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Diffstat (limited to '77375-h')
| -rw-r--r-- | 77375-h/77375-h.htm | 36443 | ||||
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+ text-align: left; + margin: auto; +} +ul.cplist > li { + font-size: 85%; + padding-top: 0.1em; + text-indent: -1em; + padding-left: 1em; +} +img { + width: inherit; + max-width: 100%; +} +.iwsym1 { width: 0.75em; } +.iwsym2 { width: 0.5em; } +.iw1 { width: 900px; } +.iw2 { width: 830px; } +.iw3 { width: 575px; } +.iw4 { width: 575px; } +.iw5 { width: 350px; } +.iw6 { width: 500px; } +</style> +</head> +<body> +<div style='text-align:center'>*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 77375 ***</div> +<div class="margins"> + +<div class="transnote x-ebookmaker-drop"> +<p class="center">Large-size versions of illustrations are available by +clicking on them.</p> +</div> +<p class="space-above15 x-ebookmaker-drop"></p> +<div class="page"> +<hr class="decordb width15"> + +<p class="center spaced2"><span class= +"letter-spaced02">MISSION</span><br> +<span class="small">TO</span><br> +<span class="large"><span class= +"letter-spaced03">ASHANTE</span>E.</span> +</p> + +<hr class="decordb2 width15"> +</div> + +<hr class="chap"> + +<div class="plate"> +<div class="figcenter iw4"> +<figure id="map1"> +<p class="cpm1">A Map<br class="x-ebookmaker-drop"> +<em>shewing the</em><br class="x-ebookmaker-drop"> +<em><span class="med"><span class="sc">Discoveries & +Improvements</span></span></em><br class="x-ebookmaker-drop"> +<em>in the</em> Geography <em>of</em><br class="x-ebookmaker-drop"> +<span class="sc xlarge">Western Africa</span><br class= +"x-ebookmaker-drop"> +<em>resulting from the</em><br class="x-ebookmaker-drop"> +<em><span class="sc">Mission</span> to <span class= +"sc">Ashantee</span></em><br class="x-ebookmaker-drop"> +<em>by</em><br class="x-ebookmaker-drop"> +<em>T. E. Bowdich</em><br class="x-ebookmaker-drop"> +<em>Conductor</em><br class="x-ebookmaker-drop"> +1817</p> + +<p class="cpm2"><em><span class="sc">Reported +Courses</span></em><br class="x-ebookmaker-drop"> +of the<br class="x-ebookmaker-drop"> +<span class="sc">Niger</span> to the <span class= +"sc">Nile</span>,<br class="x-ebookmaker-drop"> +<span class="sc">Gambaroo</span> to <span class= +"sc">Caudee</span>,<br class="x-ebookmaker-drop"> +<span class="sc">Oogooawai</span> to the <span class= +"sc">Congo</span>.</p> +<a href="images/map1_large.jpg"><img src='images/map1.jpg' alt= +''></a> +<table class="width-full"> +<tr> +<td class="tdl ipub"><em>London published as the Act directs by +John Murray Albemarle Street 4<sup>th</sup>. Jan<sup>y</sup>. +1819.</em> +</td> +<td class="tdr ipub"><em>J. Walker Sculpt.</em> +</td> +</tr> +</table> +</figure> +</div> +</div> + +<div class="titlepage"> +<h1><span class="xlarge letter-spaced02">MISSION</span><br> +<span class="large letter-spaced01">FROM CAPE COAST +CASTLE</span><br> +<span class="small">TO</span><br> +<span class="xxlarge bold"><span class= +"letter-spaced02">ASHANTE</span>E,</span> +</h1> + +<p class="center spaced2"><span class="small">WITH A</span><br> +<span class="less">STATISTICAL ACCOUNT OF THAT KINGDOM,</span><br> +<span class="small">AND</span><br> +<span class="letter-spaced01">GEOGRAPHICAL NOTICES OF OTHER +PARTS</span><br> +<span class="small">OF THE</span><br> +<span class="large letter-spaced01">INTERIOR OF AFRICA.</span> +</p> + +<hr class="decordb width8"> + +<p class="center spaced17"><span class="letter-spaced">BY T. EDWARD +BOWDICH, ESQ.</span><br> +<span class="small">CONDUCTOR.</span> +</p> + +<hr class="decordb2 width8"> + +<p class="center small space-above15">“Quod si præ metu et +formidine pedem referemus, ista omnia nobis adversa futura +sunt.”</p> + +<p class="publisher"><span class="large">LONDON:</span> +</p> + +<hr class="decordb width6"> + +<p class="center spaced17"><span class="letter-spaced">JOHN MURRAY, +ALBEMARLE-STREET.</span><br> +<span class="less">1819.</span> +</p> +</div> + +<div class="page"> +<div class="sign3"> +<hr class="decor width15"> + +<p class="small">London: printed by W. Bulmer and Co.<br> +Cleveland-Row, St. James’s.</p> +</div> +</div> + +<hr class="chap"> + +<h2 class="large"><span class="pagenum" id= +"Page_v">[v]</span><a id="intro"></a><span class= +"letter-spaced01">INTRODUCTIO</span>N.</h2> + +<hr class="decordb width8"> + +<p class="dcap space-above15">A <span class="sc">curiosity</span> +throughout Europe, proportionate to the ignorance of the Interior +of Africa, exacts the publication of the proceedings and researches +of every Exploratory Mission, from its Conductor, as a duty to the +Public: “mandat fieri sibi talia.”</p> + +<p>The Public, in acknowledgment of the performance of the duty, +reflecting that it constrains literary efforts which the Author +otherwise might never have presumed to expose, should sympathise in +his diffidence and anxiety, and receive and review them as a task +imposed, and not as a spontaneous essay.</p> + +<p>If this indulgence is due even to gentlemen who have had the +most enviable opportunities of qualifying themselves at the expense +of a liberal Government, it is surely secure to one who never +enjoyed those advantages; but, being suddenly called to the +immediate conduct of a Mission, originated by a public Board of +very contracted means, when estranged from all facilities, had no +resource to aid his realization of the scientific desiderata, +beyond the acquirements common to most private gentlemen.</p> + +<p>The vessel in which I am making my passage to England having +been chartered to trade in the River Gaboon, which is immediately +on the Line, I diverted a tedious delay of seven weeks in +so<span class="pagenum" id="Page_vi">[vi]</span> unhealthy a +situation, by visiting Naängo, a town about fifty miles from the +mouth of the River, where I collected Geographical Accounts of the +Interior, from several intelligent traders, and numerous slaves +from different countries. I have added this compilation, (as it may +borrow some interest from the adjacency of the Congo,) with a few +notices of the customs and productions of this ruder part of +Africa.</p> + +<hr class="chap"> + +<h2><span class="pagenum" id="Page_vii">[vii]</span><a id= +"toc"></a><span class="letter-spaced02">CONTENT</span>S.</h2> + +<hr class="decordb width8"> + +<table class="toc"> +<tr> +<td colspan="2" class="tdc sect2 large">PART I.</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="tdl-top hang1"><span class="sc">Chap.</span> I.—The +Objects and Departure of the Mission.</td> +<td class="tdr-bot"><a href="#p1c01">3</a> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="tdl-top hang1"><span class="sc">Chap.</span> II—The +Route and Reception of the Mission.</td> +<td class="tdr-bot"><a href="#p1c02">14</a> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="tdl-top hang1"><span class="sc">Chap.</span> +III.—Proceedings and Incidents until the Third Dispatch to Cape +Coast Castle.</td> +<td class="tdr-bot"><a href="#p1c03">42</a> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="tdl-top hang1"><span class="sc">Chap.</span> +IV.—Proceedings and Incidents until the Signing of the +Preliminaries to a General Treaty.</td> +<td class="tdr-bot"><a href="#p1c04">101</a> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="tdl-top hang1"><span class="sc">Chap.</span> +V.—Proceedings and Incidents until the Ratification of a General +Treaty.</td> +<td class="tdr-bot"><a href="#p1c05">118</a> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="tdl-top hang1"><span class="sc">Chap.</span> +VI.—Proceedings and Incidents until the completion of the Mission +and its return to Cape Coast Castle.</td> +<td class="tdr-bot"><a href="#p1c06">131</a> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="2" class="tdc sect2 large">PART II.</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="tdl-top hang1"><span class="sc">Chap.</span> +I.—Geography.</td> +<td class="tdr-bot"><a href="#p2c01">161</a> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="tdl-top hang1"><span class="sc">Chap.</span> +II.—History.</td> +<td class="tdr-bot"><a href="#p2c02">228</a> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="tdl-top hang1"><span class="sc">Chap.</span> +III.—Constitution and Laws.</td> +<td class="tdr-bot"><a href="#p2c03">252</a> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="tdl-top hang1"><span class="sc">Chap.</span> +IV.—Superstitions.</td> +<td class="tdr-bot"><a href="#p2c04">261</a> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="tdl-top hang1"><span class="sc">Chap.</span> +V.—Customs.</td> +<td class="tdr-bot"><a href="#p2c05">274</a> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="tdl-top hang1"><span class="sc">Chap.</span> +VI.—Architecture, Arts, and Manufactures.</td> +<td class="tdr-bot"><a href="#p2c06">304</a> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="tdl-top hang1"><span class="sc">Chap.</span> +VII.—Climate, Population, Revenue, City, Market, &c.</td> +<td class="tdr-bot"><a href="#p2c07">315</a> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="tdl-top hang1"><span class="sc">Chap.</span> +VIII.—Trade.</td> +<td class="tdr-bot"><a href="#p2c08">330</a> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="tdl-top hang1"><span class="sc">Chap.</span> +IX.—Language.</td> +<td class="tdr-bot"><a href="#p2c09">344</a> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="tdl-top hang1"><span class="sc">Chap.</span> +X.—Music.</td> +<td class="tdr-bot"><a href="#p2c10">361</a> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="tdl-top hang1"><span class="sc">Chap.</span> XI.—Materia +Medica and Diseases.</td> +<td class="tdr-bot"><a href="#p2c11">370</a> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="tdl-top hang1"><span class="sc">Chap.</span> XII.—Mr. +Hutchison’s Diary.</td> +<td class="tdr-bot"><a href="#p2c12">381</a> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="tdl-top hang1"><span class="sc">Chap.</span> +XIII.—Sketch of Gaboon, and its Interior.</td> +<td class="tdr-bot"><a href="#p2c13">422</a> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="tdl-top hang1"><span class="sc">Chap.</span> +XIV.—Suggestions for future Missions to the Interior of +Africa.</td> +<td class="tdr-bot"><a href="#p2c14">453</a> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="2" class="tdc sect2 xlarge letter-spaced02"> +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_viii">[viii]</span>APPENDIX.</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="tdl-top hang1"><span class="sc">No.</span> I.—Extract +from Meredith’s Account of the Gold Coast.</td> +<td class="tdr-bot"><a href="#app1">463</a> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="tdl-top hang1"><span class="sc">No.</span> +II.—Translations of an Arabic MS. Descriptive of Mr. Park’s +Death.</td> +<td class="tdr-bot"><a href="#app2">478</a> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="tdl-top hang1"><span class="sc">No.</span> III.—Arabic +Routes.</td> +<td class="tdr-bot"><a href="#app3">482</a> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="tdl-top hang1"><span class="sc">No.</span> IV. Dr. +Leach’s Notice of Reptiles, Insects, &c.</td> +<td class="tdr-bot"><a href="#app4">493</a> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="tdl-top hang1"><span class="sc">No.</span> +V.—Thermometer Account.</td> +<td class="tdr-bot"><a href="#app5">497</a> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="tdl-top hang1"><span class="sc">No.</span> +VI.—Vocabularies.</td> +<td class="tdr-bot"><a href="#app6">504</a> +</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<hr class="chap"> + +<h2 class="less"><span class="pagenum" id= +"Page_ix">[ix]</span><a id="toi"></a>DIRECTIONS FOR PLACING THE +PLATES.</h2> + +<table class="toi bd-collapse"> +<tr> +<td> +</td> +<td class="width-brace1"> +</td> +<td>Map</td> +<td class="tdr-bot"><a href="#map1"><em>to front the +Title.</em></a> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="tdr-top">1.</td> +<td> +</td> +<td>A Captain in his War-dress</td> +<td class="tdr-bot"><a href="#i01"><em>to face p.</em> 32</a> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td> +</td> +<td> +</td> +<td>Arabic Circular</td> +<td class="tdr-bot"><a href="#i11">128</a> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td> +</td> +<td> +</td> +<td>Map from Dapper</td> +<td class="tdr-bot"><a href="#map2">211</a> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="tdr-top">2.</td> +<td> +</td> +<td>The first Day of the Yam Custom</td> +<td class="tdr-bot"><a href="#i02">275</a> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="tdr-top">3.</td> +<td> +</td> +<td>The oldest House in Coomassie</td> +<td class="tdr-bot"><a href="#i03">307</a> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="tdr-top">4.</td> +<td> +</td> +<td>Quarters of the Chief of the Embassy</td> +<td class="tdr-bot"><a href="#i04"><em>ib.</em></a> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="tdr-top">5.</td> +<td> +</td> +<td>Odumata’s sleeping room</td> +<td class="tdr-bot"><a href="#i05">307</a> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="tdr-top">6.</td> +<td> +</td> +<td>Inner square of Apokoo’s house</td> +<td class="tdr-bot"><a href="#i06"><em>ib.</em></a> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="tdr-top">7.</td> +<td class="brt"> +</td> +<td rowspan="2">Piazzas of the palace</td> +<td rowspan="2" class="tdr"><a href="#i07">308</a> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="tdr-top">8.</td> +<td class="brb"> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="tdr-top">9.</td> +<td> +</td> +<td>Part of Adoom Street</td> +<td class="tdr-bot"><a href="#i09"><em>ib.</em></a> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="tdr-top">10.</td> +<td> +</td> +<td>Exterior of the King’s bed room</td> +<td class="tdr-bot"><a href="#i10"><em>ib.</em></a> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td> +</td> +<td> +</td> +<td>Ichnographical Sketch of Coomassie</td> +<td class="tdr-bot"><a href="#map3">323</a> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td> +</td> +<td> +</td> +<td>Ashantee Music</td> +<td class="tdr-bot"><a href="#music01">365</a> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td> +</td> +<td> +</td> +<td>Empoöngwa Music</td> +<td class="tdr-bot"><a href="#music21">449</a> +</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<hr class="decordb width8"> + +<p class="center less space-above15"><a id="err"></a>ERRATA.</p> + +<ul class="simple1"> +<li class="less"><a href="#map1">Map.</a>—Affix the name Leeasa to +the river flowing from the Niger by Boussa.</li> + +<li class="less"><a href="#Page_9">Page 9.</a>—After Frederick +James, Esq. add, Member of Council, and Governor of Accra.</li> + +<li class="less"><a href="#Page_72">Page 72.</a>—For dated, read +<em>dictated</em>.</li> +</ul> + +<hr class="chap"> + +<h2><span class="pagenum" id="Page_x">[x]</span><a id= +"glos"></a><span class="letter-spaced01">GLOSSAR</span>Y.</h2> + +<ul class="simple2"> +<li>Croom. A town or village.</li> + +<li>Caboceer. A chief or magistrate.</li> + +<li>Pynin. An elder or counsellor.</li> + +<li>Palaver. A dispute, debate, argument, or suit.</li> + +<li>Book or Note. A certificate of a monthly pension of the African +Committee, paid in trade to the Fantee Kings and Chiefs in the +neighbourhood of the British settlements, in consideration of their +attachment, influence, and services; which Books or Notes were +claimed by the King of Ashantee, as his by right of conquest.</li> + +<li>Stool. Throne, seat in council, inheritance.</li> + +<li>Custom. A festival, carnival, public ceremony, funeral +rite.</li> + +<li>Panyar. To seize or kidnap.</li> + +<li>A Benda. Two ounces four ackies, or £9. currency.</li> + +<li>A Periguin. Two ounces eight ackies, or £10. currency.</li> + +<li>An Ackie. Five shillings currency.</li> + +<li>A Tokoo. Ten pence.</li> + +<li>A Dash. A present.</li> + +<li>Fetish. A charm, amulet, deity. Any supernatural power or +influence. Any thing sacred.</li> +</ul> + +<hr class="chap"> + +<div class="page"> +<hr class="decordb width10"> + +<p class="center spaced2 space-above15 space-below1"><span class= +"pagenum" id="Page_1">[1]</span><a id="p1"></a><span class= +"large"><span class="letter-spaced01">MISSION TO +ASHANTE</span>E.</span><br> +PART I.</p> + +<hr class="decordb width10"> +</div> + +<hr class="chap"> + +<p class="center large spaced2 pb"><span class="pagenum" id= +"Page_3">[3]</span><span class="letter-spaced01">MISSION TO +ASHANTE</span>E.</p> + +<hr class="decordb width20"> + +<h2 class="nopb"><a id="p1c01"></a><span class= +"letter-spaced01">CHAPTER</span> I.</h2> + +<hr class="decordb width8 spaced3"> + +<p class="sch1"><em>The Objects, and Departure of the Mission.</em> +</p> + +<p class="dcap"><span class="sc">Bosman</span> and Barbot mention +the Ashantees as first heard of by Europeans about the year 1700; +the latter calls it Assiantee or Inta, and writes, that it is west +of Mandingo, and joins Akim on the east; he asserts its +pre-eminence in wealth and power. Issert, a physician in the Danish +service, who meditated a visit to Ashantee, writes, “this mighty +king has a piece of gold, as a charm, more than four men can carry; +and innumerable slaves are constantly at work for him in the +mountains, each of whom must collect or produce two ounces of gold +per diem. The Akims formerly dug much gold, but they are now +forbidden by the King of Ashantee, to whom they are tributary, as +well as the Aquamboos, previously a very formidable nation.” Mr. +Dalzel heard of the Ashantees at Dahomey, as very powerful, but +imagined them, the Intas, and the Tapahs, to be one and the same +nation. Mr. Lucas,<span class="pagenum" id="Page_4">[4]</span> when +in Mesurata, was informed that Assentai was the capital of the +powerful kingdom of Tonouwah. In Mr. Murray’s enlarged edition of +Dr. Leyden’s discoveries in Africa, we find, “the northern border +of Akim extends to Tonouwah, denominated also Inta, Assientè, or +Assentai, from its capital city of that name, which stands about +eighteen days journey from the Gold Coast.”</p> + +<p>In 1807 an Ashantee army reached the Coast for the first time. I +would refer the reader to the extract in the Appendix, from Mr. +Meredith’s account of the Gold Coast, as the particulars are +introductory as well as interesting; and also serve to correct the +misstatement in the work last quoted, that in 1808 the King of +Ashantee destroyed the English fort of Annamaboe; originating, +probably, from the storm of the Dutch fort at Cormantine, at that +time.</p> + +<p>The Ashantees invaded Fantee again in 1811, and the third time +in 1816. These invasions inflicted the greatest miseries on the +Fantees. Few were slain in battle, for they rarely dared to +encounter the invaders; but the butcheries in cold blood were +incredible, and thousands were dragged into the interior to be +sacrificed to the superstitions of the conquerors. Famines, +unmitigated by labour, succeeded the wide waste of the Fantee +territory, the wretched remnant of the population abandoning itself +to despair; and the prolonged blockade of Cape Coast Castle in the +last invasion, engendered so much distress and hazard, that the +Government having averted imminent danger by advancing a large sum +of gold on account of the Fantees, earnestly desired the Committee +to authorise and enable them to venture an Embassy, to deprecate +these repeated calamities, to conciliate so powerful a monarch, and +to propitiate an extension of commerce. By the store ship which +arrived in 1817, the African Committee forwarded liberal and +suitable presents, and associated scientific with the<span class= +"pagenum" id="Page_5">[5]</span> political objects of the Mission, +in their instructions, which I submit in explanation.</p> + +<p>“In order to enable you to redeem the promise to the King of +Ashantee (and as we are sanguine in our hopes of the good that may +result from it), we send you sundry articles as presents for him, +to which you may add such others from the public stores as you may +deem desirable, provided they will not materially increase the +expense. The Committee are extremely anxious (and in this respect +the wishes of all classes of people in this country go with them) +that no exertions should be spared to become better acquainted with +the Interior of Africa; and we consider the existing state of +things to be most favourable for undertaking an exploratory Mission +into the dominions of the King of Ashantee. If, therefore, nothing +shall have transpired in the interim of this dispatch being +received by you, to make the measure objectionable, we wish you to +obtain permission from the King to send an Embassy to his capital: +if granted, you will select three Gentlemen (one of them from the +medical department<a id="FNanchor_1"></a><a href="#Footnote_1" +class="fnanchor">[1]</a>) for that service; and let them be +accompanied by a respectable escort, you giving them the fullest +instructions for their government. In particular, it will be +necessary for them to observe, and report upon, the nature of the +country; its soil and products; the names, and distances, and the +latitude and longitude of the principal places; and its most +remarkable natural objects: the appearance, distinguishing +characters, and manners of the natives; their religion, laws, +customs, and forms of government, as far as they can be +ascertained; and by whom each place is governed. When at Ashantee, +they should<span class="pagenum" id="Page_6">[6]</span> endeavour +to obtain the fullest information of the countries beyond, in each +direction; particularly whether any high mountains, lakes, or large +rivers are known; and the width, depth, course, and direction of +the latter; and whether the water, as well of the lakes as the +rivers, is salt or fresh: and how far, and under what +circumstances, white men may travel with safety, especially in a +northerly direction. They should collect the most accurate +information possible of the extent, population, and resources of +the Ashantee dominions, and should report fully their opinion of +the inhabitants, and of the progress they may have made in the arts +of civilized life. They should be directed also, to procure and +bring away (with the consent of the chiefs) any specimens of +vegetable and mineral productions they may be able: and to +ascertain where and how the natives collect the gold, and the +extent to which the trade in that article, and in ivory, might be +carried on. It would, we conceive, be a most important advantage, +if the King of Ashantee, and some of his chiefs, could be prevailed +upon to send one or more of their children to the Cape, to be +educated at the expense of the Committee (to be attended by their +own servants, if required), under the guarantee of the Governor and +Council for their personal safety, and that they should be sent +back when required.</p> + +<p>“Another great object would be, to prevail upon the King to +form, and keep open, a path not less than six feet wide, from his +capital, as far as his territories extend towards Cape Coast, you +engaging on the part of the Committee, to continue it from that +point to Cape Coast, which we presume may be done at a very small +expense, by means of monthly allowances to the chiefs of such +villages as be in that line; upon condition that they shall not +allow the path to be overgrown with underwood, or otherwise +obstructed.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_7">[7]</span>“It may perhaps be +found, that high mountains, or a large river, may be not many days +journey beyond Ashantee; in which case, if the Gentlemen composing +the Embassy feel themselves secure in the attempt, they may +probably be disposed to proceed so far. In such event, we authorize +you to pay their drafts for any moderate sums which they may find +it necessary to expend, as well as for the general objects of the +Mission.</p> + +<p>“Besides the escort of which we have spoken, we think it +necessary, or at least extremely important, that the Embassy should +be accompanied by natives of character and consequence, conversant +with the Ashantee language, in whom you have perfect confidence, +selected, one from each of the towns of Cape Coast, Accra, and +Apollonia, to whom you may make reasonable allowances for their +time and trouble.</p> + +<p>“We have said that you should obtain the permission of the King +of Ashantee to send the Embassy: we have doubts of the expediency +of requiring hostages; but, we presume you will concur with us in +thinking, it will be necessary, before it leaves Cape Coast, that a +man of consequence should be specially sent down by the King, to +serve as a guide and protector; and who, on his journey to Cape +Coast, may arrange with the messenger whom you may send to the +King, respecting the places at which the Embassy may stop to +refresh, and give directions to open the paths that may be +overgrown.</p> + +<p>“The Gentlemen whom you may select, will of course be well +advised by you not to interfere with any customs of the natives, +however absurd; or in any way to give them offence. And they cannot +too strongly impress upon the minds of the King and people of +Ashantee, that the only objects his Britannic Majesty has in view, +are, to extend the trade with that country; to prevent all +interruption to their free communication with the +waterside;<span class="pagenum" id="Page_8">[8]</span> and to +instruct their children in reading, writing, &c. from which, as +may be easily pointed out, the greatest advantages must arise to +the Ashantees.</p> + +<p>“From what has been said, you, Gentlemen, will perceive, that in +selecting the Embassy, it is important that one of the persons +composing it should be able to determine the latitude and longitude +of places, and that both shall be seasoned to the climate; of +ability, physical and mental; of cool tempers, and moderate habits; +and possessed of fortitude and perseverance; and that in the +selection of their escort also, regard be had to the qualifications +of the parties in those respects. Among them there should be a +bricklayer, carpenter, blacksmith, gunsmith, and cooper, with +proper tools; if these persons can be spared for the purpose. We +wish also they should take with them a number of <em>certificates +regarding Major Peddie</em>, and his companions, to be circulated +as distinctly as possible in the Interior; for though the period +may be past when they might have been useful to those travellers, +it is yet possible that they may be of use in making generally +known the object of Government in sending white men to explore that +country.”</p> + +<p>The suggestion of hostages was wholly impracticable, for there +was not even time for a communication with the King. A variety of +circumstances conspired to urge the immediate dispatch of the +Mission; our interests, to say the least, imperiously demanded its +early interference; and had we waited for a formal permission from +the King to relieve the difficulties of the enterprise, the rainy +season would have been too far advanced, and the critical moment +have escaped us. The Governor thought it more advisable to dispatch +the Mission without an escort, and two native soldiers only were +added to the bearers of the baggage. The perusal of the Governor’s +instructions will be satisfactory to the reader:</p> + +<p class="right less space-above15"><span class="pagenum" id= +"Page_9">[9]</span><em>Cape Coast Castle, April 19th</em>, 1817</p> + +<p class="center space-above1"><span class="sc">Frederick James, +Esq.</span> Member of Council, and Governor of Accra.</p> + +<p class="nind pad3 space-above1 space-below1"><span class= +"sc">Sir,</span> +</p> + +<p class="nind"><span class="sc">In</span> accepting your voluntary +offer of conducting the Embassy to the King of Ashantee, I have +every reason to believe, that from your long experience in this +country, and your knowledge of the manners and habits of the +natives, it will terminate in a manner highly creditable to +yourself, and eventually prove of the greatest importance to the +commercial interest of Great Britain, which is the more immediate +object of the Mission; however, as many subjects of scientific +research may be associated with it, they are particularly +recommended to your attention. For this purpose Mr. Bowdich will +accompany you; and I have no doubt he will be found perfectly +qualified to make the necessary observations, in which you will +afford him every facility and assistance. He is provided with +instruments for determining the latitude and longitude of places. +Mr. Hutchison, writer, and Mr. Tedlie, assistant surgeon, will also +be attached to the expedition.</p> + +<p>The Ashantees, who are appointed your guides, have been selected +by the Ashantee Captain who is now here. They will, I hope, aid and +assist you in every thing that lays in their power.</p> + +<p>In addition to the Committee’s instructions, a copy of which you +have herewith, you will attend to the following:</p> + +<p>On the subject of your journey, I have nothing to observe +further, than, that I hope you will take every opportunity of +travelling when there will be the least exposure to the sun, as the +officers who accompany you have been but a short time in the +country, and every precaution will be necessary for the +preservation of their health.</p> + +<p>As soon as may be convenient after your arrival at the +Ashantee<span class="pagenum" id="Page_10">[10]</span> capital, you +will of course see the King, and deliver him the various presents +in the name of the African Company, to be received by him as +pledges of the harmony and friendship which is ever to subsist +between them; and also of his good will towards the natives +residing under the protection of their different forts. You will +not fail to impress upon his mind, the great power, wealth, and +consequence of the British nation, and how much it is the interest +of himself and his subjects, to promote and perpetuate their +present free intercourse with the water side. In the course of your +interview many circumstances will doubtless occur, which will +suggest various other matters proper to be mentioned to the King, +all which I shall leave entirely to your own discretion.</p> + +<p>You will acquaint the King, that in order to secure a correct +communication between him and myself, I request his permission to +allow an officer to reside constantly at Commassey, who will defray +all his own expenses, and for whom you will build a house without +loss of time. A carpenter, bricklayer, and cooper are sent with +you, and you will leave them with Mr. Hutchison, who will remain as +Resident. On your departure you will give him full instructions in +writing for his future government, a copy of which you will deliver +me upon your return.</p> + +<p>You will keep an exact diary of every circumstance possessing +the least interest, a copy of which you will transmit me by every +opportunity.</p> + +<p>In the course of your stay in the Ashantee country, you will +embrace every occasion of becoming acquainted with the politics of +that nation, of ascertaining its extent and boundaries, the power +of the King over the lives and property of his subjects, the +probable force he could bring into the field, the number of his +allies, the sources and amount of his revenues. Whether he is +tributary to any other power, and what nations in his neighbourhood +are<span class="pagenum" id="Page_11">[11]</span> tributary to him? +The amount of tribute, and in what articles paid? The rule of +succession to the throne? What are the punishments for crimes of +all descriptions? Who are the persons of most consequence next to +the King? The names of their offices, and the extent of their +power: by whom, or how paid? What are the most prominent features +in the character, manners, and habits of the people, &c. +&c. &c.?</p> + +<p>Are any human sacrifices made? Upon what occasions, and to what +extent? How are prisoners of war now disposed of?</p> + +<p>Of what nation are the Moors that frequent the Ashantee country, +and for what purpose do they go there?</p> + +<p>Ascertain the current medium of exchange, whether gold, or +cowries; also the usual prices at which the Ashantees sell the +goods they purchase from the Europeans on the sea coast; and the +extent of their commercial relations with the Interior.</p> + +<p>You will enquire whether any European travellers have ever been +seen or heard of in any of the countries to the northward; and what +became of them? Whether any thing be known of the river Niger, or +Joliba, as it is called by the natives? This information you will +probably obtain from the Moors.</p> + +<p>Ascertain the position of the Doncoe country, and the city of +Kong; also the mountains of that name. Refer to Park’s Travels, and +acquire as much information as possible of the regions lying +between Ashantee and the last places he visited. In short, leave +nothing undone that may add to our present imperfect geographical +knowledge of the Interior.</p> + +<p>You will receive herewith copies of certificates relative to +Major Pedde’s expedition, which you will distribute amongst any +persons you find travelling into the Interior from Ashantee.</p> + +<p>It would be of the first importance to have a road cut directly +down to Cape Coast; and this you will urge to the King in +the<span class="pagenum" id="Page_12">[12]</span> strongest manner. +Your observations will, of course, enable you to point out the +proper directions.</p> + +<p>I inclose a sketch of a treaty, and it would be highly desirable +if you could procure its ratification by the King. He might perhaps +make some objection at first, but may be persuaded at length, by +your address, and reasoning. If he wished any trifling alteration +made, you might use your discretion in this respect.</p> + +<p>You will acquaint the King, it is my wish that in future he +receive his company’s pay at this Castle, and not at Accra, as +formerly. Should he say any thing of an increase to his present +allowance, you may give him hopes that it will be granted to a +reasonable extent, provided the objects of this Mission be +fulfilled, and after twelve months experience shall have proved the +sincerity of his friendship to the British Government, and to the +natives resident under its protection at the various forts on the +Coast.</p> + +<p>From the jealous disposition of the natives of Africa, it is +highly probable, that in the prosecution of your enquiries, you +will be subject to many unfavourable suspicions. These you will +take all possible care to remove, by the most candid explanations +on every point that may be required.</p> + +<p>You will particularly explain to the King, the ill treatment the +people of Cape Coast have experienced from those of Elmina, which +has added very much to the distresses they have for some time +suffered from the extreme scarcity of provisions; and there is +reason to believe, that this unjust persecution has been induced, +from their presuming on their connection with the Ashantees. Being +perfectly aware that it has been done without the concurrence of +the King; I have no doubt but he will, by a proper representation +of the affair from you, exert his influence, and prevent what is at +present to be apprehended, and what the<span class="pagenum" id= +"Page_13">[13]</span> Elminas are endeavouring to provoke—a war +between the two people.</p> + +<p>In all cases not provided for in these Instructions, you have of +course a discretionary power, which I am convinced you will make +use of with deliberation and prudence, and with becoming zeal for +the service upon which you are employed.</p> + +<p>Wishing you a prosperous journey and a safe return,</p> + +<p class="right pad-right4 space-above1">I am, Sir, your most +obedient Servant,</p> + +<p class="right space-above1">JOHN HOPE SMITH.</p> + +<div class="footnotes" id="ftp1c01"> +<div class="footnote"> +<p><a id="Footnote_1"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1"><span class= +"label">[1]</span></a>We recommend his being well supplied with +dressings, &c. for wounds, and bruises, so that he may be able +to assist any natives whom he may meet with requiring his aid: +services of this sort give Negroes an exalted idea of white men, +and are always gratefully remembered.</p> +</div> +</div> + +<hr class="chap"> + +<h2><span class="pagenum" id="Page_14">[14]</span><a id= +"p1c02"></a><span class="letter-spaced01">CHAPTER</span> II.</h2> + +<hr class="decordb width8 spaced3"> + +<p class="sch1"><em>The Route, and Reception of the Mission.</em> +</p> + +<p class="dcap"><span class="sc">The</span> Mission left Cape Coast +Castle on the morning of the 22d of April, with the intention of +quitting the water side at Moree, three miles and a half to the +eastward; but on reaching it, we were told that the path thence to +Payntree’s croom, always bad, was then impassable from the rains; +and that we must proceed to Annamaboe before we struck into the +bush for the Interior.</p> + +<p>The reluctance of the carriers, who had been pressed into the +service by the authorities of the town, became thus early almost +insuperable; the consideration of pay and subsistence, and the +reflection, that the dearth inflicted by the invasions the Mission +was to deprecate, allowed them but a bare existence at home, were +entirely lost in their aversion to the undertaking, which was +equally influenced by jealousy and indolence: eleven deserted the +first day; and the slender authority of the King and caboceers of +Annamaboe, delayed the procuring of others to replace them until +the next evening. One party was then started, attended by a soldier +and a messenger, as they persisted in laying down their loads, even +in the town; and many of the Annamaboes who had been procured, +after lifting their packages, which were of moderate weight, walked +off again, with the most insolent indifference. The devices by +which these people displayed their ill will were +peculiarly<span class="pagenum" id="Page_15">[15]</span> their own, +and none could be more ingeniously tormenting. At four o’clock on +Thursday morning we started the remainder of the packages, and +followed them at half past six. Proceeding about two miles in a +N.N.W. direction, we descended a steep hill, a quarter of a mile in +length, and entered a beautiful valley, profusely covered with +pines, aloes, and lilies; and richly varied with palm, banana, +plantain, and guava trees: the view was refreshed by gentle risings +crowned with cotton trees of a stupendous size. I never saw soil so +rich, or vegetation so luxuriant.</p> + +<p>The first croom we reached was Quama’s, about three miles and a +half from Annamaboe; it presented but a few hovels; and we passed +through three others, Simquoi, Taphoo, and Nasmam, just as wretched +and insignificant, before we reached Booka, romantically situated +amidst the luxuriant foliage of a high hill, terminating the +valley. Abra is about three miles eastward of this croom: it has +been entirely deserted since the last invasion, the Ashantee army +under Appia Nanu having made it their head quarters. It formerly +exceeded Annamaboe, but the little that now remains is in ruin, the +inhabitants having retired to the small crooms of their caboceer, +or Captain Quaggheree.</p> + +<p>Passing through Tachradi, which scarcely existed but in name, we +ascended a gentle rising, with a small croom, called Acroofroom, on +the left hand. The astonishment of its miserable inhabitants +engaging our attention, the extensive area of the summit burst upon +us with the more effect. It was environed by small groves; and +clumps of cotton trees rose so happily in frequent spots, as to +afford all the scenery of a romantic little park; the broken rays +of the sun stealing through the small trees in the distance, to +make the deep shade of the foreground more imposing. The path then +became more hilly, and the landscape fuller of wood: our descents +and risings frequently through long vistas, so<span class="pagenum" +id="Page_16">[16]</span> richly gilded with the sun on the summits, +that, impressed with the description of Issert, we naturally +yielded to the expectation, in ascending each eminence, that it +would afford us the delightful prospect of an open country; but we +were disappointed, and passing through Dunnasee and Assoquah, both +small crooms, the latter situated on a long level, about three +miles and a half from Acroofroom, we shortly after arrived at +Payntree’s.</p> + +<p>On the higher hills the soil was generally gravel, with large +stones; on the lesser, white flint and whinstone abounded: the +levels presented few stones, and the earth was black, strong, and +rich, producing grass from four to ten feet high. The country was +very thinly inhabited, and more sparingly cultivated, the cassada +frequent, but producing little from the want of cultivation.</p> + +<p>I made Payntree’s croom barely fifteen miles from Annamaboe; +judging from time, it was guessed to be eighteen or twenty; but the +impediments which the path almost incessantly presented to a +hammock, the inequalities of the ground, and many delays which +insensibly consumed the time, conspired to make such a calculation +of distance very fallacious. The plan I adopted throughout, though +laborious, entitled me to more confidence; and the observations +confirmed the pretension. Mr. Tedlie, who was always just ahead of +myself, took the angles of the path by his compass, which I +pencilled as he uttered them, with their several lengths, allowing +four yards and a half for every six paces. It is allowed too by the +natives to be an easy four hours walk. Several hours elapsed before +all the carriers came up; most of those who had been started by us +the preceding day, slept in the bush, and one more had +deserted.</p> + +<p>The prevailing courses and their proportions were N.¼; N.bW.⅛; +N.N.W.⅛; N.N.E.⅛; the rest of the distance being made up of small +lengths, in every point of the compass, from S.W. to +S.E.;<span class="pagenum" id="Page_17">[17]</span> the variation +17¾° W. The latitude of Payntree, by two altitudes of the sun, was +5° 20′ 30″ N.; the longitude, by the course and distance, as +afterwards corrected, 1° 47′ W.</p> + +<p>We received the compliments of Payntree and several caboceers, +under a large tree, and were then conducted to a neat and +comfortable dwelling, which had been prepared for us: a small +square area afforded a shed for cooking in on one side, and a +sleeping room in each of the others, open in front, but well +thatched, and very clean: from this we passed to our sitting room, +the floor of which was elevated about two feet from the ground.</p> + +<p>The croom was prettily situated on a level, encircled by very +fine trees, and consisted of a very broad and well cleaned street +of small huts, framed of bamboo, and neatly thatched. Just beyond +the north end of the croom, there was a stream running to the N.N.E +and more than a mile of marshy ground was distinguished by the +deeper shade and luxuriance of the foliage. We observed a great +number of small birds, which were even more beautiful from their +delicate symmetry, than their brilliant plumage; they were +generally green, with black wings, and their nests hanging from the +trees.</p> + +<p>The Ashantee captain, who expected to continue there some +months, on the king’s business, sent us a sheep, pleading the +scarcity, and his being a stranger, as apologies for so small a +present. Old Payntree was attentive and obliging; he dashed us some +fowls, yams, and palm wine. We remained there the next day, to +allow our people to procure four days subsistence, as they would +not be able to meet with provision on the path during that +period.</p> + +<p>I walked with Mr. Tedlie along a very neat path well fenced, and +divided by <em>stiles</em>, to a corn plantation of at least twenty +acres, and well cultivated. Payntree’s farm house was situated +here, and afforded superior conveniences; a fowl house, a pigeon +house, and<span class="pagenum" id="Page_18">[18]</span> a large +granary raised on a strong stage. As we returned we paid him a +visit, and were refreshed with some excellent palm wine: his +dwelling was a square of four apartments, which were entered from +an outer one, where a number of drums were kept; the angles were +occupied by the slaves, and his own room, which had a small inner +chamber, was decked with muskets, blunderbusses, cartouch belts +fantastically ornamented, and various insignia. The order, +cleanliness, and comfort, surprised us; the sun had just set, and a +cheerful fire on a clean hearth supported the evening meal. The old +man was seated in his state chair, diverting himself with his +children and younger wives, the elder one was looking on from the +opposite apartment with happy indifference; it was the first scene +of domestic comfort I had witnessed among the natives. There was a +small plantation or garden neatly fenced in, near the house, for +the supply of the family.</p> + +<p>On Saturday the 26th we left Payntree’s croom, and proceeded +through two romantic little valleys, with a few huts in each: the +variety of trees increased with the number, and ornamented the +hills with almost every tint and character of foliage: the path was +frequently covered with water. Just before we reached +Cottacoomacasa, a most beautiful landscape opened, the fore-ground +darkly shaded with large cotton trees, and the distance composed of +several picturesque little hills; their fanciful outlines, and the +beautiful variety of fresh and sombre tint of the small groves +which encircled them, forcibly reminded me of the celebrated ride +by Grongar hill, from Carmarthen to Llandilo.</p> + +<p>Cottacoomacasa is about six miles and a quarter from Payntree’s +croom, and consisted but of a few miserable huts and sheds, which +scarcely afforded shelter, and were close and filthy. I took the +angles of a cotton tree near us, and the height proved to be 139 +feet; generally speaking, those we had passed were, to +appearance,<span class="pagenum" id="Page_19">[19]</span> much +higher. The bearers had all settled themselves here, and not +contented with a long rest, refused for some time to proceed until +the next day; several were intoxicated with the rum from some +ankers they had designedly broken. We started again however about +half past three, and almost immediately entered a large forest +impervious to the sun; the risings were frequent but gentle; the +path, crooked and overgrown, presented such constant obstacles to a +hammock, that Mr. Hutchison, Mr. Tedlie, and myself, were glad to +dismount, and found it was much more comfortable as well as more +expeditious to walk; the only inconvenience was the troops of large +black ants, which were too thick to be avoided, and stung us sadly. +We passed two little streams running E.N.E. About six miles from +Cottacoomacasa we found all the baggage, the people making their +fires, and settling themselves for the night; it was almost dark; +Quamina, our Ashantee guide, had gone on without us, and Mr. James +we knew must be far behind; we therefore determined to halt for the +night, and our hammocks were slung to the trees. The distance +marched this day was twelve miles. The longitude of Cottacoomacasa +was one mile E. of that of Payntree by account, that of our resting +place 1° 46′ 30″ W. and the lat. 5° 28′ N.</p> + +<p>The next morning we continued our march through the same dark +solitude, and passing three small streams running E. we reached +Mansue soon after ten o’clock. We had scarcely seated ourselves +under a tattered shed, which could not defend us from the burning +sun, when we were encircled by the cooking fires of the party, and +nothing but violence could remove them to a proper distance.</p> + +<p>Mansue had been the great Fantee market for slaves from the +Interior, and its former consequence was evident from the extent of +its site, over which a few sheds only were now scattered.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_20">[20]</span>We proceeded again +at one o’clock, and passing through a small river, Assooneara, +running eastward, we came to a second, called Okee, running in the +same direction to the Amissa, which falls into the sea between +Annamaboe and Tantum. We passed five or six swamps, one nearly half +a mile long; in these the soil was a dark clay, but otherwise +gravelly. We halted in the woods at a spot where our guide Quamina +was busied in cutting down the underwood to accommodate himself and +his women; the bearers, resolute in their perverseness, had gone on +with our provisions and clothes. The ground of our resting place +was very damp, and swarmed with reptiles and insects; we had great +difficulty in keeping up our fires, which we were the more anxious +to do after a visit from a panther: an animal which, the natives +say, resembles a small pig, and inhabits the trees, continued a +shrill screeching through the night; and occasionally a wild hog +bounced by, snorting through the forest, as if closely pursued. +This day’s distance was eight miles, and the course N.¼N. b. E.⅙. +Lat. and long. by account 5° 34′ N. and 1° 48′ W. Thermometer in +shade 6 A.M. 74.</p> + +<p>We started the next morning at seven o’clock, and after three +miles and a half crossed a small river called Gaia, and sometimes +Aniabirrim, from a croom of that name being formerly in its +neighbourhood; it was ten yards wide and two feet deep, and ran to +the E. just across the path, but afterwards N.N.E. to the Amissa. +Here Mr. Hutchison waited for Mr. James to come up, whilst Mr. +Tedlie and myself walked on to overtake the people. The doom and +iron-wood trees were frequent; the path was a labyrinth of the most +capricious windings, the roots of the cotton trees obstructing it +continually, and our progress was generally by stepping and jumping +up and down, rather than walking; the stems or caudices of these +trees projected from the trunks like flying buttresses, their +height frequently 20 feet. Immense trunks<span class="pagenum" id= +"Page_21">[21]</span> of fallen trees presented constant barriers +to our progress, and increased our fatigues from the labour of +scaling them: we were also frequently obliged to wait the cutting +away of the underwood before we could proceed, even on foot. The +large trees were covered with parasites and convolvuli, and the +climbing plants, like small cables, ascending the trunks to some +height, abruptly shot downwards, crossed to the opposite trees, and +threaded each other in such a perplexity of twists and turnings, +that it soon became impossible to trace them in the general +entanglement. We passed through two small streams running S. and +several swamps, richly covered with palm trees. Parrots and crown +birds were numerous. At the end of ten miles we came to a small +river called Quatoa, four yards wide, also running eastward to the +Amissa; and immediately after to a few sheds bearing the same name, +where we found the last party of the bearers all lying down, and a +soldier ineffectually endeavouring to rouse them: we started them +with difficulty. A mile and a half thence we met with the Okee +again, running over its rocky bed in a transparent stream, which +reflected the richest foliage; its course S.W.½W., the breadth nine +yards, and we stepped across it from rock to rock. We soon +afterwards walked through the Antoonso, a smaller river running +W.S.W., which probably crossed the path to the eastward in one of +the small streams near Cottacoomacasa, as every report confirmed +its also running to the Amissa; it was very near Fousou, where we +had scarcely arrived, before the Fantees, such was their +perverseness, insisted upon going on, the Cape Coast messengers +either had no influence or would not exert it; we soon stopped them +with the assistance of Quamina, our Ashantee guide, Mr. James not +coming up until late in the evening. Fousou was formerly a large +town, but had been destroyed by the Ashantee invasion of 1807; it +presented but a few sheds, in one of which we observed<span class= +"pagenum" id="Page_22">[22]</span> the Ashantee traders to deposit +yams and plantains to subsist them on their return; so severe was +the scarcity in the Fantee country: we could purchase nothing, and +were admitted to the best hovel with reluctance. This day’s +distance was 14 miles. The courses N.½, N.N.W.¼, N.bW.⅛. The +latitude of Fousou by observation, was 5° 43′ 20″ N. and the +longitude by account 1° 52′ W.</p> + +<p>The next morning, the 29th of April, we marched seven miles to +Ancomassa, a name given to half a dozen sheds; the path was still +of the same rugged nature, and the gloom unvaried. A strong +fragrance was emitted from the decaying plants and trees of the +mimosa kind, whilst others in the same incipient state of +putrefaction were very offensive. We passed through two small +rivers, Bettensin and Soubin, six yards wide, and shallow; they +both ran eastward to the Owa, of which I could not learn more than +that it emptied itself into the Boosempra.</p> + +<p>We proceeded at four o’clock, and had not gone two miles on our +gloomy route before it became dark. The path was level, but very +swampy, and generally covered with water. The fire-flies spangled +the herbage in every direction, and from the strength of their +light, alternately excited the apprehension of wild beasts, and the +hope that we approached the resting place our guide, whom we never +saw after starting, had told us of in the morning. The greatest +fear of the people was of the spirits of the woods, (whom Mr. +Park’s interpreter, Johnson, propitiated by a sacrifice between +Jing and Gangaddi) and the discordant yells in which they rivalled +each other to keep up their courage, mingled with the howls and +screeches from the forest, imposed a degree of horror on this +dismal scene, which associated it with the imaginations of Dante. +Three or four times we suddenly emerged from the most awful gloom +into extensive areas, on which the stars shed a brilliancy of light +gradually softened into the deep shade which<span class="pagenum" +id="Page_23">[23]</span> encompassed them; they were the sites of +large and populous crooms destroyed in the Ashantee invasions. +About nine o’clock we discovered a few miserable sheds, which the +noise of the bearers, who had long arrived, convinced us to be +Accomfodey. We had passed two small rivers, the Aprinisee and +Annuia, both running to the Boosempra. This day’s distance was 11 +miles, and the courses N.⅓, N.bW.⅕. The lat. and long. by account +5° 49′ N. and 1° 55′ W. Thermometer 11 a.m. 80.</p> + +<p>We marched early the next morning. The scenery of the forest, +excepting on the banks of the small rivers, was very naked of +foliage, and only presented a harsh and ragged confusion of stems +and branches intricately blended. We passed a small river soon +after leaving Accomfodey, bearing the same name and running +eastward; and shortly after another, six yards wide and two feet +deep (the Berrakoo), running N.E. to the Boosempra. The path was +sometimes trackless, and appeared to have been little used since +the invasion of 1807; several human skulls were scattered through +this dark solitude, the relics of the butchery. We halted about two +o’clock by Mr. James’s direction, and passed the night in the +forest. This day’s distance was eight miles, the prevailing courses +N.¼, N.bW.⅛, N.N.W.⅛, N.bE.⅛. The latitude and longitude by account +5° 53′ N. 1° 55′ W. Thermometer 2 p.m. 88½, 7 p.m. 82½.</p> + +<p>The next morning we passed some sheds, on the sites of the +crooms Dansamsou and Meakirring. At the end of five miles and a +quarter, the herbage to the right disclosed the cheerful +reflections of the sun from the water; and we descended through a +small vista of the forest, to the banks of the Boosempra or Chamah +river. Nothing could be more beautiful than its scenery: the bank +on the south side was steep, and admitted but a narrow path; that +on the north sloping; on which a small Fetish house, under the +shade of<span class="pagenum" id="Page_24">[24]</span> a cachou +tree, fixed the eye; whence it wandered over a rich variety of tint +and foliage, in which light and shade were most happily blended: +the small rocks stole through the herbage of the banks, and now and +then ruffled the water: the doom trees towering in the shrubbery, +waved to the most gentle air a rich foliage of dark green, mocking +the finest touch of the pencil; the tamarind and smaller mimosas +heightening its effect by their livelier tint, and the more piquant +delicacy of their leaf: the cotton trees overtopped the whole, +enwreathed in convolvuli, and several elegant little trees, unknown +to me, rose in the background, intermixed with palms, and made the +coup d’oeil enchanting. The bright rays of the sun were sobered by +the rich reflections of the water; and there was a mild beauty in +the landscape, uncongenial to barbarism, which imposed the +expectation of elegance and refinement. I attempted a sketch, but +it was far beyond my rude pencil; the expression of the scene could +only have been traced in the profile of every tree; and it seemed +to defy any touches, but those of a Claude or a Wilson, to depict +the life of its beauty. I took two angles from a base on the south +side, which gave the width of the river, forty three yards; the +depth was 7 feet, and the course N.W.½W. with a very strong +current. A small river called Nimeä, ran into it, close to our +right as we landed: we crossed in the hollow trunk of a tree, +thirty feet long, the ends plastered up with sticks and swish.</p> + +<p>Mansue was said to have been the last town of the Fantee +territory; but we had no opportunity for comparison until we passed +the river, the country thitherto presenting all the gloom of +depopulation, and the forest fast recovering the sites of the large +towns destroyed in the Ashantee invasions. The inhabitants of the +few wretched hovels, remotely scattered, seemed as if they had fled +to them as outcasts from society; they were lost even to curiosity, +and<span class="pagenum" id="Page_25">[25]</span> manners were +brutal and sullen.<a id="FNanchor_2"></a><a href="#Footnote_2" +class="fnanchor">[2]</a> We could purchase nothing for our +subsistence.</p> + +<p>The scene brightened from our crossing the Boosempra; the path +improved, and Prasoo, the first town, only three quarters of a mile +from the river, presented a wide and clean street of tolerably +regular houses; the inhabitants clean and cheerful, left their +various occupations to gratify their curiosity, and saluted us in a +friendly and respectful manner: indeed the Assins may be +considered, collectively, a more mannerly and orderly people than +the Ashantees. Kickiwherree, one mile and a half distant, was a +larger town, not so regular, but presenting the same neat +appearance, improved by the white-washing of many of the houses. We +halted here under the ganian<a id="FNanchor_3"></a><a href= +"#Footnote_3" class="fnanchor">[3]</a> tree, used, generally +speaking, for recreation only, palavers being talked in the open +fronts of the houses. We were conducted to a comfortable dwelling, +affording us four very clean rooms, about 12 feet by 7, in which +there were shelves containing many articles of superior domestic +comfort; a curtain or skreen of bamboo let down in the open front, +and the floors raised about a foot and half from the ground, were +washed daily with an earth of the neighbourhood, which coloured +them Etruscan red. The iron stone abounded. Kickiwherree was 7 +miles from the previous resting place, and the prevailing courses +N.¼ N.b.W.⅐. The latitude by observation was 5° 56′ 40″ N; the +longitude by account 1° 57′ W. Thermometer 8 a.m. 77; 1 p.m. +91.</p> + +<p>My observations had not been so frequent as I wished; the nature +of the country, and the season of the year were both +very<span class="pagenum" id="Page_26">[26]</span> unfavourable to +them. I worked the double altitudes, invariably by Dr. Pemberton’s +rule in Keith’s trigonometry, which requires no assumed latitude, +and is in all cases accurate.</p> + +<p>Mr. James having determined to rest the next day at +Kickiwherree, we did not proceed until Saturday the 3rd of May. We +passed through a small river close to the town, called the Ading, +six yards wide and two feet deep; and soon after a second, the +Animiasoo, nine yards wide, and three feet deep, both running to +the Boosempra; close to the latter was a large croom of the same +name, the seat of Cheboo’s government. Pagga and Atobiasee were +also large crooms near each other, and within four miles of +Kickiwherree. At Atobiasee was a small river called Prensa, five +yards wide, and two feet deep, which ran E.S.E. to the Boosempra: +two miles thence we came to Becquama, a very old croom, with a +river nine yards wide, called Prapong, running E. by S. to the +Boosempra; and at the end of nine miles we halted at Asharaman, a +small croom on an eminence, where the Assins under Apootey and +Cheboo, first engaged the Ashantees in 1807. There was a small plot +of corn near this croom, the first we had seen since we left +Payntree, though every croom was surrounded by a tract of +cultivated land, or plantation of plantains. The path continued +through forest. Distance 8 miles. Courses N.¼. Latitude by +observation, 5° 59′ 20″. Longitude by course and distance 1° 57′ +40″ W. Thermometer 6 a.m. 76, p.m. 89.</p> + +<p>The next day we passed through Ansa, a large croom, where Amoo +had governed; north-west of which, at a little distance, was +Aboiboo, the residence of his enemy Apootey. A small river near +Ansa, called Parakoomee, eleven yards wide, and three feet deep, +ran south to a larger, called Ofim or Foom, which rises six days +northward of Coomassie, and falls into the Boosempra some miles +westward of our crossing. The path was very swampy, and +we<span class="pagenum" id="Page_27">[27]</span> did not reach +Akrofroom until three o’clock: this was by far the largest croom we +had seen. The heavy rains during the night floated us in our +lodgings, and, as Quamina reported, rendered the path to Moisee +impassable for the next day; consequently we did not proceed until +Tuesday the 6th. Distance 12 miles. Courses N.⅕, N.N.W.¼. Latitude +by observation, 6° 5′ 40″. Long: C and D 2° 2′. W. The path still +through forest, presented frequent acclivities, and the iron stone, +and a soft grey rock abounded; the soil was sometimes gravelly, but +generally of a red coloured clay used in the native pottery. We +passed the Parakoomee again twice, and at the end of 11 miles +halted at Moisee,</p> + +<div class="linegrp-container"> +<div class="linegrp"> +<div class="group"> +<div class="line indent0">“Cingebant silvæ; quem collibus undique +curvis,”</div> +</div> +</div> +</div> + +<p class="nind">the last Assin town, at the foot of three high +hills covered with wood, bearing W.N.W., N., and N.N.E.; the +barriers of the Ashantee kingdom. Course N.⅕, N.W.b.N.⅐, N.b.E.⅛. +Latitude by observation 6° 8′ 50″ N. Longitude C and D 2° 4′ 20″ W. +The thermometer was broken on the 4th.</p> + +<p>We passed the northern boundary the next morning; the ascent was +a mile and a half in length, and very rocky; a small river called +the Bohmen ran S.W. to the Jim, which falls into the Ofim: the +water of the Bohmen is said to instil eloquence, and numerous +Ashantees repair annually to drink of it: it flowed in a very clear +stream, over a bed of gravel, and was three feet deep, and eight +yards broad. The expectation of an open country was again +disappointed; I bore several eminent points, in the hope of being +able to do so again at some distance, and of thus, with the +intermediate course, checking the distance computed by paces; but +the forest soon shut them out entirely. The first Ashantee croom +was Quesha; and we soon after passed through Fohmannee, which had +been a very considerable town. We stopped there awhile at the +request of a venerable old man, who regaled us with<span class= +"pagenum" id="Page_28">[28]</span> some palm wine and fruit: his +manners were very pleasing, and made it more painful to us to hear +that his life was forfeited to some superstitious observances, and +that he only waited the result of a petition to the king to +commiserate his infirmities so far as to allow him to be executed +at his own croom, and to be spared the fatigue of a journey to the +capital: he conversed cheerfully with us, congratulated himself on +seeing white men before he died, and spread his cloth over the log +with an emotion of dignity rather than shame: his head arrived at +Coomassie the day after we had. On ascending the hill, the soil +became a dark brown clay, and very productive. We passed the first +large plantation of corn we had seen since we left Payntree, and +halted at Doompassee. Distance 6 miles. Courses N.⅓, N.N.W.⅕, +N.W.⅙. Latitude by observation, 6° 11′ 30″.</p> + +<p>Doompassee had been a very large croom, but the caboceer having +intrigued with one of Sai Cudjoe’s wives, who had permission to +visit her family in this place, the greater part of it was +destroyed in consequence, and the caboceer decapitated: the woman +possessing irresistible art in practising upon the numerous +admirers of her beauty, the king spared her life, and employed her +thenceforth to inveigle those distant caboceers, whose lives or +properties were desirable to him. It was the most industrious town +on the path; cloths, beads, and pottery were manufacturing in all +directions, and the blacksmiths’ forges were always at work. The +intelligence of the beginning of the King’s fetish week, and Mr. +James’s attack of fever, delayed us at Doompassee, and a messenger +was dispatched in the interim to announce our approach. During our +stay, I observed an eclipse of Jupiter’s first satellite, which +gave the longitude 2° 6′ W.</p> + +<p>We did not leave Doompassee until the 14th of May; after two +miles, passing a small stream running N.W. we ascended a +high<span class="pagenum" id="Page_29">[29]</span> hill, on which a +large croom, called Tiabosoo, was situated. I looked into a pit +here six feet deep; the first stratum was vegetable mould, the +second gravel, the third, a kind of potter’s clay, and the +remaining of brittle stone of a reddish brown, resembling that they +call cabouc in the East Indies. The next croom was Sanquanta, where +the path took an easterly direction, and about seven miles from +Doompassee we passed Datiasoo, where large quantities of pottery +were manufacturing, exclusively: it was not more than a mile +distant from Dadawasee, where we found a messenger from the king, +expressing his regret that we had come up in the rainy season, as +he had heard it was a very unhealthy one for white men, and +appointing us to enter the capital on the Monday following; he sent +us a present of a sheep, forty yams, and two ounces of gold for our +table; he had also given six ackies to our messenger, who returned +at the same time. The path had been cleared by the king’s order, +the plantations became more frequent and extensive, and numerous +paths branching off from that we travelled, shewed that the country +was thickly inhabited, and the intercourse of the various parts +direct and necessary for an interchange of manufacture and produce: +the crooms hitherto had appeared insulated. The Acassey or blue dye +plant grew profusely. Distance seven miles. Courses N.¼, N.bW.⅐, +N.N.W.⅐, N.N.E.⅙. Latitude by observation 6° 16′ 20″ N. long: C and +D 2° 7′ 30″ W.</p> + +<p>The next day, leaving Dadawasee, close to which was another +large croom called Modjawee, we descended a very steep hill, and +passed the Dankaran or Mankaran, a small river, in the rainy season +eleven yards wide and four feet deep, running to the Birrim: not +far from this river was Sahnfoo, and a short distance from that +croom, a smaller river called Yansee, running N.N.W. We then passed +through Korraman, near which was the small river Dansabow, running +westward, and three other large crooms,<span class="pagenum" id= +"Page_30">[30]</span> Aquinasee (having a neatly fenced burial +ground,) Amafou, and Agabimah; crossing another small river called +Soubirree, near the latter, we reached Assiminia, distant eight +miles from Dadawasee. The path was frequently eight feet wide, and +kept as neatly as that of a garden in the environs of the crooms, +which now disclosed themselves very prettily at some distance. +Courses N.⅕, N.bE.⅙, N.N.E.⅙. Latitude by observation 6° 22′, +longitude C and D 2° 7′ 50″ W.</p> + +<p>There was a violent tornado in the night, during almost the +whole of which the rain continued in torrents, increasing the small +streams near the town from ancle to three feet deep. Almost all the +inhabitants were employed in weaving the staple manufacture of +Assiminia, which was formerly of much greater extent. Mr. James +rested here the whole of the next day, and on Saturday we proceeded +through Boposoo (on a very high hill), Agemum, Yoko, and Abountum; +near which we crossed the Biaqua, running west to the Jim, and +about seven yards wide and two feet deep; between this and +Sarrasou, where we halted, were two large crooms, Pootooaga and +Fiasou.</p> + +<p>The path was continually well cleared: each croom presented one +wide central street, with the ganian or cachou trees at the +extremities. The soil ceased to be sandy, and became a reddish +earth: we observed some quartz, but silex prevailed. Distance 11 +miles. Courses N.¼, N.N.E.⅕. Lat. by observation, 6° 30′ 20″. Long. +C. and D. 2° 6′ 30″.</p> + +<p>The river Dah runs close to Sarrasou, rising at Sekooree near +Dwabin, and falling into the Ofim at Measee in the Warsaw path; it +is generally about sixteen yards wide, and four feet deep. There +was an ingenious fishing weir in this river; two rows of very +strong wicker work were fixed across it, supported against the +rapidity of the stream by large stakes, driven into the +ground<span class="pagenum" id="Page_31">[31]</span> obliquely on +each side of them, and connected above and below by the trunks of +two large trees. The funnel-shaped baskets, thickly inserted at the +bottom, were of split cane, and about twelve feet long. There are +large plantations of corn around Sarrasou, which is a great nursery +for pigs. We left it on Monday morning, the 19th, and passing +through a small croom, Oyoko, stopped at another, Agogoo, about +four miles distant, to dress ourselves in full uniform. The soil +from Sarrasou was a rich black mould, and there were continued +plantations of corn, yams, ground nuts, terraboys, and encruma: the +yams and ground nuts were planted with much regularity in +triangular beds, with small drains around each, and carefully +cleared from weeds.</p> + +<p>Two miles from Agogoo, we crossed the marsh which insulates +Coomassie; the breadth at that part forty yards, and the depth +three feet. Being within a mile of the capital, our approach was +announced to the king, who desired us by his messengers to rest at +a little croom, called Patiasoo, until he had finished washing, +when captains would be deputed to conduct us to his presence. +Distance 6½ miles. Courses N.⅙, N.N.W.⅙.</p> + +<p>We entered Coomassie at two o’clock, passing under a fetish, or +sacrifice of a dead sheep, wrapped up in red silk, and suspended +between two lofty poles. Upwards of 5000 people, the greater part +warriors, met us with awful bursts of martial music, discordant +only in its mixture; for horns, drums, rattles, and gong-gongs were +all exerted with a zeal bordering on phrenzy, to subdue us by the +first impression. The smoke which encircled us from the incessant +discharges of musquetry, confined our glimpses to the foreground; +and we were halted whilst the captains performed their Pyrrhic +dance, in the centre of a circle formed by their warriors; where a +confusion of flags, English, Dutch, and Danish, were waved and +flourished in all directions; the bearers plunging and +springing<span class="pagenum" id="Page_32">[32]</span> from side +to side, with a passion of enthusiasm only equalled by the +captains, who followed them, discharging their shining +blunderbusses so close, that the flags now and then were in a +blaze; and emerging from the smoke with all the gesture and +distortion of maniacs. Their followers kept up the firing around us +in the rear. The dress of the captains (see drawing, <a href= +"#i01">No. I.</a>) was a war cap, with gilded rams horns projecting +in front, the sides extended beyond all proportion by immense +plumes of eagles feathers, and fastened under the chin with bands +of cowries. Their vest was of red cloth, covered with fetishes and +saphies<a id="FNanchor_4"></a><a href="#Footnote_4" class= +"fnanchor">[4]</a> in gold and silver; and embroidered cases of +almost every colour, which flapped against their bodies as they +moved, intermixed with small brass bells, the horns and tails of +animals, shells, and knives; long leopards tails hung down their +backs, over a small bow covered with fetishes. They wore loose +cotton trowsers, with immense boots of a dull red leather, coming +half way up the thigh, and fastened by small chains to their +cartouch or waist belt; these were also ornamented with bells, +horses tails, strings of amulets, and innumerable shreds of +leather; a small quiver of poisoned arrows hung from their right +wrist, and they held a long iron chain between their teeth, with a +scrap of Moorish writing affixed to the end of it. A small spear +was in their left hands, covered with red cloth and silk tassels; +their black countenances heightened the effect of this attire, and +completed a figure scarcely human.</p> + +<div class="plate"> +<div class="figcenter iw3"> +<figure id="i01"><a href="images/i01_large.jpg"><img src= +'images/i01.jpg' alt=''></a> +<table class="width-full"> +<tr> +<td class="tdl ipub"><em>Drawn by T. E. Bowdich +Esq<sup>r</sup>.</em> +</td> +<td class="tdr ipub"><em>N<sup>o</sup>. 1.</em> +</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p class="cp1"><span class="sc">Captain</span> in his <span class= +"sc">War Dress</span>.</p> +</figure> +</div> +</div> + +<p>This exhibition continued about half an hour, when we were +allowed to proceed, encircled by the warriors, whose numbers, with +the crowds of people, made our movement as gradual as if it had +taken place in Cheapside; the several streets branching off to the +right, presented long vistas crammed with people, and those on the +left hand being on an acclivity, innumerable rows of +heads<span class="pagenum" id="Page_33">[33]</span> rose one above +another: the large open porches of the houses, like the fronts of +stages in small theatres, were filled with the better sort of +females and children, all impatient to behold white men for the +first time; their exclamations were drowned in the firing and +music, but their gestures were in character with the scene. When we +reached the palace, about half a mile from the place where we +entered, we were again halted, and an open file was made, through +which the bearers were passed, to deposit the presents and baggage +in the house assigned to us. Here we were gratified by observing +several of the caboceers pass by with their trains, the novel +splendour of which astonished us. The bands, principally composed +of horns and flutes, trained to play in concert, seemed to soothe +our hearing into its natural tone again by their wild melodies; +whilst the immense umbrellas, made to sink and rise from the +jerkings of the bearers, and the large fans waving around, +refreshed us with small currents of air, under a burning sun, +clouds of dust, and a density of atmosphere almost suffocating. We +were then squeezed, at the same funeral pace, up a long street, to +an open-fronted house, where we were desired by a royal messenger +to wait a further invitation from the king. Here our attention was +forced from the astonishment of the crowd to a most inhuman +spectacle, which was paraded before us for some minutes; it was a +man whom they were tormenting previous to sacrifice; his hands were +pinioned behind him, a knife was passed through his cheeks, to +which his lips were noosed like the figure of 8; one ear was cut +off and carried before him, the other hung to his head by a small +bit of skin; there were several gashes in his back, and a knife was +thrust under each shoulder blade; he was led with a cord passed +through his nose, by men disfigured with immense caps of shaggy +black skins, and drums beat before him; the feeling this horrid +barbarity excited must be imagined. We were soon released +by<span class="pagenum" id="Page_34">[34]</span> permission to +proceed to the king, and passed through a very broad street, about +a quarter of a mile long, to the market place.</p> + +<p>Our observations en passant had taught us to conceive a +spectacle far exceeding our original expectations; but they had not +prepared us for the extent and display of the scene which here +burst upon us: an area of nearly a mile in circumference was +crowded with magnificence and novelty. The king, his tributaries, +and captains, were resplendent in the distance, surrounded by +attendants of every description, fronted by a mass of warriors +which seemed to make our approach impervious. The sun was +reflected, with a glare scarcely more supportable than the heat, +from the massy gold ornaments, which glistened in every direction. +More than a hundred bands burst at once on our arrival, with the +peculiar airs of their several chiefs; the horns flourished their +defiances, with the beating of innumerable drums and metal +instruments, and then yielded for a while to the soft breathings of +their long flutes, which were truly harmonious; and a pleasing +instrument, like a bagpipe without the drone, was happily blended. +At least a hundred large umbrellas, or canopies, which could +shelter thirty persons, were sprung up and down by the bearers with +brilliant effect, being made of scarlet, yellow, and the most shewy +cloths and silks, and crowned on the top with crescents, pelicans, +elephants, barrels, and arms and swords of gold; they were of +various shapes, but mostly dome; and the valances (in some of which +small looking glasses were inserted) fantastically scalloped and +fringed; from the fronts of some, the proboscis and small teeth of +elephants projected, and a few were roofed with leopard skins, and +crowned with various animals naturally stuffed. The state hammocks, +like long cradles, were raised in the rear, the poles on the heads +of the bearers; the cushions and pillows were covered with crimson +taffeta, and the richest cloths hung over the sides.<span class= +"pagenum" id="Page_35">[35]</span> Innumerable small umbrellas, of +various coloured stripes, were crowded in the intervals, whilst +several large trees heightened the glare, by contrasting the sober +colouring of nature.</p> + +<div class="linegrp-container"> +<div class="linegrp"> +<div class="group"> +<div class="line indent0">“Discolor unde auri per ramos aura +refulsit.”</div> +</div> +</div> +</div> + +<p>The king’s messengers, with gold breast plates, made way for us, +and we commenced our round, preceded by the canes and the English +flag. We stopped to take the hand of every caboceer, which, as +their houshold suites occupied several spaces in advance, delayed +us long enough to distinguish some of the ornaments in the general +blaze of splendour and ostentation.