so that the
+liquid in the siphon will also be at rest. If, then, the siphon be
+conceived to be intersected by a plane in the surface of the liquids in
+the vessels, even now the liquid in the siphon will be at rest, and, if
+raised without being inclined to either side, it will again be at rest,
+and that, whether the siphon is of equal breadth throughout or one leg
+is much larger than the other. For the reason why the liquid remained
+at rest did not lie in this, but in the fact that the apertures of
+the siphon were at the same level. The question now arises why, when
+the siphon is raised, the water is not borne down by its own weight,
+having beneath it air which is lighter than itself. The answer is that
+a continuous void cannot exist; so that, if the water is to descend,
+we must first fill the upper part of the siphon, into which no air
+can possibly force its way. But if we pierce a hole in the upper part
+of the siphon, the water will immediately be rent in sunder the air
+having found a passage. Before the hole is bored, the liquid in the
+siphon, resting on the air beneath, tends to drive it away, but the air
+having no means of escape does not allow the water to pass out: when
+however the air has obtained a passage through the hole, being unable
+to sustain the pressure of the water, it escapes. It is from the same
+cause that, by means of a siphon, we can suck wine upwards, though this
+is contrary to the nature of a liquid; for, when we have received into
+the body the air which was in the siphon, we become fuller than before,
+and a pressure is exerted on the air contiguous to us, and this in turn
+presses on the atmosphere at large, until a void has been produced at
+the surface of the wine, and then the wine undergoing pressure itself
+will pass into the exhausted space of the siphon; for there is no other
+place into which it can escape from the pressure. It is from this cause
+that its unnatural upward movement arises.
+
+[Illustration: Two overlaping circles, A, B, C are on the left circle.
+F, B, D are on the right, a is a center point, F is on a line from a
+to A. There is a line from a to B, the intersection point of the two
+circles.]
+
+That the water in the siphon will rest when its surface is spherical
+and concentric with that of the earth may be shewn otherwise. It is
+required to prove that a liquid is stationary when its surface is
+spherical and concentric with that of the earth. If possible let it
+not be stationary; it will of course become so after being moved; let
+it then have become stationary. Its surface will now be spherical
+and concentric with that of the earth, and it will cut the former
+surface; for, when the same liquid has taken two positions, there must
+be a line of intersection common to both. Let both surfaces be cut by
+a plane passing through the centre of the earth; the intersections
+will be the circumferences of circles concentric with the earth. Let
+these circumferences be A B C and F B D, (fig. 1 a.) Join B G; B G is
+equal to each of the lines G F, G A, which is absurd. The liquid will
+therefore be in equilibrium.
+
+
+
+
+2. _Concentric or inclosed Siphon._
+
+
+[Illustration: Diagram of apparatus as described in text]
+
+There is another kind of siphon called _the concentric_ or _inclosed
+diabetes_, the principle of which is the same as that of the bent
+siphon. As before, let there be a vessel, A B (fig. 2), containing
+water. Through its bottom insert a tube, C D, soldered into the bottom
+and projecting below. Let the aperture C of the siphon approach to the
+mouth of the vessel A B, and let another tube, E F, inclose the tube
+C D, the distance between the tubes being every where equal, and the
+mouth of the outer tube being closed by a plate, E G, a little above
+the mouth C. The lower opening of the tube E F must be so far removed
+from the bottom of the vessel as to leave a passage for the water.
+These arrangements being completed, if we exhaust, by suction through
+the mouth D, the air in the tube C D, we shall draw into it the water
+in the vessel A B, so that it will flow out through the projection of
+the siphon until the water is exhausted. For the air contained between
+the liquid and the tube E F, being but little, can pass into the tube
+C D, and the water can then be drawn after it. And the water will
+not cease flowing because of the projection of the siphon below:—if,
+indeed, the tube E F were removed, the discharge would cease on the
+surface of the water arriving at C, in spite of the projection below;
+but when E F is entirely immersed no air can enter the siphon in place
+of that drawn off, since the air which enters the vessel takes the
+place of the water as it passes out:—the discharge then, will not
+cease, for the whole of the outer aperture of the tube, where the
+water issues forth, is always lower than the surface of the water in
+the vessel, and, as one level can never be attained, all the water
+is drained off, attraction being exerted by the deeper column. If we
+do not choose to draw out the air in the tube C D by suction, water
+may be poured into the vessel A B until, when it has risen above C, a
+discharge begins through C D. In this case, again, all the water in the
+vessel will be drawn out. This instrument is called, as we said before,
+_the inclosed siphon_, or _the inclosed diabetes_.
+
+It is evident from what has been proved above that as long as the
+siphon is stationary the stream through it will be of irregular
+velocity, for the result is the same as in a discharge through a hole
+pierced in the bottom of a vessel, where the stream is irregular from
+the pressure of a greater weight on the discharge at its commencement,
+and, of a less, as the contents of the vessel are reduced. In like
+manner, in proportion as the excess of the outer leg of the siphon is
+greater, the velocity of the stream is greater; for a greater pressure
+is exerted on the discharge than when the projection of the outer leg
+below the surface of the water in the vessel is less. Therefore we
+have said that the discharge through the siphon is always of variable
+velocity. But we must contrive a siphon in which the velocity of the
+discharge shall be uniform.
+
+
+
+
+3. _Uniform discharge Siphon._
+
+
+[Illustration: Diagram of apparatus as described in text]
+
+Let there be a vessel, A B, (fig. 3.) containing water, on which a
+small basin, C D, floats, having its mouth covered with the lid C D.
+Through this lid and the bottom of the basin insert one leg of the
+siphon soldering it into the holes with tin. Let the other leg be
+outside the vessel A B, having its mouth lower than the surface of
+the water in A B. If we draw the air in the siphon through the outer
+extremity, the water will at once follow because of the impossibility
+of a continuous vacuum in the siphon; and the siphon, having begun to
+flow, flows on until it has exhausted all the water in the vessel:
+but the discharge will be uniform, since the projection of the outer
+leg below the surface of the water does not vary; for, as the vessel
+becomes empty, the basin sinks with the siphon. The greater the excess
+of the outer leg the greater will be the velocity of the discharge, yet
+still uniform. In the figure, E F G is the siphon described, and the
+surface of the water is in the line H K.
+
+
+
+
+4. _Siphon which is capable of discharging a greater or less quantity
+of Liquid with uniformity._
+
+
+[Illustration: Diagram of apparatus as described in text]
+
+By the following arrangement we can produce a discharge at once uniform
+and variable; that is, a discharge in which, for a certain time at
+pleasure, the stream continues uniform from the beginning, and again,
+for any other period, is slower or quicker than before, but still
+uniform with itself. As before, let A B (fig. 4.) be a vessel of water,
+and C D a basin. Into the lid and bottom of the basin solder a tube L
+M wider than the inner leg of the siphon. On the lid place a wooden
+frame, C N X D, consisting of two upright pieces and a third lying
+across them on the top. In the inner sides of the upright pieces let
+grooves be cut down their whole length, along which another piece O P
+is to move freely. Let R S be a screw, working perpendicularly in the
+direction of the lid C D, and passing through a hole in O P: in O P let
+a pin be so fixed as to enter the spiral thread of the screw. The screw
+must project above N X, and a handle be fastened to its top by which
+to turn it, and by this means O P can be raised or lowered. Let the
+inner leg of the siphon be fixed in O P, and pass through the tube L
+M, so that its mouth may dip into the water in the vessel. Now if, as
+before, we draw off the liquid through the outer mouth, the siphon will
+flow with a uniform stream until the whole be exhausted. And when it
+is wished that a quicker stream should be produced through the siphon,
+but uniform with itself, let the screw be turned so as to lower the
+board O P; for then the excess of the outer leg is increased, and thus
+the stream is still of uniform velocity, but quicker than before. If a
+still greater velocity is desired, turn the screw again, so as to lower
+O P still further; and if a less velocity is sought, let O P be raised.
+Thus a discharge is produced through a siphon in one sense uniform, in
+another variable.
+
+
+
+
+5. _A vessel for withdrawing Air from a Siphon._
+
+
+[Illustration: Diagram of apparatus as described in text]
+
+To avoid the necessity of drawing off the water through the mouth,
+which is only possible in very small siphons, the following contrivance
+may be used. Take a double tube (fig. 5) one part of which fits into
+the other, and attach the smaller part to the outer leg of the siphon,
+so that the discharge may pass through it. Let T N be the smaller tube,
+and Q U the greater, which must be previously fitted tightly into a
+vessel, W Y, containing somewhat more water than the siphon will hold,
+and having an outlet, Z, at the bottom. When it is wished to draw off
+the water in A B, close the outlet of W Y with the finger, then apply
+the larger tube Q U to the smaller, and leave the outlet Z free. As
+the vessel W Y becomes empty the air in the siphon will pass into the
+exhausted space, and the liquid in A B will follow so as to fill the
+siphon: then remove the vessel W Y, and let the siphon run.
+
+To act properly the siphon must be perpendicular; and this may be
+secured by fixing two straight bars to the lip of the vessel A B, and
+placing the inner leg of the siphon between them so as to touch each
+of the bars: then fasten a small bar crosswise on each side of the leg
+of the siphon, so as to touch the former bars within. Thus, if the
+smaller bars touch the larger, the siphon will neither lean sideways
+nor forwards, but will hang perpendicularly.
+
+
+
+
+6. _A Vessel for retaining or discharging a Liquid at pleasure._
+
+
+[Illustration: Diagram of apparatus as described in text]
+
+Let us now proceed to construct the necessary instruments, beginning
+with the less important, as from the elements. The following is a
+contrivance of use in pouring out wine. A hollow globe of bronze is
+provided, such as A B (fig. 6) pierced in the lower part with numerous
+small holes like a sieve. At the top let there be a tube, C D, the
+upper extremity of which is open, communicating with and soldered into
+the globe. When it is desired to pour out wine, with one hand grasp the
+tube C D near the mouth C, and plunge the globe into the wine until
+it is wholly immersed. The wine enters through the holes, and the air
+within, being driven out, passes through the tube C D: and if, pressing
+the thumb on the aperture C, you lift the globe out of the wine, the
+wine contained in the globe will not flow out, as no air can enter to
+supply the vacuum, for the only entrance is through the mouth C, which
+is closed by the thumb. When, then, we desire to let the wine flow, we
+remove the finger, and the air, rushing in, fills the vacuum produced.
+If we again press the finger on the air-hole C, there will be no
+discharge until we once more remove the finger from the vent. We may,
+in like manner, dip the globe into hot or cold water, and then retain
+or let out the contents at pleasure, until all the water within is
+exhausted. If the extremity C of the tube C D is bent, the action will
+be the same, and it is then easier to stop the orifice with the finger.
+
+
+
+
+7. _A Vessel for discharging Liquids of different temperatures at
+pleasure._
+
+
+[Illustration: Diagram of apparatus as described in text]
+
+By the same means it is possible to discharge from the same globe
+both hot and cold water in any quantity. The globe A B (fig. 7) is
+constructed as before, but furnished with a perpendicular partition,
+C D, dividing it equally. At the top a tube, H F, soldered into the
+globe, communicates with the interior; this tube is also furnished
+with a partition, C G, a continuation of the partition C D, and its
+openings, H, K, must curve over in the directions C and F.
+On each side of the partition C D, at the bottom of the globe towards
+D, let holes be made like those in a cook’s ladle. When it is desired
+to draw hot water, take the apertures H and K by the two fingers and
+plunge the globe into hot water, and then unclose one of the vents,
+H, that the air in the hemisphere B C D may be driven out through H:
+the hot water, entering through the holes, will fill the hemisphere
+B C D: again stopping the vent H take the globe out of the water,
+and its contents will be retained, as the air has no entrance. Then,
+in like manner, plunge the globe into cold water, unclosing the vent
+K, and, when the hemisphere A C D is filled, close K and draw the
+globe out. The globe is now full of hot and cold water, and when it
+is desired to discharge either of these, unclose the proper vent: in
+like manner close it again when the discharge is sufficient; and this
+may be repeated till the contents are exhausted. In the same way it is
+possible to draw up into and discharge from the same vessel wine, and
+cold or hot water, and anything else whatever, at any time, and in any
+quantity, by making the necessary partitions and orifices through which
+the air may enter into each chamber and leave it again. Instead of the
+curved outlets, holes may be made in the upper part of the sides of the
+tube in various directions; and these holes are of course to be closed
+when it is required to shut out the air. That the holes pierced in the
+bottom of the vessel may not be seen, both sets may be included in one
+channel, so that both streams may appear to flow from the same source.
+
+
+
+
+8. _A Vessel for discharging Liquids in varying proportions._
+
+
+[Illustration: Diagram of apparatus as described in text]
+
+A jar can be made receiving and discharging a greater quantity of
+liquid at one time than at another, and in such a way that, when wine
+and water are poured into it, it shall discharge at one time pure
+water, at another time unmixed wine, and, again, a mixture of the two.
+Its construction is as follows. Let A B (fig. 8) be a pitcher having a
+partition in the middle, C D. In the partition, near the circumference
+of the vessel, let small holes be pierced in a curve, as at E. In the
+opposite side of the partition let there be a circular aperture, F,
+through which the tube F G H is to be inserted, being soldered into the
+partition, and reaching nearly to the bottom of the vessel at G. Let
+the other mouth of the tube H issue at the side of the pitcher, under
+the handle, and be soldered into the handle which must be hollow, and
+have a hole on its outer surface at K, which may be closed with the
+finger when necessary. If, then, closing the vent, as before, we pour
+any liquid into the jar, the liquid poured into the upper chamber will
+remain there, not being able to continue its way through the narrow
+holes into the lower chamber, as there is no other outlet for the air
+than through the vent K. When, however, we unclose the vent, the liquid
+will descend into the chamber beneath, and then the jar will hold more.
+If, then, we first pour in wine so as to fill the chamber B C D, and
+then, closing the vent, pour water upon it, the two cannot mix, and if
+we invert the jar it will emit pure water. But, when we unclose the
+vent, the water continuing to flow, the wine will flow out also, since
+air can enter through K to fill up the void left; and afterwards the
+wine will flow out unmixed. We may also pour in the water first, and
+then, stopping the vent, pour wine upon it, so as to pour out wine for
+some, wine and water for others, and mere water for those whom we wish
+to jest with.
+
+
+
+
+9. _A Water Jet produced by mechanically compressed Air._
+
+
+[Illustration: Diagram of apparatus as described in text]
+
+A hollow globe, or other vessel, may be constructed, into which if
+any liquid be poured, it will be forced aloft spontaneously and with
+much violence, so as to empty the vessel, though such an upward motion
+is contrary to nature. The construction is as follows. Let there be
+a globe, containing about 6 cotylæ (3 pints), the sides of which are
+of metal plate, strong enough to sustain the pressure that will be
+exerted upon them by the air. Let A B (fig. 9) be the globe, resting
+on any base C. Through an aperture in the top of the globe insert a
+tube, D E, soldered into the globe at the aperture, and projecting
+a little above it; and reaching to the other extremity, except an
+interval sufficient for the passage of water. At its upper extremity
+let the tube D E branch into two tubes, D G and D F, to which two other
+pipes, G H K L, F M N X, are fastened transversely, communicating with
+D G, D F. Again, into these transverse pipes, and communicating with
+them, let another pipe, P O, be fitted, from which a small pipe, R S,
+projects perpendicularly, communicating with it, and terminating in a
+small orifice at S. If, then, we take hold of R S and turn round the
+tube P O, the connection between the corresponding holes will be shut
+off, so that the liquid which is to be forced up will have no outlet.
+Now, through another aperture in the globe, let another tube, T U Q,
+be inserted, closed at the lower extremity Q, and having a hole in the
+side near the bottom at W. In this hole must be fixed a valve, such as
+the Romans call _assarium_, the construction of which we will explain
+presently. Into the tube T U Q insert another tube, Y Z, fitting
+tightly. If the tube Y Z be drawn out, and water poured into T U Q, it
+will enter the vessel through the aperture W, (the valve opening into
+the interior of the vessel), and the air will escape through the pipe
+O P, which communicates, as we have explained, with the apertures of
+the pipes G H K L and F M N X. When the globe is half full of liquid,
+turn the small tube R S so as to break the connection between the
+corresponding apertures: then depress the tube Y Z and drive out the
+air and liquid collected in T U Q, which will, on the exertion of some
+force, (as the vessel is full of air and liquid), pass through the
+valve into the hollow of the globe; and this passage is made possible
+by the compression of the air into the void spaces dispersed among its
+particles. Draw up the tube Y Z, in order again to fill T U Q with
+air, and then, depressing it again, we shall force this air into the
+globe. By repeating this frequently we shall have a large quantity of
+air compressed into the globe; for it is clear that the air forced in
+does not escape again when the rod is drawn up, as the valve, pressed
+on by the air within, remains closed. If, then, we restore the pipe R
+S to its upright position, and re-open the communication between the
+corresponding apertures at L and X, the liquid will now be forced out,
+as the condensed air expands to its original bulk and presses on the
+liquid beneath; and if the quantity of condensed air be large, it will
+drive out all the liquid, and even the superfluous air will be forced
+out at the same time.
+
+
+
+
+10. _A Valve for a Pump._
+
+
+[Illustration: Diagram of apparatus as described in text]
+
+The following is the construction of the valve referred to. Take two
+rectangular plates of bronze of the thickness of a carpenter’s rule,
+and measuring about one finger’s breadth (⁷⁄₁₀ of an inch) on each
+side. When these have been accurately fitted to each other, polish
+their surfaces so that neither air nor liquid may pass between them.
+Let A B C D, E F G H, (fig. 10) be the plates, and in the centre of one
+of them, A B C D, bore a circular hole about ⅓ of a finger’s breadth (¼
+of an inch) in diameter. Then, applying the side C D to E F, let the
+plates be attached by means of hinges, so that the polished surfaces
+may come together. When the valve is to be used, fasten the plate A B
+C D over the aperture, and any air or liquid forced through will be
+effectually confined. For by the pressure exerted the hinges move, and
+the plate E F G H opens readily to admit the air or liquid; which when
+inclosed in the air-tight vessel, presses on the plate E F G H, and
+closes the aperture through which the air was forced in.
+
+
+
+
+11. _Libations at an Altar produced by Fire._
+
+
+[Illustration: Diagram of apparatus as described in text]
+
+To construct an altar such that, when a fire is raised on it, figures
+at the side shall offer libations. Let there be a pedestal, A B C
+D, (fig. 11) on which the figures stand, and also an altar, E F
+G, perfectly air-tight. The pedestal must also be air-tight, and
+communicate with the altar at G. Through the pedestal insert the tube H
+K L, reaching nearly to the bottom at L, and communicating at H with a
+bowl held by one of the figures. Pour liquid into the pedestal through
+a hole, M, which must afterwards be closed. Now if a fire be lighted
+on the altar E F G, the air within it, being rarefied, will descend
+into the pedestal, and exert pressure on the liquid it contains, which,
+having no other way of retreat, will pass through the tube H K L into
+the bowl. Thus the figures will pour a libation, and will not cease so
+long as the fire remains on the altar. When the fire is extinguished,
+the libation ceases; and as often as the fire is kindled the same
+will be repeated. The pipe through which the heat is to pass should
+be broader towards the middle, for it is requisite that the heat, or
+rather the vapour from it, passing into a broader space, should expand
+and act with greater force.
+
+
+
+
+12. _A Vessel from which the contents flow when filled to a certain
+height._
+
+
+[Illustration: Diagram of apparatus as described in text]
+
+There are some vessels which emit no stream unless they are filled; but
+when filled discharge all the liquid they contain. They are made as
+follows: Let A B C D (fig. 12) be a vessel open at the top, and through
+its bottom pass a tube, either an inclosed diabetes as E F G, or a bent
+siphon G H K. When the vessel A B C D is filled, and the water runs
+over, a discharge will begin through the diabetes, and continue till
+the vessel is empty, if the interior opening of the diabetes is so near
+the bottom of the vessel as only to leave a passage for the water.
+
+
+
+
+13. _Two Vessels from which the contents flow, by a Liquid being poured
+into one only._
+
+
+[Illustration: Diagram of apparatus as described in text]
+
+If two vessels, both of them having visible outlets, stand upon a
+pedestal, and one of them be filled with wine, the other remaining
+empty, the wine shall not flow out until the empty vessel be filled
+with water; and then a discharge shall begin, of wine from one, and of
+water from the other, until both are empty. Such vessels are called
+_harmonious goblets_. Let A B C D (fig. 13) be the pedestal on which
+the vessels, E and F, stand. In each of them place a bent siphon, G H K
+in E, and L M N in F, and let the outer extremities of the siphons be
+shaped like water-pipes. At the bend the siphons must approach nearly
+to the mouths of the vessels. Let another bent tube, X O P R, passing
+through the pedestal, connect the two vessels, the extremities of
+which, X and R, must reach as high as the bend of the siphons. Now pour
+wine into one vessel, taking care that it does not mount higher than
+the bend of the siphon at H. Up to this point the wine will not flow
+out, as there is nothing to originate a discharge through the siphon.
+But if we pour water into the vessel F, until its surface mounts above
+the bend of the siphon at M, then the water will descend and pass
+through the pipe X O P R into the other vessel. Thus a discharge is
+occasioned of the wine also, and both vessels will continue to run the
+one with wine, the other with water, until both are emptied.
+
+
+
+
+14. _A Bird made to whistle by flowing Water._
+
+
+[Illustration: Diagram of apparatus as described in text]
+
+Vessels may be made such that, when water is poured into them, the note
+of the black-cap, or a whistling sound, is produced. The following
+is their construction. Let A B C D (fig. 14) be a hollow air-tight
+pedestal: through the top, A D, let a funnel, E F, be introduced and
+soldered into the surface, its tube approaching so near to the bottom
+as only to leave a passage for the water. Let G H K be a small pipe,
+such as will emit sound, communicating with the pedestal and likewise
+soldered into A D. Its extremity, which is curved, must dip into water
+contained in a small vessel placed near at L. If water be poured in
+through the funnel E F, the result will be that the air, being driven
+out, passes through the pipe G H K, and emits a sound. When the
+extremity of the pipe dips into water a bubbling sound is heard, and
+the note of the black-cap is produced: if no water is near, there will
+be a whistling only.
+
+These sounds are produced through pipes; but the quality of the sounds
+will vary as the pipes are more or less fine, or longer, or shorter;
+and as a larger or smaller portion of the pipe is immersed in the
+water: so that by this means the distinct notes of many birds can be
+produced. The figures of several different birds are arranged near a
+fountain, or in a cave, or in any place where there is running water:
+near them sits an owl, which, apparently of her own accord, turns at
+one time towards the birds, and then again away from them; and when the
+owl looks away the birds sing, when she looks at them they are mute:
+and this may be repeated frequently.
+
+
+
+
+15. _Birds made to sing, and be silent alternately by flowing Water._
+
+
+The construction is after this manner. Let A (fig. 15) be a stream
+perpetually running. Underneath place an air-tight vessel, B C D E,
+provided with an inclosed diabetes or bent siphon F G, and having
+inserted in it a funnel, H K, between the extremity of the tube of
+which and the bottom of the vessel a passage is left for the water. Let
+the funnel be provided with several smaller pipes, as described before,
+at L. It will be found that, while B C D E is being filled with water,
+the air that is driven out will produce the notes of birds; and as the
+water is being drawn off through the siphon F G after the vessel is
+filled, the birds will be mute.
+
+[Illustration: Diagram of apparatus as described in text]
+
+We are now to describe the contrivance by which the owl is enabled to
+turn herself towards, or away from, the birds, as we have said. Let a
+rod N X turned in a lathe rest on any support M: round this rod let a
+tube O P be fitted, so as to move freely about it, and having attached
+to it the kettle-drum top R S, on which the owl is to be securely
+fixed. Round the tube O P let a chain pass, the two extremities of
+which, T U, Q W, wind off in opposite directions, and are attached, by
+means of two pullies, the one, T U, to a weight suspended at Y, and
+Q W to an empty vessel Z, which lies beneath the siphon or inclosed
+diabetes F G. It will be found that while the vessel B C D E is being
+emptied, the liquid being carried into the vessel Z causes the tube O
+P to revolve, and the owl with it, so as to face the birds: but when
+B C D E is exhausted, the vessel Z becomes empty likewise by means of
+an inclosed or bent siphon contained within it; and then the weight Y,
+again preponderating, causes the owl to turn away just at the time when
+the vessel B C D E is being filled again and the notes once more issue
+from the birds.
+
+
+
+
+16. _Trumpets sounded by flowing Water._
+
+
+In the same manner as that just described the sound of trumpets can be
+produced. Insert into a carefully closed vessel the tube of a funnel
+reaching nearly to the bottom and soldered into the surface of the
+vessel; and, by its side, a trumpet, provided both with a mouthpiece
+and bell, and communicating at its upper extremity with the vessel.
+If water be poured through the funnel, it will be found that the
+air contained in the vessel, as it is being driven out through the
+mouthpiece, will produce the sound of a trumpet.
+
+
+
+
+17. _Sounds produced on the opening of a Temple Door._
+
+
+[Illustration: Diagram of apparatus as described in text]
+
+The sound of a trumpet may be produced on the opening of the doors
+of a temple. The following is the construction. Behind the door let
+there be a vessel, A B C D (fig. 17), containing water. In this invert
+a narrow-necked vessel, shaped like an extinguisher, F, with which,
+at its lower extremity, let a trumpet, H K, communicate, provided
+with bell and mouthpiece. Parallel with the tube of the trumpet, and
+attached to it, let the rod L M run, fastened, at the lower end, to
+the vessel F, and having at the other extremity a loop, M: through
+this loop let the beam N X pass, thus supporting the vessel F, at a
+sufficient height above the water. The beam N X must turn on the pivot
+O, and a chain or cord, attached to the extremity X, be fastened, by
+means of the pulley, P, to the hinder part of the door. When the door
+is opened, the cord will be stretched, and draw upwards the extremity
+X of the beam, so that the beam N X no longer supports the loop M; and
+when the loop changes its position in consequence, the vessel F will
+descend into the water, and give forth the sound of a trumpet by the
+expulsion of the air contained in it through the mouthpiece and bell.
+
+
+
+
+18. _Drinking-Horn from which either Wine or Water will flow._
+
+
+[Illustration: Diagram of apparatus as described in text]
+
+There is a kind of drinking-horn, such that if wine be first poured
+into it, and then water, sometimes the water flows out unmixed, and
+sometimes the wine. The following is the construction. Let A B C
+(fig. 18) be a drinking-horn, furnished with two partitions, D E and
+F G: through both of these let a tube, H K, pass, soldered into the
+partitions, and pierced with a small hole, L, situated a little above
+the partition F G; and under the partition D E let there be a vent, M,
+in the side of the vessel. If, when these arrangements are complete,
+we close the passage at C and pour in wine, it will pass through the
+vent M; and, if we cover M with the finger, the wine in D E F G will
+be retained. Now, if we pour [water] into the part A B D E, still
+closing the vent M, pure water will flow out; but if, while the water
+is still in the upper part of the vessel, we unclose M, a mixture will
+be discharged; and when all the water has passed out, the stream will
+be of pure wine. By frequently unclosing M the discharge may be varied:
+but the better method is first to pour water into the chamber D E G F,
+and then, closing the vent, to pour wine upon it. The result will be
+that sometimes pure water flows out, and again, when the siphon is set
+free, a mixture; presently, on stopping the vent, pure wine. And this
+can be done as often as we please.
+
+
+
+
+19. _A Vessel containing a Liquid of uniform height, although a Stream
+flows from it._
+
+
+[Illustration: Diagram of apparatus as described in text]
+
+If a goblet be placed upon a pedestal, whatever quantity may be drawn
+from it, it shall always continue full. The construction is as follows.
+Let A B (fig. 19) be a vessel, the mouth of which is closed just at the
+neck, by the partition C D. Through C D let a tube, E F, be inserted,
+reaching nearly to the bottom; let another tube, G H, be passed through
+the bottom of the vessel, reaching nearly up to the partition C D; and
+in the bottom bore a hole, K, to admit the small tube K L. The vessel
+A B must stand upon a pedestal, M N O X, through which passes the
+projection of the tube G H, and another tube S T communicating with the
+pedestal and the goblet P R so that the goblet may be filled, and the
+pedestal M N O X as high, &c. Now let wine be poured through E F into
+A B (the air will pass out through G H), and, if the tube K L be left
+open, it will pass through into the pedestal and the goblet P R: but,
+if K L be closed, the vessel A B will be filled. Let, then, the wine
+run into the pedestal M N O X and the goblet P R, so that the goblet may
+be filled, and the pedestal M N O X as high as the mouth of the tube
+G H. When this is done, close E, and the wine in A B will no longer
+[flow] through K L, for no more air can enter through E to supply the
+vacuum created. When, therefore, any wine is taken from the goblet, the
+orifice E must be unclosed, and, the air having found an entrance, the
+wine will flow again into the pedestal and goblet, until it is full.
+And this may be done as often as we draw off wine from the goblet.
+It will be requisite that a small hole be pierced in the side of the
+pedestal at U, that an equivalent bulk of air may pass into the vessel
+A B through the orifice G and the hole U.
+
+
+
+
+20. _A Vessel which remains full, although Water be drawn from it._
+
+
+[Illustration: Diagram of apparatus as described in text]
+
+If it is desired to adapt this contrivance for use, so that from a
+goblet occupying any given position a considerable quantity of water
+may be drawn and yet the goblet remain full, proceed as follows. Let A
+B (fig. 20) be a vessel containing as much water as will probably be
+required, and C D a pipe leading from this into a trough beneath, G H.
+Near the pipe fix a lever-beam, E F, and at the extremity E suspend
+a piece of cork, K, so that it may float in the trough; at the other
+extremity F let a chain be fastened furnished with a leaden weight, X.
+Let the whole be so arranged that the cork, floating on the water in G
+H, closes the mouth of the pipe; yet that, when water has been drawn
+from the trough, the cork, being heavier than the weight at X, shall
+sink and open the pipe, so that the water may flow in again and raise
+the cork. Let L M be the goblet placed in any convenient position, its
+lip being on a level with the surface of the water in the trough when
+there is no discharge from the pipe owing to the floating cork: and let
+the tube H N lead from the trough into the bottom of the goblet. Now
+if, when the goblet is full, we draw water from it, we shall at the
+same time reduce the water in the trough; and the cork sinking will
+unclose the pipe, so that the water, flowing both into the trough and
+the goblet, will again raise the cork, and the discharge will cease.
+And this will happen as often as we remove water from the goblet.
+
+
+
+
+21. _Sacrificial Vessel which flows only when Money is introduced._
+
+
+[Illustration: Diagram of apparatus as described in text]
+
+If into certain sacrificial vessels a coin of five drachms be thrown,
+water shall flow out and surround them. Let A B C D (fig. 21) be a
+sacrificial vessel or treasure chest, having an opening in its mouth,
+A; and in the chest let there be a vessel, F G H K, containing water,
+and a small box, L, from which a pipe, L M, conducts out of the chest.
+Near the vessel place a vertical rod, N X, about which turns a lever, O
+P, widening at O into the plate R parallel to the bottom of the vessel,
+while at the extremity P is suspended a lid, S, which fits into the box
+L, so that no water can flow through the tube L M: this lid, however,
+must be heavier than the plate R, but lighter than the plate and coin
+combined. When the coin is thrown through the mouth A, it will fall
+upon the plate R and, preponderating, it will turn the beam O P, and
+raise the lid of the box so that the water will flow: but if the coin
+falls off, the lid will descend and close the box so that the discharge
+ceases.
+
+
+
+
+22. _A Vessel from which a variety of Liquids may be made to flow
+through one Pipe._
+
+
+[Illustration: Diagram of apparatus as described in text]
+
+Several kinds of liquid having been poured into a vessel through one
+mouth, it is required that through the same pipe they shall flow out
+separately at pleasure. Let A B (fig. 22) be a vessel closed at the
+neck by the partition C D; and let there be in it several vertical
+partitions, extending to the partition C D and making as many chambers
+as we wish to pour in liquids. Suppose, for the present, that these
+are two in number, and let the partition be E F. In the partition C D
+pierce fine holes, as in a sieve, opening into each chamber, and air
+holes, G, H, close to the partition, also opening into the chambers:
+again, at the bottom let there be small tubes, K, L, communicating
+with the chambers and opening into the common pipe M. If, having first
+closed the vents G, H, and the pipe M, we pour one of the liquids
+through the mouth of the vessel, it will enter into neither chamber, as
+the air has no means of escape: but if one of the vents be opened, the
+liquid will pass into that chamber to which the vent belongs; and if,
+after closing this vent again, we pour in the other liquid and set free
+the other vent, the liquid will pass into the other chamber. Now let
+all the vents and the sieve-like holes be closed, and, on opening the
+pipe M, no discharge can take place until one of the vents be opened;
+when, the air having found an entrance, the liquid contained in that
+chamber will flow out. If this vent be closed and the other opened, the
+same result will follow.
+
+
+
+
+23. _A Flow of Wine from one Vessel, produced by Water being poured
+into another._
+
+
+[Illustration: Diagram of apparatus as described in text]
+
+If of two vessels standing on a pedestal one be full of wine and the
+other empty, whatever quantity of water be poured into the empty
+vessel, as much wine shall flow from the other. The following is the
+construction. On any pedestal, A B (fig. 23) let there be two vessels,
+C D, E F, having their mouths closed by the partitions G H, K L. Let
+the tube M N X O pass through the pedestal and bend upwards into the
+vessels, reaching very nearly to the partitions at M and O. In E F
+place a bent siphon, P R S, the bend being near the vessel’s mouth,
+and one leg, shaped like a water-pipe, passing outside. Through the
+partition G H let a funnel, T U, descend almost to the bottom of the
+vessel, its tube being soldered into the partition. Into the vessel E F
+pour wine through a hole, Q, which must afterwards be carefully closed
+again. Now, if we pour water into the vessel C D through the funnel,
+the contained air will be forced out, and pass through the tube M N X
+O into E F, and, in its turn, force out the wine contained in E F: and
+this will happen as often as we pour in the water. It is evident that
+the air forced out has an equal bulk with the water poured in, and that
+it will force out as much wine. If no bent siphon be used, but merely a
+pipe at S, the effect will be the same, unless the force of the water
+be too great for the pipe.
+
+
+
+
+24. _A Pipe from which flows Wine-and-Water in varying proportions._
+
+
+[Illustration: Diagram of apparatus as described in text]
+
+Let there be an empty vessel, and another containing wine: whatever
+quantity of water we pour into the empty vessel, the same quantity of
+wine and water mixed may be drawn off through a pipe in any proportion
+we please; such, for instance, that there may be two parts of water to
+one of wine. Let A B (fig. 24) be an empty vessel, either a cylinder
+or a rectangular parallelopiped: by the side of this, and on the same
+base, place another vessel, C D, perfectly air-tight, and, like A B,
+either a cylinder or a rectangular parallelopiped; but the base of A B
+must be twice as great as that of C D, as the water is to be the double
+of the wine. Near C D place another air-tight vessel, E F, into which
+the wine is to be poured; and between the vessels C D, E F, let a tube
+run, G H K, perforating and soldered into their coverings. In E F let
+there be a bent siphon, L M N, the inner leg of which must reach almost
+to the bottom of the vessel, leaving only a passage for the water, and
+the other, being bent within the vessel, lead into the next vessel, O
+X. From this vessel let the tube P R lead through the vessels, or be
+carried under the pedestal on which they stand, that it may readily
+pass near the bottom of the vessel A B. Let another tube, T S, connect
+the vessels A B, C D, and near the bottom of A B place a small pipe, U,
+which with P R must be included in a larger pipe, Q W, provided with a
+cock by means of which it may be opened or shut at pleasure. When these
+preparations have been made, close the pipe Q W, and pour water into
+the vessel A B; a part, viz. one half, will pass into C D, through the
+tube S T, and the water which falls into C D will force out a mass of
+air equal to itself through G H K into the vessel E F; in like manner
+this air will force an equal quantity of wine into the vessel O X
+through L M N. Now, if we open the pipe Q W, the water poured into the
+vessel A B and the wine carried out of O X through the tube P R will
+flow through it together: and thus what was proposed will be done. The
+vessels will be empty again when, the mixed liquid having been all
+discharged, the air enters them through the tube P R.
+
+
+
+
+25. _A Vessel from which Wine flows in proportion as Water is
+withdrawn._
+
+
+[Illustration: Diagram of apparatus as described in text]
+
+Let there be a vessel containing water, and a pipe in it provided with
+a key or cock, and let a figure float on the surface of the water; then
+if water, in any quantity, be drawn off through the pipe, wine shall
+flow from the figure in any given ratio to the water drawn off. Let
+A B (fig. 25) be the vessel of water, provided with a pipe, C, which
+admits of being closed; and on the surface of the water let a basin,
+D, float, in which is a perpendicular tube, E F, carved in the shape of
+some animal. Place near another vessel, G H, containing wine, in which
+is a bent siphon, K L M, one leg being within the vessel G H, and the
+other without, conducting into the tube E F. Now if we draw the wine
+through the lower mouth M, it will flow into the tube E F until the
+surface of the wine in the vessel G H and in the tube E F shall be at
+the same level. Let that level be in the line N X O P; and at the point
+P fix an open pipe, R. Hitherto there is no discharge of wine, but, if
+any quantity of water is drawn off through C, the basin D, and, with
+it, the tube E F will sink, and the surface of the wine [in the tube]
+will become lower than the surface N X; so that, the outer leg of the
+siphon being depressed, the wine will again pass on into the tube E F
+and run out through the pipe R. This will happen as often as we draw
+off water through the pipe C, the wine flowing in a fixed ratio to the
+water drawn off. The base of the vessel A B must bear the required
+proportion to the base of G H; and thus what was proposed is done.
+
+
+
+
+26. _A Vessel from which Wine flows in proportion as Water is poured
+into another._
+
+
+If it is required that the wine shall flow in a certain ratio to the
+water we pour _into_ the vessel, we must proceed as follows. As before
+let A B (fig. 26) be the vessel containing water, and G H that which
+contains wine, but let the tube E F be outside the vessel A B. In A
+B let a ball, D, float, from which a cord, passing over a pulley, S,
+is attached to the tube E F so as to suspend it; and let all else
+correspond with what was stated in the last paragraph. The result will
+be that, when water is poured into the vessel A B, the ball D rising
+will lower the tube E F, and the wine will flow again. This may be
+effected in a different manner by attaching the cord from the ball D,
+across the pulley S to another pulley, T and across that again to the
+siphon K L. It will be found now that, when the ball rises, the siphon
+K L M, being suspended by the cord, is lowered, so that, the outer leg
+having again become the longer, the wine will flow through the mouth M.
+
+[Illustration: Diagram of apparatus as described in text]
+
+
+
+
+27. _The Fire-Engine._
+
+
+[Illustration: Diagram of apparatus as described in text]
+
+The siphons used in conflagrations are made as follows. Take two
+vessels of bronze, A B C D, E F G H, (fig. 27), having the inner
+surface bored in a lathe to fit a piston, (like the barrels of
+water-organs), K L, M N being the pistons fitted to the boxes. Let
+the cylinders communicate with each other by means of the tube X O
+D F, and be provided with valves, P, R, such as have been
+explained above, within the tube X O D F and opening outwards from the
+cylinders. In the bases of the cylinders pierce circular apertures,
+S, T, covered with polished hemispherical cups, V Q, W Y, through
+which insert spindles soldered to, or in some way connected with, the
+bases of the cylinders, and provided with shoulders at the extremities
+that the cups may not be forced off the spindles. To the centre of
+the pistons fasten the vertical rods S E, S E, and attach to these
+the beam A´ A´, working, at its centre, about the stationary
+pin D, and about the pins B, C, at the rods S E, S E. Let
+the vertical tube S´ E´ communicate with the tube X O D F, branching
+into two arms at S´, and provided with small pipes through which to
+force up water, such as were explained above in the description of
+the machine for producing a water-jet by means of the compressed air.
+Now, if the cylinders, provided with these additions, be plunged into
+a vessel containing water, I J U Z, and the beam A´ A´ be made to work
+at its extremities A´, A´, which move alternately about the pin D, the
+pistons, as they descend, will drive out the water through the tube
+E´ S´ and the revolving mouth M´. For when the piston M N ascends it
+opens the aperture T, as the cup W Y rises, and shuts the valve R; but
+when it descends it shuts T and opens R, through which the water is
+driven and forced upwards. The action of the other piston, K L, is the
+same. Now the small pipe M´, which waves backward and forward, ejects
+the water to the required height but not in the required direction,
+unless the whole machine be turned round; which on urgent occasions is
+a tedious and difficult process. In order, therefore, that the water
+may be ejected to the spot required, let the tube E´ S´ consist of
+two tubes, fitting closely together lengthwise, of which one must be
+attached to the tube X O D F, and the other to the part from which the
+arms branch off at S´; and thus, if the upper tube be turned round,
+by the inclination of the mouthpiece M´ the stream of water can be
+forced to any spot we please. The upper joint of the double tube must
+be secured to the lower, to prevent its being forced from the machine
+by the violence of the water. This may be effected by holdfasts in the
+shape of the letter L, soldered to the upper tube, and sliding on a
+ring which encircles the lower.
+
+
+
+
+28. _An Automaton which drinks at certain times only, on a Liquid being
+presented to it._
+
+
+[Illustration: Diagram of apparatus as described in text]
+
+In any place provided with running water make a figure of some animal
+in bronze or any other material: when a cup is offered to it, the
+animal shall drink with a loud noise so as to present the appearance of
+thirst. The following is the construction. A B (fig. 28) is a vessel
+into which a stream of running water, C, falls. In A B place a bent
+siphon or inclosed diabetes, D E F, one leg of which must project below
+the bottom of the vessel. Underneath this let there be an air-tight
+pedestal, G H K L, also containing a bent siphon, M N X. Below the
+orifice F place a funnel, O P, the tube of which must descend into the
+pedestal leaving a passage for the water between its extremity and the
+bottom. Let the mouth of the animal be at R, from which a concealed
+tube, R S T, must run along one of the feet, or some other part, into
+the pedestal. When the vessel A B is filled, the water will overflow
+and run into the funnel, filling the pedestal G H K L and emptying
+the vessel A B; in like manner, when the pedestal is full, the water
+will overflow through the siphon M N X and empty the pedestal; and, as
+this becomes empty, the air will enter through the mouth R to fill up
+the void that is left. If, then, we apply a drinking vessel at R, the
+liquid will be violently attracted and sucked down instead of the air,
+until the pedestal within has become empty. Then the vessel A B is
+again filled and emptied, and the same will take place as before. In
+order that the cup may be applied at the right time, that is, when the
+water is being drawn off from the pedestal, let something be contrived
+that will move when struck by water from the discharge through the
+siphon M N X. When this is seen to move, apply the drinking cup.
+
+
+
+
+29. _An Automaton which may be made to drink at any time, on a Liquid
+being presented to it._
+
+
+[Illustration: Diagram of apparatus as described in text]
+
+There is another way in which, by the aid of running water, the animal
+may be made to drink on the revolution of a carved figure of Pan. Let
+A B C D (fig. 29) be a pedestal, air-tight on every side, and divided
+into two chambers by a partition. On the surface place the animal, and
+let the tube E F G pass through its mouth. Within the pedestal, in
+the lower chamber, let there be a bent siphon, H K L, the lower leg
+projecting from the bottom: and let a funnel, M N, pass through the
+middle of the partition, its tube reaching nearly to the bottom. On the
+pedestal A B C D place another pedestal, O X, on which the figure of
+Pan, P R, is to stand, having attached to it the rod S which projects
+below into the pedestal. To S let the tube T U be fastened, at the end
+of which is the cup U Q, attached to and communicating with the tube.
+Let the tube be of such a length that, when the figure P R turns round,
+the cup U Q will be directly above the funnel M N. On the pedestal, and
+communicating with it, and directly above the funnel M N, place the
+cup W Y. Let the stream Z, (which must be greater than the discharge
+through the siphon H K L), flow into W Y: the liquid will pass through
+M N into the lower part of the pedestal, the contained air passing out
+through E F G: and now the pedestal will continue full as the influx is
+greater than the discharge. But, when we turn the figure P R round, the
+cup U Q will intercept the stream Z, which will pass elsewhere through
+the tube T U, and, as the water no longer flows into the lower chamber
+of the pedestal, the siphon H K L will empty it, and the air will enter
+through E F G. Thus, when the cup is applied, the animal will drink as
+before.
+
+
+
+
+30. _An Automaton which will drink any quantity that may be presented
+to it._
+
+
+[Illustration: Diagram of apparatus as described in text]
+
+The animal may be made to drink without the aid of running water,
+or of any thing to move the figure of Pan. Let A B C D (fig. 30) be
+a pedestal, and E the mouth of the animal, through the breast and
+hinder foot or tail of which a tube, E F G, is inserted, leading from
+the mouth E to the interior of the pedestal. The pedestal having
+been first firmly fixed, let a hole, E, so fine as to be scarcely
+discernible, be bored in the tube E F G which passes through the
+animal, in a line with the extremity G. Now if we fill the siphon E F G
+with water through some pipe above it, the mouth of which is applied to
+E, the siphon will continue full since its two orifices lie in the same
+level. If, therefore, a drinking vessel be brought to the mouth E, and
+a portion of the mouth immersed in it, it will be found that the leg of
+the siphon towards G has become the longer, so that it will attract the
+water, and the water attracted is carried into the pedestal A B C D. In
+this construction it is not necessary that A B C D should be air-tight.
+
+
+
+
+31. _A Wheel in a Temple, which, on being turned, liberates purifying
+Water._
+
+
+In the porticoes of Egyptian temples revolving wheels of bronze are
+placed for those who enter to turn round, from an opinion that bronze
+purifies. There are also vessels of lustral water, from which the
+worshippers may sprinkle themselves. Let it then be required so to
+construct a wheel that, on turning it round, water shall flow from
+it to sprinkle the worshippers as we have described. Behind the
+entrance-pillar let a vessel of water, A B C D (fig. 31), be concealed,
+having a hole, E, perforated in its base. Underneath the base let a
+small tube, F G H K, be fastened, having also a hole bored opposite the
+orifice in the base, and within this place another tube, L M, soldered
+to the tube F G H K at L, and opposite the orifice having in like
+manner a hole, S: between these two pipes let another pipe, N X O R,
+be closely fitted, with a hole at P opposite to E. Now, if the several
+holes are in one line, when water is poured into the vessel A B C D it
+will flow out through the pipe L M; but, if the pipe N X O R is made to
+revolve so as to change the position of the hole P, the discharge will
+cease. Attach the wheel to the pipe N X O R, and, if it is repeatedly
+made to revolve, water will flow out.
+
+
+
+
+32. _A Vessel containing different Wines, any one of which may be
+liberated by placing a certain Weight in a Cup._
+
+
+If several kinds of wine be poured into a vessel by its mouth, any one
+of them at choice may be drawn out through the same pipe: so that,
+if several persons have poured in the several wines, each one may
+receive his own according to the proportion poured in by him. Let A
+B C D (fig. 32), be an air-tight vessel, the neck of which is closed
+by a partition, E F; and let the whole vessel be divided into as many
+compartments as we intend there shall be different kinds of wine.
+Suppose, for instance, that G H, K L, are the partitions, making three
+compartments, M, N, and X, into which the wine will be poured. In the
+partition E F pierce small holes, one in each compartment, O, P, R; and
+from these holes let small tubes, P S, O T, R U, communicating with the
+vessel, extend up into the neck. Perforate the partition E F, near
+each tube, with fine sieve-like holes, through which the liquid will
+pass into the compartments. When it is desired to pour in each kind of
+wine, place the fingers on S, T, and U, and pour in the wine through
+the neck Q; it will not pass into either of the compartments as the air
+contained in them has no outlet. But, if we set free one of the vents
+S, T, or U, the air contained in the corresponding compartment will
+pass out through the passage as the wine falls into the compartment.
+Then, placing the finger again on this vent, set another free in like
+manner, and pour in another kind of wine: and so in order with the
+rest, as many as there may be both of compartments and kinds of wine.
+We may procure each wine, in its due quantity, through the same pipe in
+the following manner. In the base of the vessel A B C D let there be
+tubes leading from each compartment, W Y from M, Z A´ from N, and B´ C´
+from X: the extremities of these tubes Y, A´ and C´, must communicate
+with another tube Y A´ C´, into which another tube, E´ F´, is tightly
+fitted, closed at the interior extremity F´, and having holes pierced
+in it opposite to Y, A´, and C´ so that, as the tube E´ F´ revolves,
+when the holes pierced in it coincide consecutively with the holes Y,
+A´, and C´, they may admit the wine contained in each chamber and send
+it forth through the outer mouth of the tube E´ F´. To the tube E´ F´
+attach an iron rod, G´ H´; to this, at the extremity H´, solder a mass
+of lead, K´, and at G´ an iron pin, L´ M´, to the middle of which is
+fastened a cup, L, with the concavity upwards: let the interior of this
+be a hollow truncated cone of which M´ is the larger circle and N´ the
+less, and through this the pin L´ M´ is to pass. Take several balls
+of lead, varying in weight, and equal in number to the compartments
+M, N, X; and if we place the least of the balls in the cup M´ N´, it
+will descend by its weight until it touches the hollow surface of the
+truncated cone, causing the tube E´ F´ to revolve until the hole in it
+coincides with Y and admits the wine in the compartment M, which will
+flow as long as the ball remains in the cup, unless it be entirely
+exhausted: when we remove the ball the weight K´ will turn back and
+close the orifice Y, and the discharge will cease. Again, insert
+another of the balls, and the cup will descend lower and turn the
+tube E´ F´ further round until the hole in it reaches the hole A´, and
+then the wine in N will flow: as before when the ball is removed the
+weight K´ will run down and close the orifice A´, and the wine will
+cease to flow. If another ball still heavier be placed in the cup, the
+tube E´ F´ will be turned still further round, so that the wine in the
+compartment X will flow. It is necessary however that the least of the
+balls when placed in the cup should preponderate over the weight K´,
+or, in other words, be able to cause E´ F´ to revolve; for then the
+other balls will preponderate and move E´ F´.
+
+
+
+
+33. _A self-trimming Lamp._
+
+
+[Illustration: Diagram of apparatus as described in text]
+
+To contrive a self-trimming lamp. Let A B C (fig. 33), be a lamp
+through the mouth of which is inserted an iron bar, D E, capable of
+sliding freely about the point E, and let the wick be wound loosely
+about the bar. Place near a toothed wheel F, moving freely about an
+axis, its teeth in contact with the iron bar, that, as the wheel
+revolves, the wick may be pushed on by means of the teeth. Let the
+opening for the oil be of considerable width, and when the oil is
+poured in let a small basin float upon it, G, to which is attached a
+perpendicular toothed bar, H, the teeth of which fit into the teeth of
+the wheel. It will be found that, as the oil is consumed, the basin
+sinks and causes the wheel F to revolve by means of the teeth of the
+bar, and thus the wick is pushed on.
+
+
+
+
+34. _A Vessel from which Liquid may be made to flow, on any portion of
+Water being poured into it._
+
+
+[Illustration: Diagram of apparatus as described in text]
+
+If into a vessel, provided at the bottom with an open spout, liquid is
+poured, the spout shall sometimes run from the first, sometimes when
+the vessel is half filled, and sometimes not until the whole is filled:
+in fine, when any proposed quantity of liquid has been poured in, the
+spout shall run until all is exhausted. Let A B (fig. 34), be the
+vessel, the neck of which is closed: insert the tube C D, air-tight,
+through the partition, and let it reach to the bottom of the vessel
+leaving only a passage for the water. Let E F G be a bent siphon,
+the inner leg of which extends nearly to the bottom of the vessel,
+while the other projects without, being fashioned in the shape of a
+water-spout: the curve of the siphon must be close to the neck of the
+vessel. In A B make an air-hole, H, near the partition and leading into
+the body of the vessel. If we intend the spout to run immediately on
+the entrance of the liquid, we must place the finger on the vent H, and
+the spout will run, for as the air in the vessel has no way of retreat,
+the liquid will rush out through the bent siphon. If we do not close H,
+the liquid will pass into the body of the vessel, and the spout cannot
+run until we again close the vent: and then, if we set the vent free,
+the siphon will exhaust all the liquid.
+
+
+
+
+35. _A Vessel which will hold a certain quantity of Liquid when the
+supply is continuous, will only receive a portion of such Liquid if the
+supply is intermittent._
+
+
+A vessel can be made which, as long as you pour in any liquid, admits
+it, but, if you once cease pouring, holds no more: the construction is
+in this manner. Let A B (fig. 35), be a vessel, the neck of which is
+closed by the partition C D. Through the partition insert the tube E F,
+reaching nearly to the bottom, and projecting above the partition so as
+almost to reach the brim of the vessel; and let this tube be encircled
+by another G H, the top of which is closed by a lid, at a sufficient
+interval from the partition and the tube E F to admit of the passage
+of water: in A B make an air-hole, K, leading into the body of the
+vessel. Now, if we pour liquid into the vessel’s neck, it will be found
+that it will pass into the body through the tubes G H and E F, the
+air retreating through the vent K. But, if we cease pouring, and the
+neck of the vessel becomes empty, the air will break the continuity,
+so that any liquid in G H will flow down and fall upon the partition;
+for the breadth about the tube G H should be considerable, that the
+water may fall by its own weight. If more liquid be poured in, the air
+confined in the tubes E F and G H will not allow it to pass through, so
+that it will run over the brim of the vessel.