</p> + +<p>The caboceers, as did their superior captains and attendants, +wore Ashantee cloths, of extravagant price from the costly foreign +silks which had been unravelled to weave them in all the varieties +of colour, as well as pattern; they were of an incredible size and +weight, and thrown over the shoulder exactly like the Roman toga; a +small silk fillet generally encircled their temples, and massy gold +necklaces, intricately wrought; suspended Moorish charms, dearly +purchased, and enclosed in small square cases of gold, silver, and +curious embroidery. Some wore necklaces reaching to the navel +entirely of aggry beads; a band of gold and beads encircled the +knee, from which several strings of the same depended; small +circles of gold like guineas, rings, and casts of animals, were +strung round their ancles; their sandals were of green, red, and +delicate white leather; manillas, and rude lumps of rock gold, hung +from their left wrists, which were so heavily laden as to be +supported on the head of one of their handsomest boys. Gold and +silver pipes, and canes dazzled the eye in every direction. Wolves +and rams heads as large as life, cast in gold, were suspended from +their gold handled swords, which were held around them in great +numbers; the blades were shaped like round bills, and rusted in +blood; the sheaths were of leopard skin, or the shell of a fish +like shagreen.<span class="pagenum" id="Page_36">[36]</span> The +large drums supported on the head of one man, and beaten by two +others, were braced around with the thigh bones of their enemies, +and ornamented with their skulls. The kettle drums resting on the +ground, were scraped with wet fingers, and covered with leopard +skin. The wrists of the drummers were hung with bells and curiously +shaped pieces of iron, which gingled loudly as they were beating. +The smaller drums were suspended from the neck by scarves of red +cloth; the horns (the teeth of young elephants) were ornamented at +the mouth-piece with gold, and the jaw bones of human victims. The +war caps of eagles feathers nodded in the rear, and large fans, of +the wing feathers of the ostrich, played around the dignitaries; +immediately behind their chairs (which were of a black wood, almost +covered by inlays of ivory and gold embossment) stood their +handsomest youths, with corslets of leopard’s skin covered with +gold cockle shells, and stuck full of small knives, sheathed in +gold and silver, and the handles of blue agate; cartouch boxes of +elephant’s hide hung below, ornamented in the same manner; a large +gold handled sword was fixed behind the left shoulder, and silk +scarves and horses tails (generally white) streamed from the arms +and waist cloth: their long Danish muskets had broad rims of gold +at small distances, and the stocks were ornamented with shells. +Finely grown girls stood behind the chairs of some, with silver +basins. Their stools (of the most laborious carved work, and +generally with two large bells attached to them) were conspicuously +placed on the heads of favourites; and crowds of small boys were +seated around, flourishing elephants tails curiously mounted. The +warriors sat on the ground close to these, and so thickly as not to +admit of our passing without treading on their feet, to which they +were perfectly indifferent; their caps were of the skin of the +pangolin and leopard, the tails hanging down behind; their cartouch +belts (composed of small gourds<span class="pagenum" id= +"Page_37">[37]</span> which hold the charges, and covered with +leopard or pig’s skin) were embossed with red shells, and small +brass bells thickly hung to them; on their hips and shoulders was a +cluster of knives; iron chains and collars dignified the most +daring, who were prouder of them than of gold; their muskets had +rests affixed of leopard’s skin, and the locks a covering of the +same; the sides of their faces were curiously painted in long white +streaks, and their arms also striped, having the appearance of +armour.</p> + +<p>We were suddenly surprised by the sight of Moors, who afforded +the first general diversity of dress; there were seventeen +superiors, arrayed in large cloaks of white satin, richly trimmed +with spangled embroidery, their shirts and trowsers were of silk, +and a very large turban of white muslin was studded with a border +of different coloured stones: their attendants wore red caps and +turbans, and long white shirts, which hung over their trowsers; +those of the inferiors were of dark blue cloth: they slowly raised +their eyes from the ground as we passed, and with a most malignant +scowl.</p> + +<p>The prolonged flourishes of the horns, a deafening tumult of +drums, and the fuller concert of the intervals, announced that we +were approaching the king: we were already passing the principal +officers of his houshold; the chamberlain, the gold horn blower, +the captain of the messengers, the captain for royal executions, +the captain of the market, the keeper of the royal burial ground, +and the master of the bands, sat surrounded by a retinue and +splendor which bespoke the dignity and importance of their offices. +The cook had a number of small services covered with leopard’s skin +held behind him, and a large quantity of massy silver plate was +displayed before him, punch bowls, waiters, coffee pots, tankards, +and a very large vessel with heavy handles and clawed feet, which +seemed to have been made to hold incense; I<span class="pagenum" +id="Page_38">[38]</span> observed a Portuguese inscription on one +piece, and they seemed generally of that manufacture. The +executioner, a man of an immense size, wore a massy gold hatchet on +his breast; and the execution stool was held before him, clotted in +blood, and partly covered with a cawl of fat. The king’s four +linguists were encircled by a splendor inferior to none, and their +peculiar insignia, gold canes, were elevated in all directions, +tied in bundles like fasces. The keeper of the treasury, added to +his own magnificence by the ostentatious display of his service; +the blow pan, boxes, scales and weights, were of solid gold.</p> + +<p>A delay of some minutes whilst we severally approached to +receive the king’s hand, afforded us a thorough view of him; his +deportment first excited my attention; native dignity in princes we +are pleased to call barbarous was a curious spectacle: his manners +were majestic, yet courteous; and he did not allow his surprise to +beguile him for a moment of the composure of the monarch; he +appeared to be about thirty-eight years of age, inclined to +corpulence, and of a benevolent countenance; he wore a fillet of +aggry beads round his temples, a necklace of gold cockspur shells +strung by their largest ends, and over his right shoulder a red +silk cord, suspending three saphies cased in gold; his bracelets +were the richest mixtures of beads and gold, and his fingers +covered with rings; his cloth was of a dark green silk; a pointed +diadem was elegantly painted in white on his forehead; also a +pattern resembling an epaulette on each shoulder, and an ornament +like a full blown rose, one leaf rising above another until it +covered his whole breast; his knee-bands were of aggry beads, and +his ancle strings of gold ornaments of the most delicate +workmanship, small drums, sankos, stools, swords, guns, and birds, +clustered together; his sandals, of a soft white leather, were +embossed across the instep band with small gold and silver cases +of<span class="pagenum" id="Page_39">[39]</span> saphies; he was +seated in a low chair, richly ornamented with gold; he wore a pair +of gold castanets on his finger and thumb, which he clapped to +enforce silence. The belts of the guards behind his chair, were +cased in gold, and covered with small jaw bones of the same metal; +the elephants tails, waving like a small cloud before him, were +spangled with gold, and large plumes of feathers were flourished +amid them. His eunuch presided over these attendants, wearing only +one massy piece of gold about his neck: the royal stool, entirely +cased in gold, was displayed under a splendid umbrella, with drums, +sankos, horns, and various musical instruments, cased in gold, +about the thickness of cartridge paper: large circles of gold hung +by scarlet cloth from the swords of state, the sheaths as well as +the handles of which were also cased; hatchets of the same were +intermixed with them: the breasts of the Ocrahs, and various +attendants, were adorned with large stars, stools, crescents, and +gossamer wings of solid gold.</p> + +<p>We pursued our course through this blazing circle, which +afforded to the last a variety exceeding description and memory; so +many splendid novelties diverting the fatigue, heat, and pressure +we were labouring under; we were almost exhausted, however, by the +time we reached the end; when, instead of being conducted to our +residence, we were desired to seat ourselves under a tree at some +distance, to receive the compliments of the whole in our turn.</p> + +<p>The swell of their bands gradually strengthened on our ears, the +peals of the warlike instruments bursting upon the short, but sweet +responses of the flutes; the gaudy canopies seemed to dance in the +distant view, and floated broadly as they were springing up and +down in the foreground; flags and banners waved in the interval, +and the chiefs were eminent in their crimson hammocks, amidst +crowds of musquetry. They dismounted as they arrived within thirty +yards of us; their principal captains preceded them with +the<span class="pagenum" id="Page_40">[40]</span> gold handled +swords, a body of soldiers followed with their arms reversed, then +their bands and gold canes, pipes, and elephants tails. The chief, +with a small body guard under his umbrella, was generally supported +around the waist by the hands of his favourite slave, whilst +captains holla’d, close in his ear, his warlike deeds and (strong) +names, which were reiterated with the voices of Stentors by those +before and behind; the larger party of warriors brought up the +rear. Old captains of secondary rank were carried on the shoulders +of a strong slave; but a more interesting sight was presented in +the minors, or young caboceers, many not more than five or six +years of age, who overweighed by ornaments, were carried in the +same manner, (under their canopies), encircled by all the pomp and +parade of their predecessors. Amongst others, the grandson of +Cheboo was pointed out, whom the king had generously placed on the +stool of his perfidious enemy. A band of Fetish men, or priests, +wheeled round and round as they passed with surprising velocity. +Manner was as various as ornament; some danced by with irresistible +buffoonery, some with a gesture and carriage of defiance; one +distinguished caboceer performed the war dance before us for some +minutes, with a large spear, which grazed us at every bound he +made; but the greater number passed us with order and dignity, some +slipping one sandal, some both, some turning round after having +taken each of us by the hand; the attendants of others knelt before +them, throwing dust upon their heads; and the Moors, apparently, +vouchsafed us a blessing. The king’s messengers who were posted +near us, with their long hair hanging in twists like a thrum mop, +used little ceremony in hurrying by this transient procession; yet +it was nearly 8 o’clock before the king approached.</p> + +<p>It was a beautiful star light night, and the torches which +preceded him displayed the splendor of his regalia with a +chastened<span class="pagenum" id="Page_41">[41]</span> lustre, and +made the human trophies of the soldiers more awfully imposing. The +skulls of three Banda caboceers, who had been his most obstinate +enemies, adorned the largest drum: the vessels in which the boys +dipped their torches were of gold. He stopped to enquire our names +a second time, and to wish us good night; his address was mild and +deliberate: he was followed by his aunts, sisters, and others of +his family, with rows of fine gold chains around their necks. +Numerous chiefs succeeded; and it was long before we were at +liberty to retire. We agreed in estimating the number of warriors +at 30,000.</p> + +<p>We were conducted to a range of spacious, but ruinous buildings, +which had belonged to the son of one of the former kings, and who +had recently destroyed himself at a very advanced age, unable to +endure the severity of disgrace: their forlorn and dreary aspect +bespoke the fortune of their master, and they required much repair +to defend us from the wind and rain, which frequently ushered in +the nights.</p> + +<div class="footnotes" id="ftp1c02"> +<div class="footnote"> +<p><a id="Footnote_2"></a><a href="#FNanchor_2"><span class= +"label">[2]</span></a>Every account I received afterwards, +confirmed the boundary of the Fantee and Assin territories to be +between Mansue and Fousou; also that Ancomassa, Accomfodey, +Dansamsou, Meakirring, &c. &c. had all been large Assin +crooms, destroyed with many others in their neighbourhood, in the +Ashantee invasion of 1807.</p> +</div> + +<div class="footnote"> +<p><a id="Footnote_3"></a><a href="#FNanchor_3"><span class= +"label">[3]</span></a>This is the same tree as the banian or India +fig.</p> +</div> + +<div class="footnote"> +<p><a id="Footnote_4"></a><a href="#FNanchor_4"><span class= +"label">[4]</span></a>Scraps of Moorish writing, as charms against +evil.</p> +</div> +</div> + +<hr class="chap"> + +<h2><span class="pagenum" id="Page_42">[42]</span><a id= +"p1c03"></a><span class="letter-spaced01">CHAPTER</span> III.</h2> + +<hr class="decordb width8 spaced3"> + +<p class="sch1"><em>Proceedings and Incidents until the Third +Dispatch to Cape Coast Castle.</em> +</p> + +<p class="right less space-above15"><em>Coomassie, May 22nd</em>, +1817.</p> + +<p class="center space-above1"><span class="sc">To the Governor and +Council, Cape Coast Castle.</span> +</p> + +<p class="nind pad3 space-above1 space-below1"><span class= +"sc">Gentlemen,</span> +</p> + +<p class="dcap"><span class="sc">The</span> important objects of +the Mission, and the safety and prosperity of the Settlements, have +this day demanded our public dissent from our superior officer, Mr. +James; to prove the act tutelary to these objects, can be our only +justification.</p> + +<p>The Mission has engrossed our thoughts and exertions from the +moment we were honoured by the appointments; we have felt that the +credit of the Committee, the character of the service, and the good +of our country were associated in the enterprise; and that we were +personally responsible for these important objects, to the extent +of our industry, fortitude, and ability. Our reflections naturally +associated obstacles commensurate with the importance of the +objects affected; and to overcome the former in a manner auspicious +to the latter, we conceived to be the duty expected from us, as +composing a Mission originated to remove a portion of the +formidable barriers to the interior of Africa. We anticipated +prejudice, intrigue, and difficulty, as inevitable; as obstacles to +invigorate and not to sicken our exertions.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_43">[43]</span>At Dadasey, on +Wednesday the 14th instant, we received a present from the King, of +two ounces of gold, a sheep, and thirty yams, with a second +appointment to enter his capital the succeeding Monday. When within +a short distance, the messenger who announced us, returned, to +desire us to wait at a croom until the King had washed. We were +permitted to enter soon after two o’clock, and the King received us +with the most encouraging courtesy, and the most flattering +distinction. We paid our respects in turn, (passing along a +surprising extent of line) to the principal caboceers, many of +remote, and several of Moorish territories; and all of these +encircled by retinues astonishing to us from their numbers, order, +and decorations. We were then requested to remove to a distant tree +to receive their salutes; which procession, though simply +transient, continued until past eight o’clock. It was indescribably +imposing from the variety, magnificence, and etiquette: its faint +outline in Mr. Bowdich’s report, will impart our impression of the +power and influence of the monarch we are sent to conciliate. The +King as he passed, repeated his former condescensions.</p> + +<p>The next morning (Tuesday) the King sent to us to come and speak +our palaver in the market place, that all the people might hear it: +we found him encircled by the most splendid insignia, and +surrounded by his caboceers: we were received graciously. Mr. +James, through his linguist, declared to the King’s, (who are alone +allowed to speak to him in public) that the objects of the Mission +were friendship and commerce; impressed the consequence of our +nation, and the good feelings of the Committee and Governor towards +the King, as would be testified by our presents; he submitted the +wish of a Residency, and of a direct path. The King enquired if we +were to settle the Commenda palaver; the reply was, no! He +rejoined, “that he wished the Governor of Cape Coast<span class= +"pagenum" id="Page_44">[44]</span> to settle all palavers for him +with the people of the forts, and that he had thought we came to +make all things right, and so to make friends with the Ashantees.” +The King had previously observed, as literally rendered, that “the +forts belonged to him,” meaning (as the context, and the whole of +his sentiments and conduct have confirmed) nothing humiliating to +our dignity and independence; but simply, that the advantages +derived by the Fantee nations from the forts, should now be his. He +desired the officer to be pointed out to him who was to be the +Resident; and then enquired if that was all our palaver, he was +told yes: he said he would give us his answer the next day.</p> + +<p>Soon after we returned to our house, the King’s linguist +delivered this message. “The King knows very well the King of +England has sent him presents; if you wish to be friends with him +you must bring these presents to his own house, and shew them to +him and his friends, and not give them before all the people.” +This, in our judgment was a policy, to prevent any favourable bias +of the body of caboceers and people anticipating the King’s and his +councils satisfaction of our motives and professions.</p> + +<p>We attended: all the curiosity the packages excited could not +incline the King to regard them, until he had desired distinctly to +understand who had sent them, the King of England, or the Governor. +He was told, the Company to whom the forts belonged under the King; +the interpreter seemed to render it the King individually; it was +more intelligible, and the agreeable impression it made was +striking. The presents were displayed. Nothing could surpass the +King’s surprise and pleasure, but his warm yet dignified avowal of +his obligations. “Englishmen,” said he, admiring the workmanship of +the different articles, “know how to do every thing proper,” +turning to his favourites with a smile as auspicious to our +interests, as mortal to the intrigues of our rival. Much +of<span class="pagenum" id="Page_45">[45]</span> the glass was +broken; Mr. James expressed his regret, and offered to procure +more; the King replied, “the path we had come was bad and +overgrown, that we had many people to look after;” and waved our +excuses with superior courtesy. He desired the linguists to say, +“this shewed him that the English were a great people, that they +wished to be friends with him, to be as one with the Ashantees; +that this made him much pleasure to see, (and to repeat again and +again,) that he thanked the King of England, the Governor at Cape +Coast, and the officers who brought the presents much, very much.” +He made very liberal presents of liquor to our people, and +delivered the distinct presents to his four principal caboceers in +our sight.</p> + +<p>We learned from Quashie, the Accra linguist, the favourable +reports he had collected through his intimacy with some of the +principal men. All the caboceers, he said, had thought we had come +for bad, to spy the country; the King thought so too a little, but +much fetish was made, and all shewed that we meant well, and now +the King thought so; the mulatto sent by General Daendels, directly +after Mr. Hydecoper, and who arrived just before us, had sent to +the King for a pass to go back, and the King told him, that he +would give him this message, “that the King had thought to do good +to the Dutch, but now he sees their white mens faces, he should do +good to the English.” This mulatto man (who is not in the service, +but a free man of Elmina town) visited us afterwards, and his +complaints and sentiments confirmed these reports in our +favour.</p> + +<p>On Wednesday morning the King’s sisters (one the caboceer of the +largest Ashantee town near the frontier) paid us a visit of +ceremony, and retired to receive our’s in return; their manners +were courteous and dignified, and they were handed with a +surprising politeness by the captains in attendance.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_46">[46]</span>Mr. James being +indisposed, we went by invitation to see the chief captain’s horse, +when the King sent to us to say, he was walking that way, and +requested us to get our chairs and wait, that he might bid us good +morning. Directly he saw us he ordered the procession to alter its +course, and stopped to take us by the hand. The procession +consisted of about 2000 men, and was marked by all the suit and +parade of royalty. The caboceers that day in attendance appeared as +warriors, being divested of the rich silks of the preceding day; +the executioner, the master of the bands, and the cook, were in the +train, with suits which shewed the importance of their offices; the +latter was preceded by a massy service of plate. Mr. Bowdich’s +report will be more particular.</p> + +<p>The king sent his messenger this morning to repeat, that he +thanked the King of England and the Governor very much for +yesterday.</p> + +<p>The King was much pleased when Quashie, the Accra linguist (who +is our only intelligible medium,) attempted to describe the use of +the sextant; consequently, when Mr. Bowdich saw the King’s chief +captain this morning, he offered to shew it to the King, with the +camera obscura and telescope; the captain said it would please the +King, and reported, that the King was much pleased with us, that he +liked to be friends with the English, that he wished to make +pleasure with us, and would send for us by and by to do so. We have +been particular in these lesser circumstances, as they are the +evidence of the King’s good feelings, and of the fair prospect of +the consummation of the Mission, superior to all the prejudice and +intrigue opposed to it.</p> + +<p>We were sent for to the King’s house; he was only attended by +his privy counsellors; he expressed much delight at the camera +obscura and instruments. He said, “the Englishmen knew more than +Dutchmen or Danes—that black men knew nothing.” He<span class= +"pagenum" id="Page_47">[47]</span> then ordered our people to be +dismissed, said he would look at the telescope in a larger place, +that now he wished to talk with us. He again acknowledged the +gratification of Tuesday, and desired Mr. James to explain to him +two notes which he produced, written by the Governor in Chief at +the request of Amooney, King of Annamaboe, and Adokoo, Chief of the +Braffoes, making over to Saï, King of Ashantee, four ackies per +month of their company’s pay, as a pledge of their allegiance and +the termination of hostilities. The impression seemed instantly to +have rooted itself in the King’s mind, that this was the Governor’s +individual act, or that he had instanced it; his countenance +changed, his counsellors became enraged, they were all impatience, +we all anxiety. “Tell the white men,” said the King, “what they did +yesterday made me much pleasure; I was glad we were to be friends; +but to day I see they come to put shame upon my face; this breaks +my heart too much. The English know, with my own powder, with my +own shot, I drove the Fantees under their forts, I spread my sword +over them, they were all killed, and their books from the fort are +mine. I can do as much for the English as the Fantees, they know +this well, they know I have only to send a captain to get all the +heads of the Fantees. These white men cheat me, they think to make +’Shantee fool; they pretend to make friends with me, and they join +with the Fantees to cheat me, to put shame upon my face; this makes +the blood come from my heart.” This was reported by his linguist +with a passion of gesture and utterance scarcely inferior to the +King’s; the irritation spread throughout the circle, and swelled +even to uproar.</p> + +<p>Thus much was inevitable; it was one of our anticipated +difficulties; it was not a defeat, but a check; and here originates +our charge against Mr. James, whom we declare to have been +deficient in presence of mind, and not to have exerted those +assurances and<span class="pagenum" id="Page_48">[48]</span> +arguments which, with a considerate zeal, might at least have +tended to ameliorate the unjust impression of the King, if not to +have eradicated it. Mr. James said, “the Governor of Cape Coast had +done it, that he knew nothing about it, that he was sent only to +make the compliments to the King, that if the King liked to send a +messenger with him, <em>he was going back and would tell the +Governor all that the King said</em>.” This was all that was +advanced. Was this enough for such a Mission to effect? the King +repeated, “that he had expected we had <em>come</em> to settle all +palavers, and to <em>stay</em> and make friends with him; but we +came to make a fool of him.” The King asked him to tell him how +much had been paid on these notes since his demand—that he knew +white men had large books which told this. Mr. James said he had +seen, but he could not recollect. Nothing could exceed the King’s +indignation. “White men,” he exclaimed, “know how many months pass, +how many years they live, and they know this, but they wont tell +me; could not the other white men tell me.” Mr. James said, “we +never looked in the books.”</p> + +<p>We were not so indiscreet as to expect or wish Mr. James to +commit himself by <em>promising the satisfaction</em> of the King’s +wishes; but dwelling on the expense and importance of the Mission, +on the expectations it had excited, and feeling the reason of the +King’s argument, that its object should be to settle all palavers +if we wished to be good friends, we conceived we but anticipated +the feeling of the Council and of the Committee, in our anxiety for +Mr. James to offer to communicate with the Governor by letter, and +to wait his reply, with a confidence that his good feeling towards +the King, his instructions from England, and his own disposition, +would lead him to do every thing that was right to please him.</p> + +<p>Mr. James’s embarrassment had not only hurried him to extricate +himself as an individual at the expense of his own +dignity<span class="pagenum" id="Page_49">[49]</span> and +intellect, but, which was worse, he had thrown the whole onus of +this invidious transaction on the shoulders of the Governor in +chief, against whom the King’s prejudice would be fatal to all, and +whose interest in his honour was most flattering to the King, most +auspicious to us, and the hopes of the Mission; not only the future +prosperity, but the present security of the Settlements hung upon +this, and the dagger was at this moment suspended from a cobweb. +Mr. Bowdich urged this in the ear of Mr. James, urged the danger of +leaving the King thus provoked, the fatal sacrifice of every object +of the Mission, the discredit of the service, the disgrace of +ourselves; Mr. James replied, “he knew the Governor’s private +sentiments best.” The Moors of authority seized the moment, and +zealously fanned the flame which encircled us; for the King looking +in vain for those testimonies of British feeling which presence of +mind would have imposed, exclaimed, as he turned his ear from the +Moors, “I know the English come to spy the country; they come to +cheat me; they want war, they want war.” Mr. James said “No! we +want trade.” The King impatiently continued, “They join the Fantees +to put shame upon my face; I will send a captain to-morrow to take +these books, and bring me the heads of all the Fantees under the +forts; the white men know I can do this, I have only to speak to my +captains. The Dutch Governor does not cheat me; he does not shame +me before the Fantees; he sends me the whole 4 oz. a month. The +Danes do not shame me, and the English 4 ackies a month is nothing +to me; I can send a captain for all; they wish war.” He drew his +beard into his mouth, bit it, and rushing abruptly from his seat +exclaimed, “Shantee foo! Shantee foo! ah! ah!” then shaking his +finger at us with the most angry aspect, would have burst from us +with the exclamation, “If a black man had brought me this message, +I would have had his head cut off before me.” Mr. James was +silent.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_50">[50]</span>Gentlemen! imagine +this awful moment, think what a fatal wound menaced the British +interests; the most memorable exertion of the Committee, the pledge +to the Government of their energies, of the zeal and capabilities +of their officers, this important and expensive Mission falling to +the ground, the sacrifice to supineness; the Settlements endangered +instead of benefited, ourselves disgraced as officers and men, our +key to the Interior shivered in the lock, and the territories of a +great and comparatively tractable prince shut against us for ever. +Could we be expected to look with indifference on these sacrifices, +to risk nothing to avert them; to be auxiliary to the triumph of +the intrigues and duplicity of our rival, which you know to have +been exerted even to our destruction? Not a moment was to be lost; +Mr. Bowdich stood before the King, and begged to be heard; his +attention was arrested, the clamours of the council gradually +abated: there was no interpreter but the one Mr. James brought from +his own fort, and no alternative but to charge him promptly in the +Governor’s name, before reflection could associate the wishes of +his master, to speak truly. Mr. Bowdich continued standing before +the King, and declared, “that the Governor wished to gain his +friendship more than he could think that we were sent, not only to +compliment him, but to write what he had to say to the Governor, +and to wait to tell his answer to the King, and to do all he +ordered; to settle all palavers, and to make Ashantees and English +as one before we went back. That the Governor of Accra was sick, +and in pain, and naturally wished to go back soon, but that +himself, and the other two officers would stay with the King, until +they made him sure that the Governor was a good friend to him. That +we would rather get anger, and lose every thing ourselves, than let +the King think the Governor sent us to put shame on him; that we +would trust our lives to the King, until we had received the +Governor’s letter, to make him<span class="pagenum" id= +"Page_51">[51]</span> think so; and to tell us to do all that was +right, to make the Ashantees and English as one; and this would +shew the King we did not come to spy the country, but to do good.” +Mr. Bowdich then assured Mr. James that no outrage on his dignity +was meditated; that we should continue to treat him as our superior +officer, but that we felt the present act imperative, as our duty +to the Service and our Country.</p> + +<p>Conviction flashed across the countenance of the interpreter, +and he must have done Mr. Bowdich’s speech justice, for the +cheerful aspect of the morning was resumed in every countenance. +The applause was general; the King (who had again seated himself) +held out his hand to Mr. Bowdich, and said, “he spoke well; what he +spoke was good; he liked his palaver much.” The King’s chief +linguist came forward and repeated his commendations with the most +profound bows; every look was favourable; every where there was a +hand extended. The King then instructed his linguist to report to +Mr. Bowdich, personally, his arguments respecting the books. “That +he had subdued the Fantees at the expense of much powder and shot; +and that, in consequence, all their notes were his: that he had +only to send a Captain to bring all their heads, that he did not +want to do no good, and keep the books; he would do more for the +forts than the Fantees could; that the Dutch Governor did not cheat +him, but gave the four oz. a month. That he wished to be friends +with the English; but that the 4 ackies a month put shame upon his +face.” To this Mr. Bowdich replied, that he could only say he knew +the Governor would do what was right; that he could not say more +until he heard from him; but that he would write every word the +King said; and he was sure the King would see that the Governor +would do what was right. We shook hands and retired.</p> + +<p>All the Fantees being detained by the King, Mr. Bowdich +and<span class="pagenum" id="Page_52">[52]</span> Mr. Hutchison +went in the evening to the chief captain to request a messenger +from the King to Cape Coast; about two hours afterwards he reported +the King’s reply almost literally as follows: “The King wishes you +good night; this is his palaver and yours, you must not speak it to +any one else, the white men come to cheat him. The King recollects +the face of the white man who spoke to him to day, he likes him +much, he wishes he would talk the palaver; the King likes the other +white men who stood up with him very much; he thinks the Governor +of Accra wishes to put all the wrong on the Governor at Cape Coast, +and not to tell any thing. The King thinks that not right, and he +sees you do not like that. You must not speak this palaver again; +’tis the King’s palaver, and yours; the King’s captain will speak +right to the King what you say, and you shall have a +messenger.”</p> + +<p>We again affirm positively, that Mr. James made no offer to +communicate with the Governor, but spoke only of his return, which +we know he was meditating at the expense of the treaty, and every +object of the Mission.</p> + +<p>Referring to our detail previous to the serious business of to +day, you will find every circumstance to have been encouraging, and +in our opinion, auspicious to the consummation of the Mission. Yet +at that moment, unclouded as it was, we know Mr. James, by his own +confession, to have written to head quarters with a gloom which +existed only in his own imagination; this letter did not go from +the detention of the Fantee bearers. We believe firmly, that had +there been no interference on our part at the critical moment, Mr. +James would have returned forthwith to Cape Coast, without +effecting one object of the Mission, and that the future good of +the Settlements would not only have been sacrificed, but their +present security endangered.<a id="FNanchor_5"></a><a href= +"#Footnote_5" class="fnanchor">[5]</a></p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_53">[53]</span>Mr. James may +write that Mr. Bowdich rose with great warmth: this we deny, and +affirm that he displayed no more than a temperate zeal, considerate +in its declarations, and respectful even in its dissent from Mr. +James. The attention of the King was arrested by the novelty of a +white man addressing him in the oratorical manner of his own +country, but it was not until the linguist had conveyed the +arguments, that the King held out his hand and the applause was +general. Mere observations whispered in the ear of the linguists +had lost all effect, and would not have answered the crisis.</p> + +<p>Mr. James has talked, and perhaps written much of the King’s +suspicion, but we must contend that much of this is misnamed, and +is no more than that deliberate policy which is a pledge of the +durability of the confidence it precedes. Certainly there has been +suspicion, but not more than must have been expected, not more than +was commensurate with the important novelty which challenged it. It +has been confessed here, that our political rival has exerted all +his address to vitiate our objects in the eyes of the King, to +convince him our ostensible views were pretences; our real ones +dangerous and unjust; that we sought sovereignty, not commerce. The +Moorish chiefs and dignitaries by whom the King is surrounded, +whose influence is powerful, not only from their rank but their +repute, naturally urged these arguments against unbelievers and +competitors in trade, and their extensive intercourse has +unfortunately possessed them of facts to the point of our ambition. +Let these considerations be weighed, let our account of the King’s +general deportment be again referred to; let us impress, that he +has never once adverted to our destruction of his<span class= +"pagenum" id="Page_54">[54]</span> troops before Annamaboe, or of +the critical situation of the fort; that he has evinced a +disposition to a sound understanding, by veiling every irritating +retrospect, by acknowledging every conciliatory circumstance.</p> + +<p>We do not presume to enter our opinions into the important +question of the King’s demand of the whole of these two notes; we +have advanced nothing but our assurance that the Governor will do +what is right, and we have pledged our lives to convince the King +of this; the importance of the Mission would have claimed a more +valuable pledge.</p> + +<p>Whilst we impress the surprising power and influence of the +King, we must do him the justice to acknowledge the convincing +manner in which he urged the injuries and forbearance which +preceded the Fantee war; his willingness to do every thing for the +forts, and the conduct of the Dutch Governor in giving him the +whole of the four ounces, were impressively and ingeniously +associated.</p> + +<p>To wear away suspicion, Mr. Bowdich has ceased his enquiries and +observations for a time. The resources for intelligence of the +Interior are infinite. Timbuctoo has been visited by most of the +sojourners, and a mass of valuable information may be gathered with +caution.<a id="FNanchor_6"></a><a href="#Footnote_6" class= +"fnanchor">[6]</a> The eclipses of Jupiter’s satellites will be +regularly observed by Mr. Bowdich, and the mean longitude reported; +the want of a good watch imposes considerable trouble.</p> + +<p>We have reflected on what we have done, and if we are so +unfortunate as to be visited by your and the Committee’s +displeasure,<span class="pagenum" id="Page_55">[55]</span> we shall +console ourselves in our reluctant change of pursuit, by the +satisfaction of our own minds of the honourable zeal of our +motives.</p> + +<p>We most respectfully solicit our recall, as we cannot implicate +our character and our responsibility with Mr. James’s judgment and +perseverance in prosecuting the Mission, of the consummation of +which we cannot agree to despond. We could not reconcile ourselves +to the sacrifice of one of its important objects to our personal +apprehensions (supported as we are by authority and circumstances) +whilst the recollection of the illustrious energies of an +enterprising traveller, forlorn and destitute, appeals to our +spirit, and impresses the expectations of our country. We are, +&c.</p> + +<p class="center pad20pc space-above1">(Signed)</p> + +<div class="sign1"> +<p>T. EDWARD BOWDICH.</p> + +<p>W. HUTCHISON.</p> + +<p>HENRY TEDLIE.</p> +</div> + +<hr class="decordb width8"> + +<p class="right less space-above15"><em>Coomassie, May 24</em>, +1817.</p> + +<p class="center space-above1"><span class="sc">To the Governor and +Council, Cape Coast Castle.</span> +</p> + +<p class="nind pad3 space-above1 space-below1"><span class= +"sc">Gentlemen,</span> +</p> + +<p class="nind"><span class="sc">The</span> act our former letter +has avowed, and we would presume (after the most deliberate +reflection) to add justified, has made it our duty to communicate +(independently of Mr. James) the circumstances of the interval we +may await your pleasure.</p> + +<p>If this duty had not been imposed on us by the act in question, +the imminent fatality engendered in the debate of to day, and +quickened by the ardor of the captains, would have demanded from +our private as well as our public feelings, the most energetic +representations (as auxiliary to those of Mr. James,) in +impressing<span class="pagenum" id="Page_56">[56]</span> the +calamities and the sacrifices which menace the Settlements and the +Mission, to secure your serious deliberation, as the only +preventive we can look to with confidence.</p> + +<p>Yesterday we were conducted some way without the town to an +assembly of the Moorish caboceers and dignitaries, who exert every +device against us. A chapter was read from the Koran, and we were +ordered to swear by that book that we had no rogues palaver, and +that we had put no poison in the King’s liquor. We severally +refused to swear on the Koran, but offered to do so on our own +prayer books. The King’s linguist mediated, and asked us if we +would only strike that book three times, and then declare as much, +because the Moors said, that book would kill us if we lied. We did +this, and were about two hours afterwards ordered to sit without +our house and receive the following present from the King:</p> + +<p>One bullock, 2 pigs, 8 oz. of gold, for Mr. James.</p> + +<p>One sheep, 2 oz. 4 ackies of gold, for each of us.</p> + +<p>To each of the numerous Fantee messengers, 10 ackies of +gold.</p> + +<p>To our cooks, a large assortment of pots and country vessels, +100 large billets of wood, 100 yams, 100 bunches of plantains, four +of sugar cane, four (24 gallon) pots of palm oil, three jars of +palm wine.</p> + +<p>To the soldiers, 10 ackies of gold.</p> + +<p>To the Accra linguist, 10 ackies of gold.</p> + +<p>On Saturday we were summoned to the King, and waited as usual a +considerable time in one of the outer courts of the palace, which +is an immense building of a variety of oblong courts and regular +squares, the former with arcades along the one side, some of round +arches symmetrically turned, having a skeleton of bamboo; the +entablatures exuberantly adorned with bold fan and trellis work of +Egyptian character. They have a suit of rooms<span class="pagenum" +id="Page_57">[57]</span> over them, with small windows of wooden +lattice, of intricate but regular carved work, and some have frames +cased with thin gold. The squares have a large apartment on each +side, open in front, with two supporting pillars, which break the +view and give it all the appearance of the proscenium or front of +the stage of the older Italian theatres. They are lofty and +regular, and the cornices of a very bold cane work in alto relievo. +A drop curtain of curiously plaited cane is suspended in front, and +in each we observed chairs and stools embossed with gold, and beds +of silk, with scattered regalia. The most ornamented part of the +palace is the residence of the women. We have passed through it +once; the fronts of the apartments were closed (except two open +door ways) by pannels of curious open carving, conveying a striking +resemblance at first sight to an early Gothic screen; one was +entirely closed and had two curious doors of a low arch, and +strengthened or battened with wood-work, carved in high relief and +painted red. Doors chancing to open as we passed, surprised us with +a glimpse of large apartments in corners we could not have thought +of, the most secret appeared the most adorned. In our daily course +through the palace there is always a delay of some minutes, before +the door of each of the several distinct squares is unlocked; +within the inmost square is the council chamber.</p> + +<p>To day, after the delay of nearly an hour (which seems an +indispensible ceremony) in the outer court, (where different +dignitaries were passing to and fro with their insignia and +retinues,) we were conducted to a large yard, where the King, +encircled by a varied profusion of insignia, even more sumptuous +than that we had seen before, sat at the end of two long files of +counsellors, caboceers, and captains; they were seated under their +umbrellas, composed of scarlet and yellow cloth, silks, shawls, +cottons, and every glaring variety, with carved and golden +pelicans, panthers, baboons,<span class="pagenum" id= +"Page_58">[58]</span> barrels, crescents, &c. on the top; the +shape generally a dome. Distinct and pompous retinues were placed +around, with gold canes, spangled elephants tails to brush off the +flies, gold headed swords, and embossed muskets, and many splendid +novelties too numerous but for a particular report, which will not +be neglected. Each had the dignitaries of his own province or +establishment to his right and left; and it was truly “Concilium in +Concilio.” When we recollected the insignificant, though neat +appearance of the few Ashantee towns we had passed through on the +southern frontier, and even the extent and superior character of +the capital, this magnificence seemed the effect of +enchantment.</p> + +<p>We have intruded this sketch to impress the power and resources +of the monarch we are to conciliate, and to anticipate in some +degree the delay of Mr. Bowdich’s report, the transcription of +which must yield to the present momentous communication.</p> + +<p>The King having decided a cause then in course, by which one of +his captains was condemned to death for cowardice, ordered the +question of the Annamaboe and Braffoe notes to be resumed. The +several Fantee messengers were heard, the King of Annamaboe’s, +Amooney’s, and Payntree’s (the interior caboceer) having joined us +in the path. They appeared all equivocation and embarrassment, as +Quashie’s interpretations confirmed; they were incompetent to +answer the King’s linguists, and unable to use the few +uninterrupted intervals which were allowed them to any purpose: it +seems they would not acknowledge what the full amount of these +notes was. Mr. James was asked, he said “white men’s heads were not +like black men’s, and he could not recollect; but he thought 4 oz. +and 2 oz.” He did not offer to learn from the Governor. Several +impassioned harangues were made by the King’s linguists and +counsellors: the King said, “he had 4 oz. from Elmina, and 2 oz. +from English Accra; was it not putting shame upon him to +send<span class="pagenum" id="Page_59">[59]</span> him 4 ackies +from Cape Coast?” The Cape Coast messenger (Quashie Tom had +absented himself) spoke again with great trepidation; the King +could not conceal his emotions; his counsellors became clamorous; +in an instant there was a flourish of all the horns; all the +captains rose and seized their gold headed swords from their +attendants; the head general snatched Mr. Tedlie’s from his +scabbard; numerous canopies crowded one upon the other in the +background, as if some considerable personages had arrived; there +was nothing but commotion, wrath, and impatience. The captains, old +and young, rushed before the King, and exclaimed, as Quashie +reported, (who seems to have been afraid to tell us all, and was +restrained by Quamina) “King, this shames you too much; you must +let us go to night and kill all the Fantees, and burn all the towns +under the forts.” They then presented themselves successively with +their bands of music and retinues, and bowing before the King, +received his foot upon their heads; each then directed his sword to +the King (who held up the two first fingers of his right hand) and +swore by the King’s head, that they would go with the army that +night, and bring him the books, and the heads of all the Fantees. +Each captain made the oath impressive in his own peculiar manner; +some seriously, some by ridicule, at our expense, and that of the +Fantees, pointing at our heads and ears, and endeavouring to +intimidate us by the most insolent action and gesture as they held +out their swords. The old general (Apokoo) who swore the last, +after he had done so in the most expressive manner, threw Mr. +Tedlie’s sword to him, over the heads of the people with +contemptuous defiance. The number was so great, that we thought +this awful ceremony would never finish.</p> + +<p>The King left the council a short time. In the interval, Quamina +Bwa (our guide) told Accra Quashie to beg Mr. James to +speak<span class="pagenum" id="Page_60">[60]</span> to the King +when he came back, and try and appease him. Mr. James did so, but +without the zeal, presence of mind, or argument the crisis +demanded; it was not adequate even to ameliorate the King’s +impression of the Governor and the English; it was no more than he +said at first. The King took not the least notice of it, but +declared angrily, that “if he did not see white men’s faces he +would cut off the heads of every Fantee messenger on the spot.” +Some sheep and gold were then brought forward and presented to the +Captains, and the King rose abruptly from his chair. In this +anxious moment we reflected that the mulatto of General Daendels +had a long audience of the King just before we were received; no +resource was to be left untried, that was manly and appropriate. +Mr. Bowdich stepped before the King, and declared through the +linguist, “that he wished to speak what he knew would make the King +think that the Governor would do him right, and was his good +friend.” The King said he would hear him speak in the house; we +retired amidst the insults and menaces of the assembly.</p> + +<p>About two hours after, we were summoned, and, as is the +etiquette, kept some time in waiting; in this interval, Mr. James +said that our situation being very critical, it was a pity any +difference should be observed, and that he thought it much better +to be reconciled. Mr. Bowdich replied, that he could not think it +possible our sentiments to be delivered to the King could differ at +such a moment; that if they did we should assimilate ours to his as +much as possible; but feeling the necessity for the greatest +energy, for every address and argument for the conviction of the +King, we must, for the public good, continue our assumption of the +privilege of strengthening his declarations by our own until our +recall, that we should be tender of his dignity, but that it being +a difference on a point of public duty, we could not compound it, +but would take the consequences. We were received; the King’s +aspect was<span class="pagenum" id="Page_61">[61]</span> stern; he +prefaced that “he did not wish to make war with the English; but +that the 4 ackies a month shamed him too much; that the captains +said to him, King! they cheat you, they put shame on you; we will +go to night and bring you the heads of all the Fantees; that he was +forced to say to them, I beg your pardon, but as I see the white +men’s faces, I beg you to stay till to-morrow, when they can write +to the Governor, and they will tell me themselves what he says; +then if he does not send me Amooney’s and the Braffoes books, you +shall go and kill all; that he had been obliged afterwards to dash +them sheep and gold to make them stay until the white men got the +Governor’s letter.” Mr. James assured the King “that the King of +England and the Governor wished to be friends with him, to do all +that was right; and he thought in his own mind that the Governor +would give up the books.” The King took no notice, and continued +serious: the moment called for the most energetic appeal to his +reason, for every imposing argument and circumstance. There was a +long pause; Mr. Bowdich rose, and charged Mr. James’s linguist to +interpret truly. We took the precaution of making notes of this +speech, feeling we should be particular where we pledge our honour, +and volunteer our affidavit; it was as follows.</p> + +<p>“We swore yesterday as the King wished, to day we wish to swear +as we should before our own King.” The King held up the two first +fingers of his right hand as he did to the captains. “We swear” +(presenting our swords and kissing the hilt, as the most imposing +form that occurred to us) “by our God, and by our King, and we know +the Governor of Accra will do the same, that we mean no bad to the +King, that the King of England and the Company ordered the Governor +to send us to make the Ashantees and English as one, that we are +sure the Governor will do the King right, and that when we write +him all the King says, we will<span class="pagenum" id= +"Page_62">[62]</span> write also that we think the King’s palaver +good. We were sent to make the English and Ashantees as one, +because our’s is the greatest white, your’s the greatest black +nation, and when two great nations are friends, it makes good. I +came out in the ship that was sent to tell the Governor this, and +when he heard it, he said it gave him very much pleasure. The King +of England and the Company thought the Governor should send to the +King, to send some of his great men to Cape Coast, that we might be +safe; but the Governor said, no! there was no occasion, and wrote +to the King and the Company that he could trust all his officers in +Ashantee, because the King’s honour made them safe, so we came +without sending, because we knew the King was our true friend.</p> + +<p>“The Governor wished always to do the King right, but the +Fantees never would tell him what was right, so he wrote to the +King of England to send him some presents, that he might send his +own officers to the King, and hear properly from the King’s own +mouth what was right, because the Fantees never would tell him what +was true, or what the King said. When the Governor reads what we +shall write him, then he will know the truth for the first time. We +shall stay to make the Ashantees and English one, and we pledge our +lives to the King, that we speak a proper palaver, and when we +speak true before God and the King we cannot fear.”</p> + +<p>There were repeated and general applauses as each sentence was +interpreted; the King smiled, and desired his linguist to say to +Mr. Bowdich as Quashie interpreted, “The King likes you, you speak +a proper good palaver, you speak like a man, the King wishes to be +a friend to white men; he thinks white men next to God.” Here the +King raised his hands to heaven, and then covering his face, +Quashie continued to interpret. “The King thanks God and his own +fetish, that they have sent him white men to talk proper like this +to him, and when you three white men go<span class="pagenum" id= +"Page_63">[63]</span> back to Cape Coast, and the Governor has bad +put into his head, and think you did wrong, then if you want any +thing to eat, send a messenger to him and he will send you plenty, +for the King thinks you do right to God and him, and to your King, +and to the Governor, and that you will get much honour when you go +back; so the King thanks you, and says you speak well.” The King +then asked Mr. James if he would swear on his sword like us, as we +said; Mr. James did so. The King made an observation which it seems +we cannot convey to you in its full force, or nearer than, that he +liked the three white men because they always stood up to speak, +and pushed forward to get what they wanted. Many auxiliary +observations were afterwards offered casually by each of us, to +confirm his change of sentiment. The Fantee linguists attempted to +intimidate the linguist Quashie of Accra, but ineffectually; this +man is invaluable from his influence and intelligence, he is our +only safe medium, and interprets to the King anxiously and +impressively.</p> + +<p>The King appeared much pleased, and made us a long speech. “The +King says the Fantees are all rogues, the Governor knows that very +well; the King thinks they always put bad palaver in the Governor’s +head, he always tells his captains so; he is sure you come to do +him right. The King wishes all good for the English; he swears by +God and by the fetish, that if the English could know how the +Fantees serve him, and all the bad they do, they would say his +palaver was good. The King speaks true.” He then gave us an outline +of the Fantee war, which must have convinced even the most +prejudiced, of his injuries and forbearance, and their injustice +and cruelty.</p> + +<p>The King says, “if the English trust to him, he will take more +care of the forts than the Fantees can, he will do them great good, +he does not want to do nothing. He will send the English +his<span class="pagenum" id="Page_64">[64]</span> trade; he will +send them good gold like what he wears himself, (shewing his +armlets,) not bad gold like he knows the Fantees make, his people +don’t know how to do that, the Fantees do it in their own houses +before they give it to white men. If at any time the English in the +forts are in want of any thing to eat, and send to him, he will +send them every thing. To morrow is Sunday, but the next day is +Monday, then he will give you a proper messenger.”</p> + +<p>We cannot do justice to the King’s sentiments either in detail +or in expression; they were incredibly liberal, and would have +ennobled the most civilized monarch; they seemed to break the spell +which has shut the Interior. He begged us to drink with him, and +Mr. James agreed in the toast of “May the Ashantees and English +always be one;” it pleased him, and he begged us to touch his glass +with ours. He then turned suddenly to the Fantee messengers (who +were trembling in the rear) and said, “you made me very angry with +you, and I am very angry with you, but never mind, come and drink +some of my liquor.”</p> + +<p>Our critical situation demands the delivery of our sentiments on +the subject of these notes; we do so with diffidence and respect. +The services of the Braffoes, who hold the one, are merely nominal, +their enmity nugatory from their political situation; the issuing +of a fresh note to Amooney will be but a small addition to the +expenditure, and even the expense of renewing them both cannot be +weighed with the prevention of another Fantee war, of the +destruction of a whole people, and the ruin of our Settlements in +their defence, with the defeat of the intrigue and devices of our +rival, and the acquisition of the confidence of a powerful and +liberal monarch, whose influence may perfect the views of the +British Government on the Interior. We hail the circumstances as +auspicious, even in the present serious moment.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_65">[65]</span>Mr. James +confesses that he desponds of consummating the objects of the +Mission; we do not; we would be responsible for all of them, but we +diffidently await your decision. We must claim this momentary calm +of the King to ourselves, because it only affords us the credit, or +rather the justification of having done our duty, which we are +resolute in repeating Mr. James has not. What has been said through +Mr. Bowdich is here reported faithfully; we have not committed the +Governor or ourselves.</p> + +<p>Gentlemen, our situation is critical; if your answer determines +the King on war, we are his prisoners; if, as we cannot doubt, the +valour of our countrymen again retards his progress by defences as +memorable as that of Annamaboe, we may be the victims of an +irritated soldiery, though we feel it would be with the reluctance +of a generous prince, who is not independent, but, unfortunately, +controlled by a military despotism, which deposed his brother and +invested him.</p> + +<p>But, Gentlemen, if in your better knowledge and reflection, you +cannot consistently with your honour and your trust, meet the +King’s demand, the history of our country has fortified our minds +with the illustrious example of a Vansittart, and his colleagues, +who were situated as we are, when the dawn of British intercourse +in India was scarcely more advanced than its dawn in Africa now; +and their last request to their Council is our present conclusion +to you—“Do not put our lives in competition with the honour and +interests of our country.”</p> + +<p class="center pad20pc space-above1">We are, &c. &c.</p> + +<table class="sign2"> +<tr> +<td>(Signed)</td> +<td>T. EDWARD BOWDICH.</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td> +</td> +<td>W. HUTCHISON.</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td> +</td> +<td>HENRY TEDLIE.</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p class="right less space-above15"><span class="pagenum" id= +"Page_66">[66]</span><em>Coomassie, May 28th</em>, 1817.</p> + +<p class="center space-above1"><span class="sc">To the Governor and +Council.</span> +</p> + +<p class="nind pad3 space-above1 space-below1"><span class= +"sc">Gentlemen,</span> +</p> + +<p class="nind"><span class="sc">On</span> Sunday the King visited +us at our quarters, and expressed much gratification with the +trifles we presented him individually, and our solicitude in +explaining some plates of botanical and natural history, which he +sends for frequently.</p> + +<p>On Monday we had a public audience before the Captains, (whose +ill-will has been acknowledged,) when two messengers were ordered +to accompany one of ours to Cape Coast, with the letters to the +Governor, and were impressively sworn; they received their +instructions in a speech from the linguist of nearly two hours; it +seemed to be intended to conciliate the Captains at the same +time.</p> + +<p>In the afternoon the King sent for us again, and said he wished +to dictate a letter to the Governor. Mr. James wrote the sense of +the King’s expressions, but was obliged to leave off from +indisposition. The King would not trust it out of his hands. +Yesterday evening it was concluded, when the King proposed to make +his mark, and insisted on repeating it in the direction. We have +taken the pains to preserve this curious letter verbatim, which +from its length, and our constant interruption, we are compelled to +reserve with many curious particulars for the General Report.</p> + +<p>We are anxiously waiting a summons to hand our dispatches to the +messenger. Nine days are allowed for the journey to Cape Coast, and +nine for the return. The whole time has been gradually extended, by +intreaty of the Fantee messengers, from eighteen to thirty +days.</p> + +<p>Mr. Hutchison is ill with a bilious attack, and several of the +people with a fever and dysentery. The heat is very +powerful<span class="pagenum" id="Page_67">[67]</span> here, but +Mr. Bowdich and Mr. Tedlie continue in excellent health.</p> + +<p>We would recommend the sending up a common green silk umbrella, +and a Company’s dirk, as presents to the King’s favourite +nephew.</p> + +<p>Our confinement to the house is rather irksome; we are not +allowed to walk in the town without Captains accompanying us.</p> + +<p>12 o’clock. The King sent to say Mr. Bowdich must come to the +palace, and mount the chief captain’s horse, and shew him how +Englishmen ride. Mr. Bowdich went, and by the King’s desire +gallopped up and down the opposite hill. The King expressed great +anxiety when the horse was made to play his tricks; and when Mr. +Bowdich persevered, and made him gallop back and alighted, the King +sent him word that “he rode like a proper man, that he stayed on +the horse well, and made him do proper.”</p> + +<p>4 o’clock. The King sent for us at two, to make some additions +to the letter, and to seal it in his presence. A long prayer was +uttered by a Moor after the sealing of the letter, and we were +called back to be again impressed with the example and justice of +the Dutch as regards the books. Mr. Hutchison’s illness prevented +his attendance to day. The messengers are to go to night.</p> + +<p>May 29th, 3 p.m. The messengers and the Fantee bearers, have +been delayed in consequence of the death of a person of rank, and +their assistance in the custom. I am now assured that they will +leave Coomassie at 4 o’clock.</p> + +<p>In reply to the request we urged to Mr. James, that he would +dismiss our hammock men, as they had been of so little service to +us in coming up, and were a considerable expense; he impressed that +it would be contrary to your instructions.</p> + +<p>Only one message from the King to day, and that a private one to +Mr. Bowdich, with permission for him to ride: he went +all<span class="pagenum" id="Page_68">[68]</span> round the town, +which he considers to be about three miles in circumference: the +King afterwards sent him word, that to-morrow he must ride on a +cloth only, as he had heard the English did.</p> + +<p class="center pad20pc space-above1">We are, &c. &c.</p> + +<table class="sign2"> +<tr> +<td>(Signed)</td> +<td>T. E. BOWDICH.</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td> +</td> +<td>H. TEDLIE.</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p>P.S. Mr. James had a severe relapse of fever last night, and was +very ill this morning; at 10 o’clock a.m. he had the cold bath, and +some febrifuge medicine. Mr. Hutchison is rather better, the +soldiers also, but the hammock men continue much the same.</p> + +<hr class="decordb width8"> + +<p class="hang1 space-above15"><span class="sc">Saï Tootoo +Quamina</span>, <em>King of Ashantee and its Dependencies, to</em> +<span class="sc">John Hope Smith</span>, <em>Esquire, Governor in +Chief of the British Settlements on the Gold Coast of +Africa.</em></p> + +<p class="nind"><span class="sc">The</span> King sends his +compliments to the Governor, he thanks the King of England and him +very much for the presents sent to him, he thinks them very +handsome. The King’s sisters and all his friends have seen them, +and think them very handsome, and thank him. The King thanks his +God and his fetish that he made the Governor send the white men’s +faces for him to see, like he does now; he likes the English very +much, and the Governor all the same as his brother.</p> + +<p>The King of England has made war against all the other white +people a long time, and killed all the people all about, and taken +all the towns, French, Dutch, and Danish, all the towns, all about. +The King of Ashantee has made war against all the people of the +water side, and all the black men all about, and taken all their +towns.</p> + +<p>When the King of England takes a French town, he +says,<span class="pagenum" id="Page_69">[69]</span> “come, all this +is mine, bring all your books, and give me all your pay,” and if +they don’t do it, does the Governor think the King of England likes +it?<a id="FNanchor_7"></a><a href="#Footnote_7" class= +"fnanchor">[7]</a> So the King has beat the Fantees now two times, +and taken all their towns, and they send and say to him, you are a +great King, we want to serve you; but he says, Hah! you want to +serve me, then bring all your books, what you get from the forts, +and then they send him four ackies, this vexes him too much.</p> + +<p>The first time he made war against the Fantees, two great men in +Assin quarrelled, so half the people came to Ashantee, half went to +Fantee. The King said, what is the reason of this, so he sent his +gold swords and canes to know why they did so, and the Fantees +killed his messengers and took all their gold.<a id= +"FNanchor_8"></a><a href="#Footnote_8" class="fnanchor">[8]</a> +After they fought with the Elminas and Accras, the Fantees sent +word to the King they would serve him; the King sent word to the +Assins, if it is true that the Fantees want to serve me, let me +hear; after that they sent to say yes! they tired of fighting, and +wanted to serve him, he said, well, give me some gold, what you get +from the books, and then you shall hear what palaver I have got in +my head, and we can be friends; then he sent some messengers, and +after they waited more than two years, the Fantees sent word back, +no! we don’t want to serve the King, but only to make the path open +and get good trade: this vexed the King too much.</p> + +<p>Then the Fantees sent to a strong man, Cudjoe Coomah, +and<span class="pagenum" id="Page_70">[70]</span> said, “come, let +us put our heads together against the King;” after that, when the +King heard this, he sent one, not a great man, but his own slave, +and said, well you will do, go kill all the people, all the +Aquapims, and Akims, and all; and so he killed all, and after he +killed all he came and told him.</p> + +<p>When he sent against Akim, the people in Akim sent word, that +they told their head men not to vex the King, but they would not +mind them, so he killed the head people, and the others begged his +pardon.</p> + +<p>When the King went to fight with the Fantees they sent this +saucy word—we will kill you and your people, and stand on you; then +they did not kill one Ashantee captain, but the King killed all the +Fantee captains and people. They do not stand on him.</p> + +<p>That time, after the King fought, all the Fantees sent word, +well we will serve you, but you must not send more harm to hurt us, +we don’t want to fight more, but to make good friends with you. +Then the King said, what caboceer lives at Cape Coast and +Annamaboe, what books they get from the forts, let them send all, +and then we can be friends. And the King sent word too, if my +messengers go to Cape Coast fort, and if they bring pots of gold, +and casks of goods, then I can’t take that, <em>but I must have the +books</em>.</p> + +<p>After that the King sent word to the Governor of Cape Coast and +the Governor of Annamaboe, well! you know I have killed all the +Fantees, and I must have Adocoo’s and Amooney’s books, and I can +make friends with you, good brother and good heart; but now they +send four ackies, that is what makes the King’s heart break out +when he looks on the book and thinks of four ackies, and his +captains swear that the Fantees are rogues and want to cheat him. +When the white men see the Fantees do this, and the<span class= +"pagenum" id="Page_71">[71]</span> English officers bring him this +four ackies, it makes him get up very angry, but he has no palaver +with white men.</p> + +<p>All Fantee is his, all the black mans country is his; he hears +that white men bring all the things that come here; he wonders they +do not fight with the Fantees, for he knows they cheat them. Now he +sees white men, and he thanks God and his fetish for it.</p> + +<p>When the English made Apollonia fort he fought with the Aowins, +the masters of that country, and killed them; then he said to the +caboceer, I have killed all your people, your book is mine; the +caboceer said, true! so long as you take my town, the book belongs +to you.</p> + +<p>He went to Dankara and fought, and killed the people, then he +said; give me the book you get from Elmina, so they did, and now +Elmina belongs to him.<a id="FNanchor_9"></a><a href="#Footnote_9" +class="fnanchor">[9]</a></p> + +<p>The English fort at Accra gave a book to an Akim caboceer, +called Aboigin Adjumawcon. The King killed him and took the book. +The Dutch fort gave a book to another Akim caboceer, Curry Curry +Apam. The Danish fort gave a book to another Akim caboceer, Arrawa +Akim; the King killed all and took their books.</p> + +<p>This King, Saï, is young on the stool, but he keeps always in +his head what old men say, for it is good, and his great men and +linguists tell it him every morning. The King of England makes +three great men, and sends one to Cape Coast, one to Annamaboe, and +one to Accra; Cape Coast is the same as England. The King gets two +ounces from Accra every moon, and the English wish to give him only +four ackies for the big fort at Cape Coast, and the same for +Annamboe; do white men think this proper?</p> + +<p>When the King killed the Dankara caboceer and got two ounces +from Elmina, the Dutch Governor said, this is a proper King, +we<span class="pagenum" id="Page_72">[72]</span> shall not play +with him, and made the book four ounces. The King has killed all +the people, and all the forts are his; he sent his captains to see +white men, now he sees them, and thanks God and his fetish. If the +path was good when the captains went, the King would have gone +under the forts and seen all the white men. The Ashantees take good +gold to Cape Coast, but the Fantees mix it; he sent some of his +captains like slaves to see, and they saw it; ten handkerchiefs are +cut to eight, water is put to rum, and charcoal to powder, even for +the King; they cheat him, but he thinks the white men give all +those things proper to the Fantees.</p> + +<p>The King knows the King of England is his good friend, for he +has sent him handsome dashes; he knows his officers are his good +friends, for they come to see him. The King wishes the Governor to +send to Elmina to see what is paid him there, and to write the King +of England how much, as the English say their nation passes the +Dutch; he will see by the books given him by both forts. If the +King of England does not like that, he may send him himself what he +pleases, and then Saï can take it.</p> + +<p>He thanks the King and Governor for sending four white men to +see him. The old King wished to see some of them, but the Fantees +stop it. He is but a young man and sees them, and so again he +thanks God and his fetish.</p> + +<p>Dictated in the presence of,</p> + +<p class="nind pad4"><span class="sc">T. Edward Bowdich,</span> +</p> + +<p class="nind pad4"><span class="sc">William Hutchison,</span> +</p> + +<p class="nind pad4"><span class="sc">Henry Tedlie.</span> +</p> + +<hr class="decordb width8"> + +<p class="space-above15"><span class="pagenum" id= +"Page_73">[73]</span>May 30. Apokoo sent us a present of 30 ackies +of gold and some fruits.</p> + +<p>June 1. The King sent to desire Mr. Tedlie to bring his +instruments and medicines, and explain their uses to him; he was +shrewdly inquisitive, and presented Mr. Tedlie with 6 ackies of +gold in approbation of his intelligence.</p> + +<p>June 4. The King paid us a visit at our quarters, and expressed +himself highly gratified with some botanical engravings: he said +white men tried to know so much they would spoil their heads by and +by. We were allowed to take a walk in the town to day, in charge of +two captains. We had scarcely passed the palace when two men were +decapitated for cowardice: three others had been executed during +the night.</p> + +<p>June 5. Bakkee, to whom our house formerly belonged, had been +sent the second in command of the army with which Appia Danqua +invaded Fantee the second time, in pursuit of the Akim and Aquapim +revolters. Wearied of the procrastination and labours of the +campaign, he inconsiderately observed to a public messenger, that, +as the King had declared when he invaded Fantee in person, that he +would have the head of every Fantee caboceer, and yet returned with +a part only; so he could not be expected to forego the enjoyment of +the riches and luxuries of his home, until every revolter was +killed. On his return to the capital without leave, he was charged +with this, and not denying it, was stripped of all his property, +and hung himself. Aboidwee our present house master was raised to +Bakkee’s stool, or seat in council, to which 1700 retainers are +attached.</p> + +<p>June 9. The King sent us two sheep and a large quantity of +fruit; his nephew also sent us a sheep.</p> + +<p>June 11. We were invited to attend the King’s levee, on the Adaï +custom, and were presented with a flask of rum and a +fat<span class="pagenum" id="Page_74">[74]</span> sheep. This walk +was a great relief, for the longest court in our quarters was not +more than 14 feet.</p> + +<p>June 12. The King sent us a large Hio sheep to look at; it +measured 4½ feet from the head to the insertion of the tail, which +was two feet long, its height was three feet, and it was covered +with coarse shaggy hair.</p> + +<p>June 13. The King sent for us late at night; he assured us he +wished to think well of the English; and that if Cape Coast was not +so far off, he should send messengers daily to wish the Governor +good morning, but the Crambos (Moors) and his great men thought we +came to do bad, and spy the country; so he sent for us when it was +dark, that they might not know it. He had only two persons with +him. Mr. James was too ill to attend.</p> + +<p>17. The King sent a present to our quarters of</p> + +<p class="nind pad4"><span class="word-spaced03"> </span>2 +ounces of gold to the officers.</p> + +<p class="nind pad4">20 ackies to our people.</p> + +<p class="nind pad4">10 ackies to our linguists.</p> + +<p class="nind pad4"><span class="word-spaced03"> </span>1 +hog, 1 sheep, and a profusion of plantains and oranges.</p> + +<p class="nind">This was his reproof of a disgraceful attempt to +borrow money of him for our subsistence; of which Mr. Hutchison, +Mr. Tedlie, and myself, had publicly disclaimed our knowledge and +sanction. Nothing could be more injurious to our dignity.</p> + +<p>18th. Mr. Tedlie having ventured to walk a few yards without the +town, was arrested by a captain, with about 100 followers, who +detained him in his house whilst a message was sent to the King, +who desiring Mr. Tedlie to be brought before him, enquired if he +had his small box (compass) in his pocket, and finding he had not, +affected to reprove the captain severely, for supposing either of +us could wish to run away, whilst the King was our friend. After +this we seldom went out.</p> + +<p>21st. Bundahenna, one of the King’s uncles, begged him +for<span class="pagenum" id="Page_75">[75]</span> permission to go +and make custom for some relatives whom he had lost in the last +Fantee war, as he feared their spirits were beginning to trouble +him. The King subscribed four ounces of gold, two ankers of rum, +one barrel of powder, and four human victims for sacrifice, towards +this custom. We received a present of 11 ackies of gold from +Quatchie Quofies household.</p> + +<p>26th. We received a present from a captain called Oöossa Cudjo, +of 10 ackies of gold, and another from Jessinting, of the same +quantity, a sheep and some plantains.</p> + +<p>28th. The King sent us a large quantity of plantains and +oranges. Apokoo, one of the four greatest men in the kingdom, +hearing his mother’s sister was dead, killed a slave before his +house, and proceeded to her croom to sacrifice many more, and +celebrate her funeral custom; but, when he found, on opening her +boxes, that the old woman from her dislike of him, had thrown +almost all her rock gold into the river, and that he should only +inherit a number of hungry slaves, he sacrificed but one more +victim, and made but a very mean custom.</p> + +<p>29th. Attended the King’s levee, and were presented with a flask +of rum, and a fat sheep. The King sent us word that he would be +glad to let us walk out, but there were many bad people who would +kill us if they could. We were gratified by an invitation to visit +Odumata, one of the four aristocrats; he begged us to drink palm +wine with him, and ordered a large jar of it to be sent to our +servants. He told us he was the first captain who fought with the +English at Annamaboe; and that if the books were not sent, he would +be the first to do so again; he asked us if we would take him to +England to see our King, and engage to bring him back again; for, +having sold an immense number of captives as slaves, he expected +some of them might recognise him, and call out to the King of +England to stop him, because he had sent them out of their own +country.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_76">[76]</span>July 2. A girl was +beheaded for insolence to one of the King’s sons, and a man for +transgressing the law by picking up gold which he had dropped in +the public market place, where all that falls is allowed to +accumulate until the soil is washed on state emergencies.