+
+
+
+
+36. _A Satyr pouring Water from a Wine-skin into a full Washing-Basin,
+without making the contents overflow._
+
+
+[Illustration: Diagram of apparatus as described in text]
+
+Construct on a pedestal the figure of a satyr holding in his hands a
+wine-skin: place near a washing-basin, and into this let some liquid
+be poured until it is full; water shall be made to flow into the basin
+without running over, until all the water in the skin is exhausted.
+The following is the construction. Let A B (fig. 36), be a perfectly
+air-tight pedestal, either cylindrical or octagonal in shape, as may
+seem more elegant, and divided into two chambers by the partition C D,
+through which the tube E F, fitting closely into the partition, extends
+upwards nearly to the roof of the pedestal. Through the roof insert
+the tube G H, projecting slightly above the vessel, and lying exactly
+under the basin, while, below, it reaches to the bottom except that
+room must be left for the passage of water: this tube must be soldered
+into the roof of the pedestal and the partition. Another tube, K L M,
+must also be inserted through the roof, reaching not quite so low as
+the partition, soldered into the roof and carrying its stream into the
+basin, which lies above the tube G H and communicates with it. Now let
+the vessel A D be filled with water through an orifice N, which must
+be afterwards closed. If water is poured into the basin, it will pass
+through the tube G H into the vessel B C; and the air in B C, passing
+through the tube E F and into the vessel A D, will force the liquid in
+A D through K L M into the basin; and this being carried again into B
+C will force out the contained air as before, which, again, will force
+the water in the vessel A D into the basin: and this will go on until
+the water in A D is exhausted. The tube K L M must pass through the
+mouth of the skin and be particularly fine, that the display may last a
+considerable time.
+
+
+
+
+37. _Temple Doors opened by Fire on an Altar._
+
+
+[Illustration: Diagram of apparatus as described in text]
+
+The construction of a small temple such that, on lighting a fire,
+the doors shall open spontaneously, and shut again when the fire is
+extinguished. Let the proposed temple stand on a pedestal, A B C D
+(fig. 37), on which lies a small altar, E D. Through the altar insert a
+tube, F G, of which the mouth F is within the altar, and the mouth G is
+contained in a globe, H, reaching nearly to its centre: the tube must
+be soldered into the globe, in which a bent siphon, K L M, is placed.
+Let the hinges of the doors be extended downwards and turn freely on
+pivots in the base A B C D; and from the hinges let two chains, running
+into one, be attached, by means of a pulley, to a hollow vessel, N X,
+which is suspended; while other chains, wound upon the hinges in an
+opposite direction to the former, and running into one, are attached,
+by means of a pulley, to a leaden weight, on the descent of which the
+doors will be shut. Let the outer leg of the siphon K L M lead into the
+suspended vessel; and through a hole, P, which must be carefully closed
+afterwards, pour water into the globe enough to fill one half of it. It
+will be found that, when the fire has grown hot, the air in the altar
+becoming heated expands into a larger space; and, passing through the
+tube F G into the globe, it will drive out the liquid contained there
+through the siphon K L M into the suspended vessel, which, descending
+with its weight, will tighten the chains and open the doors. Again,
+when the fire is extinguished, the rarefied air will escape through the
+pores in the side of the globe, and the bent siphon, (the extremity of
+which will be immersed in the water in the suspended vessel) will draw
+up the liquid in the vessel in order to fill up the void left by the
+particles removed. When the vessel is lightened the weight suspended
+will preponderate and shut the doors. Some in place of water use
+quicksilver, as it is heavier than water and is easily disunited by
+fire.
+
+
+
+
+38. _Other intermediate means of opening Temple Doors by Fire on an
+Altar._
+
+
+[Illustration: Diagram of apparatus as described in text]
+
+There is another way in which, on lighting a fire, the doors will open.
+As before, let a small temple stand upon a base, A B C D (fig. 38), on
+which is an altar, E. Let a tube, F G H, pass through the altar and
+be attached to a leathern bag, K, perfectly air-tight: beneath this
+let a small weight, L, hang, from which a chain is attached across a
+pulley to the chains round the hinges, so that, when the bag is folded
+together, the weight L preponderates and shuts the doors, and when fire
+is placed on the altar they are opened. For, as before, the air in the
+altar growing hot, and expanding, will pass through the tube F G H into
+the bag, and raise it up with the weight L; and then the doors will be
+opened. The doors will either open of themselves, as the doors of baths
+shut spontaneously, or they may have a counterbalancing weight to open
+them. When the sacrifice is extinguished, and the air which has entered
+the bag passes out, the weight, descending with the bag, will tighten
+the chains and close the doors.
+
+
+
+
+39. _Wine flowing from a Vessel may be arrested on the Introduction of
+Water, but, when the Supply of Water ceases, the Wine flows again._
+
+
+[Illustration: Diagram of apparatus as described in text]
+
+If there be a vessel containing wine, and provided with three spouts,
+wine shall flow through the middle of the three; and, when water is
+poured in, the stream of wine shall cease, and water shall flow through
+the other two; again, when the stream of water ceases, wine shall flow
+through the middle spout: and this shall take place as often as we pour
+in water. Let A B (fig. 39), be a vessel, the neck of which is closed
+by the partition C D, and having a spout, E, at the bottom. Let two
+tubes, F G H, K L M, terminating in spouts, pass through the partition
+and project above it; and round the projecting parts place other tubes,
+N, X, covered with lids at the top and extending to the partition
+except a passage for the water. Another tube, P, reaching nearly up to
+the partition, communicates with F G H. Having first closed the spout
+E, fill the vessel A B with wine through an orifice, Q, which must
+be carefully closed afterwards. When E is set free it will be found
+that wine flows through it, for air enters from without into the void
+created, through the orifice H and the tube P. Now, if we pour water
+upon the partition C D, it will be carried out through the tubes F G
+H, K L M; but, as the air has no means of entering the vessel A B,
+the wine will cease to flow until all the water has escaped, when the
+air finds an entrance again and the wine flows. Instead of the tube
+P, another tube, R S, may be used, piercing through the partition,
+about which another, T U, must lie, like the tubes N and X, but higher
+than those, so that R S may rise above the lip of the vessel. The same
+result will follow.
+
+
+
+
+40. _On an Apple being lifted, Hercules shoots a Dragon which then
+hisses._
+
+
+[Illustration: Diagram of apparatus as described in text]
+
+On a pedestal is placed a small tree round which a serpent or dragon
+is coiled; a figure of Hercules stands near shooting from a bow, and
+an apple lies upon the pedestal: if any one raises, with the hand,
+the apple a little from the pedestal, Hercules shall discharge his
+arrow at the serpent and the serpent hiss. Let A B (fig. 40) be the
+proposed pedestal, air-tight and divided by a partition, C D. Fixed in
+the partition is a hollow truncated cone, E F, the lesser circle of
+which, F, is open and approaches to the bottom of the pedestal, leaving
+a sufficient interval for the passage of water. To this cone must be
+tightly fitted another cone H, attached by means of a chain through a
+hole in the surface, to the apple K, which lies on the pedestal. Let
+Hercules hold a small bow of horn, the string of which is stretched,
+and at the proper distance from the hand. In the right hand, and
+directed towards the serpent, let there be a hand in every respect
+similar to the visible hand, but smaller, and holding the trigger. From
+the extremity of the trigger let a chain, or cord, proceed through
+the pedestal and be attached to a pulley, which is placed above the
+partition, and again to the chain which is connected with the cone
+and apple. Now we must draw the bow, and placing the trigger beneath
+the hand, close it so that the cord is stretched and draws the apple
+tightly downwards: the cord must run inside Hercules and through the
+body and hand. From the partition let a small tube, one of those which
+are used to whistle, extend above the pedestal and pass under the tree
+or along its trunk. Then fill the vessel A D with water. Let L M be the
+tree, N X the bow, S P the string, R S the hand that grasps the bow, T
+U the trigger, Q W the cord, W the pulley round which the cord runs,
+and Y Z the whistling pipe. Now if some one raise the apple K, he will
+at the same time raise the cone H, tighten the cord Q W, and draw back
+the hand, so that the arrow is discharged: and the water in A D, being
+carried into B C, will drive out the air contained in B C through the
+pipe, and produce the hissing sound. When the apple is replaced, the
+cone H fitting again into the other, will stop the stream of water so
+that no sound is produced. We must now re-arrange the arrow and leave
+it. If the vessel B C is full, it can be emptied again by means of a
+spout with a key: A D must be filled as before.
+
+
+
+
+41. _A Vessel from which uniform Quantities only of Liquid can be
+poured._
+
+
+[Illustration: Diagram of apparatus as described in text]
+
+The following is the construction of the vessel called a dicæometer,
+which, having been filled with liquid, discharges an equal quantity
+every time it is inverted. Let A B (fig. 41), be a vessel the neck
+of which is closed by the partition A B: near its bottom let there
+be a small globe, C, holding the measure of water we intend to flow
+out. Through the partition insert a small and very fine tube, D E,
+communicating with the globe. In the lower part of the globe perforate
+a small hole, F, from which a pipe, F G, extends upwards, running
+just beneath, and communicating with, the handle of the vessel which
+is hollow. Near the hole just mentioned make another at L towards the
+body of the vessel: the handle also must have a vent at H. Having first
+stopped the vent H we must fill the vessel with liquid through a hole
+which must afterwards be carefully closed, or the vessel may even be
+filled through the tube D E itself, a fine hole, however, being made in
+the body of the vessel through which the air can be driven out; and the
+globe C will be filled with liquid at the same time through the tube D
+E. Now, if we invert the vessel and set the vent H free, the liquid in
+the globe C and the tube D E will flow out. If we again close the vent
+and restore the vessel to its original position, the globe and tube
+will be filled again, for the air they contain will be driven out by
+the liquid rushing in; and, when the vessel is once more inverted, a
+like quantity of liquid will again flow out, except indeed with some
+difference as to the tube D E, for it will not be always filled, but as
+the vessel grows empty it will be empty itself: this difference however
+is extremely small.
+
+
+
+
+42. _A Water Jet actuated by compressed Air from the Lungs._
+
+
+[Illustration: Diagram of apparatus as described in text]
+
+There are vessels from which water is forced up by blowing into them.
+Through the neck of the vessel (fig. 42), a tube is inserted, reaching
+nearly to the bottom, and soldered in at its mouth. Stop this mouth
+with the finger, and pour in some liquid through a hole: then, having
+blown into the vessel through the same hole, close it by means of a
+key, and set free the mouth of the tube; the liquid will be made to
+spout up through the orifice by the compressed air which was blown in.
+
+
+
+
+43. _Notes from a Bird produced at intervals by an intermittent Stream
+of Water._
+
+
+[Illustration: Diagram of apparatus as described in text]
+
+The notes of birds are produced at intervals as follows. Take an
+air-tight vessel (fig. 43), through which a funnel is inserted, the
+tube being far enough from the bottom of the vessel to allow of the
+passage of water. Above the funnel is placed a hollow vessel, turning
+on pivots, and having a weight below, into which water is continually
+carried. So long as the vessel on the pivots is empty it will be found
+to remain upright, for a weight is attached to its bottom; but, when
+the vessel is filled the water is overturned into the air-tight vessel,
+and the air contained in the vessel being driven out through a small
+pipe will produce the sound. The vessel is emptied of water by means
+of a bent siphon, and, while it is being emptied, the vessel on pivots
+is again filled and overturned. It will be requisite that the stream
+of water should not fall into the centre of the vessel on pivots, that
+when filled it may be inverted speedily.
+
+
+
+
+44. _Notes produced from several Birds in succession, by a Stream of
+Water._
+
+
+[Illustration: Diagram of apparatus as described in text]
+
+Sounds are produced at intervals in another way as follows. A vessel is
+taken (fig. 44), provided with several transverse partitions. In the
+chambers are placed siphons conducting into the chambers beneath, the
+streams through them being unequal. In the lower compartment is placed
+the pipe which produces the sound, and the stream of water falls into
+the upper compartment. It will be found that when the upper chamber
+is filled, the water passes through the siphon placed there into the
+chamber below, until it has arrived at the lowest, and the vessel being
+air-tight, the air in this chamber is driven out through the pipe and
+produces the sound.
+
+
+
+
+45. _A Jet of Steam supporting a Sphere._
+
+
+[Illustration: Diagram of apparatus as described in text]
+
+Balls are supported aloft in the following manner. Underneath a
+cauldron (fig. 45), containing water and closed at the top, a fire is
+lighted. From the covering a tube runs upwards, at the extremity of
+which, and communicating with it, is a hollow hemisphere. If we put a
+light ball into the hemisphere, it will be found that the steam from
+the cauldron, rising through the tube, lifts the ball so that it is
+suspended.
+
+
+
+
+46. _The World represented in the Centre of the Universe._
+
+
+[Illustration: Diagram of apparatus as described in text]
+
+The construction of a transparent globe containing air and liquid, and
+also of a smaller globe, in the centre, in imitation of the world. Two
+hemispheres of glass are made (fig. 46): one of them is covered with a
+plate of bronze, in the middle of which is a round hole, To fit this
+hole a light ball, of small size, is constructed, and thrown into the
+water contained in the other hemisphere: the covered hemisphere is
+next applied to this, and, a certain quantity of liquid having been
+removed from the water, the intermediate space will contain the ball;
+thus by the application of the second hemisphere what was proposed is
+accomplished.
+
+
+
+
+47. _A Fountain which trickles by the Action of the Sun’s Rays._
+
+
+[Illustration: Diagram of apparatus as described in text]
+
+The “fountain” as it is called may be made to trickle as long as the
+sun falls upon it. Let there be an air-tight pedestal, A B C D (fig.
+47), through which a funnel is inserted, its tube extending within a
+very little of the bottom. Let E F be a globe, from which a tube leads
+into the pedestal, (reaching nearly to the bottom of the pedestal and
+to the circumference of the globe,) while a bent siphon, fitted into
+the globe, leads into the funnel. Now pour water into the globe; and
+when the sun falls upon the globe, the air in it, being heated, will
+drive out the liquid, which will be carried along the siphon G, and
+pass through the funnel into the pedestal. But when the globe is in the
+shade, the air having escaped through the globe, the tube will again
+suck up the liquid, and fill the void which had been produced; and this
+will take place as often as the sun falls upon the globe.
+
+
+
+
+48. _A Thyrsus made to whistle by being submerged in Water._
+
+
+[Illustration: Diagram of apparatus as described in text]
+
+By immersing a thyrsus in water to produce the sound either of a
+pipe or of any bird. Let A B C D (fig. 48), be a thyrsus; and at the
+extremity of its head, which must be hollow and shaped like a fir-cone,
+let there be an orifice D. Close the shaft a little below the mouth by
+the partition A E, and place near it a small pipe, F, just beneath the
+mouth of the tube, and passing through an orifice in the partition.
+If we insert the thyrsus in water and force it downwards, the air
+contained in it being driven out by the water will produce a sound.
+If there is nothing but the pipe we shall have a whistle only; but if
+there is any quantity of water under the partition there will be a
+gurgling sound.
+
+
+
+
+49. _A Trumpet, in the Hands of an Automaton, sounded by compressed
+Air._
+
+
+[Illustration: Diagram of apparatus as described in text]
+
+A figure stands upon a pedestal having a trumpet in its mouth: if it
+be blown into, the trumpet shall sound. Let A B C D (fig. 49), be an
+air-tight pedestal on which a figure stands, and within the pedestal
+let there be a hollow hemisphere, E F G, covered over at the top and
+having small holes in the bottom. From the hemisphere a tube, H F,
+extends upwards into the figure in the direction of the trumpet, which
+is provided with a mouthpiece. Pour liquid into the pedestal through a
+hole which must be afterwards stopped again by means of [a valve or tap
+called] a smerisma. Now, if we blow into the bell of the trumpet, the
+air passing from us will force out through the holes the water in the
+hemisphere, which will mount up into the pedestal: but when we withdraw
+the breath, the water will enter the hemisphere again and force out the
+air, which, passing out through the mouthpiece, will produce the sound
+of a trumpet.
+
+
+
+
+50. _The Steam-Engine._
+
+
+[Illustration: Diagram of apparatus as described in text]
+
+Place a cauldron over a fire: a ball shall revolve on a pivot. A fire
+is lighted under a cauldron, A B, (fig. 50), containing water, and
+covered at the mouth by the lid C D: with this the bent tube E F G
+communicates, the extremity of the tube being fitted into a hollow
+ball, H K. Opposite to the extremity G place a pivot, L M, resting on
+the lid C D; and let the ball contain two bent pipes, communicating
+with it at the opposite extremities of a diameter, and bent in opposite
+directions, the bends being at right angles and across the lines F G, L
+M. As the cauldron gets hot it will be found that the steam, entering
+the ball through E F G, passes out through the bent tubes towards the
+lid, and causes the ball to revolve, as in the case of the dancing
+figures.
+
+
+
+
+51. _A Vessel from which flowing Water may be stopped at pleasure._
+
+
+[Illustration: Diagram of apparatus as described in text]
+
+If a bowl stands upon a pedestal and has an open water-spout, the
+discharge shall suddenly cease, though there be no slide or tap
+attached to shut the spout. Let A B (fig. 51), be the bowl on the
+pedestal C: through the bottom of the bowl and the pedestal insert a
+tube, D E F, terminating in a spout; and at the handle of the vessel
+fix a bar, G H, against which another bar, K L, may move about the pin
+H: at the extremity K place a vertical bar, K M, moving about the pin
+K: to this bar let a box, N X, be attached at M, having weight, and
+large enough to inclose the tube D E F. When the bowl is full, if we
+depress the extremity L of the bar, the box N X will ascend, and, when
+this is raised, the water in the bowl will be carried out through the
+tube D E F: but if the extremity L be set free, the box will descend
+and encompass the tube D E F, and the air it contains, having no way of
+escape, will disconnect the liquid round the tube D E F, and prevent
+it from being further carried out through the mouth D. When we again
+depress the extremity L the spout will run as before.
+
+
+
+
+52. _A Drinking-Horn in which a peculiarly formed Siphon is fixed._
+
+
+[Illustration: Diagram of apparatus as described in text]
+
+The construction of a drinking-horn such that, if a cover of glass be
+placed upon it, while a discharge is going on from the vessel, the
+liquid shall ascend into the glass cover and be thrown back. A B C
+(fig. 52), is a drinking-horn, closed by the covering D E; and from D E
+extend two tubes, F G, H K, one of them, H K, leading into the interior
+of the vessel, the other, F G, leading outside. A glass cover, M N,
+incloses this; and in the top, D E, outside the glass vessel, is an
+aperture, X, through which water may be poured. When the horn is filled
+through this aperture, the tube H K will be filled at the same time,
+and as the water is poured in it will ascend into the glass vessel so
+as to be carried outside through the tube F G. Thus we shall have the
+arrangement of a bent siphon, of which H K is the smaller leg and F
+G the greater, so that it will attract the liquid in the horn as it
+ascends into the cover; it will also attract the air contained in the
+cover, which is lighter than the liquid, and the water will appear to
+be thrown back into the void space left by the air and to descend by
+its own weight; for this upward motion is contrary to its nature.
+
+
+
+
+53. _A Vessel in which Water and Air ascend and descend alternately._
+
+
+[Illustration: Diagram of apparatus as described in text]
+
+There is also another contrivance by which liquid is borne steadily
+upwards and remains, so as to seem perpetually ascending. Let A B (fig.
+53), be a perfectly air-tight pedestal, furnished with a partition, C
+D, and a cylindrical glass cover, E F, also perfectly air-tight. In the
+cover E F let there be a tube, G H, reaching nearly to the top, and
+passing through an orifice in the partition C D, and another tube, K
+L, passing through the top of the pedestal but not descending quite so
+low as the partition. In the pedestal, and outside the glass cover, let
+there be an aperture, M, through which the vessel A D is to be filled,
+and near the bottom of the pedestal a spout, N; also one other tube, X
+O, passing through the partition and reaching nearly to the bottom of
+the pedestal, through which the vessel C B may be filled. If the spout,
+N, be closed the air in C B will pass out through the tubes G H, K L,
+and the hole M; and when C B is full we must fill A D through the hole
+M, for the air contained in it will pass out through the same hole.
+Now, if we set the spout N free, the air in the glass cover will pass
+through the tube G H into the void space left in C B, and water will
+ascend from A D through the tube K L into the void space left in the
+cover, while into the void of the vessel A D air will enter through
+the aperture M; and this will go on until the glass cover is filled:
+but the spaces A D, C B, E F, must be of equal capacity that the air
+and water may take the place of one another. When C B is exhausted and
+the continuity of the air is broken, the water will again descend out
+of the glass cover into A D, air passing into the cover through the
+spout N and the tube G H. The air in A D will pass out through the
+aperture M.
+
+
+
+
+54. _Water driven from the Mouth of a Wine-skin in the Hands of a
+Satyr, by means of compressed Air._
+
+
+[Illustration: Diagram of apparatus as described in text]
+
+If wind is blown through the mouth of certain figures, they spout
+up water through some other place. For example, if a satyr holds a
+wine-skin, water shall be spouted up through the skin. A B C D (fig.
+54), is an air-tight pedestal on which the figure is placed; through
+the mouth of the figure a tube, E F, is inserted, communicating with
+the pedestal, and having underneath it a small plate, G H, which
+closes the aperture F of the tube, and is supported by pins to which
+buttons are attached, that the plate may not fall off. Another tube,
+K L, is passed through the pedestal, of which the extremity, K, must
+be contiguous to the point at which the water-jet is to be, and the
+extremity, L, reach to the bottom of the pedestal, leaving only a
+passage for the water. At the extremity K there must be a valve or tap
+by which the aperture K, which is very small, may be shut. Now if we
+pour any quantity of water into the pedestal through a hole, which we
+must afterwards stop, and, having closed the aperture K, blow in air
+through the tube E F, the air blown in will thrust aside the plate and
+descend into the pedestal: and, if this is done several times, the
+air in the pedestal will be compressed and close the plate. Let the
+valve or tap be opened, and after a short time the compressed air will
+drive the liquid in the pedestal violently out through the aperture K,
+until all the liquid is spouted up, and the air is brought back to its
+natural state, that is, in which it is no longer subject to compression.
+
+
+
+
+55. _A Vessel, out of which Water flows as it is poured in, but if the
+supply is withheld, Water will not flow again, until the Vessel is half
+filled; and on the supply being again stopped, it will not then flow
+until the Vessel is filled._
+
+
+[Illustration: Diagram of apparatus as described in text]
+
+There are some vessels which, when water is poured in, flow
+immediately, but, if we discontinue pouring for a short space, do
+not flow again, though water is poured in afresh, till they are half
+full, when they begin to flow once more; and if we discontinue again,
+do not flow any more till they are quite full. Let A B (fig. 55),
+be a vessel containing, concealed in its interior, three siphons, C,
+D, E, one leg of each being near the bottom of the vessel,
+while the other, fashioned into a water-spout, conducts outside the
+vessel. At the outer extremities of the siphons, apply vessels, F,
+G, H, the bottoms of which are far enough from the orifices of
+the siphons to admit the passage of water between; and let all this be
+encompassed by another vessel, as it were a pedestal, K L M N, which is
+provided with a spout at X. Let the bend of the siphon C be close to
+the bottom of the vessel A B; that of D, half way up its height, and
+that of E, near the neck. Now, if we pour water into the vessel A B, it
+will immediately flow through the siphon C since its bend is near the
+bottom: but, if we cease pouring, the liquid poured in will be drawn
+off through the pipe F, and the vessel F will be found full of water,
+while the other part of the siphon C will be full of air. Consequently,
+when liquid is again poured into the vessel, it will not pass through
+the siphon C, owing to the air which is contained in the siphon between
+the water which is being poured in and that in the vessel F. The liquid
+will therefore rise as high as the bend of the siphon D, which is at
+the middle of the vessel, and then it will begin to flow: but, if we
+again cease pouring, the same will happen as has been explained in the
+case of the siphon C. A like result must be imagined with the siphon
+E. It will be necessary to pour in the stream gently, that the air
+intercepted in the siphon may not be forcibly driven out.
+
+
+
+
+56. _A Cupping-Glass, to which is attached an Air-exhausted
+Compartment._
+
+
+[Illustration: Diagram of apparatus as described in text]
+
+The construction of a cupping-glass which shall attract without the aid
+of fire. Let A B C (fig. 56), be a cupping-glass, such as is usually
+applied to the body, having a partition across it, D E: through the
+bottom of the cupping-glass let two sliding tubes be inserted, F G
+being the outer tube and H K the inner; and in these, but outside the
+cupping-glass, pierce corresponding holes, L and M. Let the inner
+extremities of both the tubes be open, but the outer extremity of
+H K be closed and provided with a handle. Under the partition D E
+place another pair of sliding tubes, N X, like those just described;
+but the corresponding holes must be within the cupping-glass, and be
+precisely adapted to a hole in the partition. When these perforations
+are complete, let the handles of the sliding tubes be turned round, so
+that the holes in the lower tubes may be in a line, while those under
+the partition, not being allowed to coincide, remain closed. Now, the
+chamber D C being full of air, by applying the orifice L M to the mouth
+we can suck out a portion of that air; and then, by turning the handle
+again and not removing the tubes from the mouth, we can keep the air
+in the vessel C D rarefied; and this must be repeated until we have
+drawn off a large quantity of air. Then, applying the glass to the
+flesh in the usual manner, we open the holes in the sliding tubes N X
+by means of the handle; and it must follow that some of the air in the
+vessel A D E will pass into the place of the air withdrawn from C D,
+while into the void thus created both the flesh and the matter about
+it will be drawn up through the interstices of the flesh which we call
+invisible spaces or pores.
+
+
+
+
+57. _Description of a Syringe._
+
+
+[Illustration: Diagram of apparatus as described in text]
+
+The instrument called a pyulcus acts on the same principle. A hollow
+tube, of some length, is made, A B (fig. 57); into this another tube,
+C D, is nicely fitted, to the extremity C of which is fastened a small
+plate or piston, and at D is a handle, E F. Cover the orifice A of the
+tube A B with a plate in which an extremely fine tube, G H, is fixed,
+its bore communicating with A B through the plate. When we desire to
+draw forth any pus we must apply the extreme orifice of the small
+tube, H, to the part in which the matter is, and draw the tube C D
+outwards by means of the handle. As a vacuum is thus produced in A B
+something else must enter to fill it, and as there is no other passage
+but through the mouth of the small tube, we shall of necessity draw
+up through this any fluid that may be near. Again, when we wish to
+inject any liquid, we place it in the tube A B, and, taking hold of E
+F, depress the tube C D, and force down the liquid until we think the
+injection is effected.
+
+
+
+
+58. _A Vessel from which a Flow of Wine can be stopped, by pouring into
+it a small Measure of Water._
+
+
+[Illustration: Diagram of apparatus as described in text]
+
+If there be a vessel full of wine and provided with a running spout,
+when a cyathus, or small measure, of water is poured upon the neck of
+the vessel, the discharge of wine shall cease, but, if a second measure
+of water is poured on, this last shall flow out with the former, or
+the two measures of water shall flow out through two different spouts;
+and, after all the water is drawn off, the wine shall flow again from
+the centre spout: moreover, this shall happen as often as any liquid
+is poured on and flows out. Let A B (fig. 58), be a vessel with a
+spout, C, at the bottom, and closed at the neck by the partition D E
+from which extends a tube, F G, encircled by another tube which is
+sufficiently removed from the partition to allow of the passage of
+water, as in the case of the inclosed diabetes. Through the partition
+insert another tube, H K, projecting to a less height above the
+partition than the former tube, and branching off below into two
+spouts L and M; and let this tube also be encircled by another tube
+distant a small space from the partition: furthermore let the vessel
+have a vent N just under the partition. Now, if, after closing the
+spouts, we pour in the wine, it will pass into the body of the vessel
+through the tube F G, for the air will escape through the vent N: but
+when we close the vent and set the spouts free, the liquid intercepted
+in the tube H K will flow through L and M, and that contained in the
+vessel through C. If, however, while C is still running, we pour a
+small measure of water upon the partition, the air will no longer be
+able to enter through F G, and the discharge through C will cease: but
+if a second measure is poured on, the water will rise above the tube
+H K, and be carried through into the spouts L and M, the whole being
+drawn up; and then, the tube F G being opened to the air will enable
+the spout C to flow as before. This result will take place as often as
+we pour on the measures of water.
+
+
+
+
+59. _A Vessel from which Wine or Water may be made to flow, separately
+or mixed._
+
+
+[Illustration: Diagram of apparatus as described in text]
+
+From a vessel full of pure wine sometimes the wine flows; if water is
+poured in, pure water flows out; then again pure wine; and, if it is
+desired, when the water is poured in a mixture shall be discharged.
+Let A B (fig. 59), be a vessel, having a partition near the neck,
+C D, through which a tube, E F, is inserted, passing out below and
+terminating in a spout. In the tube E F, within the vessel and near
+the bottom at G, let there be a fine hole, and a vent under the neck
+at H. Now, if we close the spout F, and pour in the wine, it will pass
+into the body of the vessel, the air escaping through the vent H: but
+if we stop the vent and set the spout free, nothing will flow out
+except what is intercepted in the tube E F. If water is then poured in,
+it will flow out pure, and, when the vent is set free, a mixture is
+discharged: if nothing more is poured in, pure wine will flow.
+
+
+
+
+60. _Libations poured on an Altar, and a Serpent made to hiss, by the
+Action of Fire._
+
+
+[Illustration: Diagram of apparatus as described in text]
+
+When a fire is kindled on an altar, figures placed near shall offer
+libations, and a serpent hiss. Let there be a hollow pedestal, A B
+(fig. 60), on which is an altar, C, containing within it a tube, D E,
+which descends from the hearth of the altar to the pedestal, and then
+branches off into three tubes, E F leading to the mouth of the serpent;
+E G H to a wine vessel K L, (the bottom of which must be higher than
+the figure M,) and fastened to the lid of K L cross-bar fashion; while
+the other tube E N X, in like manner, extends into another wine
+vessel O P, also terminating in a cross-head. Both these tubes must
+be soldered into the bottoms of the vessels, and in each wine vessel
+there must be a bent siphon, R S, and T U, one extremity of each being
+immersed in the wine, and the other, (from which extend the hand
+of the figure which is to pour the libation,) passing, air-tight,
+through the side of the wine vessel. When the fire is about to be
+kindled, pour first a little water into the tubes, that they may not
+be burst by the dry heat, and close up everything that no air may pass
+through. The hot air, becoming mixed with the water, will ascend along
+the tubes to the cross-heads, and through them it will exert pressure
+on the wine, and carry it to the bent siphons R S and T U. The wine
+flowing through the hands of the figures produces a libation as long as
+a fire is burning on the altar. The other tube, conveying the hot air
+to the mouth of the serpent, will cause the serpent to hiss.
+
+
+
+
+61. _Water flowing from a Siphon ceases on surrounding the End of its
+longer Side with Water._
+
+
+[Illustration: Diagram of apparatus as described in text]
+
+Let there be an air-tight vessel provided with an open spout, and by
+its side a thyrsus under which is a cup full of water: if the cup is
+removed, as long as it is withdrawn, a small stream shall flow from
+the mouth; but when the cup is pushed back, the spout shall run no
+longer. Let A B (fig. 61), be the vessel described, having its neck
+closed by the partition C D; from C D, and fitted air-tight in it, a
+tube, E F, extends, about which lies another tube, K L, forming an
+inclosed diabetes. With K L another tube, M N, communicates, of which
+the mouth M is open, while the outer leg is placed in a cup, O X, into
+which water has been poured until it is full; it is clear that so much
+of the leg of the siphon as is in the cup will be filled at the same
+time. Into the neck of the vessel A B a little water must be poured,
+just enough to close all entrance for the air; and, when A B is full,
+the spout P, though open, will not run, since the air has no means of
+entrance, because of the water poured into the neck. But if the cup
+is drawn slightly downwards, some portion of the leg of the siphon
+which is in the cup must be emptied, and into the part emptied the
+contiguous air will be drawn: this air will attract some of the water
+which was poured into the neck, so that the water shall rise above
+the mouth F; and hence, the air having found an entrance, the spout P
+will run until the cup O X is pushed up again, causing the water to
+return to its old position and to close the passage for the air so that
+the spout will cease to flow. This will happen as often as the cup is
+withdrawn and applied: it is necessary however that the cup be not
+wholly drawn away, that the siphon leg may not be wholly emptied. Let
+the tube M N be fashioned like a thyrsus, R N being its shaft: thus the
+spectacle will be properly arranged.
+
+
+
+
+62. _A Vessel which emits a Sound when a Liquor is poured from it._
+
+
+[Illustration: Diagram of apparatus as described in text]
+
+The construction of a flagon which utters a sound when liquid is forced
+from it. Take a flagon (fig. 62), such as is about to be described,
+the neck of which is closed by the plate A B, and the mouth by C D;
+and through both these partitions, fitting into them air-tight, let
+a tube, E F, be inserted. G H is the handle of the flagon, and K L a
+tube placed in the opposite side of the neck, fitting closely into the
+partition A B and far enough distant from C D to allow of the passage
+of water: in C D let there be a small pipe M such as will utter sound.
+The flagon may be filled through the tube E F, the air passing out
+through the tube K L and the pipe M; and if we take the handle of the
+flagon and incline it so as to pour out the contents, water will flow
+out of the vessel through the tube E F, and into the neck B C through K
+L: the air contained in the neck being forced out through M gives forth
+a sound. There should be another hole in A B through which air may pass
+again when the vessel is righted.
+
+
+
+
+63. _A Water-Clock, made to govern the quantities of Liquid flowing
+from a Vessel._
+
+
+[Illustration: Diagram of apparatus as described in text]
+
+A vessel containing wine, and provided with an open spout, stands upon
+a pedestal: it is required by shifting a weight to cause the spout to
+pour forth a given quantity,—sometimes, for instance, a half cotyle (¼
+pint), sometimes a cotyle (½ pint), and, in short, whatever quantity we
+please. A B (fig. 63), is the vessel into which wine is to be poured:
+near the bottom is a spout, D: the neck is closed by the partition E
+F, and through E F is inserted a tube, G H, reaching nearly to the
+bottom of the vessel, but so as to allow of the passage of water. K L
+M N is the pedestal on which the vessel stands, and O X another tube
+reaching within a little of the partition and extending into the
+pedestal, in which water is placed so as to cover the orifice O, of
+the tube. Fix a rod, P R, one half within, and the other without, the
+pedestal, moving like the beam of a lever about the point S; and from
+the extremity P of the rod suspend a water-clock, T, having a hole in
+the bottom. The spout D having been first closed, the vessel should be
+filled through the tube G H before water is poured into the pedestal,
+that the air may escape through the tube X O: then pour water into the
+pedestal, through a hole, until the orifice O is closed, and set the
+spout D free. It is evident that the wine will not flow, as there is
+no opening through which air can be introduced: but if we depress the
+extremity R of the rod, a portion of the water-clock will be raised
+from the water, and, the vent O being uncovered, the spout D will run
+until the water suspended in the water-clock has flowed back and closed
+the vent O. If, when the water-clock is filled again, we depress the
+extremity R still further, the liquid suspended in the water-clock will
+take a longer time to flow out, and there will be a longer discharge
+from D: and if the water-clock be entirely raised above the water, the
+discharge will last considerably longer. To avoid the necessity of
+depressing the extremity R of the rod with the hand, take a weight Q,
+sliding along the outer portion of the rod, R W, and able, if placed at
+R, to lift the whole water-clock; if at a distance from R, some smaller
+portion of it. Then, having obtained by trial the quantities which we
+wish to flow from D, we must make notches in the rod R W and register
+the quantities; so that, when we wish a given quantity to flow out, we
+have only to bring the weight to the corresponding notch and leave the
+discharge to take place.
+
+
+
+
+64. _A Drinking-Horn from which a Mixture of Wine and Water, or pure
+Water may be made to flow alternately or together, at pleasure._
+
+
+[Illustration: Diagram of apparatus as described in text]
+
+The construction of a drinking-horn from which at first a mixture shall
+flow; when we please, on pouring in water, water alone, and then again
+a mixture. Let A B (fig. 64), be a drinking-horn, its neck closed by
+the plate C D, through which is inserted a tube, E F, leading to the
+orifice F, and having a hole, G, bored in it within the vessel: in the
+vessel just under the partition make a vent H. Now, if we close the
+orifice F and pour in the mixture, it will pass into the body of the
+vessel through the hole G; and if we set F free, the mixture will flow
+through it, the air entering by the vent H. Again, if we close H and
+pour in pure water, the mixture will no longer flow as the air has no
+means of entrance, but pure water; and, when H is set free, both will
+flow, the water and the mixture, or rather a mixture which is produced
+from the two united.
+
+
+
+
+65. _A Vessel from which Wine or Water may be made to flow separately
+or mixed._
+
+
+[Illustration: Diagram of apparatus as described in text]
+
+If water is poured into a vessel standing upon a pedestal and provided
+with a spout somewhat above its bottom, at one time pure water flows
+out, at another a mixture of wine and water, and then unmixed wine
+alone. Let A B (fig. 65), be the vessel, standing upon a pedestal and
+provided with the spout C D, of which the orifice C is above the bottom
+of the vessel. Close the neck of the vessel with the partition E F,
+and through E F insert the tube G H, projecting slightly above the
+partition and extending to the bottom of the vessel except that a space
+is left sufficient for the passage of water. In the body of the vessel,
+and projecting without it, let there be another tube K L, under which
+a vessel of unmixed wine, K M, is to be placed: in the partition E F
+pierce a very fine hole N. If, when these arrangements are complete,
+we pour water into the vessel through the neck, the liquid lying round
+the projection of the tube will remain in the neck; but all above this
+will be carried into the body of the vessel, and when it has reached
+the orifice C of the spout, there will be a discharge of pure water.
+When a stream has begun to issue from the spout, the unmixed wine in
+the vessel K M will be drawn up at the same time, on the principle of
+the siphon, and a mixture will be discharged; and when the water is
+exhausted, the pure wine will flow by itself, except indeed that the
+water about the partition E F will be attracted at the same time. When
+the small quantity of water on E F has all run through N, the air will
+enter and break the continuity and there will be no further discharge.
+
+
+
+
+66. _Wine discharged into a Cup in any required quantity._
+
+
+[Illustration: Diagram of apparatus as described in text]
+
+Let there be a vessel filled with wine and provided with a spout
+under which a drinking cup is placed: wine shall run into the cup in
+any required quantity. Let A B (fig. 66), be the vessel containing
+wine, and C D the spout, the upper surface of which at the extremity
+C is so smooth that, when a valve in the form of a kettle-drum E F is
+placed upon it, water is excluded. On the handle of the vessel fix the
+vertical rod G H, on which, as on a fulcrum, another rod K L vibrates:
+again place another rod, M N, under the pedestal, moving about the
+point X, and attach two more rods K O, L P, moving on pivots in such
+a way that, if the extremity M of the bar be depressed, the valve E
+F is raised, and the spout is opened and sends out a stream, but is
+closed again when M is suffered to return. Let the bar M N support the
+drinking cup R, into which we wish to receive the given quantity of
+liquid: the cup must be placed beneath the spout. Take a weight, S,
+capable, by means of a ring, of being shifted along the projection M O
+of the rod: and when S has been brought towards M, the spout will be
+opened and send its stream into the cup, but as the cup grows heavy
+the weight will be raised again and the spout closed. That the wine
+may flow out in the required quantity, place in the cup any measure
+of liquid, for instance, a cotyle, and, receiving what falls from the
+spout in another vessel, shift the weight along the bar to the first
+point at which the discharge from the spout ceases: make a mark on the
+bar at this point and register one cotyle. We must proceed in the same
+manner for a half-cotyle, and two cotylæ, and so on for other measures
+as far as we please; and thus we shall have marks for the different
+quantities, signifying the points to which the weight must be brought
+in order that they may be discharged. Instead of the valve E F, an
+air-tight vessel may encircle the spout, so that, as long as the liquid
+is kept away by the air within, there will be no discharge through the
+spout.
+
+
+
+
+67. _A Goblet into which as much Wine flows as is taken out._
+
+
+[Illustration: Diagram of apparatus as described in text]
+
+Let there be a vessel containing wine and provided with a spout,
+underneath which a goblet is placed: whatever quantity of wine is
+taken from the goblet, as much shall flow into it from the spout. Let
+A B (fig. 67), be the vessel of wine, and C D the spout, to which are
+attached the valve E F, and the rods G H, K L, K O, L M as before; and
+beneath the spout place the cup P. To the rod K O fix a small basin R
+contained in the vessel S T, and let a tube, U Q, connect the vessels S
+T and P. When these arrangements are complete, if the vessels S T and
+P are empty, the basin R will fall to the bottom of S T, and open the
+spout C D. A stream will flow from C D into both the vessels S T and P,
+so that the basin will rise and shut the spout again, until we remove
+more liquid from the goblet. This result will happen as often as we
+remove liquid from P.
+
+
+
+
+68. _A Shrine over which a Bird may be made to revolve and sing by
+Worshippers turning a Wheel._
+
+
+[Illustration: Diagram of apparatus as described in text]
+
+The construction of a shrine provided with a revolving wheel of bronze,
+termed a purifier, which worshippers are accustomed to turn round as
+they enter. Let it be required that, if the wheel is turned, the note
+of the black-cap shall be produced, and the bird, standing on the top
+of the shrine, turn round as well; while, if the wheel is turned [in
+the opposite direction], the black-cap neither sings nor revolves.
+Let A B C D (fig. 68), be the shrine and E F an axis extending across
+it, capable of revolving freely, to which the wheel H K, which is to
+be turned round, is attached. Let two other wheels be attached to
+the axis, in the interior of the shrine, L and M, of which L has a
+pulley, and M is a wheel with rays. Round the pulley a cord is wound,
+from the extremity of which is suspended a vessel N, shaped like a
+conical oven, and provided with a tube X O, terminating in a small pipe
+which produces the note of a black-cap: under the conical vessel N
+must be placed a vessel of water. From the top of the shrine let fall
+a small axis S T capable of revolving freely: at the extremity S let
+a black-cap be placed, and at T a wheel with rays, the rays of which
+are implicated with, or take into, the rays of the wheel M. It will be
+found that, when the wheel H K is made to revolve, the cord is wound
+round the pulley and raises the conical vessel N; but, if the wheel is
+let go, N descends by its own weight into the water and produces the
+sound by the expulsion of the air. The black-cap turns round at the
+same time owing to the revolution of the wheels.
+
+
+
+
+69. _A Siphon fixed in a Vessel from which the Discharge shall cease at
+will._
+
+
+[Illustration: Diagram of apparatus as described in text]
+
+There are certain siphons which, when placed in vessels, flow until
+the vessels are emptied, or the surface of the water has sunk to the
+level of the outer orifice of the siphon. Let it be required that the
+discharge shall suddenly cease whenever we wish. A B (fig. 69), is
+a vessel containing a siphon, C D E, the inner leg of which is bent
+upwards as at C F G. Let a vertical rod H K be fixed, on which another,
+L M, works as a lever-beam: from L M extends another rod, M N, moving
+on a pivot, and provided at the extremity N with a vessel large enough
+to encircle the bent portion of the siphon F G. On the rod L M suspend
+a weight at L, so that the encircling vessel is raised above the upward
+bend of the siphon, and the siphon flows. When we wish the discharge to
+cease, we have only to remove the weight at L, and the vessel at N will
+descend and encircle the bend G C, so that the siphon will cease to
+flow. If it is desired that the stream should continue, we must again
+suspend the weight.
+
+
+
+
+70. _Figures made to dance by Fire on an Altar._
+
+
+[Illustration: Diagram of apparatus as described in text]
+
+When a fire is kindled on an altar, figures shall be seen to dance: for
+the altars must be transparent, either of glass or horn. Through the
+hearth of the altar (fig. 70), a tube is let down turning on a pivot
+towards the base of the altar, and, above, on a small pipe which is
+attached to the hearth. Communicating with, and attached to, this tube
+are smaller tubes lying at right angles to each other, and bent at the
+extremities in opposite directions. A wheel or platform on which the
+dancing figures stand, is also fastened to the tube. When the sacrifice
+is kindled, the air, growing hot, will pass through the pipe into the
+tube, and be forced out of this into the smaller tubes; when, meeting
+with resistance from the sides of the altar, it will cause the tube and
+the dancing figures to revolve.
+
+
+
+
+71. _A Lamp in which the Oil can be raised by Water contained within
+its Stand._
+
+
+[Illustration: Diagram of apparatus as described in text]
+
+The construction of a lamp-stand, such that, if a lamp is placed upon
+it, whenever the oil fails, a supply shall be poured into it from the
+handle to the amount required, though no vessel is placed upon the lamp
+from which the oil can flow into it. Let the lamp-stand be constructed
+with a triangular pedestal, like a pyramid, A B C D (fig. 71), hollow
+and provided with a partition E F. Let G H, which must also be hollow,
+be the shaft of the lamp-stand, and above this shaft place a hollow
+cup, K L, capable of containing a considerable quantity of oil. From
+the partition E F, and fitting closely into it, a tube, M N, must
+extend upwards, leaving a passage for the air between its extremity
+and the covering of the cup, K L, on which the lamp is placed. Through
+the plate K L insert another small tube X Q, a passage being left for
+water between it and the bottom of the cup: the tube X Q must project a
+little above the plate K L, and into the projecting part another pipe P
+is tightly fitted, closed at its upper extremity, and passing through
+the bottom of the lamp so as to be included within it, that there may
+be no projection outside. To P solder another pipe, extremely fine,
+communicating with it, and reaching to the extremity of the handle, so
+that its stream will be carried into the body of the lamp; this pipe
+must have an orifice like the others. Under the partition E F let a
+tap be soldered leading into the chamber C D E F, so that, when it is
+opened, the water in the chamber A B E F will pass into C D E F. In the
+plate A B let a fine hole be perforated through which A B E F may be
+filled with water; the [air] contained in it will pass out through the
+same hole. We now remove the lamp and fill the cup with oil through the
+pipe X Q, the air escaping through M N, and again through an open cock
+in the bottom C D, when any water in C D E F has first flowed out. The
+lamp having been placed on the top by means of the sliding tube P, when
+it is required to pour in oil, we must open the tap in the plate E F,
+and the water in the chamber A B E F passing into C D E F, the air in
+C D E F will reach the cup through the tube M N, and force out the oil
+contained in it: the oil will pass into the lamp through the tube X Q
+and the pipe attached to it. When we wish the oil to stop running, we
+must shut the cock and the discharge will cease. This process can be
+repeated whenever it is necessary.
+
+
+
+
+72. _A Lamp in which the Oil is raised by blowing Air into it._
+
+
+[Illustration: Diagram of apparatus as described in text]
+
+The same effect can be produced with the same general construction,
+more readily [than] by constructing the pedestal in which the water is.
+Let the rest be as before, with the exception of the pedestal and the
+water in it; the extremity M of the tube M N, (fig. 72), being fitted
+air-tight into an orifice in the surface of the shaft, so as to be
+visible outside. Then apply the mouth and blow into the outer orifice;
+the breath will pass into the cup and force out the oil through the
+tube X O. Thus the same will take place as before; for as often as we
+blow into the tube oil will flow into the lamp. It will be necessary
+that the extremity of the handle should be bent at right angles to the
+orifice of the lamp, that the oil may not be driven outside.
+
+
+
+
+73. _A Lamp in which the Oil is raised by Water, as required._
+
+
+[Illustration: Diagram of apparatus as described in text]
+
+The construction of a lamp. * * * * * * * * Underneath the lamp place
+a vessel perfectly air-tight, A B (fig. 73), either attached to the
+lamp or distinct from it. From this let two tubes extend, C D, E F,
+communicating with the vessel; the extremity C must reach to the bottom
+except a space sufficient for the passage of water, and the tube C D to
+the surface of the lamp, having at the extremity D a small cup through
+which the water is to be poured in: the tube E F must pass, air-tight,
+through the bottom of the lamp. Now if oil be poured through the
+opening, it will first pass into the vessel A B, and then, when A B is
+full, the tubes C D, E F, and the lamp will be filled also. As the lamp
+burns it will become empty, and if we pour in water through the cup,
+it will pass into the vessel A B, and the oil will ascend and fill up
+the deficiency in the lamp, until it reaches the lamp-nozzle. When the
+oil has sunk again, we must do the same, repeating it till the supply
+is expended. If it is required to remove the vessel A B, the oil being
+retained in the lamp, there must be a valve or tap in the pipes C D, E
+F, close to the vessel A B, with keys near the lamp, so that when the
+keys are turned, the oil in the lamp, and that in the tubes, shall be
+confined. Thus the vessel may be removed from the lamp, and, whenever
+it is desired, we may bring them together again, and open the keys. It
+is better that the pipe E F should lead to the handle of the lamp, and
+C D a little behind it, having the cup which communicates with it, and
+through which water will be poured in, placed above; so that the oil
+will flow from the handle at the same time that the water is poured
+into the cup.
+
+
+
+
+74. _A Steam-Boiler from which a hot-Air blast, or hot-Air mixed with
+Steam is blown into the Fire, and from which hot water flows on the
+introduction of cold._
+
+
+[Illustration: Diagram of apparatus as described in text]
+
+The construction of a boiler, on which if a figure is placed, shaped as
+if in the act of blowing, the figure shall blow on the coals and thus
+the boiler be heated: moreover, if an open spout project near the mouth
+of the boiler, nothing shall flow from it until we have first poured
+cold water into a cup; and the cold water shall not mix with the hot
+until it passes to the bottom of the vessel, while water extremely hot
+flows from the spout. The shape of the boiler having been determined
+at pleasure, in that part of it intended to hold the water a small
+chamber, perfectly air-tight, is intercepted between two perpendicular
+partitions. With this chamber a tube, one of those which pass under
+the coals, communicates near the bottom, one end of the tube being
+closed that no water may enter it from the boiler: the other tubes lead
+into the chamber where the water is. Thus when the coals are ignited
+they will generate vapour through that tube which leads into the small
+chamber. This vapour is carried along a tube which pierces the surface
+of the boiler, and through the mouth of the figure on to the coals,
+(for the figure must be bent so as to blow downwards;) and as vapour
+is always being generated, the figure is always blowing. The vapour is
+generated from the fire, and, if we pour a very small quantity of water
+into the small chamber, we shall produce more vapour, and the figure,
+blowing with great violence, will heat the boiler still higher: just as
+in the case of cauldrons exposed to fire we see smoke ascending from
+the water. The figure should be moveable by means of a double sliding
+tube, to allow of our pouring in the small quantity of water: and,
+at the same time, by means of this tube, whenever we do not require
+the figure to blow on the coals, we can turn it round in the opposite
+direction. On the surface place a small cup from which a tube leads to
+the bottom of the boiler, that when cold water is poured in, it may
+pass through to the bottom. In order that the boiler may admit of being
+filled when water is poured in, and, at the same time, that the water
+may not boil over and run out, let another pipe communicate with the
+cup on its inner surface, to avoid offending the sight. We will now
+expose to view the construction of the boiler. Set up a hollow cylinder
+(fig. 74), of which A B is the under surface, and C D the upper; and
+construct another hollow cylinder, with the same axis as the former, of
+which E F is the under surface, and G H the upper. On the outer edges
+of the cylinders let plates be fastened, so as to keep the cylinders
+together and cover the edges. In the cylinder E F G H place the tubes,
+O K, L X, M N, of which L X perforates the cylinder on one side only at
+X, while the other two are bored quite through at each end, and their
+orifices either way open into the space between the cylinders. Into the
+space intercepted between the two cylinders let down the partitions E
+G, H F, intercepting the chamber G H E F, into which the tube described
+above, perforated at one side only, penetrates. Place on the surface,
+that is on G H, a small tube having the figure attached to, and
+communicating with, it; the figure must be perforated throughout, and
+incline downwards so as to look towards the coals. That the figure may
+cease blowing whenever we like, let the tube on which it sits be fitted
+tightly into the other, so that, when we turn it round in the opposite
+direction, the figure will no longer blow on the coals but away from
+the boiler. We shall also find this sliding tube useful for pouring
+water into the chamber G F E H, for, after raising the figure from the
+tube on which it is placed, we can pour the water through, and thus
+more vapour will be passed along into the figure. On the surface H C
+let a cup, R S, be placed; communicating with the interior, and having
+a tube at its extremity reaching down to the bottom of the boiler with
+the exception of a passage for water. When we desire to let the hot
+water out, we must pour in cold through R S; this will pass through
+the tube which communicates with the cup into the chamber of the warm
+water, which will ascend and flow out through the spout near the neck,
+for the cold water which has been introduced will not yet have mingled
+with the warm below. As often as this is repeated we shall obtain
+warm water for the cold we throw in. In order that we may know when
+the boiler will bubble up, the _chasmatium_ is contrived, perforated
+throughout, and placed on the neck, a hole having been made in the
+surface: it is furnished with a small tube which looks towards the cup
+R S, that, when the warm water ascends, it may be carried into the cup.
+Such is the construction of the boiler. If we prefer not to cut off the
+chamber F G E H through the whole length, but only for a portion of
+it, the partitions are made to reach half-way, and another is placed
+upon them, admitting through it a tube which extends up to the figure.
+When the fire is kindled there will be a rush of vapour from the small
+chamber, into which water will be poured as before.
+
+
+
+
+75. _A Steam-Boiler from which either a hot Blast may be driven into
+the Fire, a Blackbird made to sing, or a Triton to blow a Horn._
+
+
+[Illustration: Diagram of apparatus as described in text]
+
+Another construction of the same kind is employed to produce the sound
+of a trumpet and the note of a blackbird. A boiler is made (fig. 75),
+of the same kind as the last, of which all the tubes in the base
+are bored through at each end, and near the surface there is a tube
+Q E, into which another tube K L is closely fitted, extending into
+the chamber for warm air, and moveable about the pin K L. This tube
+is perforated by three holes, M, N, X, and similarly three
+holes are bored in Q E opposite the holes M, N, X. Near
+X, an aperture is made in a support which receives a tube fitting
+closely into X and surmounted by the figure, as was described in the
+last paragraph: and from M and N two tubes extend, M O, N P, bent at
+their upper extremities; these tubes pierce through the surface of the
+boiler, into which they are carefully soldered. Through the apertures
+other tubes pass, fitting tightly into the tubes P and O. On one of
+these tubes is placed the figure of a sparrow, hollow within so as to
+receive water: the tube on which the bird sits is bent, and provided
+with a tuning-pipe, such as are made to produce notes, and the curved
+part of it passes as far as the water contained in the sparrow, so
+that, when the sound of the pipe reaches the water, the note of a
+blackbird is produced. In like manner the tube N P has another tube
+fitting closely into it, on which is placed a figure shaped like a
+triton with a trumpet in its mouth: the tube on which the triton is
+placed is moreover furnished with the mouthpiece and bell as usual,
+and when the vapour reaches these and enters them it will give out the
+sound of a trumpet. We must discover by trial when the holes in K L are
+opposite the tubes M O and N P, and when to X on which the figure is
+placed. Having learnt this, we must make corresponding marks on the pin
+K L, that the trumpet may sound, or the figure blow, or the blackbird’s
+note be produced, at our pleasure. The arrangements about the cup and
+the ascent of the warm water are to be made according to the previous
+description.
+
+
+
+
+76. _An Altar Organ blown by manual Labour._
+
+
+[Illustration: Diagram of apparatus as described in text]
+
+The construction of a hydraulic organ. Let A B C D (fig. 76), be
+a small altar of bronze containing water. In the water invert a
+hollow hemisphere, called a _pnigeus_, E F G H, which will allow of
+the passage of the water at the bottom. From the top of this and
+communicating with it let two tubes ascend above the altar; one of
+them, G K L M, bent without the altar and communicating with a box, N
+X O P, inverted, and having its inner surface made perfectly level to
+fit a piston. Into this box let the piston R S be accurately fitted,
+that no air may enter by its side; and to the piston attach a rod, T U,
+of great strength. Again, attach to the piston rod another rod, U Q,
+moving about a pin at U, and also working like the beam of a lever on
+the upright rod W Y, which must be well secured. On the inverted bottom
+of the box N X O P let another smaller box, Z, rest, communicating with
+N X O P and closed by a lid above: in the lid is a hole through which
+the air will enter the box. Place a thin plate under the hole in the
+lid to close it, upheld by means of four pins passing through holes in
+the plate, and furnished with heads so that the plate cannot fall off:
+such a plate is called a valve. Again, let another tube, F I, ascend
+from F G, communicating with a transverse tube, A´ B´, on which rest
+the pipes A, A, A, communicating with the tube, and having at
+the lower extremities small boxes, like those used for money; these
+boxes communicate with the pipes, and their orifices B, B,
+B, must be open. Across these orifices let perforated lids slide, so
+that, when the lids are pushed home, the holes in them coincide with
+the holes in the pipes, but, when the lids are drawn outwards, the
+connexion is broken and the pipes are closed. Now, if the transverse
+beam U Q be depressed at Q, the piston R S will rise and force out the
+air in the box N X O P; the air will close the aperture in the small
+box Z by means of the valve described above, and pass along the tube
+M L K G into the hemisphere: again it will pass out of the hemisphere
+along the tube F I into the transverse tube A´ B´, and out of the
+transverse tube into the pipes, if the apertures in the pipes and in
+the lids coincide, that is, if the lids, either all, or some of them,
+have been pushed home.
+
+In order that, when we wish any of the pipes to sound, the
+corresponding holes may be opened, and closed again when we wish the
+sound to cease, we may employ the following contrivance. Imagine one
+of the boxes at the extremities of the pipes, C D, to be isolated, D
+being its orifice, E the communicating pipe, R S the lid fitted to it,
+and G the hole in the lid not coinciding with the pipe E. Take three
+jointed bars F H, H M, M M^2, of which the bar F H is attached to the
+lid S F, while the whole moves about a pin at M^3. Now, if we depress,
+with the hand, the extremity M^2 towards D the orifice of the box, we
+shall push the lid inwards, and, when it is in, the aperture in it will
+coincide with that in the tube. That, when we withdraw the hand, the
+lid may be spontaneously drawn out and close the communication, the
+following means may be employed. Underneath the boxes let a rod, M^4
+M^5, run, equal and parallel to the tube A´ B´, and fix to this slips
+of horn, elastic and curved, of which M^6, lying opposite C D, is one.
+A string, fastened to the extremity of the slip of horn, is carried
+round the extremity H, so that, when the lid is pushed out, the string
+is tightened; if, therefore, we depress the extremity M^2 and drive
+the lid inwards, the string will forcibly pull the piece of horn and
+straighten it, but, when the hand is withdrawn, the horn will return
+again to its original position and draw away the lid from the orifice,
+so as to destroy the correspondence between the holes. This contrivance
+having been applied to the box of each pipe, when we require any of the
+pipes to sound we must depress the corresponding key with the fingers;
+and when we require any of the sounds to cease, remove the fingers,
+whereupon the lids will be drawn out and the pipes will cease to sound.
+
+The water is poured into the altar that the superabundant air, (I
+mean, of course, that which is thrust out of the box and forces the
+water upwards,) may be confined in the hemisphere, so that the pipes
+which are free to sound may always have a supply. The piston R S, when
+raised, drives the air out of the box into the hemisphere, as has been
+explained; and when depressed, opens the valve in the small box Z. By
+this means the box is filled with air from without, which the piston,
+when forced up again, will again drive into the hemisphere. It would
+be better that the rod T U should move about a pivot at T also, by
+means of a single [loop,] R, which may be fitted into the bottom of the
+piston, and through which the pivot must pass, that the piston may not
+be drawn aside, but rise and fall vertically.
+
+
+
+
+77. _An Altar Organ blown by the agency of a Wind-mill._
+
+
+[Illustration: Diagram of apparatus as described in text]
+
+The construction of an organ from which, when the wind blows, the
+sound of a flute shall be produced. Let A, A, A, (fig. 77),
+be the pipes, B C the transverse tube communicating with them, D E the
+vertical tube, and E F another transverse tube leading from D E into
+a box G H, the inner surface of which is made level to fit a piston.
+Into this box fit the piston K L, which is capable of descending into
+it freely. To the piston attach a rod, M N, and to this another, N X,
+working on the rod P R. At N let there be a pin moving readily, and
+to the extremity X fasten a small plate, X O, near which a rod, S, is
+to be placed, moving on iron pivots placed in a frame which admits of
+being shifted. To the rod S attach two small wheels, U and Q, of which
+U is furnished with pegs placed close to the plate X O, and Q with
+broad arms like the sails of a wind-mill. When all of these arms, urged
+by the wind, drive round the wheel Q, the rod S will be driven round,
+so that the wheel U and the pegs attached to it will strike the plate X
+O at intervals and raise the piston; when the peg recedes, the piston,
+descending, will force out the air in the box G H into the tubes and
+pipes, and produce the sound. We may always move the frame which
+contains the rod S towards the prevailing wind, that the revolution may
+be more rapid and uniform.
+
+
+
+
+78. _An Automaton, the head of which continues attached to the body,
+after a knife has entered the neck at one side, passed completely
+through it, and out at the other; the animal will drink immediately
+after the operation._
+
+
+[Illustration: Diagram of apparatus as described in text]
+
+An animal shall be made to drink while it is being severed in two. In
+the mouth of the animal (fig. 78), let there be a tube, A B, and in the
+neck another, C D, passing along through one of the outer feet. Between
+these tubes let a male cylinder, E F, pass, to which are attached
+toothed bars, G and H. Above G place a portion of a toothed wheel, K,
+and, in like manner, beneath H a portion of a toothed wheel, L. Over
+all let there be a wheel, M, the inner rim of which is thicker than the
+outer; and let sections be cut out of this wheel by the three circles
+M, N and X, so that the interval between each division may
+be equal to the radius of the wheel. Let the rim or felly be likewise
+divided by the circles, so that the circumference of the wheel will
+no longer be a circle. Having made an incision, O P, in the upper
+part of the neck, and severed the head within the incision, make in
+it a circular cavity broader below than above, as it were a female
+tube shaped like an axe, which will contain two sides of the hexagon
+inscribed in the circle. Let this cavity be R S, in which the entire
+rim M N X will revolve in such a manner that, before one division
+disappears, the beginning of the next will succeed, and similarly with
+the third: so that, if a pin be inserted through the wheel, the wheel
+will revolve, and the head of the animal adhere to the neck. Now, if
+a knife is passed down through the incision O P, it will enter one of
+the clefts of the wheel M, and confine it in the circular cavity; and,
+descending lower, it will touch the projecting tooth of the part K of
+the wheel, which, being forced downwards, will fit its teeth into those
+of the bar G, and the bar being pushed back will bring the cylinder
+out of the tube A B. The knife, passing through the intervening space,
+will still descend and fall upon the projecting tooth of the part L of
+the wheel; and this, being forced downwards, and fitting its teeth into
+the toothed bar H, will drive the cylinder out of C D and fit it into A
+B. This cylinder is an interior tube fitted into the two tubes, that,
+namely, in the mouth of the animal, and that reaching from the incision
+in the neck to the hinder foot. When the knife has passed quite through
+the neck, and the tube E F has touched both A B and C D, let water be
+offered to the animal, and a pair of sliding tubes, placed under the
+herdsman, be turned round. When the herdsman revolves, the water above
+will flow downwards along the tube C D E F A B, and the current of air
+caused by the stream of water will attract the water offered to the
+mouth of the animal. Of course the sliding tubes are so arranged that,
+as the herdsman turns round, the holes in them coincide.
+
+The same result can be brought about without the aid of a stream of
+water in the following manner. Take once more a pedestal perfectly
+air-tight, A B C D (fig. 79), having a partition across the middle,
+E F. Let the tube from the mouth of the animal, G H K, lead into the
+pedestal, and another tube, L M N, pass through the surface A D and
+the partition E F. In the tube, L M N, perforate a hole, X, just above
+the partition E F, and let another tube, O P, fit into it closely,
+having a hole, R, corresponding with the hole X. To the tube O P
+attach a figure of Pan, or some other figure with a fierce look, and,
+when the figure is turned towards the animal, it shall not drink, as
+though frightened; when the figure turns away, it shall drink. Now, if
+we pour water into the compartment A D E F through a hole, G´, which
+must afterwards be carefully closed with wax or some other substance,
+it will be found that, if the holes R and X are made to coincide, the
+water which was poured in will pass into the compartment E B C F. As A
+D E F becomes empty, it will attract the air through the mouth of the
+figure, which will then drink when a cup is presented to it.
+
+[Illustration: Fig. 79.]
+
+
+
+
+[Illustration: Decorative floral border]
+
+
+
+
+APPENDIX.
+
+
+There are four MSS. of Hero contained in the British Museum. Two belong
+to the Harleian Collection: they are numbered 5605 and 5589, and are
+assigned, the first to the fifteenth, the second to the sixteenth
+century; they are distinguished in the table below by the letters _a_
+and _b_. The others are among the Burney MSS., (108 and 81), and are
+both assigned to the sixteenth century: they are cited as _c_ and _d_.
+Of these MSS. the first and third, (_a_ and _c_), are by far the most
+trustworthy: they generally supply the clauses missing in the printed
+text, and often furnish emendations of passages otherwise corrupt.
+The other two agree, for the most part, with each other, and with the
+printed text, both in the omission of numerous clauses and in the
+grossest errors in individual words. It is thus rendered probable that
+the defects of the Paris edition are in great measure due, not to the
+Editors, but to the MS. followed.
+
+In the following table of emendations made in the text of Hero as it
+appears in the _Veterum Mathematicorum Opera_, those only have been
+noticed which appeared curious or important. Many more have been passed
+over in which the correction was obvious even without the aid of any
+MS. The references are to the page and line of the Paris edition.
+
+  Page and    |                          |
+  Line of     |                          |
+   Paris      |                          |
+  edition.    |  Reading of Paris Text.  |      Reading adopted.
+  ------------+--------------------------+----------------------------
+  147 - 29    | συκίαν _a b d_.          | σικύαν _c_.
+  150 - 10    | ἐκφανείας                | ἐπιφανείας _a b c d_.
+   —  - 34    | τὴν—διαστολὴν            | κατὰ τὴν—διαστολὴν _a_.
+  151 -  8    | μυκτῆρσιν _d_.           | μυκτῆρσιν ἀέρος _a b c_.
+   —  - 51    | ὅσας                     | ὅσαι _a b c d_.
+  153 -  6    | βαθύτερον _d_.           | βαρύτερον _a b c_.
+   —  - 23    | στεγνὸν _d_.             | στενὸν _a c_.
+  155 -  3    | ἀντέχον _a c d_.         | ἀντέχων _b_.
+  156 -  1    | πνυκτικὸς _a b_.         | πνικτικὸς _c_.
+              |                          | Commandine reads
+              |                          | πνευματικὸς.
+   —  - 24    | ἀλλὰ τὸ μὴ _c_.          | ἀλλὰ τῷ μὴ _a b d_.
+   —  - 26    | ἀντεπεξίοντος            | ἀντὶ τοῦ ἐπεξίοντος _a b_
+              |                          | _c d_.
+  159 - 17    | τὸ ἐν τῷ ὑγρῷ            | τὸ ἐν ἀυτῷ ὑγρὸν _a c_.
+              | (τὸ εν τῷ ὑγρον _b_.)    |
+  161 -  2    | ἰσθμὸς                   | ἠθμὸς. This correction,
+              |                          | adopted originally on the
+              |                          | conjecture of Professor
+              |                          | Malden, is supported by the
+              |                          | variations of the MSS.; _a_
+              |                          | reads ἱθμος, _b_ ἡθμος. In
+              |                          | like manner elsewhere read
+              |                          | ἠθμοειδή, &c. for ἰσθμοειδή.
+   —  - 20    | ἐκκεκρυήσεται            | οὐκ ἐκρυήσεται
+              | (so all the MSS.)        |
+  170 - 30    | ἐκείνοις                 | ἔκεινον  _a b c_.
+  172 - 17    | κατέχοντος _c_.          | κατέχοντες _a b_.
+   —  - 18    | ἐὰν δὲ ἄνω ὄντος         | ἐὰν δὲ ἀνῶμεν ἔτι ἄνω ὄντος
+              |                          | _a b c_.
+   —  - 30    | ἴσον, ἐὰν                | ὅσον ἐὰν _a b c_.
+  173 - 20–24 |  This passage is unintelligible as it stands. It should
+              | be read (with _a b c_) as follows:—
+              |
+              |   Ἐγχέωμεν οὖν καὶ εἰς τὴν ΜΝΞΟ βάσιν καὶ εἰς τὸν ΠΡ
+              | κρατῆρα τὸν οἶνον ὥστε πλήρη εἶναι τὸν ΠΡ κρατῆρα,
+              | καὶ τὴν ΜΝΞΟ βάσιν πεπληρῶσθαι ἄχρι τοῦ Η στομίου
+              | τοῦ σωλῆνος· τούτου δὲ γενομένου, καὶ φραγέντος
+              | τοῦ Ε, οὐ διὰ τοῦ ΚΛ σωλῆνος, &c. In the printed
+              | text all the words from τὸν οἶνον to τὸν κρατῆρα
+              | inclusive are omitted; so is the οὐ after φραγέντος.
+              | In the translation the MSS. have been departed from
+              | in reading “as high as the mouth of the tube G H,”
+              | instead of “as high as the mouth G of the tube G H.”
+              | The latter reading is clearly inconsistent with the
+              | argument.
+  174 -  3    | εἰσχωρεῖ καὶ διὰ τοῦ      | εἰσχωρεῖν καὶ διὰ τοῦ Υ
+              |   τρήματος                | τρήματος _a b c_.
+   —  - 13    | ὁ Κ, ὁ κενὼν              | ὁ Κ ἔνων _a b c_.
+  177 -  1    | ἀνακεκαμφθέντα ἀγγεῖα     | ἀνακεκάμφθω εἰς τὰ ἀγγεῖα
+              |                           | _c_. _a b_ have ἀνακεκάμφω.
+   —  - 24    |   The printed text is here quite unintelligible.
+              | We find (beginning of § 24 in translation) these
+              | words:—ἔστω σμηρισμάτιον ᾧ ἐὰν βουλώμεθα λόγῳ· ἔστω
+              | δὲ τὸ ὕδωρ τοῦ οἴνου διπλάσιον. The opening sentence
+              | should be as follows: Ἀγγείου ὄντος κενοῦ καὶ ἑτέρου
+              | οἶνον ἔχοντος, ὅσον ἐὰν ὕδωρ εἰς τὸ κενὸν ἀγγεῖον
+              | ἐμβάλωμεν, τοσοῦτον διὰ κρουνοῦ ληψόμεθα κεκραμένον
+              | ᾧ ἐὰν βουλώμεθα εἶναι λόγῳ· ἔστω δὲ τὸ ὕδωρ τοῦ οἴνου
+              | διπλάσιον. So _a c_: _b d_ agree with the text.
+  180 - 11    |   Omit τρίτου with _a c_: _b d_ agree with the text
+              | in retaining the word, which is unintelligible.
+  192 -  3    | ἐπιληφθέντα _b d_.       | ἐπειληθέντα _c_.
+              |                          | _a_ has ἐπειληφθέντα.
+  193 - 26    | ἀποδεδεμένοι             | ἀποδεδομένοι _a b c d_.
+  195 -  7    | ἀποδεδόσθω               | ἀποδεδέσθω _a b c d_.
+  197 -  6    | ἄνω _a b c d_.           |   κάτω, which is given in
+              |                          | the margin of _d_, is
+              |                          | necessary to the sense.
+  200 -  8    |   Read ἐναρμοσθεὶς εἰς τὸ σφαίριον φερέτω εἰς τὴν χώνην,
+              | καὶ ἐμβεβλήσθω εἰς τὸ σφαίριον ὕδωρ. So all the MSS.
+              | In the text all from φερέτω to σφαίριον inclusive is
+              | omitted.
+   —  - 14    |   After ὑγρὸν add καὶ ἀναπληρώσει τὸν κενωθέντα τόπον.
+              | So _a b c_.
+  202 - 20    |   The last clause of § 50 (of the translation) is
+              | unintelligible as it stands in the printed text.
+              | For στρέφειν εἰς τὴν χώραν _a_ and _c_ give εἰς τὴν
+              | σφαῖραν. In the translation σφαῖραν is preferred to
+              | χώραν, and εἰς omitted.
+  205 - 10 }  |  Clauses of considerable length are missing in the
+  206 - 10 }  | text from  the usual cause. They are supplied in
+  185 - 11 }  | the translation.
+  212         | The arrangement of the three plans for self-acting
+              | lamps has been altered in conformity with _a_ and _c_;
+              |  _b_ and _d_, agreeing with the printed text.
+  216 - 26    | ἐκπίπτοντος              | εἰσπίπτοντος _a_.
+  223 -  7    | ΓΔ (CD)                  | ΕΖ (EF): this change has
+              |                          | been made on conjecture.
+   —  - 16    |   Before ὥστε ἢ has been inserted, without support
+              | from the MSS. The passage is otherwise
+              | self-contradictory.
+  226 - 23    | διηνοιγμένον _a b c d_.  | διενηνεγμένον?
+  227 - 21    |   This passage is corrupt, but the MSS. give no light.
+  228 -  8    | ἐκτὸς                    | ἐντὸς _a b c d_.
+   —  - 41    | ἐν τοῖς αὐλοῖς _a b c d_.| τοῖς ἐν τοῖς αὐλοῖς?
+  229 - 30–40 |   The reading of the text is evidently corrupt here,
+              | but the MSS. do not supply means for correcting it: μίας
+              | οὔσης may be a corruption of μενούσης; Hero speaks
+              | elsewhere of a περόνη μένουσα.
+  232 - 14    |   The text and all the MSS. read ὑπὸ; nevertheless ὑπὲρ
+              | has been substituted in the translation. If the holes X
+              | and R were _beneath_ the partition, the action of the
+              | tubes would fail.
+
+
+
+
+[Illustration: Decorative floral border]
+
+
+
+
+INDEX.
+
+
+  Air (atmospheric), 1.
+
+  Adamant, 2.
+
+  Anvil, 2.
+
+  Archimedes, 9.
+
+  Air-pump (condensing), 23.
+
+  Altar, 26, 83.
+
+  Apple, 62.
+
+  Arrow, 62.
+
+  Air-engine, 95.
+
+
+  Bottle, 3.
+
+  Bitumen, 5.
+
+  Bronze, 7.
+
+  Beam, balance, 11.
+
+  Bar, 19.
+
+  Bird, 29.
+
+  Beam on an axis, 33.
+
+  Ball tap, 36.
+
+  Ball float, 43.
+
+  Beam, 44.
+
+  Bow, 62.
+
+  Boiler, 72, 101, 102, 103.
+
+  Buttons, 76.
+
+  Bellows, (substitute for), 105.
+
+  Bell-crank lever, 106.
+
+
+  Cupping-glasses, 4.
+
+  Coal-cinders, 5, 101, 102.
+
+  Cook’s ladle, 21.
+
+  Carpenters’ rule, 25.
+
+  Chain, 32.
+
+  Cork, 36.
+
+  Coin, 37.
+
+  Cock or tap, 41.
+
+  Cylinders, (bored bronze), 44.
+
+  Church organ, 105.
+
+
+  Dew, 5.
+
+  Divers, 8.
+
+  Door of temple, 33.
+
+  Dragon, 62.
+
+
+  Earth, 1.
+
+  Extinguisher, 33.
+
+  Engine, (steam-), 72.
+
+
+  Fire, 1.
+
+  Force, 3.
+
+  Funnel, 29.
+
+  Fir-cone, 70.
+
+  Flagon, 86.
+
+  Finger-organ, keys, 105.
+
+
+  Glass, 3, 68, 74, 75, 76, 79, 95.
+
+  Globe, 7, 20.
+
+  Groove, 17.
+
+
+  Hammer, 2.
+
+  Heat, 2.
+
+  Horn-shavings, 3.
+
+  Handle, 17.
+
+  Hinges, 25.
+
+  Holy water, 49.
+
+  Hercules, 62.
+
+  Hot-air blast, 100, 101.
+
+
+  Iron, 10.
+
+
+  Jar, 22.
+
+
+  Kettle-drum, 32.
+
+  Key, 41.
+
+
+  Light, 9.
+
+  Libation, 26.
+
+  Lathe for turning, 32.
+
+  Lead, 36.
+
+  Lamp-wick, 52.
+
+  Lever-beam, 94.
+
+
+  Metal plate, 7.
+
+  Marine torpedo, 10.
+
+
+  Nut, (substitute for), 17.
+
+
+  Oil, 6.
+
+  Owl, 30.
+
+  Oven, 94.
+
+  Organ-pipes, 105.
+
+
+  Pores, 9.
+
+  Priest, 26, 83.
+
+  Priestess, 26.
+
+  Pulley and rope, 32.
+
+  Piston, turned, (metallic), 44.
+
+  Piston-rods, 44.
+
+  Pan, 47.
+
+  Pinion, (toothed), 52.
+
+  Poised cup, 66.
+
+
+  Quicksilver, 58.
+
+
+  Rod, 32.
+
+  Rack, (toothed), 52.
+
+  Racks, 109.
+
+
+  Sand, 2.
+
+  Sponge, 3.
+
+  Smoke, 5.
+
+  Steam, 5, 68, 69, 72, 100.
+
+  Sulphur, 5.
+
+  Sun, 5.
+
+  Sun’s rays, 9.
+
+  Suction, 11.
+
+  Solder, 17.
+
+  Sliding-frame, 17.
+
+  Screw, 17.
+
+  Sieve, 19.
+
+  Spout, 73.
+
+  Syringe, 80.
+
+  Serpent, 83.
+
+  Steel-yards, 87.
+
+  Shrine, 93.
+
+  Spur wheels, 93.
+
+  Sparrow, 104.
+
+  Springs, 106.
+
+  Sectors, (toothed), 109.
+
+
+  Tube, 7.
+
+  Tin, 8.
+
+  Trumpet, (mouthpiece and bell), 32.
+
+  Three-way cock, 51.
+
+  Trigger, 62.
+
+  Thyrsus, 70.
+
+  Turn-table, 95.
+
+  Triton, 103.
+
+  Tuning-pipe, 104.
+
+  Tappet-wheel, 108.
+
+
+  Universal joint, 45.
+
+
+  Vacuum, 1.
+
+  Vent, 21.
+
+  Valve, (circular slide), 23.
+
+  Valve, (clack), 24.
+
+  Valve, (suspended), 37.
+
+  Valve, (spindle), 44.
+
+  Valve, (plane slide), 105.
+
+
+  Water-clocks, 1, 87.
+
+  Water, 1.
+
+  Wind, 2.
+
+  Wine, 19.
+
+  Weight, 32.
+
+  Wheels, 49.
+
+  Wine-skin, 55.
+
+  Washing-basin, 55.
+
+  Water-jet, 65.
+
+  Whistle, 70.
+
+  Wheel and axle, 93.
+
+  Wind-mill, 108.
+
+[Illustration: Shield with initials W.C. being held by a lion]
+
+
+
+
+[Illustration: Sketch of a boat with sails]
+
+
+
+
+SKETCH OF THE ORIGIN AND PROGRESS OF STEAM NAVIGATION.
+
+FROM AUTHENTIC DOCUMENTS.
+
+BY BENNET WOODCROFT.
+
+PROFESSOR OF MACHINERY IN UNIVERSITY COLLEGE LONDON.
+
+_With Seventeen Lithographic Plates and Woodcuts._ Fcap. 4to. 12_s._
+cloth.
+
+
+Although much has been written and published on the subject of Steam
+Navigation, the merits of the several inventions by which it has been
+brought into practical operation have not in all cases been faithfully
+recorded, or duly assigned to their respective authors.
+
+This defect is intended to be supplied in the following sketch;
+first, by a chronological enumeration of the several projectors,
+whether subjects of Great Britain or Foreigners; and secondly, by
+presenting to the reader a clear and impartial statement of what has
+been accomplished by each, viewed either as an original inventor, or
+as having been instrumental in promoting the means by which Steam
+Navigation has reached its present state of excellence.
+
+The pretensions of the several inventors are accordingly arranged in
+the order of time, and at such length as the limits of the work will
+admit.
+
+Those who have explained the nature and principles of their inventions
+are afforded the advantages derivable from such explanations by
+quotations from their own writings; while other inventors or patentees,
+who have not availed themselves of this mode of giving publicity to a
+description of the means by which they have endeavoured to supersede
+prior inventions, or to extend their utility, have the benefit of such
+remarks as have been elicited by the writings of their own countrymen.
+
+The sketch accordingly commences by detailing facts which demonstrate
+that the use of the Paddle-wheel as an instrument for propelling
+boats or vessels is of great antiquity, preceding by ages the first
+suggestion of the application of steam as a motive power for that
+purpose.
+
+This is succeeded by a recapitulation of the early projects for
+propelling vessels by the aid of the steam-engine, and of the various
+modifications proposed or practically adopted at subsequent periods;
+thus placing before the reader the means of forming a just estimate of
+the pretensions of the several projectors to be ranked as _the real
+authors of the present system of Steam Navigation_.
+
+In conclusion, some of the instruments denominated Screw Propellers
+are duly noticed, with authentic statements of the results of various
+experiments in which they were applied, and remarks on those generally
+in use in Europe and in the United States of America. It will be
+obvious that the facts thus detailed were widely scattered, and in
+some few instances difficult of access: they have consequently been
+collected and arranged from many sources, and the compilation is now
+submitted as forming a book of reference which may be found not only
+useful, but interesting to those who seek for information as to the
+origin and progress of Steam Navigation.—_Preface._
+
+
+             LONDON: TAYLOR, WALTON, AND MABERLY, IVY LANE,
+                         PATERNOSTER ROW. 1848.
+
+
+
+
+TRANSCRIBER’S NOTE
+
+
+Illustrations in this eBook have been positioned between paragraphs.
+
+The index was not checked for proper alphabetization or correct page
+references.
+
+Obvious typographical errors and punctuation errors have been corrected
+after careful comparison with other occurrences within the text and
+consultation of external sources.
+
+Some hyphens in words have been silently removed, some added, when a
+predominant preference was found in the original book.
+
+Except for those changes noted below, all misspellings in the text, and
+inconsistent or archaic usage, have been retained.
+
+
+  Pg xix: ‘which’ replaced by ‘the’ to match the title of the section.
+     117: ‘Spunge’ replaced by ‘Sponge’.
+
+
+*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 77400 ***
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+<div style='text-align:center'>*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 77400 ***</div>
+
+<div class="transnote">
+<strong>TRANSCRIBER’S NOTE</strong>
+<p class="noindent">Footnote anchors are denoted by [number], and the footnotes have been
+placed at the end of the chapter.</p>
+
+<p class="noindent"><a href="#CORRIGENDA">Corrigenda</a> on page xiv have been applied to the etext except for illustration corrections.</p>
+
+<p class="noindent">Some minor changes to the text are noted at the <a href="#ENDNOTE">end of the book</a>.</p>
+</div>
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+<div class="chapter">
+
+<figure class="figcenter illowp90" id="tp">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/cover.jpg" alt="">
+  <figcaption>
+      <p class="center wsp lsp2">
+    <span class="fs150">INVENTIONS</span><br>
+    <br>
+    <span class=fs80>OF THE</span><br>
+    <br>
+    <span class=fs150>ANCIENTS</span><br>
+    <br>
+    <span class="smcap lspp5">Hero of Alexandria</span></p>
+  </figcaption>
+</figure>
+</div>
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+
+<div class="chapter">
+<h1><span class=fs60>THE</span><br>
+<span class="fs120 lsp1"></span>PNEUMATICS<br>
+<span class=fs60>OF</span><br>
+<span class="fs120 lsp2">HERO OF ALEXANDRIA</span><br>
+<span class=fs60>FROM THE ORIGINAL GREEK</span></h1>
+
+
+<p class="center wsp lh17 pb4"><span class=fs70>TRANSLATED FOR AND EDITED BY</span><br>
+<span class="lsp2 fs140">BENNET WOODCROFT</span><br>
+<span class=fs70>PROFESSOR OF MACHINERY IN UNIVERSITY<br>
+COLLEGE LONDON</span></p>
+
+
+
+<figure class="figcenter illowp25" id="bar">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/bar.jpg" alt="Decorative  divider">
+</figure>
+
+
+<p class="center p4 wsp lh17 fs85"><span class=lsp1>LONDON</span><br>
+TAYLOR WALTON AND MABERLY<br>
+UPPER GOWER STREET AND IVY LANE PATERNOSTER ROW<br>
+1851</p>
+
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+
+<div class="chapter">
+<p class="center">
+TO<br>
+<br>
+<span class="lsp1 fs140">HIS ROYAL HIGHNESS PRINCE ALBERT</span><br>
+<br>
+PRESIDENT OF THE SOCIETY OF ARTS<br>
+<br>
+<span class="gothic fs120">This Work</span><br>
+<br>
+IS BY SPECIAL PERMISSION MOST RESPECTFULLY<br>
+<br>
+DEDICATED<br>
+<br>
+BY HIS ROYAL HIGHNESS’S OBEDIENT AND<br>
+<br>
+VERY HUMBLE SERVANT,
+</p>
+</div>
+
+<p class="right">
+  BENNET WOODCROFT.
+</p>
+<br>
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+
+<div class="chapter">
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_vii">[Pg vii]</span></p>
+
+
+<figure class="figcenter illowp70" id="vii">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/vii.jpg" alt="Decorative border with depictions of cheribs sailing,⏎making pottery and sculpting stone">
+</figure>
+
+</div>
+  <h2 class="nobreak lsp15" id="EDITORS_PREFACE">
+    EDITOR’S PREFACE.
+  </h2>
+</div>
+
+
+<img class="drop-capi" src="images/w.jpg" alt="Stylized W">
+<p class="drop-capi"><span class="uc">While</span> the Editor of the present work was engaged
+in writing an <i>Analytical History of the
+Steam-Engine</i>, it became necessary to consult
+the antient mechanicians to ascertain who were
+the inventors of the several parts composing
+that machine: the earliest writer on the subject appeared to
+be Hero of Alexandria; throughout whose work so many of
+the elementary parts of all Steam-Engines, and those also of
+most other machines are mentioned, that it was thought a
+translation of Hero’s Pneumatics would be acceptable not only
+to the Engineer but to the scientific world generally.</p>
+
+<p>Although at the commencement of his work, Hero states that
+he has added his own discoveries to those “handed down by
+former writers,” yet in no instance has he pointed out any
+thing which originated with himself; nor is there any statement
+in the text, except the one I have just quoted, which would
+lead the reader to any other conclusion than that the whole is
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_viii">[viii]</span>a compilation from the works of those who at that period of
+time were styled the “antient philosophers and mechanicians.”</p>
+
+<p>Those parts of each vessel or instrument which mechanically
+perform the operations assigned to them are alike, or nearly
+so, in the four manuscript and the three printed copies of
+Hero’s works which have been consulted by the Editor; but
+great diversity of form is given to the vessel in which they are
+placed. The drawings have been made expressly for this work
+from the best examples.</p>
+
+<p>The seventy-eighth proposition is the only instance in which
+there is an omission of the illustrative drawing, and this occurs
+in all the copies; the two drawings which are now supplied to
+that proposition have been made from the descriptions given
+in the text.</p>
+
+<p>For the Translation of Hero from the Greek, the valuable
+assistance of Mr. J. G. Greenwood, Fellow of University College,
+London, has been obtained: he is the recently appointed
+Professor of the Languages and Literature of Greece and
+Rome, in Owen’s College, Manchester.</p>
+
+<p>It is confidently hoped that this Translation will be found
+superior to its predecessors in whatever language; and that it
+will prove not only generally interesting but practically useful.</p>
+
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+<div class="chapter">
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_ix">[ix]</span></p>
+
+
+<figure class="figcenter illowp70" id="ix">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/ix.jpg" alt="Decorative border of curled leafy vines.">
+</figure>
+
+
+  <h2 class="nobreak" id="TRANSLATORS_PREFACE">
+    TRANSLATOR’S PREFACE.
+  </h2>
+</div>
+
+
+<img class="drop-capi" src="images/c.jpg" alt="Stylized C">
+<p class="drop-capi"><span class="uc">Concerning</span> Hero of Alexandria, the author
+of the treatise here translated, little is known
+with certainty. When his name and the place
+of his abode have been given, all that can be
+positively affirmed is exhausted. We are further
+told by Hero the younger, who is supposed to have written
+in the seventh century <span class="allsmcap">A.&nbsp;D.</span>, that Hero, the author of the
+“Pneumatics,” was a pupil of Ctesibius;—a statement sufficiently
+probable from the character of his works, and strengthened
+by the inscription <span lang="grc"> Ἥρωνος Κτησιβίου</span>&#x2060;<a id="FNanchor_1_1" href="#Footnote_1_1" class="fnanchor">[1]</a> prefixed to another
+work by Hero on the construction of missiles.</p>
+<p>Even the precise period at which Hero lived is a debated
+point. From his own writings all that can be gathered is that
+he knew the works of Archimedes, and of Philo the Byzantian,
+who, again, is known to have been a contemporary of Ctesibius;
+and, as the earliest mention of him by others is as low
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_x">[x]</span>down as the fourth century <span class="allsmcap">A.&nbsp;D.</span>, external evidence, even if it
+were distinct, would be little trustworthy. Such evidence,
+however, is vague and scanty. The only direct statement
+bearing on the date of Hero is the assertion that he was the
+pupil of Ctesibius. The date of Hero therefore depends on
+the date of Ctesibius, and this has been variously fixed by different
+chronologists.</p>
+
+<p>Clinton, (F. H. vol. iii. pp. 535, 538,) who puts Hero as
+low down as the end of the second century <span class="allsmcap">B.&nbsp;C.</span>, proceeds on
+the following evidence: Athenæus (vol. iv. p. 174, edit.
+Schweighæuser) quotes one Aristocles as saying, in a work
+<span lang="grc">περὶ χορῶν,</span> of the water-organ,
+<span lang="grc">φασὶ τοῦτο εὑρῆσθαι ὑπὸ Κτησιβίου κουρέως
+ἐνταῦθα οἰκοῦντος ἐν τῇ Ἀσπενδίᾳ ἐπὶ τοῦ δευτέρου Εὐεργέτου·
+διαπρέψαι τέ φασι μεγάλως.</span>
+Now Euergetes II. (Ptolemy VII.) reigned from
+<span class="allsmcap">B.&nbsp;C.</span> 170 to <span class="allsmcap">B.&nbsp;C.</span> 117, and hence Clinton assigns Hero, the
+pupil of Ctesibius, to the reign of Ptolemy VIII. that is, to <span class="allsmcap">B.&nbsp;C.</span>
+117–81.</p>
+
+<p>Fabricius, on the other hand, (Bibi. Græc. vol. iv. pp. 222,
+234, edit. Harl.) setting out from an entirely different datum,
+places him more than a hundred years earlier, in the time of
+Ptolemy Philadelphus (Euergetes I.): Athenæus Mechanicus,
+(one of the mechanical writers whose works are printed in the
+<i>Veterum Mathematicorum Opera</i>), in his treatise <span lang="grc">περὶ μηχανημάτων</span>,
+p. 8, speaks of Ctesibius as a contemporary; his words are
+<span lang="grc">Κτησίβιος ὁ Ἀσκληνὸς, ὁ ἐν Ἀλεξανδρείᾳ μηχανικός</span>. This treatise is dedicated
+to a Marcellus, and Fabricius, assuming, after Hero
+junior, this Marcellus to be the conqueror of Syracuse, has
+hence assigned Ctesibius and Hero to the reigns of the second
+and third Ptolemies (<span class="allsmcap">B.&nbsp;C.</span> 285–222).</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_xi">[xi]</span></p>
+
+<p>Of these conflicting dates that assigned by Clinton has been
+generally adopted. The question is discussed at some length
+by Schweighæuser, in a note on the passage of Athenæus referred
+to above: he deems the identification of the patron of
+Athenæus Mechanicus with the conqueror of Syracuse to be
+unwarranted, and, besides, thinks it most unlikely that at so
+early a period a Greek should dedicate a work on military engines
+to any Roman. But from the expression employed by
+Athenæus, (<span lang="grc">ὦ σεμνότατε Μάρκελλε</span>,) it may be inferred that his
+patron was a man of very exalted rank; and the second objection
+from the alleged improbability that a Greek should dedicate
+such a work to a Roman at that period will hardly be thought
+to apply at the period referred to, while the skill displayed by
+Marcellus in the siege of Syracuse, and the regret expressed
+by him for the fate of Archimedes, (whether genuine or not,)
+may well have suggested the dedication to him of a work on
+military engineering. The assumption of Fabricius, then, is,
+in itself, not to be too hastily rejected; and it will be seen that
+it is not so irreconcileable with the statement of Aristocles as
+has been supposed. Fabricius has carried back the date further
+than his argument requires or even warrants. Marcellus
+was killed <span class="allsmcap">B.&nbsp;C.</span> 208: Athenæus might have inscribed his work
+to him about <span class="allsmcap">B.&nbsp;C.</span> 212 or 210; at this period, then, we must
+suppose Ctesibius to have been known as a philosopher,&#x2060;<a id="FNanchor_2_2" href="#Footnote_2_2" class="fnanchor">[2]</a> but
+he may have lived far into the succeeding century,—possibly
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_xii">[xii]</span>even into the reign of Euergetes II. (<span class="allsmcap">B.&nbsp;C.</span> 170–117); Hero
+would thus be placed about <span class="allsmcap">B.&nbsp;C.</span> 150, a result by no means inconsistent
+with the statement of Aristocles, since it is not necessary,
+with Clinton, to assign the whole of the long reign of
+Euergetes II. to Ctesibius, and then to put Hero so low down
+as the reign of Ptolemy VIII.</p>
+
+<p>The treatise on Pneumatics was first published in an Italian
+translation by Aleotti (Bologna, 1547). In 1575 appeared a
+Latin version by F. Commandine (Urbino, 1575): this translation,
+through which the work has been most extensively
+known, was reprinted at Amsterdam and at Paris. Several
+other translations were made into Italian, and one into German
+(see Fabricius, iv. p. 235). It was not till the year 1693, and
+subsequently to the appearance of all the versions named
+above, that the Greek text was published at Paris in the <i>Veterum
+Mathematicorum Opera</i>. The design of this collection was
+formed by Thevenot, deputy librarian of the Royal library in
+the reign of Louis XIV., and after his death it was carried out
+by De la Hire. Thevenot’s plan was to publish an accurate
+transcript of the MSS. of the several authors. The inevitable
+obscurity arising from the numerous corruptions which had
+crept into the manuscripts was to be remedied by an appendix
+of notes and a Latin translation. But for the Pneumatics
+of Hero it seemed sufficient to adopt the already well-known
+translation of Commandine; and, in consequence, of the eight
+MSS. of this treatise existing in the Royal Library, that one
+was chosen which most nearly agreed with the Latin version.
+This MS. was closely followed, and, as might be expected, the
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_xiii">[xiii]</span>printed text is extremely corrupt: not unfrequently entire
+clauses are wanting, which, ending with the same word as the
+clause preceding, seem to have been passed over by the transcriber,
+whose eye, in returning from his copy to the original,
+rested on the second instead of the first of the two similar words.
+These defective passages, which appear to have been conjecturally
+restored by Commandine, have been supplied in the
+present translation from MSS. of Hero preserved in the British
+Museum. These MSS. are described in the appendix, where
+the most important cases in which the printed text has been
+supplemented, or otherwise amended, from this source are collected.
+When any words are included in the translation between
+brackets, it is to be understood that they appear neither
+in the text nor in any of the MSS. collated, but have been inserted
+as necessary to the sense.</p>
+
+<p>The other treatises of Hero are:—1. On the construction of
+slings. 2. On the construction of missiles. 3. On automata.
+These are published in Greek and Latin in the <cite>Vet. Math.</cite>
+4. On the method of lifting heavy bodies. This treatise has
+not yet been edited: it exists only in an Arabic translation.
+5. On the “dioptra” or spying-tube: also inedited. It exists
+in manuscript in the Royal Library at Vienna, and among the
+MSS. of Hero contained in the Library of the University of
+Strasburgh. Schweighæuser in his notice of these MSS. (ap.
+Fabric. iv. p. 226), intimates that this treatise is of much interest,
+and contains an account of the dioptra “newly invented
+or improved by Hero himself.” Some help might perhaps be
+derived from it towards the settlement of Hero’s date, as the
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_xiv">[xiv]</span>dioptra is mentioned and minutely commented on by Polybius.
+Several other treatises, entirely lost, are enumerated by Fabricius,
+iv. p. 236.</p>
+
+<p>A question of great interest presents itself as to the claim of
+Hero to be considered as the inventor of the several machines
+and methods described by him. In the introduction of the
+“Pneumatica” he declares that his purpose is to arrange in
+order the discoveries of his predecessors, and to add to them
+his own. The treatise on the construction of missiles is ascribed
+in some MSS. to Ctesibius, (as in one at Leyden, Fabric.
+iv. p. 229,) while at the end of a MS. of the same work
+in the Library of Vienna are these words, <span lang="grc">τέλος τῶν Ἀρχιμήδους
+Βελοποιΐκῶν, τῶν ἐξηγηθέντων παρὰ Ἥρωνος Κτησιβίου</span>. Again, it is singular
+that neither Pliny nor Vitruvius has any reference to
+Hero, though Ctesibius and his inventions are repeatedly mentioned.
+Vitruvius (x. 7) minutely describes a machine for
+raising water to a great height, which he expressly ascribes to
+Ctesibius; and in the following chapter he treats, at great
+length, of the construction of water-organs, yet without any
+notice of Hero. Both Pliny and Vitruvius expressly name
+Ctesibius as famous for his skill in the invention of pneumatic
+and hydraulic instruments. Pliny’s words are (vii. 38) “Laudatus
+est Ctesibius pneumatica ratione et hydraulicis organis
+repertis.” Vitruvius, (x. 7, compare also ix. 8,) after his
+description of the machine for raising water, says “Nec tamen
+hæc sola ratio Ctesibii fertur exquisita, sed etiam plures et
+variis generibus ab eo liquore pressionibus coacto spiritus
+efferre ab natura mutuatos effectus ostenduntur, uti merularum
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_xv">[xv]</span>aquæ motu voces, atque engibata, quæ bibentia tandem
+movent sigilla, cæteraque quæ delectationibus oculorum et
+aurium usu sensus eblandiuntur.” He refers the curious to
+the commentaries of Ctesibius himself. How well this description
+of Ctesibius’ inventions suits the general character of
+those preserved by Hero, will be manifest at once. Vitruvius,
+as Schneider has pointed out,&#x2060;<a id="FNanchor_3_3" href="#Footnote_3_3" class="fnanchor">[3]</a> seems to have had no knowledge
+of Hero’s Pneumatics, as both the forcing-pump and the
+water-organ differ in several important particulars from those
+of Hero: he does not even notice the application of the forcing-pump
+in extinguishing conflagrations. This silence on the
+part of Vitruvius and Pliny, so remarkable on the supposition
+that Hero was an original discoverer, is more easily accounted
+for if we regard him rather as the interpreter of Ctesibius.&#x2060;<a id="FNanchor_4_4" href="#Footnote_4_4" class="fnanchor">[4]</a></p>
+
+<p>For further details on the life and writings of Hero, the
+reader is referred to Fabricius, iv. pp. 222–239, Smith’s Dictionary
+of Biography, and Baldi <i>de Vita Heronis</i>, in his edition
+of the Belopœica.</p>
+
+<p class="right">
+  J. G. G.
+</p>
+
+
+<p class="noindent">
+  Jan. 31, 1851.
+</p>
+
+<div class=footnotes>
+<h3>FOOTNOTES:</h3>
+<div class="footnote"><p class="noindent"><a id="Footnote_1_1" href="#FNanchor_1_1" class="label">[1]</a> This has, indeed, been conjectured to be an error
+for<span lang="grc"> Ἥρωνος ἢ Κτησιβίου</span>,
+but Baldi (in his edition of the Belopœica, p. 44,) has satisfactorily proved that
+Hero was the writer.</p></div>
+<div class="footnote"><p class="noindent"><a id="Footnote_2_2" href="#FNanchor_2_2" class="label">[2]</a> That Ctesibius began his researches at an early age may be inferred from
+the fact mentioned by Vitruvius, ix. 9. (edit. Schneider.)</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p class="noindent"><a id="Footnote_3_3" href="#FNanchor_3_3" class="label">[3]</a> On Vitruvius, x. 7. The sections of Hero and the corresponding chapters of
+Vitruvius are minutely compared by Schneider, Vitruv. vol. iii. pp. 283–330.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p class="noindent"><a id="Footnote_4_4" href="#FNanchor_4_4" class="label">[4]</a> Baldi arrives at the same conclusion: (p. 74) “Cæterum haud immerito
+quispiam dubitaverit quam ob rem Architectus Heronis nostri nomen silentio
+præterierit. Nos ideo factum putamus quod ille Ctesibio utpote inventori ea
+tribuere maluerit quæ ab Herone locupletiora et illustriora quam ipse a magistro
+accepisset evulgata fuere.”</p></div>
+
+</div>
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+<div class="chapter">
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_xvi">[xvi]</span></p>
+
+
+  <h2 class="nobreak p4" id="CORRIGENDA">
+    CORRIGENDA.
+  </h2>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<table class="toc">
+<tr>
+<td class="tdrt wd20"><a href="#c1">Page 4, line 3,</a></td>
+<td class="tdl hang1"><i>for</i> them <i>read</i> it.</td></tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdrt"><a href="#fig02">14, figure.</a></td>
+<td class="tdl hang1">The mouth of the vessel should be open.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdrt"><a href="#c2">25, line 8,</a></td>
+<td class="tdl hang1"><i>for</i> ⁷⁄₀₁ <i>read</i> ⁷⁄₁₀.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdrt"><a href="#c3">35, .. 25,</a></td>
+<td class="tdl hang1">after <span class="allsmcap">P R</span>, <i>read</i> so that the goblet may be filled, and the pedestal <span class="allsmcap">M N O X</span> as high, &amp;c.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdrt"><a href="#c4">40, .. 6,</a></td>
+<td class="tdl hang1">for <i>Wine and Water</i> read <i>Wine-and-Water</i>.
+</td></tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdrt"><a href="#fig24">—, figure.</a></td>
+<td> The pipe <span class="allsmcap">S T</span> should connect the vessels <span class="allsmcap">A B</span> and <span class="allsmcap">C D</span> near their bases.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdrt"><a href="#c5">43, line 23,</a></td>
+<td class="tdl hang1"><i>for</i> across a third pulley, <span class="allsmcap">C</span>, to another pulley, <span class="allsmcap">S</span>, <i>read</i> across the pulley <span class="allsmcap">S</span> to another pulley, <span class="allsmcap">T</span>.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdrt"><a href="#c6">61, .. 12,</a></td>
+<td class="tdl hang1"><i>dele</i> , <i>after</i> vessel.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdrt"><a href="#c7">62, .. 7 }</a></td>
+<td class="tdlm hang1" rowspan=3><i>for</i> the Hercules <i>read</i> Hercules.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdrt"><a href="#c8">—, .. 27 }</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdrt"><a href="#c9">63, .. 6 }</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdrt"><a href="#c10">79, .. 1,</a></td>
+<td class="tdl hang1"><i>dele</i> , after <i>attached</i>.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdrt"><a href="#c11">84, .. 4,</a></td>
+<td class="tdl hang1"><i>read</i> (from which extends the hand of the figure which is to pour the libation.)</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdrt"><a href="#c12">—, .. 6,</a></td>
+<td class="tdl hang1"><i>read</i> side of the wine vessel.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdrt"><a href="#c13">89, .. 23,</a></td>
+<td class="tdl hang1"><i>for</i> escaping <i>read</i> entering.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdrt"><a href="#c14">96, .. 18,</a></td>
+<td class="tdl hang1"><i>dele</i> , <i>after</i> partition.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdrt"><a href="#c15">105, .. 6,</a></td>
+<td class="tdl hang1"><i>after</i> this <i>insert</i> and communicating with it.</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+<div class="chapter">
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_xvii">[xvii]</span></p>
+
+
+<figure class="figcenter illowp70" id="xvii">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/xvii.jpg" alt="Decorative border of curled leafy vines.">
+</figure>
+
+
+  <h2 class="nobreak" id="CONTENTS">
+    CONTENTS.