</p> + +<p>3rd. This morning one of the King’s sons (about 10 years of age) +shot himself: his funeral custom was celebrated in the afternoon, +and a smart fire of musquetry was kept up until sun-set, amidst +dancing, singing, and revelry; two men and one girl were +sacrificed, and their trunks and heads were left in the market +place till dark. The mother of this child, a favourite wife of the +King’s, having added crime to a continued perversity of conduct, +had been put to death; the boy was banished the King’s presence +from that time. This morning he had stolen into the palace for the +first time, and the King desiring him to be removed, observing that +he had, doubtless, as bad a head towards him as his mother had +shewn; he replied, that if he could not be allowed to come and look +at his father, he had better die; half an hour afterwards he +destroyed himself privately, by directing a blunderbuss into his +mouth, and discharging it with his foot. The keeper of the royal +cemetry was this day imprisoned. His wife was soon after charged by +the council with making fetish to turn the King’s head; she replied +that it meant no more than to make the King think better of her +husband; but they insisted that she invoked the Fetish to make the +King mad, and she was executed.</p> + +<p>5th. A loud shout from our people announced the return of the +messengers from Cape Coast Castle, after an absence of thirty-eight +days.</p> + +<div class="footnotes" id="ftp1c03"> +<div class="footnote"> +<p><a id="Footnote_5"></a><a href="#FNanchor_5"><span class= +"label">[5]</span></a>“The government of the country is a military +despotism, and I have this day received private information, that +it is already settled, that if the refusal of the notes occasions a +war, and any one is hurt or killed by the forts, our lives will be +the forfeit.” Mr. James’s Dispatch.</p> +</div> + +<div class="footnote"> +<p><a id="Footnote_6"></a><a href="#FNanchor_6"><span class= +"label">[6]</span></a>“In the present suspicious state of the +King’s mind respecting us, I fear it would be impolitic to make the +enquiries you ordered in your instructions. I think it will be more +prudent to leave them to time. Mr. H. if he remains, will be able, +from time to time, to obtain such information as they can give, +without creating that suspicion which would certainly arise from +any questions put at the present moment. I have kept Mr. H’s +hammock men, as it is yet uncertain whether he will remain.” Mr. +James’s Dispatch.</p> +</div> + +<div class="footnote"> +<p><a id="Footnote_7"></a><a href="#FNanchor_7"><span class= +"label">[7]</span></a>This is an extraordinary impression, that all +the towns in Europe are supported like those under the forts, +holding notes from their governments for annual stipends.</p> +</div> + +<div class="footnote"> +<p><a id="Footnote_8"></a><a href="#FNanchor_8"><span class= +"label">[8]</span></a>Here the King’s linguist ceased, and by his +desire requested us to repeat all the King had said, he was much +pleased with our accuracy, and begged us to take some refreshment, +(spirits and palm wine were introduced in silver bowls) fearing he +had kept us too long without eating, and, would continue the letter +to-morrow. He locked up what had been written, and heard it read +again the next day, before his linguists continued.</p> +</div> + +<div class="footnote"> +<p><a id="Footnote_9"></a><a href="#FNanchor_9"><span class= +"label">[9]</span></a>The King always spoke of the acts of all his +ancestors as his own.</p> +</div> +</div> + +<hr class="chap"> + +<h2><span class="pagenum" id="Page_77">[77]</span><a id= +"p1c03b"></a><span class="letter-spaced01">CHAPTER</span> III.</h2> + +<hr class="decordb width8 spaced3"> + +<p class="sch1"><em>Proceedings and Incidents until the Third +Dispatch to Cape Coast Castle.</em> +</p> + +<p class="right less space-above15"><em>Cape Coast Castle, June +21</em>, 1817.</p> + +<p class="nind pad3 space-above1 space-below1"><span class= +"sc">Sir,</span> +</p> + +<p class="dcap"><span class="sc">Mr. James</span> being ordered to +return here as soon as possible, will deliver you his instructions, +and you will immediately on receipt of this letter, take upon +yourself the management of the Mission. I have every reliance on +your prudence and discretion, and still firmly hope that the +termination of the Embassy will be attended with success, and that +the sanguine expectations which we have entertained as to the +result of it, will not be disappointed.</p> + +<p>The King has received a very erroneous impression of the affair +of the Fantee notes, which I regret to hear was the cause of a +serious disturbance: I am glad however to find that by your prompt +mode of conduct, you were in some measure able to repress the +unfavourable bias it seems to have occasioned, and I have no doubt +that an explanation of the circumstance will effectually remove any +remaining prejudice. This transaction was entirely between the +Ashantee messengers and Fantees, negociated, and determined on by +them at Abrah, and afterwards ratified here by their mutual +consent. Hearing that messengers from the King were at Abrah, I +invited them down, wishing through their medium to communicate with +him concerning the conveyance of the presents<span class="pagenum" +id="Page_78">[78]</span> I had received from the Committee. After +some delay they arrived, and on their first interview made known +their errand to the Fantees, and the manner it had been arranged, +applying at the same time for two notes to be made out in favour of +Zey, at four ackies each, which were to be deducted from the notes +of Amooney and Aduecoe; not being perfectly satisfied from the +representation of these people as to the justness of the claim, I +delayed complying until it was stated to be a pledge of good faith +and allegiance on the part of the Fantees, and a confirmation of +the final adjustment of all differences between the two parties, +and as such they were given them. The nature of the claim having +been fully and satisfactorily explained, I have no hesitation in +complying with the wishes of the King; and this I do the more +readily, knowing that by the extension of his authority, good order +and subjection will be better preserved.</p> + +<p>This will, I hope, evince to the King my friendly intention +towards him; and you will impress upon his mind, that it is my +earnest desire to cultivate his friendship, the establishment of +which will be mutually beneficial; and in order that the union +between us may be more closely cemented, I am particularly desirous +that Mr. Hutchison be permitted to reside at Ashantee, which will +be the means of preventing any interruption to the good +understanding which, before you leave, will, I hope, be firmly +settled.</p> + +<p>I have no objection to you returning by way of Warsaw, but your +undertaking the journey on foot, I am apprehensive, you will find +too fatiguing. The hammock-men are engaged for the trip, therefore +the only additional expense will be their subsistence; I however +leave it to you to dismiss them or not.</p> + +<p>The Accra linguist being so very useful, and the only man who +will interpret faithfully, you will retain him until you +return.</p> + +<p>I have sent you, by the King’s messenger, 40 oz. of gold to +defray<span class="pagenum" id="Page_79">[79]</span> your expenses; +should any loan have been granted by the King, you will of course +repay him.</p> + +<p>I send you a piece of muslin and 10 danes for presents to the +Moors, whose friendship it will be highly necessary to conciliate. +I have also at your request, sent a dirk and umbrella, intended for +the King’s chief captain and his favourite nephew.</p> + +<p>Quamina, the Ashantee captain at Abrah, has refused to allow any +letters to pass that place which may be given in charge to Ashantee +traders, on the plea that by so doing he would incur the +displeasure of the King; who, he says, expects that especial +messengers will be engaged here to proceed with all letters to the +capital. Not long ago a trader who had received a letter, was +detained by him at Abrah, and the letter returned. The expense of +employing messengers here on every occasion would be material, +which is quite unnecessary, as opportunities almost daily occur for +forwarding letters by the different traders going from hence. I +therefore hope your representation of this affair to the King, will +induce him to countermand his orders to Quamina, if any such have +been given him.</p> + +<p class="right pad-right12 space-above1">I am, Sir,</p> + +<p class="right pad-right6 space-above1">your most obedient +Servant,</p> + +<p class="right space-above1">JOHN HOPE SMITH.</p> + +<p class="nind space-above15"><em>To Thomas Edward Bowdich, +Esq.</em> +</p> + +<p class="hang1 space-above15"><span class="pagenum" id= +"Page_80">[80]</span><span class="sc">John Hope Smith</span>, +<em>Esquire, Governor in Chief of the British Forts and Settlements +on the Gold Coast of Africa, to</em> <span class="sc">Saï Tootoo +Quamina</span>, <em>King of Ashantee.</em></p> + +<p class="nind pad3 space-above1 space-below1"><span class= +"sc">Sir,</span> +</p> + +<p class="nind"><span class="sc">I have</span> received your letter +of the 26th ult. and am happy to find that you are sincerely +desirous of cultivating the friendship of the British nation. Both +inclination and duty urge me to reciprocate the sentiments +expressed by you, and I shall be anxious at all times to promote +the harmony and good understanding which, I hope, will now be +established between us respectively, and which cannot fail to be +mutually advantageous.</p> + +<p>I regret to find there has been so much trouble about the Fantee +notes, and I am sorry you did not apply to me in the first +instance, as the affair should have been settled immediately to +your satisfaction; but I knew not of it, except from the Fantees +having begged me to take four ackies per month from each note, +which they said they had agreed for with your messengers at +Abrah.</p> + +<p>I observe by the many instances quoted in your letter, that the +notes of conquered countries have been transferred to your +ancestors, therefore it shall be the same on the present occasion. +Herewith I send you two notes, one for two oz. per month, formerly +held by Amooney, also one from the caboceer at Abrah for two oz, +the latter was only 12 ackies per month, and I have added 1 oz. 4 +to it. These, and the notes you hold from Accra, will make your +Company’s pay six oz. per month, which shall be regularly paid at +the Castle.</p> + +<p>I hope my ready compliance with your wishes will convince you of +the good will of the British nation, but I have every reason to +believe that attempts have been made to prejudice you against +it,<span class="pagenum" id="Page_81">[81]</span> however your own +good understanding will readily suggest to you that the only motive +is jealousy in trade.</p> + +<p>The conduct of the English you will always find very different; +they enter into fair competition with the other European residents +here, but they never, by clandestine means or false assertions, +endeavour to injure their character with the natives of this +country.</p> + +<p>I have learned with regret that the people of Elmina are using +their influence to induce you to make a palaver with the Commendas. +They are a mere handful of people, extremely poor and not worth +your notice; besides they are under my protection, therefore I hope +you will not think further of the affair, and I shall consider your +compliance in this instance, as the greatest possible proof of the +sincerity of your intentions towards the English.</p> + +<p>I wish you health and happiness, and I hope you will reign many +years, enjoying the love of your subjects, and the respect of all +the Europeans resident in this country.</p> + +<p class="right pad-right12 space-above1">I am, Sir,</p> + +<p class="right pad-right6 space-above1">your faithful friend,</p> + +<table class="sign2"> +<tr> +<td>(Signed)</td> +<td>J. H. SMITH.</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p class="nind less space-above15"><em>Cape Coast Castle, 20th +June</em>, 1817.</p> + +<p class="space-above15">P.S. The abolition of the slave trade was +an act of the King and the Parliament in England, in which the +government in this country had no concern.</p> + +<p class="right less space-above15"><span class="pagenum" id= +"Page_82">[82]</span><em>Coomassie, July 9</em>, 1817.</p> + +<p class="center space-above1"><span class="sc">To John Hope Smith, +Esq. Governor in Chief</span>, &c. &c. &c.</p> + +<p class="nind pad3 space-above1 space-below1"><span class= +"sc">Sir,</span> +</p> + +<p class="nind"><span class="sc">The</span> messengers returned on +Saturday the 5th instant.</p> + +<p>To be confirmed by your approbation, in the opinion that my zeal +for the public good had not exceeded my duty, is a most flattering +satisfaction. The appointment you have conferred on me, is an +acknowledgment so far transcending my conduct, that it must +stimulate every ability to exert itself for the success of the +Mission, to justify such an honourable distinction.</p> + +<p>The box containing the letters was opened in the King’s +presence, but being engaged in a custom on the death of a son, he +deferred the reading of your letter, retaining it with the notes. +His acknowledgments of your justice were associated with the +declaration, that, although you had sent him the notes, still, if I +could not fortify him with the prices of the various articles to be +received in payment, you would have it in your power (though he did +not suspect you) to reduce the intrinsic of the whole, to that of +the moiety rejected. The proposition of the same prices as those +attached to the Accra note, was annihilated by the argument, that +Accra was a small fort, and not like Cape Coast or <em>Elmina</em>. +So much stress was laid on the instance of the latter, that I felt +called upon to declare, as the only striking conviction, that you +did not wish, in the payment of these notes, to treat the King like +a trader, and therefore would not allow the Elmina Governor to act +more liberally in prices than yourself: the conviction was entire +and instantaneous.</p> + +<p>The next audience did not take place until Monday, Mr. James +being present. I did justice to the utmost of my ability to your +impressive letter; the effect was honourable to you, and +encouraging<span class="pagenum" id="Page_83">[83]</span> to +myself; the King ordered me to take his hand, in his sensibility to +the strong appeal of the several paragraphs, and again at the +conclusion, as a pledge of his cordial satisfaction of the whole; +his linguist followed his example, (as did the whole council) when +he laid his fore-finger on his head and breast, as the invocation +to Heaven for the vouchsafement of your several good wishes, as I +concluded with them. I was reluctantly compelled to yield a minor +object to a custom consecrated by their constitution. The laws of +the three first Kings (who were brothers, and cotemporary leaders +of the colony, whose conquests established the Empire) are sacred; +and it was a law of Saï Cudjo, the younger brother, and the +grandfather of the present King, which granted to particular +captains the honourable patent of receiving the pay of small forts, +distinctly, each being responsible for his separate duties to his +settlement. If this law were not inviolable, the King pleads, that +it would be an invidious act, and unjust to the merits of the +Captain of English Accra, (Asquah Amanquah) to remove the payment +of the Accra note to Cape Coast; but as the other appointments +originate in him, he will respect your wish, by constituting one +captain to receive both the Abra and Annamaboe notes at Cape Coast. +He enquired if it was your wish that no Ashantee trader should go +to Accra? I replied no! you were only desirous to induce as many as +possible to come to Cape Coast.</p> + +<p>The Cape Coast linguists, and our guide, Quamina Bwa, confirmed +your report of the conduct of Quamina Bootaqua, the captain now at +Payntree, in the negociation of the notes; it excited the greatest +surprise and indignation; his interception of letters was +disclaimed, and will be done away with. I submitted to the King, on +retiring, that in my next audience, I should be desirous of +declaring the purport of the official instructions transferred to +me (which had not been yet avowed) with other +credentials,<span class="pagenum" id="Page_84">[84]</span> +explanatory and impressive of the good wishes and intentions of the +Government, the Committee, and yourself. I was favoured with my +first separate audience at 8 o’clock this morning. I first +impressed from the dispatches of the Committee, every motive and +sentiment that was convicting or imposing; urging your waving the +hostages and escort, as the demonstration of your confidence in the +King’s honour and friendship; and insinuating that the +establishment of a school at Cape Coast, was solely in anticipation +of the King’s committing some of his children to your care for +education, as the foundation of the pre-eminence of Europeans. I +then passed to your instructions, rendering them in a manner as +persuasive and auspicious as possible; associating in favour of the +Residency, the commanding motive of facilitating political +interests, with the imposing one of securing justice to the +Ashantee traders. Lastly, I introduced the Treaty, as a pledge from +the King to give force to your application to the Government at +home, for the increase of his pay; for, as he continued to dwell on +the grant of 4 ounces from Elmina, I availed myself of this liberty +of my instructions, to divert the impression, and to propitiate his +ratification of the Treaty. I considered the pretence of your being +obliged to address the British Government on the subject, as +preservative of the opportunity of judging of the sincerity of his +professions, and of the duration of the union.</p> + +<p>I think I may pledge myself for three great pillars of our +commercial intercourse, by the accomplishment of the Residency, the +Education, and the Treaty.</p> + +<p>I reconcile myself to fresh difficulties by the reflection that +they are inseparable from all great political views; and that +without them, I should be deprived of the satisfaction of proving +myself, in a small degree, worthy this confidence and distinction, +by patience and perseverance. A letter accompanies this, written +in<span class="pagenum" id="Page_85">[85]</span> the King’s +presence, on the subject of the Commenda palaver, which wears so +decided an aspect, that whilst I pledge all my energy and address, +and look with hope to the aid of your suggestions, I must candidly +confess, I do not think it can be compounded in any thing like a +reasonable way. I appealed to the King’s magnanimity, and depicted +the poverty of the Commendas, but every appeal and every argument +was ineffectual; their aggravated offences admit of no amelioration +of the King’s feelings. I depreciated the plea of General Daendels’ +repeated messages, by submitting that they were addressed to the +Town, and not to the Fort, and I succeeded in retiring him from the +negociation, as an interference inconsistent with your dignity, and +the present good understanding.</p> + +<p>I did not discourage the King’s great anxiety for clothes of the +English costume, considering that his example would be more +auspicious than any thing else, to the introduction of these +manufactures. I have distributed the muslins, &c. as +politically as possible, including with the Moors of repute, the +aristocracy, or four captains controuling the King, his four +linguists, his brother and successor, our housemaster, and some +other captains of superior influence. I made a point of +conciliating a Moor of influence, about to return through Sallagha +or Sarem (the capital of the Inta country, and the grand emporium +of the merchandize of the interior) to Houssa, feeling the policy +of communicating every favourable impression to the neighbouring +kingdoms. In my second interview I obtained permission from the +King to dismiss the remaining Fantees. It was one of the first +considerations, for the sake of our dignity, to avoid the +humiliating circumstances and impressions, which have ensued from +the want of foresight, and the consequent inability to meet the +demands of our people. Their conduct since has been so mutinous and +insulting, with the<span class="pagenum" id="Page_86">[86]</span> +exception of six, that to preserve the impression of the firmness +of an English officer, I secured one who encouraged the others, by +persisting in some insulting indecencies, in contempt of my +remonstrances, and ordered him to be punished.</p> + +<p>The others (with the above exception) having refused in a body, +aggravating their disobedience with the grossest insolence, to go +with a cane to Payntree, and bring the biscuit which had been +deserted there; I have disclaimed them, and left them to act for +themselves, only securing them the King’s permission to depart.</p> + +<p>I shall request the King to furnish me with his own people, on +the conclusion of the business of the Embassy. Such an arrangement +favours œconomy, and impresses the confidence I affect.</p> + +<p>The frequent presents had enabled me to present the Fantees with +large supplies of plantains and hogs; and on paying them their +arrears, which I did the same evening I received your gold, I gave +them a bullock which fell to my share in a division with Mr. +James.</p> + +<p>You will see by the balance of the annexed account, that +(preserving our dignity) every expense should be avoided that can +be; and I assure you, that in making the present arrangement for +bearers for our baggage only, I do not disregard your solicitude +for our health. I shall order one Cape Coast messenger to attend +Mr. James, and also the bearers left behind, being sufficiently +recovered.</p> + +<p>The statistical and scientific desiderata so impressively +recommended to my attention, are daily realising beyond my +expectations. Mr. Tedlie has had a severe attack of fever and +dysentery, but is convalescent: Mr. Hutchison and myself are in +perfect health.</p> + +<p class="right pad-right12 space-above1">I am, with respect, +Sir,</p> + +<p class="right pad-right6 space-above1">Your most obedient +Servant,</p> + +<p class="right space-above1">T. E. BOWDICH.</p> + +<p class="hang1 space-above15"><span class="pagenum" id= +"Page_87">[87]</span><span class="sc">Saï Tootoo Quamina</span>, +<em>King of Ashantee and its Dependencies, to</em> <span class= +"sc">John Hope Smith</span>, <em>Esquire, Governor in Chief of the +British Settlements on the Gold Coast of Africa.</em></p> + +<p class="nind"><span class="sc">The</span> Commenda palaver now +rests with you and the King of Ashantee only, the Dutch Governor +has no more to do with it, so the King recals the captain sent to +him, and sends a proper messenger to treat with you +individually.</p> + +<p>The conduct and messages of the Commendas have been so +irritating and insolent to the King, that nothing but believing you +to be his good friend, could induce him to treat at all with them, +or do any thing but kill them; but for your sake, he will settle +the palaver, and you must help him properly.</p> + +<p>The King wants to begin the union without any palaver remaining, +and as this Commenda palaver is the only one, it must be settled, +and if you do this, he will take care the Elminas shall not do +wrong to the Fantees, but he will help you in all your +palavers.</p> + +<p>The Elminas are always sending him messages about the insulting +conduct and expressions of the Commendas towards him, and this is +very vexatious to him, so he wishes to put an end to it with your +help.</p> + +<p>Adoo Bradie, his favorite nephew, the son of the former King Saï +Quamina, is sent with a proper captain, Quantree, to help you +settle the palaver.</p> + +<p>Two thousand ounces is the demand.</p> + +<p>The origin of the palaver is, that after the King returned from +his own campaign against the Fantees, the Commendas went to the +Elminas and said, “well, you help’d the King, and now he is gone +back we will fight for it.”</p> + +<p>Again, when a war was about to take place between the Cape Coast +people and the Elminas, the Commendas went to the latter and said, +well, we will help you if you will give us plenty of<span class= +"pagenum" id="Page_88">[88]</span> powder to fight for you: they +did so, and immediately the Commendas used it to seize 98 Elminas, +and sold them as slaves—this the King thinks you will say is very +bad.</p> + +<p>The Cape Coast people and the Fantees having joined against the +Elminas, they sent to tell the King, stating, when he demanded the +reason, that it was because they had not resisted him when he came +down against the Fantees; adding, that the Commendas, who were +their natural allies before, had now joined their enemies, and +begging the King to revenge this act of perfidy. The King much +angered, immediately sent a captain for the purpose of their +destruction (Yaquokroko,) but the Dutch governor sent to him, and +then sent to the King to beg him to stop, because the English and +Dutch being one, it would put shame on his face.</p> + +<p>Col. Torrane by giving up Cheeboo, induced the King to consider +the Cape Coast people as his friends, and they took fetish +accordingly, but their joining the Fantees afterwards to fight +against Elmina for assisting the King, has made him distrust them +always since.</p> + +<p>He considers his favourite nephew as the adopted son of Col. +Torrane, to whom he gave him, and the Colonel gave him English +clothes, so he is all the same as a Cape Coast Boy.</p> + +<p>Col. Torrane being dead, he considers his nephew to stand in the +same relation to you, and that he is therefore the proper messenger +to send to you about this palaver.</p> + +<p>You must write in your great book, that the King is your good +friend, that he likes you too much, that he thanks God very much, +so that every future Governor may read that in the Cape Coast +Books.</p> + +<p class="right pad-right6 space-above1">The mark <img src= +'images/sym1.png' class="iwsym1" alt='[X]'> of Saï Tootoo, King of +Ashantee,</p> + +<p class="right">Per T. E. <span class="sc">Bowdich</span>.</p> + +<p>Present.</p> + +<p class="nind pad4"><span class="sc">Wm. Hutchison.</span> +</p> + +<p class="nind pad4"><span class="sc">Henry Tedlie.</span> +</p> + +<p class="nind less space-above1"><em>Coomassie, July 9th</em>, +1817.</p> + +<p class="right less space-above15"><span class="pagenum" id= +"Page_89">[89]</span><em>Coomassie, July 12th</em>, 1817.</p> + +<p class="center space-above1"><span class="sc">John Hope Smith, +Esquire, Governor in Chief</span>, &c. &c.</p> + +<p class="nind pad3 space-above1 space-below1"><span class= +"sc">Sir,</span> +</p> + +<p class="nind">I <span class="sc">am</span> just returned from +reading your letter to the King, and extracts from that to myself, +before the assembly of the captains: the effect was satisfactory; +and Quamina Bootaqua is ordered up to answer for his conduct. The +King enquired if the pay now due on the two notes would be +liquidated on application; I replied, immediately; he is anxious +for it, on account of the approaching yam custom.</p> + +<p class="right pad-right12 space-above1">I am, &c.</p> + +<table class="sign2"> +<tr> +<td>(Signed)</td> +<td>T. EDWARD BOWDICH.</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<hr class="decordb width8"> + +<p class="space-above15">I will not continue to copy the rude diary +before submitted, it is only a register of dull or disgusting +circumstances, illnesses, human sacrifices, and ceremonious visits. +I would not anticipate the better arrangement of my reports, or +break the thread of the correspondence on the political +difficulties opposed to the Mission. I will abridge some passages +of my diary, merely to give an idea of the nature of our +conversations, and the biography of the leading men. Mr. Hutchison +has sent me copious extracts from his diary, as Resident, his +leisure and tranquillity having afforded him better opportunities +of social intercourse and domestic observation, than I had, or +could afford time to cultivate, without neglecting my reports. I +shall adjoin these extracts, expecting they will contribute to the +rational entertainment of the public, and to the credit of an +active and intelligent officer.</p> + +<p>A captain called Asofoo, sent us a present of seven ackies +of<span class="pagenum" id="Page_90">[90]</span> gold, and we also +received twelve from Amanquateä, and three from our house master. +On the 9th of July the King sent us ten ackies of gold, and +repeated his satisfaction of the result of the late correspondence, +and daily presents of meat and fruits from various quarters, +evinced the better opinion of his chiefs.</p> + +<p>I paid my first private visit to Baba the chief Moor, and took +some pens, paper, ink, and pencils with me as a present; the paper +and pencils were much esteemed, but he preferred his reed and +vegetable ink. He received me courteously, and was contemplating a +curiously intricate figure like a horoscope; the ms. was filled +with them; he laid his finger on it, and said, if you have any hard +palaver, this can make me settle it for you when no other person +can; or if you have any dear friend in England you wish to see, +tell me the name, and this shall bring him to you. I thanked him, +observing, that when Englishmen knew their palaver was right, they +always left it to God, and that England was too good a place for me +to wish any one I regarded to leave it. His disciples and pupils +were writing on wooden boards, like those Mr. Park describes. When +a charm was applied for, one of the oldest wrote the body of it, +and gave it to Baba, who added a sort of cabalistical mark, and +gave it a mysterious fold; the credulous native snatched it eagerly +as it was held out to him, paid the gold, and hurried away to +enclose it in the richest case he could afford. I had a long +conversation with Baba, and he begged me to visit him frequently; +he was much gratified with the specimens of African Arabic at the +end of Mr. Jackson’s work, and read them fluently. I visited him +the next day, when he sent hastily for a Moor, who he told me was +very learned, and just come from Timbuctoo. This man expressing no +surprise when he first saw me, Baba explained it, by telling me, +spontaneously, that this Moor had seen three white men before, at +Boussa. I eagerly enquired the particulars<span class="pagenum" id= +"Page_91">[91]</span> of the novelty, and they were again repeated +to Baba, and were thus interpreted: “that some years ago, a vessel +with masts, suddenly appeared on the Quolla or Niger near Boussa, +with three white men, and some black. The natives encouraged by +these strange men, took off provisions for sale, were well paid and +received presents besides: it seems the vessel had anchored. The +next day, perceiving the vessel going on, the natives hurried after +her, (the Moor protested from their anxiety to save her from some +sunken rocks, with which the Quolla abounds) but the white men +mistaking, and thinking they pursued for a bad purpose, deterred +them. The vessel soon after struck, the men jumped into the water +and tried to swim, but could not, for the current, and were +drowned. He thought some of their clothes were now at Wauwaw, but +he did not believe there were any books or papers.” This +spontaneous narrative, so artlessly told, made a powerful +impression on my mind. I saw the man frequently afterwards, his +manners were very mild, and he never asked me for the most trifling +present. He drew me a chart before he went away, and I dispatched +some certificates for Major Peddie by him, endorsed with Baba’s +recommendations. I heard exactly the same thing afterwards from +another Moor, but he had not been an eye witness. I begged Mr. +Hutchison, when I left Coomassie, to note any other report on the +subject of Mr. Park’s death, and he afterwards sent me the ms. a +translation of which is in the <a href="#app2">appendix.</a> I +continued to call on Baba three or four times a week; these visits +afforded much information, for at each I found strange Moors just +arrived from different parts of the interior, sojourning with him. +They always affected to deplore the ignorance of the Ashantees, and +presumed it must be as irksome to me as to them. Baba telling one +that I could speak different languages, he said that he would try +me, and addressed me in several, all very uncouth to my +ear,<span class="pagenum" id="Page_92">[92]</span> and their names +even unintelligible, except one, which he called Hindee or Hindoo; +neither had I heard of any of the great cities he enumerated, until +at last he pronounced Room (Rome) and said, if I did not know that +I was not a Christian. I never saw the Shereef Brahima (to whom I +was introduced about this time by a Jennë Moor) at Baba’s, they did +not appear to be on terms; I think the latter was envious of the +greater learning and intelligence of the former, who had been to +Mecca and Medina. One day I requested Baba to draw me a map of the +world, he did so, encircling one large continent with a sea, +bounded by a girdle of rocks. Old Odumata’s notion of geography was +as strange; for he mentioned one day, that when on the coast above +Apollonia, he had an idea of walking to England, for he was told he +should reach Santonee (Portugal) in 30 days, and that after that, +the path was very good. He greatly enjoyed our singeing the hair of +a foppish attendant of his, with a burning glass; the man’s +amazement was inconceivable, Mr. Hutchison was at some distance, +and not suspected.</p> + +<p>We were now permitted to walk four or five miles beyond the +city, and felt quite at home. We seldom went out in the morning, +lest an occasion for an audience should occur. Apokoo and several +other daily visitors diverted us with their anecdotes, and in the +afternoon we made our round of calls. Apokoo was always facetious, +and looked with much anxiety for our entry, as his greatest +recreation; he was very desirous of learning tennis and sparring, +and daily made some essays, so comical, that neither we nor his +attendants could contain ourselves. Apokoo became very +communicative of Ashantee politics, and asked innumerable questions +about England; particularly, why the King of England did not send +one of his own sons to the King of Ashantee, with the presents, and +why so great a King sent such a small force to Africa.<span class= +"pagenum" id="Page_93">[93]</span> The Spanish campaign was gone +through, again and again, and never tired him. He gave us an +excellent dinner, as did Odumata repeatedly. Both were +extravagantly enraptured with the miniature of an English female, +and called all their wives to look at it.</p> + +<p>Having been advised by a note from the Governor, of the arrival +of an Ashantee boy and girl at Cape Coast Castle, sent by the King +without any explanation, I desired an audience on the subject, and +forwarded the following letter, which also communicates the +baseness of one of the King’s messengers, just returned from the +Coast, and other inauspicious circumstances.</p> + +<hr class="decordb width8"> + +<p class="right less space-above15"><em>Coomassie, 10th Aug.</em> +1817.</p> + +<p class="center space-above1"><span class="sc">John Hope Smith, +Esq. Governor in Chief</span>, &c. &c. &c.</p> + +<p class="nind pad3 space-above1 space-below1"><span class= +"sc">Sir,</span> +</p> + +<p class="nind"><span class="sc">The</span> King has explained to +me that he sent the boy and girl you mention to have arrived at +Cape Coast, to become the property of the Committee or Government, +conceiving it to be obligatory on him, in justification of his +possession of the notes, to allow an Ashantee family to rear itself +under the Governor’s protection, for the service of the Settlement, +and as an acknowledgment of the duties he owes it. He begs me to +observe that he put the same plates of gold around their necks +which distinguish the royal attendants.</p> + +<p>I had reason to believe, from a coolness and some invidious +comparisons on the part of the King, that the messenger lately +arrived, Ocranameah, who was so particularly recommended to your +favour, had been unjust in his report of the treatment he had +experienced. I did not hesitate to avow my impression to the King, +having solicited an audience for the purpose. The King<span class= +"pagenum" id="Page_94">[94]</span> confessed he had felt his +private feelings hurt ever since the return of that messenger, +having received his assurance, that you would scarcely admit him to +your presence; that he received no present or compliment from you, +and was wholly neglected during his stay at head quarters. I +instantly pledged my honour to the King that Ocranameah (who was +present) was guilty of falsehood and ingratitude, adding, that I +was not prepared to confront him with the particulars of the +presents he received from you and the officers; though I was +positive, from private letters, as well as my own conviction, that +you had not slighted the opportunity of evincing your private +friendship for the King; and as I might possibly identify some +trifle, I wished the King to allow a search to be made. On the +messenger’s box being sent for and opened, two engravings appeared, +to the surprise of the King, and which I recognised; but as the +messenger still persists in <em>your</em> entire neglect of him, +and of his not having received any present or compliment worth +mentioning, I must trouble you for the particulars of his treatment +at Cape Coast Castle, for the entire conviction of the King. The +King expressed his suspicion (founded on reports) that many +Ashantees imposed on your generosity, by introducing themselves as +attached to him in various capacities; and hoped that you would +only listen in future to such as he recommended to your notice by +letter, which his three messengers above had been; the second +(Ocranameah) the more particularly, and that recollection had made +him so sensible of the neglect. You will regret, with myself, that +this inauspicious circumstance has been unavoidable.</p> + +<p>The recent intelligence respecting the Buntooko war, has imposed +serious anxiety, in the place of the King’s former confidence. The +revolt of that people, as may be expected in all revolts from +arbitrary controul, has gradually induced the secessions of some +other<span class="pagenum" id="Page_95">[95]</span> tributaries; +and the King feels called upon by these unexpected difficulties, to +conduct the war in person; not with his former expectation of +witnessing their rapid subjugation, but from his present conviction +of the necessity for every stimulus and energy. His precaution has +dictated some popular acts, ameliorating the condition of the lower +order of his subjects. The confidential ministers have been +instructed to hint to me, that it would be indiscreet in the King +to expose even his temporary reverses in an arduous war, by the +residence of a British officer; and that he would most probably +defer that part of the mutual wish, until the contest was +terminated. I used the same medium to impress upon the King, that +such a feeling towards the delegate of a friendly power was +misplaced; that you had expedited his ex-parte views in the +confidence of his consummation of the reciprocal objects of the +Mission, without which (as they had been instituted for his benefit +and aggrandisement) I could not think of returning; since a +protraction would be construed into a slight of the friendly +overtures of the British Government, which (from its dignity and +pre-eminence in Europe) could not be vouchsafed whenever they might +be solicited.</p> + +<p>I anxiously await your communications on the Commenda palaver, +to further my exertions for the full accomplishment of the Mission. +The King and his Council labour under so much anxiety and business +at the present moment, that though we pay and receive visits of +ceremony, it is almost impossible to effect an audience, but on the +receipt of dispatches.</p> + +<p class="right pad-right12 space-above1">I am, &c. &c.</p> + +<p class="right space-above1">T. EDWARD BOWDICH.</p> + +<p class="space-above15"><span class="pagenum" id= +"Page_96">[96]</span>The most entertaining <em>delassement</em> of +our conversations with the chiefs, was, to introduce the liberty of +English females; whom we represented, not only to possess the +advantage of enjoying the sole affection of a husband, but the more +enviable privilege of choosing that husband for herself. The effect +was truly comic, the women sidled up to wipe the dust from our +shoes with their cloths, and at the end of every sentence brushed +off an insect, or picked a burr from our trowsers; the husbands +suppressing their dislike in a laugh, would put their hands before +our mouths, declaring they did not want to hear that palaver any +more, abruptly change the subject to war, and order the women to +the harem.</p> + +<p>One of the King’s linguists was a very old man, called Quancum; +he spoke but seldom, yet the greatest deference was paid to his +opinion; the King appeared to consult him more than any other. I +was so much interested by this man’s deportment, that I enquired +his history. He had been the linguist of two former Kings, who paid +frequent, and large sums of gold, as damages for his intrigues; +neither had age corrected his fault, until very lately, though the +present King used the most friendly remonstrances; and urged, that +from his paying large sums so frequently for him on this account, +his subjects thought, that he countenanced the depravity. Quancum +confessed to the King, that his ardour for women was perpetuated by +the sensual devices of one of his wives. Soon afterwards, he was +detected in an intrigue with the wife of a captain of great +consequence, and the King refused to interfere. The captain +declaring that the punishment of Quancum, and not gold, was his +object, the King permitted him to be despoiled of all his property, +even to his bed. The favourite wife was amongst the spoil, and the +injured captain being much smitten with her, assured her of an +indulgence and preference, even greater than that she had enjoyed +with Quancum; she replied, she must always hate<span class= +"pagenum" id="Page_97">[97]</span> him, and intreated to be sold. +After much importunity the captain agreed to do so, provided she +would put him in possession of all the presents Quancum had +lavished on her; she produced them, stipulating, that her son might +retain a small sum of gold, which Quancum had lately presented to +him; this was agreed to, and she was immediately sold to a distant +caboceer; but her son followed her, and buying her with his little +property, presented her again to his father. On this, the King gave +Quancum a house, and some furniture, and takes care to continue +small supplies of gold daily, adequate to his and this woman’s +comfort; having exacted a solemn oath from him, that he would +devote himself to this one wife, and never try to recover any of +the others.</p> + +<p>Mr. Tedlie’s interesting interview with the King, when he +desired his attendance to exhibit and explain his surgical +instruments, and medicines, is best described in his own words.</p> + +<p>“The King sent for me this morning, saying he wished to see the +medicines, books, and instruments. I went immediately, and +explained through Quashie, the Accra linguist, the proper use and +advantage of each instrument: he was very particular in his +enquiries, and asked if I had performed the operations I described; +I assured him that I had, and as a proof, exhibited a piece of bone +that I had taken out of an Indian black man’s head in Ceylon, who +had been wounded, and who lived. The King held up his hand as a +mark of approbation, and all his attendants were astonished. I +applied the instruments first on myself, then on the linguists, +afterwards on the King’s two captains, and lastly on the King: +nothing could exceed the King’s approbation. He then desired me to +shew him the medicines; he enquired the virtues and doses of each, +what time in the day they should be taken, and whether it was +proper to eat or drink after taking them? I told him: he asked if I +would sell them? I said no. I brought these medicines<span class= +"pagenum" id="Page_98">[98]</span> for the officers; I could not +sell them, but I would give him as much as I could, keeping in view +that some of the four officers might be sick; he said that I was +right, but he could not help coveting the greater part of the +medicines; he viewed them all over five or six times, and asked me +to give him some of them. I did give him as much innocent medicine +as I could with propriety afford; he thanked me “very much.” I then +shewed him the botanical books; he was astonished, held up his hand +and exclaimed hah! at every brilliant or high coloured plant which +he saw. All his attendants were closely arranged around: the two +captains laid hold of a volume each, and were admiring the flowers; +when either of them ejaculated an admiration, the King would seize +it, and ask me what that tree was? After I had told him the use of +them, I said all these trees grow in England; and the reason the +English write all these in a book is, that they may know which is a +good tree, and which is bad. He expressed the greatest astonishment +at the flax (linum), oak “that we build our ships with,” poppy +“that makes a man sleep,” and the sensitive plant (mimosa), which +he pointed out and described himself. During this time he whispered +to one of his attendants, who went out, and returned in a short +time with a bit of cloth containing 9 ackies of gold; the King +presented it to me; I accepted it, and returned thanks. He then +asked me if I would come and see him at any time he sent for me; I +assured him I would do every thing to please him, consistent with +my duty. He shook hands with me and went into his house. He +returned in a short time, leading his sister by the hand, in a +manner that would shame many beaux in Europe, saying, “this is the +white doctor I told you of; go, and take his hand; you are sick, +tell him your complaint, and he will do you good:” the lady +complied with his request. He then said “give me that gold I gave +you, the cloth is not clean; I want to<span class="pagenum" id= +"Page_99">[99]</span> put it in a clean cloth for you.” He then put +it in a piece of rich silk, and after he returned the gold he said +“I like you; I like all the English very much; they are a proper +people, and I wish to drink health with you.” He retired to his own +apartment, and returned with a flask of gin, and two servants with +a silver vase and water and glasses; he helped himself and me, made +a bow and said “Saï wishes you good health.” I returned the bow, +saying, I wish good health to the King, and hope he never will +require any of my medicine: when this was explained to him he held +out his glass to me, we touched and drank. He then took my hand, +saying, “If I send my sister to you will you talk with her?” I +assured him I would talk with and advise all the King’s friends +whenever he wished. After I gave all the medicine I could +conveniently part with, he sent for a small Dutch liqueur case; he +desired 10 or 12 of his attendants, and his eunuch, to keep in +their heads what I said; and requested me to repeat again the use +and dose of each medicine I gave him, with the proper time and +method of using it. I did so. He placed his hand on his head saying +“Saï recollects what the white doctor says;” then placing the +medicines in the case himself said “that good for my head, that +good for my belly, that good for my stomach,” &c. One of the +King’s sisters sent a message that she wanted to come and see the +white gentlemen; and shortly afterwards arrived with her stool and +retinue, being head caboceer of a large town. After exchanging +compliments, she complained that her left hand pained her very +much. I examined it, but must confess I could not see any thing the +matter with it; however I rubbed a little liniment on her hand, +which seemed to gratify her; she asked if I would come and see her +in the evening? I answered yes. Quamina, our Ashantee guide, came +to conduct me: he said I must dress, put on my sword and hat, as +this woman was a caboceer, and the King’s<span class="pagenum" id= +"Page_100">[100]</span> sister; he would carry my umbrella. When I +arrived I found the princess lying on a mat in one of the inner +apartments of the house she occupied; she ordered a stool for me; I +rubbed some more liniment on her hand; she wished me to stop and +drink palm wine; this I declined, alledging the English did not +like palm wine in the evening, because it is sour.”</p> + +<hr class="chap"> + +<h2><span class="pagenum" id="Page_101">[101]</span><a id= +"p1c04"></a><span class="letter-spaced01">CHAPTER</span> V.</h2> + +<hr class="decordb width8 spaced3"> + +<p class="sch4"><em>Proceedings and Incidents until the Signing of +the Preliminaries to a General Treaty.</em> +</p> + +<p class="center less space-above1">[The Governor’s reply to my +communication on the subject of the Commenda palaver, reached me on +the 27th of August.]</p> + +<p class="right less space-above15"><em>Cape Coast Castle, August +11</em>, 1817.</p> + +<p class="center space-above1"><span class="sc">T. E. Bowdich, +Esq.</span> +</p> + +<p class="nind pad3 space-above1 space-below1"><span class= +"sc">Sir,</span> +</p> + +<p class="dcap">I <span class="sc">entertained</span> a confident +hope that no further mention would have been made by the King +concerning the Commendas, after the receipt of my letter, and I am +sorry that he should allow so insignificant a set of people to +protract in the least the settlement of our union. As it is my +particular wish to remove this impediment, I have used every +endeavour to bring the affair to a conclusion, and trust the King +will not suffer it to be invincible. The Commendas are also +naturally anxious for its termination, but their poverty is so +great, that they have it not in their power to comply with his +demand. They have acknowledged their fealty to the King, and have +agreed to pay the sum of 120 oz. of gold, of which, messengers are +sent by his nephew to enquire whether he will accept. This, with +the sum they have been unavoidably obliged to promise the principal +persons deputed to negociate this business, will increase the sum +to at least 150 oz. The many proofs the King has had of<span class= +"pagenum" id="Page_102">[102]</span> my friendly intentions towards +him, and the consideration of the benefits that will accrue to him +from his alliance with the English, will, I hope, induce him to +concede to the terms offered by the Commendas. A refusal must be +considered as an avowal of his determined resolution not to +conciliate the affair, and as the indigent circumstances of these +people, make it utterly impossible for them to pay a larger sum, +you will, should he persist in exacting more, procure his +permission to leave the country, and return with the other officers +as soon as you can. To sacrifice the Mission, after the heavy +expences which have been incurred, and when we are induced to +believe that every other object is propitiated to our utmost +expectations, should be avoided if possible; but if he insists on a +larger sum being levied from the Commendas than has been offered, +there remains no other alternative. The dignity of the flag must be +the superior consideration to all others.</p> + +<p>The King has no need to doubt in the least the sincerity of the +Cape Coast people, they are his friends, and have every inclination +to continue so; and I am convinced his nephew will, on his return, +confirm this report to him.</p> + +<p>I will make known to the Committee his request for a crown and +clothes, and I have no doubt but it will be complied with.</p> + +<p class="right pad-right12 space-above1">I am, Sir,</p> + +<p class="right pad-right6 space-above1">your most obedient +Servant,</p> + +<p class="right space-above1">JOHN HOPE SMITH.</p> + +<p class="right less space-above15"><span class="pagenum" id= +"Page_103">[103]</span><em>Coomassie, Aug. 29</em>, 1817.</p> + +<p class="center space-above1"><span class="sc">John Hope Smith, +Esq. Governor in Chief</span>, &c. &c. &c.</p> + +<p class="nind pad3 space-above1 space-below1"><span class= +"sc">Sir,</span> +</p> + +<p class="nind">I <span class="sc">have</span> the satisfaction to +enclose a copy of the Preliminaries to the general Treaty, as +signed this day by the King in Council, adjusting the Commenda +palaver, agreeably to your letter of the 11th, which did not reach +me till the 27th instant.</p> + +<p>I proceed to acquaint you with the transactions of the +interval.</p> + +<p>The charge of a political Embassy, in a part of the world where +respect and security are founded upon the opinion imposed by our +conduct, exacted a spirit and dignity, which might have been abated +in insinuating a Mission through the country for scientific +purposes, but the inviolability of which was inseparable from the +improvement and safety of neighbouring settlements. Since my last +dispatch, I have been obligated to resist various encroachments, of +which I shall mention two or three to justify my treatment of +them.</p> + +<p>The death of Quamina Bwa, our Ashantee guide, in the early part +of the last week, creating an idle, but popular superstition that +he had been killed by the fetish for bringing white men to take the +country; I was applied to in the King’s name, to ameliorate this +impression, by contributing an ounce of gold towards the custom to +be made by the King for his repose. I refused on two grounds; +first, that Quamina Bwa had himself unjustly incensed the people +against us, by panyaring<a id="FNanchor_10"></a><a href= +"#Footnote_10" class="fnanchor">[10]</a> their provisions in the +King’s name, for our subsistence, and defrauding them of the gold +we gave him for the payment: secondly, that the rites of customs +were unnatural to our religion, which bound us, at least, not to +encourage them. Fifteen persons had been sacrificed the<span class= +"pagenum" id="Page_104">[104]</span> week before (in a custom for +the mother of a captain) with aggravated barbarity.</p> + +<p>Several of the principal men having applied to me to send to +Cape Coast for silks, to be paid for on receipt at Coomassie (a +very dangerous and impolitic indulgence), I impressed, indignantly, +that I was not sent as a trader to make bargains with them, but as +an officer to talk the palavers with the King.</p> + +<p>These circumstances, and a personal chastisement of some insults +from inferior captains, which was provoked after much patience, +influenced ex parte representations, which, though they may not +have sickened the King’s regard, induced hauteur and neglect. In +proceeding to the King’s house on public occasions, which I never +did without the flag, canes, and soldiers, we had been expected to +make way for the greater retinues of superior captains, who would +rudely have enforced it; and after soliciting audiences for two +days, I was kept in waiting above an hour in the outer courts of +the palace. On the last occasion of the latter treatment, knowing +that it was affected, I returned to our quarters until I received +the King’s invitation; representing to him, that as an officer +dignified by an authority to make a treaty with him in the name of +the British Government, I could not submit to disrespectful +treatment at the Palace, nor allow the English flag to give place +to any but himself; that, if it merely affected myself as an +individual, my esteem for the King would induce me to compromise +these points of etiquette with his captains; but, according to the +custom of England, I dared not; for if I did, my sword would be +taken from me on my return to Cape Coast Castle. It produced the +desired effect; the gong gong proclaimed in every street that all +captains must make way for the flag; and at the monthly levee of +the captains (the Adaï custom) the King’s linguists were deputed to +us first, with the customary present of a<span class="pagenum" id= +"Page_105">[105]</span> sheep and rum; and presented us the first +to pay our compliments to the King, being followed by Amanquateä, +Quatchie Quophi, Apokoo, and Odumata; the four captains composing +the Privy Council, or Aristocracy, which checks the King. The first +(whose power approximates to that of the Mayor of the Palace under +the early French dynasty) sent his linguist and gold swords to +compliment us on the ground. I determined to take advantage of this +impression, and of the comparative facility of intercourse, and +demanded an audience to discuss the treaty, a copy of which I +enclose, and hope my additions will be satisfactory. I have the +King’s assurance that it shall be formally executed in eight days; +when all his tributaries will be present for the yam custom, and +when I hope to make the King of Dwabin and its dependencies a +party, whose power is equal to the King of Ashantee’s.</p> + +<p>To resume—the audience was granted; and I read the treaty before +the King and his Council, submitting it article by article, to +their consideration. It was debated the whole of that and the +succeeding day. I considered that if I could get the treaty +discussed and executed in this favourable interval, removing the +Commenda palaver from the situation of an obstacle, and reserving +it as the first proof of the King’s disposition to coincide with +you in what was reasonable and just, I might, on the receipt of +dispatches, gain the better terms for that people.</p> + +<p>On Saturday the 22d instant, I was summoned to declare the +articles of the treaty before the assembly of captains, who were +seated with their attendants and warriors in the large yard of the +palace, with all the imposing pomp and military parade, which had +before been collected to subdue us, in the scene of the declaration +of war. The King’s sisters, with the females of his family, were +seated, with their numerous attendants, on an elevated floor +behind. The deputies from the Fantee towns in the interior, +were<span class="pagenum" id="Page_106">[106]</span> placed within +hearing, and the crowd was almost impervious: the most ghastly +trophies were mixed with this blaze of ostentation. We were seated +near the King immediately opposite to his linguists.</p> + +<p>In reading the treaty, I paused after every article, leaving it +to be formally repeated to the King through his linguists, and then +sat down whilst it was discussed by the assembly. It is not +necessary to repeat the various debates; and I will only notice +that Amanquateä, through his linguist, proposed the renewal of the +Slave Trade as a sine qua non;<a id="FNanchor_11"></a><a href= +"#Footnote_11" class="fnanchor">[11]</a> this, however, as I had +all along declared it to be impossible, was at length over-ruled, +but with considerable difficulty. It was also proposed to attach a +fine to the infraction of the treaty; but this I resisted as +derogatory to the dignity of the contracting parties; and urged, +that as the King and his dignitaries would consider his oath as +sacred, as you and the Government would mine, I considered no +<em>infraction</em> of the treaty could take place; though it might +possibly be <em>offended</em> by the conduct of his subjects, or of +individuals under British protection, which was provided for, and +must be visited accordingly by the authorities pledged to the +treaty.</p> + +<p>I had declared from the first, that it would be expected that +the King should swear in the form of his country to the fulfilment +and preservation of the treaty, and that his oath should be +attested by his principal captains, from my anxiety to fortify to +the utmost, a<span class="pagenum" id="Page_107">[107]</span> +measure not only valuable to commerce but to humanity, in averting +the renewal of a war, recorded by indelible marks of carnage and +devastation.</p> + +<p>At the moment I expected the King to execute the treaty, a fresh +design was disclosed, in a long speech from the chief linguist, +setting forth the wrongs the King had just received from the people +of Amissa, who had scourged his messengers, and couched their +insulting defiance in the foulest language; yet, he said, the King +did not want to invade the Fantee country for the sake of one town, +and therefore I must stay and assist him to settle that palaver; he +would then readily swear to the treaty. I replied at length, +declaring particularly that I could not, and would not recognize +the Amissa palaver; that the King vitiated the compliments he had +been pleased to pay me, in expecting me to be such a fool as to +involve you in the palaver of a people, over whom you neither +possessed nor desired authority; and that if I had not a right to +think better of the King, I should view such a proposal as evasive +of the treaty, and final to the hope of a thorough +understanding.</p> + +<p>The chief linguist rejoined, that I had declared in announcing +the treaty, that it was the wish of the British Government to put +an end to war, and for the King to have no occasion to trouble the +Fantees; whereas, if the people of Amissa were not persuaded to +retract, the King must send a captain to destroy them, which could +be done at a word, and this perhaps would make another war. I urged +that the Fantee towns under the British forts must be considered +distinctly, and that those, and those only, were viewed by the +Government and the treaty; yet, for the cause of humanity, I would +request you, for the King, to advise the people of Amissa better, +through some medium, which I hoped might do good, but if +disregarded, you could not even repeat it: that was all I +could<span class="pagenum" id="Page_108">[108]</span> promise, and +if that was not enough, our negociations were at an end. No! that +was not enough, I must stay and see the palaver settled.</p> + +<p>We immediately rose, and I declared as impressively as I could, +that as the officer of the King of England, your orders only could +be obeyed by me, that I dared not remain or allow myself to be +stopped, even if I should be killed on the path, for my life was +not my palaver, but the King of England’s. As I bowed to retire, +the linguist exclaimed, that the King promised to see me again in +an hour.</p> + +<p>I used the interval for reflection, and resolved to act upon the +conclusion, that nothing but an undaunted resolution could check +these encroachments, which were to be attributed to the Government +rather than to the King.</p> + +<p>The hour having fully expired, I sent a cane to Adoocee, the +chief linguist, to desire the audience; he sent me word that the +King was asleep, and no one dared to awake him. I then went to +Odumata (who resides within the palace) and repeated to him, that I +was determined to go, if the King did not keep his word and see me; +he said I could not; I rejoined, I would, and left him. I then went +to Adoocee’s house, declared the same, and received the same reply. +I left a cane in waiting at the palace, with orders to quit and +return to me at 4 o’clock, (which allowed altogether four hours +instead of one) if he was not dispatched with a message in the +interval. No notice was taken; there was no alternative to my +making good what I had said. The views of the Mission were at risk, +but they would have been too dearly purchased by such concessions, +and I was sanguine, rather than apprehensive of the success of the +measure I adopted; without spirit and fortitude nothing was to be +done.</p> + +<p>I ordered all the baggage out, planted the flag, and giving +the<span class="pagenum" id="Page_109">[109]</span> soldiers’ +muskets to the officers, converted them and the artificers into +bearers, as well as our own servants, for I saw the previous +dismissal of my own people was considered a hold on me. I ordered +the linguists to declare to the party publickly, that I would flog +any man who attempted to leave the town in debt; I paid all they +confessed, by advances on their pay to the amount of 10 ackies: +this gave the greatest publicity to our movements.</p> + +<p>The King’s uncle, Bundaenha, and another superior captain came +in form to entreat me to stay, whilst they affected to address the +King. I saw through this, and that I might presume on it; holding +the watch in my hand, I promised to wait half an hour, and no +longer. They returned within the time to conduct me to the King, +but after being kept unusually long in waiting, the answer to my +remonstrance through the linguists, was, that the King was very +busy hearing a great palaver; I saw they lingered still in their +hope of my submission. I sent the two canes to tell the King that +mine was a great palaver, and ought to be heard, not only from its +importance, but because he had passed his word that it should; that +after a King disregarded his promise, it was useless to wait any +longer. Returning to our quarters, I ordered the people to load the +baggage.</p> + +<p>At the moment of starting, a royal messenger ran up, to say the +King was waiting to see me. I dismissed him with the message, that +I could not stop, unless a person of consequence was sent to +promise for the King. The King’s uncle came, and assured me the +King would receive me himself at the entrance of the palace. We +went, and were instantly ushered into the presence of the King and +his captains, who were debating by torch light: the clamour and +deportment of this assembly might have been subduing, had it been +novel. The uproar having abated, the King demanded, through his +linguist, why I had determined to leave so suddenly,<span class= +"pagenum" id="Page_110">[110]</span> and whether he had not behaved +well to me, adding to much declamation, that he knew the King of +England and the Governor wished to please him, and would not +countenance the act. I replied, that “I had not only gone the full +length of my instructions to please the King, but exceeded them; +and all that I had to fear was, that you would not approve my +remaining a moment after he had trifled with me. The King’s +behaviour to me, as an individual, I should always be proud to +speak of, but his respect of the Embassy was a very superior +consideration. Every thing he wished had been done, and now he +tried to impose a palaver on me, with which you had no more to do +than with the Buntooko war. The King had promised me to settle the +point of the treaty, I waited the discussion patiently, he pledged +his word to see me that evening, he had avoided it; I had said I +would wait no longer if he did not keep his word; no English +officer dared to break his word, if he did, he lost his sword.” +Much declamation ensued, but the King’s conviction silenced the +assembly, and realized the triumph I expected. He said, what I told +him was true, that he was very sorry, but he had too much to think +about; he liked the Law (the Treaty) very well, but begged me to +wait a little longer till all his captains came. I received his +promise to see me the following day. The next morning the head +linguist came in form to acquaint me that some palavers had arrived +in the night, which had made it necessary for the King to go to +Berramang (a croom about five miles to the N.E. on the road to +Sallagha, the capital of the Inta country) but he had orders to +furnish us with the King’s hammock-men, if we were inclined to +follow him the next day. We did so, and I enclose an extract from +my diary, with the circumstances of the day, as they do not affect +the point in question: on taking leave in the evening, the King +promised that I should hear from him the next day.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_111">[111]</span>Apokoo, who had +been left in charge of the town, visited me in form by the King’s +orders, with the criers and insignia, to assure me there should be +no more impediments to the treaty, and that the King would return +the next day. The evening was productive of another disturbance, +from my resistance of an indignity. The Cape Coast messenger +arriving, informed me that the dispatches and letters were retained +by Adoo Bradie’s messenger, who accompanied him. I sent the canes +to Apokoo’s to demand them, but ineffectually; I then went myself, +and insisted on the delivery; he said it could not be allowed until +the King returned to the capital. I protested so strongly against +the act, that he sent for the chief linguist (Adoocee) and after a +palaver, they promised to send me the letters on my return to the +house: I left the canes in waiting. The time allowed having expired +without the receipt, I went again to Apokoo’s, who referred me to +Adoocee. I went to him, and he said he dared not interfere in the +business. The Cape Coast messengers refusing to do so, we proceeded +instantly to Adoo Bradie’s house, and finding the messenger, +demanded the letters, and obtained them. I had scarcely read them, +before Adoocee came with some captains, and about 100 persons, +(being then 9 o’clock) to demand my delivery of your letter to his +charge, until the King’s return. I indignantly refused, asserting +my authority, and criminating such a request as injurious to the +rights of the meanest subject of the King of England, and an +insuperable affront to you. He tried threats and entreaties +alternately; the former I treated with contempt, the latter I +regretted I dared not yield to. The palaver was prolonged till 10 +o’clock at night. I determined not to lose ground. The King did not +arrive until the evening of the next day, I sent three canes with +my compliments on his return, and received his with an appointment +of an audience the next (this) morning.</p> + +<p>We were sent for early, the affair of the letters was opposed +to<span class="pagenum" id="Page_112">[112]</span> me. I repeated +my declarations to Adoocee, and added, that I should not think of +leaving a Resident, if such were the forms of the Ashantee Court. +The Ashantee messengers declared that you had ordered your letters +to be delivered to the King. I said that was impossible. The King +was very gentle, but such was the suspicion of the assembly, that +they requested me to swear on my sword, that I had not altered any +part of your letter; I did so, prefacing the act as such a +suspicion merited. I then read your letter, abating nothing of its +spirit and firmness, and laying stress upon your disposition to +benefit the King, and the proofs you had given. I concluded my +illustrations with the declaration, that you did not settle the +King’s palaver from fear, but from friendship, as it remained with +him to prove. I submitted the preliminaries in form, for rejection +or acceptance. After an ardent debate among the captains, they were +executed and attested, and I lose no time in forwarding the copy. I +left a duplicate with the King, as I shall of the treaty.</p> + +<p>The King intends to dispatch a messenger directly to empower +Adoo Bradie to receive the gold, and hopes you will recommend the +people of Commenda to restore any of the slaves in their possession +belonging to Elmina, although that is not his palaver.</p> + +<p>The King desired me to communicate his best thanks for your +handsome treatment of his nephew, whose reports have been very +flattering.</p> + +<p>I urged my intercessions for Quamina Bootaqua, until the King +vouchsafed me his assurance that he would pardon him.</p> + +<p>I have the satisfaction to inform you, that I have been able, +privately, so far to conciliate the Moors, as to have witnessed +their forwardance of the certificates<a id= +"FNanchor_12"></a><a href="#Footnote_12" class="fnanchor">[12]</a> +to the Interior, with their own letters of recommendation +indorsed.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_113">[113]</span>I advocated the +merits of the Castle linguist, De Graff, as you desired, and +successfully. I flatter myself this will anticipate the arrival of +the King’s, and the Cape Coast messengers.</p> + +<p class="center pad20pc space-above1">I am, &c. &c.</p> + +<p class="right space-above1">T. E. BOWDICH.</p> + +<p class="hang1 space-above15"><em>Preliminaries of a General +Treaty, to be made and entered into by</em> <span class="sc">Thomas +Edward Bowdich</span>, <em>Esquire, for the Governor and Council of +Cape Coast Castle, and on the part of the British Government, +with</em> <span class="sc">Saï Tootoo Quamina</span>, <em>King of +Ashantee and its Dependencies.</em></p> + +<p>1st. The King accepts the offer of the people of Commenda, +through the Governor in Chief; namely, one hundred and twenty +ounces of gold for himself, and the customary fees to his +embassadors, as a settlement in full of all demands.</p> + +<p>2nd. The people of Commenda shall acknowledge their fealty to +the King, and be entitled to all the benefits of his +protection.</p> + +<p>3d. The King shall authorize some responsible captain to receive +the gold, from the hands of the deputies of the people of Commenda, +at Cape Coast Castle.</p> + +<p>4th. It is hereby agreed, that every palaver is now settled +preparatory to the General Treaty, which shall be executed +forthwith.</p> + +<p class="hang2">Signed and sealed this twenty-ninth day of August, +in the year of our Lord one thousand eight hundred and +seventeen.</p> + +<p class="right space-above1">The mark of SAÏ TOOTOO QUAMINA. +<img src='images/sym1.png' class="iwsym1" alt='[X]'> (L. S.)</p> + +<p class="right space-above1">T. E. BOWDICH. (L. S.)</p> + +<p>In the presence of</p> + +<table class="ptab2 bd-collapse"> +<tr> +<td><span class="sc">William Hutchison.</span> +</td> +<td class="width-brace1"> +</td> +<td> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td><span class="sc">Henry Tedlie.</span> +</td> +<td> +</td> +<td> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="3"><span class="sc">Adoocee</span>, Chief +Linguist.</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="3"><span class="sc">Apokoo</span>, Keeper of the +Treasury.</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td><span class="sc">Quamina Quatchie,</span> +</td> +<td class="brt"> +</td> +<td rowspan="2">Linguists to the Mission.</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td><span class="sc">Quashee Apaintree,</span> +</td> +<td class="brb"> +</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p class="space-above15"><span class="pagenum" id= +"Page_114">[114]</span><em>Extract from Diary.</em>—Monday, 25th +August, we started soon after seven o’clock, and proceeding in a +N.E. direction, crossed the marsh close to the town, where it was +about two feet deep and one hundred and fifty yards broad. We +travelled the path to Sallagha, through a beautiful country, +abounding in neat crooms (of which we passed through seven), the +sites spacious, and environed by extensive plantations. The path +was wide and so nearly direct, that the eye was always in advance +through beautiful vistas varied by gentle risings. The iron stone +still prevailed.</p> + +<p>The King received us in the market place, and enquiring +anxiously if we had breakfasted, ordered refreshment. After some +conversation we were conducted to a house prepared for our +reception, where a relish was served (sufficient for an army) of +soups, stews, plantains, yams, rice, &c. (all excellently +cooked) wine, spirits, oranges, and every fruit. The messengers, +soldiers, and servants were distinctly provided for. Declining the +offer of beds, we walked out in the town, and conversed and played +drafts with the Moors, who were reclining under trees; the King +joined us with cheerful affability, and seemed to have forgotten +his cares. About two o’clock dinner was announced. We had been +taught to prepare for a surprise, but it was exceeded. We were +conducted to the eastern side of the croom, to a door of green +reeds, which excluded the crowd, and admitted us through a short +avenue to the King’s garden, an area equal to one of the large +squares in London. The breezes were strong and constant. In the +centre, four large umbrellas of new scarlet cloth were fixed, under +which was the King’s dining table (heigthened for the occasion) and +covered in the most imposing manner; his massy plate was well +disposed, and silver forks, knives, and spoons (Colonel Torrane’s) +were plentifully laid. The large silver waiter supported a roasting +pig in the centre; the other dishes on the table were roasted +ducks,<span class="pagenum" id="Page_115">[115]</span> fowls, +stews, pease pudding, &c. &c. On the ground on one side of +the table were various soups, and every sort of vegetable; and +elevated parallel with the other side, were oranges, pines, and +other fruits; sugar-candy, Port and Madeira wine, spirits and Dutch +cordials, with glasses. Before we sat down the King met us, and +said, that as we had come out to see him, we must receive the +following present from his hands, 2 oz. 4 ackies of gold, one sheep +and one large hog to the officers, 10 ackies to the linguists, and +5 ackies to our servants.</p> + +<p>We never saw a dinner more handsomely served, and never ate a +better. On our expressing our relish, the King sent for his cooks, +and gave them ten ackies. The King and a few of his captains sat at +a distance, but he visited us constantly, and seemed quite proud of +the scene; he conversed freely, and expressed much satisfaction at +our toasts, “The King of Ashantee, the King of England, the +Governor, the King’s Captains, a perpetual union (with a speech, +which is the sine qua non) and the handsome women of England and +Ashantee.” After dinner the King made many enquiries about England, +and retired, as we did, that our servants might clear the table, +which he insisted on. When he returned, some of the wine and Dutch +cordials remaining, he gave them to our servants to take with them, +and ordered the table cloth to be thrown to them and all the +napkins. A cold pig, cold fowls (with six that had not been +dressed) were dispatched to Coomassie for our supper. We took leave +about five o’clock, the King accompanying us to the end of the +croom, where he took our hands, and wished us good night. We +reached the capital again at six, much gratified by our excursion +and treatment.</p> + +<p>Mr. Tedlie had brought Quamina Bwa (our guide) into a very +advanced state of convalescence; but he so eagerly betook himself +from low diet to palm oil soups, and stews of blood, that +he<span class="pagenum" id="Page_116">[116]</span> soon relapsed, +and a gathering formed on his liver, aggravated not a little by the +various fetish draughts he swallowed. Seeing there was no other +chance, Mr. Tedlie, who is a very skilful operator, would have +scarified the liver; but although I had great reason to rely +confidently on his judgment and ability, I thought our situation +too critical to run such a risk. A Fantee boy having fractured his +leg, and his dissolution appearing inevitable, the parents, in +great distress, applied to the surgeon of an English outfort, who +amputated the limb, and after much wearying attendance, to the +surprise of every one, restored the boy to health. The family then +brought him into the fort, and laying him down in the hall, +addressed the surgeon (who was in charge of the fort) thus; “As +Master cut off poor boy’s leg, and so spoil poor boy for work, we +come to ask Master how much he think to give poor boy to keep +him.”