+  </h2>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<table class="toc">
+<tr>
+<td class="tdr" colspan=3> Page</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdrt">1.</td>
+<td class="tdlt hang1">The bent Siphon</td>
+<td class="tdrt"><a href="#Sec_1">11</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdrt">2.</td>
+<td class="tdlt hang1">Concentric or inclosed Siphon</td>
+<td class="tdrb"><a href="#Sec_2">14</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdrt">3.</td>
+<td class="tdlt hang1">Uniform discharge Siphon</td>
+<td class="tdrb"><a href="#Sec_3">16</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdrt">4.</td>
+<td class="tdlt hang1">Siphon which is capable of discharging a greater or less quantity of Liquid with uniformity</td>
+<td class="tdrb"><a href="#Sec_4">17</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdrt">5.</td>
+<td class="tdlt hang1">A Vessel for withdrawing Air from a Siphon</td>
+<td class="tdrb"><a href="#Sec_5">18</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdrt">6.</td>
+<td class="tdlt hang1">A Vessel for retaining or discharging a Liquid at pleasure</td>
+<td class="tdrb"><a href="#Sec_6">19</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdrt">7.</td>
+<td class="tdlt hang1">A Vessel for discharging Liquids of different temperatures at pleasure</td>
+<td class="tdrb"><a href="#Sec_7">20</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdrt">8.</td>
+<td class="tdlt hang1">A Vessel for discharging Liquids in varying proportions</td>
+<td class="tdrb"><a href="#Sec_8">22</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdrt">9.</td>
+<td class="tdlt hang1">A Water Jet produced by mechanically compressed Air</td>
+<td class="tdrb"><a href="#Sec_9">23</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdrt">10.</td>
+<td class="tdlt hang1">A Valve for a Pump</td>
+<td class="tdrb"><a href="#Sec_10">25</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdrt">11.</td>
+<td class="tdlt hang1">Libations on an Altar produced by Fire</td>
+<td class="tdrb"><a href="#Sec_11">26</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdrt">12.</td>
+<td class="tdlt hang1">A Vessel from which the contents flow when filled to a certain height</td>
+<td class="tdrb"><a href="#Sec_12">27</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdrt">13.</td>
+<td class="tdlt hang1">Two Vessels from which the contents flow, by a Liquid being poured into one only</td>
+<td class="tdrb"><a href="#Sec_13">28</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdrt">14.</td>
+<td class="tdlt hang1">A Bird made to whistle by flowing Water</td>
+<td class="tdrb"><a href="#Sec_14">29</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdrt">15.</td>
+<td class="tdlt hang1">Birds made to sing and be silent alternately by flowing Water</td>
+<td class="tdrb"><a href="#Sec_15">31</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdrt">16.</td>
+<td class="tdlt hang1">Trumpets sounded by flowing Water</td>
+<td class="tdrb"><a href="#Sec_16">32</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdrt">17.</td>
+<td class="tdlt hang1">Sounds produced on the opening of a Temple Door</td>
+<td class="tdrb"><a href="#Sec_17">33</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdrt">18.</td>
+<td class="tdlt hang1">Drinking-Horn from which either Wine or Water will flow</td>
+<td class="tdrb"><a href="#Sec_18">34</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdrt">19.</td>
+<td class="tdlt hang1">A Vessel containing a Liquid of uniform height, although a Stream flows from it</td>
+<td class="tdrb"><a href="#Sec_19">35</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdrt">20.</td>
+<td class="tdlt hang1">A Vessel which remains full, although Water be drawn from it</td>
+<td class="tdrb"><a href="#Sec_20">36</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdrt">21.</td>
+<td class="tdlt hang1">Sacrificial Vessel which flows only when Money is introduced</td>
+<td class="tdrb"><a href="#Sec_21">37</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdrt">22.</td>
+<td class="tdlt hang1">A Vessel from which a variety of Liquids may be made to flow through one Pipe</td>
+<td class="tdrb"><a href="#Sec_22">38</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdrt">23.</td>
+<td class="tdlt hang1">A Flow of Wine from one Vessel, produced by Water being poured into another</td>
+<td class="tdrb"><a href="#Sec_23">39</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdrt">24.</td>
+<td class="tdlt hang1">A Pipe from which flows Wine-and-Water in varying proportions</td>
+<td class="tdrb"><a href="#Sec_24">40</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdrt">25.</td>
+<td class="tdlt hang1">A Vessel from which Wine flows in proportion as Water is withdrawn</td>
+<td class="tdrb"><a href="#Sec_25">41</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdrt">26.</td>
+<td class="tdlt hang1">A Vessel from which Wine flows in proportion as Water is poured into another</td>
+<td class="tdrb"><a href="#Sec_26">43</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdrt">27.</td>
+<td class="tdlt hang1">The Fire-Engine</td>
+<td class="tdrb"><a href="#Sec_27">44</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdrt"><span class="pagenum" id="Page_xviii">[xviii]</span>28. </td>
+<td class="tdlt hang1">An Automaton which drinks at certain times only, on a Liquid being presented to it</td>
+<td class="tdrb"><a href="#Sec_28">46</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdrt">29.</td>
+<td class="tdlt hang1">An Automaton which may be made to drink at any time, on a Liquid being presented to it</td>
+<td class="tdrb"><a href="#Sec_29">47</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdrt">30.</td>
+<td class="tdlt hang1">An Automaton which will drink any quantity that may be presented to it</td>
+<td class="tdrb"><a href="#Sec_30">48</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdrt">31.</td>
+<td class="tdlt hang1">A Wheel in a Temple, which, on being turned liberates purifying Water</td>
+<td class="tdrb"><a href="#Sec_31">49</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdrt">32.</td>
+<td class="tdlt hang1">A Vessel containing different Wines, any one of which may be liberated by placing a certain Weight in a Cup</td>
+<td class="tdrb"><a href="#Sec_32">50</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdrt">33.</td>
+<td class="tdlt hang1">A self-trimming Lamp</td>
+<td class="tdrb"><a href="#Sec_33">52</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdrt">34.</td>
+<td class="tdlt hang1">A Vessel from which Liquid may be made to flow, on any portion of Water being poured into it</td>
+<td class="tdrb"><a href="#Sec_34">53</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdrt">35.</td>
+<td class="tdlt hang1">A Vessel which will hold a certain quantity of Liquid when the supply is continuous, will only receive a portion of such Liquid if the supply is intermittent</td>
+<td class="tdrb"><a href="#Sec_35">54</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdrt">36.</td>
+<td class="tdlt hang1">A Satyr pouring Water from a Wine-skin into a full Washing-Basin, without making the contents overflow</td>
+<td class="tdrb"><a href="#Sec_36">55</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdrt">37.</td>
+<td class="tdlt hang1">Temple Doors opened by Fire on an Altar</td>
+<td class="tdrb"><a href="#Sec_37">57</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdrt">38.</td>
+<td class="tdlt hang1">Other intermediate means of opening Temple Doors by Fire on an Altar</td>
+<td class="tdrb"><a href="#Sec_38">59</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdrt">39.</td>
+<td class="tdlt hang1">Wine flowing from a Vessel may be arrested on the Introduction of Water, but, when the Supply of Water ceases, the Wine flows again</td>
+<td class="tdrb"><a href="#Sec_39">60</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdrt">40.</td>
+<td class="tdlt hang1">On an Apple being lifted, Hercules shoots a Dragon which then hisses</td>
+<td class="tdrb"><a href="#Sec_40">62</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdrt">41.</td>
+<td class="tdlt hang1">A Vessel from which uniform Quantities only of Liquid can be poured</td>
+<td class="tdrb"><a href="#Sec_41">64</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdrt">42.</td>
+<td class="tdlt hang1">A Water Jet actuated by compressed Air from the Lungs</td>
+<td class="tdrb"><a href="#Sec_42">65</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdrt">43.</td>
+<td class="tdlt hang1">Notes from a Bird produced at intervals by an intermittent Stream of Water</td>
+<td class="tdrb"><a href="#Sec_43">66</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdrt">44.</td>
+<td class="tdlt hang1">Notes produced from several Birds in succession, by a Stream of Water</td>
+<td class="tdrb"><a href="#Sec_44">67</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdrt">45.</td>
+<td class="tdlt hang1">A Jet of Steam supporting a Sphere</td>
+<td class="tdrb"><a href="#Sec_45">68</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdrt">46.</td>
+<td class="tdlt hang1">The World represented in the Centre of the Universe</td>
+<td class="tdrb"><a href="#Sec_46">68</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdrt">47.</td>
+<td class="tdlt hang1">A Fountain which trickles by the Action of the Sun’s Rays</td>
+<td class="tdrb"><a href="#Sec_47">69</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdrt">48.</td>
+<td class="tdlt hang1">A Thyrsus made to whistle by being submerged in Water</td>
+<td class="tdrb"><a href="#Sec_48">70</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdrt">49.</td>
+<td class="tdlt hang1">A Trumpet, in the Hands of an Automaton, sounded by compressed Air</td>
+<td class="tdrb"><a href="#Sec_49">71</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdrt">50.</td>
+<td class="tdlt hang1">The Steam-Engine</td>
+<td class="tdrb"><a href="#Sec_50">72</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdrt">51.</td>
+<td class="tdlt hang1">A Vessel from which flowing Water may be stopped at pleasure</td>
+<td class="tdrb"><a href="#Sec_51">73</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdrt">52.</td>
+<td class="tdlt hang1">A Drinking-Horn in which a peculiarly formed Siphon is fixed</td>
+<td class="tdrb"><a href="#Sec_52">74</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdrt">53.</td>
+<td class="tdlt hang1">A Vessel in which Water and Air ascend and descend alternately</td>
+<td class="tdrb"><a href="#Sec_53">75</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdrt">54.</td>
+<td class="tdlt hang1">Water driven from the Mouth of a Wine-skin in the Hands of a Satyr, by means of compressed Air</td>
+<td class="tdrb"><a href="#Sec_54">76</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdrt">55.</td>
+<td class="tdlt hang1">A Vessel, out of which Water flows as it is poured in, but if the supply is withheld, Water will not flow again, until the Vessel is half filled; and on the supply being again stopped, it will not then flow until the Vessel is filled</td>
+<td class="tdrb"><a href="#Sec_55">77</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdrt">56.</td>
+<td class="tdlt hang1">A Cupping-Glass, to which is attached, an Air-exhausted Compartment</td>
+<td class="tdrb"><a href="#Sec_56">79</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdrt">57.</td>
+<td class="tdlt hang1">Description of a Syringe</td>
+<td class="tdrb"><a href="#Sec_57">80</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdrt"><span class="pagenum" id="Page_xix">[xix]</span> 58. </td>
+<td class="tdlt hang1">A Vessel from which a Flow of Wine can be stopped, by pouring into it a small Measure of Water</td>
+<td class="tdrb"><a href="#Sec_58">81</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdrt">59.</td>
+<td class="tdlt hang1">A Vessel from which Wine or Water may be made to flow, separately or mixed</td>
+<td class="tdrb"><a href="#Sec_59">82</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdrt">60.</td>
+<td class="tdlt hang1">Libations poured on an Altar, and a Serpent made to hiss, by the Action of Fire</td>
+<td class="tdrb"><a href="#Sec_60">83</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdrt">61.</td>
+<td class="tdlt hang1">Water flowing from a Siphon ceases on surrounding the End of its longer Side with Water</td>
+<td class="tdrb"><a href="#Sec_61">85</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdrt">62.</td>
+<td class="tdlt hang1">A Vessel which emits a Sound when a Liquor is poured from it</td>
+<td class="tdrb"><a href="#Sec_62">86</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdrt">63.</td>
+<td class="tdlt hang1">A Water-Clock, made to govern the quantities of Liquid flowing from a Vessel</td>
+<td class="tdrb"><a href="#Sec_63">87</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdrt">64.</td>
+<td class="tdlt hang1">A Drinking-Horn from which a Mixture of Wine and Water, or pure Water may be made to flow alternately or together, at pleasure</td>
+<td class="tdrb"><a href="#Sec_64">89</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdrt">65.</td>
+<td class="tdlt hang1">A Vessel from which Wine or Water may be made to flow separately or mixed</td>
+<td class="tdrb"><a href="#Sec_65">90</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdrt">66.</td>
+<td class="tdlt hang1">Wine discharged into a Cup in any required quantity</td>
+<td class="tdrb"><a href="#Sec_66">91</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdrt">67.</td>
+<td class="tdlt hang1">A Goblet into which as much Wine flows as is taken out</td>
+<td class="tdrb"><a href="#Sec_67">92</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdrt">68.</td>
+<td class="tdlt hang1">A Shrine over which a Bird may be made to revolve and sing by Worshippers turning a Wheel</td>
+<td class="tdrb"><a href="#Sec_68">93</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdrt">69.</td>
+<td class="tdlt hang1">A Siphon fixed in a Vessel from which the Discharge shall cease at will</td>
+<td class="tdrb"><a href="#Sec_69">94</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdrt">70.</td>
+<td class="tdlt hang1">Figures made to dance by Fire on an Altar</td>
+<td class="tdrb"><a href="#Sec_70">95</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdrt">71.</td>
+<td class="tdlt hang1">A Lamp in which the Oil can be raised by Water contained within its Stand</td>
+<td class="tdrb"><a href="#Sec_71">96</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdrt">72.</td>
+<td class="tdlt hang1">A Lamp in which the Oil is raised by blowing Air into it</td>
+<td class="tdrb"><a href="#Sec_72">98</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdrt">73.</td>
+<td class="tdlt hang1">A Lamp in which the Oil is raised by Water as required</td>
+<td class="tdrb"><a href="#Sec_73">99</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdrt">74.</td>
+<td class="tdlt hang1">A Steam-Boiler from which a hot-Air blast, or hot-Air mixed with Steam is blown into the Fire, and from which hot Water flows on the introduction of cold</td>
+<td class="tdrb"><a href="#Sec_74">100</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdrt">75.</td>
+<td class="tdlt hang1">A Steam-Boiler from which either a hot Blast may be driven into the Fire, a Blackbird made to sing, or a Triton to blow a Horn</td>
+<td class="tdrb"><a href="#Sec_75">103</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdrt">76.</td>
+<td class="tdlt hang1">An Altar Organ blown by manual Labour</td>
+<td class="tdrb"><a href="#Sec_76">105</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdrt">77.</td>
+<td class="tdlt hang1">An Altar Organ blown by the agency of a Wind-mill</td>
+<td class="tdrb"><a href="#Sec_77">108</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdrt">78.</td>
+<td class="tdlt hang1">An Automaton, the head of which continues attached to the body,
+after a knife has entered the neck at one side, passed completely
+through it, and out at the other; <ins class="corr" title="Transcriber's Note&mdash;original text: which" id="which">the</ins> animal will drink immediately
+after the operation</td>
+<td class="tdrb"><a href="#Sec_78">109</a></td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+<div class="chapter">
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_1">[1]</span></p>
+
+
+<figure class="figcenter illowp70" id="001a">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/001a.jpg" alt="Decorative border with an anvil in the middle and a pair of cheribs working with tools on each side.">
+</figure>
+
+
+  <h2 class="nobreak" id="A_TREATISE_ON_PNEUMATICS">
+    A TREATISE ON PNEUMATICS.
+  </h2>
+</div>
+
+
+<img class="drop-capi" src="images/t.jpg" alt="Stylized T">
+<p class="drop-capi"><span class="uc">The</span> investigation of the properties of Atmospheric Air
+having been deemed worthy of close attention by the
+ancient philosophers and mechanists, the former deducing
+them theoretically, the latter from the action
+of sensible bodies, we also have thought proper to arrange
+in order what has been handed down by former
+writers, and to add thereto our own discoveries: a task from which
+much advantage will result to those who shall hereafter devote themselves
+to the study of mathematics. We are further led to write this
+work from the consideration that it is fitting that the treatment of this
+subject should correspond with the method given by us in our treatise,
+in four books, on water-clocks. For, by the union of air, earth, fire and
+water, and the concurrence of three, or four, elementary principles, various
+combinations are effected, some of which supply the most pressing
+wants of human life, while others produce amazement and alarm.</p>
+
+<p>But, before proceeding to our proper subject, we must treat of the
+vacuum. Some assert that there is absolutely no vacuum; others that,
+while no continuous vacuum is exhibited in nature, it is to be found
+distributed in minute portions through air, water, fire and all other
+substances: and this latter opinion, which we will presently demonstrate
+to be true from sensible phenomena, we adopt. Vessels which seem to
+most men empty are not empty, as they suppose, but full of air. Now
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_2">[2]</span>the air, as those who have treated of physics are agreed, is composed of
+particles minute and light, and for the most part invisible. If, then,
+we pour water into an apparently empty vessel, air will leave the vessel
+proportioned in quantity to the water which enters it. This may be
+seen from the following experiment. Let the vessel which seems to be
+empty be inverted, and, being carefully kept upright, pressed down into
+water; the water will not enter it even though it be entirely immersed:
+so that it is manifest that the air, being matter, and having itself filled
+all the space in the vessel, does not allow the water to enter. Now, if
+we bore the bottom of the vessel, the water will enter through the
+mouth, but the air will escape through the hole. Again, if, before perforating
+the bottom, we raise the vessel vertically, and turn it up, we
+shall find the inner surface of the vessel entirely free from moisture,
+exactly as it was before immersion. Hence it must be assumed that the
+air is matter. The air when set in motion becomes wind, (for wind is
+nothing else but air in motion), and if, when the bottom of the vessel
+has been pierced and the water is entering, we place the hand over the
+hole, we shall feel the wind escaping from the vessel; and this is
+nothing else but the air which is being driven out by the water. It
+is not then to be supposed that there exists in nature a distinct and
+continuous vacuum, but that it is distributed in small measures through
+air and liquid and all other bodies. Adamant alone might be thought
+not to partake of this quality, as it does not admit of fusion or fracture,
+and, when beaten against anvils or hammers, buries itself in them entire.
+This peculiarity however is due to its excessive density: for the
+particles of fire, being coarser than the void spaces in the stone, do
+not pass through them, but only touch the outer surface; consequently,
+as they do not penetrate into this, as into other substances, no heat
+results. The particles of the air are in contact with each other, yet
+they do not fit closely in every part, but void spaces are left between
+them, as in the sand on the sea shore: the grains of sand must be imagined
+to correspond to the particles of air, and the air between the
+grains of sand to the void spaces between the particles of air. Hence,
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_3">[3]</span>when any force is applied to it, the air is compressed, and, contrary
+to its nature, falls into the vacant spaces from the pressure exerted on
+its particles: but when the force is withdrawn, the air returns again
+to its former position from the elasticity of its particles, as is the case
+with horn shavings and sponge, which, when compressed and set free
+again, return to the same position and exhibit the same bulk. Similarly,
+if from the application of force the particles of air be divided and
+a vacuum be produced larger than is natural, the particles unite again
+afterwards; for bodies will have a rapid motion through a vacuum, where
+there is nothing to obstruct or repel them, until they are in contact.
+Thus, if a light vessel with a narrow mouth be taken and applied to the
+lips, and the air be sucked out and discharged, the vessel will be suspended
+from the lips, the vacuum drawing the flesh towards it that the
+exhausted space may be filled. It is manifest from this that there was
+a continuous vacuum in the vessel. The same may be shown by means
+of the egg-shaped cups used by physicians, which are of glass,&#x2060;<a id="FNanchor_5_5" href="#Footnote_5_5" class="fnanchor">[5]</a> and have
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_4">[4]</span>narrow mouths. When they wish to fill these with liquid, after sucking
+out the contained air, they place the finger on the vessel’s mouth and
+invert <ins class="corr" title="Transcriber's Note—Corrigenda change was: them" id="c1">it</ins> into the liquid; then, the finger being withdrawn, the
+water is drawn up into the exhausted space, though the upward motion
+is against its nature. Very similar is the operation of cupping-glasses,
+which, when applied to the body, not only do not fall though of considerable
+weight, but even draw the contiguous matter toward them
+through the apertures of the body. The explanation is that the fire
+placed in them consumes and rarefies the air they contain, just as other
+substances, water, air or earth are consumed and pass over into more
+subtle substances.</p>
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_5">[5]</span></p>
+
+<p>That something is consumed by the action of fire is manifest from
+coal-cinders, which, preserving the same bulk as they had before combustion,
+or nearly so, differ very much in weight. The consumed parts
+pass away with the smoke into a substance of fire or air or earth: the
+subtlest parts pass into the highest region where fire is; the parts somewhat
+coarser than these into air, and those coarser still, having been
+borne with the others a certain space by the current, descend again into
+the lower regions and mingle with earthy substances. Water also,
+when consumed by the action of fire, is transformed into air; for the
+vapour arising from cauldrons placed upon flames is nothing but the
+evaporation from the liquid passing into air. That fire, then, dissolves
+and transforms all bodies grosser than itself is evident from the above
+facts. Again, in the exhalations that rise from the earth the grosser
+kinds of matter are changed into subtler substances; for dew is sent
+up from the evaporation of the water contained in the earth by exhalation;
+and this exhalation is produced by some igneous substance, when the
+sun is under the earth and warms the ground below, especially if the
+soil be sulphureous or bituminous, and the ground thus warmed increases
+the exhalation. The warm springs found in the earth are due to the
+same cause. The lighter portions of the dew, then, pass into air; the
+grosser, after being borne upwards for a certain space from the force of
+the exhalation, when this has cooled at the return of the sun, descend
+again to the surface.</p>
+
+<p>Winds are produced from excessive exhalation, whereby the air is
+disturbed and rarefied, and sets in motion the air in immediate contact
+with it. This movement of the air, however, is not everywhere of uniform
+velocity: it is more violent in the neighbourhood of the exhalation,
+where the motion began; fainter at a greater distance from it: just as
+heavy bodies, when rising, move more rapidly in the lower region
+where the propelling force is, and more slowly in the higher; and when
+the force which originally propelled them no longer acts upon them,
+they return to their natural position, that is, to the surface of the earth.
+If the propelling force continued to urge them onward with equal velocity,
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_6">[6]</span>they would never have stopped; but now the force gradually ceases,
+being as it were expended, and the speed of the motion ceases with it.</p>
+
+<p>Water, again, is transformed into an earthy substance: if we pour
+water into an earthy and hollow place, after a short time the water disappears,
+being absorbed by the earthy substance, so that it mingles with,
+and is actually transformed into, earth. And if any one says that it is
+not transformed or absorbed by the earth, but is drawn out by heat, either
+of the sun or some other body, he shall be shewn to be mistaken: for if
+the same water be put into a vessel of glass, or bronze, or any other
+solid material, and placed in the sun, for a considerable time it is not
+diminished except in a very small degree. Water, therefore, is transformed
+into an earthy substance: indeed, slime and mud are transformations
+of water into earth.</p>
+
+<p>Moreover, the more subtle substance is transformed into the grosser;
+as in the case of the flame of a lamp dying out for want of oil,—we see
+it for a time borne upwards and, as it were, striving to reach its proper
+region, that is, the highest of all above the atmosphere, till, overpowered
+by the mass of intervening air, it no longer tends to its kindred place,
+but, as though mixed and interwoven with the particles of air, becomes
+air itself. The same may be observed with air. For, if a small vessel
+containing air and carefully closed be placed in water with the mouth
+uppermost, and then, the vessel being uncovered, the water be allowed to
+rush in, the air escapes from the vessel; but, being overpowered by the
+mass of water, it mingles with it again and is transformed so as to become
+water.</p>
+
+<p>When, therefore, the air in the cupping-glasses, being in like manner
+consumed and rarefied by fire, issues through the pores in the sides of
+the glass, the space within is exhausted and draws towards it the matter
+adjacent, of whatever kind it may be. But, if the cupping-glass be
+slightly raised, the air will enter the exhausted space and no more
+matter will be drawn up.</p>
+
+<p>They, then, who assert that there is absolutely no vacuum may invent
+many arguments on this subject, and perhaps seem to discourse most
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_7">[7]</span>plausibly though they offer no tangible proof. If, however, it be
+shewn by an appeal to sensible phenomena that there is such a thing as
+a continuous vacuum, but artificially produced; that a vacuum exists
+also naturally, but scattered in minute portions; and that by compression
+bodies fill up these scattered vacua, those who bring forward such
+plausible arguments in this matter will no longer be able to make good
+their ground.</p>
+
+<p>Provide a spherical vessel, of the thickness of metal plate so as not
+to be easily crushed, containing about 8 cotylæ (2 quarts). When this
+has been tightly closed on every side, pierce a hole in it, and insert a
+siphon, or slender tube, of bronze, so as not to touch the part diametrically
+opposite to the point of perforation, that a passage may be left for
+water. The other end of the siphon must project about 3 fingers’ breadth
+(2 in.) above the globe, and the circumference of the aperture through
+which the siphon is inserted must be closed with tin applied both to the
+siphon and to the outer surface of the globe, so that when it is desired
+to breathe through the siphon no air may possibly escape from the
+vessel. Let us watch the result. The globe, like other vessels commonly
+said to be empty, contains air, and as this air fills all the space
+within it and presses uniformly against the inner surface of the vessel,
+if there is no vacuum, as some suppose, we can neither introduce water
+nor more air, unless the air contained before make way for it; and if
+by the application of force we make the attempt, the vessel, being full,
+will burst sooner than admit it. For the particles of air cannot be condensed,
+as there must in that case be interstices between them, by compression
+into which their bulk may become less; but this is not credible
+if there is no vacuum: nor again, as the particles press against one
+another throughout their whole surface and likewise against the sides
+of the vessel, can they be pushed away so as to make room if there is no
+vacuum. Thus in no way can anything from without be introduced into
+the globe unless some portion of the previously contained air escape; if,
+that is to say, the whole space is closely and uniformly filled, as the objectors
+suppose. And yet, if any one, inserting the siphon in his mouth,
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_8">[8]</span>shall blow into the globe, he will introduce much wind without any of the
+previously contained air giving way. And, this being the uniform result,
+it is clearly shewn that a condensation takes place of the particles
+contained in the globe into the interspersed vacua. The condensation
+however is effected artificially by the forcible introduction of air. Now
+if, after blowing into the vessel, we bring the hand close to the mouth,
+and quickly cover the siphon with the finger, the air remains the whole
+time pent up in the globe; and on the removal of the finger the introduced
+air will rush out again with a loud noise, being thrust out, as we
+stated, by the expansion of the original air which takes place from its elasticity.
+Again, if we draw out the air in the globe by suction through the
+siphon, it will follow abundantly, though no other substance take its place
+in the vessel, as has been said in the case of the egg. By this experiment
+it is completely proved that an accumulation of vacuum goes on in the
+globe; for the particles of air left behind cannot grow larger in the interval
+so as to occupy the space left by the particles driven out. For
+if they increase in magnitude when no foreign substance can be added,
+it must be supposed that this increase arises from expansion, which is
+equivalent to a re-arrangement of the particles through the production
+of a vacuum. But it is maintained that there is no vacuum; the particles
+therefore will not become larger, for it is not possible to imagine
+for them any other mode of increase. It is clear, then, from what has
+been said that certain void spaces are interspersed between the particles
+of the air, into which, when force is applied, they fall contrary to their
+natural action.</p>
+
+<p>The air contained in the vessel inverted in water does not undergo
+much compression, for the compressing force is not considerable, seeing
+that water, in its own nature, possesses neither weight nor power of excessive
+pressure. Whence it is that, though divers to the bottom of the
+sea support an immense weight of water on their backs, respiration is
+not compelled by the water, though the air contained in their nostrils is
+extremely little. It is worth while here to examine what reason is given
+why those who dive deep, supporting on their backs an immense weight
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_9">[9]</span>of water, are not crushed. Some say that it is because water is of uniform
+weight: but these give no reason why divers are not crushed by the
+water above. The true reason may be shewn as follows. Let us imagine
+the column of liquid which is directly over the surface of the object
+under pressure, (in immediate contact with which the water is,) to be a
+body of the same weight and form as the superincumbent liquid, and
+that this is so placed in the water that its under surface coincides with
+the surface of the body pressed, resting upon it in the same manner as
+the previously superincumbent liquid, with which it exactly corresponds.
+It is clear, then, that this body does not project above the liquid in
+which it is immersed, and will not sink beneath its surface. For Archimedes
+has shewn, in his work on ‘Floating Bodies,’ that bodies of equal
+weight with any liquid, when immersed in it, will neither project above
+nor sink beneath its surface: therefore they will not exert pressure on
+objects beneath. Again, such a body, if all objects which exert pressure
+from above be removed, remains in the same place; how then can
+a body which has no tendency downward exert pressure? Similarly,
+the liquid displaced by the body will not exert pressure on objects beneath;
+for, as regards rest and motion, the body in question does [not]
+differ from the liquid which occupies the same space.</p>
+
+<p>Again, that void spaces exist may be seen from the following considerations:
+for, if there were not such spaces, neither light, nor heat, nor
+any other material force could penetrate through water, or air, or any
+body whatever. How could the rays of the sun, for example, penetrate
+through water to the bottom of the vessel? If there were no pores in the
+fluid, and the rays thrust the water aside by force, the consequence
+would be that full vessels would overflow, which however does not take
+place. Again, if the rays thrust the water aside by force, it would
+not be found that some were reflected while others penetrated below;
+but now all those rays that impinge upon the particles of the water are
+driven back, as it were, and reflected, while those that come in contact
+with the void spaces, meeting with but few particles, penetrate to the
+bottom of the vessel. It is clear, too, that void spaces exist in water
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_10">[10]</span>from this, that, when wine is poured into water, it is seen to spread itself
+through every part of the water, which it would not do if there were
+no vacua in the water. Again, one light traverses another; for, when
+several lamps are lighted, all objects are brilliantly illuminated, the rays
+passing in every direction through each other. And indeed it is possible
+to penetrate through bronze, iron, and all other bodies, as is seen in
+the instance of the marine torpedo.</p>
+
+<p>That a continuous vacuum can be artificially produced has been shewn
+by the application of a light vessel to the mouth, and by the egg of physicians.
+With regard, then, to the nature of the vacuum, though other
+proofs exist, we deem those that have been given, and which are founded
+on sensible phenomena, to be sufficient. It may, therefore, be affirmed
+in this matter that every body is composed of minute particles, between
+which are empty spaces less than the particles of the body, (so that we
+erroneously say that there is no vacuum except by the application of
+force, and that every place is full either of air, or water, or some other
+substance), and, in proportion as any one of these particles recedes,
+some other follows it and fills the vacant space: that there is no continuous
+vacuum except by the application of some force: and again, that
+the absolute vacuum is never found, but is produced artificially.</p>
+
+<p>These things having been clearly explained, let us treat of the theorems
+resulting from the combination of these principles; for, by means
+of them, many curious and astonishing kinds of motion may be discovered.
+After these preliminary considerations we will begin by treating
+of the bent siphon, which is most useful in many ways in Pneumatics.</p>
+
+<div class=footnotes>
+<h3>FOOTNOTES:</h3>
+<div class="footnote"><p><a id="Footnote_5_5" href="#FNanchor_5_5" class="label">[5]</a></p>
+
+<figure class="figcenter illowp30" id="003a">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/003a.jpg" alt="Egyptian painting of glassblowers at a fire">
+
+</figure>
+
+<figure class="figcenter illowp30" id="003b">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/003b.jpg" alt="Egyptian painting of glassblowers blowing a large vessel.">
+</figure>
+      <p>“Glass working was practised by the ancient Egyptians at a very early period of their
+    national existence. Sir J. G. Wilkinson, in his able work on the <cite>Manners and Customs
+    of the ancient Egyptians</cite>, has adduced three distinct proofs that the art of Glass working
+    was practised in Egypt before the Exodus of the children of Israel from that land, three
+    thousand five hundred years ago. At Beni Hassan are two paintings representing Glass
+    blowers at work, and from the hieroglyphics accompanying them they are shown to have been
+    executed in the reign of the first Osirtasen at the early date above mentioned. Such was
+    the skill of the Egyptians in glass making, that they successively counterfeited the Amethyst
+    and other precious stones worn as ornaments for the person. Winckelmann, a high authority,
+    is of opinion that glass was employed more frequently in ancient than in modern times;
+    it was used by the Egyptians even for coffins; (<i>within the year 1847 a process was patented
+    in England for making Coffins of Glass</i>) they also employed it not only for drinking
+    vessels but for Mosaic work, the figures of deities, and sacred emblems, in which they
+    attained excellent workmanship, and surprising brilliancy of colour.</p>
+<p>
+    “It is certain that the glass houses of Alexandria were celebrated among the ancients for
+    the skill and ingenuity of their workmen; and from thence the Romans, who did not acquire
+    a knowledge of the art till a later period, procured all their Glass ware.</p>
+      <p>“Most of the large cinerary vases in the British Museum, found in Roman barrows which
+    contained bones and bone-ashes, are, probably, the production of extensive Egyptian or
+    Roman works: they are large, and of excellent form and workmanship: but the Glass is
+    somewhat impure, of a greenish tint, has numerous globules and striæ, and is not unlike the
+    modern common crown or sheet glass in quality.</p>
+      <p>“We have incidentally mentioned the discovery of Glass at Pompeii. Glass vessels have
+    also been found among the ruins of Herculaneum: and it appears that Glass was used for
+    admitting light to dwellings in Pompeii.</p>
+      <p>“Mr. Auldjo, of Noel house, Kensington, who resided several years at Naples, states, that
+    he has seen glass in the window-frames of some of the houses of Pompeii.</p>
+      <p>“Mr. Roach Smith has a specimen of ancient flat Glass such as he believes to have been
+    used by the Romans, or their predecessors for windows.”—<cite>Curiosities of Glass making</cite>   by
+    <span class="smcap">Apsley Pellat</span>, London, 1849.</p>
+      <p>Mr. Layard in his interesting work on Nineveh, 1849, London, in Vol. I, page 342, says:
+    “I took the instrument, and, working cautiously myself, was rewarded by the discovery
+    of two small vases, one in alabaster, the other in glass (both in the most perfect preservation)
+    of elegant shape, and admirable workmanship. Each bore the name and title of the
+    Khorsabad King, written in two different ways, as in the inscriptions of Khorsabad.”</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+<div class="chapter">
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_11">[11]</span></p>
+
+
+  <h2 class="nobreak" id="Sec_1">
+    <i>No. 1. The bent Siphon.</i>
+  </h2>
+</div>
+
+
+<figure class="figright illowp30" id="fig01">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/fig01.jpg" alt="Diagram of apparatus as described in text">
+</figure>
+
+<img class="drop-capi" src="images/l.jpg" alt="Stylized L">
+<p class="drop-capi"><span class="uc">Let</span> <span class="allsmcap">A B C</span>, (fig. 1), be a bent siphon, or tube, of which
+the leg <span class="allsmcap">A B</span> is plunged into a vessel <span class="allsmcap">D E</span> containing
+water. If the surface of
+the water is in <span class="allsmcap">F G</span>, the leg
+of the siphon, <span class="allsmcap">A B</span>, will be
+filled with water as high
+as the surface, that is, up to <span class="allsmcap">H</span>, the portion
+<span class="allsmcap">H B C</span> remaining full of air. If, then, we
+draw off the air by suction through the aperture
+<span class="allsmcap">C</span>, the liquid also will follow from the
+impossibility, explained above, of a continuous
+vacuum. And, if the aperture <span class="allsmcap">C</span> be level
+with the surface of the water, the siphon,
+though full, will not discharge the water, but
+will remain full: so that, although it is contrary
+to nature for water to rise, it has risen
+so as to fill the tube <span class="allsmcap">A B C</span>; and the water will
+remain in equilibrium, like the beams of a
+balance, the portion <span class="allsmcap">H B</span> being raised on high,
+and the portion <span class="allsmcap">B C</span> suspended. But if the
+outer mouth of the siphon be lower than the
+surface <span class="allsmcap">F G</span>, as at <span class="allsmcap">K</span>, the water flows out; for the liquid in <span class="allsmcap">K B</span>, being
+heavier, overpowers and draws toward it the liquid in <span class="allsmcap">B H</span>. The discharge,
+however, continues only until the surface of the water is on a
+level with the mouth <span class="allsmcap">K</span>, when, for the same reason as before, the efflux
+ceases. But if the outer mouth of the tube be lower than <span class="allsmcap">K</span>, as at <span class="allsmcap">L</span>, the
+discharge continues until the surface of the water reaches the mouth <span class="allsmcap">A</span>.
+If then we wish all the water in the vessel to be drawn out, we must
+depress the siphon so far that the mouth <span class="allsmcap">A</span> may reach the bottom of the
+vessel, leaving only a passage for the water.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_12">[12]</span></p>
+
+<p>Now some writers have given the above explanation of the action of
+the siphon, saying that the longer leg, holding more, attracts the
+shorter. But that such an explanation is incorrect, and that he who believes
+so would be greatly mistaken if he were to attempt to raise water
+from a lower level, we may prove as follows. Let there be a siphon
+with its inner leg longer and narrow, and the outer much less in length
+but broader so as to contain more water than the longer leg. Then,
+having first filled the siphon with water, plunge the longer leg into a
+vessel of water or a well. Now, if we allow the water to flow, the
+outer leg, containing more than the inner, should draw the water out
+of the longer leg, which will at the same time draw up the water in
+the well; and the discharge having begun will exhaust all the water
+or continue for ever, since the liquid without is more than that within.
+But this is not found to be the case; and therefore the alleged cause
+is not the true one. Let us then examine into the natural cause. The
+surface of every liquid body, when at rest, is spherical and concentric
+with that of the earth; and, if the liquid be not at rest, it moves until
+it attains such a surface. If then we take two vessels and pour water
+into each, and, after filling the siphon and closing its extremities with
+the fingers, insert one leg into one vessel plunging it beneath the water,
+and the other into the other, all the water will be continuous, for each
+of the liquids in the vessels communicates with that in the siphon. If,
+then, the surfaces of the liquids in the vessels were at the same level
+before, they will both remain at rest when the siphon is plunged in.
+But if they were not, as soon as the water is continuous it must inevitably
+flow into the lower vessel through the channel of communication,
+until either all the water in both vessels stands at the same height, or
+one of the vessels is emptied. Suppose that the liquids stand at the
+same height; they will of course be at rest, so that the liquid in the
+siphon will also be at rest. If, then, the siphon be conceived to be
+intersected by a plane in the surface of the liquids in the vessels, even
+now the liquid in the siphon will be at rest, and, if raised without being
+inclined to either side, it will again be at rest, and that, whether the
+siphon is of equal breadth throughout or one leg is much larger than
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_13">[13]</span>the other. For the reason why the liquid remained at rest did not lie
+in this, but in the fact that the apertures of the siphon were at the
+same level. The question now arises why, when the siphon is raised,
+the water is not borne down by its own weight, having beneath it air
+which is lighter than itself. The answer is that a continuous void
+cannot exist; so that, if the water is to descend, we must first fill the
+upper part of the siphon, into which no air can possibly force its way.
+But if we pierce a hole in the upper part of the siphon, the water will
+immediately be rent in sunder the air having found a passage. Before
+the hole is bored, the liquid in the siphon, resting on the air beneath,
+tends to drive it away, but the air having no means of escape does not
+allow the water to pass out: when however the air has obtained a passage
+through the hole, being unable to sustain the pressure of the water, it
+escapes. It is from the same cause that, by means of a siphon, we can
+suck wine upwards, though this is contrary to the nature of a liquid;
+for, when we have received into the body the air which was in the
+siphon, we become fuller than before, and a pressure is exerted on the
+air contiguous to us, and
+this in turn presses on the
+atmosphere at large, until
+a void has been produced
+at the surface of the wine,
+and then the wine undergoing
+pressure itself will pass
+into the exhausted space of
+the siphon; for there is no
+other place into which it
+can escape from the pressure.
+It is from this cause
+that its unnatural upward
+movement arises.</p>
+
+<figure class="figright illowp50" id="013">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/013.jpg" alt="Two overlaping circles, A, B, C are on the left circle.⏎F, B, D are on the right. a is a center point, F is on a line from a⏎to A. There is a line from a to B, the intersection point of the two⏎circles.">
+</figure>
+
+<p>That the water in the
+siphon will rest when its surface is spherical and concentric with
+<a href="#fig02"></a>that of the earth may be shewn otherwise. It is required to prove
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_14">[14]</span>that a liquid is stationary when its surface is spherical and concentric
+with that of the earth. If possible let it not be stationary; it will of
+course become so after being moved; let it then have become stationary.
+Its surface will now be spherical and concentric with that of
+the earth, and it will cut the former surface; for, when the same
+liquid has taken two positions, there must be a line of intersection
+common to both. Let both surfaces be cut by a plane passing through
+the centre of the earth; the intersections will be the circumferences
+of circles concentric with the earth. Let these circumferences be
+<span class="allsmcap">A B C</span> and <span class="allsmcap">F B D</span>, (<a href="#fig01">fig. 1 a.</a>) Join <span class="allsmcap">B G</span>; <span class="allsmcap">B G</span> is equal to each of the
+lines <span class="allsmcap">G F</span>, <span class="allsmcap">G A</span>, which is absurd. The liquid will therefore be in equilibrium.</p>
+
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+<div class="chapter">
+  <h2 class="nobreak" id="Sec_2">
+    2. <i>Concentric or inclosed Siphon.</i>
+  </h2>
+</div>
+
+
+<figure class="figright illowp30" id="fig02">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/fig02.jpg" alt="Diagram of apparatus as described in text">
+</figure>
+
+<img class="drop-capi" src="images/t.jpg" alt="Stylized T">
+<p class="drop-capi"><span class="uc">There</span> is another kind of siphon called <em>the concentric</em> or
+<em>inclosed diabetes</em>, the principle
+of which is the same
+as that of the bent siphon.
+As before, let there be a vessel,
+<span class="allsmcap">A B</span> (fig. 2), containing
+water. Through its bottom insert a tube, <span class="allsmcap">C D</span>,
+soldered into the bottom and projecting below.
+Let the aperture <span class="allsmcap">C</span> of the siphon approach
+to the mouth of the vessel <span class="allsmcap">A B</span>, and let
+another tube, <span class="allsmcap">E F</span>, inclose the tube <span class="allsmcap">C D</span>, the distance
+between the tubes being every where
+equal, and the mouth of the outer tube being
+closed by a plate, <span class="allsmcap">E G</span>, a little above the mouth
+<span class="allsmcap">C</span>. The lower opening of the tube <span class="allsmcap">E F</span> must
+be so far removed from the bottom of the
+vessel as to leave a passage for the water.
+These arrangements being completed, if we
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_15">[15]</span>exhaust, by suction through the mouth <span class="allsmcap">D</span>, the air in the tube <span class="allsmcap">C D</span>, we
+shall draw into it the water in the vessel <span class="allsmcap">A B</span>, so that it will flow out
+through the projection of the siphon until the water is exhausted. For
+the air contained between the liquid and the tube <span class="allsmcap">E F</span>, being but little,
+can pass into the tube <span class="allsmcap">C D</span>, and the water can then be drawn after it. And
+the water will not cease flowing because of the projection of the siphon
+below:—if, indeed, the tube <span class="allsmcap">E F</span> were removed, the discharge would cease
+on the surface of the water arriving at <span class="allsmcap">C</span>, in spite of the projection below;
+but when <span class="allsmcap">E F</span> is entirely immersed no air can enter the siphon in place of
+that drawn off, since the air which enters the vessel takes the place of
+the water as it passes out:—the discharge then, will not cease, for the
+whole of the outer aperture of the tube, where the water issues forth, is
+always lower than the surface of the water in the vessel, and, as one
+level can never be attained, all the water is drained off, attraction being
+exerted by the deeper column. If we do not choose to draw out the air
+in the tube <span class="allsmcap">C D</span> by suction, water may be poured into the vessel <span class="allsmcap">A B</span>
+until, when it has risen above <span class="allsmcap">C</span>, a discharge begins through <span class="allsmcap">C D</span>. In
+this case, again, all the water in the vessel will be drawn out. This
+instrument is called, as we said before, <em>the inclosed siphon</em>, or <em>the inclosed
+diabetes</em>.</p>
+
+<p>It is evident from what has been proved above that as long as the
+siphon is stationary the stream through it will be of irregular velocity,
+for the result is the same as in a discharge through a hole pierced
+in the bottom of a vessel, where the stream is irregular from the
+pressure of a greater weight on the discharge at its commencement,
+and, of a less, as the contents of the vessel are reduced. In like
+manner, in proportion as the excess of the outer leg of the siphon is
+greater, the velocity of the stream is greater; for a greater pressure is
+exerted on the discharge than when the projection of the outer leg
+below the surface of the water in the vessel is less. Therefore we have
+said that the discharge through the siphon is always of variable velocity.
+But we must contrive a siphon in which the velocity of the discharge
+shall be uniform.</p>
+
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+<div class="chapter">
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_16">[16]</span></p>
+
+
+  <h2 class="nobreak" id="Sec_3">
+    3. <i>Uniform discharge Siphon.</i>
+  </h2>
+</div>
+
+
+<figure class="figright illowp50" id="fig03">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/fig03.jpg" alt="Diagram of apparatus as described in text">
+</figure>
+
+<img class="drop-capi" src="images/l.jpg" alt="Stylized L">
+<p class="drop-capi"><span class="uc">Let</span> there be a vessel,
+<span class="allsmcap">A B</span>, (fig. 3.) containing water,
+on which a small basin, <span class="allsmcap">C D</span>, floats, having its mouth
+covered with the
+lid <span class="allsmcap">C D</span>. Through
+this lid and the
+bottom of the basin
+insert one leg of the siphon soldering
+it into the holes with tin. Let
+the other leg be outside the vessel <span class="allsmcap">A B</span>,
+having its mouth lower than the surface
+of the water in <span class="allsmcap">A B</span>. If we draw
+the air in the siphon through the
+outer extremity, the water will at
+once follow because of the impossibility
+of a continuous vacuum in the
+siphon; and the siphon, having begun
+to flow, flows on until it has exhausted
+all the water in the vessel:
+but the discharge will be uniform,
+since the projection of the outer leg
+below the surface of the water does not vary; for, as the vessel becomes
+empty, the basin sinks with the siphon. The greater the excess
+of the outer leg the greater will be the velocity of the discharge, yet
+still uniform. In the figure, <span class="allsmcap">E F G</span> is the siphon described, and the surface
+of the water is in the line <span class="allsmcap">H K</span>.</p>
+
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+<div class="chapter">
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_17">[17]</span></p>
+
+
+  <h2 class="nobreak" id="Sec_4">
+    4. <i>Siphon which is capable of discharging a greater or less quantity
+    of Liquid with uniformity.</i>
+  </h2>
+</div>
+
+
+<figure class="figright illowp50" id="fig04">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/fig04.jpg" alt="Diagram of apparatus as described in text">
+</figure>
+
+<img class="drop-capi" src="images/b.jpg" alt="Stylized B">
+<p class="drop-capi"><span class="uc">By</span> the following arrangement we can produce a discharge
+at once uniform and variable; that is, a discharge
+in
+which, for a
+certain time
+at pleasure,
+the stream continues uniform
+from the beginning, and again,
+for any other period, is slower
+or quicker than before, but still
+uniform with itself. As before,
+let <span class="allsmcap">A B</span> (fig. 4.) be a vessel of
+water, and <span class="allsmcap">C D</span> a basin. Into
+the lid and bottom of the basin
+solder a tube <span class="allsmcap">L M</span> wider than
+the inner leg of the siphon.
+On the lid place a wooden
+frame, <span class="allsmcap">C N X D</span>, consisting of
+two upright pieces and a third
+lying across them on the top.
+In the inner sides of the upright
+pieces let grooves be cut
+down their whole length, along which another piece <span class=allsmcap>O P</span> is to move freely.
+Let <span class="allsmcap">R S</span> be a screw, working perpendicularly in the direction of the lid
+<span class="allsmcap">C D</span>, and passing through a hole in <span class="allsmcap">O P</span>: in <span class="allsmcap">O P</span> let a pin be so fixed as to
+enter the spiral thread of the screw. The screw must project above <span class="allsmcap">N X</span>,
+and a handle be fastened to its top by which to turn it, and by this means
+<span class="allsmcap">O P</span> can be raised or lowered. Let the inner leg of the siphon be fixed in
+<span class="allsmcap">O P</span>, and pass through the tube <span class="allsmcap">L M</span>, so that its mouth may dip into the
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_18">[18]</span>water in the vessel. Now if, as before, we draw off the liquid through
+the outer mouth, the siphon will flow with a uniform stream until the
+whole be exhausted. And when it is wished that a quicker stream should
+be produced through the siphon, but uniform with itself, let the screw
+be turned so as to lower the board <span class="allsmcap">O P</span>; for then the excess of the outer
+leg is increased, and thus the stream is still of uniform velocity, but
+quicker than before. If a still greater velocity is desired, turn the screw
+again, so as to lower <span class="allsmcap">O P</span> still further; and if a less velocity is sought,
+let <span class="allsmcap">O P</span> be raised. Thus a discharge is produced through a siphon in
+one sense uniform, in another variable.</p>
+
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+<div class="chapter">
+  <h2 class="nobreak" id="Sec_5">
+    5. <i>A vessel for withdrawing Air from a Siphon.</i>
+  </h2>
+</div>
+
+
+<figure class="figright illowp50" id="fig05">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/fig05.jpg" alt="Diagram of apparatus as described in text">
+</figure>
+
+<img class="drop-capi" src="images/t.jpg" alt="Stylized T">
+<p class="drop-capi"><span class="uc">To</span> avoid the necessity of drawing off the water through
+the mouth, which is only possible in very small siphons,
+the following
+contrivance
+may be
+used. Take a
+double tube (fig. 5) one part of
+which fits into the other, and
+attach the smaller part to the
+outer leg of the siphon, so that
+the discharge may pass through
+it. Let <span class="allsmcap">T N</span> be the smaller tube,
+and <span class="allsmcap">Q U</span> the greater, which must
+be previously fitted tightly into
+a vessel, <span class="allsmcap">W Y</span>, containing somewhat
+more water than the siphon
+will hold, and having an outlet,
+<span class="allsmcap">Z</span>, at the bottom. When it is
+wished to draw off the water in
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_19">[19]</span><span class="allsmcap">A B</span>, close the outlet of <span class="allsmcap">W Y</span> with the finger, then apply the larger tube
+<span class="allsmcap">Q U</span> to the smaller, and leave the outlet <span class="allsmcap">Z</span> free. As the vessel <span class="allsmcap">W Y</span> becomes
+empty the air in the siphon will pass into the exhausted space,
+and the liquid in <span class="allsmcap">A B</span> will follow so as to fill the siphon: then remove the
+vessel <span class="allsmcap">W Y</span>, and let the siphon run.</p>
+
+<p>To act properly the siphon must be perpendicular; and this may be
+secured by fixing two straight bars to the lip of the vessel <span class="allsmcap">A B</span>, and
+placing the inner leg of the siphon between them so as to touch each
+of the bars: then fasten a small bar crosswise on each side of the leg of
+the siphon, so as to touch the former bars within. Thus, if the smaller
+bars touch the larger, the siphon will neither lean sideways nor forwards,
+but will hang perpendicularly.</p>
+
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+<div class="chapter">
+  <h2 class="nobreak" id="Sec_6">
+    6. <i>A Vessel for retaining or discharging a Liquid at pleasure.</i>
+  </h2>
+</div>
+
+
+<figure class="figright illowp50" id="fig06">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/fig06.jpg" alt="Diagram of apparatus as described in text">
+</figure>
+
+<img class="drop-capi" src="images/l.jpg" alt="Stylized L">
+<p class="drop-capi"><span class="uc">Let</span> us now proceed to construct the necessary instruments,
+beginning with the less important, as from the
+elements. The
+following is a
+contrivance of
+use in pouring
+out wine. A hollow globe of
+bronze is provided, such as <span class="allsmcap">A B</span> (fig.
+6) pierced in the lower part with
+numerous small holes like a sieve.
+At the top let there be a tube, <span class="allsmcap">C D</span>,
+the upper extremity of which is
+open, communicating with and
+soldered into the globe. When it is
+desired to pour out wine, with one
+hand grasp the tube <span class="allsmcap">C D</span> near the
+mouth <span class="allsmcap">C</span>, and plunge the globe into
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_20">[20]</span>the wine until it is wholly immersed. The wine enters through the
+holes, and the air within, being driven out, passes through the tube
+<span class="allsmcap">C D</span>: and if, pressing the thumb on the aperture <span class="allsmcap">C</span>, you lift the globe
+out of the wine, the wine contained in the globe will not flow out,
+as no air can enter to supply the vacuum, for the only entrance is
+through the mouth <span class="allsmcap">C</span>, which is closed by the thumb. When, then, we
+desire to let the wine flow, we remove the finger, and the air, rushing
+in, fills the vacuum produced. If we again press the finger on the
+air-hole <span class="allsmcap">C</span>, there will be no discharge until we once more remove the
+finger from the vent. We may, in like manner, dip the globe into
+hot or cold water, and then retain or let out the contents at pleasure,
+until all the water within is exhausted. If the extremity <span class="allsmcap">C</span> of the tube
+<span class="allsmcap">C D</span> is bent, the action will be the same, and it is then easier to stop the
+orifice with the finger.</p>
+
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+<div class="chapter">
+  <h2 class="nobreak" id="Sec_7">
+    7. <i>A Vessel for discharging Liquids of different temperatures at pleasure.</i>
+  </h2>
+</div>
+
+
+<figure class="figright illowp50" id="fig07">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/fig07.jpg" alt="Diagram of apparatus as described in text">
+</figure>
+
+<img class="drop-capi" src="images/b.jpg" alt="Stylized B">
+<p class="drop-capi"><span class="uc">By</span> the same means it is possible to discharge from
+the same globe
+both hot and
+cold water in any
+quantity. The
+globe <span class="allsmcap">A B</span> (fig.
+7) is constructed as before, but furnished
+with a perpendicular partition,
+<span class="allsmcap">C D</span>, dividing it equally. At the
+top a tube, <span class="allsmcap">H F</span>, soldered into the
+globe, communicates with the interior;
+this tube is also furnished with
+a partition, <span class="allsmcap">C G</span>, a continuation of the
+partition <span class="allsmcap">C D</span>, and its openings, <span class="allsmcap">H</span>, <span class="allsmcap">K</span>,
+must curve over in the directions <span class="allsmcap">C</span>
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_21">[21]</span>and <span class="allsmcap">F</span>. On each side of the partition <span class="allsmcap">C D</span>, at the bottom of the globe towards
+<span class="allsmcap">D</span>, let holes be made like those in a cook’s ladle. When it is desired to
+draw hot water, take the apertures <span class="allsmcap">H</span> and <span class="allsmcap">K</span> by the two fingers and plunge
+the globe into hot water, and then unclose one of the vents, <span class="allsmcap">H</span>, that the
+air in the hemisphere <span class="allsmcap">B C D</span> may be driven out through <span class="allsmcap">H</span>: the hot
+water, entering through the holes, will fill the hemisphere <span class="allsmcap">B C D</span>: again
+stopping the vent <span class="allsmcap">H</span> take the globe out of the water, and its contents
+will be retained, as the air has no entrance. Then, in like manner,
+plunge the globe into cold water, unclosing the vent <span class="allsmcap">K</span>, and, when the
+hemisphere <span class="allsmcap">A C D</span> is filled, close <span class="allsmcap">K</span> and draw the globe out. The globe
+is now full of hot and cold water, and when it is desired to discharge
+either of these, unclose the proper vent: in like manner close it again
+when the discharge is sufficient; and this may be repeated till the contents
+are exhausted. In the same way it is possible to draw up into and
+discharge from the same vessel wine, and cold or hot water, and anything
+else whatever, at any time, and in any quantity, by making the necessary
+partitions and orifices through which the air may enter into each
+chamber and leave it again. Instead of the curved outlets, holes may
+be made in the upper part of the sides of the tube in various directions;
+and these holes are of course to be closed when it is required to shut
+out the air. That the holes pierced in the bottom of the vessel may not
+be seen, both sets may be included in one channel, so that both streams
+may appear to flow from the same source.</p>
+
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+<div class="chapter">
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_22">[22]</span></p>
+
+
+  <h2 class="nobreak" id="Sec_8">
+    8. <i>A Vessel for discharging Liquids in varying proportions.</i>
+  </h2>
+</div>
+
+
+<figure class="figright illowp30" id="fig08">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/fig08.jpg" alt="Diagram of apparatus as described in text">
+</figure>
+
+<img class="drop-capi" src="images/a.jpg" alt="Stylized A">
+<p class="drop-capi"><span class="uc">A jar</span> can be made receiving and discharging a greater
+quantity of liquid at one time than at another, and in
+such a way that, when wine
+and water are poured into it, it
+shall discharge at one time
+pure water, at another time
+unmixed wine, and, again, a mixture of the two.
+Its construction is as follows. Let <span class="allsmcap">A B</span> (fig. 8) be
+a pitcher having a partition in the middle, <span class="allsmcap">C D</span>. In
+the partition, near the circumference of the vessel,
+let small holes be pierced in a curve, as at <span class="allsmcap">E</span>.
+In the opposite side of the partition let there be
+a circular aperture, <span class="allsmcap">F</span>, through which the tube <span class="allsmcap">F G
+H</span> is to be inserted, being soldered into the partition,
+and reaching nearly to the bottom of the vessel
+at <span class="allsmcap">G</span>. Let the other mouth of the tube <span class="allsmcap">H</span>
+issue at the side of the pitcher, under the handle,
+and be soldered into the handle which must be
+hollow, and have a hole on its outer surface at
+<span class="allsmcap">K</span>, which may be closed with the finger when
+necessary. If, then, closing the vent, as before,
+we pour any liquid into the jar, the liquid poured into the upper chamber
+will remain there, not being able to continue its way through the narrow
+holes into the lower chamber, as there is no other outlet for the
+air than through the vent <span class="allsmcap">K</span>. When, however, we unclose the vent,
+the liquid will descend into the chamber beneath, and then the jar will
+hold more. If, then, we first pour in wine so as to fill the chamber <span class="allsmcap">B C D</span>,
+and then, closing the vent, pour water upon it, the two cannot mix, and
+if we invert the jar it will emit pure water. But, when we unclose the
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_23">[23]</span>vent, the water continuing to flow, the wine will flow out also, since air
+can enter through <span class="allsmcap">K</span> to fill up the void left; and afterwards the wine
+will flow out unmixed. We may also pour in the water first, and then,
+stopping the vent, pour wine upon it, so as to pour out wine for some,
+wine and water for others, and mere water for those whom we wish to
+jest with.</p>
+
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+<div class="chapter">
+  <h2 class="nobreak" id="Sec_9">
+    9. <i>A Water Jet produced by mechanically compressed Air.</i>
+  </h2>
+</div>
+
+
+<figure class="figright illowp30" id="fig09">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/fig09.jpg" alt="Diagram of apparatus as described in text">
+</figure>
+
+<img class="drop-capi" src="images/a.jpg" alt="Stylized A">
+<p class="drop-capi"><span class="uc">A hollow</span> globe, or other vessel, may be constructed,
+into which if any liquid be poured, it will be forced
+aloft spontaneously
+and with much violence,
+so as to empty
+the vessel, though
+such an upward motion is contrary to
+nature. The construction is as follows.
+Let there be a globe, containing about
+6 cotylæ (3 pints), the sides of which
+are of metal plate, strong enough to
+sustain the pressure that will be exerted
+upon them by the air. Let <span class="allsmcap">A B</span> (fig. 9)
+be the globe, resting on any base C.
+Through an aperture in the top of the
+globe insert a tube, <span class="allsmcap">D E</span>, soldered into the
+globe at the aperture, and projecting a
+little above it; and reaching to the other
+extremity, except an interval sufficient
+for the passage of water. At its upper
+extremity let the tube <span class="allsmcap">D E</span> branch into
+two tubes, <span class="allsmcap">D G</span> and <span class="allsmcap">D F</span>, to which two
+other pipes, <span class="allsmcap">G H K L</span>, <span class="allsmcap">F M N X</span>, are fastened transversely, communicating
+with <span class="allsmcap">D G</span>, <span class="allsmcap">D F</span>. Again, into these transverse pipes, and communicating
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_24">[24]</span>with them, let another pipe, <span class="allsmcap">P O</span>, be fitted, from which a small pipe, <span class="allsmcap">R S</span>,
+projects perpendicularly, communicating with it, and terminating in a
+small orifice at <span class="allsmcap">S</span>. If, then, we take hold of <span class="allsmcap">R S</span> and turn round the tube
+<span class="allsmcap">P O</span>, the connection between the corresponding holes will be shut off, so
+that the liquid which is to be forced up will have no outlet. Now, through
+another aperture in the globe, let another tube, <span class="allsmcap">T U Q</span>, be inserted, closed
+at the lower extremity <span class="allsmcap">Q</span>, and having a hole in the side near the bottom
+at <span class="allsmcap">W</span>. In this hole must be fixed a valve, such as the Romans call <i lang="la">assarium</i>,
+the construction of which we will explain presently. Into the
+tube <span class="allsmcap">T U Q</span> insert another tube, <span class="allsmcap">Y Z</span>, fitting tightly. If the tube <span class="allsmcap">Y Z</span> be
+drawn out, and water poured into <span class="allsmcap">T U Q</span>, it will enter the vessel through
+the aperture <span class="allsmcap">W</span>, (the valve opening into the interior of the vessel), and
+the air will escape through the pipe <span class="allsmcap">O P</span>, which communicates, as we have
+explained, with the apertures of the pipes <span class="allsmcap">G H K L</span> and <span class="allsmcap">F M N X</span>. When
+the globe is half full of liquid, turn the small tube <span class="allsmcap">R S</span> so as to break the
+connection between the corresponding apertures: then depress the tube
+<span class="allsmcap">Y Z</span> and drive out the air and liquid collected in <span class="allsmcap">T U Q</span>, which will, on the
+exertion of some force, (as the vessel is full of air and liquid), pass through
+the valve into the hollow of the globe; and this passage is made possible
+by the compression of the air into the void spaces dispersed among
+its particles. Draw up the tube <span class="allsmcap">Y Z</span>, in order again to fill <span class="allsmcap">T U Q</span> with
+air, and then, depressing it again, we shall force this air into the globe.
+By repeating this frequently we shall have a large quantity of air compressed
+into the globe; for it is clear that the air forced in does not
+escape again when the rod is drawn up, as the valve, pressed on by the
+air within, remains closed. If, then, we restore the pipe <span class="allsmcap">R S</span> to its upright
+position, and re-open the communication between the corresponding
+apertures at <span class="allsmcap">L</span> and <span class="allsmcap">X</span>, the liquid will now be forced out, as the condensed
+air expands to its original bulk and presses on the liquid beneath;
+and if the quantity of condensed air be large, it will drive out all the
+liquid, and even the superfluous air will be forced out at the same time.</p>
+
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+<div class="chapter">
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_25">[25]</span></p>
+
+
+  <h2 class="nobreak" id="Sec_10">
+    10. <i>A Valve for a Pump.</i>
+  </h2>
+</div>
+
+
+<figure class="figright illowp40" id="fig10">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/fig10.jpg" alt="Diagram of apparatus as described in text">
+</figure>
+
+<img class="drop-capi" src="images/t.jpg" alt="Stylized T">
+<p class="drop-capi"><span class="uc">The</span> following is the construction of the valve referred
+to. Take two rectangular plates of bronze of the
+thickness of a carpenter’s
+rule, and
+measuring about
+one finger’s breadth
+(<ins class="corr" title="Transcriber's Note—Corrigenda change was: 7/01" id="c2">⁷⁄₁₀</ins> of an inch) on each side. When
+these have been accurately fitted to
+each other, polish their surfaces so
+that neither air nor liquid may pass
+between them. Let <span class="allsmcap">A B C D</span>, <span class="allsmcap">E F G H</span>,
+(fig. 10) be the plates, and in the centre
+of one of them, <span class="allsmcap">A B C D</span>, bore a circular
+hole about ⅓ of a finger’s breadth
+(¼ of an inch) in diameter. Then, applying
+the side <span class="allsmcap">C D</span> to <span class="allsmcap">E F</span>, let the
+plates be attached by means of hinges,
+so that the polished surfaces may come together. When the valve is
+to be used, fasten the plate <span class="allsmcap">A B C D</span> over the aperture, and any air or
+liquid forced through will be effectually confined. For by the pressure
+exerted the hinges move, and the plate <span class="allsmcap">E F G H</span> opens readily to admit the
+air or liquid; which when inclosed in the air-tight vessel, presses on
+the plate <span class="allsmcap">E F G H</span>, and closes the aperture through which the air was
+forced in.</p>
+
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+<div class="chapter">
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_26">[26]</span></p>
+
+
+  <h2 class="nobreak" id="Sec_11">
+    11. <i>Libations at an Altar produced by Fire.</i>
+  </h2>
+</div>
+
+
+<figure class="figright illowp60" id="fig11">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/fig11.jpg" alt="Diagram of apparatus as described in text">
+</figure>
+
+<img class="drop-capi" src="images/t.jpg" alt="Stylized T">
+<p class="drop-capi"><span class="uc">To</span> construct an altar such that, when a fire is raised on
+it, figures at the side shall offer libations. Let there
+be a pedestal, <span class="allsmcap">A B C D</span>, (fig. 11) on which the figures
+stand, and also an altar, <span class="allsmcap">E F G</span>, perfectly air-tight. The
+pedestal must also be air-tight, and communicate with
+the altar at <span class="allsmcap">G</span>. Through the pedestal insert the tube
+<span class="allsmcap">H K L</span>, reaching nearly
+to the bottom at <span class="allsmcap">L</span>, and
+communicating at <span class="allsmcap">H</span>
+with a bowl held by
+one of the figures.
+Pour liquid into the pedestal
+through a hole,
+<span class="allsmcap">M</span>, which must afterwards
+be closed. Now
+if a fire be lighted on
+the altar <span class="allsmcap">E F G</span>, the air
+within it, being rarefied,
+will descend into
+the pedestal, and exert
+pressure on the liquid
+it contains, which,
+having no other way
+of retreat, will pass through the tube <span class="allsmcap">H K L</span> into the bowl. Thus the
+figures will pour a libation, and will not cease so long as the fire remains
+on the altar. When the fire is extinguished, the libation ceases; and
+as often as the fire is kindled the same will be repeated. The pipe
+through which the heat is to pass should be broader towards the middle,
+for it is requisite that the heat, or rather the vapour from it, passing into
+a broader space, should expand and act with greater force.</p>
+
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+<div class="chapter">
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_27">[27]</span></p>
+
+
+  <h2 class="nobreak" id="Sec_12">
+    12. <i>A Vessel from which the contents flow when filled to a certain height.</i>
+  </h2>
+</div>
+
+
+<img class="drop-capi" src="images/t.jpg" alt="Stylized T">
+<p class="drop-capi"><span class="uc">There</span> are some vessels which emit no stream unless
+they are filled; but when filled discharge all the liquid
+they contain. They are made as follows: Let
+<span class="allsmcap">A B C D</span> (fig. 12) be a vessel open at the top, and through
+its bottom pass a tube, either an inclosed diabetes as
+<span class="allsmcap">E F G</span>, or a bent siphon <span class="allsmcap">G H K</span>. When the vessel <span class="allsmcap">A B C D</span>
+is filled, and the water runs over, a discharge will begin through the
+diabetes, and continue till the vessel is empty, if the interior opening
+of the diabetes is so near the bottom of the vessel as only to leave
+a passage for the water.</p>
+
+<figure class="figcenter illowp70" id="fig12">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/fig12.jpg" alt="Diagram of apparatus as described in text">
+</figure>
+
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+<div class="chapter">
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_28">[28]</span></p>
+
+
+  <h2 class="nobreak" id="Sec_13">
+    13. <i>Two Vessels from which the contents flow, by a Liquid being
+    poured into one only.</i>
+  </h2>
+</div>
+
+
+<figure class="figright illowp60" id="fig13">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/fig13.jpg" alt="Diagram of apparatus as described in text">
+</figure>
+
+<img class="drop-capi" src="images/i.jpg" alt="Stylized I">
+<p class="drop-capi"><span class="uc">If</span> two vessels, both of them having visible outlets, stand
+upon a pedestal, and one of them be filled with wine,
+the other remaining empty, the wine shall not flow out
+until the empty vessel be filled with water; and then
+a discharge shall begin, of wine from one, and of water
+from the other, until both are empty. Such vessels are
+called <em>harmonious
+goblets</em>. Let <span class="allsmcap">A B C D</span>
+(fig. 13) be the pedestal
+on which the vessels,
+<span class="allsmcap">E</span> and <span class="allsmcap">F</span>, stand.
+In each of them
+place a bent siphon,
+<span class="allsmcap">G H K</span> in <span class="allsmcap">E</span>, and <span class="allsmcap">L M N</span>
+in <span class="allsmcap">F</span>, and let the outer
+extremities of the
+siphons be shaped
+like water-pipes. At
+the bend the siphons
+must approach nearly
+to the mouths of
+the vessels. Let another
+bent tube, <span class="allsmcap">X O
+P R</span>, passing through the pedestal, connect the two vessels, the extremities
+of which, <span class="allsmcap">X</span> and <span class="allsmcap">R</span>, must reach as high as the bend of the siphons.
+Now pour wine into one vessel, taking care that it does not mount higher
+than the bend of the siphon at <span class="allsmcap">H</span>. Up to this point the wine will not
+flow out, as there is nothing to originate a discharge through the siphon.
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_29">[29]</span>But if we pour water into the vessel <span class="allsmcap">F</span>, until its surface mounts above
+the bend of the siphon at <span class="allsmcap">M</span>, then the water will descend and pass through
+the pipe <span class="allsmcap">X O P R</span> into the other vessel. Thus a discharge is occasioned
+of the wine also, and both vessels will continue to run the one with wine,
+the other with water, until both are emptied.</p>
+
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+<div class="chapter">
+  <h2 class="nobreak" id="Sec_14">
+    14. <i>A Bird made to whistle by flowing Water.</i>
+  </h2>
+</div>
+
+
+<figure class="figright illowp60" id="fig14">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/fig14.jpg" alt="Diagram of apparatus as described in tex">
+
+</figure>
+
+<img class="drop-capi" src="images/v.jpg" alt="Stylized V">
+<p class="drop-capi"><span class="uc">Vessels</span> may be made such that, when water is
+poured into them, the note of the black-cap, or a
+whistling sound, is produced. The following is their
+construction. Let <span class="allsmcap">A B C D</span> (fig. 14) be a hollow air-tight
+pedestal: through the top, <span class="allsmcap">A D</span>, let a funnel, <span class="allsmcap">E F</span>,
+be introduced and soldered into the surface, its tube
+approaching so near to
+the bottom as only to
+leave a passage for the
+water. Let <span class="allsmcap">G H K</span> be a
+small pipe, such as will
+emit sound, communicating
+with the pedestal
+and likewise soldered
+into <span class="allsmcap">A D</span>. Its
+extremity, which is
+curved, must dip into
+water contained in a
+small vessel placed
+near at <span class="allsmcap">L</span>. If water be
+poured in through the
+funnel <span class="allsmcap">E F</span>, the result
+will be that the air, being driven out, passes through the pipe <span class="allsmcap">G H K</span>, and
+emits a sound. When the extremity of the pipe dips into water a bubbling
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_30">[30]</span>sound is heard, and the note of the black-cap is produced: if no
+water is near, there will be a whistling only.</p>
+
+<p>These sounds are produced through pipes; but the quality of the
+sounds will vary as the pipes are more or less fine, or longer, or shorter;
+and as a larger or smaller portion of the pipe is immersed in the water:
+so that by this means the distinct notes of many birds can be produced.
+The figures of several different birds are arranged near a fountain, or
+in a cave, or in any place where there is running water: near them sits
+an owl, which, apparently of her own accord, turns at one time towards
+the birds, and then again away from them; and when the owl looks
+away the birds sing, when she looks at them they are mute: and this
+may be repeated frequently.</p>
+
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+<div class="chapter">
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_31">[31]</span></p>
+
+
+  <h2 class="nobreak" id="Sec_15">
+    15. <i>Birds made to sing, and be silent alternately by flowing Water.</i>
+  </h2>
+</div>
+
+
+<img class="drop-capi" src="images/t.jpg" alt="Stylized T">
+<p class="drop-capi"><span class="uc">The</span> construction is after this manner. Let <span class="allsmcap">A</span> (fig. 15)
+be a stream perpetually running. Underneath place
+an air-tight vessel, <span class="allsmcap">B C D E</span>, provided with an inclosed
+diabetes or bent siphon <span class="allsmcap">F G</span>, and having inserted in it
+a funnel, <span class="allsmcap">H K</span>, between the extremity of the tube of
+which and the bottom of the vessel a passage is left
+for the water.
+Let the funnel
+be provided with
+several smaller
+pipes, as described
+before, at
+<span class="allsmcap">L</span>. It will be
+found that, while
+<span class="allsmcap">B C D E</span> is being
+filled with water,
+the air that is
+driven out will
+produce the notes
+of birds; and
+as the water is
+being drawn off
+through the siphon
+<span class="allsmcap">F G</span> after
+the vessel is filled,
+the birds will be
+mute.</p>
+
+<figure class="figright illowp70" id="fig15">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/fig15.jpg" alt="Diagram of apparatus as described in text">
+</figure>
+
+<p>We are now to describe the contrivance by which the owl is enabled
+to turn herself towards, or away from, the birds, as we have said. Let
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_32">[32]</span>a rod <span class="allsmcap">N X</span> turned in a lathe rest on any support <span class="allsmcap">M</span>: round this rod let a
+tube <span class="allsmcap">O P</span> be fitted, so as to move freely about it, and having attached to
+it the kettle-drum top <span class="allsmcap">R S</span>, on which the owl is to be securely fixed.
+Round the tube <span class="allsmcap">O P</span> let a chain pass, the two extremities of which, <span class="allsmcap">T U</span>,
+<span class="allsmcap">Q W</span>, wind off in opposite directions, and are attached, by means of two
+pullies, the one, <span class="allsmcap">T U</span>, to a weight suspended at <span class="allsmcap">Y</span>, and <span class="allsmcap">Q W</span> to an empty
+vessel <span class="allsmcap">Z</span>, which lies beneath the siphon or inclosed diabetes <span class="allsmcap">F G</span>. It will
+be found that while the vessel <span class="allsmcap">B C D E</span> is being emptied, the liquid being
+carried into the vessel <span class="allsmcap">Z</span> causes the tube <span class="allsmcap">O P</span> to revolve, and the owl with
+it, so as to face the birds: but when <span class="allsmcap">B C D E</span> is exhausted, the vessel <span class="allsmcap">Z</span>
+becomes empty likewise by means of an inclosed or bent siphon contained
+within it; and then the weight <span class="allsmcap">Y</span>, again preponderating, causes
+the owl to turn away just at the time when the vessel <span class="allsmcap">B C D E</span> is being
+filled again and the notes once more issue from the birds.</p>
+
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+<div class="chapter">
+  <h2 class="nobreak" id="Sec_16">
+    16. <i>Trumpets sounded by flowing Water.</i>
+  </h2>
+</div>
+
+
+<img class="drop-capi" src="images/i.jpg" alt="Stylized I">
+<p class="drop-capi"><span class="uc">In</span> the same manner as that just described the sound
+of trumpets can be produced. Insert into a carefully
+closed vessel the tube of a funnel reaching nearly to
+the bottom and soldered into the surface of the vessel;
+and, by its side, a trumpet, provided both with a mouthpiece
+and bell, and communicating at its upper extremity
+with the vessel. If water be poured through the funnel, it will
+be found that the air contained in the vessel, as it is being driven out
+through the mouthpiece, will produce the sound of a trumpet.</p>
+
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+<div class="chapter">
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_33">[33]</span></p>
+
+
+  <h2 class="nobreak" id="Sec_17">
+    17. <i>Sounds produced on the opening of a Temple Door.</i>
+  </h2>
+</div>
+
+
+<figure class="figright illowp60" id="fig17">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/fig17.jpg" alt="Diagram of apparatus as described in text">
+</figure>
+
+<img class="drop-capi" src="images/t.jpg" alt="Stylized T">
+<p class="drop-capi"><span class="uc">The</span> sound of a trumpet may be produced on the opening
+of the doors of a temple. The following is the
+construction. Behind the door let there be a vessel,
+<span class="allsmcap">A B C D</span> (fig. 17), containing water. In this invert a
+narrow-necked vessel, shaped like an extinguisher,
+<span class="allsmcap">F</span>, with which, at its lower extremity, let a trumpet,
+<span class="allsmcap">H K</span>, communicate, provided
+with bell and mouthpiece.
+Parallel with the
+tube of the trumpet, and
+attached to it, let the rod
+<span class="allsmcap">L M</span> run, fastened, at the
+lower end, to the vessel <span class="allsmcap">F</span>,
+and having at the other extremity
+a loop, <span class="allsmcap">M</span>: through
+this loop let the beam <span class="allsmcap">N X</span>
+pass, thus supporting the
+vessel <span class="allsmcap">F</span>, at a sufficient
+height above the water.
+The beam <span class="allsmcap">N X</span> must turn
+on the pivot <span class="allsmcap">O</span>, and a chain or cord, attached to the extremity <span class="allsmcap">X</span>, be
+fastened, by means of the pulley, <span class="allsmcap">P</span>, to the hinder part of the door.
+When the door is opened, the cord will be stretched, and draw upwards
+the extremity <span class="allsmcap">X</span> of the beam, so that the beam <span class="allsmcap">N X</span> no longer supports
+the loop <span class="allsmcap">M</span>; and when the loop changes its position in consequence, the
+vessel <span class="allsmcap">F</span> will descend into the water, and give forth the sound of a
+trumpet by the expulsion of the air contained in it through the mouthpiece
+and bell.</p>
+
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+<div class="chapter">
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_34">[34]</span></p>
+
+
+  <h2 class="nobreak" id="Sec_18">
+    18. <i>Drinking-Horn from which either Wine or Water will flow.</i>
+  </h2>
+</div>
+
+
+<figure class="figright illowp35" id="fig18">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/fig18.jpg" alt="Diagram of apparatus as described in text">
+</figure>
+
+<img class="drop-capi" src="images/t.jpg" alt="Stylized T">
+<p class="drop-capi"><span class="uc">There</span> is a kind of drinking-horn, such that if wine
+be first poured into it, and then water, sometimes the
+water flows out unmixed,
+and sometimes
+the wine. The
+following is the construction.
+Let <span class="allsmcap">A B C</span> (fig. 18) be a drinking-horn, furnished with two partitions,
+<span class="allsmcap">D E</span> and <span class="allsmcap">F G</span>: through both of these let
+a tube, <span class="allsmcap">H K</span>, pass, soldered into the partitions,
+and pierced with a small hole, <span class="allsmcap">L</span>,
+situated a little above the partition <span class="allsmcap">F G</span>;
+and under the partition <span class="allsmcap">D E</span> let there be
+a vent, <span class="allsmcap">M</span>, in the side of the vessel. If,
+when these arrangements are complete, we close the passage at <span class="allsmcap">C</span> and
+pour in wine, it will pass through the vent <span class="allsmcap">M</span>; and, if we cover <span class="allsmcap">M</span> with
+the finger, the wine in <span class="allsmcap">D E F G</span> will be retained. Now, if we pour [water]
+into the part <span class="allsmcap">A B D E</span>, still closing the vent <span class="allsmcap">M</span>, pure water will flow out;
+but if, while the water is still in the upper part of the vessel, we unclose
+<span class="allsmcap">M</span>, a mixture will be discharged; and when all the water has passed out,
+the stream will be of pure wine. By frequently unclosing <span class="allsmcap">M</span> the discharge
+may be varied: but the better method is first to pour water into
+the chamber <span class="allsmcap">D E G F</span>, and then, closing the vent, to pour wine upon it.
+The result will be that sometimes pure water flows out, and again, when
+the siphon is set free, a mixture; presently, on stopping the vent, pure
+wine. And this can be done as often as we please.</p>
+
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+<div class="chapter">
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_35">[35]</span></p>
+
+
+  <h2 class="nobreak" id="Sec_19">
+    19. <i>A Vessel containing a Liquid of uniform height, although a
+    Stream flows from it.</i>
+  </h2>
+</div>
+
+
+<figure class="figright illowp50" id="fig19">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/fig19.jpg" alt="Diagram of apparatus as described in text">
+</figure>
+
+<img class="drop-capi" src="images/i.jpg" alt="Stylized I">
+<p class="drop-capi"><span class="uc">If</span> a goblet be placed upon a pedestal, whatever quantity
+may be drawn from it, it shall always continue
+full. The construction
+is as
+follows. Let <span class="allsmcap">A B</span>
+(fig. 19) be a
+vessel, the mouth of which is closed
+just at the neck, by the partition
+<span class="allsmcap">C D</span>. Through <span class="allsmcap">C D</span> let a tube, <span class="allsmcap">E F</span>,
+be inserted, reaching nearly to the
+bottom; let another tube, <span class="allsmcap">G H</span>, be
+passed through the bottom of the
+vessel, reaching nearly up to the
+partition <span class="allsmcap">C D</span>; and in the bottom
+bore a hole, <span class="allsmcap">K</span>, to admit the small
+tube <span class="allsmcap">K L</span>. The vessel <span class="allsmcap">A B</span> must
+stand upon a pedestal, <span class="allsmcap">M N O X</span>, through which passes the projection of
+the tube <span class="allsmcap">G H</span>, and another tube <span class="allsmcap">S T</span> communicating with the pedestal and
+the goblet <span class="allsmcap">P R</span> so that the goblet may be filled, and the
+pedestal <span class="allsmcap">M N O X</span> as high, &amp;c. Now let wine be poured through <span class="allsmcap">E F</span> into <span class="allsmcap">A B</span> (the air
+will pass out through <span class="allsmcap">G H</span>), and, if the tube <span class="allsmcap">K L</span> be left open, it will pass
+through into the pedestal and the goblet <span class="allsmcap">P R</span>: but, if <span class="allsmcap">K L</span> be closed, the
+vessel <span class="allsmcap">A B</span> will be filled. Let, then, the wine run into the pedestal <span class="allsmcap">M N
+O X</span> and the goblet <span class="allsmcap">P R</span>,
+<ins class="corr" title="Transcriber's Note—Corrigenda change add: 'so that the goblet may be filled, and the...'" id="c3">so that the goblet may be filled, and the pedestal <span class="allsmcap">M N O X</span> as high </ins>
+as the
+mouth of the tube <span class="allsmcap">G H</span>. When this is done, close <span class="allsmcap">E</span>, and the wine in <span class="allsmcap">A B</span>
+will no longer [flow] through <span class="allsmcap">K L</span>, for no more air can enter through <span class="allsmcap">E</span> to
+supply the vacuum created. When, therefore, any wine is taken from
+the goblet, the orifice <span class="allsmcap">E</span> must be unclosed, and, the air having found an
+entrance, the wine will flow again into the pedestal and goblet, until it
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_36">[36]</span>is full. And this may be done as often as we draw off wine from the
+goblet. It will be requisite that a small hole be pierced in the side of
+the pedestal at <span class="allsmcap">U</span>, that an equivalent bulk of air may pass into the vessel
+<span class="allsmcap">A B</span> through the orifice <span class="allsmcap">G</span> and the hole <span class="allsmcap">U</span>.</p>
+
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+<div class="chapter">
+  <h2 class="nobreak" id="Sec_20">
+    20. <i>A Vessel which remains full, although Water be drawn from it.</i>
+  </h2>
+</div>
+
+
+<figure class="figright illowp60" id="fig20">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/fig20.jpg" alt="Diagram of apparatus as described in text">
+</figure>
+
+<img class="drop-capi" src="images/i.jpg" alt="Stylized I">
+<p class="drop-capi"><span class="uc">If</span> it is desired to adapt this contrivance for use, so that
+from a goblet occupying any given position a considerable
+quantity of water may be drawn and yet the
+goblet remain full, proceed as follows. Let <span class="allsmcap">A B</span> (fig. 20)
+be a vessel containing as much water as will probably
+be required, and <span class="allsmcap">C D</span> a pipe leading from this into a
+trough beneath, <span class="allsmcap">G H</span>. Near
+the pipe fix a lever-beam,
+<span class="allsmcap">E F</span>, and at the extremity <span class="allsmcap">E</span>
+suspend a piece of cork, <span class="allsmcap">K</span>, so
+that it may float in the trough;
+at the other extremity <span class="allsmcap">F</span> let
+a chain be fastened furnished
+with a leaden weight, <span class="allsmcap">X</span>. Let
+the whole be so arranged
+that the cork, floating on the
+water in <span class="allsmcap">G H</span>, closes the
+mouth of the pipe; yet that, when water has been drawn from the trough,
+the cork, being heavier than the weight at <span class="allsmcap">X</span>, shall sink and open the
+pipe, so that the water may flow in again and raise the cork. Let <span class="allsmcap">L M</span>
+be the goblet placed in any convenient position, its lip being on a level
+with the surface of the water in the trough when there is no discharge
+from the pipe owing to the floating cork: and let the tube <span class="allsmcap">H N</span> lead from
+the trough into the bottom of the goblet. Now if, when the goblet is
+full, we draw water from it, we shall at the same time reduce the water
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_37">[37]</span>in the trough; and the cork sinking will unclose the pipe, so that the
+water, flowing both into the trough and the goblet, will again raise the
+cork, and the discharge will cease. And this will happen as often as
+we remove water from the goblet.</p>
+
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+<div class="chapter">
+  <h2 class="nobreak" id="Sec_21">
+    21. <i>Sacrificial Vessel which flows only when Money is introduced.</i>
+  </h2>
+</div>
+
+
+<figure class="figright illowp40" id="fig21">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/fig21.jpg" alt="Diagram of apparatus as described in text">
+</figure>
+
+<img class="drop-capi" src="images/i.jpg" alt="Stylized I">
+<p class="drop-capi"><span class="uc">If</span> into certain sacrificial vessels a coin of five drachms
+be thrown, water shall flow out and surround them.
+Let <span class="allsmcap">A B C D</span> (fig. 21)
+be a sacrificial vessel
+or treasure chest,
+having an opening in
+its mouth, <span class="allsmcap">A</span>; and in the chest let there
+be a vessel, <span class="allsmcap">F G H K</span>, containing water,
+and a small box, <span class="allsmcap">L</span>, from which a pipe,
+<span class="allsmcap">L M</span>, conducts out of the chest. Near
+the vessel place a vertical rod, <span class="allsmcap">N X</span>, about
+which turns a lever, <span class="allsmcap">O P</span>, widening at <span class="allsmcap">O</span>
+into the plate <span class="allsmcap">R</span> parallel to the bottom
+of the vessel, while at the extremity <span class="allsmcap">P</span>
+is suspended a lid, <span class="allsmcap">S</span>, which fits into the
+box <span class="allsmcap">L</span>, so that no water can flow through
+the tube <span class="allsmcap">L M</span>: this lid, however, must be
+heavier than the plate <span class="allsmcap">R</span>, but lighter
+than the plate and coin combined. When
+the coin is thrown through the mouth <span class="allsmcap">A</span>, it will fall upon the plate <span class="allsmcap">R</span>
+and, preponderating, it will turn the beam <span class="allsmcap">O P</span>, and raise the lid of the
+box so that the water will flow: but if the coin falls off, the lid will descend
+and close the box so that the discharge ceases.</p>
+
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+<div class="chapter">
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_38">[38]</span></p>
+
+
+  <h2 class="nobreak" id="Sec_22">
+    22. <i>A Vessel from which a variety of Liquids may be made to flow
+    through one Pipe.</i>
+  </h2>
+</div>
+
+
+<figure class="figright illowp40" id="fig22">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/fig22.jpg" alt="Diagram of apparatus as described in text">
+</figure>
+
+<img class="drop-capi" src="images/s.jpg" alt="Stylized S">
+<p class="drop-capi"><span class="uc">Several</span> kinds of liquid having been poured into a
+vessel through one mouth, it is required that through
+the same pipe they
+shall flow out separately
+at pleasure.
+Let <span class="allsmcap">A B</span> (fig. 22) be a
+vessel closed at the neck by the partition
+<span class="allsmcap">C D</span>; and let there be in it several
+vertical partitions, extending to
+the partition <span class="allsmcap">C D</span> and making as many
+chambers as we wish to pour in liquids.
+Suppose, for the present, that these are
+two in number, and let the partition be
+<span class="allsmcap">E F</span>. In the partition <span class="allsmcap">C D</span> pierce fine
+holes, as in a sieve, opening into each
+chamber, and air holes, <span class="allsmcap">G</span>, <span class="allsmcap">H</span>, close to
+the partition, also opening into the
+chambers: again, at the bottom let there be small tubes, <span class="allsmcap">K</span>, <span class="allsmcap">L</span>, communicating
+with the chambers and opening into the common pipe <span class="allsmcap">M</span>. If,
+having first closed the vents <span class="allsmcap">G</span>, <span class="allsmcap">H</span>, and the pipe <span class="allsmcap">M</span>, we pour one of the
+liquids through the mouth of the vessel, it will enter into neither chamber,
+as the air has no means of escape: but if one of the vents be opened,
+the liquid will pass into that chamber to which the vent belongs; and
+if, after closing this vent again, we pour in the other liquid and set free
+the other vent, the liquid will pass into the other chamber. Now let
+all the vents and the sieve-like holes be closed, and, on opening the pipe
+<span class="allsmcap">M</span>, no discharge can take place until one of the vents be opened; when,
+the air having found an entrance, the liquid contained in that chamber
+will flow out. If this vent be closed and the other opened, the same result
+will follow.</p>
+
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+<div class="chapter">
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_39">[39]</span></p>
+
+
+  <h2 class="nobreak" id="Sec_23">
+    23. <i>A Flow of Wine from one Vessel, produced by Water being
+    poured into another.</i>
+  </h2>
+</div>
+
+
+<figure class="figright illowp60" id="fig23">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/fig23.jpg" alt="Diagram of apparatus as described in text">
+</figure>
+
+<img class="drop-capi" src="images/i.jpg" alt="Stylized I">
+<p class="drop-capi"><span class="uc">If</span> of two vessels standing on a pedestal one be full of
+wine and the other empty, whatever quantity of water
+be poured into the empty vessel, as much wine shall
+flow from the other. The following is the construction.
+On any pedestal, <span class="allsmcap">A B</span> (fig. 23) let there be two
+vessels, <span class="allsmcap">C D</span>, <span class="allsmcap">E F</span>, having their mouths closed by the
+partitions <span class="allsmcap">G H</span>, <span class="allsmcap">K L</span>. Let
+the tube <span class="allsmcap">M N X O</span> pass
+through the pedestal and
+bend upwards into the
+vessels, reaching very
+nearly to the partitions
+at <span class="allsmcap">M</span> and <span class="allsmcap">O</span>. In <span class="allsmcap">E F</span> place
+a bent siphon, <span class="allsmcap">P R S</span>, the
+bend being near the vessel’s
+mouth, and one leg,
+shaped like a water-pipe,
+passing outside. Through
+the partition <span class="allsmcap">G H</span> let a funnel,
+<span class="allsmcap">T U</span>, descend almost
+to the bottom of the vessel,
+its tube being soldered
+into the partition. Into
+the vessel <span class="allsmcap">E F</span> pour wine
+through a hole, <span class="allsmcap">Q</span>, which must afterwards be carefully closed again.
+Now, if we pour water into the vessel <span class="allsmcap">C D</span> through the funnel, the contained
+air will be forced out, and pass through the tube <span class="allsmcap">M N X O</span> into <span class="allsmcap">E F</span>,
+and, in its turn, force out the wine contained in <span class="allsmcap">E F</span>: and this will happen
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_40">[40]</span>as often as we pour in the water. It is evident that the air forced out
+has an equal bulk with the water poured in, and that it will force out
+as much wine. If no bent siphon be used, but merely a pipe at <span class="allsmcap">S</span>, the
+effect will be the same, unless the force of the water be too great for the
+pipe.</p>
+
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+<div class="chapter">
+  <h2 class="nobreak" id="Sec_24">
+    24. <i>A Pipe from which flows <ins class="corr" title="Transcriber's Note—Corrigenda change was: Wine and Water" id="c4">Wine-and-Water</ins> in varying proportions.</i>
+  </h2>
+</div>
+
+
+<figure class="figright illowp70" id="fig24">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/fig24.jpg" alt="Diagram of apparatus as described in text">
+</figure>
+
+<img class="drop-capi" src="images/l.jpg" alt="Stylized L">
+<p class="drop-capi"><span class="uc">Let</span> there be an empty vessel, and another containing
+wine: whatever quantity of water we pour into the
+empty vessel, the same quantity of wine and water
+mixed may be drawn off through a pipe in any proportion
+we please; such, for instance, that there may
+be two parts of water to one of wine. Let <span class="allsmcap">A B</span> (fig.
+24) be an empty vessel, either a cylinder or a rectangular parallelopiped:
+by the side of this, and on the same base, place another
+vessel, <span class="allsmcap">C D</span>, perfectly
+air-tight, and, like
+<span class="allsmcap">A B</span>, either a cylinder
+or a rectangular parallelopiped;
+but the
+base of <span class="allsmcap">A B</span> must be
+twice as great as that
+of <span class="allsmcap">C D</span>, as the water
+is to be the double
+of the wine. Near
+<span class="allsmcap">C D</span> place another
+air-tight vessel, <span class="allsmcap">E F</span>, into which the wine is to be poured; and between
+the vessels <span class="allsmcap">C D</span>, <span class="allsmcap">E F</span>, let a tube run, <span class="allsmcap">G H K</span>, perforating and soldered into
+their coverings. In <span class="allsmcap">E F</span> let there be a bent siphon, <span class="allsmcap">L M N</span>, the inner leg
+of which must reach almost to the bottom of the vessel, leaving only a
+passage for the water, and the other, being bent within the vessel, lead
+into the next vessel, <span class="allsmcap">O X</span>. From this vessel let the tube <span class="allsmcap">P R</span> lead through
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_41">[41]</span>the vessels, or be carried under the pedestal on which they stand, that
+it may readily pass near the bottom of the vessel <span class="allsmcap">A B</span>. Let another
+tube, <span class="allsmcap">T S</span>, connect the vessels <span class="allsmcap">A B</span>, <span class="allsmcap">C D</span>, and near the bottom of <span class="allsmcap">A B</span> place
+a small pipe, <span class="allsmcap">U</span>, which with <span class="allsmcap">P R</span> must be included in a larger pipe, <span class="allsmcap">Q W</span>,
+provided with a cock by means of which it may be opened or shut
+at pleasure. When these preparations have been made, close the pipe
+<span class="allsmcap">Q W</span>, and pour water into the vessel <span class="allsmcap">A B</span>; a part, viz. one half, will
+pass into <span class="allsmcap">C D</span>, through the tube <span class="allsmcap">S T</span>, and the water which falls into <span class="allsmcap">C D</span>
+will force out a mass of air equal to itself through <span class="allsmcap">G H K</span> into the vessel
+<span class="allsmcap">E F</span>; in like manner this air will force an equal quantity of wine into
+the vessel <span class="allsmcap">O X</span> through <span class="allsmcap">L M N</span>. Now, if we open the pipe <span class="allsmcap">Q W</span>, the water
+poured into the vessel <span class="allsmcap">A B</span> and the wine carried out of <span class="allsmcap">O X</span> through the
+tube <span class="allsmcap">P R</span> will flow through it together: and thus what was proposed will
+be done. The vessels will be empty again when, the mixed liquid
+having been all discharged, the air enters them through the tube <span class="allsmcap">P R</span>.</p>
+
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+<div class="chapter">
+  <h2 class="nobreak" id="Sec_25">
+    25. <i>A Vessel from which Wine flows in proportion as Water is
+    withdrawn.</i>
+  </h2>
+</div>
+
+
+<figure class="figright illowp50" id="fig25">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/fig25.jpg" alt="Diagram of apparatus as described in text">
+</figure>
+
+<img class="drop-capi" src="images/l.jpg" alt="Stylized L">
+<p class="drop-capi"><span class="uc">Let</span> there be a vessel containing water, and a pipe in it provided with
+a key or cock, and let a figure float on the surface of the water; then
+if water, in any quantity, be drawn off through the pipe, wine shall
+flow from the figure in any given ratio to the water drawn off. Let
+<span class="allsmcap">A B</span> (fig. 25) be the vessel of water, provided with a pipe,
+<span class="allsmcap">C</span>, which admits of being closed;
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_42">[42]</span>and on the surface of the water let a basin, <span class="allsmcap">D</span>, float, in which is a perpendicular
+tube, <span class="allsmcap">E F</span>, carved in the shape of some animal. Place near another
+vessel, <span class="allsmcap">G H</span>, containing wine, in which is a bent siphon, <span class="allsmcap">K L M</span>, one
+leg being within the vessel <span class="allsmcap">G H</span>, and the other without, conducting into
+the tube <span class="allsmcap">E F</span>. Now if we draw the wine through the lower mouth <span class="allsmcap">M</span>, it
+will flow into the tube <span class="allsmcap">E F</span> until the surface of the wine in the vessel <span class="allsmcap">G H</span>
+and in the tube <span class="allsmcap">E F</span> shall be at the same level. Let that level be in the
+line <span class="allsmcap">N X O P</span>; and at the point <span class="allsmcap">P</span> fix an open pipe, <span class="allsmcap">R</span>. Hitherto there is
+no discharge of wine, but, if any quantity of water is drawn off through
+<span class="allsmcap">C</span>, the basin <span class="allsmcap">D</span>, and, with it, the tube <span class="allsmcap">E F</span> will sink, and the surface of
+the wine [in the tube] will become lower than the surface <span class="allsmcap">N X</span>; so that,
+the outer leg of the siphon being depressed, the wine will again pass on
+into the tube <span class="allsmcap">E F</span> and run out through the pipe <span class="allsmcap">R</span>. This will happen as
+often as we draw off water through the pipe <span class="allsmcap">C</span>, the wine flowing in a
+fixed ratio to the water drawn off. The base of the vessel <span class="allsmcap">A B</span> must bear
+the required proportion to the base of <span class="allsmcap">G H</span>; and thus what was proposed
+is done.</p>
+
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+<div class="chapter">
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_43">[43]</span></p>
+
+
+  <h2 class="nobreak" id="Sec_26">
+    26. <i>A Vessel from which Wine flows in proportion as Water is
+    poured into another.</i>
+  </h2>
+</div>
+
+
+<figure class="figright illowp70" id="fig26">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/fig26.jpg" alt="Diagram of apparatus as described in text">
+</figure>
+
+<img class="drop-capi" src="images/i.jpg" alt="Stylized I">
+<p class="drop-capi"><span class="uc">If</span> it is required that the wine shall flow in a certain ratio to the
+water we pour <em>into</em> the vessel, we must proceed as follows. As
+before let <span class="allsmcap">A B</span> (fig. 26) be the vessel containing water,
+and <span class="allsmcap">G H</span> that which contains wine, but let the tube <span class="allsmcap">E
+F</span> be outside the vessel <span class="allsmcap">A B</span>. In <span class="allsmcap">A B</span> let a
+ball, <span class="allsmcap">D</span>, float, from which a cord, passing over a pulley,
+<span class="allsmcap">S</span>, is attached to the tube <span class="allsmcap">E F</span> so as to suspend it;
+and let all else correspond with what was stated in the last paragraph.
+The result will be that, when water is poured into the vessel <span class="allsmcap">A
+B</span>, the ball <span class="allsmcap">D</span> rising will lower the tube <span class="allsmcap">E F</span>,
+and the wine will flow again. This may be effected in a different
+manner by attaching the cord from the ball <span class="allsmcap">D</span>,
+across the pulley <span class="allsmcap">S</span> <ins class="corr" title="Transcriber's Note—Corrigenda change was: across a third pulley" id="c5">to another pulley</ins>, <span class="allsmcap">T</span>
+and across that
+again to the siphon <span class="allsmcap">K L</span>. It will be found now that, when the
+ball rises, the siphon <span class="allsmcap">K L M</span>, being suspended by the cord, is
+lowered, so that, the outer leg having again become the longer, the
+wine will flow through the mouth <span class="allsmcap">M</span>.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+<div class="chapter">
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_44">[44]</span></p>
+
+
+  <h2 class="nobreak" id="Sec_27">
+    27. <i>The Fire-Engine.</i>
+  </h2>
+</div>
+
+
+<figure class="figright illowp60" id="fig27">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/fig27.jpg" alt="Diagram of apparatus as described in text">
+</figure>
+
+<img class="drop-capi" src="images/t.jpg" alt="Stylized T">
+<p class="drop-capi"><span class="uc">The</span> siphons used in conflagrations are made as follows. Take two
+vessels of bronze, <span class="allsmcap">A B C D</span>, <span class="allsmcap">E F G H</span>, (fig. 27),
+having the inner surface bored in a lathe to fit a piston, (like the
+barrels of water-organs), <span class="allsmcap">K L</span>, <span class="allsmcap">M N</span> being the pistons
+fitted to the boxes. Let the cylinders communicate with each other
+by means of the tube <span class="allsmcap">X O D F</span>, and be provided with valves,
+<span class="allsmcap">P</span>, <span class="allsmcap">R</span>, such as have been explained above, within
+the tube <span class="allsmcap">X O D F</span> and opening outwards from the cylinders.
+In the bases of the cylinders pierce circular apertures, <span class="allsmcap">S</span>,
+<span class="allsmcap">T</span>, covered with polished hemispherical cups, <span class="allsmcap">V Q</span>,
+<span class="allsmcap">W Y</span>, through which insert spindles soldered to, or in some way
+connected with, the bases of the cylinders, and provided with shoulders
+at the extremities that the cups may not be forced off the spindles. To
+the centre of the pistons fasten the vertical rods <span class="allsmcap">S E</span>, <span class="allsmcap">S
+E</span>, and attach to these the beam <span class="allsmcap">A´</span> <span class="allsmcap">A´</span>, working,
+at its centre, about the stationary pin <span class="allsmcap">D</span>, and about the pins
+<span class="allsmcap">B</span>, <span class="allsmcap">C</span>, at the rods <span class="allsmcap">S E</span>, <span class="allsmcap">S E</span>. Let
+the vertical tube <span class="allsmcap">S´ E´</span> communicate with the tube <span class="allsmcap">X O D
+F</span>, branching into two arms at <span class="allsmcap">S´</span>, and provided with small
+pipes through
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_45">[45]</span>which to force up water, such as were explained above in the description
+of the machine for producing a water-jet by means of the compressed
+air. Now, if the cylinders, provided with these additions, be plunged
+into a vessel containing water, <span class="allsmcap">I J U Z</span>, and the beam <span class="allsmcap">A´ A´</span> be made to
+work at its extremities <span class="allsmcap">A´</span>, <span class="allsmcap">A´</span>, which move alternately about the pin <span class="allsmcap">D</span>,
+the pistons, as they descend, will drive out the water through the tube
+<span class="allsmcap">E´ S´</span> and the revolving mouth <span class="allsmcap">M´</span>. For when the piston <span class="allsmcap">M N</span> ascends it
+opens the aperture <span class="allsmcap">T</span>, as the cup <span class="allsmcap">W Y</span> rises, and shuts the valve <span class="allsmcap">R</span>; but
+when it descends it shuts <span class="allsmcap">T</span> and opens <span class="allsmcap">R</span>, through which the water is
+driven and forced upwards. The action of the other piston, <span class="allsmcap">K L</span>, is the
+same. Now the small pipe <span class="allsmcap">M´</span>, which waves backward and forward,
+ejects the water to the required height but not in the required direction,
+unless the whole machine be turned round; which on urgent occasions
+is a tedious and difficult process. In order, therefore, that the water
+may be ejected to the spot required, let the tube <span class="allsmcap">E´ S´</span> consist of two tubes,
+fitting closely together lengthwise, of which one must be attached to the
+tube <span class="allsmcap">X O D F</span>, and the other to the part from which the arms branch off at
+<span class="allsmcap">S´</span>; and thus, if the upper tube be turned round, by the inclination of
+the mouthpiece <span class="allsmcap">M´</span> the stream of water can be forced to any spot we
+please. The upper joint of the double tube must be secured to the lower,
+to prevent its being forced from the machine by the violence of the
+water. This may be effected by holdfasts in the shape of the letter L,
+soldered to the upper tube, and sliding on a ring which encircles the
+lower.</p>
+
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+<div class="chapter">
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_46">[46]</span></p>
+
+
+  <h2 class="nobreak" id="Sec_28">
+    28. <i>An Automaton which drinks at certain times only, on a Liquid
+    being presented to it.</i>
+  </h2>
+</div>
+
+
+<figure class="figright illowp50" id="fig28">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/fig28.jpg" alt="Diagram of apparatus as described in text">
+</figure>
+
+<img class="drop-capi" src="images/i.jpg" alt="Stylized I">
+<p class="drop-capi"><span class="uc">In</span> any place provided with running water make a figure
+of some animal in bronze or any other material: when
+a cup is offered to
+it, the animal shall
+drink with a loud
+noise so as to present
+the appearance of thirst. The
+following is the construction. <span class="allsmcap">A B</span>
+(fig. 28) is a vessel into which a
+stream of running water, <span class="allsmcap">C</span>, falls. In
+<span class="allsmcap">A B</span> place a bent siphon or inclosed
+diabetes, <span class="allsmcap">D E F</span>, one leg of which
+must project below the bottom of the
+vessel. Underneath this let there be
+an air-tight pedestal, <span class="allsmcap">G H K L</span>, also
+containing a bent siphon, <span class="allsmcap">M N X</span>. Below
+the orifice <span class="allsmcap">F</span> place a funnel, <span class="allsmcap">O P</span>,
+the tube of which must descend into
+the pedestal leaving a passage for the water between its extremity and
+the bottom. Let the mouth of the animal be at <span class="allsmcap">R</span>, from which a concealed
+tube, <span class="allsmcap">R S T</span>, must run along one of the feet, or some other part,
+into the pedestal. When the vessel <span class="allsmcap">A B</span> is filled, the water will overflow
+and run into the funnel, filling the pedestal <span class="allsmcap">G H K L</span> and emptying the
+vessel <span class="allsmcap">A B</span>; in like manner, when the pedestal is full, the water will
+overflow through the siphon <span class="allsmcap">M N X</span> and empty the pedestal; and, as this
+becomes empty, the air will enter through the mouth <span class="allsmcap">R</span> to fill up the
+void that is left. If, then, we apply a drinking vessel at <span class="allsmcap">R</span>, the liquid will
+be violently attracted and sucked down instead of the air, until the
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_47">[47]</span>pedestal within has become empty. Then the vessel <span class="allsmcap">A B</span> is again filled
+and emptied, and the same will take place as before. In order that the
+cup may be applied at the right time, that is, when the water is being
+drawn off from the pedestal, let something be contrived that will move
+when struck by water from the discharge through the siphon <span class="allsmcap">M N X</span>.
+When this is seen to move, apply the drinking cup.</p>
+
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+<div class="chapter">
+  <h2 class="nobreak" id="Sec_29">
+    29. <i>An Automaton which may be made to drink at any time, on a
+    Liquid being presented to it.</i>
+  </h2>
+</div>
+
+
+<figure class="figright illowp70" id="fig29">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/fig29.jpg" alt="Diagram of apparatus as described in text">
+</figure>
+
+<img class="drop-capi" src="images/t.jpg" alt="Stylized T">
+<p class="drop-capi"><span class="uc">There</span> is another way in which, by the aid of running water, the animal
+may be made to drink on the revolution of a carved figure of Pan. Let
+<span class="allsmcap">A B C D</span> (fig. 29) be a pedestal, air-tight on every side,
+and divided into two chambers by a partition. On the surface place
+the animal, and let the tube <span class="allsmcap">E F G</span> pass through its mouth.