</p> + +<p>Quamina Bwa was fetished until the last moment, and died amidst +the howls of a legion of old hags, plastering the walls, door +posts, and every thing about him, with chopped egg and different +messes. I forget how many sheep he had sacrificed to the fetish by +the advice of these harpies. The King sent him a sheep and a +periguin of gold, when he heard he was ill. This man had settled +the palaver with Mr. White, after the blockade of Cape Coast, in +1815, the third invasion of the Ashantees, and was universally +odious, for his cruel extortions; these being reported to the King, +he was disgraced; and being very extravagant, became much involved. +Being at Payntree, he prevailed on Quamina Bushmaquaw to allow him +to conduct us, to retrieve his finances a little. Excepting +Adoocee, the King’s chief linguist, he was the most plausible +villain I ever met with.</p> + +<p>The head of an Akim caboceer arrived in Coomassie about this +time. The King and the Ashantee government had proposed +that<span class="pagenum" id="Page_117">[117]</span> every croom of +Akim should pay 20 periguins of gold as an atonement for their late +revolt. Ten periguins were advanced immediately by each, and the +other moiety was excused until after the harvest; but Aboidedroo +caboceer of Manasoo resolutely refused to pay a tokoo. The King’s +messengers, however, appealed to his people with so much address, +that they rose upon their caboceer, killed him, and sent his head +to the King, with the 20 periguins required.</p> + +<div class="footnotes" id="ftp1c04"> +<div class="footnote"> +<p><a id="Footnote_10"></a><a href="#FNanchor_10"><span class= +"label">[10]</span></a>Seizing.</p> +</div> + +<div class="footnote"> +<p><a id="Footnote_11"></a><a href="#FNanchor_11"><span class= +"label">[11]</span></a>Presents from two Spanish slave ships were +received through the Mulatto Brue on the 16th instant; they were +general, but I can only particularise the following:</p> + +<table class="ptab"> +<tr> +<td colspan="2">To the King, 3 pieces of cloth, 1 umbrella, and a +hat.</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>To the chief linguist, 1 piece, do.</td> +<td>2 flashes liquor.</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>To the 4th do. (Otee) 1 do.</td> +<td>2 ditto, do.</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>To Odumata, 2 do.</td> +<td>2 ditto, do.</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="2">To Quamina Bwa, agent for the purchase of the +slaves, 2 pieces of cloth, 1 umbrella, and 1 Dane gun.</td> +</tr> +</table> +</div> + +<div class="footnote"> +<p><a id="Footnote_12"></a><a href="#FNanchor_12"><span class= +"label">[12]</span></a>For a copy of these certificates vide the +opposite <a href="#i11">engraving.</a></p> +</div> +</div> + +<hr class="chap"> + +<h2><span class="pagenum" id="Page_118">[118]</span><a id= +"p1c05"></a><span class="letter-spaced01">CHAPTER</span> VI.</h2> + +<hr class="decordb width8 spaced3"> + +<p class="sch1"><em>Proceedings and Incidents until the +Ratification of a General Treaty.</em> +</p> + +<p class="dcap"><span class="sc">The</span> report of an Ashantee +having been flogged to death in Cape Coast Castle, which was +aggravated every hour to our prejudice, was explained by the +following letter:</p> + +<p class="right less space-above15"><em>Cape Coast Castle, August +17</em>, 1817.</p> + +<p class="center space-above1"><span class="sc">T. E. Bowdich, +Esq.</span> +</p> + +<p class="nind pad3 space-above1 space-below1"><span class= +"sc">Sir,</span> +</p> + +<p class="nind"><span class="sc">The</span> day before yesterday an +Ashantee man was guilty of a most daring insult to the fort. On +passing the gate, he was desired by the sentinel to take his cloth +off his shoulders, but instead of complying, he turned round and +struck him. The offender was instantly secured, and I ordered him +to be put in irons. Last night about nine o’clock, the captain of +the guard came to me to say, that the sentry on duty had reported +the Ashantee to have hung himself. The place in which he was with +others confined, was immediately opened, and he was found in a room +adjoining to that in which the prisoners sleep, with his under +cloth attached to a beam not more than three feet high, and very +tightly drawn round his throat, part of his body was lying on the +ground, and it must have been by the most determined resolution +that he succeeded in strangling himself. The surgeon was present, +but his<span class="pagenum" id="Page_119">[119]</span> efforts to +recover him were ineffectual. This is the second offence of a +similar nature that has occurred; the first person, I most +assuredly should have punished, had he not ran past the sentry and +made his escape.</p> + +<p>The King’s displeasure will no doubt be excited when he hears of +such acts of insolence, and I hope he will issue such orders to his +people, as will make them more circumspect in future.</p> + +<p class="right pad-right12 space-above1">I am, Sir,</p> + +<p class="right pad-right6 space-above1">your most obedient +Servant,</p> + +<p class="right space-above1">J. H. SMITH.</p> + +<hr class="decordb width8"> + +<p class="right less space-above15"><em>Coomassie, 31st +August</em>, 1817.</p> + +<p class="center space-above1"><span class="sc">John Hope Smith, +Esq. Governor in Chief</span>, &c. &c. &c.</p> + +<p class="nind pad3 space-above1 space-below1"><span class= +"sc">Sir,</span> +</p> + +<p class="nind">I <span class="sc">received</span> your letter last +evening respecting the suicide of the Ashantee. I procured an +audience this morning, and have just returned from the palace, +where I had the honour to address you a letter, in the name of the +King, on this, and other subjects.</p> + +<p>The messenger sent up by Adoo Bradie, was the brother of the +deceased, and declared before the King upon oath, that he had been +killed by the officers. The master (our landlord) proposed a fine +to the captains assembled, but after the audience was gone through, +the King retired to council, which is the form, and returning, +dictated the sentiments I had the honour to communicate to you, and +rebuked our house-master severely for his proposition. Of course I +impressed the insult to the fort, as the superior consideration of +your letter.</p> + +<p>The insolence of the lower orders here became insufferable, they +proceeded even to pelting us with stones; after every effort on +our<span class="pagenum" id="Page_120">[120]</span> part to +conciliate them by the exhibition of the telescope and other +novelties. As may be expected in a military government, they are +beyond the King’s control, out of the field. He declared however, +that he would behead any man I would point out to him, and begged +me to punish them as I thought proper: a summary chastisement of +two inferior captains repressed this spirit.</p> + +<p>All the captains of consequence have become friendly and +respectful; Apokoo was deputed in form yesterday, in the name of +the whole, to thank me for my conduct in negociating with the +King.</p> + +<p>The Treaty will be brought forward to be executed in six days, +before the annual assembly of Kings, caboceers, and captains. All +the Kings tributaries and allies being compelled to attend him at +the yam custom.</p> + +<p>The King intends your linguist De Graff, to take fetish with his +five linguists, to be just to both the powers to be pledged to the +treaty, and is convinced of his probity.</p> + +<p class="right pad-right12 space-above1">I am, with respect, +Sir,</p> + +<p class="right pad-right6 space-above1">your most obedient +Servant,</p> + +<p class="right space-above1">T. EDWARD BOWDICH.</p> + +<hr class="decordb width8"> + +<p class="right less space-above15"><em>Coomassie, 31st Aug.</em> +1817.</p> + +<p class="center space-above1"><span class="sc">Saï Tootoo +Quamina</span>, <em>King of Ashantee, &c. to</em> <span class= +"sc">John Hope Smith</span>, <em>Esquire, Governor in Chief, +&c. &c. &c.</em></p> + +<p class="nind pad3 space-above1 space-below1"><span class= +"sc">Sir,</span> +</p> + +<p class="nind"><span class="sc">The</span> King assures you, that, +anticipating the permanent union of the English and Ashantees, so +far from allowing the death of one man to retard it, he should take +no notice if a thousand were flogged to death by you, as reported +here, well knowing the insolent<span class="pagenum" id= +"Page_121">[121]</span> disposition of the lower order of +Ashantees, which is as vexatious to him as to you. He is satisfied +however, that this man came to his death by his own hands.</p> + +<p>The King wishes you to adjust the palaver between the Commendas +and Elminas, as soon as convenient to you; that all the people who +serve him may be united, relying entirely on your justice.</p> + +<p>The King will thank you very much if you will make the people of +Cape Coast, Elmina, and Commenda “<em>all one together</em>.”</p> + +<p>The little palaver between these people, is the only one +remaining; and therefore, though it is not his, he wishes you to +settle it.</p> + +<p>The King hereby, and by his messenger, empowers his nephew Adoo +Bradie, and the Captain Quantree, to receive the gold from the +deputies of Commenda in your presence.</p> + +<p>You must settle the compliments and fees, which the Commendas +send to the King’s linguists and captains.</p> + +<p>The King hopes you will advise the people of Amissa, through +some medium, to retract their insolent message to the King, that +the whole of the Fantee territory may be quiet.</p> + +<p>The King has condescended personally to solicit Mr. Bowdich to +protract his stay fifteen days, and obliged all his captains to the +same condescension, so that you will consider it the King’s act +from the wish to send him down with an honourable escort, and other +marks of his favour.</p> + +<p>The King wishes you health and happiness.</p> + +<p class="right space-above1">The mark <img src='images/sym1.png' +class="iwsym1" alt='[X]'> of Saï Tootoo Quamina, &c.</p> + +<p class="nind pad4">In the presence of</p> + +<p class="nind pad6"><span class="sc">Wm. Hutchison.</span> +</p> + +<p class="nind pad6"><span class="sc">Henry Tedlie.</span> +</p> + +<p class="space-above15"><span class="pagenum" id= +"Page_122">[122]</span>A few only of the many curious observations +of our Ashantee friends recur to me. One captain told us he had +heard that the English were so constantly in palavers, one with +another, that their houses, which he understood to be made of wood, +the same as their ships, were always fixed on wheels; so that when +a man had quarrelled with his neighbour, he moved to another part +of the bush. Another insisted that monkies (whom the Moors said +sprung from the Israelites, who disobeyed Moses) could talk as well +as men; but they were not such fools; for if they did, they knew +men would make them work.—This is better than Pliny’s account of +monkies playing chess.</p> + +<p>The King walked abroad in great state one day, an irresistible +caricature; he had on an old fashioned court suit of General +Daendels’ of brown velveteen, richly embroidered with silver +thistles, with an English epaulette sewn on each shoulder, the coat +coming close round the knees, from which the flaps of the waistcoat +were not very distant, a cocked hat bound with gold lace, in shape +just like that of a coachman’s, white shoes, the long silver headed +cane we presented to him, mounted with a crown, as a walking staff, +and a small dirk round his waist.</p> + +<p>The King presented one of our servants with six ackies of gold, +for making trowsers for his child, and mending him a pair of +drawers, which he thought it extravagant to put on under trowsers +or small clothes, and therefore wore them alone.</p> + +<p>I fixed a rude leaping bar in the outer yard of our house, and +trained the horse to it, preparatory to getting him over the trunks +of trees on the path: this brought even greater levees than the +camera obscura, or the telescope. Sometimes a gazer would start +from the eye piece of the latter, to lay hold of the figure at the +end, as he expected; and they all insisted on both being taken to +pieces in their presence, that they might see what was inside. At +length,<span class="pagenum" id="Page_123">[123]</span> being +inexplicable, it was pronounced fetish. A captain had told the +King, that with the telescope we saw, when at Doompassie, all that +he was doing at Coomassie: and happening, in a sudden and heavy +rain, to gallop from Asafoo to our house, with Mr. Tedlie on the +horse behind me, holding the umbrella, it was immediately reported +to the King as our plan of travelling to Cape Coast.</p> + +<p>Our Accra linguist pointed out a man to me named Tando, whom he +recollected to have visited the Coast some years, in great pomp, +never going the shortest distance, but in his taffeta hammock, +covered with a gorgeous umbrella, and surrounded by flatterers, who +even wiped the ground before he trod on it. This man had now +scarcely a cloth to cover him. He had been retired from his embassy +to Akim, in consequence of a dispute with Attah, then the king of +that country; for though Attah was adjudged to be in fault, after +the palaver was talked at Coomassie, the Ashantee government +thought it politic to displace Tando, though he had become +disagreeable to the other, only for his vigilance and fidelity. +After a long interval of the most luxurious life the capital could +afford, he was instructed to proceed to Elmina, to talk a palaver +for the King; but thinking it would be a coup d’éclat much more +important and agreeable, if he could settle the Warsaw palaver as +well, he visited the country on his return, and persuaded them to +conciliate the King, and avert their ruin, by carrying a +considerable sum of gold to Coomassie, and agreeing to pay +twenty-four slaves for every Ashantee subject killed or injured by +one of Warsaw. Deputies returned with this man for this purpose; +but the King dismissed them contemptuously; and to the +disappointment and surprise of Tando, declared that no man must +dare to do good out of his own head, or perhaps he would find he +did bad, as Tando had done, in spoiling a palaver which he and his +great men meant to sleep a long time. Tando was immediately +stripped of<span class="pagenum" id="Page_124">[124]</span> all his +property for his presumption, and from a noble became a beggar.</p> + +<p>The Moors now became friendly, and sent us some very good +coffee, and choice pieces of meat.</p> + +<hr class="decordb width8"> + +<p class="right less space-above15"><em>Coomassie, Sept. 8th</em>, +1817.</p> + +<p class="center space-above1"><span class="sc">John Hope Smith, +Esquire, Governor in Chief</span>, &c. &c.</p> + +<p class="nind pad3 space-above1 space-below1"><span class= +"sc">Sir,</span> +</p> + +<p class="nind">I <span class="sc">have</span> the satisfaction to +inform you, that the treaty was signed and sworn to yesterday, by +the King of Ashantee, and this day, by the King of Dwabin. The +whole of the caboceers, captains, and tributaries having arrived, +the treaty was finally discussed on Saturday, and two of the four +members of the Aristocracy, with the two oldest captains (Ashantee +and Nabbra) were deputed to swear for that assembly, with the King, +whose oaths (being very rare) are solemnized by the presence of his +wives.</p> + +<p>The King sent a handsome procession of flags, guns, and music, +to conduct us to the palace on the occasion; and meeting us in the +outer square, preceded us to the inmost, where about 300 females +were seated, in all the magnificence which a profusion of gold and +silk could furnish. The splendour of this coup d’oeil made our +surprise almost equal to theirs. We were seated with the King and +the deputies, under the large umbrellas in the centre, and I was +desired to declare the objects of the Embassy and the Treaty, to an +old linguist, peculiar to the women. The King displayed the +presents to them; the flags were all sewn together, and wrapped +around him as a cloth.</p> + +<p>I was afterwards desired to stand before the King, and swear on +my sword that I had declared the truth: I did so, with the +other<span class="pagenum" id="Page_125">[125]</span> officers. The +next form dictated was, that I should seat myself, and receive the +oaths of the deputies, and lastly, of the King himself, for his +brother the King of England. They advanced in turn, extending their +gold swords close to my face, as they declared their oaths. I rose +to receive the King’s, all the women holding up two fingers, as +their mark of approbation when he received the sword, and one of +his counsellors kneeling beside him with a large stone on his head. +The King swore very deliberately, that his words might be fully +impressed on me, invoking God and the fetish to kill him; first, if +he did not keep the law, if we had sworn true; and secondly, if he +did not revenge the Ashantees to the full, if we had bad in our +heads, and did not come for the purpose I avowed. The assurances, +and the menaces of the oaths of the captains were equally forcible. +The King sent an anker of rum to our people to drink on the +occasion, and paid each captain the customary fee, of a periguin of +gold on his oath.</p> + +<p>The King having communicated my wish, by a formal message, to +Boïtinnee Quama, the King of Dwabin, who holds his temporary court +on the north side of the town, I seconded it, by sending the canes +to request an audience; at which I had again formally to declare +the objects of the Embassy and the Treaty, which, after a great +deal of form and enquiry, received his signature, with the +attestations of his chief linguists, Quama Saphoo, and Kobara +Saphoo, who are his principal counsellors. His court was equally +crowded with the King of Ashantees, who sits on his right hand when +he visits Dwabin; a reciprocal etiquette.</p> + +<p>By an addition to the 4th article of the treaty, I reconciled +the point of the Amissa palaver; and the securing you the +opportunity of mediation, (without attaching any thing like +responsibility) I considered to be not only a precaution due to +humanity, but a prudent and legitimate measure for the extension of +our influence.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_126">[126]</span>The value of +this treaty is enhanced by the reflection, that the justice, +dignity, and spirit, of the British Government have been preserved +inviolate; and that it has been the result of the impression, and +not of the abatement of these characteristics.</p> + +<p>We are flattered by your acknowledgment of our offer to +accompany the King to the Buntooko war, and feel the force of your +reason in the present view of the invasion of that country. The +lake proving to be southward instead of northward, and close to the +Accra path, I did not think it prudent to aggravate suspicion, for +so secondary and well defined an object, whilst every day exacted +some exertion (beyond vigilance) to wear away the difficulties +opposed to the more important views of the Mission.</p> + +<p>I expect the King will permit me to take leave on Saturday next. +To-morrow Apokoo gives us a dinner in public.</p> + +<p class="right pad-right12 space-above1">I am, with respect, +Sir,</p> + +<p class="right pad-right6 space-above1">your most obedient +Servant,</p> + +<p class="right space-above1">T. E. BOWDICH.</p> + +<hr class="decordb width8"> + +<p class="hang1 space-above15"><em>Treaty made and entered into +by</em> <span class="sc">Thomas Edward Bowdich</span>, <em>Esquire, +in the name of the Governor and Council at Cape Coast Castle on the +Gold Coast of Africa, and on behalf of the British Government, +with</em> <span class="sc">Saï Tootoo Quamina</span>, <em>King of +Ashantee and its Dependencies, and</em> <span class="sc">Boïtinnee +Quama</span>, <em>King of Dwabin and its Dependencies.</em></p> + +<p>1st. There shall be perpetual peace and harmony between the +British subjects in this country, and the subjects of the Kings of +Ashantee and Dwabin.</p> + +<p>2nd. The same shall exist between the subjects of the Kings of +Ashantee and Dwabin, and all nations of Africa residing under +the<span class="pagenum" id="Page_127">[127]</span> protection of +the Company’s Forts and Settlements on the Gold Coast, and, it is +hereby agreed, that there are no palavers now existing, and that +neither party has any claim upon the other.</p> + +<p>3rd. The King of Ashantee guarantees the security of the people +of Cape Coast, from the hostilities threatened by the people of +Elmina.</p> + +<p>4th. In order to avert the horrors of war, it is agreed, that in +any case of aggression on the part of the natives under British +protection, the Kings shall complain thereof to the Governor in +Chief to obtain redress, and that they will in no instance resort +to hostilities, even against the other towns of the Fantee +territory, without endeavouring as much as possible to effect an +amicable arrangement, affording the Governor the opportunity of +propitiating it, as far as he may with discretion.</p> + +<p>5th. The King of Ashantee agrees to permit a British officer to +reside constantly at his capital, for the purpose of instituting +and preserving a regular communication with the Governor in Chief +at Cape Coast Castle.</p> + +<p>6th. The Kings of Ashantee and Dwabin pledge themselves to +countenance, promote, and encourage the trade of their subjects +with Cape Coast Castle and its dependencies to the extent of their +power.</p> + +<p>7th. The Governors of the respective Forts shall at all times +afford every protection in their power to the persons and property +of the people of Ashantee and Dwabin, who may resort to the water +side.</p> + +<p>8th. The Governor in Chief reserves to himself the right of +punishing any subject of Ashantee or Dwabin guilty of secondary +offences, but in case of any crime of magnitude, he will send the +offender to the Kings, to be dealt with according to the laws of +his country.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_128">[128]</span>9th. The Kings +agree to commit their children to the care of the Governor in +Chief, for education, at Cape Coast Castle, in the full confidence +of the good intentions of the British government, and of the +benefits to be derived therefrom.</p> + +<p>10th. The Kings promise to direct diligent inquiries to be made +respecting the officers attached to the Mission of Major John +Peddie, and Captain Thomas Campbell; and to influence and oblige +the neighbouring kingdoms and their tributaries, to befriend them +as the subjects of the British government.</p> + +<p class="hang2">Signed and sealed at Coomassie, this seventh day +of September, in the year of our Lord one thousand eight hundred +and seventeen.</p> + +<table class="sign2"> +<tr> +<td>The mark of SAÏ TOOTOO QUAMINA <img src='images/sym1.png' +class="iwsym1" alt='[X]'></td> +<td>(L. S.)</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>The mark of BOÏTINNEE QUAMA <img src='images/sym1.png' class= +"iwsym1" alt='[X]'></td> +<td>(L. S.)</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>THOMAS EDWARD BOWDICH.</td> +<td>(L. S.)</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p class="nind pad3 space-above1 space-below1">In the presence +of</p> + +<p class="nind"><span class="sc">William Hutchison</span>, +Resident.</p> + +<p class="nind"><span class="sc">Henry Tedlie</span>, Assistant +Surgeon.</p> + +<table class="ptab bd-collapse"> +<tr> +<td>The mark of</td> +<td><span class="sc">Apokoo</span> <img src='images/sym1.png' +class="iwsym1" alt='[X]'></td> +<td class="brt width-brace1"> +</td> +<td rowspan="4">Deputed from the General Assembly of caboceers and +captains to swear with the King.</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td> +</td> +<td><span class="sc">Odumata</span> <img src='images/sym1.png' +class="iwsym1" alt='[X]'></td> +<td class="liner"> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td> +</td> +<td><span class="sc">Nabbra</span> <img src='images/sym1.png' +class="iwsym1" alt='[X]'></td> +<td class="liner"> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td> +</td> +<td><span class="sc">Ashantee</span> <img src='images/sym1.png' +class="iwsym1" alt='[X]'></td> +<td class="brb"> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td> +</td> +<td> +</td> +<td> +</td> +<td> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td> +</td> +<td><span class="sc">Kabra Saphoo</span> <img src='images/sym1.png' +class="iwsym1" alt='[X]'></td> +<td class="brt"> +</td> +<td rowspan="2">Linguists to the King of Dwabin.</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td> +</td> +<td><span class="sc">Quamina Saphoo</span> <img src= +'images/sym1.png' class="iwsym1" alt='[X]'></td> +<td class="brb"> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td> +</td> +<td><span class="sc">Quashee Apaintree</span> <img src= +'images/sym1.png' class="iwsym1" alt='[X]'></td> +<td> +</td> +<td>Accra Linguist.</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td> +</td> +<td><span class="sc">Quashee Tom</span> <img src='images/sym1.png' +class="iwsym1" alt='[X]'></td> +<td class="brt"> +</td> +<td rowspan="2">Cape Coast Linguists.</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td> +</td> +<td><span class="sc">Quamina Quatchee</span> <img src= +'images/sym1.png' class="iwsym1" alt='[X]'></td> +<td class="brb"> +</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<hr class="decordb width8"> + +<div class="plate"> +<div class="figcenter"> +<figure id="i11"><a href="images/i11_large.jpg"><img src= +'images/i11.jpg' alt='' class="iw5"></a> +<div class="tabw40"> +<p>This <em>is to make known that Major John Peddie, Capt. +Tho<sup>s</sup>. Campbell, and Surgeon Will<sup>m</sup>. Cowdry, +have been employed by the British Government to proceed from +Senegal into the interior of Africa, to trace the course of the +River Niger; and to obtain such information respecting the +Countries through which they pass, as may be useful in the +extension and improvement of Commerce which is the object of the +British Government in sending those persons to Africa; and that any +Person who may happen to meet with those Gentlemen, and shall be +the Bearer of a Letter to the Governor of <span class="sc">Cape +Coast Castle</span> on the Gold Coast, from either of them, shall +receive five Ounces of Gold, and be liberally rewarded for any +Service or Act of kindness which it may appear by such Letter may +have been rendered to either of them.</em></p> + +<p><em>Witness my hand at Coomasie the Capital of the Kingdom of +Ashantee the 30<sup>th</sup>. day of July 1817</em> +</p> + +<p><em>W<sup>m</sup>. Hutchinson Resident</em> +</p> + +<p><em>T. E. Bowdich Conductor of the Mission from Cape Coast +Castle</em> +</p> +</div> +</figure> +</div> +</div> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_129">[129]</span>We were present +at the trial of Appia Nanu, who had accompanied his brother Appia +Danqua in the last invasion of Fantee, and was ordered by the King, +on his death, to take the command of the army, and prosecute the +campaign. In the irritation of the moment, he exclaimed, before the +royal messengers, that though the King did not prevent him from +succeeding to the stool, and the honours of his brother, he kept +back all the rock gold which belonged to the inheritance, and +desired to wear him out in the pursuit of the revolters, to prevent +his claim and enjoyment of the property of his family. From this +time he was very inactive, and became suspected of cowardice; +however, having succeeded in getting the head of one of the +revolters, he returned to Coomassie; where he was coolly received, +but not accused until the 8th of July. The witnesses were the +messengers the King had sent to him, who had been concealed in a +distant part of the frontier ever since, that Appia Nanu, believing +the general report of their death, might be the more confounded +when they burst upon him at the moment of his denial of the charge. +He was deprived of his stool and the whole of his property, but +permitted to retire with three wives and ten slaves; the King +hearing the next day that he still loitered in the capital, +exclaimed, that no proper man would bear so much shame before all +the people, rather than leave his home, and ordered only one wife +to be left to him, whereupon Appia Nanu hung himself. The King +considers, that none but the basest spirits can endure life after +severe disgrace.</p> + +<p>The Moors celebrated the feast of Ramadan in this month: there +was nothing curious in this ceremony. Men and women were dressed in +their richest suits, and seated on large skins before their houses, +for they occupy one street exclusively. They rose occasionally in +small troops, made short circuits in different directions, saluted +each other, and then sat down again. In the evening,<span class= +"pagenum" id="Page_130">[130]</span> the superiors exchanged visits +at their houses; the one visited always accompanied the other some +distance along the street on his way, where they exchanged +blessings, and parted. The slaves who carried their small +umbrella’s over their heads, seemed thoroughly jaded by this +incessant parading.</p> + +<p>The King regretted in one of his visits about this time, that +they were not more frequent; he said, our conversation entertained +him more than any thing else, because it told him of so many things +black men never heard of, but when he wished to see us on that +account, his great men checked him, and said, it did not become him +as a great King to want us, but that he should only send his +compliments, see us, and make us wait a long time when he sent for +us to the palace.</p> + +<hr class="chap"> + +<h2><span class="pagenum" id="Page_131">[131]</span><a id= +"p1c06"></a><span class="letter-spaced01">CHAPTER</span> VII.</h2> + +<hr class="decordb width8 spaced3"> + +<p class="sch1"><em>Proceedings and Incidents until the completion +of the Mission and its return to Cape Coast Castle.</em> +</p> + +<p class="dcap"><span class="sc">On</span> the 11th of September I +received the Governor’s reply to my letter of the 10th of +August.</p> + +<p class="right less space-above15"><em>Cape Coast Castle, August +25</em>, 1817.</p> + +<p class="center space-above1"><span class="sc">T. E. Bowdich, +Esq.</span> +</p> + +<p class="nind pad3 space-above1 space-below1"><span class= +"sc">Sir,</span> +</p> + +<p class="nind">I <span class="sc">have</span> received your letter +of the 10th instant. The boy and girl shall be disposed of under +the protection of the Government here, agreeable to the King’s +wishes.</p> + +<p>The messenger (Ocranameah) has grossly misrepresented to the +King, the reception he met with at Cape Coast; he was treated with +the greatest civility during his stay, and on leaving, expressed +himself gratified by the attention which had been shewn him.</p> + +<p>For the King’s satisfaction, I have subjoined a list of the +articles I made him a present of;<a id="FNanchor_13"></a><a href= +"#Footnote_13" class="fnanchor">[13]</a> the three first which I +gave him, on taking leave, will, when produced, convince him how +much he has been deceived, and prove to him, that his +recommendation of the messenger was not unattended to.</p> + +<p>The Buntooko war, I consider a mere pretext for getting rid +of<span class="pagenum" id="Page_132">[132]</span> the Resident; it +cannot be the true motive: to oppose however, any disinclination to +the measure, either on the part of the King or his principal men, +would be entirely useless; the aversion to it has no doubt +originated in the latter, with whom, under the present order of +things, the Resident would be very unpopular; consequently unsafe. +The eager desire which the King has manifested for enquiring into +every trivial occurrence, is another cause of its being +objectionable. The residence of a British officer would afford him +the opportunity, not only of doing this, but of making demands +which he might otherwise not have thought of. These and other +circumstances, which were entirely unforeseen, have materially +altered my opinion in regard to the Residency, which is certainly +not so desirable as I before considered it. You will therefore, on +your return, bring Mr. Hutchison with you.</p> + +<p>I am not aware of any Ashantees having introduced themselves +here, but such as were duly authorised by the King; you will +however inform him, that none will be attended to unless they bear +his cane.</p> + +<p>As Mr. Hutchison is to return, it will be a most important point +that you bring down two of the King’s sons for education, and I am +very solicitous that you should accomplish this object if +possible.</p> + +<p>The Commenda palaver being terminated, there will be nothing to +detain you longer at Ashantee. Your returning by way of Warsaw will +be desirable, and I hope the King will not object to your so +doing.</p> + +<p class="right pad-right12 space-above1">I am, Sir,</p> + +<p class="right pad-right6 space-above1">your most obedient +Servant,</p> + +<p class="right space-above1">JOHN HOPE SMITH.</p> + +<p class="right less space-above15"><span class="pagenum" id= +"Page_133">[133]</span><em>Coomassie, Sept. 16</em>, 1817.</p> + +<p class="center space-above1"><span class="sc">John Hope Smith, +Esq. Governor in Chief</span>, &c. &c. &c.</p> + +<p class="nind pad3 space-above1 space-below1"><span class= +"sc">Sir,</span> +</p> + +<p class="nind">I <span class="sc">did</span> not receive your +letter of the 25th of August, until the 11th instant, four days +after I had advised you of the execution of the treaty. I +considered it my duty to acquaint you of every variation in the +prospects of the Embassy, although, even when communicating the +discouraging circumstances of my letter of the 10th ult. I could +not abate my hopes, or allow doubt to sicken my exertions. I valued +on the reflection, that I had not been heard before the King in +vindication of the Residency; the motives of which I knew to have +been grossly misrepresented by our natural enemies the Moors, to +whose arts the suspicion of the natives have been suitably +auxiliary. My confidence was justified by the favourable impression +the King and the Government manifested, when the subject was +publicly advocated; since which I have never heard of an objection +to it: it has indeed, become a favourite measure with the superior +captains, who, as far as may be judged from the respect and +deference with which they have treated us from that time, seem not +only to have been conciliated, but won by the recent circumstances +of the negotiation. The terms of the treaty, by exceeding your +expectations, will compensate for the accumulation of difficulties +which have been opposed to us. We are taught to believe that no law +has ever been enacted in this kingdom with equal solemnity, or an +oath, so serious, been before submitted to by the King, or imposed +on the captains. Had the treaty disappointed, instead of exceeded +our expectations, I must have viewed it as inviolable, and +submitted myself to your candour; which I would now, and justify +myself by answering the reasonable apprehensions<span class= +"pagenum" id="Page_134">[134]</span> which have recently affected +your opinion of the Residency, rather than by the plea that the +treaty was executed before I received them.</p> + +<p>If I had been convinced that it was dislike, and not suspicion, +which actuated the opposition to the Residency, I should not only +have considered it imprudent, but derogatory, to have persevered in +the view; but, sensible that it was the latter, (from the evidence +of the King’s deportment, and the knowledge of the intrigue and +calumny excited against us,) I felt the greater anxiety for its +accomplishment; since, to have yielded to suspicion, without every +labour to eradicate it, would have been to have excluded ourselves +from the kingdom hereafter.</p> + +<p>If the King had been actuated, individually, by the desire of +detecting the frauds of his messengers, I should have viewed the +measure as pernicious; but the Government itself having anxiously +recommended it, for the sake of their own interest, (Fort pay, and +purchases from the treasury being always divided amongst the +superior captains) I considered it harmless; and not solely from +the power of its advocates, but also from the impotence of the +royal messengers in state affairs, being generally attendants on +the King, and therefore jealously watched by the other parts of the +Government. This desire has only been addressed to me in two +instances, both of which I think justified it: first, respecting +the fort pay; it having been since proved, and confessed, that, out +of 62 oz. paid at Christiansburg Castle in 1816 and 17, the +Ashantee Government has been defrauded of 23 oz. by the messenger: +and secondly, respecting the goods purchased by Ocranameah, where +the fraud could not escape notice. Such peculations have probably, +in the first case, given rise to doubts of our honour; and in the +latter, have certainly proved a prejudice to the trade. On the +occasion of Ocranameah’s baseness, I myself requested the King +to<span class="pagenum" id="Page_135">[135]</span> allow me to +address you for the particulars of his treatment; and if you +consider the mischievous influence of the report, the fatality of +the impression that the King’s Embassy had been subjected to +contempt, whilst we had been treated with generosity and respect, +you will admit that the disproof was imperious on me: he has been +disgraced, and owes his safety to my intercession. Nothing but the +most decisive conduct can arrest villainy here. The reports of Adoo +Bradie have been highly flattering. The King will certainly have a +better opportunity of making demands from the residence of a +British officer; neither can I lessen the probability further than +by my opinion, which though only indulgent of the people in +general, is certainly favourable of the honour of the King, and the +superior captains. The advantages and prospects of our preserving +our footing by a Residency, have been too fully suggested by your +experience, to require my dwelling on them.</p> + +<p>I will proceed to acquaint you of the circumstances subsequent +to my receipt of your letter, one of which had nearly been serious. +After the settlement of the Commenda palaver, the King requested me +to wait 10 days, which were afterwards extended to 15, as you were +advised in his letter of the 31st ult. This time expired on +Saturday last, but the King said then that we must not go until +Monday. Accordingly, on that day, I delivered Mr. Hutchison written +instructions (a copy of which I enclose) and sent several messages +to the King to remind him of his promise. We were not sent for +until six o’clock in the evening, when the King said he could not +let me go then, nor before he had time to send me away properly. +This I considered to be the mere affectation of state; I pleaded +that your orders were binding, and that it was insulting to you, as +well as dangerous to me, to prevent my respect of them, now every +thing like business was settled. The King said he would only ask me +to stop until Wednesday. I replied, that if he<span class="pagenum" +id="Page_136">[136]</span> would give me his hand, and promise that +I should go then, I would wait. No! he could not, but he would +promise me for the Monday following. I saw that yielding to this +would subject me to an indefinite delay. I told the King that I +should be obliged to go, though unwillingly, without his +approbation, and that not only my duty but his promise justified +me. I had only to ask him if he still wished me to leave Mr. +Hutchison? All the reply I could get was, that I might break the +Law if I thought proper. I told them the Law would never be broken +by an English officer, but still, if they were sorry that they had +sworn to the Law, I would send for it and tear it in pieces before +them; we did not make laws from fear. No! they liked the Law, and +could not break it, but I might if I chose. I repeated my +willingness to stay till Wednesday; the promise could only be given +for the Monday: the King and the council retired abruptly. I +followed them, told them I was obliged to be determined, and begged +the King to shew his respect for you, and the friendship he had +condescended to profess for myself, by considering your orders; +this was construed as indecision; and Monday, or when the King has +time, was the reply. I thanked him formally for all his kindnesses, +told him I must go, and retired. It was necessary, at least, to +make the attempt, although it was then eight o’clock. I left all +the luggage in the charge of Mr. Hutchison, except two +portmanteaus, the sextant, and the box containing my papers. We had +scarcely proceeded fifty yards before the gong-gongs and drums were +beat all around us, and we were attacked by a crowd of swords and +muskets, headed by our house master Aboïdwee, who in the first rush +seized the luggage and the flag. I felt myself compelled to attempt +to regain the flag; and the value of my papers, and the impolicy of +being intimidated by the outrage, were also considerations. I +begged the officers not to draw their swords till the last moment, +and taking<span class="pagenum" id="Page_137">[137]</span> the +muskets, the butt ends of which cleared our way to the luggage, we +fastened on it, with the soldiers, artisans, and our servants, who +supported us vigorously. The Ashantees did not attempt to fire, but +attacked us only with their heavy swords and large stones. We kept +our ground nearly a quarter of an hour, though our belts and caps +were torn away, and we frequently fell. At this time, Mr. Tedlie +(who had regained his sword, which had been torn from his side) was +stunned by a blow on the head, and as all were much bruised, and +some of the people cut, I contented myself with the recovery of the +flag, the sextant, and the papers, and we retired slowly to the +house, not expecting they would follow us; but they did so, with a +fury which led me to believe they intended our destruction. We +posted ourselves in the door-way, and I immediately dispatched the +canes by a back way to the King, to tell him we had not yet drawn +our swords, but we must do so unless he rescued us immediately. The +tumult did not allow expostulation, we had no alternative but to +defend ourselves, which the narrow passage favoured. The captain, +Aboïdwee, who was quite mad with fury and liquor, made a cut at me +as I held him from me, which would have been fatal but for the +presence of mind of one of the soldiers, through which it only +grazed my face. We were soon rescued by the presence of Adoocee, +the chief linguist, and Yokokroko, the King’s chamberlain, with +their retinues. Nothing could exceed their servility, they offered +to swear the King was not privy to the outrage, ordered Aboïdwee +before them, and threatened him with the loss of his head. I told +them I knew the King’s controul, and was not to be treated as a +fool; he had forcibly detained us as prisoners, and must take the +consequences; I should say no more. They continued their +professions and entreaties upwards of an hour, and did all they +could by their menaces to Aboïdwee, and their deference to the +evidence of our<span class="pagenum" id="Page_138">[138]</span> +people, to convince me of their discountenance of the outrage. I +divided the people into watches for the night.</p> + +<p>By day light the next morning all our luggage was returned, I +refused to receive it. Yokokroko and Adoo Quamina then sent to say +they waited below until we had done breakfast; a long palaver +succeeded, of the same tenour as that of the preceding night. About +11 o’clock, the linguists, Adoocee, Otee, and Quancum; Yokokroko, +and a crowd of captains came from the King with a present of 20 +ackies, two flasks of liquor, and a large hog. I asked them if they +came to put more shame on my face, by bribing me to settle the +great palaver they had made the night before with the King of +England. They flattered and menaced by turns to make me take it, +and urged, that to refuse the King’s present was to declare war. I +persisted in refusing every thing short of an interview with the +King. The Cape Coast messengers, impelled by their apprehensions +and their avarice, had the temerity to declare at this moment, that +you had sent them as a check upon me, and that they knew I was not +doing as you wished in talking so to the King, and that you would +make a palaver with me for not waiting the King’s pleasure. It was +necessary to annihilate the impression of such language +immediately. I deprived them of their canes, and threatened to put +them in irons. The King not long after sent his eunuch and +followers to conduct us to the palace, where he had assembled the +superior captains. We went in plain clothes, alleging that we dared +not wear our uniforms as prisoners. The King said, I must not say +that; he was my good friend, and would do me right; he did not +think I would have tried to go without his leave, and never meant +his people to fight with us, he would give me the heads of all +those who led them on, and beg me himself for the rest, as I begged +him for Quamina Bootaqua; he never begged any body before; he did +not send the gold, as I thought,<span class="pagenum" id= +"Page_139">[139]</span> he sent it to pay for any thing the people +had spoiled, and meant to do us right all the same; it would break +his heart if the King of England heard he had used his officers +ill, and if I liked him, I must settle the palaver easy.</p> + +<p>Of course I would not hear of any heads being cut off, though +they all pressed it repeatedly, and doubtless would not have +regarded sacrificing a few inferior captains to varnish their +allegation; yet, I must declare, it is my firm opinion, and it is +supported by the evidence of our private friends, that the King and +his principal men merely intended Aboïdwee to stop us, by placing +his numbers before us and pleading the King’s orders, not dreaming +of any outrage, or that the impetuosity of this man, irritated by +the loss of his retainer at Cape Coast,<a id= +"FNanchor_14"></a><a href="#Footnote_14" class="fnanchor">[14]</a> +would hurry him to order his soldiers to assault us: he has not an +atom of influence; but the King selected him as a near relative of +his own, to succeed to Bakkee’s stool, to which 1700 men are +attached: the King repeatedly offered me his head. To resume, the +King requested us to drink with him, and then to shake hands, +begged us to resume our uniforms, and ordered his own people to +attend us at our house. I renewed the subject of our departure. The +King said this was a bad week, and he did not like us to go in it, +he would thank me very much to stay till Monday, and then he could +get a proper present ready. Sunday too was the Adaï custom, and +then I must put Mr. Hutchison’s hand in Adoocee’s, and Adoocee +place it in his, and he would promise to take proper care of him +before all the captains. Odumata and Adoocee came forward to give +me their hands, as a pledge of their responsibility. I said I could +receive no one’s hand but the King’s on such an occasion, but I +ordered Quashie Apaintree to do so, and it was sworn to. The King +then said Adoocee had told him the Cape Coast +messengers<span class="pagenum" id="Page_140">[140]</span> had +tried to put shame on my face—he was very angry with them—they +ought to know God made white man’s head better than black man’s, +and they must come before him, and put my foot on their heads. I +told him, I could not let any one do so, but I sent for their +canes, and entrusted them to them again, with a suitable reprimand. +The King then begged me to receive his present, which I did, giving +the people the hog and liquor, they had received another on the +Friday before, which the King sent me, with 39 yams.</p> + +<p>I have observed that the Government’s anxiety for the force of +the Treaty, and for the Residency, has heightened in proportion to +the indifference I have affected. I consider the affair of +yesterday to have perfected the impression of our spirit. I +certainly would not think of leaving any but an officer of the most +considerate conduct as a Resident, and, I believe, Mr. Hutchison, +by tempering his spirit with judgment, may safely realize the +objects of the situation; if, however, on my return, you consider I +have left him in a precarious situation, I volunteer my services to +replace him, and deliberately to retire the Residency.</p> + +<p>It occurs to me, the Amissa palaver may possibly be the design +of this interval, if it should, you may rely on my remaining +resolute on the subject.</p> + +<p class="right pad-right12 space-above1">I am, &c.</p> + +<table class="sign2"> +<tr> +<td>(Signed)</td> +<td>T. EDWARD BOWDICH.</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p class="right less space-above15"><span class="pagenum" id= +"Page_141">[141]</span><em>Coomassie, Sept.</em> 1817.</p> + +<p class="center space-above1"><em>To</em> <span class="sc">William +Hutchison</span>, <em>Esquire, British Resident.</em></p> + +<p class="nind pad3 space-above1 space-below1"><span class= +"sc">Sir</span>,</p> + +<p class="nind">I <span class="sc">am</span> directed by the +Governor in Chief to leave you written instructions for your future +government.</p> + +<p>The conviction of the honour and justice of our public +negotiations, having procured us a footing in opposition to the +arts which have been practised upon the suspicion of the natives, +your conduct is looked to, with confidence, to support it, by +originating an opinion of our moral character, equally auspicious +to the benevolent views of the British Government. The simplicity +of our religion, tolerating the calumny of the Moors, that we are +destitute of any, you will have the satisfaction of perfecting the +confutation, by a regular retirement to its duties, and by the +practice of that benevolence and forbearance, equally congenial to +the policy prescribed to us.</p> + +<p>It would be premature, as well as dangerous, to direct any other +than the tacit reproof of your own conduct and sentiments, to the +cruelties consecrated by the superstitions of the Ashantees; you +must be content to avoid the countenance of them by your presence, +by adhering to the plea of the repugnance of your religion. This +conduct, associated with a humanity always inclining you to induce +mercy, whenever the offence, or prudence, may admit of an +interference, will propitiate your own wishes, and the expectations +of the Government.</p> + +<p>The friendship and respect which the King, and the superior +captains have manifested, will not only be preserved, but +strengthened, by a dignified deportment, and a considerate use of +the private intercourse these feelings have established; and you +will cultivate the frequent opportunities of instilling into their +minds,<span class="pagenum" id="Page_142">[142]</span> that +education originated the pre-eminence of Europeans; and that peace +is most auspicious to the greatness of a Nation, directing all its +powers to commerce and the arts, and thereby founding its superior +comfort, prosperity, and embellishment. The power and resources of +your own country should be quoted to illustrate this truth; and you +will impress that it is the experience of it, which has imposed the +benevolent anxiety of the British Government, to improve the +condition of the people of Africa, through the legitimate medium of +commerce. This impression you will extend, deliberately, to the +visitors from other kingdoms, particularly to those from the Sarem +and Mallowa countries.</p> + +<p>In encouraging the trade with the Coast, your measures must +disprove any view but that of a fair competition; and your +vigilance of the British interests must be distinct from any thing +like jealousy, suspicion, or intermeddling: you will act as the +advocate of the views of Europe, but not allow any interference to +be imposed on you, without the sanction of the Governor in Chief, +whose letters will be, exclusively, attended to, and to whom you +will candidly communicate any circumstance or reflection, affecting +our new connection.</p> + +<p>You will repress, rather than encourage the disposition of the +King and the Council, to detect imposition through your assistance, +by confining your justifications, as much as possible, to public +transactions; for although the Government is gratified by it, it +may tend to make the Residency unpopular.</p> + +<p>I enclose you a copy of the Treaty, and particularly direct your +attention to the 4th article, which authorizes you to submit to +every thing like a mediation, separable from responsibility, to the +discussion of the Governor in Chief, for the sake of peace and +humanity; but you will do this, invariably, with diffidence; +without betraying any sanguine expectations.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_143">[143]</span>You will be more +sensible to insult than injury; and the most politic conduct will +be, to declare that the British Government exacts from all its +officers, on pain of disgrace, a firm repulse of the former; and +that they dare not admit the influence of their private feelings, +as in the latter case.</p> + +<p>I leave you in possession of the esteem of the King, and the +friendship of the superior Captains, and with every thing +favourable to the objects of the Residency; but, should any caprice +in the Government make you invidious to any thing like a party, or +diminish their respect, you will immediately address the Governor +in Chief, who will order your presence at Head Quarters. Another +important consideration will be your health; also the character of +the captain who may be left in charge of the capital, should the +King go himself to the Buntooko war. Your personal safety is out of +the question at present, but should the least doubt arise in your +own mind hereafter, you must consult the Governor’s solicitude, +rather than your own spirit.</p> + +<p>You see the necessity of keeping in with the Moors; the +flattering their intelligence is most conducive to this, and also +elicits valuable information.</p> + +<p>I shall afford you a perusal of the dispatch of the Committee, +and the instructions of the Governor in Chief, to perfect the +present.</p> + +<p>I have directed Mr. Tedlie to leave you a supply of medicines, +and you will take charge of the Resident’s flag.</p> + +<p class="right pad-right12 space-above1">I am, Sir,</p> + +<p class="right pad-right6 space-above1">your most obedient +Servant,</p> + +<table class="sign2"> +<tr> +<td>(Signed)</td> +<td>T. EDWARD BOWDICH.</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p class="space-above15"><span class="pagenum" id= +"Page_144">[144]</span>Baba had a great number of Arabic +manuscripts; I have preserved a leaf finely illuminated. Apokoo +astonished us by offering to lend us some books to read; he shewed +us two French volumes on geography, a Dutch bible, a volume of the +Spectator, and a Dissuasion from Popery, 1620. It was gratifying to +recollect that this chief, now become so much attached to us, was +the man mentioned in our early dispatches as snatching Mr. Tedlie’s +sword from him, on the declaration of war, to make his oath against +us the more inveterate. Telling the King one day that Mr. +Hutchison’s and Mr. Tedlie’s countries, Scotland and Ireland, were +formerly distinct from mine, he begged directly to hear specimens +of the different languages, and was reluctantly persuaded that it +was the policy of England to get rid of all national distinctions +between her subjects. Apokoo was very fond of scribbling, and with +a smile frequently begged to know what he had written. They could +not comprehend how any hieroglyphic that was not a picture, could +express an object. My name, said the King, is not like me. He was +rather uneasy at my sketching; the Moors, he hinted, had insinuated +that I could place a spell on the buildings I drew. I told him, +without drawings, the people in England could not be convinced that +I had visited him; he appeared satisfied, and begged to be drawn +handsome.</p> + +<p>There are only four direct descendants now living of the noble +families which accompanied the emigration of Saï Tootoo, the +founder of the Ashantee monarchy; none of them are wealthy, and +Assaphi, who is one, is a beggar, wandering in the bush, having +been disgraced from the highest favour, for the following fraud. An +old linguist of the former King’s (Saï Quamina) having died at a +distant croom, the King, according to custom, sent Assaphi with +four periguins of gold, and a quantity of expensive cloths and mats +to bury him; Assaphi kept the gold, and substituted<span class= +"pagenum" id="Page_145">[145]</span> inferior cloths of his own. +The wife urged the great and zealous services of her husband to Saï +Quamina, and her indignation at such a mean acknowledgment as the +King had sent. Assaphi returned, reported her gratitude, and that +every thing had been handsomely done, to the credit of the King. +The wife privately dug up the cloths buried with the corpse, and +suspecting the fraud, secretly conveyed them to the King, with a +full account. The King sent for Assaphi and again enquiring the +particulars, with seeming indifference, suddenly required him to +swear to the truth, which he advanced to do, when the King said no! +you must not swear, and the woman was immediately discovered to him +with all the cloths. He then confessed the particulars, was +stripped of every thing, and is now the more despised for not +killing himself; and the King could not put him to death, as the +direct descendant of one of Saï Tootoo’s peers. Part of the King’s +reproach to him was curious: “my brother’s linguist did him great +good, so when he and my brother, who now live with God, make God +recollect all, and tell him the shame you put on him for me, in so +burying him, God will kill me.”</p> + +<p>A man and a woman were beheaded on the 17th of this month, for +an intrigue: the woman was very handsome, and the wife of a +captain: on their being suspected, both were ordered to drink doom, +which choking them, they were immediately executed. The King’s +sister sent for Mr. Tedlie to go and see her, he enquired into her +complaint and recommended some medicine, which she very thankfully +agreed to take; he prepared some for her, and went to give her the +proper directions; upon which, she handed the cup to her husband, +who beginning to swallow it very fast, Mr. Tedlie stopped him, and +said he had only prepared sufficient for one person; the lady +replied, “let him drink this to day, and I can have more +to-morrow;” he told her that he had very little<span class= +"pagenum" id="Page_146">[146]</span> medicine, and could not afford +to give it to people that were in good health: she did not appear +pleased with this reasoning. A man of Assiminia, who had received +medicine and advice from Mr. Tedlie on our march up, sent him a +third present about this time, of fruit, vegetables, and wild deer, +with the account that he was quite well.</p> + +<p>Apokoo enquired very anxiously, why the King of England had not +sent one of his sons with the presents to the King of Ashantee. He +said he had himself conquered five nations, during the present and +the preceding reign, and he named twenty one nations which now paid +tribute to Ashantee; but he added, there were three countries which +would not; two eastward, and one to the north-west; each of those +eastward had defeated the Ashantees; the one north-westward, on the +King sending for tribute, desired that he would come and take it, +and afterwards entirely destroyed an Ashantee army.</p> + +<hr class="decordb width8"> + +<p class="right less space-above15"><em>Akrofroom, Sept. 26</em>, +1817.</p> + +<p class="center space-above1"><span class="sc">John Hope Smith, +Esq. Governor in Chief</span>, &c. &c. &c.</p> + +<p class="nind pad3 space-above1 space-below1"><span class= +"sc">Sir,</span> +</p> + +<p class="nind"><span class="sc">The</span> King only availed +himself of our detention to introduce us to fresh ceremonies, and +to augment the testimonies of his friendship. The Amissa palaver +was not attempted, and nothing like design has disclosed +itself.</p> + +<p>On the Monday there was a general assembly of the caboceers and +captains, the King of Dwabin being present, with his linguists, +also several Dagwumba caboceers, and the Moorish dignitaries. The +King announced the execution of the Treaty by himself and the +deputies, and impressed, in a long speech through his linguists, +that he would visit the least offence against it with the +greatest<span class="pagenum" id="Page_147">[147]</span> severity. +I was then requested to read it for the last time, and the King’s +duplicate was executed in a similar manner.</p> + +<p>In the evening, the King gave us our last audience before all +his superior captains: a letter was dictated, which I shall present +to you on my arrival; and Adoocee, the chief linguist, was formally +deputed to receive Mr. Hutchison’s hand from me, and to place it in +the King’s, who received it with a solemn avowal of his +responsibility for the charge. The linguist then presented from the +King,</p> + +<p>To the Government, four boys for education.</p> + +<p>To the British Museum, six specimens of the goldsmith’s work. (I +had interested the King, by my account of this national +repository.)</p> + +<p>To the Governor in Chief, one boy, one girl, to be brought up in +his service.</p> + +<p>To Mr. Bowdich, one boy, one girl, and 2 oz. 6 ac. of gold.</p> + +<table> +<tr> +<td>Mr. Tedlie, one boy, and 1 oz.</td> +<td>4 ac. of gold.</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Accra linguist, one cloth,</td> +<td>10 ditto.</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Cape Coast linguists, two cloths,</td> +<td>10 ditto.</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>De Graaff’s messenger,</td> +<td>10 ditto.</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>The officers servants,</td> +<td>10 ditto.</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>The soldiers,</td> +<td>10 ditto.</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p class="nind">I afterwards received a Sarem cloth and some +trifles as a further dash from Apokoo; one sheep, &c. &c. +from Baba the chief of the Moors; and 15 ackies of gold from the +King’s linguists, with their acknowledgments of my firmness during +the negotiation.</p> + +<p>The King having a palaver at present with the Warsaws, objected +so strongly to our returning through their territory, that after +one or two attempts to over-rule his apprehensions, I found it +would be imprudent to persevere in the wish, although the +disappointment was great; the King assured me the Warsaw path was +two days longer, and that he will not spare any labour on that +of<span class="pagenum" id="Page_148">[148]</span> Assin directly +after the war. I had permission to go some miles on the Warsaw +path, to convince myself of its neglected condition.</p> + +<p>The King’s favorite son (a child about five years old) whom he +had dressed in our uniform for the occasion, was so alarmed at the +idea of being given over to us, that the King’s feelings obliged +him to promise me that he would send the children after me; he is +too jealous of the advantages to allow those of his great men to +participate, until his own family are first distinguished by +them.</p> + +<p>The King supplied me with bearers, and pressed me to take six +hammock men in case of sickness; he would not hear of pay for any, +and persisted in appointing one of his captains to take care of us. +He yielded the point of an escort reluctantly, which I had combated +from the consideration of the expense of a present to such a +number. The King requested me on taking leave, to wait a short time +until his captains had distributed the powder to salute as on our +departure, and it being then dark, to proceed no further than a +small croom just beyond the marsh, where the people should join us +in the morning. The King and his captains were seated by torch +light with all their insignia, without the palace, and we quitted +the capital, preceded by the King’s banners, discharges of +musketry, and every flattering distinction that could be thought +of.</p> + +<p>The King has provided one of the best houses for Mr. Hutchison, +very superior to any we could have raised at so short a notice, and +has anticipated every thing to make him comfortable, and respected; +nothing could be more considerate or kind, than his speech to him +on my taking leave.</p> + +<p>A messenger of the King of Dwabin’s accompanies me for a suit of +our uniform for the King’s wear, which I could not refuse.</p> + +<p class="right pad-right12 space-above1">I am, &c. &c.</p> + +<table class="sign2"> +<tr> +<td>(Signed)</td> +<td>T. EDWARD BOWDICH.</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p class="right less space-above15"><span class="pagenum" id= +"Page_149">[149]</span><em>Coomassie, September 22</em>, 1817.</p> + +<p class="center space-above1"><span class="sc">Saï Tootoo +Quamina</span>, <em>King of Ashantee, &c. to</em> <span class= +"sc">John Hope Smith</span>, <em>Esquire, Governor in Chief, +&c. &c. &c.</em></p> + +<p class="nind pad3 space-above1 space-below1"><span class= +"sc">Sir,</span> +</p> + +<p class="nind"><span class="sc">We</span> are from this time forth +good friends, and I shall send all the trade I can to Cape Coast +Castle, and I hope that you will by and by have confidence in my +word.</p> + +<p>I beg you will send my best compliments to the King of England, +and accept them yourself, in proof of my satisfaction of the +purposes of the Embassy, and its happy termination.</p> + +<p>You will call all the Fantee caboceers before you, and impress +the importance of the Treaty, and exact their respect of it, as I +have from all my great men and caboceers.</p> + +<p>I hope you will always act towards me as a friend, and I shall +always be ready to protect and support the British interests.</p> + +<p>I wish you health and happiness, and all my captains send their +best compliments to you.</p> + +<p class="right pad-right12 space-above1">I am, Sir,</p> + +<p class="right pad-right6 space-above1">your sincere friend,</p> + +<p class="right space-above1">The mark <img src='images/sym1.png' +class="iwsym1" alt='[X]'> of Saï Tootoo Quamina.</p> + +<p class="nind pad3 space-above1 space-below1">Present,</p> + +<p class="nind"><span class="sc">W. Hutchison.</span> +</p> + +<p class="nind"><span class="sc">Henry Tedlie.</span> +</p> + +<p>I will thank you to impress on the King of England that I have +sworn not to renew the war with the Fantees, out of respect to him, +and I shall consider them as his people. I hope therefore he will, +in turn, consider if he cannot renew the Slave Trade, which will be +good for me.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_150">[150]</span>I hope the King +of England will now let all foreign vessels come to the coast to +trade, and you must say that the path is now clear to do as much +English trade as your supplies will allow.</p> + +<hr class="decordb width8"> + +<p class="center space-above15">The following letter was sent after +me, to Doompassie.</p> + +<p class="right less space-above15"><em>Coomassie, 23d +September</em>, 1817.</p> + +<p class="center space-above1"><span class="sc">John Hope Smith, +Esq. Governor in Chief</span>, &c. &c. &c.</p> + +<p class="nind pad3 space-above1 space-below1"><span class= +"sc">Sir,</span> +</p> + +<p class="nind"><span class="sc">The</span> King of Ashantee +desires me to request you will write to all the Governors of +English forts, on the African coast, to order the caboceers of each +town, to send a proper person to Cape Coast, and that you will add +one messenger yourself; that they may all proceed to Coomassie to +take the King’s fetish in his presence, that none may plead +ignorance of the Treaty concluded between his Majesty and the +British nation.</p> + +<p>The King wishes me to express, that he is fully satisfied with +the objects of the Mission, and that the Treaty may be read by me +to all the Fantee deputies you may send for that purpose.</p> + +<p class="right pad-right12 space-above1">I am, &c. &c.</p> + +<table class="sign2"> +<tr> +<td>(Signed)</td> +<td>W. HUTCHISON.</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<hr class="decordb width8"> + +<p class="space-above15">My last private letters from Cape Coast +Castle had imposed the most painful anxiety; the two lives +naturally beyond all others the dearest to me, were imminently +endangered by the seasoning illness of the country; one yielded to +it before I could arrive, yet, under all the impatience of my +affliction, I must confess, when I took<span class="pagenum" id= +"Page_151">[151]</span> the King’s hand for the last time, when I +reflected on the benevolence, the solicitude, and the generosity I +had experienced whilst my life was in his hands, affected by the +most untoward and irritating political circumstances, by the +aggravated suspicions of his chiefs, and by the poisonous jealousy +of the Moors, there was a painful gratification in the retrospect, +which blended the wish to linger another hour in listening to +acknowledgments of esteem and obligation, more affecting than +flattering, and enhanced by the consoling reflection, that they +were the natural emotions of one of those monarchs we are pleased +to call barbarians. Night was coming on, but as I had so positively +declared before the King and his council, on the former occasion, +that nothing should deter me from keeping my word in quitting +Coomassie on this day, it would not do to delay even until the +morning. A strict observance of your word, is every thing in the +eye of a Negro. The King said, he would not beg me to stay, as I +had declared I dared not; he would only ask me to go no further +than Ogogoo, that night, and his people should join me early in the +morning. Our exit was a brilliant scene, from the reflection of the +glittering ornaments of the King and his captains by the torches; +they were seated in a deep and long line, without the palace, +accompanied by their retinues; all their bands burst forth +together, as we saluted the King in passing, and we were enveloped +in the smoke of the musketry. The darkness of the forest was an +instantaneous and awful contrast, and the howlings and screeches of +the wild beasts, startled us as we groped our way, as if we had +never heard them before. The torches provided for our protection +against them were extinguished in crossing the marsh, which had +swollen to between four and five feet deep, and the descent to it +from Coomassie was rocky and abrupt. The linguists and soldiers +lost themselves in the forest, and did not arrive at Ogogoo until +long<span class="pagenum" id="Page_152">[152]</span> after Mr. +Tedlie and myself. The inhabitants were asleep, but they rose +cheerfully, cleared the best house for us, and made fires. The next +morning I received the dash of gold from the King’s linguists, in a +Mallowa bag, with a long compliment; the conclusion of which was, +that I must always be ready to use the same spirit and address, in +talking a palaver for the King of Ashantee, as I had shewn in +talking that of my own King. This testimony of their good feeling +and esteem, which they could not avow whilst we were political +antagonists, was grateful.</p> + +<p>Marching through Sarrasoo, where we were liberally refreshed +with palm wine, we halted in the evening at Assiminia. We were +received with great hospitality by the principal man, who provided +us with excellent lodging, to his own inconvenience, and presented +us with some fowls. The path was almost a continued bog, for the +rainy season had set in violently. The next day we marched through +Dadasey to Doompassie, and occupied our former comfortable +dwelling. One party spent the night in the woods. Thursday morning, +the 6th, we had a short but most fatiguing march over the mountains +dividing the frontiers, to Moisee, the first Assin town. The +difficulty of procuring provisions until the people returned from +the plantations, detained us in Moisee until four o’clock in the +evening. As the stage from Doompassie had been short, (although +fatiguing) I determined to proceed to Akrofroom, as we should gain +a day by it. The Ashantees remonstrated, knowing the swollen state +of the several small rivers, and the aggravated difficulties of the +path from the heavy rain; but I was so apprehensive of being +detained, by their pleading their superstitious observance of good +and bad days for travelling, that I was afraid of seeming to yield +to them, lest it might encourage the disposition. I recommended +them to go back, and started without them, but they were soon at my +heels, declaring, they should lose<span class="pagenum" id= +"Page_153">[153]</span> their heads if they quitted us. Mr. Tedlie, +myself, a soldier, and the Ashantee next in authority under the +captain, outwalked the rest of the party, and found ourselves out +of their hearing when it grew dark. We lost some time in trying to +make torches to keep off the beasts, and to direct us in the right +track, for we were walking through a continued bog, and had long +before lost our shoes. A violent tornado ushered in the night, we +could not hear each other holla, and were soon separated; luckily I +found I had one person left with me (the Ashantee) who, after I had +groped him out, tying his cloth tight round his middle, gave me the +other end, and thus plunged along, pulling me after him, through +bogs and rivers, exactly like an owl tied to a duck in a pond. The +thunder, the darkness, and the howlings of the wild beasts were +awful, but the loud and continuing crash of a large tree, which +fell very near us during the storm, was even more so to my ear. The +Ashantee had dragged me along, or rather through, in this manner +until I judged it to be midnight, when, quite exhausted, with the +remnants of my clothes scarcely hanging together, I let go his +cloth, and falling on the ground, was asleep before I could call +out to him. I was awoke by this faithful guide, who had felt me +out, and seated me on the trunk of a tree, with my head resting on +his shoulder; he gave me to understand I must die if I sat there, +and we pursued the duck and owl method once more. In an hour we +forded the last river, which had swollen considerably above my +chin, and spread to a great width. This last labour I considered +final, and my drowsiness became so fascinating, that it seemed to +beguile me of every painful thought and apprehension, and the +yielding to it was an exquisite, though momentary pleasure. I +presume I must have slept above an hour, lifted by this humane man +from the bank of the river to a drier corner of the forest, more +impervious to the torrents of rain; when, being awoke, I +was<span class="pagenum" id="Page_154">[154]</span> surprised to +see him with a companion and a torch; he took me on his back, and +in about three quarters of an hour we reached Akrofroom. This man +knew I carried about me several ounces of gold, for the subsistence +of the people, not trusting to our luggage, which we could not +reckon on in such a season and journey. Exhausted and insensible, +my life was in his hands, and infested as the forest was with wild +beasts, he might after such a night, without suspicion, have +reported me as destroyed by them; this had occurred to me, and was +an uneasy feeling as long as my torpor left me any. It was about +two o’clock in the morning, and the inhabitants of Akrofroom were +almost all asleep, for it was too rude a night for Negro revelry; +however, I was directly carried to a dry and clean apartment, +furnished with a brass pan full of water to wash in, some fruits +and palm wine, an excellent bed of mats and cushions, and an +abundance of country cloths to wrap around me, for I was all but +naked. After I had washed, I rolled myself up in the cloths, one +after the other, until I became a gigantic size, and by a profuse +perspiration escaped any other ill than a slight fever. A soldier +came up about mid-day, and gave me some hopes of seeing Mr. Tedlie +again, who arrived soon afterwards, having left his companions in a +bog, waiting until he sent them assistance from the town. Our +gratification was mutual, for the only trace he had had of me was +by no means an encouraging one; my servant meeting an Ashantee in +the forest with fragments of my clothes, which he persisted he had +not taken from any person, but picked up on his way. Mr. Tedlie +(whose feet were cut and bruised much more than mine, and whose +wretched plight made him envy the African toga I had assumed) after +we had separated, and the storm had drowned our mutual hollaings, +the howlings of the wild beasts meeting his ears on all sides, had +just determined to roost in a tree for the night, when an Ashantee +appeared with a<span class="pagenum" id="Page_155">[155]</span> +torch, and conducted him out of the track to the remains of a shed, +where four or five of the people had before strayed and settled +themselves. Another party arrived at Akrofroom about four o’clock, +and the last, with the Cape Coast linguist and the corporal, not +until sun set; they had lost the track altogether, and spent the +whole day, as well as the previous night, in the woods. We made an +excellent duck soup, our grace to which was, “what a luxury to poor +Mungo Park;” the name recalled sufferings which made us laugh at +our own as mere adventures.</p> + +<p>On Saturday the 8th we marched to Asharamang. Here we found +great difficulties in getting provisions until the Ashantees came +up, for Quamina Bwa’s knavery had been ascribed to us; and here, +panyaring all we required, he had not given the inhabitants a tokoo +of the gold. At length we were well supplied and comfortably +lodged. The next day we marched through Kickiwherree to Prasoo, +where we occupied a good house, and an Ashantee captain proceeding +on an embassy, dashed us a supply of fowls and yams. We crossed the +Boosempra early the next morning, and thence began to leave the +rains behind us. Persevering in making but one journey of the +distances which occupied us two and three days going up, we pressed +forward, passing by our former bivouacs in the woods, scarcely +distinguishable, until we reached the site of Accomfodey, for only +one hut now remained; the wretched inhabitants having deserted it +in terror of the Ashantees. The solitary Fantee who occupied it, +had the address to assure me, that I should find much better +lodging at Ancomassa, where we recollected to have left some +comfortable huts going up, and we resolved to try another stage, +and were recompensed by finding scarcely a wreck of the place, and +some tattered sheds only instead of the sound roof we had quitted. +We proceeded early the next morning, passed Foosou, which +was<span class="pagenum" id="Page_156">[156]</span> entirely +deserted, and marched until we found ourselves at sun set on the +banks of the Aniabirrim. The people were all behind, and the +Ashantees coming up about an hour afterwards, informed us they had +settled themselves for the night about two hours walk distant. +Unfortunately we had no flint, and after fasting all day, we had +the mortification of losing our supper merely for want of a fire; +the wood was all so wet that friction had no effect on it, we could +find no shelter, and a heavy rain set in as it grew dark; fatigue +luckily beguiled us of cold and hunger, and of our apprehensions of +a visit from the beasts, who were howling about the banks of their +watering place. I wrapped myself up in the Inta cloth Apokoo had +given me, and wet as the ground was, I never slept better. Hence +the forest visibly declined in height towards the coast. We pressed +on by day light, found some excellent guavas to allay our hunger, +and reaching Mansue, made a good soup of our fowls, peppers growing +luxuriantly all around us. We waited until we heard of the people +behind us, and then proceeded; about five in the evening I reached +Cottacoomacasa, with the Dwabin messenger only. The place was +deserted, and a body of Ashantee traders had occupied the remaining +shed. I would not disturb them, but waiting until sun set for Mr. +Tedlie, I left him a supply of guavas, and proceeded to Payntree. +There was a charm in the name of that place, being but one journey +from the sea, superior to the recollection of the former night’s +adventure. It was a brilliant night, and the dark gloom and hollow +echos of the long vistas of the forest, formed a fine contrast to +the extensive areas (sites of large Fantee crooms destroyed by the +Ashantees) into which we frequently emerged. The wild music and +cheerful revelry of the inhabitants of Payntree stole upon my ear, +and raised the tone of my spirits in proportion as the sounds +strengthened.