+Within the pedestal, in the lower chamber, let there be a bent siphon,
+<span class="allsmcap">H K L</span>, the lower leg projecting from the bottom: and let a
+funnel, <span class="allsmcap">M N</span>, pass through the middle of the partition, its
+tube reaching nearly to the bottom. On the pedestal <span class="allsmcap">A B C D</span>
+place another pedestal, <span class="allsmcap">O X</span>, on which the figure of Pan,
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_48">[48]</span><span class="allsmcap">P R</span>, is to stand, having attached to it the rod <span class="allsmcap">S</span>
+which projects below into the pedestal. To <span class="allsmcap">S</span> let the tube
+<span class="allsmcap">T U</span> be fastened, at the end of which is the cup <span class="allsmcap">U Q</span>,
+attached to and communicating with the tube. Let the tube be of such a
+length that, when the figure <span class="allsmcap">P R</span> turns round, the cup <span class="allsmcap">U
+Q</span> will be directly above the funnel <span class="allsmcap">M N</span>. On the pedestal,
+and communicating with it, and directly above the funnel <span class="allsmcap">M N</span>,
+place the cup <span class="allsmcap">W Y</span>. Let the stream <span class="allsmcap">Z</span>, (which must be
+greater than the discharge through the siphon <span class="allsmcap">H K L</span>), flow
+into <span class="allsmcap">W Y</span>: the liquid will pass through <span class="allsmcap">M N</span> into the
+lower part of the pedestal, the contained air passing out through <span class="allsmcap">E
+F G</span>: and now the pedestal will continue full as the influx is
+greater than the discharge. But, when we turn the figure <span class="allsmcap">P R</span>
+round, the cup <span class="allsmcap">U Q</span> will intercept the stream <span class="allsmcap">Z</span>, which
+will pass elsewhere through the tube <span class="allsmcap">T U</span>, and, as the water no
+longer flows into the lower chamber of the pedestal, the siphon <span class="allsmcap">H
+K L</span> will empty it, and the air will enter through <span class="allsmcap">E F G</span>.
+Thus, when the cup is applied, the animal will drink as before.</p>
+
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+<div class="chapter">
+  <h2 class="nobreak" id="Sec_30">
+    30. <i>An Automaton which will drink any quantity that may be
+    presented to it.</i>
+  </h2>
+</div>
+
+
+<figure class="figright illowp50" id="fig30">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/fig30.jpg" alt="Diagram of apparatus as described in text">
+</figure>
+
+<img class="drop-capi" src="images/t.jpg" alt="Stylized T">
+<p class="drop-capi"><span class="uc">The</span> animal may be made to drink without the aid of
+running water,
+or of any
+thing to move
+the figure of
+Pan. Let <span class="allsmcap">A B
+C D</span> (fig. 30) be a pedestal, and
+<span class="allsmcap">E</span> the mouth of the animal,
+through the breast and hinder
+foot or tail of which a tube, <span class="allsmcap">E F
+G</span>, is inserted, leading from the
+mouth <span class="allsmcap">E</span> to the interior of the
+pedestal. The pedestal having
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_49">[49]</span>been first firmly fixed, let a hole, <span class="allsmcap">E</span>, so fine as to be scarcely discernible,
+be bored in the tube <span class="allsmcap">E F G</span> which passes through the animal, in a line
+with the extremity <span class="allsmcap">G</span>. Now if we fill the siphon <span class="allsmcap">E F G</span> with water through
+some pipe above it, the mouth of which is applied to <span class="allsmcap">E</span>, the siphon will
+continue full since its two orifices lie in the same level. If, therefore, a
+drinking vessel be brought to the mouth <span class="allsmcap">E</span>, and a portion of the mouth
+immersed in it, it will be found that the leg of the siphon towards <span class="allsmcap">G</span> has
+become the longer, so that it will attract the water, and the water attracted
+is carried into the pedestal <span class="allsmcap">A B C D</span>. In this construction it is not
+necessary that <span class="allsmcap">A B C D</span> should be air-tight.</p>
+
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+<div class="chapter">
+  <h2 class="nobreak" id="Sec_31">
+    31. <i>A Wheel in a Temple, which, on being turned, liberates purifying
+    Water.</i>
+  </h2>
+</div>
+
+<figure class="figright illowp50" id="fig31">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/fig31.jpg" alt="Diagram of apparatus as described in text">
+</figure>
+
+<img class="drop-capi" src="images/i.jpg" alt="Stylized I">
+<p class="drop-capi"><span class="uc">In</span> the porticoes of Egyptian temples revolving wheels
+of bronze are placed for those who enter to turn round,
+from an opinion
+that bronze
+purifies. There
+are also vessels
+of lustral water, from which
+the worshippers may sprinkle
+themselves. Let it then be required
+so to construct a wheel
+that, on turning it round, water
+shall flow from it to sprinkle the
+worshippers as we have described.
+Behind the entrance-pillar let a
+vessel of water, <span class="allsmcap">A B C D</span> (fig. 31),
+be concealed, having a hole, <span class="allsmcap">E</span>,
+perforated in its base. Underneath
+the base let a small tube, <span class="allsmcap">F G H K</span>, be fastened, having also a hole
+bored opposite the orifice in the base, and within this place another
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_50">[50]</span>tube, <span class="allsmcap">L M</span>, soldered to the tube <span class="allsmcap">F G H K</span> at <span class="allsmcap">L</span>,
+    and opposite the orifice
+having in like manner a hole, <span class="allsmcap">S</span>: between these two pipes let another
+pipe, <span class="allsmcap">N X O R</span>, be closely fitted, with a hole at <span class="allsmcap">P</span> opposite to <span class="allsmcap">E</span>. Now, if
+the several holes are in one line, when water is poured into the vessel
+<span class="allsmcap">A B C D</span> it will flow out through the pipe <span class="allsmcap">L M</span>; but, if the pipe <span class="allsmcap">N X O R</span> is
+made to revolve so as to change the position of the hole <span class="allsmcap">P</span>, the discharge
+will cease. Attach the wheel to the pipe <span class="allsmcap">N X O R</span>, and, if it is repeatedly
+made to revolve, water will flow out.</p>
+
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+<div class="chapter">
+  <h2 class="nobreak" id="Sec_32">
+    32. <i>A Vessel containing different Wines, any one of which may be
+    liberated by placing a certain Weight in a Cup.</i>
+  </h2>
+</div>
+
+<figure class="figright illowp50" id="fig32">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/fig32.jpg" alt="Diagram of apparatus as described in text">
+</figure>
+
+<img class="drop-capi" src="images/i.jpg" alt="Stylized I">
+<p class="drop-capi"><span class="uc">If</span> several kinds of wine be poured into a vessel by
+its mouth, any one of them at choice may be drawn
+out through
+the same pipe:
+so that, if several
+persons
+have poured in the several wines,
+each one may receive his own
+according to the proportion
+poured in by him. Let <span class="allsmcap">A B C D</span>
+(fig. 32), be an air-tight vessel,
+the neck of which is closed by a
+partition, <span class="allsmcap">E F</span>; and let the whole
+vessel be divided into as many
+compartments as we intend there
+shall be different kinds of wine.
+Suppose, for instance, that <span class="allsmcap">G H</span>,
+<span class="allsmcap">K L</span>, are the partitions, making three compartments, <span class="allsmcap">M</span>, <span class="allsmcap">N</span>, and <span class="allsmcap">X</span>, into
+which the wine will be poured. In the partition <span class="allsmcap">E F</span> pierce small holes,
+one in each compartment, <span class="allsmcap">O, P, R</span>; and from these holes let small tubes,
+<span class="allsmcap">P S</span>, <span class="allsmcap">O T</span>, <span class="allsmcap">R U</span>, communicating with the vessel, extend up into the neck.
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_51">[51]</span>Perforate the partition <span class="allsmcap">E F</span>, near each tube, with fine sieve-like holes,
+through which the liquid will pass into the compartments. When it is
+desired to pour in each kind of wine, place the fingers on <span class="allsmcap">S</span>, <span class="allsmcap">T</span>, and <span class="allsmcap">U</span>, and
+pour in the wine through the neck <span class="allsmcap">Q</span>; it will not pass into either of the
+compartments as the air contained in them has no outlet. But, if we
+set free one of the vents <span class="allsmcap">S</span>, <span class="allsmcap">T</span>, or <span class="allsmcap">U</span>, the air contained in the corresponding
+compartment will pass out through the passage as the wine falls into the
+compartment. Then, placing the finger again on this vent, set another
+free in like manner, and pour in another kind of wine: and so in order
+with the rest, as many as there may be both of compartments and kinds
+of wine. We may procure each wine, in its due quantity, through the
+same pipe in the following manner. In the base of the vessel <span class="allsmcap">A B C D</span>
+let there be tubes leading from each compartment, <span class="allsmcap">W Y</span> from <span class="allsmcap">M</span>, <span class="allsmcap">Z A´</span>
+from <span class="allsmcap">N</span>, and <span class="allsmcap">B´ C´</span> from <span class="allsmcap">X</span>: the extremities of these tubes <span class="allsmcap">Y</span>,
+    <span class="allsmcap">A´</span> and <span class="allsmcap">C´</span>,
+must communicate with another tube <span class="allsmcap">Y A´ C´</span>, into which another tube,
+<span class="allsmcap">E´ F´</span>, is tightly fitted, closed at the interior extremity <span class="allsmcap">F´</span>, and having
+holes pierced in it opposite to <span class="allsmcap">Y</span>, <span class="allsmcap">A´</span>, and <span class="allsmcap">C´</span> so that, as the tube <span class="allsmcap">E´ F´</span>
+    revolves,
+when the holes pierced in it coincide consecutively with the
+holes <span class="allsmcap">Y</span>, <span class="allsmcap">A´</span>, and <span class="allsmcap">C´</span>, they may admit the wine contained in each chamber
+and send it forth through the outer mouth of the tube <span class="allsmcap">E´ F´</span>. To the
+tube <span class="allsmcap">E´ F´</span> attach an iron rod, <span class="allsmcap">G´ H´</span>; to this, at the extremity <span class="allsmcap">H´</span>, solder a
+mass of lead, <span class="allsmcap">K´</span>, and at <span class="allsmcap">G´</span> an iron pin, <span class="allsmcap">L´ M´</span>, to the middle of which is
+fastened a cup, <span class="allsmcap">L</span>, with the concavity upwards: let the interior of this be
+a hollow truncated cone of which <span class="allsmcap">M´</span> is the larger circle and <span class="allsmcap">N´</span> the less,
+and through this the pin <span class="allsmcap">L´ M´</span> is to pass. Take several balls of lead,
+varying in weight, and equal in number to the compartments <span class="allsmcap">M</span>, <span class="allsmcap">N</span>, <span class="allsmcap">X</span>;
+and if we place the least of the balls in the cup <span class="allsmcap">M´ N´</span>, it will descend
+by its weight until it touches the hollow surface of the truncated cone,
+causing the tube <span class="allsmcap">E´ F´</span> to revolve until the hole in it coincides with <span class="allsmcap">Y</span> and
+admits the wine in the compartment <span class="allsmcap">M</span>, which will flow as long as the
+ball remains in the cup, unless it be entirely exhausted: when we remove
+the ball the weight <span class="allsmcap">K´</span> will turn back and close the orifice <span class="allsmcap">Y</span>, and
+the discharge will cease. Again, insert another of the balls, and the
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_52">[52]</span>cup will descend lower and turn the tube <span class="allsmcap">E´ F´</span> further round until the
+hole in it reaches the hole <span class="allsmcap">A´</span>, and then the wine in <span class="allsmcap">N</span> will flow: as before
+when the ball is removed the weight <span class="allsmcap">K´</span> will run down and close
+the orifice <span class="allsmcap">A´</span>, and the wine will cease to flow. If another ball still
+heavier be placed in the cup, the tube <span class="allsmcap">E´ F´</span> will be turned still further
+round, so that the wine in the compartment <span class="allsmcap">X</span> will flow. It is necessary
+however that the least of the balls when placed in the cup should preponderate
+over the weight <span class="allsmcap">K´</span>, or, in other words, be able to cause <span class="allsmcap">E´ F´</span>
+to revolve; for then the other balls will preponderate and move <span class="allsmcap">E´ F´</span>.</p>
+
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+<div class="chapter">
+  <h2 class="nobreak" id="Sec_33">
+    33. <i>A self-trimming Lamp.</i>
+  </h2>
+</div>
+
+
+<figure class="figright illowp60" id="fig33">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/fig33.jpg" alt="Diagram of apparatus as described in text">
+</figure>
+
+<img class="drop-capi" src="images/t.jpg" alt="Stylized T">
+<p class="drop-capi"><span class="uc">To</span> contrive a self-trimming lamp. Let <span class="allsmcap">A B C</span> (fig. 33),
+be a lamp through the mouth of which is inserted an
+iron bar, <span class="allsmcap">D E</span>, capable of sliding freely about the point
+<span class="allsmcap">E</span>, and let the wick be wound loosely about the bar.
+Place near a toothed wheel <span class="allsmcap">F</span>, moving freely about
+an axis, its teeth in contact with the iron bar, that,
+as the wheel revolves,
+the wick may be pushed
+on by means of the
+teeth. Let the opening
+for the oil be of considerable
+width, and
+when the oil is poured
+in let a small basin float
+upon it, <span class="allsmcap">G</span>, to which is
+attached a perpendicular
+toothed bar, <span class="allsmcap">H</span>, the
+teeth of which fit into
+the teeth of the wheel.
+It will be found that, as
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_53">[53]</span>the oil is consumed, the basin sinks and causes the wheel <span class="allsmcap">F</span> to revolve by
+means of the teeth of the bar, and thus the wick is pushed on.</p>
+
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+<div class="chapter">
+  <h2 class="nobreak" id="Sec_34">
+    34. <i>A Vessel from which Liquid may be made to flow, on any
+    portion of Water being poured into it.</i>
+  </h2>
+</div>
+
+
+<figure class="figright illowp30" id="fig34">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/fig34.jpg" alt="Diagram of apparatus as described in text">
+</figure>
+
+<img class="drop-capi" src="images/i.jpg" alt="Stylized I">
+<p class="drop-capi"><span class="uc">If</span> into a vessel, provided at the bottom with an open
+spout, liquid is poured, the spout shall sometimes run
+from the first, sometimes
+when the vessel
+is half filled, and sometimes
+not until the
+whole is filled: in fine, when any proposed
+quantity of liquid has been poured in,
+the spout shall run until all is exhausted.
+Let <span class="allsmcap">A B</span> (fig. 34), be the vessel, the neck
+of which is closed: insert the tube <span class="allsmcap">C D</span>,
+air-tight, through the partition, and let
+it reach to the bottom of the vessel leaving
+only a passage for the water. Let <span class="allsmcap">E F G</span>
+be a bent siphon, the inner leg of which
+extends nearly to the bottom of the vessel,
+while the other projects without, being
+fashioned in the shape of a water-spout:
+the curve of the siphon must be close to
+the neck of the vessel. In <span class="allsmcap">A B</span> make an
+air-hole, <span class="allsmcap">H</span>, near the partition and leading
+into the body of the vessel. If we intend the spout to run immediately
+on the entrance of the liquid, we must place the finger on the vent <span class="allsmcap">H</span>, and
+the spout will run, for as the air in the vessel has no way of retreat, the
+liquid will rush out through the bent siphon. If we do not close <span class="allsmcap">H</span>, the
+liquid will pass into the body of the vessel, and the spout cannot run
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_54">[54]</span>until we again close the vent: and then, if we set the vent free, the
+siphon will exhaust all the liquid.</p>
+
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+<div class="chapter">
+  <h2 class="nobreak block" id="Sec_35">
+    35. <i>A Vessel which will hold a certain quantity of Liquid when the
+    supply is continuous, will only receive a portion of such Liquid if
+    the supply is intermittent.</i>
+  </h2>
+</div>
+
+
+<figure class="figright illowp50" id="fig35">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/fig35.jpg" alt="Diagram of apparatus as described in text">
+</figure>
+
+<img class="drop-capi" src="images/a.jpg" alt="Stylized A">
+<p class="drop-capi"><span class="uc">A vessel</span> can be made which, as long as you pour in
+any liquid, admits it, but, if you once cease pouring,
+holds no more: the construction is in this manner.
+Let <span class="allsmcap">A B</span> (fig. 35), be a vessel, the neck of which is
+closed by the partition <span class="allsmcap">C D</span>. Through the partition
+insert the tube <span class="allsmcap">E F</span>, reaching nearly to the bottom,
+and projecting above the partition
+so as almost to reach
+the brim of the vessel; and
+let this tube be encircled by
+another <span class="allsmcap">G H</span>, the top of which
+is closed by a lid, at a sufficient
+interval from the partition
+and the tube <span class="allsmcap">E F</span> to admit
+of the passage of water: in
+<span class="allsmcap">A B</span> make an air-hole, <span class="allsmcap">K</span>, leading
+into the body of the vessel.
+Now, if we pour liquid into
+the vessel’s neck, it will be
+found that it will pass into
+the body through the tubes
+<span class="allsmcap">G H</span> and <span class="allsmcap">E F</span>, the air retreating
+through the vent <span class="allsmcap">K</span>. But,
+if we cease pouring, and the neck of the vessel becomes empty, the air
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_55">[55]</span>will break the continuity, so that any liquid in <span class="allsmcap">G H</span> will flow down and
+fall upon the partition; for the breadth about the tube <span class="allsmcap">G H</span> should be
+considerable, that the water may fall by its own weight. If more
+liquid be poured in, the air confined in the tubes <span class="allsmcap">E F</span> and <span class="allsmcap">G H</span> will
+not allow it to pass through, so that it will run over the brim of the
+vessel.</p>
+
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+<div class="chapter">
+  <h2 class="nobreak" id="Sec_36">
+    36. <i>A Satyr pouring Water from a Wine-skin into a full Washing-Basin,
+    without making the contents overflow.</i>
+  </h2>
+</div>
+
+
+<figure class="figright illowp60" id="fig36">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/fig36.jpg" alt="Diagram of apparatus as described in text">
+</figure>
+
+<img class="drop-capi" src="images/c.jpg" alt="Stylized C">
+<p class="drop-capi"><span class="uc">Construct</span> on a pedestal the figure of a satyr holding
+in his hands a wine-skin: place near a washing-basin,
+and into this let some liquid be poured until
+it is full; water shall be made to flow into the basin
+without running over, until all the water in the
+skin is exhausted. The following is the construction.
+Let <span class="allsmcap">A B</span> (fig.
+36), be a perfectly air-tight
+pedestal, either
+cylindrical or octagonal
+in shape, as may
+seem more elegant,
+and divided into two
+chambers by the partition
+<span class="allsmcap">C D</span>, through
+which the tube <span class="allsmcap">E F</span>,
+fitting closely into the
+partition, extends upwards
+nearly to the
+roof of the pedestal.
+Through the roof insert
+the tube <span class="allsmcap">G H</span>, projecting
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_56">[56]</span>slightly above the vessel, and lying exactly under the basin,
+while, below, it reaches to the bottom except that room must be left for
+the passage of water: this tube must be soldered into the roof of the
+pedestal and the partition. Another tube, <span class="allsmcap">K L M</span>, must also be inserted
+through the roof, reaching not quite so low as the partition, soldered
+into the roof and carrying its stream into the basin, which lies above the
+tube <span class="allsmcap">G H</span> and communicates with it. Now let the vessel <span class="allsmcap">A D</span> be filled with
+water through an orifice <span class="allsmcap">N</span>, which must be afterwards closed. If water is
+poured into the basin, it will pass through the tube <span class="allsmcap">G H</span> into the vessel <span class="allsmcap">B C</span>;
+and the air in <span class="allsmcap">B C</span>, passing through the tube <span class="allsmcap">E F</span> and into the vessel <span class="allsmcap">A D</span>,
+will force the liquid in <span class="allsmcap">A D</span> through <span class="allsmcap">K L M</span> into the basin; and this being
+carried again into <span class="allsmcap">B C</span> will force out the contained air as before, which,
+again, will force the water in the vessel <span class="allsmcap">A D</span> into the basin: and this
+will go on until the water in <span class="allsmcap">A D</span> is exhausted. The tube <span class="allsmcap">K L M</span> must
+pass through the mouth of the skin and be particularly fine, that the
+display may last a considerable time.</p>
+
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+<div class="chapter">
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_57">[57]</span></p>
+
+
+  <h2 class="nobreak" id="Sec_37">
+    37. <i>Temple Doors opened by Fire on an Altar.</i>
+  </h2>
+</div>
+
+
+<img class="drop-capi" src="images/t.jpg" alt="Stylized T">
+<p class="drop-capi"><span class="uc">The</span> construction of a small temple such that, on lighting
+a fire, the doors shall open spontaneously, and
+shut again when the fire is extinguished. Let the
+proposed temple stand on a pedestal, <span class="allsmcap">A B C D</span> (fig. 37),
+on which lies a small altar, <span class="allsmcap">E D</span>. Through the altar
+insert a tube, <span class="allsmcap">F G</span>, of which the mouth <span class="allsmcap">F</span> is within the
+altar, and the mouth <span class="allsmcap">G</span> is contained in a globe, <span class="allsmcap">H</span>, reaching nearly to its
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_58">[58]</span>centre: the tube must be soldered into the globe, in which a bent siphon,
+<span class="allsmcap">K L M</span>, is placed. Let the hinges of the doors be extended downwards
+and turn freely on pivots in the base <span class="allsmcap">A B C D</span>; and from the hinges let
+two chains, running into one, be attached, by means of a pulley, to a hollow
+vessel, <span class="allsmcap">N X</span>, which is suspended; while other chains, wound upon the hinges
+in an opposite direction to the former, and running into one, are attached,
+by means of a pulley, to a leaden weight, on the descent of which the
+doors will be shut. Let the outer leg of the siphon <span class="allsmcap">K L M</span> lead into the
+suspended vessel; and through a hole, <span class="allsmcap">P</span>, which must be carefully closed
+afterwards, pour water into the globe enough to fill one half of it. It will
+be found that, when the fire has grown hot, the air in the altar becoming
+heated expands into a larger space; and, passing through the tube <span class="allsmcap">F G</span>
+into the globe, it will drive out the liquid contained there through the
+siphon <span class="allsmcap">K L M</span> into the suspended vessel, which, descending with its
+weight, will tighten the chains and open the doors. Again, when the
+fire is extinguished, the rarefied air will escape through the pores in the
+side of the globe, and the bent siphon, (the extremity of which will be
+immersed in the water in the suspended vessel) will draw up the liquid
+in the vessel in order to fill up the void left by the particles removed.
+When the vessel is lightened the weight suspended will preponderate
+and shut the doors. Some in place of water use quicksilver, as it is
+heavier than water and is easily disunited by fire.</p>
+
+<figure class="figcenter illowp80" id="fig37">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/fig37.jpg" alt="Diagram of apparatus as described in text">
+</figure>
+
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+<div class="chapter">
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_59">[59]</span></p>
+
+
+  <h2 class="nobreak" id="Sec_38">
+    38. <i>Other intermediate means of opening Temple Doors by Fire
+    on an Altar.</i>
+  </h2>
+</div>
+
+
+<img class="drop-capi" src="images/t.jpg" alt="Stylized T">
+<p class="drop-capi"><span class="uc">There</span> is another way in which, on lighting a fire, the
+doors will open. As before, let a small temple stand
+upon a base, <span class="allsmcap">A B C D</span> (fig. 38), on which is an altar,
+<span class="allsmcap">E</span>. Let a tube, <span class="allsmcap">F G H</span>, pass through the altar and be
+attached to a leathern bag, <span class="allsmcap">K</span>, perfectly air-tight: beneath
+this let a small weight, <span class="allsmcap">L</span>, hang, from which a
+chain is attached across a pulley to the chains round the hinges, so that,
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_60">[60]</span>when the bag is folded together, the weight <span class="allsmcap">L</span> preponderates and shuts
+the doors, and when fire is placed on the altar they are opened. For,
+as before, the air in the altar growing hot, and expanding, will pass
+through the tube <span class="allsmcap">F G H</span> into the bag, and raise it up with the weight <span class="allsmcap">L</span>;
+and then the doors will be opened. The doors will either open of themselves,
+as the doors of baths shut spontaneously, or they may have a
+counterbalancing weight to open them. When the sacrifice is extinguished,
+and the air which has entered the bag passes out, the weight,
+descending with the bag, will tighten the chains and close the doors.</p>
+
+
+<figure class="figcenter illowp70" id="fig38">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/fig38.jpg" alt="Diagram of apparatus as described in text">
+</figure>
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+<div class="chapter">
+  <h2 class="nobreak block" id="Sec_39">
+    39. <i>Wine flowing from a Vessel may be arrested on the Introduction
+    of Water, but, when the Supply
+    of Water ceases, the Wine flows
+    again.</i>
+  </h2>
+</div>
+
+
+<figure class="figright illowp50" id="fig39">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/fig39.jpg" alt="Diagram of apparatus as described in text">
+</figure>
+
+<img class="drop-capi" src="images/i.jpg" alt="Stylized I">
+<p class="drop-capi"><span class="uc">If</span> there be a
+vessel containing
+wine, and
+provided with
+three spouts,
+wine shall flow
+through the middle of the three;
+and, when water is poured in,
+the stream of wine shall cease,
+and water shall flow through
+the other two; again, when the
+stream of water ceases, wine shall
+flow through the middle spout:
+and this shall take place as often
+as we pour in water. Let <span class="allsmcap">A B</span>
+(fig. 39), be a vessel, the neck of
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_61">[61]</span>which is closed by the partition <span class="allsmcap">C D</span>, and having a spout, <span class="allsmcap">E</span>, at the bottom.
+Let two tubes, <span class="allsmcap">F G H</span>, <span class="allsmcap">K L M</span>, terminating in spouts, pass through
+the partition and project above it; and round the projecting parts place
+other tubes, <span class="allsmcap">N</span>, <span class="allsmcap">X</span>, covered with lids at the top and extending to the
+partition except a passage for the water. Another tube, <span class="allsmcap">P</span>, reaching
+nearly up to the partition, communicates with <span class="allsmcap">F G H</span>. Having first
+closed the spout <span class="allsmcap">E</span>, fill the vessel<del class="corr" title="Transcriber's Note—Corrigenda change was: ," id="c6"> </del><span class="allsmcap">A B</span> with wine through an orifice, <span class="allsmcap">Q</span>,
+which must be carefully closed afterwards. When <span class="allsmcap">E</span> is set free it will
+be found that wine flows through it, for air enters from without into the
+void created, through the orifice <span class="allsmcap">H</span> and the tube <span class="allsmcap">P</span>. Now, if we pour
+water upon the partition <span class="allsmcap">C D</span>, it will be carried out through the tubes
+<span class="allsmcap">F G H</span>, <span class="allsmcap">K L M</span>; but, as the air has no means of entering the vessel <span class="allsmcap">A B</span>,
+the wine will cease to flow until all the water has escaped, when the air
+finds an entrance again and the wine flows. Instead of the tube <span class="allsmcap">P</span>,
+another tube, <span class="allsmcap">R S</span>, may be used, piercing through the partition, about
+which another, <span class="allsmcap">T U</span>, must lie, like the tubes <span class="allsmcap">N</span> and <span class="allsmcap">X</span>, but higher than
+those, so that <span class="allsmcap">R S</span> may rise above the lip of the vessel. The same result
+will follow.</p>
+
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+<div class="chapter">
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_62">[62]</span></p>
+
+
+  <h2 class="nobreak" id="Sec_40">
+    40. <i>On an Apple being lifted, Hercules shoots a Dragon
+    which then hisses.</i>
+  </h2>
+</div>
+
+
+<figure class="figright illowp70" id="fig40">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/fig40.jpg" alt="Diagram of apparatus as described in text">
+</figure>
+
+<img class="drop-capi" src="images/o.jpg" alt="Stylized O">
+<p class="drop-capi"><span class="uc">On</span> a pedestal is placed a small tree round which a serpent
+or dragon is coiled; a figure of Hercules stands
+near shooting from a bow, and an apple lies upon
+the pedestal: if any one raises, with the hand, the
+apple a little from the pedestal, <ins class="corr" title="Transcriber's Note—Corrigenda change was: the Hercules" id="c7">Hercules</ins> shall
+discharge his arrow at the serpent and the serpent
+hiss. Let <span class="allsmcap">A B</span> (fig. 40) be the proposed pedestal, air-tight and divided
+by a partition, <span class="allsmcap">C D</span>.
+Fixed in the partition
+is a hollow truncated
+cone, <span class="allsmcap">E F</span>, the lesser circle
+of which, <span class="allsmcap">F</span>, is open
+and approaches to the
+bottom of the pedestal,
+leaving a sufficient interval
+for the passage
+of water. To this cone
+must be tightly fitted
+another cone <span class="allsmcap">H</span>, attached
+by means of a
+chain through a hole
+in the surface, to the
+apple <span class="allsmcap">K</span>, which lies on
+the pedestal. Let
+<ins class="corr" title="Transcriber's Note—Corrigenda change was: the Hercules" id="c8">Hercules</ins> hold a small
+bow of horn, the string of which is stretched, and at the proper distance
+from the hand. In the right hand, and directed towards the serpent,
+let there be a hand in every respect similar to the visible hand, but
+smaller, and holding the trigger. From the extremity of the trigger
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_63">[63]</span>let a chain, or cord, proceed through the pedestal and be attached to a
+pulley, which is placed above the partition, and again to the chain which
+is connected with the cone and apple. Now we must draw the bow,
+and placing the trigger beneath the hand, close it so that the cord is
+stretched and draws the apple tightly downwards: the cord must
+run inside <ins class="corr" title="Transcriber's Note—Corrigenda change was: the Hercules" id="c9">Hercules</ins> and through the body and hand. From the
+partition let a small tube, one of those which are used to whistle, extend
+above the pedestal and pass under the tree or along its trunk.
+Then fill the vessel <span class="allsmcap">A D</span> with water. Let <span class="allsmcap">L M</span> be the tree, <span class="allsmcap">N X</span> the bow, <span class="allsmcap">S
+P</span> the string, <span class="allsmcap">R S</span> the hand that grasps the bow, <span class="allsmcap">T U</span> the trigger, <span class="allsmcap">Q W</span> the
+cord, <span class="allsmcap">W</span> the pulley round which the cord runs, and <span class="allsmcap">Y Z</span> the whistling
+pipe. Now if some one raise the apple <span class="allsmcap">K</span>, he will at the same time raise
+the cone <span class="allsmcap">H</span>, tighten the cord <span class="allsmcap">Q W</span>, and draw back the hand, so that the
+arrow is discharged: and the water in <span class="allsmcap">A D</span>, being carried into <span class="allsmcap">B C</span>, will
+drive out the air contained in <span class="allsmcap">B C</span> through the pipe, and produce the
+hissing sound. When the apple is replaced, the cone <span class="allsmcap">H</span> fitting again
+into the other, will stop the stream of water so that no sound is produced.
+We must now re-arrange the arrow and leave it. If the vessel
+<span class="allsmcap">B C</span> is full, it can be emptied again by means of a spout with a key: <span class="allsmcap">A D</span>
+must be filled as before.</p>
+
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+<div class="chapter">
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_64">[64]</span></p>
+
+
+  <h2 class="nobreak" id="Sec_41">
+    41. <i>A Vessel from which uniform Quantities only of Liquid
+    can be poured.</i>
+  </h2>
+</div>
+
+
+<figure class="figright illowp35" id="fig41">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/fig41.jpg" alt="Diagram of apparatus as described in text">
+</figure>
+
+<img class="drop-capi" src="images/t.jpg" alt="Stylized T">
+<p class="drop-capi"><span class="uc">The</span> following is the construction of the vessel called a
+dicæometer, which, having been filled with liquid,
+discharges an equal quantity
+every time it is inverted.
+Let <span class="allsmcap">A B</span> (fig.
+41), be a vessel the neck
+of which is closed by the partition <span class="allsmcap">A B</span>: near
+its bottom let there be a small globe, <span class="allsmcap">C</span>,
+holding the measure of water we intend
+to flow out. Through the partition insert
+a small and very fine tube, <span class="allsmcap">D E</span>, communicating
+with the globe. In the lower part
+of the globe perforate a small hole, <span class="allsmcap">F</span>, from
+which a pipe, <span class="allsmcap">F G</span>, extends upwards, running
+just beneath, and communicating with, the
+handle of the vessel which is hollow. Near
+the hole just mentioned make another at <span class="allsmcap">L</span>
+towards the body of the vessel: the handle
+also must have a vent at <span class="allsmcap">H</span>. Having first
+stopped the vent <span class="allsmcap">H</span> we must fill the vessel
+with liquid through a hole which must
+afterwards be carefully closed, or the vessel
+may even be filled through the tube <span class="allsmcap">D E</span>
+itself, a fine hole, however, being made in
+the body of the vessel through which the air can be driven out; and
+the globe <span class="allsmcap">C</span> will be filled with liquid at the same time through the tube
+<span class="allsmcap">D E</span>. Now, if we invert the vessel and set the vent <span class="allsmcap">H</span> free, the liquid in
+the globe <span class="allsmcap">C</span> and the tube <span class="allsmcap">D E</span> will flow out. If we again close the vent
+and restore the vessel to its original position, the globe and tube will
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_65">[65]</span>be filled again, for the air they contain will be driven out by the liquid
+rushing in; and, when the vessel is once more inverted, a like quantity
+of liquid will again flow out, except indeed with some difference as to
+the tube <span class="allsmcap">D E</span>, for it will not be always filled, but as the vessel grows
+empty it will be empty itself: this difference however is extremely small.</p>
+
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+<div class="chapter">
+  <h2 class="nobreak" id="Sec_42">
+    42. <i>A Water Jet actuated by compressed Air from the Lungs.</i>
+  </h2>
+</div>
+
+
+<figure class="figright illowp50" id="fig42">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/fig42.jpg" alt="Diagram of apparatus as described in text">
+</figure>
+
+<img class="drop-capi" src="images/t.jpg" alt="Stylized T">
+<p class="drop-capi"><span class="uc">There</span> are vessels from which water is forced up by
+blowing into them. Through the neck of the vessel
+(fig. 42), a tube is
+inserted, reaching
+nearly to the
+bottom, and soldered
+in at its mouth. Stop this
+mouth with the finger, and pour in
+some liquid through a hole: then,
+having blown into the vessel through
+the same hole, close it by means
+of a key, and set free the mouth
+of the tube; the liquid will be made
+to spout up through the orifice by
+the compressed air which was
+blown in.</p>
+
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+<div class="chapter">
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_66">[66]</span></p>
+
+
+  <h2 class="nobreak" id="Sec_43">
+    43. <i>Notes from a Bird produced at intervals by an intermittent
+    Stream of Water.</i>
+  </h2>
+</div>
+
+
+<figure class="figright illowp50" id="fig43">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/fig43.jpg" alt="Diagram of apparatus as described in text">
+</figure>
+
+<img class="drop-capi" src="images/t.jpg" alt="Stylized T">
+<p class="drop-capi"><span class="uc">The</span> notes of birds are produced at intervals as follows.
+Take an air-tight vessel (fig. 43), through which a
+funnel is inserted, the tube being far enough from the
+bottom of the vessel to allow of the passage of water.
+Above the funnel is placed a hollow vessel, turning
+on pivots, and having a weight below, into which
+water is continually carried. So
+long as the vessel on the pivots
+is empty it will be found to remain
+upright, for a weight is attached
+to its bottom; but, when
+the vessel is filled the water is
+overturned into the air-tight
+vessel, and the air contained in
+the vessel being driven out
+through a small pipe will produce
+the sound. The vessel is
+emptied of water by means of a
+bent siphon, and, while it is being
+emptied, the vessel on pivots
+is again filled and overturned.
+It will be requisite that the
+stream of water should not fall into the centre of the vessel on pivots,
+that when filled it may be inverted speedily.</p>
+
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+<div class="chapter">
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_67">[67]</span></p>
+
+
+  <h2 class="nobreak" id="Sec_44">
+    44. <i>Notes produced from several Birds in succession, by a
+    Stream of Water.</i>
+  </h2>
+</div>
+
+
+<figure class="figright illowp50" id="fig44">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/fig44.jpg" alt="Diagram of apparatus as described in text">
+</figure>
+
+<img class="drop-capi" src="images/s.jpg" alt="Stylized S">
+<p class="drop-capi"><span class="uc">Sounds</span> are produced at intervals in another way as
+follows. A vessel is taken (fig. 44), provided with
+several transverse
+partitions.
+In the
+chambers are
+placed siphons conducting into
+the chambers beneath, the
+streams through them being
+unequal. In the lower compartment
+is placed the pipe
+which produces the sound, and
+the stream of water falls into
+the upper compartment. It
+will be found that when the
+upper chamber is filled, the
+water passes through the siphon
+placed there into the chamber
+below, until it has arrived at
+the lowest, and the vessel being
+air-tight, the air in this chamber
+is driven out through the pipe
+and produces the sound.</p>
+
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+<div class="chapter">
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_68">[68]</span></p>
+
+
+  <h2 class="nobreak" id="Sec_45">
+    45. <i>A Jet of Steam supporting a Sphere.</i>
+  </h2>
+</div>
+
+
+<figure class="figright illowp50" id="fig45">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/fig45.jpg" alt="Diagram of apparatus as described in text">
+</figure>
+
+<img class="drop-capi" src="images/b.jpg" alt="Stylized B">
+<p class="drop-capi"><span class="uc">Balls</span> are supported aloft in the following manner.
+Underneath a cauldron
+(fig. 45), containing
+water and
+closed at the top, a
+fire is lighted. From
+the covering a tube runs upwards, at the
+extremity of which, and communicating
+with it, is a hollow hemisphere. If
+we put a light ball into the hemisphere,
+it will be found that the steam from the
+cauldron, rising through the tube, lifts
+the ball so that it is suspended.</p>
+
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+<div class="chapter">
+  <h2 class="nobreak" id="Sec_46">
+    46. <i>The World represented in the Centre of the Universe.</i>
+  </h2>
+</div>
+
+
+<figure class="figright illowp50" id="fig46">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/fig46.jpg" alt="Diagram of apparatus as described in text">
+</figure>
+
+<img class="drop-capi" src="images/t.jpg" alt="Stylized T">
+<p class="drop-capi"><span class="uc">The</span> construction of a transparent globe containing air
+and liquid, and also
+of a smaller globe, in
+the centre, in imitation
+of the world.
+Two hemispheres
+of glass are made (fig. 46): one of
+them is covered with a plate of bronze,
+in the middle of which is a round
+hole, To fit this hole a light ball, of
+small size, is constructed, and thrown
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_69">[69]</span>into the water contained in the other hemisphere: the covered hemisphere
+is next applied to this, and, a certain quantity of liquid having
+been removed from the water, the intermediate space will contain the
+ball; thus by the application of the second hemisphere what was proposed
+is accomplished.</p>
+
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+<div class="chapter">
+  <h2 class="nobreak" id="Sec_47">
+    47. <i>A Fountain which trickles by the Action of the Sun’s Rays.</i>
+  </h2>
+</div>
+
+
+<figure class="figright illowp60" id="fig47">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/fig47.jpg" alt="Diagram of apparatus as described in text">
+</figure>
+
+<img class="drop-capi" src="images/t.jpg" alt="Stylized T">
+<p class="drop-capi"><span class="uc">The</span> “fountain” as it is called may be made to trickle as
+long as the sun falls upon it. Let there be an air-tight
+pedestal, <span class="allsmcap">A B C D</span> (fig. 47), through which a funnel
+is inserted, its tube extending within a very little of
+the bottom. Let <span class="allsmcap">E F</span> be a globe, from which a tube
+leads into the pedestal, (reaching nearly to the bottom
+of the pedestal and to the
+circumference of the globe,)
+while a bent siphon, fitted
+into the globe, leads into
+the funnel. Now pour water
+into the globe; and when
+the sun falls upon the
+globe, the air in it, being
+heated, will drive out the
+liquid, which will be carried
+along the siphon <span class="allsmcap">G</span>, and
+pass through the funnel into
+the pedestal. But when the
+globe is in the shade, the
+air having escaped through
+the globe, the tube will
+again suck up the liquid, and fill the void which had been produced;
+and this will take place as often as the sun falls upon the globe.</p>
+
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+<div class="chapter">
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_70">[70]</span></p>
+
+
+  <h2 class="nobreak" id="Sec_48">
+    48. <i>A Thyrsus made to whistle by being submerged in Water.</i>
+  </h2>
+</div>
+
+
+<figure class="figright illowp35" id="fig48">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/fig48.jpg" alt="Diagram of apparatus as described in text">
+</figure>
+
+<img class="drop-capi" src="images/b.jpg" alt="Stylized B">
+<p class="drop-capi"><span class="uc">By</span> immersing a thyrsus in water to produce the sound
+either of a pipe or of any bird. Let <span class="allsmcap">A B C D</span> (fig.
+48), be a thyrsus; and
+at the extremity of its
+head, which must be
+hollow and shaped like
+a fir-cone, let there be an orifice <span class="allsmcap">D</span>. Close
+the shaft a little below the mouth by the
+partition <span class="allsmcap">A E</span>, and place near it a small pipe,
+<span class="allsmcap">F</span>, just beneath the mouth of the tube, and
+passing through an orifice in the partition.
+If we insert the thyrsus in water and force
+it downwards, the air contained in it being
+driven out by the water will produce a
+sound. If there is nothing but the pipe we
+shall have a whistle only; but if there is
+any quantity of water under the partition
+there will be a gurgling sound.</p>
+
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+<div class="chapter">
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_71">[71]</span></p>
+
+
+  <h2 class="nobreak" id="Sec_49">
+    49. <i>A Trumpet, in the Hands of an Automaton, sounded by
+    compressed Air.</i>
+  </h2>
+</div>
+
+
+<figure class="figright illowp50" id="fig49">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/fig49.jpg" alt="Diagram of apparatus as described in text">
+</figure>
+
+<img class="drop-capi" src="images/a.jpg" alt="Stylized A">
+<p class="drop-capi"><span class="uc">A figure</span> stands upon a pedestal having a trumpet in
+its mouth: if it be blown into, the trumpet shall
+sound. Let <span class="allsmcap">A B
+C D</span> (fig. 49),
+be an air-tight
+pedestal on
+which a figure stands, and within
+the pedestal let there be a hollow
+hemisphere, <span class="allsmcap">E F G</span>, covered over at
+the top and having small holes in
+the bottom. From the hemisphere
+a tube, <span class="allsmcap">H F</span>, extends upwards
+into the figure in the direction of
+the trumpet, which is provided
+with a mouthpiece. Pour liquid
+into the pedestal through a hole
+which must be afterwards stopped
+again by means of [a valve or tap
+called] a smerisma. Now, if we
+blow into the bell of the trumpet,
+the air passing from us will force
+out through the holes the water
+in the hemisphere, which will
+mount up into the pedestal: but
+when we withdraw the breath, the water will enter the hemisphere
+again and force out the air, which, passing out through the mouthpiece,
+will produce the sound of a trumpet.</p>
+
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+<div class="chapter">
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_72">[72]</span></p>
+
+
+  <h2 class="nobreak" id="Sec_50">
+    50. <i>The Steam-Engine.</i>
+  </h2>
+</div>
+
+
+<figure class="figright illowp50" id="fig50">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/fig50.jpg" alt="Diagram of apparatus as described in text">
+</figure>
+
+<img class="drop-capi" src="images/p.jpg" alt="Stylized P">
+<p class="drop-capi"><span class="uc">Place</span> a cauldron over a fire: a ball shall revolve on
+a pivot. A fire is lighted under a cauldron, <span class="allsmcap">A B</span>, (fig.
+50), containing water, and covered at the mouth by
+the lid <span class="allsmcap">C D</span>: with this the bent tube <span class="allsmcap">E F G</span> communicates,
+the extremity of the tube being fitted into a
+hollow ball, <span class="allsmcap">H K</span>. Opposite to the extremity <span class="allsmcap">G</span> place a
+pivot, <span class="allsmcap">L M</span>, resting on the lid <span class="allsmcap">C D</span>;
+and let the ball contain two
+bent pipes, communicating with
+it at the opposite extremities of
+a diameter, and bent in opposite
+directions, the bends being
+at right angles and across the
+lines <span class="allsmcap">F G</span>, <span class="allsmcap">L M</span>. As the cauldron
+gets hot it will be found that
+the steam, entering the ball
+through <span class="allsmcap">E F G</span>, passes out through
+the bent tubes towards the lid,
+and causes the ball to revolve,
+as in the case of the dancing
+figures.</p>
+
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+<div class="chapter">
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_73">[73]</span></p>
+
+
+  <h2 class="nobreak" id="Sec_51">
+    51. <i>A Vessel from which flowing Water may be stopped at pleasure.</i>
+  </h2>
+</div>
+
+
+<figure class="figright illowp70" id="fig51">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/fig51.jpg" alt="Diagram of apparatus as described in text">
+</figure>
+
+<img class="drop-capi" src="images/i.jpg" alt="Stylized I">
+<p class="drop-capi"><span class="uc">If</span> a bowl stands upon a pedestal and has an open water-spout,
+the discharge shall suddenly cease, though
+there be no slide or tap attached to shut the spout.
+Let <span class="allsmcap">A B</span> (fig. 51), be the bowl on the pedestal <span class="allsmcap">C</span>: through
+the bottom of the bowl and the pedestal insert a
+tube, <span class="allsmcap">D E F</span>, terminating in a spout; and at the handle
+of the vessel fix a bar,
+<span class="allsmcap">G H</span>, against which another
+bar, <span class="allsmcap">K L</span>, may
+move about the pin <span class="allsmcap">H</span>:
+at the extremity <span class="allsmcap">K</span> place
+a vertical bar, <span class="allsmcap">K M</span>,
+moving about the pin
+<span class="allsmcap">K</span>: to this bar let a box,
+<span class="allsmcap">N X</span>, be attached at
+<span class="allsmcap">M</span>, having weight, and
+large enough to inclose
+the tube <span class="allsmcap">D E F</span>. When
+the bowl is full, if we
+depress the extremity
+<span class="allsmcap">L</span> of the bar, the box
+<span class="allsmcap">N X</span> will ascend, and,
+when this is raised,
+the water in the bowl
+will be carried out
+through the tube <span class="allsmcap">D E F</span>: but if the extremity <span class="allsmcap">L</span> be set free, the box will
+descend and encompass the tube <span class="allsmcap">D E F</span>, and the air it contains, having
+no way of escape, will disconnect the liquid round the tube <span class="allsmcap">D E F</span>, and
+prevent it from being further carried out through the mouth <span class="allsmcap">D</span>. When
+we again depress the extremity <span class="allsmcap">L</span> the spout will run as before.</p>
+
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+<div class="chapter">
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_74">[74]</span></p>
+
+
+  <h2 class="nobreak" id="Sec_52">
+    52. <i>A Drinking-Horn in which a peculiarly formed Siphon is fixed.</i>
+  </h2>
+</div>
+
+
+<figure class="figright illowp60" id="fig52">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/fig52.jpg" alt="Diagram of apparatus as described in text">
+</figure>
+
+<img class="drop-capi" src="images/t.jpg" alt="Stylized T">
+<p class="drop-capi"><span class="uc">The</span> construction of a drinking-horn such that, if a
+cover of glass be placed upon it, while a discharge is
+going on from the vessel, the liquid shall ascend into
+the glass cover and be thrown back. <span class="allsmcap">A B C</span> (fig. 52),
+is a drinking-horn, closed by the covering <span class="allsmcap">D E</span>; and
+from <span class="allsmcap">D E</span> extend two tubes, <span class="allsmcap">F G</span>, <span class="allsmcap">H K</span>, one of them, <span class="allsmcap">H K</span>,
+leading into the interior of the
+vessel, the other, <span class="allsmcap">F G</span>, leading
+outside. A glass cover, <span class="allsmcap">M N</span>,
+incloses this; and in the top,
+<span class="allsmcap">D E</span>, outside the glass vessel,
+is an aperture, <span class="allsmcap">X</span>, through
+which water may be poured.
+When the horn is filled
+through this aperture, the
+tube <span class="allsmcap">H K</span> will be filled at the
+same time, and as the water
+is poured in it will ascend
+into the glass vessel so as to
+be carried outside through
+the tube <span class="allsmcap">F G</span>. Thus we shall
+have the arrangement of a
+bent siphon, of which <span class="allsmcap">H K</span>
+is the smaller leg and <span class="allsmcap">F G</span>
+the greater, so that it will attract the liquid in the horn as it ascends
+into the cover; it will also attract the air contained in the cover, which
+is lighter than the liquid, and the water will appear to be thrown back
+into the void space left by the air and to descend by its own weight;
+for this upward motion is contrary to its nature.</p>
+
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+<div class="chapter">
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_75">[75]</span></p>
+
+
+  <h2 class="nobreak" id="Sec_53">
+    53. <i>A Vessel in which Water and Air ascend and descend alternately.</i>
+  </h2>
+</div>
+
+
+<figure class="figright illowp40" id="fig53">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/fig53.jpg" alt="Diagram of apparatus as described in text">
+</figure>
+
+<img class="drop-capi" src="images/t.jpg" alt="Stylized T">
+<p class="drop-capi"><span class="uc">There</span> is also another contrivance by which liquid is
+borne steadily upwards and remains, so as to seem
+perpetually ascending.
+Let <span class="allsmcap">A B</span> (fig.
+53), be a perfectly
+air-tight pedestal,
+furnished with a partition, <span class="allsmcap">C D</span>, and a
+cylindrical glass cover, <span class="allsmcap">E F</span>, also perfectly
+air-tight. In the cover <span class="allsmcap">E F</span> let
+there be a tube, <span class="allsmcap">G H</span>, reaching nearly to
+the top, and passing through an orifice
+in the partition <span class="allsmcap">C D</span>, and another tube,
+<span class="allsmcap">K L</span>, passing through the top of the pedestal
+but not descending quite so low
+as the partition. In the pedestal, and
+outside the glass cover, let there be an
+aperture, <span class="allsmcap">M</span>, through which the vessel <span class="allsmcap">A
+D</span> is to be filled, and near the bottom of
+the pedestal a spout, <span class="allsmcap">N</span>; also one other
+tube, <span class="allsmcap">X O</span>, passing through the partition
+and reaching nearly to the bottom of
+the pedestal, through which the vessel
+<span class="allsmcap">C B</span> may be filled. If the spout, <span class="allsmcap">N</span>, be
+closed the air in <span class="allsmcap">C B</span> will pass out
+through the tubes <span class="allsmcap">G H</span>, <span class="allsmcap">K L</span>, and the hole <span class="allsmcap">M</span>; and when <span class="allsmcap">C B</span> is full we
+must fill <span class="allsmcap">A D</span> through the hole <span class="allsmcap">M</span>, for the air contained in it will pass out
+through the same hole. Now, if we set the spout <span class="allsmcap">N</span> free, the air in the
+glass cover will pass through the tube <span class="allsmcap">G H</span> into the void space left
+in <span class="allsmcap">C B</span>, and water will ascend from <span class="allsmcap">A D</span> through the tube <span class="allsmcap">K L</span> into the
+void space left in the cover, while into the void of the vessel <span class="allsmcap">A D</span> air
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_76">[76]</span>will enter through the aperture <span class="allsmcap">M</span>; and this will go on until the glass cover
+is filled: but the spaces <span class="allsmcap">A D</span>, <span class="allsmcap">C B</span>, <span class="allsmcap">E F</span>, must be of equal capacity that the
+air and water may take the place of one another. When <span class="allsmcap">C B</span> is exhausted
+and the continuity of the air is broken, the water will again descend out
+of the glass cover into <span class="allsmcap">A D</span>, air passing into the cover through the spout
+<span class="allsmcap">N</span> and the tube <span class="allsmcap">G H</span>. The air in <span class="allsmcap">A D</span> will pass out through the aperture <span class="allsmcap">M</span>.</p>
+
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+<div class="chapter">
+  <h2 class="nobreak" id="Sec_54">
+    54. <i>Water driven from the Mouth of a Wine-skin in the Hands of a
+    Satyr, by means of compressed Air.</i>
+  </h2>
+</div>
+
+
+<figure class="figright illowp60" id="fig54">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/fig54.jpg" alt="Diagram of apparatus as described in text">
+</figure>
+
+<img class="drop-capi" src="images/i.jpg" alt="Stylized I">
+<p class="drop-capi"><span class="uc">If</span> wind is blown through the mouth of certain figures,
+they spout up water through some other place. For
+example, if a satyr holds a wine-skin, water shall be
+spouted up through the skin. <span class="allsmcap">A B C D</span> (fig. 54), is
+an air-tight pedestal on which the figure is placed;
+through the mouth of the figure a tube, <span class="allsmcap">E F</span>, is inserted,
+communicating
+with the pedestal, and
+having underneath it a
+small plate, <span class="allsmcap">G H</span>, which
+closes the aperture <span class="allsmcap">F</span>
+of the tube, and is
+supported by pins to
+which buttons are attached,
+that the plate
+may not fall off. Another
+tube, <span class="allsmcap">K L</span>, is passed
+through the pedestal,
+of which the extremity,
+<span class="allsmcap">K</span>, must be contiguous
+to the point at which
+the water-jet is to be,
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_77">[77]</span>and the extremity, <span class="allsmcap">L</span>, reach to the bottom of the pedestal, leaving only
+a passage for the water. At the extremity <span class="allsmcap">K</span> there must be a valve
+or tap by which the aperture <span class="allsmcap">K</span>, which is very small, may be shut.