</p> + +<p>A loud and continued shout warned me that I was +announced;<span class="pagenum" id="Page_157">[157]</span> torches +and music instantly encircled me, and I was conducted to old +Payntree’s residence, who had built himself a new house somewhat in +the Ashantee fashion. An excellent bed was prepared for me of an +accumulation of mats and country cloths, and a famous supper of +soups, stews, fruit, and palm wine. Quamina Bootaqua paid his +respects, and old Payntree, Amooney King of Annamaboe, and two or +three other caboceers, unknown to me, made a long adulatory speech, +complimenting my ability, bewailing my hardships, and magnifying +their obligations. I was requested to seat myself on old Payntree’s +state stool, whilst they stood around me, and he begged me to +listen to an air composed by his band on the occasion of the +embassy, and its successful termination; “all would now be well, +and Fantee revive and flourish.” I sat up till midnight, vainly +expecting Mr. Tedlie and the soldiers; they awoke me by their +arrival before sun rise; they had passed the night in a sound hut, +on the path, which from the want of a torch had escaped my +notice.</p> + +<p>Hearing, as I expected, that there was a path from Payntree to +Cape Coast Castle, avoiding Annamaboe (whence the Mission had +departed), I determined to explore it, and Payntree furnished me +with a guide. The country was beautifully diversified with hill and +dale, but the soil was generally lighter and more gravelly than +that between Annamaboe and Payntree. We passed through several +groves of guava trees, and all the other tropical fruits abounded. +Occasionally there were small plantations of Guinea corn, where a +few wretched Fantees still lurked in the ruins of the crooms the +Ashantees had destroyed. We passed through eleven which had been +considerable, and now presented but a few mud houses scattered over +extensive sites. Their names were Assequah, Daöoramong, Amparoo, +Taächoo, Coorikirraboo, Perridjoo, Abikarrampa, Aquoitee, Miensa, +and Amosima. The only water was near<span class="pagenum" id= +"Page_158">[158]</span> Amparoo; it was a large pond nearly two +miles in circumference, and sixty yards broad, impregnated with +vegetable matter. After travelling 15 miles, we climbed some very +steep and rocky hills, apparently of iron stone, and descended into +a flat country, continuing until a small rising about two miles +from Cape Coast Castle, (which I judged to be 20 miles from +Payntree by this interior path) opened the sea to our view; as +delightful to our sight, as land would have been after a prolonged +and perilous voyage. The shouts and greetings of the natives were a +grateful introduction to the more congenial congratulations of our +countrymen.</p> + +<div class="footnotes" id="ftp1c06"> +<div class="footnote"> +<p><a id="Footnote_13"></a><a href="#FNanchor_13"><span class= +"label">[13]</span></a>One piece of silk. 10 handkerchiefs of Dane. +1 umbrella. 4 gallons of rum. 20 lbs. of pork. 1 basket of rice. +Biscuit. 1 sheep.</p> +</div> + +<div class="footnote"> +<p><a id="Footnote_14"></a><a href="#FNanchor_14"><span class= +"label">[14]</span></a>The man who hung himself.</p> +</div> +</div> + +<hr class="chap"> + +<div class="page"> +<hr class="decordb width10"> + +<p class="center spaced2 space-above15 space-below1"><span class= +"pagenum" id="Page_159">[159]</span><a id="p2"></a><span class= +"large"><span class="letter-spaced01">MISSION TO +ASHANTE</span>E.</span><br> +PART II.</p> + +<hr class="decordb width10"> +</div> + +<hr class="chap"> + +<h2><span class="pagenum" id="Page_161">[161]</span><a id= +"p2c01"></a><span class="letter-spaced01">CHAPTER</span> I.</h2> + +<hr class="decordb width8 spaced3"> + +<p class="sch1"><em>Geography.</em> +</p> + +<p class="dcap"><span class="sc">The</span> impression of the +Natives that we came “to spy the country” was sedulously +strengthened by the Moors, who were actuated by alarm, jealousy, +and a spirit of intolerance unmitigated by a previous intercourse +with Europeans. I felt compelled, therefore, to suppress all +curiosity for a considerable time, lest the anxiety to detect us in +geographical enquiries, to make their calumny more imposing, might +have been gratified. Latterly, when better feelings had been +induced through patience and candour, as the Moorish charts and +MSS. evidence, the inaptitude rather than the reluctance of the +natives, made the shortness of our stay unaccommodating. I shall +pass over a mass of memoranda recorded on individual report, and +only select such, wherein Moors and natives, unknown to each other, +have agreed; describing their travels in their own way, without my +questions anticipating or directing them. These routes and +observations were further confirmed by the evidence of children, +recently arrived as slaves from the various countries, whose +artless replies decided my credence. It may be remarked, that the +children of the African Negroes, early accustomed to travel with +their parents for their convenience or their assistance, and +unoccupied by the difficulties of incipient education, observe +nature more attentively than European children of the same age +would; for they have nothing else to think of, or<span class= +"pagenum" id="Page_162">[162]</span> to divert the fatigue of these +reiterated trading journies: their evidence, therefore, was a +genuine and acceptable check on the Moorish and Negro adults.</p> + +<p>The difficulty of adjusting geography by investigation only, is +not diminished by the numerous small states, scarcely less frequent +than those of modern Italy, which we find to compose this part of +Western Africa.</p> + +<p>Any thing like observations of the Sun’s place, during a +journey, seemed to be so uncommon to the Natives, and so secondary +to the Moors, from their confused accounts of the occasional +changes, that, after expending much time to no purpose, I was +obliged to content myself with placing the different kingdoms in +the same direction as their several paths bore from Coomassie, +taking every precaution to be convinced that the paths did not +cross each other; and afterwards adjusting the positions by the +various auxiliary evidence which occurred in the general course of +my enquiries. I allow 15 miles for each days journey (which, from +observation and report, I have reason to think is the average) and +two thirds of the sum to be made good on the horizontal distance, +as we found this to be nearly the case in our journey from +Annamaboe to Coomassie; the distance travelled being 146 miles, +Annamaboe laying in 5° 4′ N., and 1° 43′ W., and the latitude of +Coomassie being 6° 34′ 50″ N.; and the longitude 2° 11′ W. by the +mean of the observations of the eclipses of Jupiter’s 1st and 2nd +satellites.</p> + +<p>I procured the numerals of the various countries whenever I +could, to assist future enquirers.</p> + +<p>There are nine great paths leading from Coomassie, the Dwabin, +Akim, Assin, Warsaw, Sauee, Gaman, Soko, Daboia, and Sallagha.</p> + +<p>Dwabin is not more than three quarters of a day’s +journey<span class="pagenum" id="Page_163">[163]</span> eastward +from Coomassie, by the route No. 1.; in which I have retained only +the larger towns, omitting the villages; as I shall invariably. The +river Dah is crossed close to the westward of Dwabin, and said to +be as wide as we found it at Sarrasoo. Two journies beyond Dwabin +is a small dependent district called Mohoo. Several names, such as +Meäsee, Marmpon, Akrofroom, &c. will be found common to +different states, as Larissa, Argos, and Thebes were in antient +Greece.</p> + +<p>There is an eastern branch of the Akim path, entered immediately +on leaving Coomassie, to a country called Quaöo, northward of Akim, +(of which it seems formerly to have been a district) and adjoining +the Volta. Diabbee is its principal town, and the second Wantomoo, +8 journies from Coomassie by route No. 2. The latter is situated at +the foot of a mountain whence the Boosempra issues, with two +smaller rivers, the Soobirree and Sesee, running to the Kirradee. +This district is entered the 3d day from Coomassie.</p> + +<p>There are two routes to Accra through Akim, the capital of which +is Bannasoo, 5 journies, and the northern frontier town Feëa, 3 +journies from Coomassie. The easternmost route to Accra is 15 +journies; the other is made 17 journies to pass near the lake +Boosmaquee. This lake, 3 journies from Coomassie, was described as +four miles long, and nearly three broad; upwards of thirty small +crooms were reckoned situated around it, supported by fishing: the +water was said to be unpleasant to drink, and to give a reddish hue +to the hair of the people who washed in it. Fish were forwarded +thence daily for the King’s table, by relays of men. It was called +the white mans fetish, there being a popular superstition, +nourished by the Moors, that Europeans were to join it with the +sea, to introduce vessels for the subjugation of the country. Close +to the lake is a mountain called Quashee Boposoo,<span class= +"pagenum" id="Page_164">[164]</span> sometimes seen clearly from +Coomassie, abounding in large black stones, described as basaltes. +By this route (No. 3.) to Accra, the Akim country is entered the +4th day, the Boosempra is crossed on the 6th, by a tree laid over +it, and the Birrim, by a line and raft on the 12th; it is much +wider than the Boosempra is where we crossed it, and runs to that +river, falling into it just above our crossing. The Aquapim, a +clear and mountainous country, is entered on the 16th day. By the +eastern route, No. 4, the Akim country is entered the 4th day; a +large hill called Abirrawantoo is passed the 9th; thence the Birrim +springs, crossing the path twice before it runs to the Boosempra. +Three days westward from this mountain, is a second, called Papow, +in which the Aïnshue or the Winnebah river rises. A river called +Dinshue rises also in this neighbourhood, running to the Saccomo, +which falls into the sea 8 miles west of Accra. Isert, who visited +Aquapim, called the capital Kommang, but Akropong is so now. The +distance from Coomassie to Accra may be estimated at 230 miles, +which bears about the same proportion to the horizontal distance, +as the path we travelled through Assin from Annamaboe. Dr. Leyden +was much imposed on in the extravagant account he has given of the +extent, power, and commerce of Akim,<a id= +"FNanchor_15"></a><a href="#Footnote_15" class="fnanchor">[15]</a> +which is placed in the map accompanying his work, eastward of +Dahomey, instead of westward of the Volta. Dr. Isert was a Danish +gentleman, who had the good fortune to cure the former King of +Ashantee’s sister of a lingering disorder, after she had exhausted +all the skill of the<span class="pagenum" id= +"Page_165">[165]</span> fetish women, and came to Christiansburg +Castle in despair. He afterwards expressed his wish to visit the +Ashantee kingdom; and being encouraged, he set out in June 1786, +and staying some days in Aquapim, was just about to enter Akim, +when he was recalled by the Governor. A dangerous illness, +heightened by his disappointment, soon afterwards disgusted him +with the country, and he left it for the West Indies. As Dr. +Isert’s letters are only known in German and Dutch,<a id= +"FNanchor_16"></a><a href="#Footnote_16" class="fnanchor">[16]</a> +and he was an industrious and scientific observer, an extract from +his description of the Aquapim country will be acceptable. I am +indebted for a Latin translation of this and other passages, +adduced on different subjects, to Dr. Reynhaut of Elmina +Castle.</p> + +<p>“I began my journey early in the morning of the 17th of June, +and after walking two hours I arrived at a little village, +picturesquely situated, named Aschiama. Two hours behind this lies +a chain of mountains, which are composed of granitous stones; +flints are but rarely found. The whole prospect shews itself here +in a very different manner to that observed in sandy countries; the +rocks are covered with lofty trees, which are encompassed with +small forests almost impervious. The soil, no longer sandy, becomes +argillaceous, and excellent for vegetation. Behind these forests I +arrived at a Negro village called Abodee, eight leagues from +Christiansburg: the inhabitants of this place are very tenacious of +native ceremony and etiquette. Thence I passed by an irregular path +through the following villages, Fiasso, Fientema, Futu, Mampon, +Odaky, Manno, and Manseng. An hour afterwards I reached a village +named Kommong, the residence of H.R.H. the Duke of Aquapim. Here +the country is charming, though forests are still to be found. +Mountains, rocks, and vallies vary each<span class="pagenum" id= +"Page_166">[166]</span> other in the most striking order; fresh +water, so rarely obtained in maritime countries, is found here of +an excellent quality. Near this village a stream constantly rushes +from the summit of a rock, and affords a fresh and crystalline +water. Trees of a very large circumference are also found; I +calculated one of the biggest to be 45 feet round and 15 in +diameter. These trees are not the same as those of which Adanson +speaks in his description of Senegal, (Adansonia digitata) but are +of a peculiar species; they much resemble a round tower, as they do +not bear either flowers or fruits. Here I found the Ammonium Grana +Paradisi, the Ammonium Zerumber, and a new genus in a perpendicular +tree ornamented by flowers, which resembled tulips, (Novum Genus +Tetandriæ) and of great elegance: also a new species of aloe, of +which the inhabitants make thread; a new species of citron with +indented leaves, and a multitude of unknown trees and shrubs. In +the thickest forests grows a species of Spanish cane, very straight +and well proportioned, and often attaining six feet in height; it +is to be wished that it could be made use of, treating it as the +Chinese do, for if, when dry, an equal degree of tenacity could be +induced, it would prove superior in quality. I observed, on the +boughs of the trees, the Senna plant (which is parasitic, and +consists entirely of a flower), it was almost the shape of a pine +when open, and the inside is of a very deep red; the Negroes use it +in the syphilitic disorder, when first attacked. I took it for the +Aphuteia Hydrora of Thunberg, but on examination it differs much, +as it belongs to Icosandria. Palm trees are here very rare, except +the oliferous (Elois Guineensis) and the viniferous (an Phœnix) +which are cultivated in great numbers; also the true cocoa nut +trees (Cocas nucifera) and the false (an Borassus.) In a word, +nature entirely changes her form as soon as you reach the summit of +the chain of mountains, and I do not believe one<span class= +"pagenum" id="Page_167">[167]</span> twentieth part of the plants +found here are the same as those on the Coast. With regard to +natural history, I was less happy in making discoveries. The +elephant, so abundantly inhabiting the environs of Fidah, (Whydah) +and other wild beasts, are here very rare, which may be attributed +to the scarcity of grass, the growth of which is prevented by the +almost impenetrable forests. Several sorts of birds are here seen, +principally paroquets, of which I knew six species, Psittacus, +Erythæus and Pullarius (Linn.) the others seem to be new, and I +also saw a great number of insects of new species. The mineral +kingdom would perhaps be richer if they had mines here. The rocks +are solely composed of rough stones like granite and grens, and +their species; dry quartz and slate stones are often found; on the +other hand I could not discover calcareous earth. The soil is +varied, but consists in general of a rich aluminous earth, traced +in different colours, and of a rich black earth with which sand is +never mixed. The atmosphere seemed more salubrious than on the sea +coast, though physicians generally deny this quality to exist near +the forests which grow in warm climates. I believe the elevated +situation of the country contributes much to it. The Europeans who +inhabit the Coast in forts, would do well to establish an hospital +and a garden here. The Arum Esculentum, the Banana (Musa sapientum) +the Ananas (Bromelia Ananas) the Carica Papaia and Citron all +abound here.”</p> + +<p>The Assin path is that described in the route from Annamaboe to +Coomassie, it branches off at Foosoo to Ensabra, two journies from +Winnebah, through Anissoo, Asoidroo (the head quarters of the King +of Ashantee in the invasion of 1807) and Atoäperrim, which means +“to fire a gun.” The principal town of Assin is Ansa, through which +we passed, Akrofroom, apparently larger, is called the second. A +range of stony hills is the boundary of Assin and Akim.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_168">[168]</span>The path to +Elmina, through the Warsaw country, makes so considerable an angle +to the westward, that the Ashantees invariably declared it occupied +more time to travel than the Assin; it is allowed to be ten +journies at Elmina, by route No. 5. The Dah is crossed the first +day at its town Adahsoo, and in the evening Becquoi (one of the +five large towns built by the Ashantees) is reached. The Dankara +country is entered the third day, the Tufel the fourth, the Warsaw +the sixth, the Boosempra is crossed the tenth day, the Ofim, which +skirts this path to the westward (having received the Dah at +Meeäsee) falling into it. The capital of the Dankara country is +four journies westward of Coomassie, and the frontier is entered +the second by route No. 6: it is the most productive of gold, but +has been extravagantly over-rated in Bosman’s report of its +population. The river Seënnee, or, as the Portuguese have called +it, Ancobra, from its serpentine course, has been thought to rise +just beyond the north eastern frontier, but it will presently +appear to be a branch of the Tando of the Ashantees. In the Dutch +copies of the old Portuguese charts, Dankara is placed eastward of +Ashantee. The Warsaw country will be noticed more particularly, in +considering the maritime geography from Cape Coast Castle to the +river Assinee.</p> + +<p>The Warsaw path has two grand branches, one to Apollonia and one +to Aöwin, each thirteen journies; the former is in the small +kingdom of Amanăheä. The Aöwin country extends from Apollonia to +the river Assinee, five journies in length and three in breadth; it +is governed by seven or eight caboceers, like those of Warsaw, +independent of each other: it can furnish about 5000 soldiers. The +numerals of Amanăheä and Aöwin will appear in an essay on the +Fantee language. Both countries are at the mercy of the Ashantees, +who extort gold from them frequently, though they have not yet +fixed the tributes.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_169">[169]</span>Sauëe lies eight +journies W.N.W. from Coomassie, and Moinsan fifteen. I could not +procure the routes, but Wom and Sannasee are two of the largest +towns which are passed through.</p> + +<p>Buntookoo, the capital of the kingdom of Gaman, is 11 journies +N.N.W. of Coomassie by route No. 7. The river Ofim is crossed the +second day, the Tando the fifth, thence the country becomes open. +Yammee, the frontier town of Gaman, is reached the eighth day. The +name of the King of Gaman is Adinkara; the capital, though not so +large, is allowed to be better built than Coomassie, and the +Moorish influence has been longer established. It is incomparably +the richest country in gold, and small pits were described to me, +like those Mr. Park saw at Shrondo. The numerals are,</p> + +<table class="padded1" id="t169"> +<tr> +<td>One</td> +<td>Tah.</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Two</td> +<td>Noo.</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Three</td> +<td>Sah.</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Four</td> +<td>Nah.</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Five</td> +<td>Taw.</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Six</td> +<td>Torata.</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Seven</td> +<td>Toorifeenoo.</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Eight</td> +<td>Toorifeessa.</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Nine</td> +<td>Toorifeena.</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Ten</td> +<td>Noonoo.</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p class="nind">The four principal Gaman towns, are Sarem, which +some call the capital, Bandakeeä, Bundoo, and Nasseä, five journies +from Kong, and seven from Buntookoo.</p> + +<p>A powerful kingdom called Bahooree, which has hitherto +successfully resisted the Ashantees, was described to be westward, +and expected to afford refuge to the King of Gaman on the +approaching invasion.</p> + +<p>I had heard it reported that the Tando formed the Assinee +river,<span class="pagenum" id="Page_170">[170]</span> about 35 +miles westward of Cape Apollonia, but a very intelligent Ashantee +satisfied me this was a mistake, arising probably from Seënee being +the native name of the Ancobra, which is formed by one branch of +the Tando; a second running westward. The Tando is not near so +large as the Boosempra, and therefore very unlikely to form so +large a river as the Assinee; the western branch may possibly run +into it. Mr. Meredith, writing from report without sufficiently +checking it, has made the Tando and the Chamah or Boosempra the +same; yet, p. 225, he adds, “the Volta is more probably a branch of +the Tando, a large river reported as running to the eastward, and +which the Ashantees are obliged to cross in coming to the Coast;” +he did not reflect that he thus laid down a river running out of +the sea. The Tando, we have seen, is five days northward of +Coomassie, it rises in some rocky hills called Toofeeä, near the +large town Aënkroo, between the Banda and Inta paths.</p> + +<p>Soko (formerly a province of Gaman) is 11 journies from +Coomassie; and Banda, four beyond, and a little to the eastward; +see route No. 8. The first day, Tafoo is reached, a large +aboriginal Inta town, for, as will be seen in the historical +report, the Ashantees emigrated, and subjected several Inta +districts now forming the northern part of their dominions, and +trenched considerably on that declining kingdom, now entirely at +their mercy. If Mr. Dalzel had reflected, it would have occurred to +him, that the Taffoe, Tafoe, or Tafu of Snelgrave (placed so +absurdly in his map, 60 miles west of the mouth of the Volta) and +the In-ta<a id="FNanchor_17"></a><a href="#Footnote_17" class= +"fnanchor">[17]</a> he heard of at Dahomey, and confounded with +Ashantee, were the same: for the In in In-ta is scarcely audible, +and only a slight nasal sound barely amounting to n, as N-ta; foo +is merely an adjunct equal to people or men in our language, +affixed in the present<span class="pagenum" id= +"Page_171">[171]</span> infancy of African language to all names of +countries, as if we always said the Scotchmen or Irishmen, instead +of the Scotch and Irish. The Ofim is crossed one day beyond Tafoo +at its croom Ofeesoo, the Tando four journies beyond at Tandosoo. +Takima is reached the eighth day, whence the Fantees are reported, +by tradition, to have emigrated, and there is yet but little +difference in the languages.</p> + +<p>Sixteen journies N.N.E. of Coomassie is Boopee (which I have +placed accordingly in 8° 42′ N. and 1° 19′ W.) the frontier town of +Inta, hitherto confounded with Ashantee, than which it is more +populous and more civilized. The Moorish influence has been long +established there, and almost all its caboceers affect to profess +that faith. The river Adirri, which we shall presently identify +with the Volta, is crossed four hours southward of Boopee, and is +described as about 120 yards broad; it rises eight journies N.W. of +Boopee, in a large mountain called Kondoongooree, one of the +mountains of Kong, which were distinctly and invariably reported +not to be a chain, but frequently and individually scattered, from +Kong eastward. Seven journies from Coomassie, on the Inta route, is +the smaller kingdom Coranza (probably the Corisseno of the old +maps) the people of which are of the same origin as the Ashantees +by tradition, but, as the King himself assured me, of much more +genius and aptitude. Three journies from Boopee is Daboia, the +second town of Inta. The first journey is to Minsiroo, where lions +are numerous; the second to Moronko, the inhabitants of which are +so fearful of being carried off as slaves by the Ashantee traders +(who travel in great numbers) that they have no doors to their +houses, but ascending by a ladder, which they immediately draw up, +they enter through the thatch. Close to Moronko is a river, about +as large as the Boosempra, called Adiffofoo. Pahmee, three journies +south eastward of Daboia, and Yabo which I cannot<span class= +"pagenum" id="Page_172">[172]</span> place so precisely, are the +alternate residences of the King of Inta. There is a constant +commercial intercourse between Inta and Dahomey, the frontiers +being five journies apart. The numerals of Inta are</p> + +<table class="padded1" id="t172"> +<tr> +<td>One</td> +<td>Koko.</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Two</td> +<td>Anyoe.</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Three</td> +<td>Assa.</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Four</td> +<td>Anna.</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Five</td> +<td>Annoo.</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Six</td> +<td>Assee.</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Seven</td> +<td>Assoonno.</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Eight</td> +<td>Adoobrooa.</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Nine</td> +<td>Digrakoono.</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Ten</td> +<td>Koodoo.</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p>Sallagha, the grand market of the Inta kingdom, is 17 journies +north-eastward from Coomassie, by route No. 10. The first is to +Marmpon, one of the five large towns built by the Ashantees, and +possessing palatine privileges; the second, through five smaller +towns to Aphwaguiassie, the largest market in the Ashantee kingdom; +the 9th day the rivers Kirradee and Oboosoom are crossed, each +about 60 yards wide, and flowing so near together, as to appear one +in the rainy season; a high mountain, Aduarreekennee, is just +beyond them, the boundary of Ashantee and Booroom. The tenth day +the river Sennee is forded, which afterwards enlarges considerably, +and runs into the Volta; it rises five journies from Coomassie (by +route No. 11) between the Boopee and Sallagha paths. The Booroom +country is quite open, and the Ashantees give the river the +figurative name of Birrinsoo, which means that its distance is so +deceiving, that you will cry before you reach it. The capital of +Booroom is Guia, a considerable town, noticed in the route to +Odentee, a fetish sanctuary of great repute, and said<span class= +"pagenum" id="Page_173">[173]</span> to be splendidly furnished. +The Ashantee language is spoken very commonly in Booroom, but the +vernacular numerals are</p> + +<table class="padded1" id="t173"> +<tr> +<td>One</td> +<td>Ekoo.</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Two</td> +<td>Enoo.</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Three</td> +<td>Essa.</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Four</td> +<td>Enna.</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Five</td> +<td>Annoo.</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Six</td> +<td>Esseä.</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Seven</td> +<td>Assoono.</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Eight</td> +<td>Aquiay.</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Nine</td> +<td>Akonno.</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Ten</td> +<td>Edoo.</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p class="nind">The tenth day the Adirri or Volta is crossed, more +than a mile wide, but much interrupted by rocks, and described to +be full of hippopotami (which they call sea elephants,) and +alligators. This river divides Booroom from Inta, Sallagha being +one day’s long march from it. Calculating the 17 journies to +Sallagha at 15 miles each, the course as N.E. by E. and supposing +two thirds to be made good on the horizontal distance, according to +our own experience, which gives 170 B. equal to 147 G. miles, +Sallagha will lie in latitude 7° 56′ N., and longitude 9″ W. As a +check upon this position, it will be necessary to follow the Adirri +or Volta as far as the natives navigate it from Adda, where it is +called the Flou (as the falls of the Senegal.) Isert’s report may +be interesting as an introduction.</p> + +<p>“The people of Adda think it derogatory to cultivate land, and +live by fishing, and making salt, which they sell to the people of +the Interior. The Volta has no breakers, and therefore may be +presumed to be deep.” This is an extraordinary mistake; Dalzel says +there are high breakers. Colonel Starrenberg (of Engineers) at +Elmina Castle, who went about 60 miles up the Volta, +accompanied<span class="pagenum" id="Page_174">[174]</span> by a +Danish officer and flag, and met with no impediment so far, but +turned back reluctantly in three or four fathoms of water, observed +to me, that he thought the channel between the breakers about a +mile wide. Dalzel mentions an American brig making good her passage +over the bar, on which there is about two fathoms water; and a +Danish schooner has done so since. “An arm goes from the mouth to +Quitta.” This must be the river running from Lagos into the Volta, +near the mouth, as will be shewn in considering the errors in the +maritime geography. “Six English miles from the mouth, it forms a +lake 60 miles long and 48 broad, whence an arm extends to Pottriba, +3 miles eastward of Quitta: in this lake are more than a hundred +islands.” Colonel Starrenberg thought the river widened about 9 +British miles from the mouth, but the number of small islands +prevented even ocular demonstration. So large a lake would +certainly have been spoken of by the natives to Europeans ere this; +those whom I have questioned, have gone up the river to the extreme +navigable point, and crossed it in many parts; and they all declare +that at Ascharee, 2 days from Adda, it is not two miles wide. I +never could find either an Ashantee, or a waterside native, who +knew of the arm running to Pottriba, a name they had not heard of; +neither could Col. Starrenberg learn any thing of it; no branch +appeared as far as he went. Isert probably alluded, from report, to +the river Assuafroo, which runs from eastward into the Volta, 7 +journies from Adda, as will appear in the natives account. “From +May to December the water is good to drink, being then higher than +the sea; in the other months it is not so, but produces more fish. +The river overflows in July, and August, and the neighbourhood of +its banks is excellent for the cultivation of rice.” Rice is +abundantly cultivated in the Inta kingdom. “Three miles from the +sea is an island, called Bird Island, full of pelicans of peculiar +kinds. There<span class="pagenum" id="Page_175">[175]</span> is a +fish in this river called hardrass, which, when smoked, is exactly +like European salmon. There are also hippopotami and crocodiles: +quantities of oysters adhere to the mangroves, but when the river +is fresh they are good for nothing. There are a great number of +singing birds, and a nightingale equal to the Polish, which sings +in May and December.” Col. Starrenberg heard a nightingale, but saw +only one hippopotamus. There is a kind of cedar tree, (Avicenniæ +nov. spec.) which shoots up many branches from the ground, about as +thick as a pipe, and bare of leaves: this tree is so very salt in +its nature, that in the morning a great quantity of liquid salt is +found on the leaves, chrystallizing in the course of the day.<a id= +"FNanchor_18"></a><a href="#Footnote_18" class="fnanchor">[18]</a> +Amalfee is on an island, 48 miles from the mouth, the inhabitants +of which, and those on the banks of the river, of Agrafee, Wefee, +Tophirree, and Bettoo, call themselves river inhabitants. The +former are the brokers of slaves for the<span class="pagenum" id= +"Page_176">[176]</span> Creppee country, and receive a vast number +from one of its provinces called Acottim, 3 journies eastward.”</p> + +<p>Mr. Meredith could scarcely have enquired about the Creppee or +Aquamboe countries, to have placed them west of the Volta. The +natives who carry salt up the Volta, pull the 1st day, by Agrafee, +Foomee, and Tefferee to Amanfee, on the banks; the 2nd to Dofo on +an island; the 3rd, by Ascharee, on the western bank, to Adomë; the +4th by Assafoo to the Aquamboe country; the 5th to Sowa; the 6th to +Pessee; the 7th by Appasoo, to Deyatoompon, where a large river +flows into the Volta from the eastward; to Doodee the 8th; to Tombo +the 9th; to Akorosoo the 10th; to Odentee the 11th. Here the river +becomes too rocky to proceed conveniently, and hence to Sallagha by +land is 4 journies, through the large towns Oboëkee, Akuntong, +Enkungquakroo, and Apapassee, famous for making cotton cloth. There +is a small state northward, between Aquamboe and Inta, called +Anoöchoo, subject to Ashantee, bordering on which is Guasoo, the +southern district or province of Inta. The Creppee country borders +on Aquamboe eastward, and is independent.</p> + +<p>I am not in possession of Colonel Starrenberg’s bearings, but +the course of the river may be pretty well ascertained from fixing +the points of Odentee, Quaöo, and Ascharee. Odentee is 6 journies +southward of east (by route No. 12) from Pattooda, in the Booroom +country, and mentioned in the route to Sallagha. Quaöo, the country +where the Boosempra rises, has already been mentioned as entered 8 +journies from Coomassie. Ascharee, 2 days and a half pull up the +river, is reached in 1 day’s walk from Ningo. The course of the +Volta is consequently about W.N.W. to Quaöo, N.E. by N. to Odentee, +and N.W. by Sallagha, which course it appears to continue to +Boopee, if not to its source in the Kondoongooree mountain. The 10 +days pull from Adda to Odentee, and<span class="pagenum" id= +"Page_177">[177]</span> the 4 journies by land thence to Sallagha, +agree very well with the distance and position of that place, as +before calculated by the 17 days route from Coomassie. The houses +of Sallagha and other towns of Inta were mentioned as peculiar from +being round. Leo Africanus observed houses built in the form of +bells at Timbuctoo.</p> + +<p>Seven days from Sallagha, N.E. according to the Moors, through +the Inta town of Zongoo, is Yahndi, the capital of Dagwumba, which +I have placed, calculating the course at N.E. by E., and allowing +18 miles for each journey, as the country is said to be open, in +55′ E. and 8° 38′ N.: the position is assisted by the common +account of its being 8 journies from Daboia, by route No. 13, and +that two obscure, but direct paths to Daboia and Yahndi, from +Coomassie, occupy the first 19 days, and the latter (described as +laying between Daboia and Sallagha) 23 days. Sir William Young, in +his Report of the Geography and History of Northern Africa, writes, +“the Slatees of Old Calebar are said to carry on their trade to +Degombah <em>northward</em>,” which also supports my placing it +more to the eastward than it appears in Major Rennel’s map. Yngwa, +a district and large town of Dagwumba, is said to lie 8 days +north-westward of Yahndi, through Sakoigoo; its distance from +Daboia, by report 6 journies, places it about N.N.W. Two journies +from Daboia, towards Yngwa, is the river Adiffofoo, about 60 yards +wide, running eastward, 2 journies from which is Kooboro, a large +Dagwumba town.</p> + +<p>North-eastward of Yahndi is Tonomah, of which I do not recollect +more than the name, though I think it is a town and district of +Dagwumba. The kingdom of Tonowah, of which Assentai has been +described as the capital by the Shereef Imhammed,<a id= +"FNanchor_19"></a><a href="#Footnote_19" class="fnanchor">[19]</a> +must<span class="pagenum" id="Page_178">[178]</span> have been +derived from this name, being otherwise unknown. Three journies +north-eastward of Yahndi is Sokoquo or Ensoko, also a considerable +town.</p> + +<p>Yahndi is described to be beyond comparison larger than +Coomassie, the houses much better built and ornamented. The +Ashantees who had visited it, told me, they frequently lost +themselves in the streets. The King, Inăna Tanquăree, has been +converted by the Moors, who have settled there in great numbers. +Mr. Lucas called it the Mahomedan kingdom of Degomba, and it was +represented to him as peculiarly wealthy and civilized. The markets +of Yahndi are described as animated scenes of commerce, constantly +crowded with merchants from almost all the countries of the +interior. Horses and cattle abound, and immense flocks are +possessed even by the poorer class. The numerals of Dagwumba and +Yngwa differing, I submit both.</p> + +<table class="padded2" id="t178"> +<tr> +<th> +</th> +<th><em>Yngwa.</em> +</th> +<th><em>Dagwumba.</em> +</th> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>One</td> +<td>Lakoo</td> +<td>Yahndo</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Two</td> +<td>Ayee</td> +<td>Ayee</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Three</td> +<td>Attah</td> +<td>Attah</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Four</td> +<td>Anāhee</td> +<td>Nasee</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Five</td> +<td>Leerennoo</td> +<td>Ennoon</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Six</td> +<td>Ayoboo</td> +<td>Yohbee</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Seven</td> +<td>Ayapaï</td> +<td>Poiee</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Eight</td> +<td>Annee</td> +<td>Nehenoo</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Nine</td> +<td>Awai</td> +<td>Whyee</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Ten</td> +<td>Peä</td> +<td>Edoo.</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p class="nind">Yahndi is named after the numeral one, from its +pre-eminence. Sarem is the name of a region, including Gaman, Inta, +and Dagwumba, so called from the open nature of those +countries.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_179">[179]</span>One day from +Sallagha, towards Yahndi, and scarcely one journey westward from +the latter, is the river Laka, described to be as large and as +rapid as the Adirri or Volta, which it joins below Odentee, and may +therefore be safely concluded to be the Assuafroo; for the names of +rivers are very mutable in Africa, each country through which they +pass naturalising them to its own language, and thus increasing the +perplexities of a geography founded on investigation. I could not +procure any authorized account of the northward course of this +river, the best opportunities had escaped me when I heard of +it.</p> + +<p>Five journies N.E. from Yahndi is the smaller kingdom of Gamba, +the birth place of Baba the chief Moor at Coomassie, and the +boundary of the Ashantee authority, though its influence, through +the much respected medium of Dagwumba, would extend to the Niger. +Seven journies northward of Yngwa is the kingdom of Fobee: the +river Koontoorooa is crossed four days from it, being about half a +mile broad, it has an eastern and western branch, the former +running to the Karhala, one day farther, considerably wider, and +the course south-eastward. One journey from the river is a large +mountain called Sarraka, the same distance from Fobee, the capital +of the kingdom. Lakoo, Lamma, Karhala, and Koomada are the next +largest towns. Five journies northward is an independent kingdom +called Chouoocha. The position of Fobee is checked by Goorooma, +being 15 journies from it, (a kingdom to be noticed presently in +the direct northern route from Yahndi to Houssa,) and Kawerree only +nine, doubtless Cayree, a kingdom in the route of the Moors from +Coomassie to Jinnie. The numerals of Fobee are</p> + +<table class="padded1" id="t179"> +<tr> +<td>One</td> +<td>Koroom.</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Two</td> +<td>Nalay.</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Three</td> +<td>Poompevarra.</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td><span class="pagenum" id="Page_180">[180]</span>Four</td> +<td>Leetaynalee.</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Five</td> +<td>Kakwassee.</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Six</td> +<td>Mannassa.</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Seven</td> +<td>Noottoosoo.</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Eight</td> +<td>Borafay.</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Nine</td> +<td>Pirrifay.</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Ten</td> +<td>Nanooa.</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p class="nind">Five journies from Yngwa is Mosee, a more warlike +but less visited kingdom; it consists of many states, but the +superior monarch is named Billa, and the capital Kookoopella. I +place this N.W., because, although its traders pass through Yngwa, +they do not cross the Karhala, or indeed any river but what they +can walk through. The numerals are</p> + +<table class="padded1" id="t180"> +<tr> +<td>One</td> +<td>Yimbo.</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Two</td> +<td>Ayeeboo.</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Three</td> +<td>Ataboo.</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Four</td> +<td>Annasee.</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Five</td> +<td>Annoo.</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Six</td> +<td>Ayobee.</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Seven</td> +<td>Owhi.</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Eight</td> +<td>Ennee.</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Nine</td> +<td>Aïhopoi.</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Ten</td> +<td>Peega.</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p>A few days northward of Fobee, through Chamday and Kobafoo, is +Calanna, described as a very large city, rivalling Yahndi as a +market, and situated at the foot of a mountain abounding in iron +stone, which they manufacture for rude purposes in much the same +manner as Mr. Park witnessed at Jeningalla. Calanna is probably the +Calanshee of Imhammed, who told Mr. Lucas that it was a dependency +of Tounouwah or Assentai, situated mid-way between it and the +coast, 18 journies from each. The numerals are</p> + +<table class="padded1" id="t181a"> +<tr> +<td><span class="pagenum" id="Page_181">[181]</span>One</td> +<td>Kodoom.</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Two</td> +<td>Naboolla.</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Three</td> +<td>Naweedazoo.</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Four</td> +<td>Nabonaza.</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Five</td> +<td>Nabonoa.</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Six</td> +<td>Lodoo.</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Seven</td> +<td>Logwa.</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Eight</td> +<td>Littaïzoo.</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Nine</td> +<td>Nako.</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Ten</td> +<td>Yewoo.</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p>Kumsallahoo I have not attempted to lay down, having no other +guide for placing it than the report that it is one moon’s journey +from Dagwumba, that its traders pass through Mosee, and cross only +one river, the Fachinga, and that not large. The numerals are</p> + +<table class="padded1" id="t181b"> +<tr> +<td>One</td> +<td>Yumbo.</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Two</td> +<td>Yeeboo.</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Three</td> +<td>Tabo.</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Four</td> +<td>Nasee.</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Five</td> +<td>Annoo.</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Six</td> +<td>Yobo.</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Seven</td> +<td>Poihee.</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Eight</td> +<td>Nehee.</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Nine</td> +<td>Wahee.</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Ten</td> +<td>Pega.</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p>We will now return to Coomassie and proceed northwards to +Jinnie, or as it was generally pronounced, Jennë. This route to +Tombuctoo (or Timbooctoo) is much less frequented by the Moors than +that from Dagwumba, through Houssa. They alledge that the people +northward, are neither so commercial, so civilized, or so wealthy +as those north-eastward. The first 12 journies are to Buntookoo, +seven journies whence is a river called by the natives<span class= +"pagenum" id="Page_182">[182]</span> Coombo, and by the Moors, +Zamma; it is described as half a mile broad, and running westward. +I could not find any Ashantee who had travelled beyond this river, +which is the northern limit of their authority. Five journies +eastward of north from the river, is Kong, the King of which is +named Asequoo. A large mountain called Toolileseena is near the +capital, and a small river, Woora, four journies from it. The +kingdom is said to be by no means so wealthy or powerful as that of +Ashantee; the market is supplied from Houssa, the country is +populous, horses numerous, and elephants killed daily. The people +fight with spears, and bows and arrows. Seven journies from Kong +several mountains are passed, called Koonkoori. Mr. Park says, that +“Kong signifies mountain in the Mandingo language, which language +is in use from the frontier of Bambarra to the western sea.” The +language of Kong seems to be a corruption of the Bambarra or +Mandingo: the numerals are</p> + +<table class="padded1" id="t182"> +<tr> +<td>One</td> +<td>Kiddee.</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Two</td> +<td>Filla.</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Three</td> +<td>Sowa.</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Four</td> +<td>Nanoo.</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Five</td> +<td>Looroa.</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Six</td> +<td>Wora.</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Seven</td> +<td>Ooranfilla.</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Eight</td> +<td>Leeaygee.</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Nine</td> +<td>Konunto.</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Ten</td> +<td>Tah.</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p>The Ashantees calling all the slaves whom they brought down to +the water side Dunkos, it had been, for many years, naturally +concluded that there was a large country of that name in their +neighbourhood. Isert writes, “the Dunkoers are a people behind +Ashantee.” On enquiry, however, I found to my surprise, +that<span class="pagenum" id="Page_183">[183]</span> there is no +country of that name, but that it is merely an epithet, synonymous +with the barbarian of the Greeks and Romans, which they apply to +all the people of the interior but themselves, and implies an +ignorant fellow. I first suspected this from observing some Dunkos +were cut in the face, and some not, and I presently discovered +their vernacular languages were various, and unintelligible to each +other. Generally speaking, the bush or country people of Dagwumba +have three light cuts on each cheek bone, and three below, with one +horizontal under the eye; those of Yahndi, three deep continued +cuts; the people of Mosee, three very deep and long, and one under +the eye; those of Bornoo are frequently cut in the forehead; of +Marrowa all over the body in fine, small, and intricate patterns. +In Fobee, Kumsallahoo, and Calanna, the lower orders have a hole +bored through the cartilage of the nose. These cuts are made during +infancy, to insinuate fetish liquids to invigorate and preserve the +child.</p> + +<p>Nine journies northward of Kong is Kaybee, the King of which, +named Mamooroo, killed the former monarch Dabbira. The country was +said to be very populous, the capital behind a mountain called +Beseeree, the soil chalky, and asses as numerous as horses. Three +journies from the frontier of Kaybee, over a large mountain called +Seboopoo, and across a large river, is Kayree, through which +country it is very dangerous to pass, the people laying in ambush +in small parties to rob or kidnap travellers, and subsisting by +rapine. Five journies thence is Garoo (probably Gago<a id= +"FNanchor_20"></a><a href="#Footnote_20" class="fnanchor">[20]</a>) +a very powerful kingdom, the King, Batoomo, lives at Netaquolla. +Twenty journies beyond is the kingdom of Doowarra, the people of +which are indifferent warriors, but superior agriculturists, +and<span class="pagenum" id="Page_184">[184]</span> plant +extensively; the soil is red earth. A smaller kingdom called +Filladoo or Firrasoo, is in the neighbourhood. Five journies north +of Doowarra is the Niger, and on an island, about a mile from the +southern bank, is Jennë. The route from Kong to Jennë is the only +one which has not been checked by Negro evidence, but I had reason +to think well of the Moor who furnished it, who never contradicted +himself, though repeatedly cross questioned during the four months +I was at Coomassie. The places reported to Mr. Park on this route, +it is true, are none of them mentioned, but, probably, the people +who were insuperably adverse to his proceeding, were the least +likely to satisfy his curiosity but by imposing on him.<a id= +"FNanchor_21"></a><a href="#Footnote_21" class="fnanchor">[21]</a> +Mr. Park in his route from Sego to Bædoo, has a town called +Doowassoo, only four journies from Sego; but I was assured +repeatedly that Doowarra is a powerful kingdom. In the first +Mission, Mr. Park reported the kingdom of Gotto to be so close to +the Niger, that its chief, Moösee, embarked on it to attack Jinnie, +and Major Rennell has placed it accordingly: but, in the second, he +writes, “one month’s travel south of Bædoo,” (which he makes 30 +journies southward of Sego) “through the kingdom of Gotto, will +bring the traveller to the country of the Christians, who have +their houses on the banks of the Ba Sea Feena.” He says the Ba +Nimma rises in the Kong mountains south of Marraboo, but does not +mention the kingdom of Kong in his route, which is about one moon’s +travel from the sea, as he has described Bædoo to be.<span class= +"pagenum" id="Page_185">[185]</span> Now it is very unlikely, if +Bædoo had been but 20 journies from Coomassie, that we should not +have heard of it; and it is next to impossible, that if any kingdom +called Gotto laid still nearer, (which it must have done, to have +been passed through from Bædoo to the sea) that it should have been +unknown. Indeed, if the kingdom of Bambarra extended 28 days south +of Sego, as appears by the route given to Mr. Park, the Ashantees +would not have spoken of it from mere report, but would probably +have become acquainted with it, either through war, commerce, or +negotiation. It is a little extraordinary that the kingdom of +Ashantee, reported as eminently powerful to Mr. Lucas even so far +distant as Mesurata, and which must be well known in the +neighbourhood of Jennë, from the number of Moors who visit it from +that city, should not even have been noticed to Mr. Park in this +southern route from Silla or Sego to the sea. Mr. Park writes of +the Moors not being able to subject Jinbala; I believe they +insinuate themselves as residents every where, but I could not hear +of their having established themselves by force, or of their +composing even the greater part of a population any where.<a id= +"FNanchor_22"></a><a href="#Footnote_22" class= +"fnanchor">[22]</a></p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_186">[186]</span>Having reached +the Niger it is time to observe, that it is only known to the Moors +by the name of Quolla, pronounced rather as Quorra by the Negroes, +who, from whatever countries they came, all spoke of this as the +largest river they knew; and it was the grand feature in all the +routes (whether from Houssa, Bornoo, or the intermediate countries) +to Ashantee. Mr. Horneman wrote that the Niger, in some parts of +Houssa, was called <em>Gaora</em>, which must sound very like +Quorra. The Niger, after leaving the lake<span class="pagenum" id= +"Page_187">[187]</span> Dibbir, was invariably described as +dividing in two large streams; the Quolla, the greater, pursuing +its course south-eastward until it joined the Bahr Abiad, and the +other branch running northward of east near Timbuctoo, and dividing +again soon afterwards; the smaller stream running northwards by +Yahoodee, a place of great trade,<a id="FNanchor_23"></a><a href= +"#Footnote_23" class="fnanchor">[23]</a> and the larger turning +directly eastward, and increasing considerably, running to the lake +Caudi or Cadi under the name of Gambaroo.<a id= +"FNanchor_24"></a><a href="#Footnote_24" class="fnanchor">[24]</a> +The Moors call the branch running by Timbuctoo the Jolliba, I +presume figuratively, as a great water, for I was assured by a +native of Jennë, who had frequently visited Timbuctoo, that this +branch was called Zah-mer by the Negroes.<a id= +"FNanchor_25"></a><a href="#Footnote_25" class= +"fnanchor">[25]</a></p> + +<p>The variety of the concurrent evidence respecting the Gambaroo, +certainly made an impression on my mind almost amounting to +conviction. De Lisle, in his map of Africa for the use of Louis XV, +(the accuracy of which in one point where our latest charts are in +error, the Lagos river, will be shewn towards the close of this +Report) makes a branch from the Niger running near Timbuctoo; and +what is even more to the point, writes “Gambarou ou Niger.” It was +not till sometime after my return from Ashantee, that I +unexpectedly discovered this solitary European record of such +a<span class="pagenum" id="Page_188">[188]</span> name, and it will +at least be allowed that so respectable a character as De Lisle, +would neither have laid down the branch from the Niger (for it is +as likely to be so in the absence of explanation, as a river +running into it) without some authority, nor have invented the name +Gambarou: and it will also be allowed, that he must have heard of +it as being a very large river, to have confounded it with the +Niger. De Lisle has preserved most of the names reported to me, +more closely than any other geographer.<a id= +"FNanchor_26"></a><a href="#Footnote_26" class="fnanchor">[26]</a> +In the judicious compendium of Mr. Murray, I observe the following +note. “It is but justice to D’Anville to say, that in his map of +central Africa, inserted in the 26th volume of the Academie des +Inscriptions, he has represented a river passing close to +Timbuctoo, running S.W., and falling into the Niger. This +delineation has not been copied by others, but it is not the less +probable that that excellent geographer may have had positive +information on which to found it.” Now, I may presume, this is only +recorded in delineation, and not noticed by D’Anville in the text, +or, his authority would have appeared. I shall be indulged in such +a conjecture, when it is<span class="pagenum" id= +"Page_189">[189]</span> recollected I am writing where I cannot +satisfy myself, in a place destitute of literary facilities. If it +is only to be found in the delineation, it is of course, as likely +to be a branch running N.E. from the Niger, as a river running S.W. +into it. Mr. Park has described the Niger as dividing into two +large branches after leaving Dibbie, and their re-union has been +admitted by considerate investigators, to be a very improbable +addition to that report.<a id="FNanchor_27"></a><a href= +"#Footnote_27" class="fnanchor">[27]</a> Sidi Hamet assigns no +course to the great river which he described as about an hour’s +ride with a camel south of Timbuctoo, and distinguished from the +Niger, or, as he called it, Zolilib, by saying the latter was two +hours ride. Adams placed La-mar-Zarah, about three quarters of a +mile wide, two miles south of the town, without hesitation, but he +only <em>conceived</em> that the course was S.W.<a id= +"FNanchor_28"></a><a href="#Footnote_28" class="fnanchor">[28]</a> +Leo, ambiguous as the context may be, certainly writes that there +is a <em>branch</em> of the Niger passing Timbuctoo, “Vicino a un +ramo del Niger.” Mr. Beaufoy’s Moor says that below Ghinea is the +sea into which the river of Tombuctoo disembogues itself; on which +Major Rennell observes, “by the word sea, it is well known the +Arabs mean to<span class="pagenum" id="Page_190">[190]</span> +express a lake also:” this river of Timbuctoo is, doubtless, the +branch of the Niger forming the Gambaroo, and the sea below Ghinea, +the lake Caude. In the Description de l’Afrique, traduite du +Flamand, D’O. Dapper, à Amsterdam, 1686, I find “Ce Royaume de +Tombut ou Tongbutu environ à quatre lieuës <em>d’un bras</em> du +Niger.” The account, to be submitted presently, that this branch of +the Niger passing Timbuctoo is not crossed until the third day +going from Timbuctoo to Houssa, is not an argument against its +identity with the Zarah of Adams, or the river of Sidi Hamet, only +two or three miles from the city; because, giving a northerly +course to the branch, and Houssa laying north eastward 20 journies +from Timbuctoo, as will be shewn presently, the direction of the +path would not require the river to be crossed immediately, but, +evidently, not till the second or third day.</p> + +<p>De Barros, who considered the Senegal to be the Niger, wrote, +that it received various names,<a id="FNanchor_29"></a><a href= +"#Footnote_29" class="fnanchor">[29]</a> and was called by the +Caragoles (Serawoollies) Collë; on which Mr. Murray reasonably +observes, “this name seems readily convertible into Joli-ba, the +latter syllable being merely an adjunct, meaning a river:” this I +was also given to understand. Now, if the name Joliba had not been +reported on the authority of Mr. Park, I might submit that Collë is +more readily convertible into Quolla, which approximating even more +closely to Kulla, seems to identify the Collë and Kulla under the +common name of Quolla.<a id="FNanchor_30"></a><a href= +"#Footnote_30" class="fnanchor">[30]</a> Mr. Park in his memoir to +Lord<span class="pagenum" id="Page_191">[191]</span> Camden, +writes, “the river of Dar Kulla, mentioned by Mr. Browne, is +generally supposed to be the Niger, or at least to have a +communication with that river.” The name and course of the Quolla +suggested this to me before I observed the above remark, which I +did not until my return.<a id="FNanchor_31"></a><a href= +"#Footnote_31" class="fnanchor">[31]</a> Other arguments will +presently appear for the identity of the Kulla and the Niger.<a id= +"FNanchor_32"></a><a href="#Footnote_32" class= +"fnanchor">[32]</a></p> + +<p>The Gambaroo seems to me to identify the Gir of Ptolemy,<a id= +"FNanchor_33"></a><a href="#Footnote_33" class="fnanchor">[33]</a> +carried by him into the centre of Africa, and which would appear as +large as the Niger by the expression, “maximi sunt Gir et Nigir.” +The river of Bornoo, hitherto assumed, is not adequate to the +impression Ptolemy conveys, and the names “Gir et Nigir,” seem to +indicate a connection. The Niger may be considered to terminate +when the smaller stream is lost in the Nile.</p> + +<p>Concerning the source of the Niger, there was a difference of +opinion amongst the Moors, and not the least notion amongst the +Negroes. Some said that it rose in Bambooch, meaning, as I presume, +Bambouk, and others in Jabowa, where they described another large +river to rise also, running westward. Jabowa was said to be 40 +journies from Sego, and Bambooch 43.</p> + +<p>From Jabowa the Niger was described to run to Fouta Gollabi, and +in six days thence to Fouta Towra; the Moors must certainly have +meant Foota Galla, and Footatora, for their +pronunciation<span class="pagenum" id="Page_192">[192]</span> was +more imperfect than their knowledge of the native names westward, +whither they rarely travelled. I induced a Moor on each side the +question, and of different countries, to draw in my quarters, +unknown to each other, what they called a chart of the Quolla, for +the sake of preserving the several names in their own writing. They +were only inferior to one Moor, from whom I never had an +opportunity of inducing a chart. Both parties met, apparently, at +Hasoo, as will be seen by submitting the names.<a id= +"FNanchor_34"></a><a href="#Footnote_34" class= +"fnanchor">[34]</a></p> + +<table class="tabw40" id="t192"> +<tr> +<th> +</th> +<th class="width6"><em>Bambooch.</em> +</th> +<th> +</th> +<th><em>Jabowa.</em> +</th> +</tr> + +<tr> +<th class="small"><em>Journies.</em> +</th> +<th> +</th> +<th> +</th> +<th> +</th> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="tdr-top">10</td> +<td colspan="2" class="tdl hang1">to Gadima, probably Gadoo, little +more than 6 journies from the capital of Bambook, according to +Major Rennell.</td> +<td> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="tdr">20</td> +<td>to Hasoo</td> +<td> +</td> +<td>Hasoowa.</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="tdr">4</td> +<td>to Jaoora</td> +<td> +</td> +<td>Jaoona.</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="tdr">2</td> +<td>to Jamoo</td> +<td> +</td> +<td>Gamsoö.</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="tdr">5</td> +<td>to Mallaïa</td> +<td> +</td> +<td>Mallaïu.</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="tdr">2</td> +<td>to Shégo</td> +<td> +</td> +<td>Sego.</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p>Sego was correctly described according to Mr. Park, and the +death of the monarch he first knew spontaneously mentioned, with +his warlike disposition, and great power. Mr. Park observes that +he<span class="pagenum" id="Page_193">[193]</span> found the +language of Bambarra a sort of corrupted Mandingo; this confirms +the numerals repeated to me as the Bambarra:</p> + +<table class="padded2" id="t193"> +<tr> +<th> +</th> +<th><em>Bambarra.</em> +</th> +<th><em>Mandingo.</em> +</th> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>One</td> +<td>Killi</td> +<td>Killin.</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Two</td> +<td>Foolla</td> +<td>Foola.</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Three</td> +<td>Sabba</td> +<td>Sabba.</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Four</td> +<td>Nani</td> +<td>Nani.</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Five</td> +<td>Looroo</td> +<td>Looloo.</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Six</td> +<td>Wora</td> +<td>Woro.</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Seven</td> +<td>Worroola</td> +<td>Oronglo.</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Eight</td> +<td>Sagi</td> +<td>Sie.</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Nine</td> +<td>Konunto</td> +<td>Konunto.</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Ten</td> +<td>Ta</td> +<td>Tang.</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p class="nind">From Sego to Sansanding was called one journey, +from Sansanding to Jennë three. Jennë was described as on an island +of the Niger, the town considerable, and fortified, and with large +houses to pray in. I did not understand that it was subject to +Timbuctoo; it certainly has a distinct monarch, who was called +Malaï Smaera, and the head Moor, Malaï Bacharoo. From Jennë through +Dibbir, at the entrance of which is Sanina, to Kabarra or Kabra, +the port of Timbuctoo (half a day’s walk from it) is a voyage of 20 +days. By land, it was only 12 journies, through Mashena (Masina) +Farrimabbie, Jimballa (the Jinbala of Mr. Park, which they +persisted was not on an island of the Niger, but on the northern +bank of it) Taäkim, Assoofoo, Zeddaï, Douraï (probably the Downie +in Major Rennell’s map) Matarooch, and Makkasoorfoo, probably the +Soorka’s, whom Mr. Park mentioned as inhabiting the northern bank +of the river between Jinnie and Timbuctoo: he also writes that it +is 12 journies by land from Jinnie to Timbuctoo. The horizontal +distance from Jennë to Jimballa, on Major Rennell’s map is about +100 B. miles, and thence to Timbuctoo 90 more. Now<span class= +"pagenum" id="Page_194">[194]</span> 12 journies at 18 miles, give +but a horizontal distance of 144 B. miles, wherefore, I should +think the northern bank of the lake Dibbir, is not so high as it +has been hitherto drawn, and the path so distant as not to be +deflected by any curve of the lake. Timbuctoo was described as a +large city, but inferior to Houssa, and not comparable with Bornoo. +The Moorish influence was said to be powerful, but not superior. A +small river goes nearly round the town, overflowing in the rains, +and obliging the people of the suburbs to move to an eminence in +the centre of the town, where the King lives. This is, probably, +the smaller river described by Sidi Hamet as close to the town. Leo +says, when the Niger rises, the waters flow through certain canals +to the city. There were very few muskets to be seen; the King, a +Moorish Negro called Billabahada, had a few double barrelled guns, +which were only fired at customs, and gunpowder was almost as +valuable as gold. The two latter circumstances, besides the name of +the river, were all that I recognised in their reports confirming +the description given by Adams, which I conceive to be as +inadequate as those collected by Mr. Jackson are extravagant.<a id= +"FNanchor_35"></a><a href="#Footnote_35" class="fnanchor">[35]</a> +The three last Kings before Billa, were Osamana, Dawoolloo, and +Abass. Mr. Jackson says there was a King Woollo reigning in 1800, +and a Moor who had come from Timbuctoo to Coomassie ten years ago, +did not<span class="pagenum" id="Page_195">[195]</span> know King +Woollo (Adams’s King) was dead, as he was reigning at the time he +left Timbuctoo. Abass probably had a short reign like Saï Apokoo +the second. This Moor also said that Woollo’s favourite wife +(called by Adams, Fatima) was named Fatooma Allizato. The editor of +Adams shews that the name of Fatima, affords in itself no proof +that its possessor was Moorish, or even a Mohammedan woman. I think +it is probably derived from a numeral, for it answers to five in +the numerals of Garangi (a country described to be northwards of +Jennë) which are</p> + +<table class="padded1" id="t195"> +<tr> +<td>One</td> +<td>Kerriminna.</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Two</td> +<td>Ferriminna.</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Three</td> +<td>Sowaninna.</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Four</td> +<td>Firrima.</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Five</td> +<td>Fahtima.</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Six</td> +<td>Tata.</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Seven</td> +<td>Mannima.</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Eight</td> +<td>Pirima.</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Nine</td> +<td>Missirĭma.</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Ten</td> +<td>Guahee.</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p class="nind">Numerals are frequently added to names in +Ashantee.</p> + +<p>Perhaps the old ms. which I purchased with difficulty from a +Jennë Moor, will recompense the translator by a fuller account, but +I fear religion only is the subject. It contains thirteen pages, +with some marginal notes in a different hand. I should have +observed, that, generally speaking, I found the Moors very cautious +in their accounts, declining to speak unless they were positive, +and frequently referring doubtful points to others whom they knew +to be better acquainted with them. I did not succeed in procuring +the numerals of Timbuctoo, but the language is different from that +of Houssa, as the words opposed to those recollected by Adams will +shew:</p> + +<table class="padded2" id="t196"> +<tr> +<th> +</th> +<th><span class="pagenum" id= +"Page_196">[196]</span><em>Timbuctoo.</em> +</th> +<th><em>Houssa.</em> +</th> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Man</td> +<td>Jungo</td> +<td>Motoo.</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Woman</td> +<td>Jumpsa</td> +<td>Motee.</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Camel</td> +<td>So</td> +<td>Rakoomee.</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Dog</td> +<td>Killab</td> +<td>Karree.</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Cow</td> +<td>Fallee</td> +<td>Saneä.</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>House</td> +<td>Dah</td> +<td>Garree.</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Water</td> +<td>Boca</td> +<td>Looa.</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Tree</td> +<td>Carna</td> +<td>Leeseeä.</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Gold</td> +<td>Or</td> +<td>Jennarreä.</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>A Moor</td> +<td>Seckar</td> +<td>Bibay.</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p>From Timbuctoo<a id="FNanchor_36"></a><a href="#Footnote_36" +class="fnanchor">[36]</a> to Houssa is 20 journies; the three first +through a woody country, and over the branch of the Niger to +Azibbie, the frontier town. Houssa was said to be the largest city +north or south of the Quolla, except Bornoo; the Moorish influence +to have been established there beyond memory, and the King’s name +Serragkee. Cabi is not the name of the kingdom, but of a large +dependent town and district on the Niger. Mallowa, or Marrowa, as +the Negroes pronounce it, (for they seemed invariably to substitute +<em>r</em> for the <em>l</em> of the Moors, as Quorra for +Quolla)<a id="FNanchor_37"></a><a href="#Footnote_37" class= +"fnanchor">[37]</a><span class="pagenum" id="Page_197">[197]</span> +is the next extensive in its limits to Bornoo. It is, no doubt, the +kingdom of Mellè, misplaced by Leo, and reported to Cadamosto in +1455, as 30 journies beyond Timbuctoo. Major Rennell observes, “we +should naturally look for it on the eastward of Timbuctoo,” and it +has only been placed south eastward, and south of the Niger, +because Edrisi has a city called Malel thereabouts, though he calls +the name of the kingdom of which it is the capital Lamlam, which +Hartman would reconcile by supposing it to be a transposition of +Malel, certainly a forced conjecture.<a id= +"FNanchor_38"></a><a href="#Footnote_38" class="fnanchor">[38]</a> +A large town called Mahalaba is the nearest I have found to Malel, +to be noticed on the route from Dagwumba to the Niger.<a id= +"FNanchor_39"></a><a href="#Footnote_39" class="fnanchor">[39]</a> +In speaking of all fortified cities, the negroes of Mallowa +invariably prefixed Berinnë or Brinnë to the name, as an indication +that they were so; this was always the case in mentioning Houssa, +Cabi, Cassina, Katinna, &c. &c. I shall place the numerals +of Cassina, as written by Mr. Lucas after the Shereef Imhammed, to +the right of those of Houssa or Mallowa, from their close affinity, +perhaps identity; for this language is spoken far eastward, and the +Shereef, as we shall presently see, was rather inaccurate in his +recollection of the numerals of Bornoo.</p> + +<table class="padded2" id="t197"> +<tr> +<td>One</td> +<td>Daia</td> +<td>Deiyah.</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Two</td> +<td>Beeyoo</td> +<td>Beeyou.</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Three</td> +<td>Okoo</td> +<td>Okoo.</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Four</td> +<td>Odoo</td> +<td>Foodoo.</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Five</td> +<td>Beä</td> +<td>Beat.</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td><span class="pagenum" id="Page_198">[198]</span>Six</td> +<td>Seddah</td> +<td>Sheedah.</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Seven</td> +<td>Becquay</td> +<td>Bookai.</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Eight</td> +<td>Tacquass</td> +<td>Takoos.</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Nine</td> +<td>Tarra</td> +<td>Tarrah.</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Ten</td> +<td>Gwoma</td> +<td>Goumah.</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p>Two large lakes were described close to the northward of Houssa, +one called Balahar Soudan, and the other Girrigi Marragasee. +Calculating the 20 journies from Timbuctoo at 18 miles each, +supposing two-thirds to be made good on the horizontal distance +(equal to 212 g. miles) and the course N.E., I have placed Houssa, +18° 59′ N. and 3° 59′ E. This agrees pretty well with the account +of its being 17 journies from the Niger, or Quolla, which give 306 +B. miles, and the horizontal distance 176 g. miles. Houssa has +hitherto been laid down about 2 journies N. of the Niger. I have an +impression that the city of Houssa will be found to lay about +E.N.E. of Timbuctoo, of course nearer the Gambaroo, which runs +through its dominions, and thus account for the reports of its +being situated upon the Niger. Leo certainly meant Mallowa and the +Gambaroo, when he wrote, “Melli regio quæ extendit se ad flumen +quoddam quod ex Nilo (i.e. Nigro) effluit trecenta millia passuum,” +adding, “regnum opulentissimum, maximè artificum et mercatorum +copia, frequentia templa, sacerdotes et populus qui Nigritas omnes +civilitate antecedunt;” which they certainly appear to do: see a +few of their articles for the British Museum. May not the Maurali +of Ptolemy be the Melli of Leo, and the modern Mallowa or Marrowa? +his large adjunct to the Niger to the south indicates the two +rivers. Major Rennell seems to have expected the present discovery, +when he writes (commenting on Mr. Park’s report that Houssa was 30 +journies by land from Tombuctoo, and 45 by water) “Possibly it may +be that Houssa is situated on a different river from that which +passes by Tombuctoo<span class="pagenum" id="Page_199">[199]</span> +(the Joliba,) but which may be an adjunct of it, and may run into +it in the quarter of Tombuctoo.” In Dapper’s translation of the +Description De l’Afrique du Flamand, 1686, I find “Cette contreé +(Melli) s’etend environ cent lieuës <em>le long d’un bras</em> du +Niger.”</p> + +<p>Tarrabaleese, 50 journies westward of north, was much spoken of +from the number of its market places. This must be Tripoli, the +Arabic corruption of which is Trabŏlis. The Moors gave me a route +to Tunis or Toonis, but I cannot recognise any name in Major +Rennell’s map, (which I could not procure until my return,) unless +Sabbai be Sebba, and Mookanassa Mourzouk, in Fezzan. There is also +another route eastward which I cannot trace. See <a href= +"#app3">Appendix.</a></p> + +<p>From Kabarra the Quolla, continuing its course southward of +east, passed by Uzzalin, Googara,<a id="FNanchor_40"></a><a href= +"#Footnote_40" class="fnanchor">[40]</a> Koolmanna, Gauw, +Tokogirri, (perhaps the Tokrur of Edrisi and Gatterer) Askeä, +Zabirmë, and Cabi to Yaoora, which I imagine to be the Youri of +Major Rennell’s map.<a id="FNanchor_41"></a><a href="#Footnote_41" +class="fnanchor">[41]</a> De Lisle places a kingdom, Yaouree, south +of the Niger. It is a very celebrated ferry, occurring in a variety +of routes from the north of the Quolla to Ashantee, spoken of +always as westward of Cassina, and with little variation as 25 +journies from Timbuctoo. Now as the Moors called it one day’s +journey from Sego to Sansanding, and Mr. Park made it scarcely +more, I will assume this as the rule to calculate the distance from +Timbuctoo to Yaooree, and afterwards consider its place according +to the routes from Dagwumba, through it, to Cassina. Twenty five +journies from Timbuctoo would place Yaoora about 70 miles +above<span class="pagenum" id="Page_200">[200]</span> the Berrisa +in Major Rennell’s map, but this makes the horizontal distance from +Yaoora to Dagwumba about 850 B. miles, and therefore too great for +42 journies, the greatest number allowed in the routes from +Dagwumba to Yaoora.</p> + +<p>I would not presume to investigate after Major Rennell, it would +be absurd in me to expect to throw any new interest into the +discussion, but by making clear the accounts I collected; to do +which I must decline the course of the Niger from Cabi (Mr. +Horneman writes it flows southward from Haoussa) even to a junction +with the Bahr Kulla. For, placing Yaoora in 13° 30′ N. and 8° 30′ +E. in conformity with its distance from Timbuctoo and a declining +course to the Kulla, the horizontal distance to Yahndi, the capital +of Dagwumba, will be 600 B. miles: now 42 journies, the greatest +number allowed by the travellers, at 20 miles each, (rejecting one +third, as heretofore, lost in the windings of the path) give the +horizontal distance at 560 B. miles. This is certainly an +additional argument to the similarity of the names Quolla and +Kulla, for the identity of these rivers; but not so strong a one as +that the routes both of Moors and Negroes, allow but 40 journies +from Dagwumba to the point of crossing the Niger for Houssa. The +course to this point was described by the Moors as a little to the +eastward of north: now 40 journies on a N.N.E. course, by the +former rule, places this ferry 15° 1′ N. and 3° 33′ E. agreeing +very well with our previous position of Houssa, and proving that +the course of the Niger must decline considerably, for more than +two extra journies would otherwise be required for the north +eastward route from Dagwumba to Yaoora. Major Rennell only writes +that the course of the Niger is <em>probably</em> to Wangara. Mr. +Ledyard, in his comparatively minute description of that country, +(which I shall notice in the route to Bornoo) says nothing of its +bordering on the Niger. Major Rennell, in the construction of +the<span class="pagenum" id="Page_201">[201]</span> geography of +Mr. Horneman’s report, writes, “M. D’Anville also had an idea, and +so describes it in his map of Africa, 1749 (possibly from actual +information,) that the Niger declined to the south beyond Gana, so +that the termination of it in the lake Semegonda was 3½ degrees of +latitude to the south of Gana.” There is a kingdom called Kulla as +well as a river, and there is also a kingdom Quollaraba: raba being +probably no more than an adjunct equal to the prefix dar, and +signifying a kingdom. Mr. Dupuis, in his notes on Adams, says of an +intelligent Negro, “his account was chiefly curious from his +description of a nation which he called Gallo or <em>Quallo</em>, +which conveyed to me an idea of a people, more advanced in the +arts, and wealthier than any that I had previously heard of: within +three days journey of the capital was a large lake or river which +communicated with the Wed Nile.” The commended arguments of the +Quarterly Review, (which I have never had the advantage of +reading,) must be in a great degree auxiliary, in arguing, to +support the Congo hypothesis, a course of the Niger equally +declined with that which I have followed for the identity of the +Quolla and Kulla. The junction of the Quolla with the Bahr Abiad, +or Nil, as the Moors called it, cannot be more descriptively +expressed, according to every account I received, than in the words +of Mr. Horneman. “Some days past I spoke to a man who had seen Mr. +Brown in Darfoor, he gave me some information respecting the +countries he travelled through, and told me that the communication +of the Niger with the Nile was not to be doubted, but that this +communication before the rainy season was very little.”<a id= +"FNanchor_42"></a><a href="#Footnote_42" class= +"fnanchor">[42]</a></p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_202">[202]</span>We will pursue +the course of the Quolla from Yaoora (where I should judge from +description it must be about 3 miles wide) before we apply the +routes northward of it.<a id="FNanchor_43"></a><a href= +"#Footnote_43" class="fnanchor">[43]</a> One journey eastward of +Yaoora, (sometimes called Yawooree by the Negroes,) it passed +Nooffie, doubtless the Nyffe of Mr. Horneman and others, and which +De Lisle has written Nouffy: 3 journies thence it passed Boussa, +which Amadi Fatouma reported, as it was to me also (see <a href= +"#Page_90">Diary</a>) as the place of Mr. Park’s death, but I could +hear nothing of the rock and door. Boussa is not in Major Rennell’s +map, but I observed Bousa in the map of De Lisle before alluded to; +it is probably the Berrisa of Edrisi. Twelve journies thence it +passed Atagara, but, previously, Hoomee, and Rakkah.<a id= +"FNanchor_44"></a><a href="#Footnote_44" class="fnanchor">[44]</a> +Southward of the latter, they described an inland country called +Koofee, possibly Kosie, a country I shall presently introduce, as +visited by a mulatto, behind Lagos. Thirty journies from Atagara, +it flowed through the kingdom of Quollaraba,<a id= +"FNanchor_45"></a><a href="#Footnote_45" class="fnanchor">[45]</a> +which thus falls precisely where<span class="pagenum" id= +"Page_203">[203]</span> Major Rennell has laid down the kingdom of +Kulla. Six journies thence it passed Mafeegoodoo, and 13 journies +beyond, the lake Cadee or Caudee. This I should consider to be the +Cauga of Edrisi, which Major Rennell has identified with the Fittri +of Mr. Brown, for into this the second large branch of the Niger, +or the river Gambaroo, is said to run; but it is considerably too +much to the southward for the Cauga in Major Rennell’s map, being, +according to the accounts of the Moors, only 3 journies northward +of the Quolla: yet Edrisi writes “besides a river of the name of +Nile or Neel <em>passes by</em> Kauga.” What inclines me to think +the Cauga may be more distant from Bornoo the capital, though not +from the frontier of that kingdom, (15 journies being the number +reported to me as well as to Mr. Brown) is, that the Negroes of +that city were not so well acquainted with this lake as the Moors. +My sketch in the <a href="#map1">map,</a> of course, represents the +sketches and descriptions of the natives. They described the Cadee +or Caudee as an immense water, like a small sea, frequently +overflowing the neighbouring country, and sometimes so convulsed as +to throw up large quantities of fish and other contents; meaning, +in short, a volcanic lake. The Moors called it also the Bahr el +Noä, having a tradition that the waters of the deluge retired to, +and were absorbed in it. A very high mountain was spoken of, at an +equal distance between the Caudee and the Quolla.<a id= +"FNanchor_46"></a><a href="#Footnote_46" class="fnanchor">[46]</a> +Twelve journies<span class="pagenum" id="Page_204">[204]</span> +from Caudee, the Quolla received the river Sharee from northward, +which, I imagine, if not the Misselad, may be a river deriving its +name from the Abu Shareb of Major Rennell’s map. The Quolla was +said to pass to the southward of Bagarrimee, (the Baghermee of Mr. +Brown.) Kalafarradoo, (I cannot find any name nearer to this than +the Courourfa of De Lisle, and Kororfa, said in Mr. Beaufoy’s MSS. +to be W. of Begarmee). Foör (Darfur, according to Mr. Brown, means +the kingdom of Foör) and lastly to skirt Waddaï, the Waddey of Mr. +Horneman, who wrote that it was east of Begharmee, and west of +Darfoor; but, as it was reported to me east of Darfoor, by every +person, and as Mr. Brown did not hear of it to adjust its position, +I have placed it so.<a id="FNanchor_47"></a><a href="#Footnote_47" +class="fnanchor">[47]</a></p> + +<p>The junction with the Nile having taken place, as Mr. Horneman +before reported, south of Darfoor, they continued the course to a +large country called Soonar,<a id="FNanchor_48"></a><a href= +"#Footnote_48" class="fnanchor">[48]</a> indisputably the kingdom +of Sennaar. Hence to Massar,<a id="FNanchor_49"></a><a href= +"#Footnote_49" class="fnanchor">[49]</a> or Egypt, they did not +always agree themselves in the various names, nor can I recognise +any on the map, unless their Shewa Abenhassa be Bennassa, Minsoor, +Misur, Gammeacha, Gammazie; Sooess, Sohaig; Kaheea, Kahoul; +Zaragoo, Nayazoogoo; and their Lamabalara, in the country +of<span class="pagenum" id="Page_205">[205]</span> Egypt, the Bahr +be la ma of Mr. Horneman; of the latter there can be no +doubt.<a id="FNanchor_50"></a><a href="#Footnote_50" class= +"fnanchor">[50]</a></p> + +<p>My friend, the Shereef Brahima had, as well as some others, been +to Mecca and Medina. I place great reliance on this man’s +information (invariably confirmed by the Negroes) from his caution +and diffidence, and my experience of his character; for he was +ultimately a valuable friend to the Mission: he was the only Moor +who dared to refuse to be present at human sacrifices. The MS. No. +2. is his writing, and professedly the route from Dagwumba through +Bornoo to Massar,<a id="FNanchor_51"></a><a href="#Footnote_51" +class="fnanchor">[51]</a> it consists of six pages well written. +This would have been a valuable man to have engaged to travel +through the interior, for he was capable of making circumstantial +minutes, and I think he might have been engaged to do so by a +moderate Fort pay. The Moors talk much of the King of<span class= +"pagenum" id="Page_206">[206]</span> Santambool,<a id= +"FNanchor_52"></a><a href="#Footnote_52" class="fnanchor">[52]</a> +as a powerful monarch and formidable to the Christians.</p> + +<p>It will excite surprise that I heard nothing of Wangara,<a id= +"FNanchor_53"></a><a href="#Footnote_53" class="fnanchor">[53]</a> +as was the case with Mr. Brown, not even after I had, contrary to +my general custom, submitted the name: but I heard very much +spontaneously of Oongooroo. Mr. Horneman called Wangara, Ungura, +and De Lisle, Ouangara, we shall find it in the route from Yaoora +to Bornoo or Barranoo. Bornoo was described to me about north-east +from Yaoora, which agrees very well with Major Rennell’s position, +established beyond all contradiction short of an observation, but, +the horizontal distance, (lowering the place of Yaoora as I have +done) thence to Bornoo would be upwards of 1000 B. miles, whereas +they described it to be but 51 journies, which allowing 20 miles to +each, as the country was said to be much more favourable to +travelling, and the path more direct than that we came, would give +but an horizontal distance of 680 B. miles. Mr. Horneman heard that +Bornu was but 15 journies from Kassina; I was told 33 if walked, 19 +if rode. Major Rennell has made the distance about 30 journies, +considering the 15 journies applicable to the western boundaries of +the empire, and not to the capital.</p> + +<p>We will now return to Yahndi and proceed northwards to Houssa. +Nineteen journies from Yahndi is Matchaquawdie, six beyond is +Goorooma, 10 thence Dolooë, subject to Goorooma, and only five +journies from the Quolla, described as about two miles wide there. +When Amadi Fatouma mentioned that he passed<span class="pagenum" +id="Page_207">[207]</span> Gourouma, I should suppose he meant this +kingdom of Goorooma, Dolooë, as subject to it, being probably +included under that name. I must impress, however, that this +northern route from Dagwumba to the Niger, being, with that from +Kong to Jennë, the only ones unauthenticated, otherwise than by +cross examination, I do not report them with the same confidence, +which I do the others. Two journies from the northern bank of the +Quolla is Gamhadi, to which three large towns belong, Dogondaghi, +Toodonkassalee, and Toompasseä, and numerous dependent crooms. +There were three routes from Gamhadi, the first northward to Houssa +15 journies, passing the large river Gambaroo the ninth, between +which and Houssa is a district called Zessa. The second route is to +Katinnee, a city and state of the Mallowa kingdom, one month from +the Quolla. On this route the Gambaroo is crossed the tenth day, +and Sowhoondë, Souoola, (perhaps Sala) Quattaraquassee, Doorooma, +Soroo, Zabbakou, Dinka, Doochingamza, and Dammisamia were mentioned +as large towns on the route. The third route was through the +Fillanee country, (doubtless the Fullan<a id= +"FNanchor_54"></a><a href="#Footnote_54" class="fnanchor">[54]</a> +of Ben Ali) which had been frequently at war with Mallowa, to the +kingdom of Kallaghee, 14 journies from the Quolla, the Gambaroo +being passed the tenth. The numerals of Kallaghee are</p> + +<table class="padded1" id="t207"> +<tr> +<td>One</td> +<td>Gadee.</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Two</td> +<td>Sillil.</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Three</td> +<td>Quan.</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Four</td> +<td>Foolloo.</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Five</td> +<td>Vydee.</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Six</td> +<td>Zoodoo.</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Seven</td> +<td>Etkassa.</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td><span class="pagenum" id="Page_208">[208]</span>Eight</td> +<td>Shiddowka.</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Nine</td> +<td>Woollaä.</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Ten</td> +<td>Woma.</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p class="nind">A country called Barrabadi was described eastward +of Mallowa, between it and Bornoo; its numerals corresponded with +those of Bornoo.</p> + +<p>We will now return again to Dagwumba, and follow the route +thence, over the Quolla, through Yaoora to Bornoo. Gamba we have +already described as five journies north eastward of Yahndi, thence +two journies, over a high mountain called Yerim, and across a river +running southwards (which the Moors called Mory, but which it would +seem is the continuation of the Karhala) is Gooroosie, four +journies thence Zoogoo, probably the Zeggo of Major Rennell’s map; +10 farther the kingdom of Barragoo. De Lisle has placed his kingdom +of Bourgou thereabouts. North-westward of Barragoo is Koomba, the +Kombah of Major Rennell’s map. The position of this kingdom is +pretty well ascertained, because those who came from it, described +Goorooma as its northern neighbour, and Barragoo to be the first +kingdom passed through in their journies to the coast below Whydah. +Eight journies from Barragoo is Toombeä, three beyond is +Goodoobirree. A river running to the Quolla (as it was said, but +more probably from it) called Leeäsa, flows close to the eastward +of this path, and is crossed, going from Goodoobirree southwards, +to a large kingdom called Yariba by the Moors, but Yarba more +generally by the natives. Major Rennell has drawn a river +communicating with the Niger close to Youri, so has De Lisle. This +river Leeäsa is the only one I heard of, answering in the least +degree to that of Sidi Hamet, but Wassana was a name unknown. +Aquallie is the frontier town of Yariba, one journey from +Goodoobirree, and one from Bootee, second only to the capital, +Katanga, four journies<span class="pagenum" id= +"Page_209">[209]</span> beyond it. Yariba was described to be about +24 journies, through Hio, (its immediate neighbour) from +Arătakassee or Alătakassee, which we shall hereafter recognise in +Ardra: this determines its position pretty well.<a id= +"FNanchor_55"></a><a href="#Footnote_55" class="fnanchor">[55]</a> +Dahomey was said to be tributary to Yariba, as well as to Hio, +which I have an impression is also tributary to Hio. From Hio to +Dahomey is seven journies. The military are despotic in Hio, they +always intercept the new King on his way to the palace, and demand +his naming some neighbouring country for their invasion and +plunder, before they confirm him. The King before the present, had +named Dahomey, but after three years neglect of the fulfilment, he +ordered the army against a northern neighbour. The army went, +wasted and pillaged the country, but when within a day’s march of +the capital on their return, they sent deputies to enjoin his +abdication, as inevitable to a falsehood to them; he was obstinate; +they arrived and cut off his head. The numerals of Hio are</p> + +<table class="padded1" id="t209"> +<tr> +<td>One</td> +<td>Innee.</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Two</td> +<td>Eygee.</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Three</td> +<td>Etta.</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Four</td> +<td>Ernee.</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Five</td> +<td>Aroon.</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Six</td> +<td>Effa.</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Seven</td> +<td>Eggay.</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Eight</td> +<td>Eggo.</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Nine</td> +<td>Essun.</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Ten</td> +<td>Eywaw.</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p class="nind"><span class="pagenum" id="Page_210">[210]</span>The +Hio man, who gave me the above numerals, spoke of the Apaccas as a +more powerful northern neighbour, but I never heard of them from +any other person.</p> + +<p>Yariba must certainly be the Yarba of Imhammed, though he +described it as 18 or 20 journies from Gonjah towards the N.W., for +he is likely to have been incorrect in this, because we have proved +him to be so, in stating, that Ashantee was the capital of +Tonouwah, which appears to be a district or town of Dagwumba, the +people of which kingdom are by no means warlike as he represented +them, nor have they any notion of taming the elephant: he reported +that Calanshee was a dependency of Ashantee, whereas no Ashantee +knows the name; that Gonjah was 46 journies from the coast, when it +is but 30. Major Rennell reasonably conceived the Yarba of Imhammed +to be the Yarra of De Lisle, at the back of Sierra Leone, but as +this country is not preserved in his own map, I presume it cannot +be of much consequence, politically or commercially, whereas +Yariba, indisputably eastward of Kong, is always announced to +enquirers, both by Moors and Negroes, as a very powerful, and much +frequented kingdom. Another argument is, that all the Moors I saw +at Coomassie, were almost ignorant of the countries westward, only +speaking of those their enquiries for the source of the Quolla had +made known to them: indeed, I did not see one who had travelled +westward, or south westward of Bambarra, but our Accra linguist +told me that he had recognised a Moor at the Rio Pongos, whom he +had seen in Coomassie (when sent there on the eve of the second +Ashantee invasion) who told him that he had been two months +travelling from Kong, and crossed a very large river. Imhammed’s +Affow (if not Taffoo, or the Inta country) I conceive to be Afflou, +a town and district of the Krepee or Kerrapay country, and a short +walk from the sea by Quitta, westward of Yarba, as he says, but +more than eight journies.<span class="pagenum" id= +"Page_211">[211]</span> The Kerrapay country, which is extensive +and independent, will be described, in proceeding from Cape Coast +Castle, along the coast, eastward.</p> + +<div class="plate"> +<div class="figcenter iw4"> +<figure id="map2"><a href="images/map2_large.jpg"><img src= +'images/map2.jpg' alt=''></a> +<table class="width-full"> +<tr> +<td class="tdl ipub"><em>London published as the Act directs by +John Murray Albemarle Street 4<sup>th</sup>. Jan<sup>y</sup>. +1819.</em> +</td> +<td class="tdr ipub"><em>J. Walker Sculpt.</em> +</td> +</tr> +</table> +</figure> +</div> +</div> + +<p>To return to the route from Yahndi to Yaoora, three journies +from Goodoobirree towards the Quolla through Gillimakafoo, +Garagaroogee, and Paänghee, is the large city of Kaiama, and four +beyond it, through Mahalaba, (the nearest name to the Malel of +Edrisi,) Marramoo, and across the small river Wooroo, (running to +the Quolla) is the city of Wauwaw,<a id="FNanchor_56"></a><a href= +"#Footnote_56" class="fnanchor">[56]</a> three journies from the +Quolla. Ten journies from the northern bank, through Yaoora, and +skirting the eastern limits of Zamfara, is Goobirree, so called by +the Moors, and Goobur by the Negroes.<a id= +"FNanchor_57"></a><a href="#Footnote_57" class="fnanchor">[57]</a> +Mr. Beaufoy learned that Gubur was to the south of Wangara, and De +Lisle writes it Goubour. Thence to Kassina, having crossed the +large river Gambaroo, is eight journies. Eighteen journies, +calculated at 18 miles each on a N.E. course, from the altered +position of Yaoora, would place Kassina in 15° 43′ N. and 10° 43′ +E., instead of 16° N. and 11° 45′ E. Mr. Lucas learned that Kassina +was five journies from the Niger, or about 100 miles from that +water, which it is likely to be from the upper branch or the +Gambaroo, which river skirting Kanoo, and Oongooroo, (or Wangara,) +before it descends to the lake Cadee, (though I could not prove +satisfactorily that it did so,) would account for Edrisi’s placing +Kano, and Wangara, on the Niger.<a id="FNanchor_58"></a><a href= +"#Footnote_58" class="fnanchor">[58]</a> From Kassina to Dawoorra +is six<span class="pagenum" id="Page_212">[212]</span> journies: +this must be the Daura of Mr. Horneman, though in the drawing of +the Marrabut it is placed north of Kano. From Dawoorra to Kanoo is +four journies. D’Anville placed it 90 miles to the N.E. of Kassina, +and in the drawing just alluded to, it is placed inland northward +of the Niger. The only authority for supporting Edrisi’s position +of it, is what Mr. Matra was told at Marocco. The Moor who informed +Mr. Beaufoy that boats went with the stream to Ghineä, (the Gano or +Kano of Major Rennell) placed Jinnie between it and Houssa, so +gross an inaccuracy as to justify our doubting him on the other +point. The Ginea of Leo more probably meant Jennë, and he seems to +write of that navigation as a distinct one from that to Melli +eastward.<a id="FNanchor_59"></a><a href="#Footnote_59" class= +"fnanchor">[59]</a> From Kanoo, through the large towns Madagee and +Adagia, to Oongooroo is nine journies, but seven on a joma or +camel, “Est iter octo dierum versus orientem” (Edrisi.) From +Oongooroo to Barranoo is 15 journies on foot according to the +Moors, nine on horseback according to the Negroes, by route No. 12. +Bornoo or Barranoo was spoken of as the first empire in +Africa,<a id="FNanchor_60"></a><a href="#Footnote_60" class= +"fnanchor">[60]</a> the King’s name, according to the Moors, was +Baba Alloo, but the Negroes called him Massinnama.<a id= +"FNanchor_61"></a><a href="#Footnote_61" class="fnanchor">[61]</a> +Kassina, and the intermediate countries on<span class="pagenum" id= +"Page_213">[213]</span> the route, were subject to him with many +others. One district belonging to Bornoo was named Panaroo, and the +vassal King or governor of it, Yandee Kooma. A small river, called +Gaboöa<a id="FNanchor_62"></a><a href="#Footnote_62" class= +"fnanchor">[62]</a> by the Negroes, ran southwards near Bornoo, and +six journies eastward from it, close to Aweeac, a large one +Zerrookoo Keroboobee. Mr. Horneman writes, the Wad el Gazel is not +a river, but a large and fertile valley. The Negroes of Bornoo were +well acquainted with Baghermee. Imhammed’s recollection of the +numerals of Bornoo must have been very imperfect, for I have +written them at least half a dozen times, both from Moorish and +Negro inhabitants, and my spelling agreed with that of another +person present. They are</p> + +<table class="padded2" id="t213"> +<tr> +<th> +</th> +<th> +</th> +<th><em>Imhammed’s.</em> +</th> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>One</td> +<td>Leskar</td> +<td>Lakkah.</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Two</td> +<td>Ahndee</td> +<td>Endee.</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Three</td> +<td>Yaskar</td> +<td>Nieskoo.</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Four</td> +<td>Deegah</td> +<td>Dekoo.</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Five</td> +<td>Oöogoo</td> +<td>Okoo.</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Six</td> +<td>Araskoo</td> +<td>Araskoo.</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Seven</td> +<td>Tooloor</td> +<td>Naskoo.</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Eight</td> +<td>Woskoo</td> +<td>Tallóre.</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Nine</td> +<td>Likkar</td> +<td>L’ilkar.</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Ten</td> +<td>Meeägoo</td> +<td>Meikoo.</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p class="nind">Ben Ali said the language of the common people of +Bornoo had a strong resemblance to that of the neighbouring +Negroes. Mr. Lucas writes that no less than 30 languages are spoken +in these dominions. The following are the numerals of Maïha, one +month to the north-eastward, subject to Bornoo, and the King’s name +Smaï Doonama.</p> + +<table class="padded1" id="t214"> +<tr> +<td><span class="pagenum" id="Page_214">[214]</span>One</td> +<td>Lagen.</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Two</td> +<td>Indë.</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Three</td> +<td>Eäska.</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Four</td> +<td>Daäger.</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Five</td> +<td>Ohoo.</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Six</td> +<td>Araska.</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Seven</td> +<td>Tooloor.</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Eight</td> +<td>Weska.</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Nine</td> +<td>Likar.</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Ten</td> +<td>Inagoon.</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p class="nind">The Negroes called Kanem, Kandem; were well +acquainted with Doomboo, and spoke much of the kingdom of +Asben.</p> + +<p>We will now return to Cape Coast Castle, and seek the best +descriptive authorities, in aid of the observations which have been +made by the Commissioners and others, for the maritime geography +from the river Assinee to Lagos.</p> + +<p>The latitude and longitude of Cape Coast (called by the natives +Igwa, and in the Affettoo district) according to Messrs. Ludlam and +Dawes, the Government Commissioners who surveyed the coast in 1810, +is 5° 6′ N. and 1° 51′ W. Elmina, the native name of which is +Addĭna, is about seven miles to windward of Cape Coast. Twelve +miles from Elmina is Commenda, an English fort, the town is called +by the natives Akatayki, the Dutch fort was destroyed in the +American war. Nine miles thence is Chama, or Assĕma, at the mouth +of the Boosempra. Six hours pull up the river, is an island, where +Attobra, one of the Warsaw caboceers, who supplies the Dutch with +canoes, is building a large house to retire to; four hours above +which is his croom. Colonel Starrenberg was pulled three days up +the river in a canoe; his progress was much impeded by rocks, and +at length arrested by a large cataract, which, being considered a +powerful fetish by the natives,<span class="pagenum" id= +"Page_215">[215]</span> the canoe-men dared not to approach. Nine +miles from Chama, where the Dutch have a fort called Sebastian, is +Succondee, the first town in the Ahanta country. The English fort +was destroyed by the French in the American war, but there is a +settlement house. The Dutch fort is called Orange. Four miles from +Succondee is Taccorary, and a Dutch fort. Nine miles beyond is +Boutrie where the Dutch have a fort, formerly belonging to the +Brandenburgh Company. Three miles from Boutrie is Dix-Cove, or +Nfooma, and in the interval Boossooä, the capital of Ahanta, which +is divided into three districts, Amanfoo, Adoom, and Poho. The +first is about one journey (through Geämma) behind Boossooa, and +one from the river Ancobra, the caboceer is of the next consequence +to the King, whose power and means are extremely limited. The two +latter districts are not more than half a journey behind Taccorary. +The small river running into the sea at Boutrie, rises in the Adoom +district, which is said to abound in gold, but the pits have not +been worked for many years, from their fear of the Warsaws. Amanfee +also abounds in very fine gold, which is generally found in quartz, +and is ground upon stones arranged under large sheds for the +purpose. In a respectable periodical publication of the last year, +I observe, the King of Ashantee called King of Ahanta, Inta, or +Ashantee; this is one of the many proofs of the indiscriminate +ideas of that monarch before the Mission. Eighteen miles from +Dix-Cove passing Achooma and Accoda, (where the Dutch have a fort, +and which is close to Cape Three Points) are the ruins of +Hollandia, formerly belonging to the Brandenburgh Company, and +called Fort Royal Fredericksburg. Sixteen miles farther is Axim, +where the Dutch fort Anthony, their Vice Presidency, is situated. +The people of Axim speak a dialect of the Ahanta. About two miles +westward is the mouth of the Ancobra, so called by the Portuguese +from its windings, the<span class="pagenum" id= +"Page_216">[216]</span> native name is Seënna. Col. Starrenberg, +who went up the river as far as the ruins of Elisa Carthago, the +extreme navigable point, for any but a very small canoe, says, he +cannot form any accurate idea of the distance, but supposes it was +about 20 Dutch miles and the course N.E. Meredith says 50 English: +he was very careless and incorrect in writing, “the French built a +fort on the right bank of this river, and at about 50 miles from +its mouth; where they had a great gold trade, that soon excited the +jealousy of the Dutch, who expelled them. The Dutch however did not +long enjoy this acquisition, for the chief got embroiled with the +natives, and betook himself to the desperate remedy of blowing up +the fort.” Elisa Carthago was built by the Dutch governor +Ruighaven, who died, as appears by his tomb stone at Elmina, before +1700. The French never had any but a small factory, almost at the +mouth of the river, and the Dutch officer in charge of Elisa +Carthago had enjoyed a good trade many years before the cupidity of +the natives reduced him to the act of despair, related by Bosman, +and still recorded by the natives, who narrated it to Col. +Starrenberg. The following is from the Latin translation of Dr. +Reynhaut: “The chief of Elisa Carthago being at variance with the +natives, who invested the fort, and finding he could not resist +them any longer” (for as the story goes, he had been reduced to +fire pieces of rock gold from the want of bullets) “feigned to +treat with them, and invited them for that purpose into the hall of +the fort, under which he had placed several barrels of gunpowder, +and a small boy with a match, ordering him to apply it directly he +stamped his foot on the floor of the hall above. This he did, after +reproaching the natives with their cupidity, and they were all +blown up together. One of the servants of the fort had just before +contrived to effect his escape with most of the papers.” In +navigating from the mouth of the Ancobra or Seënna to +Elisa<span class="pagenum" id="Page_217">[217]</span> Carthago, the +following towns, on the banks, are passed, Boasso, Tarbo, +Marmeresse, Ejujan, Tetchbrouw, Gura, Barnesoe, Uromanio, Afamkan, +and Aduwa. Gura is a small state, the people of which speak the +same language as those of Axim. From Aduwa there are three grand +roads, one to the Aowin country, one to the Dankara, and one to +Asankarie, a considerable town in Warsaw. From Aduwa to Dankara +numerous small crooms are passed through, and the first large one +of the latter country is Kenkoomabaraso, only three journies from +Coomassie. The people of Dankara come to Axim to trade. From Aduwa +to Aowin the first considerable town is Taqua. The Warsaw country +is governed by four caboceers, independent of each other, of whose +relation and power, the best idea I can give, is by comparing it +with that of the tyrants Geron and Theron, who ruled at the same +time in Sicily. Intiffa, the richest caboceer, and whose power +extends the farthest, resides at Abbradie, one short journey from +Elmina. Cudjo Miensa (Miensa is the numeral three) is his principal +counsellor, and will succeed him. Nerbehin was formerly the +residence of Quashee Jacon, another independent caboceer, but of +Intiffa’s family; he was driven from thence by Esson Cudjo, who now +rules there: he fled to Samcow (situated about one day’s journey on +the frontier of Warsaw, behind Succondee) of which Musoe, a slave +of his, has raised himself to be the caboceer, and now protects his +master until Esson Cudjoe’s death. Attobra, another independent +caboceer, lives at Dabroādie, on the Boosempra. The greatest +breadth of the Warsaw country is supposed to be 60 B. miles, and +the greatest length 100 or 120. About 28 miles from the Ancobra, +begins the kingdom of Amanaheä, in which the English fort Apollonia +is situated: it extends about 100 miles along the coast, but not +more than 20 in-land. The various numerals of the coast will be +submitted in an essay on the Fantee language.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_218">[218]</span>Barely four +miles eastward of Cape Coast is Moree, and the Dutch fort Nassau. +Six miles from Moree is Annamaboe, the most complete fortification +in the country; five miles thence Cormantine, the first fort +possessed by the English, and built by them about the middle of the +seventeenth century. It was taken afterwards by the Dutch, and +being stormed, was almost destroyed by the Ashantee army, before it +attacked Annamaboe: the position is very commanding. Tantumquerry, +a small English fort, is about 18 miles from Cormantine, (crossing +the small river Amissa, an hour’s walk in-land from which is +Mankasim, the capital of the Braffoe district of Fantee) the +natives call the town Tuam. Eight miles from Tantum is the town of +Apam, where is a Dutch fort and a small river. Eight miles from +Apam is Simpah or Winnebah. The people of Simpah are Fantees, but +their language is called Affoottoo. They are in the district of +Agoona. About nine miles from Simpah is the Dutch fort Berracoe, +the natives call the town Seniah. Attah of Akim laid a contribution +on this fort in March 1811. About 27 miles from Berracoe is Accra, +or Inkran, once subject to Aquamboo, which people, according to +Isert, formerly drove them to Popo. Meredith fully describes Accra +and the environs, but he does not mention that according to the +natives the Portuguese settled here first, (Isert writes in 1452) +and exercising the greatest cruelties and enormities, were +extirpated by the Accras (their town was then situated a little +behind the present), who executed the governor and his countrymen, +on a spot whence they still take the earth to rub a new born child, +in commemoration of the event. Accra, according to the observations +of the Commissioners, is in 5° 20′ N. and 10′ W. Mr. Meredith, +after quoting this observation, placed it in his outline of the +coast in 58′ E. Between two and three miles from the English fort, +is Christiansburg Castle, the Danish head-quarters.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_219">[219]</span>We will +follow<a id="FNanchor_63"></a><a href="#Footnote_63" class= +"fnanchor">[63]</a> Isert in his route from Accra to the Volta, as +he travelled it several times. “Two miles from Christiansburg is +Labbodee, where there was formerly a fort: this is the residence of +the grand fetish, and the Bishop. Two miles to Pessin, two to +Temmen, where the Dutch had a small fort, abandoned in 1781, two +(leaving Nimboe a little in the bush) to Ponee, a deserted Dutch +fort, now a Dutch factory; two miles thence (crossing a brakke +streek or low land, up to the shoulders in the rains, and 300 +fathoms broad, sometimes called Ponee river) are great and small +Pram Pram, where the English have a small fort or fortified +factory. Two long miles thence is Friedensbourg fort at Ningo, the +people of which speak a different language called Adampee, (the +name given to their country,) a mixture of Ashantee, Kerrapee, and +Accra; it is a republic.” Behind Adampee is the Crobo mountain, the +people of which, though but a few hundreds, have hitherto baffled +the Ashantees, by leaving their croom at the bottom of the +mountain, which is of great height, rugged, accessible but by one +narrow path, and with springs of water on the top, whence they roll +down upon their enemies, the large stones and fragments of rock +which abound. “From Adampee I went in one day to<span class= +"pagenum" id="Page_220">[220]</span> Addah, 12 miles. Two and a +half from Ningo is a croom called Laï, the inhabitants of which +have removed, some to Addah, some to Ningo: the English had a +factory here, long gone to ruin. One mile west of the Volta, there +was formerly a croom called Foutchi.” Reckoning four English miles +to one Danish or Dutch, Addah would be 96 miles from +Christiansburg, but Meredith makes it but 67, therefore we will +take the medium and call it 87. From the Volta to Cape St. Paul’s +is five leagues by sea, according to Dalzel, and 15 miles by land, +according to Norris’s map of Dahomey and its environs. Quitta, +about 12 miles from it (according to Norris) by the observation +made in H.M.S. Argo in 1802, is in 5° 45′ N. and 1° 29′ 30″ E. by +chronometer. Accra lies, according to the Commissioners, in 10′ W. +Taking the medium between Isert and Meredith, Christiansburg +Castle, about three miles eastward of the English fort, is 87 from +Addah, but as that place is six miles from the mouth of the Volta, +we will call it 81: allowing one mile for the breadth of the river +and 18 miles for the difference of longitude between it and Quitta, +(according to Norris,) the distance from English Accra to Quitta +will be 103 B. miles, which being equal to 89 geographical miles, +place Quitta in 1° 19′ E. instead of 1° 29′ 30″ as by the +observation of the Argo, and that supposing the whole distance to +be made good horizontally, which is impossible. Wherefore I should +think Isert, who had travelled it, was more likely to be correct in +making the distance from Christiansburg to Addah 96 miles, than +Meredith in calling it 67.</p> + +<p>Norris’s observation, placing Cape St. Paul’s in 5° 52′ N., I +conceive to be incorrect, as that of the Argo must be preferred, +which places Quitta in 5° 42′ N., instead of 6° 2′ N., as in +Norris’s map. This should not have escaped Mr. Dalzel’s notice in +the “New Sailing Directions,” where both observations are cited in +the same page, without any remark on the inconsistency, for +Quitta<span class="pagenum" id="Page_221">[221]</span> and not St. +Paul’s, is thus made the Cape or western limit of the Bight, the +eastern side of which is called the Bight of Benin, I regret, +amongst other disadvantages, that of not having the opportunity to +consult the chart of Mr. Demayne (the master of H.M.S. Amelia) +which is said to be more accurate than any other.<a id= +"FNanchor_64"></a><a href="#Footnote_64" class= +"fnanchor">[64]</a></p> + +<p>Quitta is included in an independent state of Kerrapay, called +Agwoona, which extends thence along the coast to the Volta; the +towns from that river to Quitta are Attoko, Terrobee, Footee, +Agwoona, Whiëe, and Tegbay. Agwoona lays half a mile from the +shore, and about 15 miles from the Volta. The inhabitants of all +the other towns are obliged by the law to bury their dead in +Agwoona, the capital; the caboceer of which is supreme over the +others, but not absolute. Between Quitta and Popo, lay the Kerrapay +towns Egbiffeemee, to which several of the Quittas have retired, +Edjenowah, Oöogloobooë, and Afflou or Afflahoo, a little way from +the beach. These towns are governed by caboceers, independent of +each other, as well as of Agwoona; and in the last a mixture of +Adampë and Kerrapay is spoken, accounted for by the emigration of a +large body of the former people. Another independent state of +Kerrapay is Tettaytokoo, 2 journies behind Popo; the King is said +to be despotic, and the capital composed of circular houses. There +is also another smaller interior state, governed by a<span class= +"pagenum" id="Page_222">[222]</span> caboceer called Quaminagah. +Tadoo, however, is allowed to be the largest kingdom of Kerrapay, 6 +journies behind Popo, (which the Fantees call Inshan, but the +natives Taun or Taum) described as a large town; and the Accra +language is spoken there as well as the Kerrapay, in consequence of +the temporary emigration of the former people in 1680. The Kerrapay +numerals are</p> + +<table class="padded1" id="t222"> +<tr> +<td>One</td> +<td>Eddee.</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Two</td> +<td>Effee.</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Three</td> +<td>Eltong.</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Four</td> +<td>Ennay.</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Five</td> +<td>Altong.</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Six</td> +<td>Adday.</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Seven</td> +<td>Adrinnee.</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Eight</td> +<td>Ennee.</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Nine</td> +<td>Indee.</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Ten</td> +<td>Owoo.</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p>The Negroes of this country are of a much more daring and +desperate character than their neighbours, and were always the most +severely treated in the slave ships. Mr. Meredith, who writes it +Crepee, placed it west of the Volta.</p> + +<p>Whydah, according to an observation of the Argo, is 6° 14′ N. 2° +31′ E. I do not recollect Dalzel to have mentioned that Anotto is +produced in the neighbourhood of Whydah. I am not certain whether +it is by the Bixa orellana; but the shrub at Whydah may be classed +under Polyandria Monogynia. Lambe made it 200 miles from Whydah +beach to Abomey; Norris 112, Dalzel 96. By Mr. Norris’s own account +of his journey, not more than 20 hours were occupied in travelling, +which at 4 miles an hour, the greatest pace which I think the +hammock men can average, would make the distance 80 miles. An +officer in this service went to Dahomey, without hurrying, in 3 +days; and considers a dispatch<span class="pagenum" id= +"Page_223">[223]</span> would reach it in 2: he thinks it can +scarcely be 70 miles; but calling it 80 as above, and supposing 54, +two thirds, to be the horizontal distance made good, equal to +almost 47 G. miles, Abomey would lay in 7° 12′ N. Yet Mr. Dalzel +writes it lays in about 7° 59′ N.: Whydah being in about 6° 25′ in +the map affixed to his history; this requires 108 B. miles to be +made good on the horizontal distance, whereas he calls that of the +whole journey but 96, and Mr. Norris, who drew the map, 112. The +public were certainly indebted to Mr. Dalzel for the History of +Dahomey, but it was his duty, as an intelligent and considerate +man, to correct such an error as this; and if the author of the +preface had reflected, he would not have written, “The map, is that +of Mr. Norris, with a few additions, which for the places on the +coast, and the position of Abomey, is near enough to the truth.” +Mr. Dalzel should have corrected a greater error in this map, the +course of the Lagos river, for altering which I shall presently +quote his own authority in addition to others.</p> + +<p>An officer in this service, who resided at Lagos three years, +and is the only European resident who has survived of those who +have made the attempt, enables me to correct the following errors. +The Pelican bank is much smaller than it appears on the charts; the +Doo island (which lays N.W. and not N. of Lagos town) where the +natives go to make fetish, is not more than one mile in +circumference; and there is no river of that name. The beach over +which the Portuguese and French (who never cross the bar, where +there are 3 fathoms water) transport their goods to the canoes, is +not more than 100 yards wide, instead of one mile. In Norris’s map +prefixed to Dalzel’s History, the Lagos river is made to cross the +path to Dahomey near Torë. In the Sailing Directions for the Coast +of Africa, to which Mr. Dalzel was the chief contributor, and who +revised the work, we find, “River Lagos is the mouth<span class= +"pagenum" id="Page_224">[224]</span> not only of the river of that +name, which runs to the <em>eastward from Ardrah</em>,” &c. and +the river Mr. Norris crossed near Torë, which he calls pretty deep +and rapid, but with a bridge over it, is by the account of other +gentlemen, officers in this service, who have been to Dahomey, no +more than a marsh. The gentleman before mentioned to have resided +three years in Lagos, informs me the grand branch of that river +flows from the northward of the island, where the pretended river +Doo is placed, he found it so wide on entering it, that being in +the middle, where there are 10 fathoms water, he could scarcely see +the land on either side. The current is impetuous, and floating +islands, and large masses of alluvial matter come down with such +force, in the rainy season, as to trip vessels from their anchors +in the English road. De Lisle makes the Lagos river flowing from +the N., and the French are allowed to be much better acquainted +with this part of the coast. That called the West river in Norris’s +map, is only a creek; and what he calls the Lagos river, and draws +running close to Bădaggry, Ardrah, and passing Torë, is the Western +river. Bădaggry is not more than 5 or 7 miles from the beach, +instead of 15, and the tide only ebbs and flows so far. Ardrah is +from 25 to 30 miles from the beach, instead of 18; and the river is +crossed at about one-third of the distance from the sea: this is +what we call Porto Novo, for there is not more than beachmen’s huts +on the shore opposite the anchorage. The natives call Ardrah +Aratakassee, or Allatakassee, and the country Essaäm, or the great. +The river continues its course not more than 100 yards from the +sea, at Whydah, and proceeds equally close (indeed frequently the +ridge between them is covered with water) until passing Quitta, it +falls into the Volta near the mouth.</p> + +<p>The above mentioned gentleman proves the informant of Adams’s +editor incorrect, in stating that the Houssa traders were +constantly to be met with at Lagos, previous to the abolition of +the slave trade,<span class="pagenum" id="Page_225">[225]</span> +for it has always been the policy of Kosie, a kingdom on the +eastern bank of the river, and about 60 miles inland from the +mouth, to prevent all intercourse between the traders of the +interior, and those of Lagos, to secure to themselves the +exorbitant profits they made as the brokers or medium. The +Europeans who traded at Lagos, once meditated forcing a passage up +the river in armed boats, and a vessel of 18 guns was got over the +bar, and anchored close to Lagos town; but the project was +abandoned as too perilous. Sometime afterwards the King of Kosie +desired a European might visit him, to gratify his curiosity, and +that of his people; but no one being willing, a mulatto, named +Peter Brown, was dressed up and sent. This man, being now at Cape +Coast, I have questioned. Several armed men were sent to conduct +him, and relays of canoe men sufficient to continue brisk pulling; +which they did from the evening till the next day, before he left +the river to proceed by land; it was still very wide, and more than +4 fathoms deep; considerably, for aught he knew, for the bamboo +poles of that length, with which the natives push the canoe +forward, when they get close enough to the banks to do so, would +not touch the bottom in the middle. Relays of hammock men then +carried him at a brisk pace until evening, when he reached Kosie, +which he described as a town of great extent, and the buildings to +resemble those in the drawings of Coomassie. The King gave orders +that the crowd should not intrude themselves into his house, +treated him very handsomely, and dismissed him after three days. He +only heard the people of Kosie speak of two great nations, the +Hios, and the Awissees.</p> + +<p>The gentleman before mentioned has an impression, from all the +enquiries he recollects to have made, of the slaves of the +interior, that the merchants convey them by water the greater part +of the way; and their reports were strengthened by his having +an<span class="pagenum" id="Page_226">[226]</span> opportunity of +seeing canoes brought from Kosie to Lagos, and purchased from the +slave merchants of the interior. They were very superior in size +and convenience to those of the coast, were covered in, with a +distinct apartment for the trader and his wives, and would hold a +hundred slaves. I never heard any slaves speak of being brought any +part of the way by water, but I have not seen any who were brought +to Kosie or Lagos.</p> + +<p>The Karhala is the only large river likely to communicate with, +or to form that of Lagos; possibly the Karhala might run to the +large lake in Hio, which Snelgrave says (from the information of +the Portuguese mulatto he found at Abomey) “is the fountain of +several large rivers which empty themselves into the Bay of +Guinea.” The Lagos river may flow from this lake, but this is mere +conjecture. The gentleman to whom I am indebted, places the Mahees +north of Dahomey, instead of north-west as in Norris’s map, which +is allowed to be far from discriminate in the interior parts, in +the preface to Dalzel’s History, and this is also more probable, +because about nine years ago, the King of Hio entirely conquered +the Mahees, and upwards of 20,000 of them were brought for sale to +Lagos.</p> + +<p>The Joös, inconsiderately reported to Adams’s editor as being, +with the Anagoos and Mahees, the principal nations on the journey +to the Niger, and nearer to the coast, avoiding Dahomey, are +probably the Jaboos, who are about 40 miles westward of Kosie, and +not behind Cradoo, as in Norris’s map. They are celebrated for the +cloths of their name, of which the Portuguese have shipped such +large quantities. The Anagoos, or Nagoos, are the north westward +neighbours of Dahomey.</p> + +<p>The extent of Fantee is corrected from the conjectural +enlargement of it by Mr. Meredith, and, with that of Ashantee, +Akim, Assin, Warsaw, Ahanta, &c. &c. is sufficiently +distinct in the present<span class="pagenum" id= +"Page_227">[227]</span> map. A more enlarged, and particular map of +Fantee, &c. would not be interesting to the public, but as it +might be desirable to geographers, I shall keep it in view as a +duty, and, at some future time, endeavor to add to the observations +of latitude and longitude which have been already made on the +coast.</p> + +<p>I may not conclude without acknowledging the guidance, and +assistance, which Major Rennell’s previous investigations have +afforded me; without impressing, that had not some sketches of the +interior been collected by the industry of the emissaries of the +African Association, and afterwards connected and formed into a +general outline, blended with the feeble lights of the ancients, my +enquiries would neither have been excited or directed; and this +present small contribution to our slender knowledge would have +perished an embryo. When I reflect on the creative researches of +the genius of D’Anville, and the acumen and erudition of Major +Rennell, it is my greatest anxiety to make my deference in +investigation, as manifest as the public duty which exacted the +involuntary presumption; and I cannot conclude more appropriately, +than by addressing the latter in the expressive lines of +Virgil:</p> + +<div class="linegrp-container"> +<div class="linegrp"> +<div class="group"> +<div class="line indent0">“Nec calamis solum æquiparas sed voce +magistrum</div> + +<div class="line indent0"><span class= +"word-spaced03"> </span>Fortunate—tu nunc eris alter ab +illo.</div> + +<div class="line indent0"><span class= +"word-spaced03"> </span>Nos tamen hæc quocunque modo tibi +nostra vicissim</div> + +<div class="line indent0"><span class= +"word-spaced03"> </span>Dicemus.”</div> +</div> +</div> +</div> + +<div class="footnotes" id="ftp2c01"> +<div class="footnote"> +<p><a id="Footnote_15"></a><a href="#FNanchor_15"><span class= +"label">[15]</span></a>“On the west of Aquamboe lies the powerful +state of Akim, sometimes denominated Akam, Achem, and Accany, which +occupies almost all the interior of the Gold Coast, and is supposed +by the natives to extend to Barbary. The Accanese are represented +as carrying on an extensive commerce with the interior kingdoms of +Africa, particularly Tonouwah, Gago, and Meczara, by which Mourzouk +the capital of Fezzan seems to be intended.”</p> +</div> + +<div class="footnote"> +<p><a id="Footnote_16"></a><a href="#FNanchor_16"><span class= +"label">[16]</span></a>“Reize van Koppenhagen naar Guinea, &c. +Door den Heer Isert. Amsteldam, 1797. Naar het Hoog Duitsch.”</p> +</div> + +<div class="footnote"> +<p><a id="Footnote_17"></a><a href="#FNanchor_17"><span class= +"label">[17]</span></a>This induced me to think that In-ta and +Ta-pah, as well as Assiantee might mean the same place, as we find +of Mahee, Yahon, &c.—Dalzel.</p> +</div> + +<div class="footnote"> +<p><a id="Footnote_18"></a><a href="#FNanchor_18"><span class= +"label">[18]</span></a>“In the province of St. Jago, in Chili, +there is a plant of this class and order (Didynamiæ gymnosperma) +supposed to be a species of wild basil (Ocimum salinum), resembling +the common basil so much as to be hardly distinguished from it, +except that the flower stem is round and jointed, and its scent and +taste not like the basil, but rather like the sea flag, or some +marine plant. It is an annual, shooting forth in the spring, and +continuing till the commencement of winter: every morning it is +covered with hard and shining saline globules, resembling dew, +which the countrymen shake off the leaves to serve them as common +salt, and in some respects is thought to be of a superior quality. +Every plant produces daily about half an ounce of this salt; but +Molina, a scientific naturalist, to whom we are indebted for this +information, says, that it is extremely difficult to account for +this phenomenon, as the situation where he found these plants was +in the most fertile part of the kingdom, and at a distance from the +sea of more than seventy miles. When we see some plants secrete +flint, separate and distinct from their fibres, as well as combined +with their organic structure; and when we also know that plants +secrete alkali, in every situation, I cannot perceive why Molina +should consider the contiguity of the sea to be essential to the +production of a neutral salt in the Ocimum salinum.” Linnæan +System, London, 1816, vol. ii. p. 303.</p> + +<p>Riley, whose narrative has recently appeared, saw in the desert, +“A dwarf thorn bush from two to five feet high with succulent +leaves strongly impregnated with salt.”</p> +</div> + +<div class="footnote"> +<p><a id="Footnote_19"></a><a href="#FNanchor_19"><span class= +"label">[19]</span></a>In the Dutch copies of the old Portuguese +charts, Xabunda (perhaps Banda) is placed as the capital of +Ashantee, and two or three large Portuguese towns, one St. +Lawrence, with several convents and crosses between it and the +Coast.</p> +</div> + +<div class="footnote"> +<p><a id="Footnote_20"></a><a href="#FNanchor_20"><span class= +"label">[20]</span></a>Gago oppidum amplissimum nullis quoque +cingitur muris, distat a Tumbuto meridiem versus quadringentes fere +passuum millibus, inclinatusque fere ad Euroaustrum. Leo Af.</p> +</div> + +<div class="footnote"> +<p><a id="Footnote_21"></a><a href="#FNanchor_21"><span class= +"label">[21]</span></a>“To what degree the natives of Silla would +have contradicted each other in their accounts of Tombuctoo, Park’s +short stay there could not have allowed him time to ascertain, even +if his knowledge of their language had enabled him to understand +their accounts as well as he did those of the slatees on the +Gambia.</p> + +<p>“Several instances of the contradictory testimony of the Negroes +occur in Park’s travels, Jennië, for instance, is stated in his +first Mission to be situated on the Niger, but on his second +journey he renounces that opinion, on the apparently good authority +of an old Somonie (canoe man) who had been seven times at +Tombuctoo.” Adams’s Editor.</p> +</div> + +<div class="footnote"> +<p><a id="Footnote_22"></a><a href="#FNanchor_22"><span class= +"label">[22]</span></a>Mr. Hutchison writes, that from Inta to +Jennë is said to be 41 journies. This Gentleman, the Resident at +Coomassie, merely accompanied the Mission to act in that capacity +in case the object could be accomplished, and was not instructed to +report: the officer conducting the Mission being responsible to the +extent of his industry, and the opportunities, for the various +desiderata, excepting the Botanical and Medical, which were +expected from the Surgeon, Mr. Tedlie. Mr. Hutchison’s time was +much employed in making duplicates and copies of the frequent and +voluminous dispatches to head quarters. The Moors disliking even a +second European to be present at their geographical communications, +Mr. Hutchison, through his obliging disposition, which accommodated +itself to every thing auxiliary to the pursuits of the Mission, +rendered me a great service, and quieted the uneasiness of the +Moors by keeping watch, and diverting the various Ashantee visitors +who would have intruded, with great patience and address. There was +no time even for a communication of the data I had collected before +the Mission left Coomassie, for we may be said to have lived in +public the latter part of the four months, and Mr. Hutchison’s +genius inclining more to the cultivation of the Ashantee and Arabic +languages, which I had no doubt would yield to his great industry, +I did not intrude less congenial pursuits on his attention, (the +desiderata having been amply realized,) but merely requested he +would let me know what any intelligent Moor, arriving after my +departure, might say of the Interior, and, if possible, procure a +chart from him, especially if he was not a native of Houssa or +Bornoo, which two of the Moors who had drawn for me were. After I +had finished my Geographical Report, Mr. Hutchison sent, with some +other interesting particulars, added as notes with his initials, a +chart drawn by a Jennë Moor just arrived, confirming all I had +collected in the most satisfactory manner. The names of the +countries from the source of the Niger to Egypt were written in +Arabic, with Mr. Hutchison’s expression of the pronunciation in +English opposite. I particularly recollect that his ear differed +somewhat from mine, which accounts for the trifling differences in +our spelling. I shewed Mr. Hutchison my charts as curiosities, but +he took no minutes of the names, uninteresting from his never +having had an opportunity of reading Major Rennell’s Dissertations, +which would alone make them so to any one. He gives a better proof +of this, than my own impression, by the following extract from his +letter to me, accompanying the chart: “The Bornoo you used to talk +about, you will find the same as the lake Chaudi, or Al Bahare +Noohoo, or else you know a country I I do not recollect hearing +of;” but, in the postscript, he writes, “On looking over my +memoranda, I find Bornoo is the principal monarchy the Arabs alone +stand in awe of, and one of the four kingdoms best known on the +Quolla.” Mr. Hutchison <em>unconsciously</em> confirming what I had +learned, is even more satisfactory than if I had left him any basis +for his enquiries; indeed, his own object, the acquirement of the +language, was too important to be interrupted unnecessarily. Before +I attach any quotation from this Gentleman’s letters, I must +acknowledge the assistance I had previously derived from his +spirited zeal as an officer, as well as that which has since +resulted from his interest in intellectual pursuits.</p> +</div> + +<div class="footnote"> +<p><a id="Footnote_23"></a><a href="#FNanchor_23"><span class= +"label">[23]</span></a>The Moors particularly mentioned buying +their writing paper there. One told me that the Joliba ran to a +river called Hotaiba after it passed Yahoodee, which river ran +towards Toonis. Several talked of vessels coming to Yahoodee, +navigated by white men, but whence I could not learn, and Brahima +had never visited it, though such reports were familiar to him.</p> +</div> + +<div class="footnote"> +<p><a id="Footnote_24"></a><a href="#FNanchor_24"><span class= +"label">[24]</span></a>The rivers Arauca and Capanaparo in Cumana +form bifurcations similar to those of the Niger. The Arauca divides +itself into two rivers, the northern one, the Arauquito, runs +through the lake Cabullarito into the Orinoco, and the southern +retaining the name of Arauca, also flows to the Orinoco. The +Capanaparo falls into the Orinoco in two streams, the northern +retaining the original name, and the southern acquiring that of +Mina. See Humboldt’s map of the eastern part of the province of +Verina.</p> +</div> + +<div class="footnote"> +<p><a id="Footnote_25"></a><a href="#FNanchor_25"><span class= +"label">[25]</span></a>See note, <a href="#Footnote_28">p. +189.</a></p> +</div> + +<div class="footnote"> +<p><a id="Footnote_26"></a><a href="#FNanchor_26"><span class= +"label">[26]</span></a>“No one who compares the maps of De Lisle +and D’Anville with the materials then published, can doubt the +excellent means of information with which they must have been +supplied both by government, and by private individuals.” +Murray.</p> + +<p>We find a remarkable instance of De Lisle’s accuracy in Major +Rennell’s construction of the geography of Mr. Horneman’s +expedition. “Mr. Horneman was informed that there are 101 inhabited +places in Fezzan.” It is remarkable that this is precisely the +number stated in M. Delisle’s map of Africa, drawn in 1707; and, +according to Mr. Beaufoy’s informant, there are nearly 100.</p> + +<p>I have since found an older authority for the name +<em>Gambaroo</em>, and which also shews that the name +<em>Quolla</em> and its connection with the Gambaroo, have not been +wholly unknown hitherto. It is in the L’Afrique de Marmol, livre +viii. chap. 3. “C’est une chose estrange que ce fleuve venant de si +loin, car Ptolomée le fait venir du lac <em>Quélonide</em>, et de +celui de Nuba, il n’entraine pas tant d’eaux par ce costé-là, et la +marée ne monte pas si avant, <em>que par l’autre bras que l’on +appelle Gamber</em>.” One may almost fancy Quolla and Quellonide to +have been derived from the Chalonides of Ptolemy.</p> +</div> + +<div class="footnote"> +<p><a id="Footnote_27"></a><a href="#FNanchor_27"><span class= +"label">[27]</span></a>“The fact of a large lake like the Dibbie, +discharging its waters by two streams flowing from distant parts of +the lake, and re-uniting after a separate course of a hundred miles +in length, has always appeared to us extremely apocryphal, at least +we believe that the geography of the world does not afford a +parallel case.” Adams’s Editor.</p> +</div> + +<div class="footnote"> +<p><a id="Footnote_28"></a><a href="#FNanchor_28"><span class= +"label">[28]</span></a>“According to these statements of the +Moorish traders, Adams would seem to have mistaken the course of +the stream at Tombuctoo. In fact, I do not recollect that he told +me at Mogadore that it flowed in a westerly direction: but, I +think, I am correct in saying, that he discovered some uncertainty +in speaking upon this subject, (and almost upon this subject alone) +observing, in answer to my inquiries, that he had not taken very +particular notice, and that the river was steady, without any +appearance of a strong current.” Dupuis on Adams.</p> + +<p>Adams’s name, La-mar-Zarah (for of course he did not attach +<em>La</em> mar to indicate water, but pronounced La-mar-Zarah, as +an integral name) seems accounted for by his confounding or +connecting the Arabic name of the river, <em>Lahamar</em>, with the +Negro name <em>Yça</em> (for we find these names in Marmol, tom. 3. +liv. 8.) making <em>Lahamar-yça</em>, La-mar-Zarah.</p> +</div> + +<div class="footnote"> +<p><a id="Footnote_29"></a><a href="#FNanchor_29"><span class= +"label">[29]</span></a>Les Sénégurs le nomment Sénédec, les Jalofes +Dengueh, les Turcorons qui sont plus au-dedans du pays Maye, les +Saragoles qui sont plus haut Colle, et en un contrée plus vers +l’orient Zimbale: au royaume de Tombut on le nomme Yça. Marmol, +tom. 3, livre 8. The name Zimbale must be derived from Jimballa, by +which country the river passes; it occurs in the route from Shégo +to Timbuctoo. P. 194.</p> +</div> + +<div class="footnote"> +<p><a id="Footnote_30"></a><a href="#FNanchor_30"><span class= +"label">[30]</span></a>Kulla, in the Mallowa, if not in the Kassina +language, means <em>child</em>; perhaps, allegory being the +character of African language, the southern river may be called +Quolla or Kulla, from being a <em>branch</em> only of the great +river which forms it and the Gambaroo.</p> +</div> + +<div class="footnote"> +<p><a id="Footnote_31"></a><a href="#FNanchor_31"><span class= +"label">[31]</span></a>See the <a href="#p2c13">account</a> of the +large interior river known at Gaboon, under the name of +<em>Wole</em> or <em>Wolela</em>.</p> +</div> + +<div class="footnote"> +<p><a id="Footnote_32"></a><a href="#FNanchor_32"><span class= +"label">[32]</span></a>“There is one thing that disagrees with Mr. +Park’s account, they call the Niger Quolla at Jennë, Sansanding, +&c. &c. and describe the Jolliba as falling into the Quolla +east of Timbuctoo.” W. H.</p> + +<p>The Moors invariably reported to me that it ran from it. Mr. H. +might perhaps have misunderstood the Jennë Moor, whose single +authority cannot be opposed to the concurrence of several.</p> +</div> + +<div class="footnote"> +<p><a id="Footnote_33"></a><a href="#FNanchor_33"><span class= +"label">[33]</span></a>Illorum verò qui per interiorem Æthiopiam +fluant, quique fontes et ostia in continente habent maximi sunt Gir +et Nigir. (Lib. 2. E. 1. De maximis <em>fluminibus</em>.)</p> +</div> + +<div class="footnote"> +<p><a id="Footnote_34"></a><a href="#FNanchor_34"><span class= +"label">[34]</span></a>The Jennë Moor does not appear to have been +so particularly acquainted with the source of the Niger. He has +drawn two hills, from one of which springs a large river he could +not name, running westward, the other is the source of the Quolla, +and Mr. Hutchison has written its name Bieteerilmiloo. Between this +source and Mala, the King of which he describes as a great monarch, +he mentions no towns or kingdoms. This Mala is the Malay of the +Moorish charts I procured, between the source and which five places +or countries were written. Mr. Hutchison writes the course thus, +without time or distance, Mala, Bambarra, Shego, Sansanding, Jena, +Mashina, Dahleä (a small croom on the lake Dibber,) Kabarra: he +adds, cannibals are close to the Joliba, and 30 journies from +Timbuctoo, they eat their prisoners: the dead of their own people +are put in the Joliba, in wooden coffins.</p> +</div> + +<div class="footnote"> +<p><a id="Footnote_35"></a><a href="#FNanchor_35"><span class= +"label">[35]</span></a>The following sentence in the description of +Leo, conveys an idea of the decline or decay of the city. “Cujus +domus omnes in tuguriola cretacea stramineis tectis <em>sunt +mutatæ</em>.” Yet immediately after we receive the contrary +impression on reading “Visitur tamen elegantissimum quoddam templum +cujus murus ex lapidibus atque calce vivo est fabricatus: deinde et +palacium quoddam regium quodam Granato viro artificissimo conditum. +Frequentissimæ hic sunt artificum mercatorum præcipuè autem telæ +atque gossypii textorum officinæ; huc mercatores Barbari pannum ex +Europa adferunt.” In the Description de l’Afrique en Flamand, +published about a century and a half afterwards, the author seems +to be aware of the advanced decline or decay of Timbuctoo. “Les +maisons étoient autrefois fort sumptueuses, mais elles ne sont +maintenant que de bois enduites de terre grasse et couvertes de +paille.”</p> +</div> + +<div class="footnote"> +<p><a id="Footnote_36"></a><a href="#FNanchor_36"><span class= +"label">[36]</span></a>“All the country from where the Joliba +discharges itself into the Quolla is subject to the Sultan +Malisimiel. What makes the Sultan of Timbuctoo so much talked of, +is his being near the water side; but his master, the Sultan of +Malisimiel considers him merely as a deputy or governor. The four +greatest monarchs known on the banks of the Quolla, are Baharnoo, +Santambool, Malisimiel, and Malla.” W. H. Malla is Mallowa.</p> +</div> + +<div class="footnote"> +<p><a id="Footnote_37"></a><a href="#FNanchor_37"><span class= +"label">[37]</span></a>“The Chaymas substitute <em>r</em> for +<em>l</em>, a substitution that arises from a defect of +pronunciation, common in every zone. The substitution of <em>r</em> +for <em>l</em> characterizes, for example, the Bashmouric dialect +of the Coptic language. It is thus that the Caribbees of the +Oroonoko have been transformed into Galibi, in French Guiana, by +confounding <em>r</em> with <em>l</em>, and softening the +<em>c</em>. The Tamanach has made choraro (solalo) of the Spanish +word soldado.” Humboldt’s personal narrative, book iii. chap. +9.</p> +</div> + +<div class="footnote"> +<p><a id="Footnote_38"></a><a href="#FNanchor_38"><span class= +"label">[38]</span></a>The position of Mellè is further confirmed +in Dapper “Le Roi de <em>Tombut</em> prend le nom d’Empereur de +<em>Melli</em>.” This title seems to have been transferred to the +King of Houssa from the decline of Timbuctoo, to which the +aggrandisement of the former city is to be attributed.</p> +</div> + +<div class="footnote"> +<p><a id="Footnote_39"></a><a href="#FNanchor_39"><span class= +"label">[39]</span></a>The King residing in Houssa is the King of +Malla; he has seven tributary Kings. W. H.</p> +</div> + +<div class="footnote"> +<p><a id="Footnote_40"></a><a href="#FNanchor_40"><span class= +"label">[40]</span></a>I did not hear of the Gotoijegee, Carmasse, +or Gourmon of Amadi Fatouma; it is clear that he was not very +correct in names. I never once heard Silla called Sellee, Dibbie, +Sibbie, or Kabra, Rakbarra.</p> +</div> + +<div class="footnote"> +<p><a id="Footnote_41"></a><a href="#FNanchor_41"><span class= +"label">[41]</span></a>The Jennë Moor notices between Kabarra and +Cabi, Gauw (a great kingdom) Quoülla, Askeä, Zabirma. Ptolemy has a +city called Geua on the Gir.</p> +</div> + +<div class="footnote"> +<p><a id="Footnote_42"></a><a href="#FNanchor_42"><span class= +"label">[42]</span></a>The Jennë Moor told Mr. Hutchison, “the +Quolla was the largest river in the world, and about 5 miles wide, +having a very rocky channel, the banks on both sides very high, and +rugged: in many parts canoes often take a day to cross, from the +dangerous whirlpools, and sudden squalls; at other places the +stream runs with great rapidity. The houses in its environs are +either terraced or shingled, as thatch cannot resist the frequent +high winds.”</p> +</div> + +<div class="footnote"> +<p><a id="Footnote_43"></a><a href="#FNanchor_43"><span class= +"label">[43]</span></a>The Jennë Moor has placed Gangë as an island +in the Quolla just below Bousa. This must be the Gongoo of +Imhammed, and Ben Ali, south of Cassina. Mr. Lucas writes “the +width of the Niger is such, that even at the island of Gongoo, +where the ferrymen reside, the sound of the loudest voice from the +northern shore is scarcely heard.”</p> +</div> + +<div class="footnote"> +<p><a id="Footnote_44"></a><a href="#FNanchor_44"><span class= +"label">[44]</span></a>The Jennë Moor traces the course from +Yaoora, thus: Boussa, Gangë, Wawa, Noofa, Quollaliffa, Atagara; the +only difference being the position of the latter place, possibly an +error of mine, as the name Atagara was not noticed in the charts I +made the Moors draw, but only in the more particular enumerations +of the countries the Quolla passed; the names of which I minuted +from their utterance, and afterwards attached their remarks as +interpreted to me.</p> +</div> + +<div class="footnote"> +<p><a id="Footnote_45"></a><a href="#FNanchor_45"><span class= +"label">[45]</span></a>The Jennë Moor calls this Quolla liffa. Mr. +Hutchison, who has a servant, a native of it, describes it as a +very powerful kingdom, as the Shereef Brahima described it to me, +and as was the impression of Mr. Dupuis. Mr. H. adds, on Negro and +Moorish authority, “it is to the King of Quallowliffa that the +country in which Canna, Dall, and Yum Yum, where cannibals are, is +subject.” Mr. Horneman mentions Yem Yems cannibals south of Kano 10 +days; and the account is further confirmed in my subsequent +geographical sketch of the interior of Gaboon. Mr. Horneman’s +information that the Niger flowed towards the Egyptian Nile through +the land of the Heathens, which Mr. Park quoted as an argument for +the Congo hypothesis, doubtless referred to these cannibals.</p> +</div> + +<div class="footnote"> +<p><a id="Footnote_46"></a><a href="#FNanchor_46"><span class= +"label">[46]</span></a>“At times the water of this lake is hot, and +it boils and bubbles with a great noise, often overflowing the +surrounding country. The bones of fish thrown up by the volcano are +so numerous, that the Arabs mix them in the swish of their houses. +There are a great many islets in the lake, which is so extensive, +that they cannot see the end. Between it and the Quolla rises a +very high hill, from the top of which is an extensive view; it is a +day’s journey from the water on either side. The Arabs eat black +rice, corn, and sweet beans, called Tummer.” W. H.</p> +</div> + +<div class="footnote"> +<p><a id="Footnote_47"></a><a href="#FNanchor_47"><span class= +"label">[47]</span></a>The Jennë Moor has also placed it E. of +Foor. Mr. Hutchison writes the course, after him, from Atagara, +thus: “Maffagoodoo, Sharee, Lake Chadee, Phorr (beginning of Arabs) +“Wadie.” Mr. Horneman writes “A great part of the people of Wadey, +together with their King, are Arabs.”</p> +</div> + +<div class="footnote"> +<p><a id="Footnote_48"></a><a href="#FNanchor_48"><span class= +"label">[48]</span></a>Mr. Hutchison has written it Sooänar.</p> +</div> + +<div class="footnote"> +<p><a id="Footnote_49"></a><a href="#FNanchor_49"><span class= +"label">[49]</span></a>“Cairo is still called, in the figurative +language of the East, Misr, without an equal; Misr, the mistress of +the world.” Quarterly Review. Mr. Hutchison writes, that the Moors +told him it was so called after Misraim, who settled there.</p> +</div> + +<div class="footnote"> +<p><a id="Footnote_50"></a><a href="#FNanchor_50"><span class= +"label">[50]</span></a>The following, in the left hand column, are +the places or countries as written by Mr. Hutchison, after the +Jennë Moor, agreeing with those the Moors reported to me.</p> + +<table class="tabw40 padded1" id="t205"> +<tr> +<td>Shuewa</td> +<td>Shewa Abenassa.</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Swiss</td> +<td>Sooess.</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Zall</td> +<td>Zaloo.</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Machazoogee</td> +<td>Machawazoo.</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="tdl hang1">Tabarbass, cultivation, volcano from the +Quolla two days, two days to the top,</td> +<td>Tabarrabass.</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Askanderee</td> +<td>Askandaraia or Sakunderree.</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p class="nind">The latter place is Alexandria. The Moors called +the Mediterranean Sea to me by two names, Baharlë Malee, and +Sabbaha Bahoori. Mr. Hutchison writes it Baramela or Bahermale, and +adds, “Seven rivers from Africa turn their course to it, but only +two reach the shores, of which the Nile is one. The rush of the +waters of the Nile when they meet the sea, is so great, that the +waves are driven into the air with great force, and retire like +waves against a rock. The Red Sea, they say, assumes various +colours at different periods from seven streams pouring their +course into it, salt water and fresh, red, blue, yellow, +&c.”</p> +</div> + +<div class="footnote"> +<p><a id="Footnote_51"></a><a href="#FNanchor_51"><span class= +"label">[51]</span></a>“Half of the inhabitants of Massar are +white, and half black; they have a Fort and Governor.” W. H.</p> +</div> + +<div class="footnote"> +<p><a id="Footnote_52"></a><a href="#FNanchor_52"><span class= +"label">[52]</span></a>Stambool is the Arabic pronunciation of the +familiar or vulgar name of Constantinople, the etymology of which +is ιϛαμαι πολιν.</p> +</div> + +<div class="footnote"> +<p><a id="Footnote_53"></a><a href="#FNanchor_53"><span class= +"label">[53]</span></a>Mr. Hutchison writes, “Wangara is the name +of a region comprehending Mosee Kong, and other neighbouring +countries south of the Niger (if not some to the north of it) but +Oongooroo is the name of the country laying between Cassina and +Bornoo.)” Mr. Park has <em>Wangeera</em> in the route from Sego to +the coast of Guinea.</p> +</div> + +<div class="footnote"> +<p><a id="Footnote_54"></a><a href="#FNanchor_54"><span class= +"label">[54]</span></a>“The dress of the people of Fullan (a +country to the west of Kassina) resembles the cloth of which the +plaids of the Scotch Highlanders are made.” Ben Ali.</p> +</div> + +<div class="footnote"> +<p><a id="Footnote_55"></a><a href="#FNanchor_55"><span class= +"label">[55]</span></a>Mr. Hutchison sends me this route, as given +him by the Jennë Moor, thus, (supposing me not to have heard of +Yariba) “from Goodaberry, over Lasa small water to Quolla, at +Boussa; few hours walk to Yaraba; 28 days from Dahomey:” he adds, +“recollect that the King of Dahomey is tributary to the King of +Yaraba, who is the same in that quarter, as the King of Ashantee is +here.”</p> +</div> + +<div class="footnote"> +<p><a id="Footnote_56"></a><a href="#FNanchor_56"><span class= +"label">[56]</span></a>The Jennë Moor gave this route thus: Wawa to +Kiama, a great kingdom, 3 days; close to the eastward a desert; 1 +day Garagroogee; 1 day Wala; 1 day Goodaberry.</p> +</div> + +<div class="footnote"> +<p><a id="Footnote_57"></a><a href="#FNanchor_57"><span class= +"label">[57]</span></a>“Guber est à cent lieuës de Gago vers +l’Orient, et en est separé par un desert inhabitable à quatorze ou +quinze lieuës du Niger. Cette contrée est entre de hautes +montagnes, et toute pleine de villages; celui où le Prince tient sa +Cour a quelque mille maisons.” Dapper.</p> +</div> + +<div class="footnote"> +<p><a id="Footnote_58"></a><a href="#FNanchor_58"><span class= +"label">[58]</span></a>I shall adjoin an outline of the great river +in one of the maps of Dapper’s Description de l’Afrique, traduit du +Flamand, because the book is very scarce, and I do not remember to +have seen the Niger, the Gir, or the Congo so laid down in any +other.</p> +</div> + +<div class="footnote"> +<p><a id="Footnote_59"></a><a href="#FNanchor_59"><span class= +"label">[59]</span></a>The removal of Cano from the banks of the +Niger agreeable with every report I received, is supported by +Dapper. “A cent soixante et dix lieuës d’Agadez et à deux cent du +Niger on trouve ce royaume (Guber), au milieu du quel est la ville +de Cano fermée de murailles de bois et de pierre, et qui a des +maisons bâties de même.”</p> +</div> + +<div class="footnote"> +<p><a id="Footnote_60"></a><a href="#FNanchor_60"><span class= +"label">[60]</span></a>“The Mahometans of Senaar number Bornoo +amongst the four most powerful monarchies of the world; the other +three are Turkey, Persia, and Abyssinia: the sovereign of Bornoo is +more powerful than the Emperor of Morocco.” Lucas.</p> +</div> + +<div class="footnote"> +<p><a id="Footnote_61"></a><a href="#FNanchor_61"><span class= +"label">[61]</span></a>Ce royame, qu’on croit avoir été la demeure +des Garamantes, est une vaste Province au levant de Gangara, qui +s’étend vers l’Orient l’espace de cent soixante dix lieuës et est +éloignée du Niger de cinquante.</p> +</div> + +<div class="footnote"> +<p><a id="Footnote_62"></a><a href="#FNanchor_62"><span class= +"label">[62]</span></a>Mr. Hutchison heard of another river near +Bornoo called Koomoodoo gaiguina: he could not hear of the Wad el +Gazel.</p> +</div> + +<div class="footnote"> +<p><a id="Footnote_63"></a><a href="#FNanchor_63"><span class= +"label">[63]</span></a>I observe, in a modern publication, Dr. +Isert’s described as a second visit to Africa, under the auspices +of the Danish government, encouraged by his reports to attempt +colonization in Aquapim, and that he died from anxiety and +exertion. This was not the case, it was his first and only visit, +the Danes never attempted colonization, and he embarked for the +West Indies as I have before stated. Having read the above, +however, I wrote to Dr. Reynhaut, who translated some passages from +the Dutch into Latin for me, and the following is an extract from +his letter in reply. “Quod attinet Iserti in Africam reditum, +ibique ejus obitum, ficta hæc est fama. Verum est juxta Quitam post +victoriam in Augnaeos populos reportatam, Danos arcem condidisse, +cui nomen insigniverunt Prinzenstein; sed nullæ culturæ +incubuerunt, nec colonias struxerunt, nec minus falsum est umquam +Isertum in Africæ littoræ inferiora regis jussu rediisse, colonias +extruendi gratia, nam præter opus Botanicum quod Floræ Guinensis +titulo occurrit, nullum aliud de illo scriptum existit.”