+Now if we pour any quantity of water into the pedestal through a hole,
+which we must afterwards stop, and, having closed the aperture <span class="allsmcap">K</span>, blow
+in air through the tube <span class="allsmcap">E F</span>, the air blown in will thrust aside the plate
+and descend into the pedestal: and, if this is done several times, the air
+in the pedestal will be compressed and close the plate. Let the valve or
+tap be opened, and after a short time the compressed air will drive the
+liquid in the pedestal violently out through the aperture <span class="allsmcap">K</span>, until all the
+liquid is spouted up, and the air is brought back to its natural state,
+that is, in which it is no longer subject to compression.</p>
+
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+<div class="chapter">
+  <h2 class="nobreak block" id="Sec_55">
+    55. <i>A Vessel, out of which Water
+    flows as it is poured in, but if the
+    supply is withheld, Water will not
+    flow again, until the Vessel is half
+    filled; and on the supply being
+    again stopped, it will not then flow
+    until the Vessel is filled.</i>
+  </h2>
+</div>
+
+
+<figure class="figright illowp40" id="fig55">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/fig55.jpg" alt="Diagram of apparatus as described in text">
+</figure>
+
+<img class="drop-capi" src="images/t.jpg" alt="Stylized T">
+<p class="drop-capi"><span class="uc">There</span> are some vessels
+which, when water
+is poured in, flow
+immediately, but, if
+we discontinue pouring
+for a short space,
+do not flow again, though water is poured
+in afresh, till they are half full,
+when they begin to flow once more; and
+if we discontinue again, do not flow
+any more till they are quite full. Let
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_78">[78]</span><span class="allsmcap">A B</span> (fig. 55), be a vessel containing, concealed in its interior, three
+siphons, <span class="allsmcap">C</span>, <span class="allsmcap">D</span>, <span class="allsmcap">E</span>, one leg of each being near the bottom of the vessel,
+while the other, fashioned into a water-spout, conducts outside the vessel.
+At the outer extremities of the siphons, apply vessels, <span class="allsmcap">F</span>, <span class="allsmcap">G</span>, <span class="allsmcap">H</span>, the
+bottoms of which are far enough from the orifices of the siphons to admit
+the passage of water between; and let all this be encompassed by
+another vessel, as it were a pedestal, <span class="allsmcap">K L M N</span>, which is provided with a
+spout at <span class="allsmcap">X</span>. Let the bend of the siphon <span class="allsmcap">C</span> be close to the bottom of the
+vessel <span class="allsmcap">A B</span>; that of <span class="allsmcap">D</span>, half way up its height, and that of <span class="allsmcap">E</span>, near the
+neck. Now, if we pour water into the vessel <span class="allsmcap">A B</span>, it will immediately
+flow through the siphon <span class="allsmcap">C</span> since its bend is near the bottom: but, if we
+cease pouring, the liquid poured in will be drawn off through the pipe
+<span class="allsmcap">F</span>, and the vessel <span class="allsmcap">F</span> will be found full of water, while the other part of
+the siphon <span class="allsmcap">C</span> will be full of air. Consequently, when liquid is again
+poured into the vessel, it will not pass through the siphon <span class="allsmcap">C</span>, owing to
+the air which is contained in the siphon between the water which is
+being poured in and that in the vessel <span class="allsmcap">F</span>. The liquid will therefore rise
+as high as the bend of the siphon <span class="allsmcap">D</span>, which is at the middle of the vessel,
+and then it will begin to flow: but, if we again cease pouring, the
+same will happen as has been explained in the case of the siphon <span class="allsmcap">C</span>. A
+like result must be imagined with the siphon <span class="allsmcap">E</span>. It will be necessary to
+pour in the stream gently, that the air intercepted in the siphon may
+not be forcibly driven out.</p>
+
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+<div class="chapter">
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_79">[79]</span></p>
+
+
+  <h2 class="nobreak" id="Sec_56">
+    56. <i>A Cupping-Glass, to which is attached<del class="corr" title="Transcriber's Note—Corrigenda change was: ," id="c10"> </del> an Air-exhausted
+    Compartment.</i>
+  </h2>
+</div>
+
+
+<figure class="figright illowp60" id="fig56">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/fig56.jpg" alt="Diagram of apparatus as described in text">
+</figure>
+
+<img class="drop-capi" src="images/t.jpg" alt="Stylized T">
+<p class="drop-capi"><span class="uc">The</span> construction of a cupping-glass which shall attract
+without the aid of fire. Let <span class="allsmcap">A B C</span> (fig. 56), be a cupping-glass,
+such as is usually applied to the body,
+having a partition across it, <span class="allsmcap">D E</span>: through the bottom
+of the cupping-glass let two sliding tubes be inserted,
+<span class="allsmcap">F G</span> being the outer tube and <span class="allsmcap">H K</span> the inner; and in
+these, but outside the cupping-glass,
+pierce corresponding
+holes, <span class="allsmcap">L</span> and <span class="allsmcap">M</span>.
+Let the inner extremities
+of both the tubes be open,
+but the outer extremity of
+<span class="allsmcap">H K</span> be closed and provided
+with a handle. Under
+the partition <span class="allsmcap">D E</span> place
+another pair of sliding
+tubes, <span class="allsmcap">N X</span>, like those just
+described; but the corresponding
+holes must be
+within the cupping-glass,
+and be precisely adapted
+to a hole in the partition.
+When these perforations
+are complete, let the handles of the sliding tubes be turned round, so
+that the holes in the lower tubes may be in a line, while those under the
+partition, not being allowed to coincide, remain closed. Now, the
+chamber <span class="allsmcap">D C</span> being full of air, by applying the orifice <span class="allsmcap">L M</span> to the mouth
+we can suck out a portion of that air; and then, by turning the handle
+again and not removing the tubes from the mouth, we can keep the air
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_80">[80]</span>in the vessel <span class="allsmcap">C D</span> rarefied; and this must be repeated until we have
+drawn off a large quantity of air. Then, applying the glass to the flesh
+in the usual manner, we open the holes in the sliding tubes <span class="allsmcap">N X</span> by
+means of the handle; and it must follow that some of the air in the vessel
+<span class="allsmcap">A D E</span> will pass into the place of the air withdrawn from <span class="allsmcap">C D</span>, while
+into the void thus created both the flesh and the matter about it will be
+drawn up through the interstices of the flesh which we call invisible
+spaces or pores.</p>
+
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+<div class="chapter">
+  <h2 class="nobreak" id="Sec_57">
+    57. <i>Description of a Syringe.</i>
+  </h2>
+</div>
+
+
+<figure class="figright illowp30" id="fig57">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/fig57.jpg" alt="Diagram of apparatus as described in text">
+</figure>
+
+<img class="drop-capi" src="images/t.jpg" alt="Stylized T">
+<p class="drop-capi"><span class="uc">The</span> instrument called a pyulcus acts on the same principle.
+A hollow tube, of some length, is made, <span class="allsmcap">A B</span>
+(fig. 57); into this another
+tube, <span class="allsmcap">C D</span>, is nicely fitted, to
+the extremity <span class="allsmcap">C</span> of which
+is fastened a small plate or
+piston, and at <span class="allsmcap">D</span> is a handle, <span class="allsmcap">E F</span>. Cover the
+orifice <span class="allsmcap">A</span> of the tube <span class="allsmcap">A B</span> with a plate in which
+an extremely fine tube, <span class="allsmcap">G H</span>, is fixed, its bore
+communicating with <span class="allsmcap">A B</span> through the plate.
+When we desire to draw forth any pus we
+must apply the extreme orifice of the small
+tube, <span class="allsmcap">H</span>, to the part in which the matter is,
+and draw the tube <span class="allsmcap">C D</span> outwards by means of
+the handle. As a vacuum is thus produced
+in <span class="allsmcap">A B</span> something else must enter to fill it, and
+as there is no other passage but through the
+mouth of the small tube, we shall of necessity
+draw up through this any fluid that may be
+near. Again, when we wish to inject any
+liquid, we place it in the tube <span class="allsmcap">A B</span>, and, taking hold of <span class="allsmcap">E F</span>, depress the tube
+<span class="allsmcap">C D</span>, and force down the liquid until we think the injection is effected.</p>
+
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+<div class="chapter">
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_81">[81]</span></p>
+
+
+  <h2 class="nobreak" id="Sec_58">
+    58. <i>A Vessel from which a Flow of Wine can be stopped, by pouring
+    into it a small Measure of Water.</i>
+  </h2>
+</div>
+
+
+<figure class="figright illowp50" id="fig58">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/fig58.jpg" alt="Diagram of apparatus as described in text">
+</figure>
+
+<img class="drop-capi" src="images/i.jpg" alt="Stylized I">
+<p class="drop-capi"><span class="uc">If</span> there be a vessel full of wine and provided with a running
+spout, when a cyathus, or small measure, of water
+is poured upon the neck of the vessel, the discharge
+of wine shall cease, but, if a second measure of water
+is poured on, this last shall flow out with the former,
+or the two measures of water shall flow out through
+two different spouts; and,
+after all the water is drawn
+off, the wine shall flow again
+from the centre spout: moreover,
+this shall happen as
+often as any liquid is poured
+on and flows out. Let <span class="allsmcap">A B</span>
+(fig. 58), be a vessel with a
+spout, <span class="allsmcap">C</span>, at the bottom, and
+closed at the neck by the
+partition <span class="allsmcap">D E</span> from which extends
+a tube, <span class="allsmcap">F G</span>, encircled
+by another tube which is sufficiently
+removed from the
+partition to allow of the passage
+of water, as in the case
+of the inclosed diabetes.
+Through the partition insert
+another tube, <span class="allsmcap">H K</span>, projecting
+to a less height above the
+partition than the former
+tube, and branching off below
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_82">[82]</span>into two spouts <span class="allsmcap">L</span> and <span class="allsmcap">M</span>; and let this tube also be encircled by
+another tube distant a small space from the partition: furthermore let
+the vessel have a vent <span class="allsmcap">N</span> just under the partition. Now, if, after closing
+the spouts, we pour in the wine, it will pass into the body of the vessel
+through the tube <span class="allsmcap">F G</span>, for the air will escape through the vent <span class="allsmcap">N</span>: but
+when we close the vent and set the spouts free, the liquid intercepted
+in the tube <span class="allsmcap">H K</span> will flow through <span class="allsmcap">L</span> and <span class="allsmcap">M</span>, and that contained in the
+vessel through <span class="allsmcap">C</span>. If, however, while <span class="allsmcap">C</span> is still running, we pour a small
+measure of water upon the partition, the air will no longer be able to
+enter through <span class="allsmcap">F G</span>, and the discharge through <span class="allsmcap">C</span> will cease: but if a
+second measure is poured on, the water will rise above the tube <span class="allsmcap">H K</span>, and
+be carried through into the spouts <span class="allsmcap">L</span> and <span class="allsmcap">M</span>, the whole being drawn up;
+and then, the tube <span class="allsmcap">F G</span> being opened to the air will enable the spout <span class="allsmcap">C</span>
+to flow as before. This result will take place as often as we pour on
+the measures of water.</p>
+
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+<div class="chapter">
+  <h2 class="nobreak" id="Sec_59">
+    59. <i>A Vessel from which Wine or Water
+    may be made to flow, separately or
+    mixed.</i>
+  </h2>
+</div>
+
+
+<figure class="figright illowp40" id="fig59">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/fig59.jpg" alt="Diagram of apparatus as described in text">
+</figure>
+
+<img class="drop-capi" src="images/f.jpg" alt="Stylized F">
+<p class="drop-capi"><span class="uc">From</span> a vessel full of pure
+wine sometimes the wine
+flows; if water is poured
+in, pure water flows out;
+then again pure wine;
+and, if it is desired, when
+the water is poured in a mixture shall be
+discharged. Let <span class="allsmcap">A B</span> (fig. 59), be a vessel,
+having a partition near the neck, <span class="allsmcap">C D</span>,
+through which a tube, <span class="allsmcap">E F</span>, is inserted, passing
+out below and terminating in a spout.
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_83">[83]</span>In the tube <span class="allsmcap">E F</span>, within the vessel and near the bottom at <span class="allsmcap">G</span>, let there be
+a fine hole, and a vent under the neck at <span class="allsmcap">H</span>. Now, if we close the spout
+<span class="allsmcap">F</span>, and pour in the wine, it will pass into the body of the vessel, the air
+escaping through the vent <span class="allsmcap">H</span>: but if we stop the vent and set the spout
+free, nothing will flow out except what is intercepted in the tube <span class="allsmcap">E F</span>.
+If water is then poured in, it will flow out pure, and, when the vent is
+set free, a mixture is discharged: if nothing more is poured in, pure
+wine will flow.</p>
+
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+<div class="chapter">
+  <h2 class="nobreak" id="Sec_60">
+    60. <i>Libations poured on an Altar, and a Serpent made to hiss, by
+    the Action of Fire.</i>
+  </h2>
+</div>
+
+
+<figure class="figright illowp60" id="fig60">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/fig60.jpg" alt="Diagram of apparatus as described in text">
+</figure>
+
+<img class="drop-capi" src="images/w.jpg" alt="Stylized W">
+<p class="drop-capi"><span class="uc">When</span> a fire is kindled on an altar, figures placed near
+shall offer libations, and a serpent hiss. Let there
+be a hollow
+pedestal, <span class="allsmcap">A B</span>
+(fig. 60), on
+which is an
+altar, <span class="allsmcap">C</span>, containing within it a
+tube, <span class="allsmcap">D E</span>, which descends from
+the hearth of the altar to the
+pedestal, and then branches off
+into three tubes, <span class="allsmcap">E F</span> leading to
+the mouth of the serpent; <span class="allsmcap">E G
+H</span> to a wine vessel <span class="allsmcap">K L</span>, (the
+bottom of which must
+be higher than the figure
+<span class="allsmcap">M</span>,) and fastened to the
+lid of <span class="allsmcap">K L</span> cross-bar
+fashion; while the other
+tube <span class="allsmcap">E N X</span>, in like manner,
+extends into another
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_84">[84]</span>wine vessel <span class="allsmcap">O P</span>, also terminating in a cross-head. Both these
+tubes must be soldered into the bottoms of the vessels, and in each wine
+vessel there must be a bent siphon, <span class="allsmcap">R S</span>, and <span class="allsmcap">T U</span>, one extremity of each
+being immersed in the wine, and the other, <ins class="corr" id="c11" title="Transcriber's Note—Corrigenda change was: (from which extend the hands of the figures which is to pour the libations,)">
+(from which extend the hand of the figure which is to pour the libation,)</ins> passing, air-tight,
+through the <ins class="corr" id="c12" title="Transcriber's Note—Corrigenda change was: sides of the wine vessels">side of the wine vessel</ins>. When the fire is about to be
+kindled, pour first a little water into the tubes, that they may not be
+burst by the dry heat, and close up everything that no air may pass
+through. The hot air, becoming mixed with the water, will ascend
+along the tubes to the cross-heads, and through them it will exert pressure
+on the wine, and carry it to the bent siphons <span class="allsmcap">R S</span> and <span class="allsmcap">T U</span>. The
+wine flowing through the hands of the figures produces a libation as long
+as a fire is burning on the altar. The other tube, conveying the hot
+air to the mouth of the serpent, will cause the serpent to hiss.</p>
+
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+<div class="chapter">
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_85">[85]</span></p>
+
+
+  <h2 class="nobreak" id="Sec_61">
+    61. <i>Water flowing from a Siphon ceases on surrounding the End of
+    its longer Side with Water.</i>
+  </h2>
+</div>
+
+
+<figure class="figright illowp55" id="fig61">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/fig61.jpg" alt="Diagram of apparatus as described in text">
+</figure>
+
+<img class="drop-capi" src="images/l.jpg" alt="Stylized L">
+<p class="drop-capi"><span class="uc">Let</span> there be an air-tight vessel provided with an open
+spout, and by its side a thyrsus under which is a cup
+full of water: if the cup is removed, as long as it is
+withdrawn, a small stream shall flow from the mouth;
+but when the cup is pushed back, the spout shall run
+no longer. Let <span class="allsmcap">A B</span> (fig. 61), be the vessel described,
+having its neck closed by the
+partition <span class="allsmcap">C D</span>; from <span class="allsmcap">C D</span>, and
+fitted air-tight in it, a tube, <span class="allsmcap">E
+F</span>, extends, about which lies
+another tube, <span class="allsmcap">K L</span>, forming an
+inclosed diabetes. With <span class="allsmcap">K L</span>
+another tube, <span class="allsmcap">M N</span>, communicates,
+of which the mouth <span class="allsmcap">M</span>
+is open, while the outer leg
+is placed in a cup, <span class="allsmcap">O X</span>, into
+which water has been poured
+until it is full; it is clear that
+so much of the leg of the siphon
+as is in the cup will be
+filled at the same time. Into
+the neck of the vessel <span class="allsmcap">A B</span> a
+little water must be poured,
+just enough to close all entrance
+for the air; and, when
+<span class="allsmcap">A B</span> is full, the spout <span class="allsmcap">P</span>, though open, will not run, since the air has no
+means of entrance, because of the water poured into the neck. But if
+the cup is drawn slightly downwards, some portion of the leg of the
+siphon which is in the cup must be emptied, and into the part emptied
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_86">[86]</span>the contiguous air will be drawn: this air will attract some of the water
+which was poured into the neck, so that the water shall rise above the
+mouth <span class="allsmcap">F</span>; and hence, the air having found an entrance, the spout <span class="allsmcap">P</span>
+will run until the cup <span class="allsmcap">O X</span> is pushed up again, causing the water to
+return to its old position and to close the passage for the air so that the
+spout will cease to flow. This will happen as often as the cup is withdrawn
+and applied: it is necessary however that the cup be not wholly
+drawn away, that the siphon leg may not be wholly emptied. Let the
+tube <span class="allsmcap">M N</span> be fashioned like a thyrsus, <span class="allsmcap">R N</span> being its shaft: thus the
+spectacle will be properly arranged.</p>
+
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+<div class="chapter">
+  <h2 class="nobreak" id="Sec_62">
+    62. <i>A Vessel which emits a Sound when a Liquor is poured from it.</i>
+  </h2>
+</div>
+
+
+<figure class="figright illowp45" id="fig62">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/fig62.jpg" alt="Diagram of apparatus as described in text">
+</figure>
+
+<img class="drop-capi" src="images/t.jpg" alt="Stylized T">
+<p class="drop-capi"><span class="uc">The</span> construction of
+a flagon which utters
+a sound when
+liquid is forced from
+it. Take a flagon
+(fig. 62), such as is
+about to be described, the neck of
+which is closed by the plate <span class="allsmcap">A B</span>,
+and the mouth by <span class="allsmcap">C D</span>; and through
+both these partitions, fitting into them
+air-tight, let a tube, <span class="allsmcap">E F</span>, be inserted.
+<span class="allsmcap">G H</span> is the handle of the flagon, and
+<span class="allsmcap">K L</span> a tube placed in the opposite side
+of the neck, fitting closely into the
+partition <span class="allsmcap">A B</span> and far enough distant
+from <span class="allsmcap">C D</span> to allow of the passage of
+water: in <span class="allsmcap">C D</span> let there be a small
+pipe <span class="allsmcap">M</span> such as will utter sound. The
+flagon may be filled through the tube
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_87">[87]</span><span class="allsmcap">E F</span>, the air passing out through the tube <span class="allsmcap">K L</span> and the pipe <span class="allsmcap">M</span>;
+    and if we
+take the handle of the flagon and incline it so as to pour out the contents,
+water will flow out of the vessel through the tube <span class="allsmcap">E F</span>, and into
+the neck <span class="allsmcap">B C</span> through <span class="allsmcap">K L</span>: the air contained in the neck being forced
+out through <span class="allsmcap">M</span> gives forth a sound. There should be another hole in
+<span class="allsmcap">A B</span> through which air may pass again when the vessel is righted.</p>
+
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+<div class="chapter">
+  <h2 class="nobreak" id="Sec_63">
+    63. <i>A Water-Clock, made to govern the quantities of Liquid flowing
+    from a Vessel.</i>
+  </h2>
+</div>
+
+
+<figure class="figright illowp50" id="fig63">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/fig63.jpg" alt="Diagram of apparatus as described in text">
+</figure>
+
+<img class="drop-capi" src="images/a.jpg" alt="Stylized A">
+<p class="drop-capi"><span class="uc">A vessel</span> containing wine, and provided with an open
+spout, stands upon a pedestal: it is required by shifting
+a weight
+to cause the
+spout to pour
+forth a given
+quantity,—sometimes, for instance,
+a half cotyle (¼ pint),
+sometimes a cotyle (½ pint), and,
+in short, whatever quantity we
+please. <span class="allsmcap">A B</span> (fig. 63), is the vessel
+into which wine is to be poured:
+near the bottom is a spout, <span class="allsmcap">D</span>:
+the neck is closed by the partition
+<span class="allsmcap">E F</span>, and through <span class="allsmcap">E F</span> is inserted
+a tube, <span class="allsmcap">G H</span>, reaching
+nearly to the bottom of the vessel,
+but so as to allow of the passage
+of water. <span class="allsmcap">K L M N</span> is the pedestal
+on which the vessel stands, and
+<span class="allsmcap">O X</span> another tube reaching within
+a little of the partition and extending
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_88">[88]</span>into the pedestal, in which water is placed so as to cover the
+orifice <span class="allsmcap">O</span>, of the tube. Fix a rod, <span class="allsmcap">P R</span>, one half within, and the other without,
+the pedestal, moving like the beam of a lever about the point <span class="allsmcap">S</span>;
+and from the extremity <span class="allsmcap">P</span> of the rod suspend a water-clock, <span class="allsmcap">T</span>, having a
+hole in the bottom. The spout <span class="allsmcap">D</span> having been first closed, the vessel
+should be filled through the tube <span class="allsmcap">G H</span> before water is poured into the
+pedestal, that the air may escape through the tube <span class="allsmcap">X O</span>: then pour
+water into the pedestal, through a hole, until the orifice <span class="allsmcap">O</span> is closed, and
+set the spout <span class="allsmcap">D</span> free. It is evident that the wine will not flow, as there
+is no opening through which air can be introduced: but if we depress
+the extremity <span class="allsmcap">R</span> of the rod, a portion of the water-clock will be raised
+from the water, and, the vent <span class="allsmcap">O</span> being uncovered, the spout <span class="allsmcap">D</span> will run
+until the water suspended in the water-clock has flowed back and closed
+the vent <span class="allsmcap">O</span>. If, when the water-clock is filled again, we depress the
+extremity <span class="allsmcap">R</span> still further, the liquid suspended in the water-clock will
+take a longer time to flow out, and there will be a longer discharge
+from <span class="allsmcap">D</span>: and if the water-clock be entirely raised above the water, the
+discharge will last considerably longer. To avoid the necessity of depressing
+the extremity <span class="allsmcap">R</span> of the rod with the hand, take a weight <span class="allsmcap">Q</span>,
+sliding along the outer portion of the rod, <span class="allsmcap">R W</span>, and able, if placed at <span class="allsmcap">R</span>,
+to lift the whole water-clock; if at a distance from <span class="allsmcap">R</span>, some smaller portion
+of it. Then, having obtained by trial the quantities which we wish
+to flow from <span class="allsmcap">D</span>, we must make notches in the rod <span class="allsmcap">R W</span> and register the
+quantities; so that, when we wish a given quantity to flow out, we have
+only to bring the weight to the corresponding notch and leave the discharge
+to take place.</p>
+
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+<div class="chapter">
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_89">[89]</span></p>
+
+
+  <h2 class="nobreak block" id="Sec_64">
+    64. <i>A Drinking-Horn from which a Mixture of Wine and Water,
+    or pure Water may be made to flow alternately or together, at
+    pleasure.</i>
+  </h2>
+</div>
+
+
+<figure class="figright illowp60" id="fig64">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/fig64.jpg" alt="Diagram of apparatus as described in text">
+</figure>
+
+<img class="drop-capi" src="images/t.jpg" alt="Stylized T">
+<p class="drop-capi"><span class="uc">The</span> construction of a drinking-horn from which at first
+a mixture shall flow; when we please, on pouring in
+water, water
+alone, and
+then again
+a mixture.
+Let <span class="allsmcap">A B</span> (fig. 64), be a drinking-horn,
+its neck closed by the
+plate <span class="allsmcap">C D</span>, through which is inserted
+a tube, <span class="allsmcap">E F</span>, leading to
+the orifice <span class="allsmcap">F</span>, and having a hole,
+<span class="allsmcap">G</span>, bored in it within the vessel:
+in the vessel just under the
+partition make a vent <span class="allsmcap">H</span>. Now,
+if we close the orifice <span class="allsmcap">F</span> and
+pour in the mixture, it will pass
+into the body of the vessel
+through the hole <span class="allsmcap">G</span>; and if we
+set <span class="allsmcap">F</span> free, the mixture will
+flow through it, the air <ins class="corr" id="c13" title="Transcriber's Note—Corrigenda change was: escaping">entering</ins> by the vent <span class="allsmcap">H</span>. Again, if we close
+<span class="allsmcap">H</span> and pour in pure water, the mixture will no longer flow as the air
+has no means of entrance, but pure water; and, when <span class="allsmcap">H</span> is set free,
+both will flow, the water and the mixture, or rather a mixture which is
+produced from the two united.</p>
+
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+<div class="chapter">
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_90">[90]</span></p>
+
+
+  <h2 class="nobreak" id="Sec_65">
+    65. <i>A Vessel from which Wine or Water may be made to flow
+    separately or mixed.</i>
+  </h2>
+</div>
+
+
+<figure class="figright illowp30" id="fig65">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/fig65.jpg" alt="Diagram of apparatus as described in text">
+</figure>
+
+<img class="drop-capi" src="images/i.jpg" alt="Stylized I">
+<p class="drop-capi"><span class="uc">If</span> water is poured into a vessel standing upon a pedestal
+and provided with a spout somewhat above its bottom,
+at one time pure water flows
+out, at another a mixture of
+wine and water, and then unmixed
+wine alone. Let <span class="allsmcap">A B</span>
+(fig. 65), be the vessel, standing upon a pedestal
+and provided with the spout <span class="allsmcap">C D</span>, of which the
+orifice <span class="allsmcap">C</span> is above the bottom of the vessel.
+Close the neck of the vessel with the partition
+<span class="allsmcap">E F</span>, and through <span class="allsmcap">E F</span> insert the tube <span class="allsmcap">G H</span>,
+projecting slightly above the partition and extending
+to the bottom of the vessel except that
+a space is left sufficient for the passage of water.
+In the body of the vessel, and projecting without
+it, let there be another tube <span class="allsmcap">K L</span>, under
+which a vessel of unmixed wine, <span class="allsmcap">K M</span>, is to be
+placed: in the partition <span class="allsmcap">E F</span> pierce a very fine
+hole <span class="allsmcap">N</span>. If, when these arrangements are complete, we pour water into
+the vessel through the neck, the liquid lying round the projection of the
+tube will remain in the neck; but all above this will be carried into
+the body of the vessel, and when it has reached the orifice <span class="allsmcap">C</span> of the
+spout, there will be a discharge of pure water. When a stream has
+begun to issue from the spout, the unmixed wine in the vessel <span class="allsmcap">K M</span> will
+be drawn up at the same time, on the principle of the siphon, and a mixture
+will be discharged; and when the water is exhausted, the pure wine
+will flow by itself, except indeed that the water about the partition <span class="allsmcap">E F</span> will
+be attracted at the same time. When the small quantity of water on
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_91">[91]</span><span class="allsmcap">E F</span> has all run through <span class="allsmcap">N</span>, the air will enter and break the continuity
+and there will be no further discharge.</p>
+
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+<div class="chapter">
+  <h2 class="nobreak" id="Sec_66">
+    66. <i>Wine discharged into a Cup in any required quantity.</i>
+  </h2>
+</div>
+
+
+<figure class="figright illowp50" id="fig66">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/fig66.jpg" alt="Diagram of apparatus as described in text">
+</figure>
+
+<img class="drop-capi" src="images/l.jpg" alt="Stylized L">
+<p class="drop-capi"><span class="uc">Let</span> there be a vessel filled with wine and provided with a
+spout under which a drinking cup is placed: wine shall
+run into the
+cup in any required
+quantity.
+Let <span class="allsmcap">A B</span>
+(fig. 66), be the vessel containing
+wine, and <span class="allsmcap">C D</span> the spout, the
+upper surface of which at the
+extremity <span class="allsmcap">C</span> is so smooth that,
+when a valve in the form of
+a kettle-drum <span class="allsmcap">E F</span> is placed upon
+it, water is excluded. On the
+handle of the vessel fix the vertical
+rod <span class="allsmcap">G H</span>, on which, as on
+a fulcrum, another rod <span class="allsmcap">K L</span> vibrates:
+again place another
+rod, <span class="allsmcap">M N</span>, under the pedestal,
+moving about the point <span class="allsmcap">X</span>, and attach two more rods <span class="allsmcap">K O</span>, <span class="allsmcap">L P</span>, moving
+on pivots in such a way that, if the extremity <span class="allsmcap">M</span> of the bar be depressed,
+the valve <span class="allsmcap">E F</span> is raised, and the spout is opened and sends out a stream,
+but is closed again when <span class="allsmcap">M</span> is suffered to return. Let the bar <span class="allsmcap">M N</span> support
+the drinking cup <span class="allsmcap">R</span>, into which we wish to receive the given quantity
+of liquid: the cup must be placed beneath the spout. Take a
+weight, <span class="allsmcap">S</span>, capable, by means of a ring, of being shifted along the projection
+<span class="allsmcap">M O</span> of the rod: and when <span class="allsmcap">S</span> has been brought towards <span class="allsmcap">M</span>, the
+spout will be opened and send its stream into the cup, but as the cup
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_92">[92]</span>grows heavy the weight will be raised again and the spout closed. That
+the wine may flow out in the required quantity, place in the cup any
+measure of liquid, for instance, a cotyle, and, receiving what falls from
+the spout in another vessel, shift the weight along the bar to the first
+point at which the discharge from the spout ceases: make a mark on
+the bar at this point and register one cotyle. We must proceed in the
+same manner for a half-cotyle, and two cotylæ, and so on for other measures
+as far as we please; and thus we shall have marks for the different
+quantities, signifying the points to which the weight must be brought
+in order that they may be discharged. Instead of the valve <span class="allsmcap">E F</span>, an air-tight
+vessel may encircle the spout, so that, as long as the liquid is kept
+away by the air within, there will be no discharge through the spout.</p>
+
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+<div class="chapter">
+  <h2 class="nobreak" id="Sec_67">
+    67. <i>A Goblet into which as much Wine flows as is taken out.</i>
+  </h2>
+</div>
+
+
+<figure class="figright illowp50" id="fig67">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/fig67.jpg" alt="Diagram of apparatus as described in text">
+</figure>
+
+<img class="drop-capi" src="images/l.jpg" alt="Stylized L">
+<p class="drop-capi"><span class="uc">Let</span> there be a vessel containing wine and provided with
+a spout, underneath which a goblet is placed: whatever
+quantity
+of wine is taken
+from the goblet,
+as much
+shall flow into it from the spout.
+Let <span class="allsmcap">A B</span> (fig. 67), be the vessel of
+wine, and <span class="allsmcap">C D</span> the spout, to which
+are attached the valve <span class="allsmcap">E F</span>, and
+the rods <span class="allsmcap">G H</span>, <span class="allsmcap">K L</span>, <span class="allsmcap">K O</span>, <span class="allsmcap">L M</span> as
+before; and beneath the spout
+place the cup <span class="allsmcap">P</span>. To the rod <span class="allsmcap">K O</span>
+fix a small basin <span class="allsmcap">R</span> contained in
+the vessel <span class="allsmcap">S T</span>, and let a tube, <span class="allsmcap">U Q</span>,
+connect the vessels <span class="allsmcap">S T</span> and <span class="allsmcap">P</span>.
+When these arrangements are
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_93">[93]</span>complete, if the vessels <span class="allsmcap">S T</span> and <span class="allsmcap">P</span> are empty, the basin <span class="allsmcap">R</span>
+    will fall to the
+bottom of <span class="allsmcap">S T</span>, and open the spout <span class="allsmcap">C D</span>. A stream will flow from <span class="allsmcap">C D</span> into
+both the vessels <span class="allsmcap">S T</span> and <span class="allsmcap">P</span>, so that the basin will rise and shut the spout
+again, until we remove more liquid from the goblet. This result will
+happen as often as we remove liquid from <span class="allsmcap">P</span>.</p>
+
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+<div class="chapter">
+  <h2 class="nobreak" id="Sec_68">
+    68. <i>A Shrine over which a Bird may be made to revolve and sing
+    by Worshippers turning a Wheel.</i>
+  </h2>
+</div>
+
+
+<figure class="figright illowp55" id="fig68">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/fig68.jpg" alt="Diagram of apparatus as described in text">
+</figure>
+
+<img class="drop-capi" src="images/t.jpg" alt="Stylized T">
+<p class="drop-capi"><span class="uc">The</span> construction of a shrine provided with a revolving
+wheel of bronze, termed a purifier, which worshippers
+are accustomed to turn round as they enter. Let
+it be required that, if the wheel is turned, the note
+of the black-cap shall be produced, and the bird,
+standing on the top of the shrine, turn round as
+well; while, if the wheel is
+turned [in the opposite direction],
+the black-cap neither
+sings nor revolves. Let <span class="allsmcap">A B
+C D</span> (fig. 68), be the shrine
+and <span class="allsmcap">E F</span> an axis extending
+across it, capable of revolving
+freely, to which the wheel <span class="allsmcap">H K</span>,
+which is to be turned round,
+is attached. Let two other
+wheels be attached to the axis,
+in the interior of the shrine,
+<span class="allsmcap">L</span> and <span class="allsmcap">M</span>, of which <span class="allsmcap">L</span> has a
+pulley, and <span class="allsmcap">M</span> is a wheel with
+rays. Round the pulley a
+cord is wound, from the extremity
+of which is suspended a
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_94">[94]</span>vessel <span class="allsmcap">N</span>, shaped like a conical oven, and provided with a tube <span class="allsmcap">X O</span>, terminating
+in a small pipe which produces the note of a black-cap: under
+the conical vessel <span class="allsmcap">N</span> must be placed a vessel of water. From the top of
+the shrine let fall a small axis <span class="allsmcap">S T</span> capable of revolving freely: at the extremity
+<span class="allsmcap">S</span> let a black-cap be placed, and at <span class="allsmcap">T</span> a wheel with rays, the
+rays of which are implicated with, or take into, the rays of the wheel <span class="allsmcap">M</span>.
+It will be found that, when the wheel <span class="allsmcap">H K</span> is made to revolve, the cord
+is wound round the pulley and raises the conical vessel <span class="allsmcap">N</span>; but, if the
+wheel is let go, <span class="allsmcap">N</span> descends by its own weight into the water and produces
+the sound by the expulsion of the air. The black-cap turns round
+at the same time owing to the revolution of the wheels.</p>
+
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+<div class="chapter">
+  <h2 class="nobreak" id="Sec_69">
+    69. <i>A Siphon fixed in a Vessel from which the Discharge shall
+    cease at will.</i>
+  </h2>
+</div>
+
+
+<figure class="figright illowp50" id="fig69">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/fig69.jpg" alt="Diagram of apparatus as described in text">
+</figure>
+
+<img class="drop-capi" src="images/t.jpg" alt="Stylized T">
+<p class="drop-capi"><span class="uc">There</span> are certain siphons which, when placed in vessels,
+flow until the vessels are emptied, or the surface
+of the water has
+sunk to the level
+of the outer orifice
+of the siphon. Let
+it be required that the discharge
+shall suddenly cease whenever we
+wish. <span class="allsmcap">A B</span> (fig. 69), is a vessel containing
+a siphon, <span class="allsmcap">C D E</span>, the inner leg
+of which is bent upwards as at <span class="allsmcap">C F G</span>.
+Let a vertical rod <span class="allsmcap">H K</span> be fixed, on
+which another, <span class="allsmcap">L M</span>, works as a lever-beam:
+from <span class="allsmcap">L M</span> extends another
+rod, <span class="allsmcap">M N</span>, moving on a pivot, and provided
+at the extremity <span class="allsmcap">N</span> with a vessel
+large enough to encircle the bent
+portion of the siphon <span class="allsmcap">F G</span>. On the
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_95">[95]</span>rod <span class="allsmcap">L M</span> suspend a weight at <span class="allsmcap">L</span>, so that the encircling vessel is raised
+above the upward bend of the siphon, and the siphon flows. When we
+wish the discharge to cease, we have only to remove the weight at <span class="allsmcap">L</span>,
+and the vessel at <span class="allsmcap">N</span> will descend and encircle the bend <span class="allsmcap">G C</span>, so that the
+siphon will cease to flow. If it is desired that the stream should continue,
+we must again suspend the weight.</p>
+
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+<div class="chapter">
+  <h2 class="nobreak" id="Sec_70">
+    70. <i>Figures made to dance by Fire on an Altar.</i>
+  </h2>
+</div>
+
+
+<figure class="figright illowp60" id="fig70">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/fig70.jpg" alt="Diagram of apparatus as described in text">
+</figure>
+
+<img class="drop-capi" src="images/w.jpg" alt="Stylized W">
+<p class="drop-capi"><span class="uc">When</span> a fire is kindled on an altar, figures shall be seen
+to dance: for the altars must be transparent, either of
+glass or horn. Through the hearth of the altar (fig.
+70), a tube is let down turning on a pivot towards the
+base of the altar, and, above, on a small pipe which
+is attached to the hearth. Communicating with, and
+attached to, this tube are
+smaller tubes lying at right
+angles to each other, and
+bent at the extremities in opposite
+directions. A wheel
+or platform on which the
+dancing figures stand, is also
+fastened to the tube. When
+the sacrifice is kindled, the
+air, growing hot, will pass
+through the pipe into the
+tube, and be forced out of
+this into the smaller tubes;
+when, meeting with resistance
+from the sides of the
+altar, it will cause the tube
+and the dancing figures to
+revolve.</p>
+
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+<div class="chapter">
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_96">[96]</span></p>
+
+
+  <h2 class="nobreak" id="Sec_71">
+    71. <i>A Lamp in which the Oil can be raised by Water contained
+    within its Stand.</i>
+  </h2>
+</div>
+
+
+<figure class="figright illowp40" id="fig71">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/fig71.jpg" alt="Diagram of apparatus as described in text">
+</figure>
+
+<img class="drop-capi" src="images/t.jpg" alt="Stylized T">
+<p class="drop-capi"><span class="uc">The</span> construction of a lamp-stand, such that, if a lamp
+is placed upon it, whenever the oil fails, a supply
+shall be poured into
+it from the handle to
+the amount required,
+though no vessel is
+placed upon the lamp from which the oil
+can flow into it. Let the lamp-stand be
+constructed with a triangular pedestal,
+like a pyramid, <span class="allsmcap">A B C D</span> (fig. 71), hollow and
+provided with a partition <span class="allsmcap">E F</span>. Let <span class="allsmcap">G H</span>,
+which must also be hollow, be the shaft
+of the lamp-stand, and above this shaft
+place a hollow cup, <span class="allsmcap">K L</span>, capable of containing
+a considerable quantity of oil. From
+the partition<del class="corr" title="Transcriber's Note—Corrigenda change was: ," id="c14"> </del><span class="allsmcap">E F</span>, and fitting closely into
+it, a tube, <span class="allsmcap">M N</span>, must extend upwards,
+leaving a passage for the air between its
+extremity and the covering of the cup,
+<span class="allsmcap">K L</span>, on which the lamp is placed. Through
+the plate <span class="allsmcap">K L</span> insert another small tube <span class="allsmcap">X Q</span>,
+a passage being left for water between it
+and the bottom of the cup: the tube <span class="allsmcap">X Q</span>
+must project a little above the plate <span class="allsmcap">K L</span>, and into the projecting part another
+pipe <span class="allsmcap">P</span> is tightly fitted, closed at its upper extremity, and passing
+through the bottom of the lamp so as to be included within it, that there
+may be no projection outside. To <span class="allsmcap">P</span> solder another pipe, extremely fine,
+communicating with it, and reaching to the extremity of the handle, so
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_97">[97]</span>that its stream will be carried into the body of the lamp; this pipe
+must have an orifice like the others. Under the partition <span class="allsmcap">E F</span> let a tap
+be soldered leading into the chamber <span class="allsmcap">C D E F</span>, so that, when it is opened,
+the water in the chamber <span class="allsmcap">A B E F</span> will pass into <span class="allsmcap">C D E F</span>. In the plate <span class="allsmcap">A B</span>
+let a fine hole be perforated through which <span class="allsmcap">A B E F</span> may be filled with
+water; the [air] contained in it will pass out through the same hole.
+We now remove the lamp and fill the cup with oil through the pipe <span class="allsmcap">X Q</span>,
+the air escaping through <span class="allsmcap">M N</span>, and again through an open cock in the
+bottom <span class="allsmcap">C D</span>, when any water in <span class="allsmcap">C D E F</span> has first flowed out. The lamp
+having been placed on the top by means of the sliding tube <span class="allsmcap">P</span>, when it
+is required to pour in oil, we must open the tap in the plate <span class="allsmcap">E F</span>, and
+the water in the chamber <span class="allsmcap">A B E F</span> passing into <span class="allsmcap">C D E F</span>, the air in <span class="allsmcap">C D E F</span>
+will reach the cup through the tube <span class="allsmcap">M N</span>, and force out the oil contained
+in it: the oil will pass into the lamp through the tube <span class="allsmcap">X Q</span> and the pipe
+attached to it. When we wish the oil to stop running, we must shut
+the cock and the discharge will cease. This process can be repeated
+whenever it is necessary.</p>
+
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+<div class="chapter">
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_98">[98]</span></p>
+
+
+  <h2 class="nobreak" id="Sec_72">
+    72. <i>A Lamp in which the Oil is raised by blowing Air into it.</i>
+  </h2>
+</div>
+
+
+<figure class="figright illowp40" id="fig72">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/fig72.jpg" alt="Diagram of apparatus as described in text">
+</figure>
+
+<img class="drop-capi" src="images/t.jpg" alt="Stylized T">
+<p class="drop-capi"><span class="uc">The</span> same effect can be
+produced with the same
+general construction,
+more readily [than] by
+constructing the pedestal
+in which the
+water is. Let the rest be as before, with
+the exception of the pedestal and the water
+in it; the extremity <span class="allsmcap">M</span> of the tube
+<span class="allsmcap">M N</span>, (fig. 72), being fitted air-tight into
+an orifice in the surface of the shaft,
+so as to be visible outside. Then apply
+the mouth and blow into the outer orifice;
+the breath will pass into the cup
+and force out the oil through the tube <span class="allsmcap">X O</span>.
+Thus the same will take place as before;
+for as often as we blow into the tube oil
+will flow into the lamp. It will be necessary
+that the extremity of the handle
+should be bent at right angles to the orifice
+of the lamp, that the oil may not be driven outside.</p>
+
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+<div class="chapter">
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_99">[99]</span></p>
+
+
+  <h2 class="nobreak" id="Sec_73">
+    73. <i>A Lamp in which the Oil is raised by Water, as required.</i>
+  </h2>
+</div>
+
+
+<figure class="figright illowp60" id="fig73">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/fig73.jpg" alt="Diagram of apparatus as described in text">
+</figure>
+
+<img class="drop-capi" src="images/t.jpg" alt="Stylized T">
+<p class="drop-capi"><span class="uc">The</span> construction of a lamp. * * * * * * * * Underneath
+the lamp place a vessel perfectly air-tight, <span class="allsmcap">A B</span>
+(fig. 73), either attached to the lamp or distinct from
+it. From this let two tubes extend, <span class="allsmcap">C D</span>, <span class="allsmcap">E F</span>, communicating
+with the vessel; the extremity <span class="allsmcap">C</span> must reach
+to the bottom except a space sufficient for the passage
+of water, and the tube <span class="allsmcap">C D</span>
+to the surface of the lamp,
+having at the extremity <span class="allsmcap">D</span>
+a small cup through which
+the water is to be poured
+in: the tube <span class="allsmcap">E F</span> must pass,
+air-tight, through the bottom
+of the lamp. Now if
+oil be poured through the
+opening, it will first pass
+into the vessel <span class="allsmcap">A B</span>, and
+then, when <span class="allsmcap">A B</span> is full, the
+tubes <span class="allsmcap">C D</span>, <span class="allsmcap">E F</span>, and the lamp
+will be filled also. As the
+lamp burns it will become
+empty, and if we pour in
+water through the cup, it
+will pass into the vessel <span class="allsmcap">A B</span>,
+and the oil will ascend and fill up the deficiency in the lamp, until it
+reaches the lamp-nozzle. When the oil has sunk again, we must do the
+same, repeating it till the supply is expended. If it is required to remove
+the vessel <span class="allsmcap">A B</span>, the oil being retained in the lamp, there must be a valve
+or tap in the pipes <span class="allsmcap">C D</span>, <span class="allsmcap">E F</span>, close to the vessel <span class="allsmcap">A B</span>, with keys near the
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_100">[100]</span>lamp, so that when the keys are turned, the oil in the lamp, and that in
+the tubes, shall be confined. Thus the vessel may be removed from the
+lamp, and, whenever it is desired, we may bring them together again,
+and open the keys. It is better that the pipe <span class="allsmcap">E F</span> should lead to the
+handle of the lamp, and <span class="allsmcap">C D</span> a little behind it, having the cup which
+communicates with it, and through which water will be poured in, placed
+above; so that the oil will flow from the handle at the same time that
+the water is poured into the cup.</p>
+
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+<div class="chapter">
+  <h2 class="nobreak block" id="Sec_74">
+    74. <i>A Steam-Boiler from which a hot-Air blast, or hot-Air mixed
+    with Steam is blown into the Fire, and from which hot water flows
+    on the introduction of cold.</i>
+  </h2>
+</div>
+
+
+<figure class="figright illowp60" id="fig74">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/fig74.jpg" alt="Diagram of apparatus as described in text">
+</figure>
+
+<img class="drop-capi" src="images/t.jpg" alt="Stylized T">
+<p class="drop-capi"><span class="uc">The</span> construction
+of a boiler,
+on
+which if
+a figure
+is placed, shaped as if in
+the act of blowing, the figure
+shall blow on the coals and
+thus the boiler be heated:
+moreover, if an open spout
+project near the mouth of
+the boiler, nothing shall
+flow from it until we have
+first poured cold water into
+a cup; and the cold water
+shall not mix with the hot
+until it passes to the bottom
+of the vessel, while
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_101">[101]</span>water extremely hot flows from the spout. The shape of the boiler
+having been determined at pleasure, in that part of it intended to hold
+the water a small chamber, perfectly air-tight, is intercepted between
+two perpendicular partitions. With this chamber a tube, one of those
+which pass under the coals, communicates near the bottom, one end of
+the tube being closed that no water may enter it from the boiler: the
+other tubes lead into the chamber where the water is. Thus when the
+coals are ignited they will generate vapour through that tube which leads
+into the small chamber. This vapour is carried along a tube which
+pierces the surface of the boiler, and through the mouth of the figure on
+to the coals, (for the figure must be bent so as to blow downwards;) and
+as vapour is always being generated, the figure is always blowing. The
+vapour is generated from the fire, and, if we pour a very small quantity
+of water into the small chamber, we shall produce more vapour, and
+the figure, blowing with great violence, will heat the boiler still higher:
+just as in the case of cauldrons exposed to fire we see smoke ascending
+from the water. The figure should be moveable by means of a double
+sliding tube, to allow of our pouring in the small quantity of water: and,
+at the same time, by means of this tube, whenever we do not require
+the figure to blow on the coals, we can turn it round in the opposite
+direction. On the surface place a small cup from which a tube leads to
+the bottom of the boiler, that when cold water is poured in, it may pass
+through to the bottom. In order that the boiler may admit of being
+filled when water is poured in, and, at the same time, that the water
+may not boil over and run out, let another pipe communicate with the
+cup on its inner surface, to avoid offending the sight. We will now
+expose to view the construction of the boiler. Set up a hollow cylinder
+(fig. 74), of which <span class="allsmcap">A B</span> is the under surface, and <span class="allsmcap">C D</span> the upper; and
+construct another hollow cylinder, with the same axis as the former, of
+which <span class="allsmcap">E F</span> is the under surface, and <span class="allsmcap">G H</span> the upper. On the outer edges of
+the cylinders let plates be fastened, so as to keep the cylinders together
+and cover the edges. In the cylinder <span class="allsmcap">E F G H</span> place the tubes, <span class="allsmcap">O K</span>, <span class="allsmcap">L X</span>,
+<span class="allsmcap">M N</span>, of which <span class="allsmcap">L X</span> perforates the cylinder on one side only at <span class="allsmcap">X</span>, while
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_102">[102]</span>the other two are bored quite through at each end, and their orifices
+either way open into the space between the cylinders. Into the space
+intercepted between the two cylinders let down the partitions <span class="allsmcap">E G</span>, <span class="allsmcap">H F</span>,
+intercepting the chamber <span class="allsmcap">G H E F</span>, into which the tube described above,
+perforated at one side only, penetrates. Place on the surface, that is
+on <span class="allsmcap">G H</span>, a small tube having the figure attached to, and communicating
+with, it; the figure must be perforated throughout, and incline downwards
+so as to look towards the coals. That the figure may cease blowing
+whenever we like, let the tube on which it sits be fitted tightly into the
+other, so that, when we turn it round in the opposite direction, the
+figure will no longer blow on the coals but away from the boiler. We
+shall also find this sliding tube useful for pouring water into the chamber
+<span class="allsmcap">G F E H</span>, for, after raising the figure from the tube on which it is placed,
+we can pour the water through, and thus more vapour will be passed
+along into the figure. On the surface <span class="allsmcap">H C</span> let a cup, <span class="allsmcap">R S</span>, be placed;
+communicating with the interior, and having a tube at its extremity
+reaching down to the bottom of the boiler with the exception of a
+passage for water. When we desire to let the hot water out, we must
+pour in cold through <span class="allsmcap">R S</span>; this will pass through the tube which communicates
+with the cup into the chamber of the warm water, which
+will ascend and flow out through the spout near the neck, for the cold
+water which has been introduced will not yet have mingled with the
+warm below. As often as this is repeated we shall obtain warm water
+for the cold we throw in. In order that we may know when the boiler
+will bubble up, the <i lang="la">chasmatium</i> is contrived, perforated throughout, and
+placed on the neck, a hole having been made in the surface: it is furnished
+with a small tube which looks towards the cup <span class="allsmcap">R S</span>, that, when
+the warm water ascends, it may be carried into the cup. Such is the
+construction of the boiler. If we prefer not to cut off the chamber <span class="allsmcap">F G
+E H</span> through the whole length, but only for a portion of it, the partitions
+are made to reach half-way, and another is placed upon them, admitting
+through it a tube which extends up to the figure. When the fire is
+kindled there will be a rush of vapour from the small chamber, into which
+water will be poured as before.</p>
+
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+<div class="chapter">
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_103">[103]</span></p>
+
+
+  <h2 class="nobreak block" id="Sec_75">
+    75. <i>A Steam-Boiler from which either a hot Blast may be driven into
+    the Fire, a Blackbird made to sing, or a Triton to blow a Horn.</i>
+  </h2>
+</div>
+
+
+<figure class="figright illowp60" id="fig75">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/fig75.jpg" alt="Diagram of apparatus as described in text">
+</figure>
+
+<img class="drop-capi" src="images/a.jpg" alt="Stylized A">
+<p class="drop-capi"><span class="uc">Another</span> construction of the same kind is employed
+to produce the sound of a trumpet and the note of a
+blackbird. A boiler is made (fig. 75), of the same
+kind as the last, of which all the tubes in the base
+are bored through at each end, and near the surface
+there is a tube <span class="allsmcap">Q E</span>, into which another tube <span class="allsmcap">K L</span> is
+closely fitted, extending
+into the chamber for
+warm air, and moveable
+about the pin <span class="allsmcap">K L</span>.
+This tube is perforated
+by three holes, <span class="allsmcap">M</span>, <span class="allsmcap">N</span>, <span class="allsmcap">X</span>,
+and similarly three holes
+are bored in <span class="allsmcap">Q E</span> opposite
+the holes <span class="allsmcap">M</span>, <span class="allsmcap">N</span>, <span class="allsmcap">X</span>.