</p> +</div> + +<div class="footnote"> +<p><a id="Footnote_64"></a><a href="#FNanchor_64"><span class= +"label">[64]</span></a>Since I have been at sea I have drawn the +maritime part of my map again, and laid down the Forts and other +points according to the observations quoted in Norrie, (4th +edition, 1816,) which agree so very nearly with those of the +Commissioners in the two instances cited, that I conclude he has +been allowed to copy the whole series from their papers, which I +believe have never been published. Even in Dr. Mackay’s valuable +publication, Cape Coast Castle is laid 1° 23′ too much to the +eastward. I presume too that the observations made by H.M.S. +Amelia, are part of those quoted by Norrie, although the Argo’s +observations of the longitude of Quitta and Whydah are not +confirmed. I observe a small error which makes 1′ 28″ N. and 7′ 24″ +E. the difference between Kormantine and Annamaboe, the former is +only 5 miles eastward of the latter.</p> +</div> +</div> + +<hr class="chap"> + +<h2><span class="pagenum" id="Page_228">[228]</span><a id= +"p2c02"></a><span class="letter-spaced01">CHAPTER</span> II.</h2> + +<hr class="decordb width8 spaced3"> + +<p class="sch1"><em>History.</em> +</p> + +<p class="dcap"><span class="sc">To</span> speak of the death of a +former king, the Ashantees imagine to affect the life of the +present equally with enquiring who would be his successor; and +superstition and policy strengthening this impression, it is made +capital by the law, to converse either of the one or the other. The +inability of the natives to compute time, and the comparatively +recent establishment of the Moors, may be pleaded as additional +apologies for the imperfect history I have collected.</p> + +<p>According to a common tradition, which I never heard +contradicted but once, the Ashantees emigrated from a country +nearer the water side, and subjecting the western Intas, and two +lesser powers, founded the present kingdom. These people being +comparatively advanced in several arts, the Ashantees necessarily +adopted a portion of their language with the various novelties; +which probably created the limited radical difference between their +language and that of the Fantees; for I could not find, after +taking the greatest pains, more than 200 words unknown to the +latter. The weights of the Inta country, in particular, were +adopted with their names, by the conquerors, without the least +alteration.</p> + +<p>The tradition, scanty in itself, is very cautiously adverted to, +the government politically undermining every monument which +perpetuates their intrusion, or records the distinct origins of +their<span class="pagenum" id="Page_229">[229]</span> subjects: +but, from the little I could collect, it appeared to have been an +emigration of numerous enterprising or discontented families, to +whom the parent state afterwards became subject. I am inclined to +think, (the account of their coming from a country nearer the sea +being too general for conjecture to revolt from,) that they +emigrated from the eastward of south, where the territory admitted +to be Ashantee proper is remote, compared with its extent +southward, or westward of south, and the former consequence of +Doompassie, and the towns eastward of it, support this: yet, the +very few natives who pretended to any opinion on the subject, had +an impression, that their ancestors emigrated from the +neighbourhood of a small river, Ainshue, behind Winnebah: a croom +called Coomadie is to be found there, but there is nothing else to +countenance the report.</p> + +<p>The Ashantee, Fantee, Warsaw, Akim, Assin, and Aquapim languages +are indisputably dialects of the same root; their identity is even +more striking than that of the dialects of the ancient Greek: now +the Fantees and Warsaws both cherish a tradition, which exists also +in many Ahanta families, that they were pressed from the interior +to the water side by the successful ambition of a remote power; +whence it may be concluded, that the Ashantee emigration we are now +considering, was posterior to a more important movement of the +whole people, corresponding with that of their neighbours. I will +not dilate upon this secondary subject by referring to internal +evidence, there is nothing to recompense either the investigation +or the perusal.</p> + +<p>One curious evidence however may be added of the former identity +of the Ashantee, Warsaw, Fantee, Akim, Assin, Aquamboe, and part of +the Ahanta nations; which is a tradition that the whole of these +people were originally comprehended in twelve tribes or families; +the Aquonna, Abrootoo, Abbradi, Essonna,<span class="pagenum" id= +"Page_230">[230]</span> Annŏna, Yoko, Intchwa, Abadie, Appiadie, +Tchweedam, Agoona, and Doomina; in which they class themselves +still, without any regard to national distinction. For instance, +Ashantees, Warsaws, Akims, Ahantas, or men of any of the nations +before mentioned will severally declare, that they belong to the +Annŏna family; other individuals of the different countries, that +they are of the Tchweedam family; and when this is announced on +meeting, they salute each other as brothers. The King of Ashantee +is of the Annŏna family, so was our Accra and one of the Fantee +linguists; Amanquateä is of the Essonna family. The Aquonna, +Essonna, Intchwa, and Tchweedam, are the four patriarchal families, +and preside over the intermediate ones, which are considered as the +younger branches. I have taken some pains to acquire the etymology +of these words, but with imperfect success; it requires much labour +and patience, both to make a native comprehend, and to be +comprehended by him. Quonna is a buffalo, an animal forbade to be +eaten by that family. Abrootoo signifies a corn stalk, and Abbradi +a plantain. Annŏna is a parrot, but it is also said to be a +characteristic of forbearance and patience. Esso is a bush cat, +forbidden food to that family. Yoko is the red earth used to paint +the lower parts of the houses in the interior. Intchwa is a dog, +much relished by native epicures, and therefore a serious +privation. Appiadie signifies a servant race. Etchwee is a panther, +frequently eaten in the interior, and therefore not unnecessarily +forbidden. Agoona signifies a place where palm oil is collected. +These are all the etymologies in which the natives agree. Regarding +these families as primæval institutions, I leave the subject to the +conjectures of others, merely submitting, that the four patriarchal +families, the Buffalo, the Bush Cat, the Panther, and the Dog, +appear to record the first race of men living on hunting; the Dog +family, probably, first training that animal to<span class= +"pagenum" id="Page_231">[231]</span> assist in the chase. The +introduction of planting and agriculture, seems marked in the age +of their immediate descendents, the Corn stalk and Plantain +branches. The origin and improvement of architecture in the Red +earth; and of commerce, probably, in the Palm oil: indeed, the +natives have included the Portuguese, the first foreign traders +they knew, in that family, alleging, that their long and more +intimate intercourse with the blacks, has made the present race a +mixture of the African and Portuguese. The Servant race reminds us +of the curse of Canaan. This resembles a Jewish institution, but +the people of Accra alone practise circumcision, and they speak a +language, as will be shewn, radically distinct, yet not to be +assimilated to the Intā, to which nation they are referred by the +Fantees, merely because it is the nearest which practises +circumcision. Accra is a European corruption of the word Inkran, +which means an ant, and they say the name was either given or +assumed on account of their numbers; this must have been before +their wars with the Aquamboes.</p> + +<p>When Adokoo, chief of the Braffoes, a Fantee nation, consulted +the venerable fetish men of the sanctuary, near Sooprooroo, on the +Ashantee war, they answered, that nothing could be more offensive +to the fetish, than the Fantees preventing the peaceable +intercourse of their inland neighbours with the water side, because +they were formerly all one family.</p> + +<p>The conduct of the later emigration of the Ashantees is ascribed +to Saï Tootoo, who, assisted by other leading men of the party, and +encouraged by superstitious omens, founded Coomassie, and was +presented with the stool, or made King, from his superior +qualifications. This account is supported by the mixed nature of +the government, founded on equality and obligation, and the +existence of a law, exempting the direct descendants of any of Saï +Tootoo’s peers and assistants, (in whom the Aristocracy originated) +from capital punishment.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_232">[232]</span>The Dwabin +monarchy is said to have been founded at the same time by Boitinnë, +who was of the same family as Saï Tootoo, being the sons of +sisters. Boitinnë and his party, took possession of Dwabin, the +largest of the aboriginal towns, (leaving Saï Tootoo to build +Coomassie) whence it seems his followers were the more powerful; +indeed I have heard it confessed by a few Ashantees, that Dwabin +had formerly the pre-eminence, though they have always been firm +allies in war, and equal sharers in spoil and conquest. This common +interest, preserved uninterrupted more than a century, by two +rising powers, close to each other, with the view of a more rapid +aggrandisement, and their firm discretion in making many serious +disagreements subservient to the policy, is one of the few +circumstances worth considering in a history composed of wars and +successions. I do not think there is such an instance in our +heptarchy, nor do I recollect any other in history, but that of +Chalcis and Eretria.</p> + +<p>Bakkee, who died, as I have related,<a id= +"FNanchor_65"></a><a href="#Footnote_65" class="fnanchor">[65]</a> +about a year ago, was the son of Saï Apokoo, the second king, and +an infant at the breast at the time of his father’s death; he was a +very old man when he incurred the present King’s displeasure, which +supports the report of the Moors, that the kingdom has been founded +about 110 years. Bosman and Barbot mention the Ashantees, as just +heard of by Europeans, about the year 1700, which confirms this +account. The anxiety of the Ashantee government for daily records, +immediately on the establishment of the Moors, who were only +visitors until the present reign, acknowledges the perplexities and +deficiencies of their early history too candidly, to leave any +encouragement to the researches of strangers. Records beyond half a +century are not to be found in the archives either of Cape Coast, +or Christiansburg Castles, so that the chronology can only be +founded on that of the Moors, and circumstances.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_233">[233]</span>The Ashantee +government concentred the mass of its original force, and making +the chiefs resident in Coomassie and the few large towns they built +in its neighbourhood, with titular dignities, conciliated those +whom they subdued by continuing them in their governments, and +checked them by exacting their frequent attendance at festivals, +politically instituted. Military command seems to have been the +sole prerogative of Saï Tootoo; his judicial and legislative power +being controlled by the chiefs or aristocracy much more than at +present, who, as in the Teutonic governments, directed the common +business of the state, only consulting a general assembly on +extraordinary occasions.</p> + +<p>Saï Tootoo defeated the Akims and Assins, subjected the Tufel +country, and subdued many small states in the neighbourhood. He +also conquered Dankara, the King of which, Intim Dakarey, was so +considerable a trader in slaves, that the Dutch Governor General +paid him a monthly note from his own purse, and assisted him with +two or three small cannons, and a few Europeans, on the eve of the +Ashantee invasion: the former are now placed as trophies in +Coomassie, at the top of the street in which the Mission was +quartered. Booroom was subjugated soon after.</p> + +<p>Saï Tootoo did not live to see all the streets of Coomassie +completed, for war being declared against Atoä, a district between +Akim and Assin, he invaded that country. The chief of the Atoas, +unable to face such a power, dexterously insinuated his small force +through the forest, until he reached the rear of the Ashantee army, +which the King was following leisurely with a guard of a few +hundred men, all of whom were destroyed by the Atoäs, who shot the +King in his hammock. This happening near a place called Cormantee, +(razed to the ground in vengeance,) and on a Saturday, the most +solemn oath of the Ashantees, is “by Saturday and Cormantee;” +(“Mĭminda Cormantee;”) and no enterprise has since been undertaken +on that day of the week.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_234">[234]</span>1720. Saï +Apokoo, brother of Saï Tootoo, was next placed on the stool. Had +there been no brother, the sister’s son would have been the heir; +this extraordinary rule of succession, excluding all children but +those of a sister, is founded on the argument, that if the wives of +the sons are faithless, the blood of the family is entirely lost in +the offspring, but should the daughters deceive their husbands, it +is still preserved.</p> + +<p>Saï Apokoo finished the building of Coomassie, and exchanged +compliments with the King of Dahomey, since which there has been no +intercourse; the latter, probably, as a despotic monarch, did not +wish to give his people any opportunity of contemplating the +greater freedom of the Ashantee government.</p> + +<p>Saï is the family name of the present race of Kings, some of +their relatives bearing it as well. Innăna is also the cognomen of +the Kings of Dagwumba.</p> + +<p>Apokoo invading the kingdom of Gaman, Abo, the King, fled to +Kong, whither the Ashantee army pursued him. The King of Kong +politically compelled Abo to meet his enemies on the frontier, +least they might disturb a neutral kingdom. Abo being defeated, +purchased a peace by presenting large sums of gold to the various +chiefs, and consenting to an annual tribute. Apokoo next subjected +Takima, whence the Fantees are said to have emigrated, and forced a +second emigration of the people to Gomawa, at the back of Winnebah. +He dispossessed the Akims of the English, Dutch, and Danish Accra +notes.<a id="FNanchor_66"></a><a href="#Footnote_66" class= +"fnanchor">[66]</a> The mortifying destruction of European records, +confines me to the report of the more intelligent natives on the +subject of these notes, who declare, that the people of Accra being +deprived of them by the fraud of the Akims, when they were assisted +by them against the Aquamboes, the Akims were in their turn obliged +to yield them to their conquerors the Ashantees.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_235">[235]</span>Tribute being +demanded from the neighbouring kingdom of Dagwumba, a war ensued, +and its troops were defeated. The King of Dagwumba, convinced that +his former reliance on a superior population was vain, from the +military genius of the Ashantees, and the commercial disposition of +his own people, dispirited from their want of fire arms,<a id= +"FNanchor_67"></a><a href="#Footnote_67" class="fnanchor">[67]</a> +prudently invited a peace, before a more decisive defeat left him +no dignity, and his enemies no moderation for treating. As it was, +they still respected his resources, and were content to secure him +as a tributary, rather than exhaust their forces in his +subjugation, in the infancy of their kingdom. A triumph in policy +was in the view of the King of Dagwumba, equivalent to the small +diminution of personal dignity; and at the expense of an +inconsiderable tribute, he established a commercial intercourse, +which, his markets being regularly supplied from the interior, was +both an advantage and a security to him, from the great convenience +to his warlike neighbours, whose superstition assenting to his +great reputation for making saphies, and for augury, would not only +augment his revenue, but insure him superior respect as a +tributary. Intā had previously become tributary.</p> + +<p>I should have mentioned, that every subject state was placed +under the immediate care of some Ashantee chief, generally resident +in the capital, who seldom visited it but to receive the tribute +from the native ruler, for whose conduct he was in a reasonable +degree responsible. Thus Quatchi Quofie has now the care +of<span class="pagenum" id="Page_236">[236]</span> Dankara, Odumata +of Soota, Apokoo of Aquamboe, Oöosa Quantabisa of Daboia, &c. +&c. Their policy, in short, not only in this particular, but in +many others, seems to have been closely similar to that of the +Persians, as described by Herodotus.</p> + +<p>Boitinnë, the founder of Dwabin, died in this reign.</p> + +<p>1741. Saï Apokoo was succeeded by his brother Saï Aquissi. I +could not learn any particular exploits of his, excepting that he +preserved the subjection of the states previously reduced. The King +of Akim, in his time, (the last who had the power of governing +without consulting the pynins or elders) desiring to go to war with +his neighbours, was obliged to obtain permission from the Ashantee +government, which he did by the promise of sending them half the +spoil; but, gaining little or nothing, he did not do so. He soon +afterwards heard of Aquissi’s intention, to demand his head; and +knowing that King’s word was irrevocable, he summoned his +ministers, and desired to sacrifice his life for the quiet of his +people: his ministers insisted on sharing his fate; and a barrel of +powder being brought for each to sit on, they drank a large +quantity of rum, and blew themselves up with the fire from their +pipes. Dr. Isert also heard of this in Akim.</p> + +<p>1753. Aquissi was succeeded by Saï Cudjo. The Aristocracy was +retrenched and conciliated by this monarch, who raised his +favourite captains to the vacant stools,<a id= +"FNanchor_68"></a><a href="#Footnote_68" class="fnanchor">[68]</a> +uniting three or four in one, and swearing that their lives should +be equally sacred, (see p. 4,) to anticipate any doubts of his +fidelity to the constitution.</p> + +<p>Saï Cudjo defeating the Warsaws and Assins more decisively than +his predecessors, first compelled them to acknowledge their fealty +to Ashantee. He also subjected Aquamboe, and Aquapim,<span class= +"pagenum" id="Page_237">[237]</span> quelled several revolts of +other countries, and was esteemed a very great captain. The +grandfather of Amanquateä Atooa, conquered Sawee, killing the king +Boomancumma; and Bakkee, soon afterwards, subjugated Moinseä. In +this reign Quama, king of Dwabin, died.</p> + +<p>1785. Saï Quamina succeeded his grandfather Saï Cudjo, at a very +early age. The Akims revolted soon after his accession, under +Ofoosoo, their most active ruler for many years: he engaged several +smaller states in alliance, and defeated the Ashantees repeatedly; +at length the treachery of his followers procured Quatchi Quofie, +the Ashantee general, his head; with which he returned to +Coomassie, the country having again submitted. The fame of Ofoosoo +made Quatchi Quofie so vain of this achievement, that he had a +figure of him made, with which his umbrella is still crowned, and +before which he dances with every insulting gesture and vaunt, when +he arrives on the ground at the various ceremonies. The present +king has frequently been heard to say, that it was a great pity +this old man did not know better, for the Akim caboceers generally +attended his summons with alacrity and good will; but the sight of +the insulted effigy of their favourite leader, disgusted them, and +excited their revolt. These brave people have risen from their +dependence at least eight times.</p> + +<p>The government finding a pretext to invade Banda, the King +Odrasee vigorously opposed the Ashantee army; but at length, seeing +he must inevitably fall into their hands, to prevent his head being +found, which circumstance he knew would sorely disquiet the +enemy,<a id="FNanchor_69"></a><a href="#Footnote_69" class= +"fnanchor">[69]</a> and solace his own people, ordered, just before +he<span class="pagenum" id="Page_238">[238]</span> killed himself, +a woman to be sacrificed, and the abdomen being ripped, his head to +be sewn up within it, and her body afterwards to be buried in the +heap of the slain. It was discovered by bribes, and is now on one +of the King’s great drums. Soota was also subjugated in this reign, +occupying the army under Odumata ten years, during which period he +was not allowed to see Coomassie. Odumata afterwards subdued +Coranza, the larger part of his army being Gaman auxiliaries.</p> + +<p>Saï Quamina raised Apokoo to the stool of Assimadoo, to whom he +had been a servant, in exclusion of the family.</p> + +<p>The Danish Governor-General, meditating the punishment of the +Popos, applied to Saï Quamina for 5000 Ashantee auxiliaries; the +request was granted, but while the troops were on their march down, +the Governor died, and his successor prudently paid 250 ounces of +gold, (alleged to have been advanced by the King for their +subsistence on their march to Christiansburg Castle) rather than +involve himself in the expenses and troubles of such an +alliance.</p> + +<p>1798. Saï Quamina had remained twelve months on a visit at +Dwabin, deaf to the remonstrances of various deputations +urging<span class="pagenum" id="Page_239">[239]</span> his return, +and infatuated beyond recovery by the arts of his mistress, Gyawa, +the daughter of the King; when it was formally announced to him, +that if he was not present at the approaching Yam custom, he would +be deprived of the stool. It is said, that this woman refused to +accompany him to Coomassie, either dreading the resentment of his +mother, a woman of violent passions, and great ambition, or, which +is more probable, influenced by her father to mingle this +repugnance with her blandishments, to accelerate the ruin of Saï +Quamina, which he was not without hopes might lead to his own +aggrandisement. The form of the dethronement is interesting. Appia +Danqua, whose power seems to have been equal to that of mayor of +the palace, repaired to the King’s mother with the chief captains, +and deliberately recounting the offences of her son, commanded her +to remonstrate with him, as the daughter of their old king, and the +parent to whom he owed his elevation. The mother, who no doubt had +assisted in the private council, affecting to bewail her own +misfortune and her son’s disgrace, confessed, with seeming +reluctance, that her remonstrances had already been despised, that +the king had even attempted her life, and begged them to raise her +second son, Saï Apokoo, to the stool the elder had forfeited. This +was complied with, and they sent Saï Quamina a few of his women and +slaves, desiring him to retire into the bush and build himself a +croom, and on his death, which happened soon after, as it was said, +from the poignancy of his feelings, they made the greatest custom +for him which had ever been known. The sable Cleopatra died soon +after him. It was whispered, that those he had formerly injured +incessantly insulting him in his retirement, even to abusing his +wives before his face, he had a private interview with the present +King, communicated several schemes of conquests, invoked him to +distrust, and, if possible, to punish those who had forsaken him, +and<span class="pagenum" id="Page_240">[240]</span> implored death; +which was inflicted (as the blood of the royal family could not be +shed, and as he could not be privately drowned in the sacred river) +by fixing his feet on the ground, bending his body backwards with a +prop in the small of his back, and suspending several large teeth +of ivory from a noose around his neck, which, hanging from the +prop, strangled him.</p> + +<p>1799. Saï Apokoo did not live more than a few weeks after being +elevated to the stool, and was succeeded by his brother Saï Tootoo +Quamina, the present King, who must then have been about seventeen +years of age. On this occasion, the general assembly of the +captains, jealous of the aristocracy, and desirous of making a +favourable impression on the young King, insisted that the +remaining members of it, should propitiate the reign, by publicly +disclaiming their exemption from capital punishment.</p> + +<p>The invasion of the Fantee kingdom in 1807 was the first +important military act of the present reign, the circumstances and +origin of which, being pretty accurately described by Mr. Meredith, +in the extract in the <a href="#app1">Appendix,</a> I need not +repeat. Whilst the invasion was meditating, Baba, now the chief of +the Moors, presented himself to solicit an asylum in Coomassie, +having been driven from Gamba by the rapacity of the King, his near +relative; and professing solely to desire the recovery of a large +property with held from him, to make the King of Ashantee the heir +to it. The King promised he would oblige the King of Gamba to do +him justice, on his return from the Fantee war, if Baba and his +companions were fortunate in their prayers and charms for his +success. The King of Gamba did not think proper to resist the +demand afterwards made through the Ashantee government.</p> + +<p>1807. Coonadua, the King’s mother, was left regent during his +absence; this woman was a second Messalina, and many +young<span class="pagenum" id="Page_241">[241]</span> captains who +refused to intrigue with her, from fear or disgust, have been +ultimately the victims of her artifice and vengeance.</p> + +<p>Yaboquorra, the King of Dwabin, died in this interval, and was +succeeded by his grandson, Boitinnë Quama, now about twenty years +of age.</p> + +<p>1811. Attah, caboceer or King of Akim, had followed the King to +the first Fantee war, and behaved well. Apokoo being sent on an +expedition against the Fantees of Winnebah and Berracoo, Attah +received orders to join him with his contingency; instead of which, +he sent a message to Apokoo, before he passed the Boosempra river, +refusing to join him, and advising him not to attempt to pass +through his country. Apokoo reported this immediately to the King, +who, as is usual, sent to Attah to enquire if he had said so. He +confessed that he had, without hesitation, adding, that the King +treated him like a slave, in incessantly summoning him to attend +his wars, and besides, that he never could forget that Saï Cudjo +had cut off his grandfather’s head, and that he would fight with +Apokoo whenever he came. Soon afterwards, Quamina Guma, (the father +of Becqua, captain of Danish Accra,) and one of the King’s sons, +returning to Coomassie with a large quantity of gold collected to +make custom for the King’s mother, Attah intercepted, robbed, and +murdered them and their party, with the exception of one, whom he +desired to tell the King that this act would convince him he was in +earnest, and determined to go to war with him. Apokoo was +immediately ordered to proceed against Attah, who had engaged Quaw +Saffătchee as a party in the revolt, who was weary of the same +laborious vassalage. When Apokoo entered the Akim country, Attah +was for attacking him immediately, and at sun rise, but Quaw +impressing his doubts of their succeeding against the superior +warfare of the Ashantees, begged him to stop until three o’clock, +when the Ashantees<span class="pagenum" id="Page_242">[242]</span> +generally ate and slept, and when they might be better able to +retreat if worsted, as the enemy never pursued in the dusk. The +attack was a surprise, but the fight continued obstinate and +undecided until night, when Apokoo found he had lost so many men, +that he immediately dispatched a messenger to summon the Accras to +his aid, as vassals to the King. His messenger reached Accra the +next day, and that people joined him on the following, on which the +enemy retreated precipitately; Attah to windward, and Quaw to Adda. +Apokoo followed the latter, who having escaped him after a tedious +watchfulness, Apokoo, believing the Danish governor, Mr. Flindt, to +have connived, made him his prisoner, and kept him with the army, +which soon afterwards encamped in Aquapim, five months, during +which time he was treated with kindness and respect, but his ransom +amounted to nearly £400. Apokoo was soon after ordered back to +Coomassie. He told me he brought the bell of Adda fort as a +trophy.</p> + +<p>Appia Danqua had been sent, at the same time with Apokoo, with +6000 men against the Fantee states which were disposed to the +revolters. He defeated them at Apam, and took Baffoo the Annamaboe +caboceer prisoner, but whilst his army was before Tantum, +intelligence of the approach of Attah, who had retreated from +Apokoo, but whose name was as redoubtable as his disposition was +rapacious, subdued his firmness, and under the plea of prudence, +hurried him back to the interior.</p> + +<p>The path was afterwards shut for two years, through the +vigilance, and from the terror of Cudjo Cooma, who had been elected +to the stool of Akim, six months after the death of Attah, whose +immediate successor (Quawko Ashantee) tyrannized so cruelly during +that period, that he was commanded by the people to kill himself, +and could only obtain the indulgence of a week’s respite, which he +spent in singing and dancing, in fact in making his own +custom<span class="pagenum" id="Page_243">[243]</span> Quaw +Saffătchee had also leagued with the Fantees who attacked the Accra +town, but were repulsed. The King suddenly determined to open the +path to receive the arrears of pay due from <span class= +"sidenote">1814.</span>the Forts, and sent Amanqua Abiniowa with an +army of 20,000 men, charging him to offer no violence nor commit +hostility, unless provoked by attack, but to receive the submission +of the Akims and Aquapims, and merely to exact a fine to seal it. +Appia Danqua was sent at the same time with a smaller army to the +back of Winnebah and Tantum, to intercept the revolters if they +fled to windward. Abiniowa proceeded to Aguiasso, one day’s march +from Aquapim, unmolested, when one of his foraging parties was +attacked by Cudjo Cooma and seven men killed. A general engagement +took place the next morning, and after six hours fighting the +Ashantees were victorious, and sent a jaw-bone and a slave to each +of the Accra towns. Amanqua then marched to Accra to receive the +King’s pay, and remained nearly twelve months in its neighbourhood. +He then returned to Aquapim, where, after some time, he received a +message from the King, with a large quantity of gold, advising him +that he must not see his face again unless he brought the heads of +Cudjo and Quaw. Amanqua did not immediately communicate this +message to his captains, but ordered them to deposit their equipage +and property in Accra, and then, making a large custom for three +days, to propitiate the enterprise, he took fetish with all his +captains that they would never return to Coomassie without the +heads.</p> + +<p>1816. Appia Danqua had died in Assin in the interim, and was +succeeded by his brother Appia Nanu, under whom Bakkee was the +second in command. The King hearing nothing of his progress, and +his indolence being reported to him, sent orders to Amanqua to join +him, which he did at Essecooma, reproaching him for his cowardice. +Soon after this, the skirmish at the salt<span class="pagenum" id= +"Page_244">[244]</span> pond near Cape Coast took place, the +detachment was principally of Assins, and commanded by +Quasheemanqua. Yokokroko soon afterwards joined the combined army, +(which had marched to Abra,) with a few hundred men destined to +attack Commenda.</p> + +<p>Not long after the palaver was settled at Cape Coast, and the +army again divided, Cudjo Cooma was killed by a party of Appia +Nanu’s at Insoom or Incoom near Essecooma; upon which, Appia, +instead of marching to join Amanqua as had been concerted, returned +to Coomassie, where he was coldly received, but not accused until +the 12th of July last (see <a href="#Page_129">Diary</a>). Adoo +Danqua, the brother of Quaw Saffătchee, came to the Accras and +concerted the delivering of him up, as he had tired him out with +his wanderings. The Ashantees agreed to prevail on the King to give +him the stool if he did. A few Accras and a few Ashantees +accompanied him, and when he came near where his brother was hid, +one day’s journey from Accra, he placed an ambush, and sitting +down, expostulated with him, and recommended him to kill himself; +but Quaw would not, alleging that he should eventually wear out the +King’s patience in pursuing him; on this Adoo rose, and a shot was +immediately fired at Quaw, who was brought down and rose again four +times, exclaiming that his brother was his murderer, who reflected +the reproach on his own obstinacy. The body was brought to Accra, +and his head sent to Coomassie, and it is now a trophy at Bantama +or the back town. Amanqua then returned to Coomassie, and arrived +about six months before the Mission.</p> + +<p>The Aowins, to anticipate the ambitious views of the Ashantee +government, lately sent an embassy with offers of service and +tribute, but the amount of the latter has not yet been decided.</p> + +<p>The King had sent to demand the royal stool of Buntooko or Gaman +which was thickly plated and embossed with gold; it was<span class= +"pagenum" id="Page_245">[245]</span> given up by Adinkara, the +King, from fear; his sister, a woman of masculine spirit and +talent, and the soul of the government, being absent. On her +return, she reproached her brother severely, and ordered a solid +gold stool to be made to replace it. That being also demanded, as +the right of the superior, with a large gold ornament in the shape +of an elephant, dug out from some ruins, the sister, receiving the +ambassadors, replied, that the King should not have either, and +added, impressing it with more force than delicacy, that her +brother and she must change sexes, for she was most proper for a +King, and would fight to the last rather than be so constantly +despoiled. The King of Ashantee sent word that she was fit to be a +king’s sister, and a strong woman, and he would give her twelve +months to prepare for war. Several embassies have been sent however +to negotiate; two during our stay, the latter, it was said, with an +offer of 400 Bendas, (£3200.) but the aristocracy were obstinate, +and urged to the King, that his other tributaries would laugh at +him, if he did not get the King of Gaman’s head. The small pox was +raging in Buntooko.</p> + +<p>It is clear, that the King of Ashantee contemplates the +reduction of the King of Dwabin from an independent ally to a +tributary. We witnessed one circumstance to the point. A messenger +being sent to require gold of Dwabin, the King of which is a very +weak young man, a captain of the royal family replied, that there +was no war on foot to require gold, and as it could only be for the +individual benefit of Ashantee, the government must be reminded +that Dwabin had formerly exacted gold, and was not now to be +subjected to imposition, because the right had been yielded from +respect to the sister kingdom. This being reported to the King, he +suppressed his anger, and sent a gold headed sword, with other +marks of dignity and favour to this man, who, to his surprise, +refused them, alleging, that the honours he already possessed +at<span class="pagenum" id="Page_246">[246]</span> home became him +better. The King still temporised. Some months after, at the full +assembly convened for the proclamation of the treaty with the +British Government, the mother of the King of Dwabin, who acts as +regent, and over whom Saï is known to have much influence, +suddenly, and no doubt at his instance, accused this captain of +plotting to deprive her son of the stool. The accusation was +supported by others, who prayed the King to judge the palaver. The +King of Dwabin sat with the greatest indifference. The accused made +an animated appeal to the assembly, and Saï affected to support him +vehemently, and ordered the linguists to give him chalk, or acquit +him. The man thanking him very earnestly, Adoosee was desired to +tell him, that his ill-will to the King of Ashantee had been +reported in a very aggravated manner; but as it was no longer +believed, he was only required to take fetish, that he liked the +King, and would do him all the good he could; this done, the man +received several marks of favour and bounty.</p> + +<p>Saï Tootoo is considered to take better care of the treasury +than any of his predecessors: he cautiously extends his +prerogative, and takes every opportunity of increasing the number +of secondary captains, by dignifying the young men brought up about +his person, and still retaining them in his immediate service.</p> + +<p>Saï Acotoo, the King’s brother, and the heir to the stool, +appeared to me very inferior in ability; but the Ashantees say +otherwise.</p> + +<p>The King’s private character is amiable; the children of his +brothers share the fondness and indulgence which endear him to his +own, and his few moments of recreation are the liveliest of theirs. +The circumstances connected with the various instances which we +witnessed of his generosity to others, justify me in ascribing it +to the benevolence of his disposition. His admiration<span class= +"pagenum" id="Page_247">[247]</span> of ingenious rather than +splendid novelty, has frequently imposed the appearance of a +covetousness, scarcely culpable from his reverence for invention, +and the amazement its extent excited. To present him with the +trifles which attracted his notice when he visited us, offended +him, he told us we must only answer his questions, and let him +examine them; to make dashes on the occasion of a private visit, +was to vitiate the motive of the condescension, which could not be +repeated unless we paid more respect to his dignity and friendship. +The King is certainly capricious, and his liberality of mind is +stained by prejudices against individuals which he confesses to be +unaccountable; and to several of the principal actors in his +brother’s deposition, (which, desirous to extend his prerogative, +he would tacitly censure,) he has been unjustly severe. His +humanity is frequently superior to his superstition and policy, he +offended Quatchi Quofie, one of the four, by limiting the human +sacrifices at his mother’s funeral, and resisted all the +importunities, founded on precedent, for the allowance of a greater +number. He dismissed us twice with apologies for not proceeding to +business, confessing, the first time, that he had been unusually +irritated just after he sent for us, and had not recovered his +calmness; the latter, that some agreeable news had induced him to +drink more than fitted him to hear great palavers like ours. In his +judicial administration, a lie always aggravated the punishment, +and truth generally extenuated, and sometimes atoned of itself for +the offence: he invariably anticipated the temerity of perjury, +where convicting evidence was to be opposed to the accused. The +King’s manners are a happy mixture of dignity and affability, they +engage rather than encourage, and his general deportment is +conciliating though repressive. He speaks well, and more logically +than most of his council, who are diffuse, but his superior talent +is marked in the shrewd questions by which he fathoms a design +or<span class="pagenum" id="Page_248">[248]</span> a narrative. He +excels in courtesy, is wisely inquisitive, and candid in his +comparisons: war, legislature, and mechanism, were his favourite +topics in our private conversations. The great, but natural fault +of the King is his ambition; I do not think it has ever proved +superior to the pledge of his honour, but it certainly has, and +that frequently, to his sense of justice, which is repressed rather +than impaired by it. This sketch of his character being narrowed to +my own knowledge, will be assisted by the following history of +Agay, the second linguist.</p> + +<p>Agay, when a boy, carried salt from Aquoomo to Coomassie for +sale; he was afterwards taken into the service of Aquootoo, +caboceer of that place, against whom the government had instituted +a palaver, but wrongfully. Agay accompanied the caboceer when he +was sent for to Coomassie for judgment. After the King’s messengers +had spoken, misrepresenting the case in preference to confessing +the King to be in the wrong, and the caboceer was confused, this +boy suddenly rose, and said, to use the words of the narrators, +“King, you have people to wash you, to feed you, to serve you, but +you have no people to speak the truth to you, and tell you when God +does not like your palaver.” The assembly cried out unanimously, +that the boy might be hurried away and his head taken off; but the +King said, “No! let him finish;” and Agay is said to have spoken +three hours, and to have disclosed and argued the palaver to the +King’s conviction, and his master’s acquittal. He was retained to +attend the King, but treated with no particular distinction. A +serious palaver occurring between two principal men, it was debated +before the council, who were at a loss to decide, but inclined to +the man whom the King doubted; judgment was suspended. In the +interim the King sent Agay, privately, to the house of each, to +hear their palavers in turn, tête-à-tête; he did so, and when the +King asked him who he thought<span class="pagenum" id= +"Page_249">[249]</span> was right, he confirmed his impression. +“Now,” said the King, “I know you have a good head.” Agay was then +made a Linguist, and presented with a house, wives, slaves, and +gold. Sometime afterwards, the King confessing a prejudice against +a wealthy captain, his linguists, always inclined to support him, +said, “If you wish to take his stool from him, we will make the +palaver;” but Agay sprung up, exclaiming, “No, King! that is not +good; that man never did you any wrong, you know all the gold of +your subjects is your’s at their death, but if you get all now, +strangers will go away and say, only the King has gold, and that +will not be good, but let them say the King has gold, all his +captains have gold, and all his people have gold, then your country +will look handsome, and the bush people fear you.” For this the +King made him second linguist, and much increased his property. +When Amanqua had the command of the army against Cudjo Cooma, the +King asked him which linguist he would take, he replied, Adoosee or +Otee; the King said, no! I will give you this boy, he has the best +head for hard palavers. Amanqua urged that he was too young, the +King told him he was a fool to say so. He then made Amanqua take +fetish with him to report the merits of Agay faithfully, who +distinguished himself so much, that he is always employed in +difficult foreign palavers.</p> + +<p>The manners of the higher orders of captains, always dignified, +are courteous and hospitable in private, though haughty and abrupt +in public. I believe them to be jealous rather than tenacious of +their honour, and their sophistry is as ingenious as their maxims +are prepossessing. They consider that war alone affords an exertion +or display of ability, and they esteem the ambition of their King +as his greatest virtue. They have no idea of the aggrandisement of +a state by civil policy alone. They are candid in acknowledging +their defeats, and just to the prowess of their<span class= +"pagenum" id="Page_250">[250]</span> enemies, but they possess +little humanity, and are very avaricious and oppressive. They +listen to superstition with the most childish credulity, but they +only cultivate it for the preservation of life and the indulgence +of passion; beyond this, the Moors could never advance their +enquiries; they are neither curious nor anxious about a future +state, pretending to it from rank and achievement rather than +domestic virtue; and believing, if the latter were outraged, the +solemnities and sacrifices of their funeral customs would purchase +their repose. Indeed, licensed as they are by the zealous conflicts +of rival superstitions, (Moorish and Pagan,) their lives are +moderate and benevolent to what might be expected, and merit more +than our excuses.</p> + +<p>The lower order of people are ungrateful, insolent, and +licentious. The King repeatedly said, he believed them to be the +worst people existing, except the Fantees, and not comparable with +many of their inland neighbours. Perhaps we should agree with +Voltaire, “Je crois qu’il faut plutôt juger d’une puissante nation +par ceux qui sont à la tête, que par la populace.”<a id= +"FNanchor_70"></a><a href="#Footnote_70" class= +"fnanchor">[70]</a></p> + +<div class="footnotes" id="ftp2c02"> +<div class="footnote"> +<p><a id="Footnote_65"></a><a href="#FNanchor_65"><span class= +"label">[65]</span></a>See <a href="#Page_73">Diary.</a></p> +</div> + +<div class="footnote"> +<p><a id="Footnote_66"></a><a href="#FNanchor_66"><span class= +"label">[66]</span></a>See the explanatory <a href="#glos">list</a> +of words and the early dispatches in the First Part.</p> +</div> + +<div class="footnote"> +<p><a id="Footnote_67"></a><a href="#FNanchor_67"><span class= +"label">[67]</span></a>Fire arms are unknown to such of the nations +on the south of the Niger as the Shereef has visited; and the +reason which he assigns for it is, that the Kings in the +neighbourhood of the coast, persuaded that if these powerful +instruments of war should reach the possession of the populous +inland states, their own independence would be lost, have strictly +prohibited, and by the wisdom of their measures, have effectually +prevented this dangerous merchandise from passing beyond the limits +of their dominions. Lucas.</p> +</div> + +<div class="footnote"> +<p><a id="Footnote_68"></a><a href="#FNanchor_68"><span class= +"label">[68]</span></a>“To succeed to the stool,” does not mean to +the seat in the council, but is the common expression for +succeeding to a property even in private life. The same stool, or +seat descends through many generations.</p> +</div> + +<div class="footnote"> +<p><a id="Footnote_69"></a><a href="#FNanchor_69"><span class= +"label">[69]</span></a>On the death of the late King of Amanaheä, +two competitors for the stool appeared, one called Suikee or +Suiquah; the other’s name I am ignorant of. Both collected their +slaves and adherents, and fought. Suikee was obliged to fly, and +hide himself in the bush; but the people being dissatisfied with +the conqueror, Suikee re-appeared against the town. When his rival +was reduced beyond all hope, he threw all his gold, which filled +several jars, into the lake; and then collecting his wives and the +different branches of his family, went with them into a remote part +of the bush, and cut all their throats, with the exception of one +son, whom he reserved to assist him in burying the bodies. He then +made this son swear on his fetish, to kill and bury him, and never +to discover where the bodies were laid: the son fulfilled the oath, +and returned to Apollonia, but I am not certain what became of him. +After Suikee had seated himself firmly on the stool, he by some +means discovered where the bodies were concealed; he caused them to +be dug up, and taken to Apollonia town; he then ranged them in a +sitting posture, in a row along the beach, with stakes to extend +their arms, and support their heads: this horrid spectacle was +exhibited until even their bones had perished. One of Suikee’s +first acts after his accession, was to consecrate his hiding place +in the bush, making it death, or a heavy fine, for any one to swear +by Suikee’s bush, and not to keep the oath.</p> +</div> + +<div class="footnote"> +<p><a id="Footnote_70"></a><a href="#FNanchor_70"><span class= +"label">[70]</span></a>The principal districts of Fantee, are, the +Affettoo, the Braffoo, and the Essecoomah; Cape Coast is in the +former. The Dey of Affettoo (a title probably introduced by the +Portuguese) was formerly supreme in Fantee, so far as summoning the +other kings and caboceers at pleasure, prescribing their political +conduct, and being appealed to and sentencing in all cases of life +and death, wherever or by whomsoever the crime may have been +committed; witchcraft excepted. Upwards of a century ago the small +pox almost depopulated Affettoo, then the largest town and capital +of all Fantee, (it is about 10 miles inland from Cape Coast,) and +all the immediate heirs to the stool being cut off, the supremacy +was transferred to Mankasim. The present Dey, however, preserves a +spiritual authority over the other kings and caboceers, and is +esteemed as the superior fetish man; when they desire rain, for +instance, they apply to him to procure it, and they look to him +solely for their chronology, which he preserves by knotting +strings. Mankasim then became the capital and largest town of +Fantee, but it was almost destroyed by the Ashantees in their first +invasion of 1807. Any Fantee caboceer who did not attend the +summons of the King of Mankasim, was suspended by him, and +afterwards displaced by the diet. Adoo, the last King of the +Braffoos, despoiling all his subjects of their most valuable +property, and countenancing the individuals of his family in the +same assumption and violation, without any regard to persons; they +were all seized, on his death, by a simultaneous rising of the +people, and sold off the coast as slaves, to get rid of the race. +Adookoo, one of the leading men, was then called to the care of the +stool, with the title of caboceer only, it being still considered +as an interregnum, but he exercised the same supremacy and +privileges which the King had done, and was acknowledged by the +whole country. During his retreat and wanderings in the bush, after +several defeats by the Ashantees, the Fantee towns have assumed +many political and judicial rights before centered in Mankasim; but +Adookoo is now expected to summon them all, and re-establish the +ancient order of things, which they deem too sacred to think of +resisting. It was not the Braffoos, or the whole people of that +district, who had the privilege of living abroad at the public +expense, and who took whatever they pleased of the property of +others, as Mr. Meredith has stated; but the state officers of that +district called Brofoos, who acquired that name from the hide in +which the tobacco is rolled, being formed into a seat peculiar to +them, never using a wooden stool. They were the executors, and not +the organs of the law, and always sat to the right and left of +Adookoo, but had no voice. The number was twelve, and the dignity +immemorially hereditary in as many families. These men were allowed +to take whatever they pleased at home and abroad, but since +Adookoo’s misfortunes, and inability to support them, they have +been content to beg for their tithes in the large towns, and only +exercise their rapacity in the small crooms of their own +district.</p> +</div> +</div> + +<hr class="chap"> + +<h2><span class="pagenum" id="Page_252">[252]</span><a id= +"p2c03"></a><span class="letter-spaced01">CHAPTER</span> III.</h2> + +<hr class="decordb width8 spaced3"> + +<p class="sch1"><em>Constitution and Laws.</em> +</p> + +<p class="dcap"><span class="sc">The</span> King, the Aristocracy, +now reduced to four, and the Assembly of Captains,<a id= +"FNanchor_71"></a><a href="#Footnote_71" class="fnanchor">[71]</a> +are the three estates of the Ashantee government.</p> + +<p>The constitution requires or admits an interference of the +Aristocracy in all <em>foreign</em> politics, extending even to a +veto on the King’s decision; but they watch rather than share the +<em>domestic</em> administration, generally influencing it by their +opinion, but never appearing to control it from authority; and +their opinions on civil questions, are submitted with a deference, +directly in contrast to their bold declarations on subjects of war +or tribute, which amount to injunction.</p> + +<p>The Ashantees advocated this constitution by the argument, that +the interference of the Aristocracy in all foreign politics, makes +the nation more formidable to its enemies, who feel they cannot +provoke with impunity, where there are so many guardians of the +military glory; who, by insisting on a war, become responsible in a +great degree for the issue, and pledge an energy and exertion, +in<span class="pagenum" id="Page_253">[253]</span> comparison with +which, such as could be excited by a despotic monarch, must be +deemed disinterested. They added, that an almost independent +administration of the King, was better calculated for the domestic +government, because the decrees of a monarch have naturally more +force with the people, (over whom his power is unlimited) and, +further, that a civil power in the Aristocracy could not be +reconciled to the Assembly of Captains, to whom the former estate +was already sufficiently invidious for the health of the +constitution.</p> + +<p>In exercising his judicial authority, the King always retired in +private with the Aristocracy to hear their opinions, to encourage +their candor without diminishing his majesty in the eye of the +people; and in using his legislative prerogative, he was said +always to give them a private opportunity of defending the old law, +rather than of objecting to the new; though, from the same state +policy, the latter was announced to the Aristocracy as well as to +the Assembly of Captains, before the people, as the sudden and +arbitrary pleasure of the King.</p> + +<p>The general Assembly of the Caboceers and Captains, is summoned +merely to give publicity to the will of the King and Aristocracy, +and to provide for its observance; unless on state emergencies, or +unprecedented occasions, such as the Treaty with the British +Government. The following anecdote, related to me by many +Ashantees, will illustrate the freedom of their constitution.</p> + +<p>A son of the King’s quarrelling with a son of Amanquateä’s, (one +of the four) told him, that in comparison with himself, he was the +son of a slave; this being reported to Amanquateä, he sent a party +of his soldiers, who pulled down the house of the King’s son and +seized his person. The King hearing of it sent to Amanquateä, and +learning the particulars, interceded for his son, and redeemed his +head for 20 periguins of gold.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_254">[254]</span>The most +original feature of their law, that of succession, has been +mentioned in the <a href="#Page_234">History,</a> with the argument +on which it is founded: it is universally binding; the course is, +the brother, the sister’s son, the son, the chief vassal or slave +to the stool. In the Fantee country, the principal slave succeeds +to the exclusion of the son, who only inherits his mother’s +property, frequently considerable, and inherited from her family +independently of her husband: the daughters share a small part of +the fetish or ornamental gold, which is much alloyed with +silver.</p> + +<p>The sisters of the King may marry or intrigue with whom they +please, provided he be an eminently strong or personable man; that +the heirs of the stool may be, at least, personably superior to the +generality of their countrymen.</p> + +<p>The King is heir to the gold of every subject, from the highest +to the lowest; the fetish gold and the cloths are generally +presented by him to the successor to the stool, from which the +slaves and other property of the deceased are inseparable. The King +contributes to the funeral custom to validate his claim, and +usually bestows ten periguins of the dust gold on the successor, +(if of a rich man,) who is in all cases liable for the debts of the +deceased, though the amount is generally made good to him sooner or +later, if he has influence with those about the King, or recommends +himself to his notice personally. This law is sometimes +anticipated, by a father presenting his children with large sums of +gold just before his death. Boiteëm, the father of Otee, one of the +King’s linguists, is known to have done so, but the son discovers +his wealth very deliberately.</p> + +<p>The gold buried with members of the royal family, and afterwards +deposited with their bones in the fetish house at Bantama, is +sacred; and cannot be used, but to redeem the capital from the +hands of an enemy, or in extreme national distress; and even +then,<span class="pagenum" id="Page_255">[255]</span> the King must +avoid the sight of it, if he would avoid the fatal vengeance of the +fetish or deity.</p> + +<p>If a slave seeks refuge from an ally or tributary, he is +restored; if from an unconnected power, he is received as a free +subject.</p> + +<p>The tributary state which distinguishes itself in suppressing +the revolt of another, is rewarded by privileges at the expense of +the offending power: thus if a subject of the former kills a +subject of the latter, the price of a slave only can be recovered, +instead of the fine otherwise attached to the death of a freeman; +and the damages for other injuries are reduced in proportion.</p> + +<p>If the subjects of any tributary do not like the decision of +their ruler, according to the laws of their own country, they may +appeal to the King, and claim decision by the law of Ashantee. The +commission allowed to the collectors of tribute or fine, is two +periguins out of ten.</p> + +<p>The direct descendants of the noble families who assisted the +enterprise of Saï Tootoo, the founder of the kingdom, are not +subject to capital punishment, but can only be despoiled. There are +now but four remaining, Ananqui, Assafee, (see <a href= +"#Page_144">Diary,</a>) and two others, all beggars.</p> + +<p>We were present at the promulgation of the following law: “All +persons sent on the King’s business shall no longer seize +provisions in any country, whether tributary or otherwise, in his +name; but requiring food, shall offer a fair price for the first +they meet with, if this is refused, they shall then demand one +meal, and one meal only, in the King’s name, and proceed. This +extends to all messengers sent by the head captains, whose +servants, as well as the King’s, have been long in the habit of +extorting goods from traders, and tobacco and provisions in the +market place, in the names of their masters, which they shall do no +longer without incurring the same penalty which is attached to the +former part of<span class="pagenum" id="Page_256">[256]</span> this +law, 110 penguins.” The form of making this law, was, the linguists +with their insignia advanced and announced it to each of the four +members of the Aristocracy, then to the whole assembly; afterwards +Cudjo Appăni, the chief crier, proclaimed it to the people, who +shouted their thanks; his fee from the King was ten ackies, from +the people twenty. This attachment of the penalty to the law (the +chief merit of Zaleucus) manifests some advancement in polity, in +securing the accused against arbitrary judgment.<a id= +"FNanchor_72"></a><a href="#Footnote_72" class= +"fnanchor">[72]</a></p> + +<p>The caboceers of Soota, Marmpon, Becqua, and Kokofoo, the four +large towns built by the Ashantees at the same time with Coomassie, +have several palatine privileges; they have an independent +treasury, though subject to the demands of the government and a +judicial power, with the reserve of an appeal to the King. They +celebrate their own yam custom after they have attended that at +Coomassie, at which all dependents and tributaries must be present, +and which seems to have been instituted like the Panathenæa of +Theseus, to unite such various nations by a common festival. These +four caboceers, only, are allowed, with the King, to stud their +sandals with gold.</p> + +<p>The blood of the son of a King, or of any of the royal family +cannot be shed; but when guilty of a crime of magnitude, they are +drowned in the river Dah, by a particular captain, named Cudjo +Samfani.</p> + +<p>If a man swears on the King’s head, that another must kill him, +which is understood to be invoking the King’s death if he does not, +the other man must do so, or forfeit the whole of his property, and +generally his life. This very frequently occurs, for the +blacks<span class="pagenum" id="Page_257">[257]</span> in their +ardor for revenge, do not regard sacrificing their own lives to +bring a palaver on their murderer, which their families are sure to +do.</p> + +<p>To be convicted of cowardice is death.</p> + +<p>A subject may clear any part of the bush for building a croom, +or making a plantation, without paying any thing to the King as +lord of the soil; but he must pay a small sum to the possessor of +the nearest croom or plantation, through which his path runs.</p> + +<p>The government has no power to direct the traders to any +particular market, though it interdicts the commerce with any power +which may have offended it.</p> + +<p>All the King’s linguists take fetish to be true to each other, +and to report faithfully.</p> + +<p>If any subject picks up gold dropped in the market place, it is +death, being collected only by order of the government on +emergencies; see <a href="#Page_319">Revenue.</a></p> + +<p>Theft of the King’s property, or intrigue with the female +attendants of the royal family, or habitual incontinence, is +punished by emasculation; but crim. con. with the wife of a man who +has been so punished, is death: being considered an aggravated +contempt of law.</p> + +<p>Interest of money is 33⅓ per cent. for every forty days, which +is accompanied after the first period by a dash of liquor. When the +patience of the creditor is exhausted, he seizes the debtor, or +even any of his family, as slaves, and they can only be redeemed by +the payment. This barbarous law was nearly the same in +Athens.<a id="FNanchor_73"></a><a href="#Footnote_73" class= +"fnanchor">[73]</a></p> + +<p>In almost all charges of treason, the life of the accuser is at +risk as well as that of the accused, and is forfeited on the +acquittal of<span class="pagenum" id="Page_258">[258]</span> the +latter. I understood this, from the best authorities, to be +indispensible as a check on the palavers; envy, spleen, or +covetousness would otherwise accumulate.</p> + +<p>The accuser is never discovered or confronted to the accused, +nor the evidence revealed, until the latter has fully replied to +the charge, as outlined by the King’s linguists.</p> + +<p>Palavers are frequently allowed to sleep even for years, as in +the Fantee country, to make the damages sued for, the heavier: for +instance, if a man stole a hen twelve months before, the value of +the broods and eggs it would have produced, on a fair average, in +the interval, would be shrewdly calculated, and sued for.<a id= +"FNanchor_74"></a><a href="#Footnote_74" class="fnanchor">[74]</a> +State palavers are also allowed to sleep for years, but that is to +impose the confidence on the accused that the principal witnesses +are dead, and the impression is artfully assisted by the policy of +the council. The witnesses against Appia Nanu, who had reported his +haughty message to the King, had not been seen for nearly twelve +months before they burst before him on the day of his trial, having +been sent into the bush on the most distant frontier.</p> + +<p>No man is punished for killing his own slave, but he is for the +murder of his wife or child.<a id="FNanchor_75"></a><a href= +"#Footnote_75" class="fnanchor">[75]</a> If he kills the slave of +another, he must pay the value. If a great man kills his equal in +rank, he is generally allowed to die by his own hands: the death of +an inferior is generally compensated by a fine to the family, equal +to seven slaves.<a id="FNanchor_76"></a><a href="#Footnote_76" +class="fnanchor">[76]</a></p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_259">[259]</span>If a person +brings a frivolous palaver against another, he must give an +entertainment to the family and friends of the acquitted.</p> + +<p>If an aggry bead is broken in a scuffle, seven slaves are to be +paid to the owner.</p> + +<p>Trifling thefts are generally punished by the exposure of the +party in various parts of the town, whilst the act is published; +but more serious thefts cannot be visited on the guilty by any but +his family, who are bound to compensate the accuser, and punish +their relative or not as they think fit; they may even put him or +her to death, if the injury is serious, or the crime repeated or +habitual.</p> + +<p>If a man cohabits with a woman without the house, or in the +bush, they are both the slaves of the first person who discovers +them; but redeemable by their families.</p> + +<p>It is forbidden, as it was by Lycurgus, to praise the beauty of +another man’s wife, being intrigue by implication.</p> + +<p>A captain generally gives a periguin to the family on taking a +wife, a poor man two ackies: the damages for intrigue in the former +case are ten periguins; in the latter, one ackie and a half, and a +pot of palm wine.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_260">[260]</span>If a woman +involves herself in a palaver, she involves her family, but not her +husband.</p> + +<p>None but a captain can sell his wife, and he, only, if her +family are unable to redeem her by the repayment of the marriage +fee.</p> + +<p>The property of the wife is distinct, and independent of the +husband, though the King is the heir to it.</p> + +<p>None but a captain can put his wife to death for infidelity, and +even then he is expected to accept a liberal offer of gold from the +family, for her redemption. To intrigue with a wife of the King’s +is death.</p> + +<p>If the family of a woman are able and willing, on her report of +her dislike to her husband, or his ill-treatment of her, to tender +him the marriage fee, he must accept it, and the woman returns to +her family, but may not marry again.</p> + +<p>If a husband is not heard of by his wife for three years, she +may marry again, and if the first husband returns, the claim of the +second is the better; but all the children of the after marriage +are considered the property of the first husband, and may be pawned +by him.</p> + +<p>Those accused of witchcraft, or having a devil, are tortured to +death.</p> + +<p>The good treatment of slaves is in some degree provided for, by +the liberty they have of dashing or transferring themselves to any +freeman; whom they enjoin to make them his property by invoking his +death if he does not; an imperative appeal.</p> + +<div class="footnotes" id="ftp2c03"> +<div class="footnote"> +<p><a id="Footnote_71"></a><a href="#FNanchor_71"><span class= +"label">[71]</span></a>It has been shewn in the history, that the +Aristocracy was originally formed of the peers and associates of +Saï Tootoo the founder of the monarchy, who owed his elevation not +to his superior rank, but to his superior endowments and address. +The Aristocracy has been gradually retrenched since Saï Cudjo +pointed out the way.</p> +</div> + +<div class="footnote"> +<p><a id="Footnote_72"></a><a href="#FNanchor_72"><span class= +"label">[72]</span></a>By the laws of Ahanta, which are peculiar, +if any subject or sojourner is in urgent want of provisions, he may +seize the first he meets with, paying the owner the prices which +have been fixed by the caboceers: this is similar to the law of +Lycurgus. At the Contoom or annual Harvest Custom, the Ahantas +revise their laws, as Solon enjoined the Athenians to do, annulling +some and adding others.</p> +</div> + +<div class="footnote"> +<p><a id="Footnote_73"></a><a href="#FNanchor_73"><span class= +"label">[73]</span></a>In Ahanta, all old debts must be paid within +six weeks from the commencement of the Contoom or Harvest Custom. +The creditor can panyar or seize not only the family, but the +townsmen of the debtor.</p> +</div> + +<div class="footnote"> +<p><a id="Footnote_74"></a><a href="#FNanchor_74"><span class= +"label">[74]</span></a>The Ahanta laws do not allow of these +protracted palavers, and only award the intrinsic value of the +articles stolen or destroyed. If a man robs a plantation of a yam, +he must pay the owner a tokoo of gold, and take two more. In Fantee +the pettiest theft frequently entails slavery.</p> +</div> + +<div class="footnote"> +<p><a id="Footnote_75"></a><a href="#FNanchor_75"><span class= +"label">[75]</span></a>In the kingdom of Amanaheä or Apollonia, the +tenth child is always buried alive.</p> +</div> + +<div class="footnote"> +<p><a id="Footnote_76"></a><a href="#FNanchor_76"><span class= +"label">[76]</span></a>A person accidentally killing another in +Ahanta, pays 5 oz. of gold to the family, and defrays the burial +customs. In the case of murder, it is 20 oz. of gold and a slave; +or, he and his family become the slaves of the family of the +deceased. If a man dashes himself to the fetish on the head of +another, the other must redeem him. If a man kills himself on the +head of another, the other must kill himself also, or pay 20 oz. to +the family: in Fantee the sum is indefinitely great: this is +frequently resorted to, when there is no other prospect of +revenge.</p> + +<p>Adumissa, an extraordinarily beautiful red skinned woman of Cape +Coast, possessed numerous admirers, but rejected them all. One of +them, in despair, shot himself on her head close to her house. The +family demanding satisfaction; to save her relations from a ruinous +palaver, she resolved to shoot herself in expiation. She +accordingly assembled her friends and relatives from various parts +of the country, and sitting, richly dressed, killed herself in +their presence with golden bullets. After the body had been exposed +in state, it was buried with a profusion of cloths and gold. The +beautiful Adumissa is still eulogised, and her favourite patterned +cloth bears her name amongst the natives.</p> +</div> +</div> + +<hr class="chap"> + +<h2><span class="pagenum" id="Page_261">[261]</span><a id= +"p2c04"></a><span class="letter-spaced01">CHAPTER</span> IV.</h2> + +<hr class="decordb width8 spaced3"> + +<p class="sch1"><em>Superstitions.</em> +</p> + +<p class="dcap"><span class="sc">The</span> Negro tradition of the +book and the calabash, cited by St. Pierre, is familiar to every +native of these parts, and seems the source of their religious +opinions. Impressed that the blind avarice of their forefathers +inclined all the favour of the supreme God to white men, they +believe themselves to have been committed to the mediating care of +subordinate deities, necessarily as inferior to the primary, as +they are to Europeans.</p> + +<p>As the Ashantee manner of relating this tradition differs a +little from that of the Fantee, I will repeat it, on the authority +of Odumata and other principal men. In the beginning of the world, +God created three white and three black men, with the same number +of women; he resolved, that they might not afterwards complain, to +give them their choice of good and evil. A large box or calabash +was set on the ground, with a piece of paper, sealed up, on one +side of it. God gave the black men the first choice, who took the +box, expecting it contained every thing, but, on opening it, there +appeared only a piece of gold, a piece of iron, and several other +metals, of which they did not know the use. The white men opening +the paper, it told them every thing. God left the blacks in the +bush, but conducted the whites to the water side, (for this +happened in Africa) communicated with them every night, and taught +them to build a small ship which carried them to<span class= +"pagenum" id="Page_262">[262]</span> another country, whence they +returned after a long period, with various merchandise to barter +with the blacks, who might have been the superior people.</p> + +<p>With this imaginary alienation from the God of the universe, not +a shade of despondency is associated; they consider that it +diminishes their comforts and their endowments on earth, but that +futurity is a dull and torpid state to the majority of mankind.</p> + +<p>Their fetishes or subordinate deities, are supposed to inhabit +particular rivers, woods, and mountains, as the imaginary deities +of the Celts. They are venerated in proportion as their predictions +(always equivocal) chance to be realized. The present favourite +fetish of Ashantee is that of the river Tando. Cobee, a river in +Dankara, and Odentee on the Adirree, are two of the others.</p> + +<p>The kings, caboceers, and the higher class, are believed to +dwell with the superior Deity after death, enjoying an eternal +renewal of the state and luxury they possessed on earth. It is with +this impression, that they kill a certain number of both sexes at +the funeral customs, to accompany the deceased, to announce his +distinction, and to administer to his pleasures.</p> + +<p>The spirits of the inferior classes are believed to inhabit the +houses of the fetish, in a state of torpid indolence, which +recompenses them for the drudgery of their lives, and which is +truly congenial to the feelings of the Negro. Those of superior +wisdom and experience, are said to be endued with foresight after +death, and to be appointed to observe the lives, and advise the +good of those mortals who acknowledge the fetish; their state +corresponding, in short, with that of the first race of men after +death, as described by Hesiod. Those whose enormities nullify the +mediation of the funeral custom, or, whom neglect or circumstances +might have deprived of it, are doomed, in the imagination of +others,<span class="pagenum" id="Page_263">[263]</span> to haunt +the gloom of the forest, stealing occasionally to their former +abodes in rare but lingering visits. Those who have neglected the +custom, or funeral rites of their family, are thought to be +accursed and troubled by their spirits.</p> + +<p>There are two orders of fetishmen. The first class dwell with +the fetish,<a id="FNanchor_77"></a><a href="#Footnote_77" class= +"fnanchor">[77]</a> who has a small round house, built generally at +a distance from the town. They question the oracle respecting the +future fortune of a state or an individual, convey its advice, and +enjoin the attention of the <em>audible</em> spirits of those, any +member of their family would question respecting property or +domestic circumstances:</p> + +<div class="linegrp-container"> +<div class="linegrp"> +<div class="group"> +<div class="line indent0">“Auditur tumulo et vox reddita fertur ad +aures.”<span class="word-spaced10"> </span>Æn. vi.</div> +</div> +</div> +</div> + +<p>The inferior class pursue their various occupations in society, +assist in customs and superstitious ceremonies, and are applied to +as fortune tellers or conjurors are in Europe; especially in cases +of theft; when, from a secret system of espionage, and a +reluctance, frequently amounting to a refusal to discover the +culprit, or to do<span class="pagenum" id="Page_264">[264]</span> +more than replace the property whence it was taken, they are +generally successful. The magical ceremony consists in knotting, +confusing, and dividing behind the back, several strings and shreds +of leather. They are also frequently applied to by slippery wives, +to work charms to keep their husbands in ignorance of a projected +intrigue, which they affect to do.</p> + +<p>The primary dignity is hereditary in families, as the priesthood +was in Egypt, celibacy not being enjoined; their property is also +hereditary, and they possess other immunities. The latter order is +frequently augmented by those, who declare that the fetish has +suddenly seized, or come upon them, and who, after inflicting great +severities on themselves, in the manner of the convulsionists, are +ultimately acknowledged. The fetish women, generally preferred for +medical aid, as they possess a thorough knowledge of barks and +herbs, deleterious and sanative, closely resemble the second class +of Druidesses as described, I think by Mela: they seem licensed +prostitutes, before and after marriage.</p> + +<p>The present state of these people referring them to a comparison +with the nations of ancient Europe,<a id="FNanchor_78"></a><a href= +"#Footnote_78" class="fnanchor">[78]</a> the close resemblance of +many points of their superstition to relative particulars recorded +of Greece and Gaul, recalls the following reflection of an eminent +writer. “The truth is, there is hardly any thing more surprising in +the history of mankind, than the similitude, or rather identity, of +the opinions, institutions, and manners of all these orders of +ancient priests, though they lived under such different climates, +and at so great a distance from one another, without intercourse or +communication. This amounts to a demonstration, that<span class= +"pagenum" id="Page_265">[265]</span> all these opinions and +institutions flowed originally from one fountain.”</p> + +<p>Half the offerings to the fetish, are pretended to be thrown +into the river, the other half belongs to the priests. The King’s +offering is generally ten ounces, and three or four slaves: that of +a poor subject about four ackies. Children are frequently vowed to +the service of the fetish before their birth. A slave flying to the +temple, may dash or devote himself to the fetish; but, by paying a +fee of two ounces of gold and four sheep, any person shuts the door +of the fetish house against all his run away slaves.<a id= +"FNanchor_79"></a><a href="#Footnote_79" class= +"fnanchor">[79]</a></p> + +<p>Every family has a variety of domestic fetishes, furnished by +the priests, and answering to the Penates of the Romans; some are +wooden figures, others of arbitrary shapes and materials; they +receive offerings and libations at the yam custom, but are not +brought out of the house.<a id="FNanchor_80"></a><a href= +"#Footnote_80" class="fnanchor">[80]</a></p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_266">[266]</span>In Ashantee +there is not a common fetish day, as on the coast.<a id= +"FNanchor_81"></a><a href="#Footnote_81" class="fnanchor">[81]</a> +Different families solemnize different days of the week, by wearing +white cloths, abstaining from palm wine and labour, as they do the +day of the week on which they were born, which is in fact their +second fetish day. The King’s family keep Tuesday as their fetish +day. Odumata’s, Friday. Saturday was the King’s birth day, when, as +well as on his fetish day, he always sat on a stool placed before +his chair as a foot stool would be. Some families never eat beef, +others abstain from pork. Fowls and beef are the fetish of the +King’s family, and consequently never eaten by it.</p> + +<p>The Ashantees have their Fasti and Nefasti, or lucky and unlucky +days, as the Romans had.<a id="FNanchor_82"></a><a href= +"#Footnote_82" class="fnanchor">[82]</a> The former consecrated by +some good fortune, the latter condemned from some national +calamity, as Saturday, for instance, from the defeat and death of +Saï Tootoo. They are also otherwise marked than by the week; for I +was told, that our month of September contained fewer bad days than +any other, and was besides deemed auspicious to travelling:</p> + +<div class="linegrp-container"> +<div class="linegrp"> +<div class="group"> +<div class="line indent0">Ipsa dies alios alio dedit ordine +Luna</div> + +<div class="line indent0">Felices operum <span class="omis">· · · +·</span></div> + +<div class="line indent0"><span class="omis">· · · ·</span> nona +fugæ melior.