+Near <span class="allsmcap">X</span>, an aperture is
+made in a support which
+receives a tube fitting
+closely into <span class="allsmcap">X</span> and surmounted
+by the figure,
+as was described in the
+last paragraph: and from
+<span class="allsmcap">M</span> and <span class="allsmcap">N</span> two tubes extend,
+<span class="allsmcap">M O</span>, <span class="allsmcap">N P</span>, bent
+at their upper extremities;
+these tubes pierce
+through the surface of
+the boiler, into which they are carefully soldered. Through the apertures
+other tubes pass, fitting tightly into the tubes <span class="allsmcap">P</span> and <span class="allsmcap">O</span>. On one
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_104">[104]</span>of these tubes is placed the figure of a sparrow, hollow within so as to
+receive water: the tube on which the bird sits is bent, and provided with
+a tuning-pipe, such as are made to produce notes, and the curved part
+of it passes as far as the water contained in the sparrow, so that, when
+the sound of the pipe reaches the water, the note of a blackbird is produced.
+In like manner the tube <span class="allsmcap">N P</span> has another tube fitting closely
+into it, on which is placed a figure shaped like a triton with a trumpet
+in its mouth: the tube on which the triton is placed is moreover furnished
+with the mouthpiece and bell as usual, and when the vapour
+reaches these and enters them it will give out the sound of a trumpet.
+We must discover by trial when the holes in <span class="allsmcap">K L</span> are opposite the tubes
+<span class="allsmcap">M O</span> and <span class="allsmcap">N P</span>, and when to <span class="allsmcap">X</span> on which the figure is placed. Having
+learnt this, we must make corresponding marks on the pin <span class="allsmcap">K L</span>, that the
+trumpet may sound, or the figure blow, or the blackbird’s note be produced,
+at our pleasure. The arrangements about the cup and the
+ascent of the warm water are to be made according to the previous description.</p>
+
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+<div class="chapter">
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_105">[105]</span></p>
+
+
+  <h2 class="nobreak" id="Sec_76">
+    76. <i>An Altar Organ blown by manual Labour.</i>
+  </h2>
+</div>
+
+
+<figure class="figright illowp60" id="fig76">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/fig76.jpg" alt="Diagram of apparatus as described in text">
+</figure>
+
+<img class="drop-capi" src="images/t.jpg" alt="Stylized T">
+<p class="drop-capi"><span class="uc">The</span> construction of a hydraulic organ. Let <span class="allsmcap">A B C D</span>
+(fig. 76), be a small altar of bronze containing water.
+In the water invert a hollow hemisphere, called a <i lang="grc">pnigeus</i>,
+<span class="allsmcap">E F G H</span>, which will allow of the passage of the
+water at the bottom. From the top of this <ins class="corr" id="c15" title="Transcriber's Note—Corrigenda added"> and communicating with it</ins> let two
+tubes ascend above the altar; one of them, <span class="allsmcap">G K L M</span>,
+bent without the altar
+and communicating
+with a box, <span class="allsmcap">N X O P</span>, inverted,
+and having its
+inner surface made
+perfectly level to fit a
+piston. Into this box
+let the piston <span class="allsmcap">R S</span> be
+accurately fitted, that
+no air may enter by
+its side; and to the
+piston attach a rod,
+<span class="allsmcap">T U</span>, of great strength.
+Again, attach to the
+piston rod another rod,
+<span class="allsmcap">U Q</span>, moving about a pin
+at <span class="allsmcap">U</span>, and also working
+like the beam of a lever
+on the upright rod <span class="allsmcap">W Y</span>,
+which must be well
+secured. On the inverted bottom of the box <span class="allsmcap">N X O P</span> let another smaller
+box, <span class="allsmcap">Z</span>, rest, communicating with <span class="allsmcap">N X O P</span> and closed by a lid above: in
+the lid is a hole through which the air will enter the box. Place a thin
+plate under the hole in the lid to close it, upheld by means of four pins
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_106">[106]</span>passing through holes in the plate, and furnished with heads so that the
+plate cannot fall off: such a plate is called a valve. Again, let another
+tube, <span class="allsmcap">F I</span>, ascend from <span class="allsmcap">F G</span>, communicating with a transverse tube, <span class="allsmcap">A´ B´</span>,
+on which rest the pipes <span class="allsmcap">A</span>, <span class="allsmcap">A</span>, <span class="allsmcap">A</span>, communicating with the tube, and
+having at the lower extremities small boxes, like those used for money;
+these boxes communicate with the pipes, and their orifices <span class="allsmcap">B</span>, <span class="allsmcap">B</span>, <span class="allsmcap">B</span>, must
+be open. Across these orifices let perforated lids slide, so that, when
+the lids are pushed home, the holes in them coincide with the holes in
+the pipes, but, when the lids are drawn outwards, the connexion is broken
+and the pipes are closed. Now, if the transverse beam <span class="allsmcap">U Q</span> be depressed
+at <span class="allsmcap">Q</span>, the piston <span class="allsmcap">R S</span> will rise and force out the air in the box <span class="allsmcap">N X O P</span>; the
+air will close the aperture in the small box <span class="allsmcap">Z</span> by means of the valve described
+above, and pass along the tube <span class="allsmcap">M L K G</span> into the hemisphere:
+again it will pass out of the hemisphere along the tube <span class="allsmcap">F I</span> into the
+transverse tube <span class="allsmcap">A´ B´</span>, and out of the transverse tube into the pipes, if the
+apertures in the pipes and in the lids coincide, that is, if the lids, either
+all, or some of them, have been pushed home.</p>
+
+<p>In order that, when we wish any of the pipes to sound, the corresponding
+holes may be opened, and closed again when we wish the sound to
+cease, we may employ the following contrivance. Imagine one of the
+boxes at the extremities of the pipes, <span class="allsmcap">C D</span>, to be isolated, <span class="allsmcap">D</span> being its orifice,
+<span class="allsmcap">E</span> the communicating pipe, <span class="allsmcap">R S</span> the lid fitted to it, and <span class="allsmcap">G</span> the hole in
+the lid not coinciding with the pipe <span class="allsmcap">E</span>. Take three jointed bars <span class="allsmcap">F H</span>, <span class="allsmcap">H M</span>,
+<span class="allsmcap">M M</span><sup>2</sup>, of which the bar <span class="allsmcap">F H</span> is attached to the lid <span class="allsmcap">S F</span>, while the whole
+moves about a pin at <span class="allsmcap">M</span><sup>3</sup>. Now, if we depress, with the hand, the extremity
+<span class="allsmcap">M</span><sup>2</sup> towards <span class="allsmcap">D</span> the orifice of the box, we shall push the lid inwards,
+and, when it is in, the aperture in it will coincide with that in the tube.
+That, when we withdraw the hand, the lid may be spontaneously drawn
+out and close the communication, the following means may be employed.
+Underneath the boxes let a rod, <span class="allsmcap">M</span><sup>4</sup> <span class="allsmcap">M</span><sup>5</sup>, run, equal and parallel to the
+tube <span class="allsmcap">A´ B´</span>, and fix to this slips of horn, elastic and curved, of which <span class="allsmcap">M</span><sup>6</sup>,
+lying opposite <span class="allsmcap">C D</span>, is one. A string, fastened to the extremity of the
+slip of horn, is carried round the extremity <span class="allsmcap">H</span>, so that, when the lid is
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_107">[107]</span>pushed out, the string is tightened; if, therefore, we depress the extremity
+<span class="allsmcap">M</span><sup>2</sup> and drive the lid inwards, the string will forcibly pull the piece of horn
+and straighten it, but, when the hand is withdrawn, the horn will return
+again to its original position and draw away the lid from the orifice, so as
+to destroy the correspondence between the holes. This contrivance
+having been applied to the box of each pipe, when we require any of the
+pipes to sound we must depress the corresponding key with the fingers;
+and when we require any of the sounds to cease, remove the fingers,
+whereupon the lids will be drawn out and the pipes will cease to sound.</p>
+
+<p>The water is poured into the altar that the superabundant air, (I
+mean, of course, that which is thrust out of the box and forces the water
+upwards,) may be confined in the hemisphere, so that the pipes which
+are free to sound may always have a supply. The piston <span class="allsmcap">R S</span>, when
+raised, drives the air out of the box into the hemisphere, as has been
+explained; and when depressed, opens the valve in the small box <span class="allsmcap">Z</span>.
+By this means the box is filled with air from without, which the piston,
+when forced up again, will again drive into the hemisphere. It would
+be better that the rod <span class="allsmcap">T U</span> should move about a pivot at <span class="allsmcap">T</span> also, by means
+of a single [loop,] <span class="allsmcap">R</span>, which may be fitted into the bottom of the piston,
+and through which the pivot must pass, that the piston may not be
+drawn aside, but rise and fall vertically.</p>
+
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+<div class="chapter">
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_108">[108]</span></p>
+
+
+  <h2 class="nobreak" id="Sec_77">
+    77. <i>An Altar Organ blown by the agency of a Wind-mill.</i>
+  </h2>
+</div>
+
+<img class="drop-capi" src="images/t.jpg" alt="Stylized T">
+<p class="drop-capi"><span class="uc">The</span> construction of an organ from which, when the
+wind blows, the sound of a flute shall be produced. Let
+<span class="allsmcap">A</span>, <span class="allsmcap">A</span>, <span class="allsmcap">A</span>, (fig. 77), be the pipes, <span class="allsmcap">B C</span> the transverse tube
+communicating with them, <span class="allsmcap">D E</span> the vertical tube, and
+<span class="allsmcap">E F</span> another transverse tube leading from <span class="allsmcap">D E</span> into a
+box <span class="allsmcap">G H</span>, the inner surface of which is made level to
+fit a piston. Into this box fit the piston <span class="allsmcap">K L</span>, which is capable of descending
+into it freely. To the piston attach a rod, <span class="allsmcap">M N</span>, and to this another,
+<span class="allsmcap">N X</span>, working on the rod <span class="allsmcap">P R</span>. At <span class="allsmcap">N</span> let there be a pin moving readily,
+and to the extremity <span class="allsmcap">X</span> fasten a small plate, <span class="allsmcap">X O</span>, near which a rod, <span class="allsmcap">S</span>, is to
+be placed, moving on iron pivots placed in a frame which admits of
+being shifted. To the rod <span class="allsmcap">S</span> attach two small wheels, <span class="allsmcap">U</span> and <span class="allsmcap">Q</span>, of which
+<span class="allsmcap">U</span> is furnished with pegs placed close to the plate <span class="allsmcap">X O</span>, and <span class="allsmcap">Q</span> with broad
+arms like the sails of a wind-mill. When all of these arms, urged by
+the wind, drive round the wheel <span class="allsmcap">Q</span>, the rod <span class="allsmcap">S</span> will be driven round, so
+that the wheel <span class="allsmcap">U</span> and the pegs attached to it will strike the plate <span class="allsmcap">X O</span> at
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_109">[109]</span>intervals and raise the piston; when the peg recedes, the piston, descending,
+will force out the air in the box <span class="allsmcap">G H</span> into the tubes and pipes, and
+produce the sound. We may always move the frame which contains
+the rod <span class="allsmcap">S</span> towards the prevailing wind, that the revolution may be more
+rapid and uniform.</p>
+
+
+<figure class="figcenter illowp70" id="fig77">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/fig77.jpg" alt="Diagram of apparatus as described in text">
+</figure>
+
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+<div class="chapter">
+  <h2 class="nobreak block" id="Sec_78">
+    78. <i>An Automaton, the head of which continues attached to the body,
+    after a knife has entered the neck at one side, passed completely
+    through it, and out at the other; the animal will drink immediately
+    after the operation.</i>
+  </h2>
+</div>
+
+
+<figure class="figright illowp45" id="fig78">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/fig78.jpg" alt="Diagram of apparatus as described in text">
+</figure>
+
+<img class="drop-capi" src="images/a.jpg" alt="Stylized A">
+<p class="drop-capi"><span class="uc">An</span> animal shall be made
+to drink while it is being
+severed in two.
+In the mouth of the
+animal (fig. 78), let
+there be a tube, <span class="allsmcap">A B</span>,
+and in the neck another, <span class="allsmcap">C D</span>, passing
+along through one of the outer feet.
+Between these tubes let a male cylinder,
+<span class="allsmcap">E F</span>, pass, to which are attached toothed
+bars, <span class="allsmcap">G</span> and <span class="allsmcap">H</span>. Above <span class="allsmcap">G</span> place a portion
+of a toothed wheel, <span class="allsmcap">K</span>, and, in like manner,
+beneath <span class="allsmcap">H</span> a portion of a toothed
+wheel, <span class="allsmcap">L</span>. Over all let there be a wheel,
+<span class="allsmcap">M</span>, the inner rim of which is thicker
+than the outer; and let sections be cut
+out of this wheel by the three circles <span class="allsmcap">M</span>, <span class="allsmcap">N</span> and <span class="allsmcap">X</span>, so that the interval
+between each division may be equal to the radius of the wheel. Let
+the rim or felly be likewise divided by the circles, so that the circumference
+of the wheel will no longer be a circle. Having made an incision,
+<span class="allsmcap">O P</span>, in the upper part of the neck, and severed the head within the
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_110">[110]</span>incision, make in it a circular cavity broader below than above, as it
+were a female tube shaped like an axe, which will contain two sides of
+the hexagon inscribed in the circle. Let this cavity be <span class="allsmcap">R S</span>, in which
+the entire rim <span class="allsmcap">M N X</span> will revolve in such a manner that, before one division
+disappears, the beginning of the next will succeed, and similarly
+with the third: so that, if a pin be inserted through the wheel, the
+wheel will revolve, and the head of the animal adhere to the neck.
+Now, if a knife is passed down through the incision <span class="allsmcap">O P</span>, it will enter one
+of the clefts of the wheel <span class="allsmcap">M</span>, and confine it in the circular cavity; and,
+descending lower, it will touch the projecting tooth of the part <span class="allsmcap">K</span> of the
+wheel, which, being forced downwards, will fit its teeth into those of
+the bar <span class="allsmcap">G</span>, and the bar being pushed back will bring the cylinder out
+of the tube <span class="allsmcap">A B</span>. The knife, passing through the intervening space, will
+still descend and fall upon the projecting tooth of the part <span class="allsmcap">L</span> of the
+wheel; and this, being forced downwards, and fitting its teeth into the
+toothed bar <span class="allsmcap">H</span>, will drive the cylinder out of <span class="allsmcap">C D</span> and fit it into <span class="allsmcap">A B</span>. This
+cylinder is an interior tube fitted into the two tubes, that, namely, in
+the mouth of the animal, and that reaching from the incision in the
+neck to the hinder foot. When the knife has passed quite through the
+neck, and the tube <span class="allsmcap">E F</span> has touched both <span class="allsmcap">A B</span> and <span class="allsmcap">C D</span>, let water be offered
+to the animal, and a pair of sliding tubes, placed under the herdsman, be
+turned round. When the herdsman revolves, the water above will flow
+downwards along the tube <span class="allsmcap">C D E F A B</span>, and the current of air caused by
+the stream of water will attract the water offered to the mouth of the
+animal. Of course the sliding tubes are so arranged that, as the herdsman
+turns round, the holes in them coincide.</p>
+
+<figure class="figright illowp60" id="fig79">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/fig79.jpg" alt="Diagram of apparatus as described in text">
+  <figcaption>
+      <p>Fig. 79.</p>
+  </figcaption>
+</figure>
+
+<p>The same result can be brought about without the aid of a stream of
+water in the following manner. Take once more a pedestal perfectly
+air-tight, <span class="allsmcap">A B C D</span> (fig. 79), having a partition across the middle, <span class="allsmcap">E F</span>. Let
+the tube from the mouth of the animal, <span class="allsmcap">G H K</span>, lead into the pedestal, and
+another tube, <span class="allsmcap">L M N</span>, pass through the surface <span class="allsmcap">A D</span> and the partition <span class="allsmcap">E F</span>.
+In the tube, <span class="allsmcap">L M N</span>, perforate a hole, <span class="allsmcap">X</span>, just above the partition <span class="allsmcap">E F</span>, and let
+another tube, <span class="allsmcap">O P</span>, fit into it closely, having a hole, <span class="allsmcap">R</span>, corresponding with
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_111">[111]</span>the hole <span class="allsmcap">X</span>. To the tube
+<span class="allsmcap">O P</span> attach a figure of
+Pan, or some other figure
+with a fierce look,
+and, when the figure is
+turned towards the animal,
+it shall not drink,
+as though frightened;
+when the figure turns
+away, it shall drink.
+Now, if we pour water
+into the compartment
+<span class="allsmcap">A D E F</span> through a hole,
+<span class="allsmcap">G´</span>, which must afterwards
+be carefully closed
+with wax or some other substance, it will be found that, if the holes <span class="allsmcap">R</span>
+and <span class="allsmcap">X</span> are made to coincide, the water which was poured in will pass
+into the compartment <span class="allsmcap">E B C F</span>. As <span class="allsmcap">A D E F</span> becomes empty, it will attract
+the air through the mouth of the figure, which will then drink when
+a cup is presented to it.</p>
+
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+<div class="chapter">
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_112"></a><a id="Page_113"></a>[113]</span></p>
+
+
+<figure class="figcenter illowp70" id="113_2">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/113.jpg" alt="Decorative floral border">
+</figure>
+
+
+  <h2 class="nobreak" id="APPENDIX">
+    APPENDIX.
+  </h2>
+</div>
+
+
+<img class="drop-capi" src="images/t.jpg" alt="Stylized T">
+<p class="drop-capi"><span class="uc">There</span> are four MSS. of Hero contained in the British Museum.
+Two belong to the Harleian Collection: they are numbered 5605
+and 5589, and are assigned, the first to the fifteenth, the second to
+the sixteenth century; they are distinguished in the table below
+by the letters <i>a</i> and <i>b</i>. The others are among the Burney MSS., (108 and 81),
+and are both assigned to the sixteenth century: they are cited as <i>c</i> and <i>d</i>. Of
+these MSS. the first and third, (<i>a</i> and <i>c</i>), are by far the most trustworthy: they
+generally supply the clauses missing in the printed text, and often furnish emendations
+of passages otherwise corrupt. The other two agree, for the most part,
+with each other, and with the printed text, both in the omission of numerous
+clauses and in the grossest errors in individual words. It is thus rendered probable
+that the defects of the Paris edition are in great measure due, not to the
+Editors, but to the MS. followed.</p>
+
+<p>In the following table of emendations made in the text of Hero as it appears
+in the <cite>Veterum Mathematicorum Opera</cite>, those only have been noticed which appeared
+curious or important. Many more have been passed over in which the
+correction was obvious even without the aid of any MS. The references are to
+the page and line of the Paris edition.</p>
+
+<table class="apxtab">
+<tr>
+<td class="tdcb bb br wd15" colspan=3>Page and Line of Paris edition.</td>
+<td class="tdcb bb br wd40">Reading of Paris Text.</td>
+<td class="tdcb bb">Reading adopted.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdct">147</td>
+<td class="tdct">-</td>
+<td class="tdct br">29</td>
+<td class="tdlt br"><span lang="grc">συκίαν </span><i>a b d</i>.</td>
+<td class="tdlt"><span lang="grc">σικύαν</span> <i>c</i>.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdct">150</td>
+<td class="tdct">-</td>
+<td class="tdct br">10</td>
+<td class="tdlt br"><span lang="grc">ἐκφανείας</span></td>
+<td class="tdlt"><span lang="grc">ἐπιφανείας</span> <i>a b c d</i>.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdct">—</td>
+<td class="tdct">-</td>
+<td class="tdct br">34</td>
+<td class="tdlt br"><span lang="grc">τὴν—διαστολὴν</span></td>
+<td class="tdlt"><span lang="grc">κατὰ τὴν—διαστολὴν</span> <i>a</i>.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdct">151</td>
+<td class="tdct">-</td>
+<td class="tdct br">8</td>
+<td class="tdlt br"><span lang="grc">μυκτῆρσιν </span><i>d</i>.</td>
+<td class="tdlt"><div lang="grc">μυκτῆρσιν ἀέρος</div> <i>a b c</i>.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdct">—</td>
+<td class="tdct">-</td>
+<td class="tdct br">51</td>
+<td class="tdlt br"><span lang="grc">ὅσας</span></td>
+<td class="tdlt"><span lang="grc">ὅσαι</span> <i>a b c d</i>.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdct">153</td>
+<td class="tdct">-</td>
+<td class="tdct br">6</td>
+<td class="tdlt br"><span lang="grc">βαθύτερον</span> <i>d</i>.</td>
+<td class="tdlt"><span lang="grc">βαρύτερον</span> <i>a b c</i>.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdct">—</td>
+<td class="tdct">-</td>
+<td class="tdct br">23</td>
+<td class="tdlt br"><span lang="grc">στεγνὸν</span> <i>d</i>.</td>
+<td class="tdlt"><span lang="grc">στενὸν</span> <i>a c</i>.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdct">155</td>
+<td class="tdct"> -</td>
+<td class="tdct br"> 3 <span class="pagenum" id="Page_114">[114]</span></td>
+<td class="tdlt br"><span lang="grc">ἀντέχον</span> <i>a c d</i>.</td>
+<td class="tdlt"><span lang="grc">ἀντέχων</span> <i>b</i>.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdct">156</td>
+<td class="tdct">-</td>
+<td class="tdct br">1</td>
+<td class="tdlt br"><span lang="grc">πνυκτικὸς</span> <i>a b</i>.</td>
+<td class="tdlt"><span lang="grc">πνικτικὸς</span> <i>c</i>. Commandine reads πνευματικὸς.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdct">—</td>
+<td class="tdct">-</td>
+<td class="tdct br">24</td>
+<td class="tdlt br"><span lang="grc">ἀλλὰ τὸ μὴ</span> <i>c</i>.</td>
+<td class="tdlt"><span lang="grc">ἀλλὰ τῷ μὴ</span> <i>a b d</i>.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdct">—</td>
+<td class="tdct">-</td>
+<td class="tdct br">26</td>
+<td class="tdlt br"><span lang="grc">ἀντεπεξίοντος</span></td>
+<td class="tdlt"><span lang="grc">ἀντὶ τοῦ ἐπεξίοντος</span> <i>a b c d</i>.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdct">159</td>
+<td class="tdct">-</td>
+<td class="tdct br">17</td>
+<td class="tdlt br"><span lang="grc">τὸ ἐν τῷ ὑγρῷ</span> <br>(<span lang="grc">τὸ εν τῷ ὑγρον</span> <i>b</i>.)</td>
+<td class="tdlt"><span lang="grc">τὸ ἐν ἀυτῷ ὑγρὸν</span> <i>a c</i>.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdct">161</td>
+<td class="tdct">-</td>
+<td class="tdct br">2</td>
+<td class="tdlt br"><span lang="grc">ἰσθμὸς</span></td>
+<td class="tdlt"><p><span lang="grc">ἠθμὸς.</span> This correction, adopted originally on the conjecture of Professor Malden, is supported by the variations of the MSS.; <i>a</i> reads <span lang="grc">ἱθμος</span>, <i>b</i> <span lang="grc">ἡθμος</span>. In like manner elsewhere read <span lang="grc">ἠθμοειδή</span>, &amp;c. for <span lang="grc">ἰσθμοειδή</span>.</p></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdct">—</td>
+<td class="tdct">-</td>
+<td class="tdct br">20</td>
+<td class="tdlt br"><span lang="grc">ἐκκεκρυήσεται</span> <br>(so all the MSS.)</td>
+<td class="tdlt"><span lang="grc">οὐκ ἐκρυήσεται</span></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdct">170</td>
+<td class="tdct">-</td>
+<td class="tdct br">30</td>
+<td class="tdlt br"><span lang="grc">ἐκείνοις</span></td>
+<td class="tdlt"><span lang="grc">ἔκεινον</span> <i>a b c</i>.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdct">172</td>
+<td class="tdct">-</td>
+<td class="tdct br">17</td>
+<td class="tdlt br"><span lang="grc">κατέχοντος </span><i>c</i>.</td>
+<td class="tdlt"><span lang="grc">κατέχοντες</span> <i>a b</i>.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdct">—</td>
+<td class="tdct">-</td>
+<td class="tdct br">18</td>
+<td class="tdlt br"><span lang="grc">ἐὰν δὲ ἄνω ὄντος</span></td>
+<td class="tdlt"><span lang="grc">ἐὰν δὲ ἀνῶμεν ἔτι ἄνω ὄντος</span> <i>a b c</i>.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdct">—</td>
+<td class="tdct">-</td>
+<td class="tdct br">30</td>
+<td class="tdlt br"><span lang="grc">ἴσον, ἐὰν</span></td>
+<td class="tdlt"><span lang="grc">ὅσον ἐὰν</span> <i>a b c</i>.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdct">173</td>
+<td class="tdct">-</td>
+<td class="tdct br">20–24</td>
+<td class="tdlt" colspan=2><p>This passage is unintelligible as it stands. It should be read (with <i>a b c</i>) as follows:—</p>
+<p> <span lang="grc">Ἐγχέωμεν οὖν καὶ εἰς τὴν ΜΝΞΟ βάσιν καὶ εἰς τὸν ΠΡ κρατῆρα τὸν
+οἶνον ὥστε πλήρη εἶναι τὸν ΠΡ κρατῆρα, καὶ τὴν ΜΝΞΟ βάσιν πεπληρῶσθαι
+ἄχρι τοῦ Η στομίου τοῦ σωλῆνος· τούτου δὲ γενομένου, καὶ φραγέντος
+τοῦ Ε, οὐ διὰ τοῦ ΚΛ σωλῆνος</span>, &amp;c. In the printed text all the
+words from <span lang="grc">τὸν οἶνον</span> to <span lang="grc">τὸν κρατῆρα</span> inclusive are omitted; so is the
+οὐ after <span lang="grc">φραγέντος</span>. In the translation the MSS. have been departed
+from in reading “as high as the mouth of the tube G H,” instead of “as
+high as the mouth G of the tube G H.” The latter reading is clearly
+inconsistent with the argument.</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdct">174</td>
+<td class="tdct">-</td>
+<td class="tdct br">3</td>
+<td class="tdlt br"><p><span lang="grc">εἰσχωρεῖ καὶ διὰ τοῦ τρήματος</span></p></td>
+<td class="tdlt"><p><span lang="grc">εἰσχωρεῖν καὶ διὰ τοῦ Υ τρήματος</span> <i>a b c</i>.</p></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdct">—</td>
+<td class="tdct">-</td>
+<td class="tdct br">13</td>
+<td class="tdlt br"><span lang="grc">ὁ Κ, ὁ κενὼν</span></td>
+<td class="tdlt"><span lang="grc">ὁ Κ ἔνων </span><i>a b c</i>.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdct">177</td>
+<td class="tdct">-</td>
+<td class="tdct br">1</td>
+<td class="tdlt br"><span lang="grc">ἀνακεκαμφθέντα ἀγγεῖα</span></td>
+<td class="tdlt"><p><span lang="grc">ἀνακεκάμφθω εἰς τὰ ἀγγεῖα</span> <i>c</i>. <i>a b</i> have <span lang="grc">ἀνακεκάμφω</span>.</p></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdct">—</td>
+<td class="tdct">-</td>
+<td class="tdct br">24</td>
+<td class="tdlt" colspan=2><p>The printed text is here quite unintelligible. We find (beginning of § 24 in translation) these words:—
+<span lang="grc">ἔστω σμηρισμάτιον ᾧ ἐὰν βουλώμεθα λόγῳ· ἔστω δὲ τὸ
+ὕδωρ τοῦ οἴνου διπλάσιον.</span> The opening sentence should be as
+follows: <span lang="grc">Ἀγγείου ὄντος κενοῦ καὶ ἑτέρου οἶνον ἔχοντος, ὅσον ἐὰν ὕδωρ
+εἰς τὸ κενὸν ἀγγεῖον ἐμβάλωμεν</span>,
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_115">[115]</span> <span lang="grc">τοσοῦτον διὰ κρουνοῦ ληψόμεθα κεκραμένον
+ᾧ ἐὰν βουλώμεθα εἶναι λόγῳ· ἔστω δὲ τὸ ὕδωρ τοῦ οἴνου διπλάσιον</span>.
+ So <i>a c</i>: <i>b d</i> agree with the text.</p></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdct">180</td>
+<td class="tdct">-</td>
+<td class="tdct br">11</td>
+<td class="tdlt" colspan=2><p>Omit <span lang="grc">τρίτου</span> with <i>a c</i>: <i>b d</i> agree with the text in retaining the word, which is unintelligible.</p></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdct">192</td>
+<td class="tdct">-</td>
+<td class="tdct br">3</td>
+<td class="tdlt br"><span lang="grc">ἐπιληφθέντα</span> <i>b d</i>.</td>
+<td class="tdlt"><span lang="grc">ἐπειληθέντα </span><i>c</i>. <i>a</i> has <span lang="grc">ἐπειληφθέντα</span>.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdct">193</td>
+<td class="tdct">-</td>
+<td class="tdct br">26</td>
+<td class="tdlt br"><span lang="grc">ἀποδεδεμένοι</span></td>
+<td class="tdlt"><span lang="grc">ἀποδεδομένοι</span> <i>a b c d</i>.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdct">195</td>
+<td class="tdct">-</td>
+<td class="tdct br">7</td>
+<td class="tdlt br"><span lang="grc">ἀποδεδόσθω</span></td>
+<td class="tdlt"><span lang="grc">ἀποδεδέσθω</span> <i>a b c d</i>.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdct">197</td>
+<td class="tdct">-</td>
+<td class="tdct br">6</td>
+<td class="tdlt br"><span lang="grc">ἄνω</span> <i>a b c d</i>.</td>
+<td class="tdlt"><p><span lang="grc">κάτω</span>, which is given in the margin of <i>d</i>, is necessary to the sense.</p></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdct">200</td>
+<td class="tdct">-</td>
+<td class="tdct br">8</td>
+<td class="tdlt" colspan=2><p>Read <span lang="grc">ἐναρμοσθεὶς εἰς τὸ σφαίριον φερέτω εἰς τὴν χώνην, καὶ ἐμβεβλήσθω εἰς τὸ σφαίριον ὕδωρ</span>. So all the MSS. In the text all from <span lang="grc">φερέτω</span> to <span lang="grc">σφαίριον</span> inclusive is omitted.</p></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdct">—</td>
+<td class="tdct">-</td>
+<td class="tdct br">14</td>
+<td class="tdlt" colspan=2><p>After <span lang="grc">ὑγρὸν add καὶ ἀναπληρώσει τὸν κενωθέντα τόπον</span>. So <i>a b c</i>.</p></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdct">202</td>
+<td class="tdct" style="width:.5em; ">-</td>
+<td class="tdct br">20</td>
+<td class="tdlt" colspan=2><p>The last clause of § 50 (of the translation) is unintelligible as it stands in the printed text. For <span lang="grc">στρέφειν εἰς τὴν χώραν</span> <i>a</i> and <i>c</i> give <span lang="grc">εἰς τὴν σφαῖραν</span>. In the translation <span lang="grc">σφαῖραν</span> is preferred to <span lang="grc">χώραν</span>, and <span lang="grc">εἰς</span> omitted.</p></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdct">205<br> 206<br> 185</td>
+<td class="tdct"> -<br>-<br>- </td>
+<td class="tdct br" style="min-width: 3em"> 10 }<br> 10 }<br> 11 }</td>
+<td class="tdlm" colspan=2><p>Clauses of considerable length are missing in the text from the usual cause. They are supplied in the translation.</p></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdct" >212</td>
+<td class="tdct br"  colspan=2></td>
+<td class="tdlt" colspan=2><p>The arrangement of the three plans for self-acting lamps has been altered in conformity with <i>a</i> and <i>c</i>; <i>b</i> and <i>d</i>, agreeing with the printed text.</p></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdct">216</td>
+<td class="tdct">-</td>
+<td class="tdct br">26</td>
+<td class="tdlt br"><span lang="grc">ἐκπίπτοντος</span></td>
+<td class="tdlt"><span lang="grc">εἰσπίπτοντος</span> <i>a</i>.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdct">223</td>
+<td class="tdct">-</td>
+<td class="tdct br">7</td>
+<td class="tdlt br"><span lang="grc">ΓΔ</span> (CD)</td>
+<td class="tdlt"><p><span lang="grc">ΕΖ</span> (EF): this change has been made on conjecture.</p></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdct">—</td>
+<td class="tdct">-</td>
+<td class="tdct br">16</td>
+<td class="tdlt" colspan=2><p>Before <span lang="grc">ὥστε ἢ</span> has been inserted, without support from the MSS. The passage is otherwise self-contradictory.</p></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdct">226</td>
+<td class="tdct">-</td>
+<td class="tdct br">23</td>
+<td class="tdlt br"><span lang="grc">διηνοιγμένον</span> <i>a b c d</i>.</td>
+<td class="tdlt"><span lang="grc">διενηνεγμένον?</span></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdct">227</td>
+<td class="tdct">-</td>
+<td class="tdct br">21</td>
+<td class="tdlt" colspan=2><p>This passage is corrupt, but the MSS. give no light.</p></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdct">228</td>
+<td class="tdct">-</td>
+<td class="tdct br">8</td>
+<td class="tdlt br"><span lang="grc">ἐκτὸς</span></td>
+<td class="tdlt"><span lang="grc">ἐντὸς</span> <i>a b c d</i>.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdct">—</td>
+<td class="tdct">-</td>
+<td class="tdct br">41</td>
+<td class="tdlt br"><span lang="grc">ἐν τοῖς αὐλοῖς</span> <i>a b c d</i>.</td>
+<td class="tdlt"><span lang="grc">τοῖς ἐν τοῖς αὐλοῖς</span>?</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdct">229</td>
+<td class="tdct">-</td>
+<td class="tdct br">30–40</td>
+<td class="tdlt" colspan=2><p>The reading of the text is evidently corrupt here, but the MSS. do not supply means for correcting it: <span lang="grc">μίας οὔσης</span> may be a corruption of μενούσης; Hero speaks elsewhere of a <span lang="grc">περόνη μένουσα</span>.</p></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdct">232</td>
+<td class="tdct">-</td>
+<td class="tdct br">14</td>
+<td class="tdlt" colspan=2><p>The text and all the MSS. read <span lang="grc">ὑπὸ</span>; nevertheless ὑπὲρ has been substituted in the translation. If the holes X and R were <em>beneath</em> the partition, the action of the tubes would fail.</p></td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+<div class="chapter">
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_116">[116]</span></p>
+
+
+<figure class="figcenter illowp70" id="016">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/116.jpg" alt="Decorative floral border">
+</figure>
+
+
+  <h2 class="nobreak" id="INDEX">
+    INDEX.
+  </h2>
+</div>
+
+
+<ul class="index">
+
+<li class="ifrst drop-capi"><img class="li-drop-capi" src="images/a2.jpg" alt="Stylized A"><span class=uc>Air</span> (atmospheric), <a href="#Page_1">1</a>.</li>
+
+  <li class="indx drop-cap2">Adamant, <a href="#Page_2">2</a>.</li>
+
+  <li class="indx drop-cap2">Anvil, <a href="#Page_2">2</a>.</li>
+
+  <li class="indx drop-cap2">Archimedes, <a href="#Page_9">9</a>.</li>
+
+  <li class="indx">Air-pump (condensing), <a href="#Page_23">23</a>.</li>
+
+  <li class="indx">Altar, <a href="#Page_26">26</a>, <a href="#Page_83">83</a>.</li>
+
+  <li class="indx">Apple, <a href="#Page_62">62</a>.</li>
+
+  <li class="indx">Arrow, <a href="#Page_62">62</a>.</li>
+
+  <li class="indx">Air-engine, <a href="#Page_95">95</a>.</li>
+
+
+  <li class="ifrst">Bottle, <a href="#Page_3">3</a>.</li>
+
+  <li class="indx">Bitumen, <a href="#Page_5">5</a>.</li>
+
+  <li class="indx">Bronze, <a href="#Page_7">7</a>.</li>
+
+  <li class="indx">Beam, balance, <a href="#Page_11">11</a>.</li>
+
+  <li class="indx">Bar, <a href="#Page_19">19</a>.</li>
+
+  <li class="indx">Bird, <a href="#Page_29">29</a>.</li>
+
+  <li class="indx">Beam on an axis, <a href="#Page_33">33</a>.</li>
+
+  <li class="indx">Ball tap, <a href="#Page_36">36</a>.</li>
+
+  <li class="indx">Ball float, <a href="#Page_43">43</a>.</li>
+
+  <li class="indx">Beam, <a href="#Page_44">44</a>.</li>
+
+  <li class="indx">Bow, <a href="#Page_62">62</a>.</li>
+
+  <li class="indx">Boiler, <a href="#Page_72">72</a>, <a href="#Page_101">101</a>, <a href="#Page_102">102</a>, <a href="#Page_103">103</a>.</li>
+
+  <li class="indx">Buttons, <a href="#Page_76">76</a>.</li>
+
+  <li class="indx">Bellows, (substitute for), <a href="#Page_105">105</a>.</li>
+
+  <li class="indx">Bell-crank lever, <a href="#Page_106">106</a>.</li>
+
+
+  <li class="ifrst">Cupping-glasses, <a href="#Page_4">4</a>.</li>
+
+  <li class="indx">Coal-cinders, <a href="#Page_5">5</a>, <a href="#Page_101">101</a>, <a href="#Page_102">102</a>.</li>
+
+  <li class="indx">Cook’s ladle, <a href="#Page_21">21</a>.</li>
+
+  <li class="indx">Carpenters’ rule, <a href="#Page_25">25</a>.</li>
+
+  <li class="indx">Chain, <a href="#Page_32">32</a>.</li>
+
+  <li class="indx">Cork, <a href="#Page_36">36</a>.</li>
+
+  <li class="indx">Coin, <a href="#Page_37">37</a>.</li>
+
+  <li class="indx">Cock or tap, <a href="#Page_41">41</a>.</li>
+
+  <li class="indx">Cylinders, (bored bronze), <a href="#Page_44">44</a>.</li>
+
+  <li class="indx">Church organ, <a href="#Page_105">105</a>.</li>
+
+
+  <li class="ifrst">Dew, <a href="#Page_5">5</a>.</li>
+
+  <li class="indx">Divers, <a href="#Page_8">8</a>.</li>
+
+  <li class="indx">Door of temple, <a href="#Page_33">33</a>.</li>
+
+  <li class="indx">Dragon, <a href="#Page_62">62</a>.</li>
+
+
+  <li class="ifrst">Earth, <a href="#Page_1">1</a>.</li>
+
+  <li class="indx">Extinguisher, <a href="#Page_33">33</a>.</li>
+
+  <li class="indx">Engine, (steam-), <a href="#Page_72">72</a>.</li>
+
+
+  <li class="ifrst">Fire, <a href="#Page_1">1</a>.</li>
+
+  <li class="indx">Force, <a href="#Page_3">3</a>.</li>
+
+  <li class="indx">Funnel, <a href="#Page_29">29</a>.</li>
+
+  <li class="indx">Fir-cone, <a href="#Page_70">70</a>.</li>
+
+  <li class="indx">Flagon, <a href="#Page_86">86</a>.</li>
+
+  <li class="indx">Finger-organ, keys, <a href="#Page_105">105</a>.</li>
+
+
+  <li class="ifrst">Glass, <a href="#Page_3">3</a>, <a href="#Page_68">68</a>, <a href="#Page_74">74</a>, <a href="#Page_75">75</a>, <a href="#Page_76">76</a>, <a href="#Page_79">79</a>,
+    <a href="#Page_95">95</a>.</li>
+
+  <li class="indx">Globe, <a href="#Page_7">7</a>, <a href="#Page_20">20</a>.</li>
+
+  <li class="indx">Groove, <a href="#Page_17">17</a>.</li>
+
+
+  <li class="ifrst">Hammer, <a href="#Page_2">2</a>.</li>
+
+  <li class="indx">Heat, <a href="#Page_2">2</a>.</li>
+
+  <li class="indx">Horn-shavings, <a href="#Page_3">3</a>.</li>
+
+  <li class="indx">Handle, <a href="#Page_17">17</a>.</li>
+
+  <li class="indx">Hinges, <a href="#Page_25">25</a>.</li>
+
+  <li class="indx">Holy water, <a href="#Page_49">49</a>.</li>
+
+  <li class="indx">Hercules, <a href="#Page_62">62</a>.</li>
+
+  <li class="indx">Hot-air blast, <a href="#Page_100">100</a>, <a href="#Page_101">101</a>.</li>
+
+
+  <li class="ifrst">Iron, <a href="#Page_10">10</a>.</li>
+
+
+  <li class="ifrst">Jar, <a href="#Page_22">22</a>.</li>
+
+
+  <li class="ifrst">Kettle-drum, <a href="#Page_32">32</a>.</li>
+
+  <li class="indx">Key, <a href="#Page_41">41</a>.</li>
+
+
+  <li class="ifrst"><span class="pagenum" id="Page_117">[117]</span>Light, <a href="#Page_9">9</a>.</li>
+
+  <li class="indx">Libation, <a href="#Page_26">26</a>.</li>
+
+  <li class="indx">Lathe for turning, <a href="#Page_32">32</a>.</li>
+
+  <li class="indx">Lead, <a href="#Page_36">36</a>.</li>
+
+  <li class="indx">Lamp-wick, <a href="#Page_52">52</a>.</li>
+
+  <li class="indx">Lever-beam, <a href="#Page_94">94</a>.</li>
+
+
+  <li class="ifrst">Metal plate, <a href="#Page_7">7</a>.</li>
+
+  <li class="indx">Marine torpedo, <a href="#Page_10">10</a>.</li>
+
+
+  <li class="ifrst">Nut, (substitute for), <a href="#Page_17">17</a>.</li>
+
+
+  <li class="ifrst">Oil, <a href="#Page_6">6</a>.</li>
+
+  <li class="indx">Owl, <a href="#Page_30">30</a>.</li>
+
+  <li class="indx">Oven, <a href="#Page_94">94</a>.</li>
+
+  <li class="indx">Organ-pipes, <a href="#Page_105">105</a>.</li>
+
+
+  <li class="ifrst">Pores, <a href="#Page_9">9</a>.</li>
+
+  <li class="indx">Priest, <a href="#Page_26">26</a>, <a href="#Page_83">83</a>.</li>
+
+  <li class="indx">Priestess, <a href="#Page_26">26</a>.</li>
+
+  <li class="indx">Pulley and rope, <a href="#Page_32">32</a>.</li>
+
+  <li class="indx">Piston, turned, (metallic), <a href="#Page_44">44</a>.</li>
+
+  <li class="indx">Piston-rods, <a href="#Page_44">44</a>.</li>
+
+  <li class="indx">Pan, <a href="#Page_47">47</a>.</li>
+
+  <li class="indx">Pinion, (toothed), <a href="#Page_52">52</a>.</li>
+
+  <li class="indx">Poised cup, <a href="#Page_66">66</a>.</li>
+
+
+  <li class="ifrst">Quicksilver, <a href="#Page_58">58</a>.</li>
+
+
+  <li class="ifrst">Rod, <a href="#Page_32">32</a>.</li>
+
+  <li class="indx">Rack, (toothed), <a href="#Page_52">52</a>.</li>
+
+  <li class="indx">Racks, <a href="#Page_109">109</a>.</li>
+
+
+  <li class="ifrst">Sand, <a href="#Page_2">2</a>.</li>
+
+  <li class="indx"><ins class="corr" title="Transcriber's Note&mdash;original text: Spunge" id="Spunge">Sponge</ins>, <a href="#Page_3">3</a>.</li>
+
+  <li class="indx">Smoke, <a href="#Page_5">5</a>.</li>
+
+  <li class="indx">Steam, <a href="#Page_5">5</a>, <a href="#Page_68">68</a>, <a href="#Page_69">69</a>, <a href="#Page_72">72</a>, <a href="#Page_100">100</a>.</li>
+
+  <li class="indx">Sulphur, <a href="#Page_5">5</a>.</li>
+
+  <li class="indx">Sun, <a href="#Page_5">5</a>.</li>
+
+  <li class="indx">Sun’s rays, <a href="#Page_9">9</a>.</li>
+
+  <li class="indx">Suction, <a href="#Page_11">11</a>.</li>
+
+  <li class="indx">Solder, <a href="#Page_17">17</a>.</li>
+
+  <li class="indx">Sliding-frame, <a href="#Page_17">17</a>.</li>
+
+  <li class="indx">Screw, <a href="#Page_17">17</a>.</li>
+
+  <li class="indx">Sieve, <a href="#Page_19">19</a>.</li>
+
+  <li class="indx">Spout, <a href="#Page_73">73</a>.</li>
+
+  <li class="indx">Syringe, <a href="#Page_80">80</a>.</li>
+
+  <li class="indx">Serpent, <a href="#Page_83">83</a>.</li>
+
+  <li class="indx">Steel-yards, <a href="#Page_87">87</a>.</li>
+
+  <li class="indx">Shrine, <a href="#Page_93">93</a>.</li>
+
+  <li class="indx">Spur wheels, <a href="#Page_93">93</a>.</li>
+
+  <li class="indx">Sparrow, <a href="#Page_104">104</a>.</li>
+
+  <li class="indx">Springs, <a href="#Page_106">106</a>.</li>
+
+  <li class="indx">Sectors, (toothed), <a href="#Page_109">109</a>.</li>
+
+
+  <li class="ifrst">Tube, <a href="#Page_7">7</a>.</li>
+
+  <li class="indx">Tin, <a href="#Page_8">8</a>.</li>
+
+  <li class="indx">Trumpet, (mouthpiece and bell), <a href="#Page_32">32</a>.</li>
+
+  <li class="indx">Three-way cock, <a href="#Page_51">51</a>.</li>
+
+  <li class="indx">Trigger, <a href="#Page_62">62</a>.</li>
+
+  <li class="indx">Thyrsus, <a href="#Page_70">70</a>.</li>
+
+  <li class="indx">Turn-table, <a href="#Page_95">95</a>.</li>
+
+  <li class="indx">Triton, <a href="#Page_103">103</a>.</li>
+
+  <li class="indx">Tuning-pipe, <a href="#Page_104">104</a>.</li>
+
+  <li class="indx">Tappet-wheel, <a href="#Page_108">108</a>.</li>
+
+
+  <li class="ifrst">Universal joint, <a href="#Page_45">45</a>.</li>
+
+
+  <li class="ifrst">Vacuum, <a href="#Page_1">1</a>.</li>
+
+  <li class="indx">Vent, <a href="#Page_21">21</a>.</li>
+
+  <li class="indx">Valve, (circular slide), <a href="#Page_23">23</a>.</li>
+
+  <li class="indx">Valve, (clack), <a href="#Page_24">24</a>.</li>
+
+  <li class="indx">Valve, (suspended), <a href="#Page_37">37</a>.</li>
+
+  <li class="indx">Valve, (spindle), <a href="#Page_44">44</a>.</li>
+
+  <li class="indx">Valve, (plane slide), <a href="#Page_105">105</a>.</li>
+
+
+  <li class="ifrst">Water-clocks, <a href="#Page_1">1</a>, <a href="#Page_87">87</a>.</li>
+
+  <li class="indx">Water, <a href="#Page_1">1</a>.</li>
+
+  <li class="indx">Wind, <a href="#Page_2">2</a>.</li>
+
+  <li class="indx">Wine, <a href="#Page_19">19</a>.</li>
+
+  <li class="indx">Weight, <a href="#Page_32">32</a>.</li>
+
+  <li class="indx">Wheels, <a href="#Page_49">49</a>.</li>
+
+  <li class="indx">Wine-skin, <a href="#Page_55">55</a>.</li>
+
+  <li class="indx">Washing-basin, <a href="#Page_55">55</a>.</li>
+
+  <li class="indx">Water-jet, <a href="#Page_65">65</a>.</li>
+
+  <li class="indx">Whistle, <a href="#Page_70">70</a>.</li>
+
+  <li class="indx">Wheel and axle, <a href="#Page_93">93</a>.</li>
+
+  <li class="indx">Wind-mill, <a href="#Page_108">108</a>.</li>
+</ul>
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+<div class="chapter"></div>
+
+<figure class="figcenter illowp30" id="118">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/118.jpg" alt="Shield with initials W.C. being held by a lion">
+</figure>
+
+
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+<div class="chapter"></div>
+
+
+<figure class="figcenter illowp30" id="119">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/119.jpg" alt="Sketch of a boat with sails">
+</figure>
+  <p class="wsp fs120 center lh15">
+    SKETCH OF THE ORIGIN AND PROGRESS OF
+    STEAM NAVIGATION.<br>
+<span class=fs80>FROM AUTHENTIC DOCUMENTS.<br>
+BY BENNET WOODCROFT.</span><br>
+<span class=fs60>PROFESSOR OF MACHINERY IN UNIVERSITY COLLEGE LONDON.</span></p>
+
+<p><i>With Seventeen Lithographic Plates and Woodcuts.</i> Fcap. 4to. 12<i>s.</i> cloth.</p>
+
+<hr class="r15">
+<p class="noindent"><span class=smcap>Although</span> much has been written and published on the subject of Steam Navigation, the
+merits of the several inventions by which it has been brought into practical operation have
+not in all cases been faithfully recorded, or duly assigned to their respective authors.</p>
+
+<p>This defect is intended to be supplied in the following sketch; first, by a chronological
+enumeration of the several projectors, whether subjects of Great Britain or Foreigners; and
+secondly, by presenting to the reader a clear and impartial statement of what has been accomplished
+by each, viewed either as an original inventor, or as having been instrumental in
+promoting the means by which Steam Navigation has reached its present state of excellence.</p>
+
+<p>The pretensions of the several inventors are accordingly arranged in the order of time,
+and at such length as the limits of the work will admit.</p>
+
+<p>Those who have explained the nature and principles of their inventions are afforded the
+advantages derivable from such explanations by quotations from their own writings; while
+other inventors or patentees, who have not availed themselves of this mode of giving publicity
+to a description of the means by which they have endeavoured to supersede prior inventions,
+or to extend their utility, have the benefit of such remarks as have been elicited by the writings
+of their own countrymen.</p>
+
+<p>The sketch accordingly commences by detailing facts which demonstrate that the use of
+the Paddle-wheel as an instrument for propelling boats or vessels is of great antiquity, preceding
+by ages the first suggestion of the application of steam as a motive power for that
+purpose.</p>
+
+<p>This is succeeded by a recapitulation of the early projects for propelling vessels by the
+aid of the steam-engine, and of the various modifications proposed or practically adopted at
+subsequent periods; thus placing before the reader the means of forming a just estimate of
+the pretensions of the several projectors to be ranked as <i>the real authors of the present
+system of Steam Navigation</i>.</p>
+
+<p>In conclusion, some of the instruments denominated Screw Propellers are duly noticed,
+with authentic statements of the results of various experiments in which they were applied,
+and remarks on those generally in use in Europe and in the United States of America. It
+will be obvious that the facts thus detailed were widely scattered, and in some few instances
+difficult of access: they have consequently been collected and arranged from many sources,
+and the compilation is now submitted as forming a book of reference which may be found
+not only useful, but interesting to those who seek for information as to the origin and progress
+of Steam Navigation.—<i>Preface.</i></p>
+
+<hr class="r15">
+<p class="center p2 wsp lh15">
+LONDON: TAYLOR, WALTON, AND MABERLY, IVY LANE,<br>
+<span class=fs90>PATERNOSTER ROW. 1848.</span>
+</p>
+
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+<div class="transnote" id="ENDNOTE">
+  <strong>
+    TRANSCRIBER’S NOTE
+  </strong>
+
+
+<p class="noindent">Illustrations in this eBook have been positioned between paragraphs.</p>
+
+<p class="noindent">The index was not checked for proper alphabetization or correct page
+references.</p>
+
+<p class="noindent">Obvious typographical errors and punctuation errors have been
+corrected after careful comparison with other occurrences within
+the text and consultation of external sources.</p>
+
+<p class="noindent">Some hyphens in words have been silently removed, some added,
+when a predominant preference was found in the original book.</p>
+
+<p class="noindent">Except for those changes noted below, all misspellings in the text,
+and inconsistent or archaic usage, have been retained.</p>
+
+<table class="toc">
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdrt">Pg <a href="#which">xix</a>:</td>
+<td class="tdl hang1">‘which’ replaced by ‘the’ to match the title of the section.<br></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdrt"><a href="#Spunge">117</a>:</td>
+<td class="tdl hang1">‘Spunge’ replaced by ‘Sponge’.</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+</div>
+
+<div style='text-align:center'>*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 77400 ***</div>
+</body>
+</html>
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diff --git a/LICENSE.txt b/LICENSE.txt
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+This book, including all associated images, markup, improvements,
+metadata, and any other content or labor, has been confirmed to be
+in the PUBLIC DOMAIN IN THE UNITED STATES.
+
+Procedures for determining public domain status are described in
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+
+No investigation has been made concerning possible copyrights in
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+Project Gutenberg (https://www.gutenberg.org) public repository for eBook #77400
+(https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/77400)