<span class="word-spaced10"> </span>Geor. +<span class="sc2">I</span>.</div> +</div> +</div> +</div> + +<p class="nind">I have known Ashantees thirty days coming with +dispatches from Cape Coast Castle to Coomassie, in August; and in +September, to have arrived in twelve.</p> + +<p>If the successor to a stool, or any rich inheritance is a child, +they grind aggry beads into a powder, and rub him with it +daily,<span class="pagenum" id="Page_267">[267]</span> after +washing, believing that it hastens his growth and maturity. When +any one denies a theft, an aggry bead is placed in a small vessel, +with some water, the person holding it puts his right foot against +the right foot of the accused, who invokes the power of the bead to +kill him if he is guilty, and then takes it into his mouth with a +little of the water, the rest being thrown on the ground, and +crossed as he repeats the invocation: their superstition is +generally superior to their resolution. I shall be expected to +notice these aggry beads.</p> + +<p>The natives invariably declare that the aggry beads are found in +the Dankara, Akim, Warsaw, Ahanta, and Fantee countries, the +greater number in the former, being the richer in gold; they say +they are directed to dig for them by a spiral vapour issuing from +the ground, and that they rarely lay near the surface; the finder +is said to be sure of a series of good fortune. The plain aggry +beads are blue, yellow, green, or a dull red, the variegated +consist of every colour and shade. The Fantees prefer the plain +yellow bead, the Amanaheäns the blue and yellow, for which they +will give double the weight in gold; those of inferior beauty +frequently fetch a large price, from having been worn by some royal +or eminent character. Dr. Leyden, who writes, “the aigris is a +stone of a greenish blue colour, supposed to be a species of +jasper, small perforated pieces of which, valued at their weight in +gold, are used for money,” (which I never heard of,) rather +describes the popo bead; though that is semi-transparent, (of a +bright blue,) resembling carnelian, (which is frequently found in +these countries) and said to be obtained in the same manner as the +aggry bead. Isert writes, “they are a sort of coral, with inlaid +work: the art of making beads is entirely lost, or was never known +in these parts: it is not improbable, that in the golden age of +Egypt, she had communication with the Gold Coast; indeed, it has +been thought, and<span class="pagenum" id="Page_268">[268]</span> +perhaps not without some reason, that the Gold Coast is the Ophir +of Solomon.”</p> + +<p>The variegated strata of the aggry beads are so firmly united, +and so imperceptibly blended, that the perfection seems superior to +art: some resemble mosaic work, the surfaces of others are covered +with flowers and regular patterns, so very minute, and the shades +so delicately softened one into the other, and into the ground of +the bead, that nothing but the finest touch of the pencil could +equal them. The agatized parts disclose flowers and patterns, deep +in the body of the bead, and thin shafts, of opaque colours, +running from the centre to the surface. The natives pretend that +imitations are made in the country, which they call boiled beads, +alleging that they are broken aggry beads ground into powder, and +boiled together, and that they know them because they are heavier; +but this I find to be mere conjecture among themselves, unsupported +by any thing like observation or discovery. The natives believe +that by burying the aggry beads in sand they not only grow but +breed.<a id="FNanchor_83"></a><a href="#Footnote_83" class= +"fnanchor">[83]</a></p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_269">[269]</span>To return to the +superstitions of the Ashantees: when they drink, they spill a +little of the liquor on the ground as an offering<span class= +"pagenum" id="Page_270">[270]</span> to the fetish; and on rising +from their chairs or stools, their attendants instantly lay them on +their sides, to prevent the devil (whom they represent to be white) +from slipping into their master’s places.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_271">[271]</span>But the most +surprising superstition of the Ashantees, is their confidence in +the fetishes or saphies they purchase so extravagantly from the +Moors, believing firmly that they make them invulnerable and +invincible in war, paralyse the hand of the enemy, shiver their +weapons, divert the course of balls, render both sexes prolific, +and avert all evils but sickness, (which they can only assuage,) +and natural death. The King gave to the King of Dagwumba, for the +fetish or war coat of Apokoo, the value of thirty slaves; for +Odumata’s, twenty; for Adoo Quamina’s, thirteen; for Akimpon’s, +twelve; for Akimponteä’s, nine; and for those of greater captains +in proportion. The generals being always in the rear of the +army<span class="pagenum" id="Page_272">[272]</span> are pretty +sure to escape, a circumstance much in favour of the Moors. The +drawing of Adoo Quamina will convey the best idea of this dress, +which has been described <a href="#Page_31">before,</a> in our +entrée; it is so weighty that old Odumata could scarcely move in +his. Jannequin, who visited Mandingo in 1637, describes exactly the +same sort of dress as worn by the chiefs of that country, and adds, +“their bodies are so encumbered with these defences, that they are +often unable to mount on horseback without assistance.” For a small +fetish of about six lines, sewn in a case of red cloth, which the +King presented to our Accra linguist, Baba charged and received six +ackies. The man valued the gift highly; he had expended two pieces +of cloth and a quantity of rum in fetish, at Accra, before he +joined the Mission; but for which, he told me, he was convinced the +Ashantees would have managed to poison him: yet, he was one of the +most sensible natives I ever conversed with. A sheet of paper would +support an inferior Moor in Coomassie for a month. Several of the +Ashantee captains offered seriously to let us fire at them; in +short, their confidence in these fetishes is almost as incredible, +as the despondency and panic imposed on their southern and western +enemies by the recollection of them: they impel the Ashantees, +fearless and headlong, to the most daring enterprises, they +dispirit their adversaries, almost to the neglect of an +interposition of fortune in their favour. The Ashantees believe +that the constant prayers of the Moors, who have persuaded them +that they converse with the Deity, invigorate themselves, and +gradually waste the spirit and strength of their enemies. This +faith is not less impulsive than that which achieved the Arabian +conquests.</p> + +<p>Neither the Ashantees or their neighbours have any tradition of +a deluge, nor does Catcott, the only writer I recollect to have +read on its universality, report any Negro tradition, though he +submits<span class="pagenum" id="Page_273">[273]</span> that of the +American tribes, with those of the other nations of the world. The +Moors told me, that the waters of the deluge retired to, and were +absorbed in the lake Caudi or Caughi, which they also called Bahar +Noohoo, or the sea of Noah.</p> + +<p>Amongst other observations, I recollect the Moors to have said, +that Moses spoke like God, that Abraham was the friend of God, that +Jesus was a spirit of God, but that Mahomet was the best beloved of +God. They added, that there were four books written by the +inspiration of God, at different times. Moses wrote Tauratoo; +David, Zaboura; Jesus, Lingheel; and Mahomet, Al Koran. Lightning, +they said, was occasioned by God waving his hand to direct the +courses of his angels. One Moor was a great etymologist; he told +me, that Mahomet rushing between two armies, who were fighting, +exclaimed to one party, “Toorek! Toorek!” (leave off! leave off!) +and that those people were thenceforward called Turks. I questioned +them concerning the origin of nations; they told me, that Japhet +was the most active in covering the nakedness of his father, which +Ham discovered, and thence the subjection of black men the +descendants of Ham, to Europeans the descendants of Japhet. Shem, +from whom they were themselves descended, they said, was neither so +good or so bad as his brothers, and therefore his children enjoyed +a medium of endowment and favour. They augured from the sacrifice +of sheep, with which the King supplied them abundantly, and, +excepting those who had made a pilgrimage to Mecca, (of which they +told us wonderful tales) did not hesitate mingling the +superstitions of the natives with their own, either for their +profit or safety. They were tolerably expert in slight of hand +tricks.</p> + +<div class="footnotes" id="ftp2c04"> +<div class="footnote"> +<p><a id="Footnote_77"></a><a href="#FNanchor_77"><span class= +"label">[77]</span></a>At Nanampong (Nanan means a grand-father) +near Mankasim, in the Braffoo country, there is a deep dell, +inhabited by a number of aged fetish men, whom the Fantees believe +to be immortal, and to have lived there beyond all memory, in close +converse with the fetish, and ignorant of the world but by +intuition. The spirits of the aged and wise are believed to dwell +amongst them, and their prophecies and advice are revered as +emanations from the fetish. Adookoo, the chief of the Braffoos, +used sometimes to consult them in person, but generally through his +head fetishman, and the Fantees now attribute the successes of the +Ashantees, and their own defeats and misfortunes, to the disregard +of what the oracle enjoined; for, whilst it was obeyed, they say +the country always prospered; and, indeed, from the instances which +have been reported to me, the responses appear to have directed a +just and prudent policy, highly conducive to the welfare of Fantee. +This dell is so impervious, and yet so capacious, that many hundred +Fantees were secreted there, during the Ashantee invasions, which +these priests had predicted. The house or temple of the principal +fetish of the Ahanta country, called Checquoo, is at Apremmadoo, +about four miles up the Takaradee river: upwards of fifty superior +priests are resident there.</p> +</div> + +<div class="footnote"> +<p><a id="Footnote_78"></a><a href="#FNanchor_78"><span class= +"label">[78]</span></a>“And here I cannot but remark, that those +accounts, when compared, shew how little manners and minds improve +in Africa, and how long, and how much society has been there at a +stand:—Jobson saw, in 1620, exactly what Park saw in 1798.” Sir W. +Young.</p> +</div> + +<div class="footnote"> +<p><a id="Footnote_79"></a><a href="#FNanchor_79"><span class= +"label">[79]</span></a>A slave dashing or devoting himself to +Checquoo, the great fetish of Ahanta, is never redeemed; the +impression of the superior power of that fetish being so awful, +that the proprietor of the slave, would believe the death of all +his family inevitable, were he to redeem him from the +sanctuary.</p> +</div> + +<div class="footnote"> +<p><a id="Footnote_80"></a><a href="#FNanchor_80"><span class= +"label">[80]</span></a>The different states of the water side +revere different animals as fetish: the hyæna is esteemed so at +Accra, the alligator at Dix Cove and Annamaboe, and vultures +universally; and with more apparent reason, as they consume all the +offal of the neighbourhood, and thus contribute to its health and +cleanliness. A black man killing a hyæna at Accra, would incur a +serious penalty. A European is obliged to pay a case of neat rum +and one piece of white baft, in which the head of the animal is +wrapped, and afterwards buried by the natives. Almost every +resident on the coast, can speak to the imitative powers of the +hyæna, which Pliny has been ridiculed for reporting. In a fresh +water pond at Dix Cove, there is an alligator, about twelve feet +long, which always appears on the bank, at the call of the fetish +men, who then throw it a white fowl. In a modern natural history, I +read, “in this part of the world (Africa) also, as well as at Siam, +the crocodile makes an object of savage pomp, near the palaces of +their monarchs. Philips informs us, that at Sabi, on the slave +coast, there are two pools of water near the royal palace, where +crocodiles are bred as we breed carp in our ponds in Europe.” I +never heard of any royal palaces, or of Sabi (probably Assaboo) on +the Slave Coast; the alligator of Dix Cove may possibly be alluded +to.</p> +</div> + +<div class="footnote"> +<p><a id="Footnote_81"></a><a href="#FNanchor_81"><span class= +"label">[81]</span></a>Tuesday is the common fetish day on the +coast, when they neither fish or work in their plantations.</p> +</div> + +<div class="footnote"> +<p><a id="Footnote_82"></a><a href="#FNanchor_82"><span class= +"label">[82]</span></a> +</p> + +<div class="linegrp-container"> +<div class="linegrp"> +<div class="group"> +<div class="line indent0">Ille et nefasto te posuit +die.<span class="word-spaced10"> </span>Hor. 12, 13.</div> +</div> +</div> +</div> + +<p class="nind">Romani pariter quosdam atros et nefastos habuere, +eo quod in iis clades acceperant; <span class="omis">· · +·</span></p> +</div> + +<div class="footnote"> +<p><a id="Footnote_83"></a><a href="#FNanchor_83"><span class= +"label">[83]</span></a>The coloring matter of the blue beads has +been proved, by experiment, to be iron; that of the yellow, without +doubt, is lead and antimony, with a trifling quantity of copper, +though not essential to the production of the color. The generality +of these beads appear to be produced from clays colored in thin +layers, afterwards twisted together into a spiral form, and then +cut across: also from different colored clays raked together +without blending. How the flowers and delicate patterns, in the +body and on the surface of the rarer beads, have been produced, +cannot be so well explained. Besides the suite deposited in the +British Museum, I had the pleasure of presenting one of the most +interesting kind to Baron Humboldt; and I have also sent one to Sir +Richard Hoare, as it seemed to correspond so closely with the bead +which he found in one of the barrows, and describes, as follows, in +his History of Wiltshire. The notion of the rare virtues of the +Glain Neidyr, as well as of the continued good fortune of the +finder, accords exactly with the African superstitions. “A large +glass bead, of the same imperfect petrefaction as the pully beads, +and resembling also, in matter, the little figures that are found +with the mummies in Egypt, and are to be seen in the British +Museum. This very curious bead has two circular lines of opaque sky +blue and white, which seem to represent a serpent entwined round a +centre, which is perforated. This was certainly one of the Glain +Neidyr of the Britons, derived from glain, which is pure and holy, +and neidyr a snake. Under the word glain, Mr. Owen, in his Welsh +Dictionary, has given the following article: “The Glain neidyr, +transparent stones, or adder stones, were worn by the different +orders of the bards, each having its appropriate color. There is no +certainty that they were worn from superstition originally; perhaps +that was the circumstance which gave rise to it. Whatever might +have been the cause, the <em>notion of their rare virtues was +universal</em> in all places where the Bardic religion was taught. +It may still be questioned whether they are the production of +nature or art.” The beads which are the present object of my +attention, are thus noticed by Bishop Gibson in his improved +edition of Camden’s Britannia. “In most parts of Wales, and +throughout all Scotland, and in Cornwall, we find it a common +opinion of the vulgar, that about Midsummer eve (although in the +time they do not all agree,) it is usual for snakes to meet in +companies; and that by joining heads together, and hissing, a kind +of bubble is formed like a ring, about the head of one of them, +which the rest, by continual hissing blow on till it comes off at +the tail; and then it immediately hardens, and resembles a glass +ring, <em>which whoever finds (as some old women and children are +persuaded) shall prosper in all their undertakings</em>. The rings +which they suppose to be thus generated are called Gleinu Nadroedh, +i.e. Gemmæ Anguinum, whereof I have seen at several places about +twenty or thirty. They are small glass annulets, commonly about +half as wide as our finger rings, but much thicker; of a green +color, usually, though some of them are blue, and others curiously +waved with blue, red, and white. I have also seen two or three +earthen rings of this kind, but glazed with blue, and adorned with +transverse streaks in furrows on the outside. There seems to be +some connection between the Glein Neidyr of the Britons, and the +Ovum Anguinum mentioned by Pliny,<a id="FNanchor_a-83"></a><a href= +"#Footnote_a-83" class="fnanchor">[a]</a> as being held in +veneration by the Druids of Gaul, and to the formation of which he +gives nearly the same origin. They were probably worn as an +insigne, or mark of distinction, and suspended around the neck, as +the perforation is not sufficiently large to admit the finger.”</p> + +<p>The bead engraved in Tumulus No. 9, resembles closely a coarse +sort of bead, still manufactured in Syria, brought over by Dr. +Meryon. The glass globes dug up in Lincolnshire, and presented by +Sir Joseph Banks to the British Museum, are very like a distinct +sort of aggry bead, dug by the natives even more rarely than the +others, but not larger than a moderate sized apple: they are more +opaque than the other beads, and the ground or body is generally +black, speckled confusedly with red, white, and yellow.</p> + +<p><em>Aggry</em> is the generic, not the abstract name; +‘<em>awynnee</em>’ is <em>bead</em>, but aggry is an exotic word no +native can explain. When first I heard of similar beads having been +lately dug in India, I associated for an instant the expectation +that it might have been in the neighbourhood of Agra, and thus have +thrown some light on the name; but it appears they were found in +Malabar. I am indebted for the following account of this +interesting discovery to a gentleman lately returned from India. +“The bead you sent me is more like those I saw in India, than any I +have seen before; but it is thicker and shorter; neither does the +material of which it is formed exactly agree with those in India, +which appear to be of a red glass, very like red carnelian (such, +however, are frequent among the Aggry beads) with white lines of +enamel, inlaid, as it were, in the body of the bead. I gave these +to a friend in India, who promised to send them to the Asiatic +Society in Calcutta. The circles of stone in which these beads have +been found, abound most in Malabar, in the neighbourhood of +Calicut; but I have seen them in other parts of India, and I am of +opinion that they might be traced throughout the whole of the +southern peninsula. They are formed of large masses of rough +stones, placed round in irregular circles, some of very large +extent, some of smaller: they appear so much like natural rocks, +that most persons would pass them unobserved. Several of these +circles about three years since were excavated, in the vicinity of +Calicut, and in the centre of each of them we found, at the depth +of about five feet, a large earthen jar of the same shape as those +found in Wiltshire, as near as we could judge, for it was broken to +pieces: it was about four or five feet deep, its mouth in general +closed with a square piece of granite: the beads were found at the +bottom of these jars with some pieces of iron, apparently parts of +swords and spears. There was an iron javelin found in one of these +places, tolerably perfect: it was about five feet long, with a +large iron knob at one end of it. In the centre of one of the +circles we came to a flight of seven steps, which led to a cave +excavated in the rock; it measured 11 feet in diameter, and 7 feet +in its highest part; the entrance to it was a square opening of +about 18 inches, which was closed up by an immense block of +granite. We found in this place a great number of earthen pots of +very curious shape; in one of these there were the remains of +bones, which appeared to have been but imperfectly calcined; in +several of the larger jars there were the husks of rice, which +dropped into dust immediately they were opened. We found here also +an iron tripod, and a very curious stone, somewhat similar to what +the Indians now use for grinding their curry powder on. The large +stones forming the circles were set upright and capped with still +larger ones. They are not of granite, but of the stone of the +country in which they are situated; they are of different sizes; I +have seen some of them 10 or 12 feet high, and the large stone on +the top from 10 to 12 feet in diameter, or perhaps more. Coimbatore +is a district situated between the Coromandel and Malabar coasts; +it is bounded on the east by the river Cavery, on the banks of +which the tumuli are in general situated. In some, a few silver +coins have been found, of a square figure, with characters on them, +which none of the most learned Bramins have been as yet able to +make out; it is in these also that remains of very large swords, +&c. have been found. The Roman coins to the number of upwards +of 90 were all of gold, and Nero’s; each of them had a cut or slit +in it. They were not found in one of these barrows, but were +discovered in a garden by one of the natives when digging: they +were in a small copper pot. Pandu Kuri literally means Pandu’s +caves or holes. Pandu is a very celebrated personage in the Hindoo +Mythology, and a great warrior; it is common in India to ascribe to +him all great works of antiquity; this term therefore only shews +that those places are very ancient, and that the present +inhabitants are quite ignorant of their origin.”</p> +</div> + +<div class="subft"> +<p><a id="Footnote_a-83"></a><a href="#FNanchor_a-83"><span class= +"label">[a]</span></a>Præterea est ovorum genus in magna Galliarum +fama, omissum Græcis. Angues innumeri æstate convoluti, salivis +faucium, corporumque spumis artifici complexu glomerantur, anguinum +appellantur. Druidæ sibilis id dicunt in sublime jactari, sagoque +oportere intercipi ne tellurem attingat. Profugere raptorem equo. +Serpentes enim insequi donec arceant amnis alicujus interventu. +Experimentum ejus esse si contra aquas fluitet vel auro cinctum +Insigne Druidis. Ad victorias litium ac regum aditus maxime laudat. +Plinii Hist. Natural. L. 29. c. 3.</p> +</div> +</div> + +<hr class="chap"> + +<h2><span class="pagenum" id="Page_274">[274]</span><a id= +"p2c05"></a><span class="letter-spaced01">CHAPTER</span> V.</h2> + +<hr class="decordb width8 spaced3"> + +<p class="sch1"><em>Customs.</em> +</p> + +<p class="dcap"><span class="sc">The</span> Yam Custom is annual, +just at the maturity of that vegetable, which is planted in +December, and not eaten until the conclusion of the custom, the +early part of September. All the caboceers and captains, and the +majority of the tributaries, are enjoined to attend, none being +excused, but such as the Kings of Inta, and Dagwumba, (who send +deputations of their principal caboceers,) and those who have been +dispatched elsewhere on public business. If a chief or caboceer has +offended, or if his fidelity be suspected, he is seldom accused or +punished until the Yam Custom, which they attend frequently +unconscious, and always uncertain of what may be laid to their +charge. The Yam Custom is like the Saturnalia; neither theft, +intrigue, or assault are punishable during the continuance, but the +grossest liberty prevails, and each sex abandons itself to its +passions.</p> + +<p>On Friday the 5th of September, the number, splendor, and +variety of arrivals, thronging from the different paths, was as +astonishing as entertaining; but there was an alloy in the +gratification, for the principal caboceers sacrificed a slave at +each quarter of the town, on their entré.</p> + +<p>In the afternoon of Saturday, the King received all the +caboceers and captains in the large area, where the Dankara canons +are<span class="pagenum" id="Page_275">[275]</span> placed. The +scene was marked with all the splendor of our own entré, and many +additional novelties. The crush in the distance was awful and +distressing. All the heads of the kings and caboceers whose +kingdoms had been conquered, from Saï Tootoo to the present reign, +with those of the chiefs who had been executed for subsequent +revolts, were displayed by two parties of executioners, each +upwards of a hundred, who passed in an impassioned dance, some with +the most irresistible grimace, some with the most frightful +gesture: they clashed their knives on the skulls, in which sprigs +of thyme were inserted, to keep the spirits from troubling the +King. I never felt so grateful for being born in a civilized +country. Firing and drinking palm wine were the only divertissemens +to the ceremony of the caboceers presenting themselves to the King; +they were announced, and passed all round the circle saluting every +umbrella: their bands preceded; we reckoned above forty drums in +that of the King of Dwabin. The effect of the splendor, the tumult, +and the musquetry, was afterwards heightened by torch light. We +left the ground at 10 o’clock; the umbrellas were crowded even in +the distant streets, the town was covered like a large fair, the +broken sounds of distant horns and drums filled up the momentary +pauses of the firing which encircled us: the uproar continued until +four in the morning, just before which the King retired. I have +attempted a drawing, (<a href="#i02">No. 2.</a>) it is by no means +adequate, yet more so than description could be.</p> + +<div class="plate"> +<div class="figcenter iw1"> +<figure id="i02"><a href="images/i02_large.jpg"><img src= +'images/i02.jpg' alt=''></a> +<table class="width-full"> +<tr> +<td class="tdl ipub"><em>Drawn by T. E. Bowdich +Esq<sup>r</sup>.</em> +</td> +<td class="tdr ipub"><em>Engraved by R. Havell & Son.</em> +</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p class="cp1"><span class="sc">The First Day of the Yam +Custom.</span> +</p> + +<p class="ipubb"><em>Published Dec<sup>r</sup>. 2, 1818, by John +Murray, Albemarle Street.</em> +</p> +</figure> +</div> +</div> + +<p>On the left side of the drawing is a group of captains dancing +and firing, as described in our entré. Immediately above the +encircling soldiery, is a young caboceer under his umbrella, borne +on the shoulders of his chief slave; he salutes as he passes along, +and is preceded and surrounded by boys (with elephants tails, +feathers, &c.) and his captains, who, lifting their swords in +the air, halloo out the deeds of his fore-fathers; his stool is +borne close to<span class="pagenum" id="Page_276">[276]</span> him, +ornamented with a large brass bell. Above is the fanciful standard +of a chief, who is preceded and followed by numerous attendants; he +is supported round the waist by a confidential slave, and one wrist +is so heavily laden with gold, that it is supported on the head of +a small boy; with the other hand he is saluting a seated caboceer, +sawing the air by a motion from the wrist. His umbrella is sprung +up and down to increase the breeze, and large grass fans are also +playing; his handsomest slave girl follows, bearing on her head a +small red leather trunk, full of gold ornaments, and rich cloths; +behind are soldiers and drummers, who throw their white-washed +drums in the air, and catch them again, with much agility and +grimace, as they walk along. Boys are in the front, bearing +elephants tails, fly flappers, &c. and his captains with +uplifted swords, are hastening forward the musicians and soldiers. +Amongst the latter is the stool, so stained with blood that it is +thought decent to cover it with red silk. Behind the musicians is +Odumata, coming round to join the procession in his state hammock +lined with red taffeta, and smoking under his umbrella, at the top +of which is a stuffed leopard. In the area below is an unfortunate +victim, tortured in the manner described in the entré, and two of +the King’s messengers clearing the way for him. The King’s four +linguists are seen next; two, Otee and Quancum, are seated in +conversation under an umbrella; the chief, Adoosey, is swearing a +royal messenger, (to fetch an absent caboceer,) by putting a gold +handled sword between his teeth, whilst Agay delivers the charge, +and exhorts him to be resolute. The criers, all deformed and with +monkey skin caps, are seated in the front. Under the next umbrella +is the royal stool, thickly cased in gold. Gold pipes, fans of +ostrich wing feathers, captains seated with gold swords, wolves +heads and snakes as large as life of the same metal, depending from +the handles, girls bearing silver bowls, body<span class="pagenum" +id="Page_277">[277]</span> guards, &c. &c. are mingled +together till we come to the King, seated in a chair of ebony and +gold, and dressed much in the same way as described at the first +interview. He is holding up his two fingers to receive the oath of +the captain to the right, who, pointing to a distant country, vows +to conquer it. On the right and left of the state umbrella are the +flags of Great Britain, Holland, and Denmark. A group of painted +figures are dancing up to the King, in the most extravagant +attitudes, beating time with their long knives on the skulls stuck +full of thyme. On the right of the King is the eunuch, who +superintends the group of small boys, the children of the nobility, +waving elephants tails, (spangled with gold,) feathers, &c.: +behind him is the above mentioned captain and other chiefs dressed +as in the left end of the drawing. Musicians, seated and standing, +are playing on instruments cased or plated with gold. The officers +of the Mission are next seen, their linguists in front, their +soldiers, servants, and flag behind, at the back of whom is placed +the King’s state hammock, under its own umbrella. Adjoining the +officers is old Quatchie Quofie and his followers; at the top of +his umbrella is stuck a small black wooden image, with a bunch of +rusty hair on the head, intending to represent the famous Akim +caboceer who was killed by him; vain of the action, he is seen +according to his usual custom, dancing before and deriding his +fallen enemy, whilst his captains bawl out the deed, and halloo +their acclamations. The manner of drinking palm wine is exhibited +in the next group, a boy kneels beneath with a second bowl to catch +the droppings, (it being a great luxury to suffer the liquor to run +over the beard,) whilst the horns flourish, and the captains halloo +the strong names. The Moors are easily distinguished by their caps, +and preposterous turbans. One is blessing a Dagwumba caboceer, who +is passing on horseback, (the animal covered with fetishes and +bells,) escorted by his men<span class="pagenum" id= +"Page_278">[278]</span> in tunics, bearing lances, and his +musicians with rude violins, distinct from the sanko. The back of +the whole assembly is lined with royal soldiers, and the commoner +ones are ranged in front, with here and there a captain and a group +of musicians, who, some with an old cocked hat, some with a +soldier’s jacket, &c. &c. afford a ludicrous appearance. +This description will be rendered more illustrative of the drawing, +by referring to that of our entré.</p> + +<p>The next morning the King ordered a large quantity of rum to be +poured into brass pans, in various parts of the town; the crowd +pressing around, and drinking like hogs; freemen and slaves, women +and children, striking, kicking, and trampling each other under +foot, pushed head foremost into the pans, and spilling much more +than they drank. In less than an hour, excepting the principal men, +not a sober person was to be seen, parties of four reeling and +rolling under the weight of another, whom they affected to be +carrying home; strings of women covered with red paint, hand in +hand, falling down like rows of cards; the commonest mechanics and +slaves furiously declaiming on state palavers; the most discordant +music, the most obscene songs, children of both sexes prostrate in +insensibility. All wore their handsomest cloths, which they trailed +after them to a great length, in a drunken emulation of +extravagance and dirtiness.<a id="FNanchor_84"></a><a href= +"#Footnote_84" class="fnanchor">[84]</a></p> + +<p>Towards evening the populace grew sober again, the strange +caboceers displayed their equipages in every direction, and at +five<span class="pagenum" id="Page_279">[279]</span> o’clock there +was a procession from the palace to the south end of the town and +back; the King and the dignitaries were carried in their hammocks, +and passed through a continued blaze of musketry: the crush was +dreadful. The next day (Monday) was occupied in state palavers, and +on Tuesday the diet broke up, and most of the caboceers took +leave.</p> + +<p>About a hundred persons, mostly culprits reserved, are generally +sacrificed, in different quarters of the town, at this custom. +Several slaves were also sacrificed at Bantama, over the large +brass pan, their blood mingling with the various vegetable and +animal matter within, (fresh and putrefied,) to complete the charm, +and produce invincible fetish. All the chiefs kill several slaves, +that their blood may flow into the hole from whence the new yam is +taken. Those who cannot afford to kill slaves, take the head of one +already sacrificed and place it on the hole.<a id= +"FNanchor_85"></a><a href="#Footnote_85" class= +"fnanchor">[85]</a></p> + +<p>The royal gold ornaments are melted down every Yam Custom, and +fashioned into new patterns, as novel as possible. This is a piece +of state policy very imposing on the populace, and the tributary +chiefs who pay but an annual visit.</p> + +<p>About ten days after the custom, the whole of the royal houshold +eat new yam for the first time, in the market place, the King +attending. The next day he and the captains set off for Sarrasoo +before sun rise, to perform their annual ablutions in the river +Dah. Almost all the inhabitants follow him, and the capital +appears<span class="pagenum" id="Page_280">[280]</span> deserted; +the succeeding day the King washes in the marsh at the south-east +end of the town, the captains lining the streets leading to it on +both sides. He is attended by his suite, but he laves the water +with his own hands over himself, his chairs, stools, gold and +silver plate, and the various articles of furniture used especially +by him. Several brass pans are covered with white cloth, with +various fetish under them. About twenty sheep are dipped, (one +sheep and one goat only are sacrificed at the time,) to be killed +in the palace in the afternoon, that their blood may be poured on +the stools and door posts. All the doors, windows, and arcades of +the palace, are plentifully besmeared with a mixture of eggs, and +palm oil; as also the stools of the different tribes and families. +After the ceremony of washing is over, the principal captains +precede the King to the palace, where, contrary to usual custom, +none but those of the first rank are allowed to enter, to see the +procession pass. The King’s fetish men walk first, with attendants +holding basins of sacred water, which they sprinkle plentifully +over the chiefs with branches,<a id="FNanchor_86"></a><a href= +"#Footnote_86" class="fnanchor">[86]</a> the more superstitious +running to have a little poured on their heads, and even on their +tongues. The King and his attendants all wear white cloths on this +occasion. Three white lambs are led before him, intended for +sacrifice at his bed chamber. All his wives follow, with a guard of +archers.</p> + +<p>Another national custom is the Adaï, by the number of which the +Ashantees appear to reckon their year, which began, I could not +understand why, on the first of October. The common people pretend, +or believe, that the time for repeating the Adaï, is marked by the +falling of a fruit like a gourd, from a tree called Brebretim, and +which generally takes place in about twenty days from its first +appearance, all the birds and beasts in the neighbourhood +crying<span class="pagenum" id="Page_281">[281]</span> out +simultaneously. They further pretend, that from the fruit of this +tree spring various kinds of vegetables. This account of the tree, +known in Warsaw as well, is peculiar to Ashantee. The customs are +alternately called the great and little Adaï, the former taking +place always on a Sunday, the latter on a Wednesday; and it +appeared to me, from calculation, that there were six weeks between +each great Adaï, and six between each little one, so that the +custom was generally held every twenty-one days.</p> + +<p>The large drum which stands at the entrance of the palace, +adorned with skulls and thigh bones, is struck with great force at +sun set the preceding day, as a signal; the whole of the +establishment of the palace shout, and their shout is echoed by the +people throughout the town. Music and firing generally beguile the +night. The next morning the King goes to the fetish house, (Himma,) +opposite the palace, and offers several sheep; the blood of this +sacrifice is poured on the gold stool, to which extraordinary +virtues are ascribed, being considered the palladium of the +kingdom: the deposition of Saï Quamina was protracted from his +having it in his possession at Dwabin. The caboceers and captains, +many coming from towns two or three days distant, begin to march to +the large yard of the palace about sun rise, to secure their +places. We generally attended between nine and ten, when the King +had just seated himself. The first ceremony was penetrating to the +King, through the various state officers and attendants, to wish +him good morning, at which he slightly inclined his head. The +chiefs as they advanced to do so, were supported and followed by a +few favourite attendants, who flourished their swords in the air, +the gold handles upwards, and the band of each began to play as he +left his seat. Young caboceers of five and six years of age, +stalked by with interesting vanity. After this the King left his +chair, which was turned upside down, and retired a few minutes into +the palace.<span class="pagenum" id="Page_282">[282]</span> All the +horns flourished as he made his exit and entrée; swords, feathers, +elephants tails, were waved rapidly, and the drums beaten with +deafening effect. After he was seated, the linguists, preceded by +their gold canes and insignia, presented a sheep, a flask of rum, +(drank on the ground,) and ten ackies of gold to each superior +captain, and somewhat less to the others. Another flourish +proclaimed the dispensation of the King’s bounty. Five or six men +then rose; and chaunted his deeds and titles for about ten minutes. +I regret exceedingly that this chaunt was not noted, it was so +harmonious. I observed them put something between their teeth +before they began. The same tedious form of saluting the King was +now repeated to return thanks. Any new law was afterwards +promulgated, which occurred but twice during our stay, and the +levee broke up on the King’s leaving his chair. Not unfrequently +the whole took place during heavy rain. It was computed that the +King dashed or presented forty pereguins of gold (£400.) every Adaï +custom.<a id="FNanchor_87"></a><a href="#Footnote_87" class= +"fnanchor">[87]</a></p> + +<p>The decease of a person is announced by a discharge of musketry, +proportionate to his rank, or the wealth of his family. In an +instant you see a crowd of slaves burst from the house, and run +towards the bush, flattering themselves that the hindmost, or those +surprised in the house, will furnish the human victims for +sacrifice, if they can but secrete themselves until the custom is +over. The body is then handsomely drest in silk and gold, and laid +out on<span class="pagenum" id="Page_283">[283]</span> the bed, the +richest cloths beside it.<a id="FNanchor_88"></a><a href= +"#Footnote_88" class="fnanchor">[88]</a> One or two slaves are then +sacrificed at the door of the house. I shall describe the custom +for Quatchie Quofie’s mother, which we witnessed August the 2d.; it +was by no means a great one, but it will give the most correct idea +of these splendid, but barbarous ceremonies. The King, Quatchie +Quofie, and Odumata each sacrificed a young girl directly the +deceased had breathed her last, that she might not want for +attendants until the greater sacrifice was made. The retainers, +adherents, and friends of the family then sent contributions of +gold, powder, rum, and cloth, to be expended at the custom; the +King, as heir, exceeding every quota but that of the nearest +relative, who succeeded to the stool and slaves. The King also sent +a sum of gold, and some rich cloths to be buried with the deceased, +in the basket or coffin. I could not learn the various sums of gold +dust with sufficient accuracy to note them, but the following were +the quantities of powder presented on the occasion:</p> + +<table class="padded1" id="t283"> +<tr> +<td>Quatchie Quofie</td> +<td class="tdr">20</td> +<td>oz. (of gold) kegs.</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>King</td> +<td class="tdr">4</td> +<td> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>King’s brother</td> +<td class="tdr">2</td> +<td> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Amanquateä</td> +<td class="tdr">2</td> +<td> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Odumata</td> +<td class="tdr">2</td> +<td> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Apokoo</td> +<td class="tdr">1</td> +<td> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Otee</td> +<td class="tdr">1</td> +<td> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Yapensoo</td> +<td class="tdr">1</td> +<td> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Amanqua Abiniowa (the nephew)</td> +<td class="tdr">2</td> +<td> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>(Name illegible)</td> +<td class="tdr">1</td> +<td> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Adoosey</td> +<td class="tdr">1</td> +<td> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Jessinting</td> +<td class="tdr">1</td> +<td> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Saphoo</td> +<td class="tdr">1</td> +<td> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Ooshoo</td> +<td class="tdr">1</td> +<td> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Inferior retainers</td> +<td class="tdr">4</td> +<td> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td> +</td> +<td class="tdr bt">44</td> +<td>nearly 12 barrels.</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p class="nind"><span class="pagenum" id="Page_284">[284]</span>The +inferior retainers of Quatchie Quofie gave four ackies of gold, and +eight fathoms of cloth each. I was told these contributions were +unusually small, from the command of the King that the greatest +economy should be observed in every expenditure of powder, on +account of the approaching war.</p> + +<p>We walked to Assafoo about twelve o’clock; the vultures were +hovering around two headless trunks, scarcely cold. Several troops +of women, from fifty to a hundred in each, were dancing by in +movements resembling skaiting, lauding and bewailing the deceased +in the most dismal, yet not discordant strains; audible, from the +vast number, at a considerable distance. Other troops carried the +rich cloths and silks of the deceased on their heads, in shining +brass pans, twisted and stuffed into crosses, cones, globes, and a +fanciful variety of shapes only to be imagined, and imposing at a +small distance the appearance of rude deities. The faces, arms, and +breasts of these women were profusely daubed with red earth, in +horrid emulation of those who had succeeded in besmearing +themselves with the blood of the victims. The crowd was +overbearing; horns, drums, and muskets, yells, groans, and +screeches invaded our hearing with as many horrors as were crowded +on our sight. Now and then a victim was hurried by, generally +dragged or run along at full speed; the uncouth dress, and the +exulting countenances of those who surrounded him, likening them to +as many fiends. I observed apathy, more frequently than despair or +emotion, in the looks of the victims. The chiefs and captains were +arriving in all directions, announced by the firing of muskets, and +the peculiar flourishes of their horns, many of which were by this +time familiar to us; they were then habited plainly as +warriors,<span class="pagenum" id="Page_285">[285]</span> and were +soon lost to our sight in the crowd. As old Odumata passed in his +hammock, he bade us observe him well when he passed again: this +prepared us in a small degree. Presently the King’s arrival in the +market place was announced, the crowd rolled towards it +impetuously, but the soldiery hacked on all sides indiscriminately, +and formed a passage for the procession. Quatchie Quofie hurried +by, plunging from side to side like a Bacchanal, drunk with the +adulation of his bellowing supporters; his attitudes were +responsive to the horror and barbarism of the exultations which +inspired them. The victims, with large knives driven through their +cheeks, eyed him with indifference; he them with a savage joy, +bordering on phrenzy: insults were aggravated on the one, flattery +lavished on the other. Our disgust was beguiled for an instant by +surprise. The chiefs who had just before passed us in their swarthy +cloths, and the dark gloomy habits of war, now followed Quatchie +Quofie, glistening in all the splendor of their fetish dresses; +(see drawing, <a href="#i01">No. I.</a>) the sprightly variety of +their movements ill accorded with the ceremony. Old Odumata’s vest +was covered with fetish, cased invariably in gold or silver. A +variety of extraordinary ornament and novel insignia, courted and +reflected the sun in every direction. It was like a splendid +pantomime after a Gothic tragedy.</p> + +<p>We followed to the market place. The King, and the chiefs not +immediately connected with Quatchie Quofie, were seated under their +canopies, with the usual insignia and retinue, and lined about the +half of a circle, apparently half a mile in circumference; the +soldiery completed it, their respective chiefs situated amongst +them. Thirteen victims, surrounded by their executioners, whose +black shaggy caps and vests gave them the appearance of bears +rather than men, were pressed together by the crowd to the left of +the King. The troops of women, before described, paraded +without<span class="pagenum" id="Page_286">[286]</span> the circle, +vociferating the dirge. Rum and palm wine were flowing copiously, +horns and drums were exerted even to frenzy. In an instant there +was a burst of musketry near the King, and it spread and continued +incessantly, around the circle, for upwards of an hour. The +soldiers kept their stations, but the chiefs, after firing, bounded +once round the area with the gesture and extravagance of madmen; +their panting followers enveloping them in flags, occasionally +firing in all the attitudes of a scaramouch, and incessantly +bellowing the strong names of their exulting chief, whose musket +they snatched from his hands directly he had fired. An old hag, +described as the head fetish woman of the family, screamed and +plunged about in the midst of the fire as if in the greatest +agonies. The greater the chief the heavier the charge of powder he +is allowed to fire; the heaviest charge recollected, was that fired +by the King on the death of his sister, 18 ackies, or an ounce +avoirdupoise. Their blunderbusses and long guns were almost all +braced closely with the cordage of the country; they were generally +supported by their attendants whilst they fired, several did not +appear to recover it for nearly a minute; Odumata’s old frame +seemed shaken almost to dissolution. Many made a point of +collecting near us, just within the circle, and firing as close as +possible to startle us; the frequent bursting of their muskets made +this rather alarming as well as disagreeable. The firing abated, +they drank freely from the bowls of palm wine, religiously pouring +a small quantity on the ground before they raised them to their +lips.<a id="FNanchor_89"></a><a href="#Footnote_89" class= +"fnanchor">[89]</a></p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_287">[287]</span>The principal +females of the family, many of them very handsome, and of elegant +figures, came forward to dance; dressed, generally, in yellow silk, +with a silver knife hung by a chain round their necks; one with a +gold, another with a silver horn; a few were dressed as fetish +women; an umbrella was held over the grand daughter as she danced. +The Ashantees dance incomparably better than the people of the +water side, indeed elegantly; the sexes do not dance separately, as +in Fantee, but the man encircles the woman with a piece of silk +which he generally flirts in his right hand, supports her round the +waist, receives her elbows in the palms of his hands, and a variety +of figures approximating, with the time and movement, very closely +to the waltz.</p> + +<p>A dash of sheep and rum was exchanged between the King and +Quatchie Quofie, and the drums announced the sacrifice of the +victims. All the chiefs first visited them in turn; I was not near +enough to distinguish wherefore. The executioners wrangled and +struggled for the office, and the indifference with which the first +poor creature looked on, in the torture he was from the knife +passed through his cheeks, was remarkable: the nearest executioner +snatched the sword from the others, the right hand of the victim +was then lopped off, he was thrown down, and his head was sawed +rather than cut off; it was cruelly prolonged, I will not say +wilfully. Twelve more were dragged forward, but we forced our way +through the crowd, and retired to our quarters. Other sacrifices, +principally female, were made in the bush where the body was +buried. It is usual to “wet the grave” with the blood of a freeman +of respectability. All the retainers of the family being present, +and the heads of all the victims deposited in the bottom of the +grave,<span class="pagenum" id="Page_288">[288]</span> several are +unsuspectingly called on in a hurry to assist in placing the coffin +or basket, and just as it rests on the heads or skulls, a slave +from behind stuns one of these freemen by a violent blow, followed +by a deep gash in the back part of the neck, and he is rolled in on +the top of the body, and the grave instantly filled up. A sort of +carnival, varied by firing, drinking, singing, and dancing, was +kept up in Assafoo for several days; the chiefs generally visiting +it every evening, or sending their linguists with a dash of palm +wine or rum to Quatchie Quofie; and I was given to understand, +that, but for the approaching war and the necessary economy of +powder, there would have been eight great customs instead of one, +for this woman, one weekly, the King himself firing at the last. +The last day, all the females in any way connected with the family +(who are not allowed to eat for three days after the death, though +they may drink as much palm wine as they please,) paraded round the +town, singing a compliment and thanks to all those who had assisted +in making the custom.</p> + +<p>On the death of a King, all the Customs which have been made for +the subjects who have died during his reign, must be simultaneously +repeated by the families, (the human sacrifices as well as the +carousals and pageantry) to amplify that for the monarch, which is +also solemnised, independently, but at the same time, in every +excess of extravagance and barbarity. The brothers, sons, and +nephews of the King, affecting temporary insanity, burst forth with +their muskets, and fire promiscously amongst the crowd; even a man +of rank, if they meet him, is their victim, nor is their murder of +him or any other, on such an occasion, visited or prevented; the +scene can scarcely be imagined. Few persons of rank dare to stir +from their houses for the first two or three days, but religiously +drive forth all their vassals and slaves, as the most acceptable +composition of their own absence. The King’s Ocras, who will +be<span class="pagenum" id="Page_289">[289]</span> mentioned +presently, are all murdered on his tomb, to the number of a hundred +or more, and women in abundance. I was assured by several, that the +custom for Saï Quamina, was repeated weekly for three months, and +that two hundred slaves were sacrificed, and 25 barrels of powder +fired, each time. But the custom for the King’s mother, the regent +of the kingdom during the invasion of Fantee, is most celebrated. +The King of himself devoted 3000 victims, (upwards of 2000 of whom +were Fantee prisoners) and 25 barrels of powder.<a id= +"FNanchor_90"></a><a href="#Footnote_90" class="fnanchor">[90]</a> +Dwabin, Kokoofoo, Becqua, Soota, and Marmpong, furnished 100 +victims, and 20 barrels of powder, each, and most of the smaller +towns 10 victims, and two barrels of powder, each. The Kings, and +Kings only, are buried in the cemetery at Bantama, and the sacred +gold buried with them; (see <a href="#Page_254">Laws;</a>) their +bones are afterwards deposited in a building there, opposite to +which is the largest brass pan I ever saw, (for sacrifices,) being +about five feet in diameter, with four small lions on the edge. +Here human sacrifices are frequent and ordinary, to water the +graves of the Kings. The bodies of chiefs are frequently carried +about with the army, to keep them for interment at home, and +eminent revolters or enemies also, to be exposed in the capital. +Boiteäm, (the father of Otee the fourth linguist,) who accompanied +the army of Abiniowa in his political capacity, dying at Akrofroom +in Aquapim, during the campaign, his body was kept with the army +two months before it arrived at Coomassie. I could not get any +information on their treatment of the corpse, beyond their +invariable reply that they smoked it well over a slow fire.</p> + +<p>The laws of Ashantee allow the King 3333 wives, which number is +carefully kept up, to enable him to present women to those +who<span class="pagenum" id="Page_290">[290]</span> distinguish +themselves, but never exceeded, being in their eyes a mystical one. +Many of these reside in a secluded part of the King’s croom, or +country residence, at Barramang; a greater number in a croom, at +the back of the palace, immediately in the marsh; and the remainder +in two streets of the capital. Many, probably, the King has never +seen. The streets as well as the croom, are inhabited by them +exclusively, and never approached but by the King’s messengers, or +their female relatives, who only communicate with them at the +entrances, which are closed at each end with bamboo doors, where +there is always a guard. If the King <em>consaws</em> or marries an +infant at the breast, which is not unfrequent, she is thenceforth +confined to the house, and rigorously secluded from the sight of +any but the female part of her family. The King has seldom more +than six wives resident with him in the palace. On the occasion of +signing the treaty, as explained in the public letter, about 300 +were assembled, and none but the King’s Chamberlain, and the +deputies of the parts of the government, were allowed to be +present: they were addressed through their own linguist, a very +decrepid old man; many of them were very handsome, and their +figures exquisite. When they go out, which is seldom, they are +encircled and preceded by troops of small boys with thongs or whips +of elephants hide, who lash every one severely who does not quit +their path for another, or jump into the bush with his hands before +his eyes; and sometimes the offenders are heavily fined besides. +The scrambling their approach occasioned, in the more public parts +of the city, was very diverting; captains, caboceers, slaves, and +children tumbling one over another. I was told what it cost the +King daily to support them, but it has escaped me; they are said to +live as daintily as himself. None but the chief eunuch, an immense +creature, is allowed to bear a message to the King when in the +seraglio of the palace.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_291">[291]</span>It has been +mentioned before, that the King’s sisters are not only countenanced +in intrigue, with any handsome subject, but they are allowed to +choose any eminently so, (however inferior otherwise,) as a +husband; who is presently advised by the King of his good fortune; +thus they consider they provide for a personal superiority in their +monarchs. But if the royal bride dies before the husband, unless +his rank be originally elevated, he is expected to kill himself on +the occasion, and also if the only male child dies: if he +hesitates, he is peremptorily reminded that as either are his +superiors, to whom he is to be considered as a slave, so he must +attend them wherever they go; and when a male child is born, the +father does it homage and acknowledges his vassalage in the most +abject manner.</p> + +<p>The Ocra’s are distinguished by a large circle of gold suspended +from the neck; many of them are favourite slaves, many, commoners +who have distinguished themselves, and who are glad to stake their +lives on the King’s, to be kept free from palavers and supported by +his bounty, which they are entirely; some few are relatives and men +of rank. All of the two former classes, excepting only the two or +three individuals known to have been entrusted with the King’s +state secrets, are sacrificed on his tomb. The royal messengers, +and others of the suite have been described in the processions; +they are sometimes fed in the palace, but they have a free seat at +the table of every subject.</p> + +<p>The King has a troop of small boys, who carry the fetish bows +and arrows, and are licensed plunderers; they are so sly and +nimble, that it is very diverting to watch them in the market +place, which they infest every morning. Whatever they can carry off +is fair game, and cannot be required or recovered; but the loser, +if he can catch them before they arrive at the palace, may beat +them as severely as he pleases, short of mortal injury; however, +they<span class="pagenum" id="Page_292">[292]</span> bear it as +obdurately as young Spartans. Sometimes one party trips up a person +with a load of provisions, whilst another scrambles them up: the +anxious alarm of the market people, sitting with sticks in their +hands, and the comic archness of these boys threading the crowd in +all directions, is indescribable. Some of the earliest European +travellers in Abyssinia met with a similar troop of royal +plunderers, and I believe suffered from them; our property was +always respected by them, but they used to entertain themselves +with mimicking our common expressions and our actions, which they +did inimitably: whilst sketching, they buzzed about me like +musquitoes. The Ashantees are without exception the most surprising +mimics I have ever heard. I have known a captain, called Adoo +Quamina, repeat a sentence after I had finished it, of at least a +dozen words, which he knew nothing about, and had not heard before. +The King has a sort of buffoon, whose movements were as +irresistibly comic as those of Grimaldi.</p> + +<p>The King appeared to have nearly a hundred negroes of different +colors, through the shades of red and pink to white; they were +collected for state, but were generally disgusting objects, +diseased and emaciated; they always seemed as if going to shed +their skins, and their eyes blinked in the light, as if it was not +their element.</p> + +<p>About twenty pots of white soup, and twenty pots of black (made +with palm nuts) are cooked daily at the palace, (besides those for +the consumption of the household,) for visitors of consequence, and +a periguin of gold is given daily to Yokokroko, the chamberlain, +for palm wine. This would have appeared too large a sum, had I not +witnessed the vast consumption and waste of it; for the vigour of +an Ashantee being estimated by the measure of the draught he can +drink off; nearly half is generally spilt over his beard, which it +is his greatest pride and luxury to draw through his fingers when +wet. The King was very proud of the superior<span class="pagenum" +id="Page_293">[293]</span> length of his beard. A large quantity of +palm wine is dashed to the retinues of all the captains attending +in the course of the day; much is expended in the almost daily +ceremony of drinking it in state in the market place; and our party +was always well provided for in the course of the evening. The palm +wine at the palace was seldom good, but a zest was excited by the +exquisite polish of the plate in which it was served. Apokoo, +Odumata, and others, sent us some daily that was excellent.</p> + +<p>It is to be observed that the King’s weights are one third +heavier than the current weights of the country; and all the gold +expended in provision being weighed out in the former, and laid out +in the latter, the difference enriches the chamberlain, cook, and +chief domestic officers of the palace, as it is thought derogatory +to a King avowedly to pay his subjects for their services. In the +same manner the linguists derive the greater part of their incomes, +(their influence being occasionally purchased,) for all the dashes +or presents of gold the King makes in the year, are weighed out by +the royal weights, and re-weighed by them in the current ones. The +law allows a debtor to recover of a reluctant or tardy creditor, in +the King’s weights, besides the interest, (noticed in the laws,) if +he is esteemed enough by Apokoo the treasurer, to be trusted with +them; or rather, if he can afford to bribe him, or engages to share +the profit with him.</p> + +<p>After a subject is executed for crime, the body and head are +carried out of town by some of the King’s slaves, appointed for +that purpose, and thrown where the wild beasts may devour them; but +if the deceased be of any consequence, some of his friends conceal +themselves near where they know the body will be carried, and +purchase it, and the right of burial, of these domestics, generally +for eight ackies. There are a number of fine large sheep, decorated +with bells and other ornaments, about the palace. If<span class= +"pagenum" id="Page_294">[294]</span> any person gets into an +ordinary palaver, and wishes the King’s interference in his favor, +he goes to the captain who has the charge of these sheep, pays him +20 ackies for one, and sends or takes it to the King, as a dash, +who commits it again to the care of the captain.</p> + +<p>When the King sends an ambassador, he enriches the splendor of +his suite and attire as much as possible; sometimes provides it +entirely; but it is all surrendered on the return, (except the +additional wives) and forms a sort of public state wardrobe. The +King’s system of espionage is much spoken of (for its address and +infallibility) by Apokoo and others, who abet it. A shrewd but mean +boy is attached to, or follows the embassy, (sometimes with a +trader,) in the commonest capacity and meanest attire; and he is +instructed to collect every report as he passes, and to watch the +motions of the embassy as closely as possible. As the extortions of +these deputies are always loudly and publicly complained of by the +injured inhabitants of the dependent or tributary crooms they pass +through, (perhaps being aware they will reach the King’s ears,) the +particulars are easily acquired. The messengers who were sent with +our first dispatches to Cape Coast, excusing the length of the +time, (forty days) by alleging that it was found necessary to +collect a session of the Fantee caboceers at Paintree; the King +replied, “You tell me a lie; you fined a captain there four ounces +for breaking an Ashantee law, and you waited to procure and expend +the gold, not intending it should be known.” The men instantly +confessed, and were put in irons; one was the brother of Yokokroko, +who paid six ounces for his release, after several days.</p> + +<p>When the King spits, the boys with the elephants tails +sedulously wipe it up, or cover it with sand; when he sneezes, +every person present touches, or lays the two first fingers across +the forehead<span class="pagenum" id="Page_295">[295]</span> and +breast, as the Moors did when they pronounced a blessing, and the +Ashantees, invariably, to propitiate one. These troops of boys who +carry the elephants tails, are the sons of men of rank and +confidence; for whenever the King dignifies a deserving subject, +with what may be termed nobility, he exchanges some of his own sons +or nephews, (from eight to fourteen years of age,) for those of the +individual, who maintains them, and for whom they perform the same +offices, as his own and others do for the King. Thus the present +King (the short reign of his brother Saï Apokoo being +unanticipated) carried an elephants tail before Apokoo, whose +kindness and indulgence to the child secured the preference of the +monarch.</p> + +<p>It is a frequent practice of the King’s, to consign sums of gold +to the care of rising captains, without requiring them from them +for two or three years, at the end of which time he expects the +captain not only to restore the principal, but to prove that he has +acquired sufficient of his own, from the use of it, to support the +greater dignity the King would confer on him. If he has not, his +talent is thought too mean for further elevation. Should he have no +good traders amongst his dependents, (for if he has there is no +difficulty) usury and worse resources are countenanced, and thought +more creditable than a failure, ascribed to want of talent rather +than to a regard of principle.</p> + +<p>The fees to the King’s household on a captain being raised to a +stool, are generally eight ounces. I saw two instances of the King +paying them himself; the individuals, very suddenly elevated for +extraordinary courage, being too poor to do so. They were +immediately dispatched to collect tributes, the per centage on +which, (see <a href="#p2c03">Laws,</a>) and the douceurs, which may +be judged of by the amount provided for them in the settlement of +the Commenda palaver, would possess them of a good sum to begin +with.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_296">[296]</span>The interference +of Amanquateä, Quatchie Quofie, Odumata, and Apokoo, is purchased +at a most extravagant rate by offenders, whether foreigners or +subjects; it is irresistible with the King; Apokoo is generally +preferred; minor influence is purchased in proportion. No subject +can sit in public with a cushion on his stool, unless it has been +presented to him by the King, or one of the four, who, as well as +all the other superior captains, receive a periguin of gold for +every oath the King exacts of them.</p> + +<p>During the minority, or the earlier part of the reign of a +monarch, the linguists and oldest counsellors visit him betimes +every morning, and repeat, in turn, all the great deeds of his +ancestors. The greatest deference seemed to be paid to aged +experience or wisdom.</p> + +<p>Apokoo is the keeper of the royal treasury, and has the care of +all the tributes, which are deposited, separately, in a large +apartment of the palace, of which he only has the key. Numerous and +various as the sums are, he disposes of them by a local association +which is said to be infallible with him, for the Moorish secretary, +(who resided some time at Hio,) only records the greater political +events. Apokoo holds a sort of exchequer court at his own house +daily, (when he is attended by two of the King’s linguists, and +various state insignia,) to decide all cases affecting tribute or +revenue, and the appeal to the King is seldom resorted to. He +generally reclined on his lofty bed, (of accumulated cushions, and +covered with a large rich cloth or piece of silk,) with two or +three of his handsomest wives near him, whilst the pleadings were +going forward. He was always much gratified when I attended, and +rose to seat me beside him. I observed that all calculations were +made, explained, and recorded, by cowries. In one instance, after +being convinced by a variety of evidence that a public debtor was +unable to pay gold, he commuted sixteen ounces of gold, for twenty +men slaves. Several captains, who were his followers, +attended<span class="pagenum" id="Page_297">[297]</span> this court +daily with large suites, and it was not only a crowded, but +frequently a splendid scene. Before the footoorh or treasury bag is +unlocked by the weigher, though it be by the King’s order, Apokoo +must strike it with his hand in sanction.</p> + +<p>In all public trials, the charges are preferred, in outline, +against the criminal by the King’s linguists, and he is always +heard fully, and obliged to commit or exculpate himself on every +point, and to take the various primary oaths, before the witnesses +are confronted with him; of whom he is kept as ignorant as possible +until the moment of their appearance. The oaths, sometimes four or +five, are progressive, generally beginning by the King’s foot, or +some arbitrary form, and are, apparently, not considered awful or +decisive; such perjuries being commutable by fine. But when the +oath, “by the King’s father,” is administered, every one looks +serious, and if, “by Cormantee and Saturday” (see <a href= +"#Page_233">History</a>) is resorted to, there is a gloomy silence; +but this is seldom ventured, if the witnesses, (hurried in with a +sort of stage effect between that and the former oaths,) confound +or perplex the accused.</p> + +<p>There are various ways of taking fetish; the two I observed, +were, licking a white fowl twice or thrice, and drinking a nauseous +vegetable juice without coughing: it was administered by the +linguists out of a brass pan in a folded leaf of the plant. If the +accused is cleared, he comes forward, and is marked with white +chalk by the linguists, after which he bows to, and thanks all the +great men in the council. Taking doom is the infallible test, when +they consider the case to be too doubtful for human decision. The +bark of that tree is put into a large calabash with water, so as to +make a strong infusion; it is stirred up whilst the suspected +parties sip in turn. It operates, instantaneously and convulsively, +as a most violent emetic and purge; those who sip first +may<span class="pagenum" id="Page_298">[298]</span> recover, and +the dregs are frequently left designedly for the obnoxious.<a id= +"FNanchor_91"></a><a href="#Footnote_91" class= +"fnanchor">[91]</a></p> + +<p>The criers, upwards of a hundred, who always attend the +linguists, are all deformed or maimed, to make them more +conspicuous; they wear a monkey skin cap, with a gold plate in +front, and the tail hanging down behind. Their common exclamations +are, Tehoo! Tehing! Odiddee! Be silent! Be quiet! Pray hear! and +these are so incessantly uttered, that they are themselves the only +interruption. Several less interesting peculiarities are +represented in the drawings of the Yam Custom, and associated with +other subjects.</p> + +<p>A general is appointed to the command of an army by receiving a +gold handled sword of the King’s from his hand, (who strikes him +gently with it three times on the head,) swearing to return it +encrusted with the blood of his conquered enemies. One of the +King’s linguists always accompanies an army of any consequence, to +whom all the politics of the war are entrusted, and whose talent +and intelligence in negotiating, are expected to mature the fruits +of the military genius of the general, and to reimburse the expense +of the war by heavy fines and contributions. The Ashantees are as +superior in discipline as in courage to the people of the water +side, though their discipline is limited to the following +precautions. They never pursue when it is near sun set; the general +is always in the rear; the secondary captains lead the soldiers on, +whilst those in command, with a few chosen individuals, urge them +forward from the rear with their heavy swords, and cut any man down +who retreats until the case is desperate. The first object +of<span class="pagenum" id="Page_299">[299]</span> the Ashantee in +close fight, is, to fire and spring upon the throat of his enemy; +to advance every time he fires he feels to be imperative, if his +commander thinks it possible, who would, otherwise, if he escaped +death in the action, inflict it on him directly it was over. It is +one of the sentences of the most popular song in Coomassie, “if I +fight I die, if I run away I die, better I go on and die.” They are +as the antient Spaniards have been described, “prodiga gens animæ +et properare facillima mortem.” The general has his umbrella spread +in the rear, and, besides his guard, has several extra muskets +ready loaded for those soldiers who may be driven to him in case of +reverse. His band plays all the time, and in his assumed contempt +for the enemy, it is the etiquette for him to divert himself at +some game, whilst the heads of the slain of any rank in the hostile +army are sent to him to put his foot on. When the result of an +important action is expected, even with an anxiety by no means +sanguine, and the messengers are known to be near the capital, the +King is always seated in public, with his golden worra board before +him, playing with some dignitary; and thus receives the news, to +impress the people with confidence by his affected indifference to +victory or defeat, when superstition had revealed and fated +inevitable success ultimately.</p> + +<p>All the superior captains have peculiar flourishes or strains +for their horns, adapted to short sentences, which are always +recognised, and will be repeated on enquiry by any Ashantee you may +meet walking in the streets, though the horns are not only out of +sight, but at a distance to be scarcely audible. These flourishes +are of a strong and distinct character. The King’s horns uttered, +“I pass all Kings in the world.” Apokoo’s, “Ashantees, do you do +right now?” Gimma’s, “Whilst I live no harm can come.” +Bundahenna’s, “I am a great King’s son.” Amanqua’s, “No one dares +trouble me.” This will be further noticed in the chapter +on<span class="pagenum" id="Page_300">[300]</span> <a href= +"#Page_362">Music.</a> These peculiar flourishes are more +particularly for their government in action, for all the soldiery, +indeed I might say all the women and children, being familiar with +every flourish, the positions of the various chiefs are judged of +when they cannot be seen; whether they are advancing, falling back, +or attempting to flank the enemy by penetrating the woods, is +known, and the movements of all the others become co-operative, as +much as possible. The King’s horns go to the market place every +night, as near to midnight as they can judge, and flourish a very +peculiar strain, which was rendered to me, “King Saï thanks all his +captains and all his people for to-day.”</p> + +<p>Several of the hearts of the enemy are cut out by the fetish men +who follow the army, and the blood and small pieces being mixed, +(with much ceremony and incantation,) with various consecrated +herbs, all those who have never killed an enemy before eat a +portion, for it is believed that if they did not, their vigor and +courage would be secretly wasted by the haunting spirit of the +deceased. It was said that the King and all the dignitaries partook +of the heart of any celebrated enemy; this was only whispered; that +they wore the smaller joints, bones, and the teeth of the slain +monarchs was evident as well as boasted. One man was pointed out to +me, as always eating the heart of the enemy he killed with his own +hand. The number of an army is ascertained or preserved in cowries +or coin by Apokoo. When a successful general returns, he waits +about two days at a short distance from the capital, to receive the +King’s compliments, and to collect all the splendor possible for +his entrée, to encourage the army and infatuate the people. The +most famous generals are distinguished by the addition of warlike +names, more terrific than glorious, as they designate their manner +of destroying their prisoners. Apokoo was called Aboäwassa, because +he was in the habit of cutting off their arms.<span class="pagenum" +id="Page_301">[301]</span> Appia, Sheäboo, as he beats their heads +in pieces with a stone. Amanqua, Abiniowa, as he cuts off their +legs.</p> + +<p>The army is prohibited during the active parts of a campaign, +from all food but meal, which each man carries in a small bag at +his side, and mixes in his hands with the first water he comes to; +this, they allege, is to prevent cooking fires from betraying their +position, or anticipating a surprise. In the intervals, (for this +meal is seldom eaten more than once a day,) they chew the boossee +or gooroo nut. This meal is very nourishing and soon satisfies; we +tried it on our march down. Ashantee spies have been stationed +three and four days in the high trees overlooking Cape Coast +Castle, with no other supply than this meal and a little water, +before the army has shewn itself. There is always a distinct body +of recruits with the army, to dispatch those with their knives whom +the musket has only wounded, and they are all expected to return +well armed from despoiling the enemy, or they are not esteemed of +promise, and dismissed to some servile occupation. I could not find +that they had any idea of fortifications, though undoubtedly common +to the large cities on the Niger.</p> + +<p>It is the invariable policy of Ashantee to make the contingency +of the power last subdued, the revolters recently quelled, or the +allies last accepted, the van of their army throughout the +campaign, and very frequently there are no Ashantees but captains +with the army; but it is composed entirely of tributaries and +allies. Thus Odumata subdued Banda with an army of Gamans. In the +Ashantee body of the army, which is always that of reserve, the +youngest or last made captain marches and engages first, and the +others follow seriatim, until Odumata precedes Quatchie Quofie, +Amanqua follows him, and Apokoo precedes the King. Were the country +generally open, I have no doubt, necessity and their military +genius would have suggested greater arrangement and +compactness<span class="pagenum" id="Page_302">[302]</span> in +their movement, which is nevertheless very orderly. Two divisions +of an army are rarely allowed to go the same path, lest, being in +want of supplies, the neighbourhood should prove inadequate. +Aboidwee, our house master, (see <a href= +"#Page_118">correspondence</a> on the Ashantee suicide) who has +1700 retainers, always precedes the King’s or Apokoo’s division, +(which will exclusively occupy the Banda path in the invasion of +Gaman) to raise a bamboo house for the King’s reception when he +comes up.</p> + +<p>Infants are frequently married to infants, for the connection of +families; and infants are as frequently wedded by adults and +elderly men. The ceremony is to send the smaller piece of cloth, +worn around the middle, to the infant, and a handsome dash of gold +to the mother, as her care then ceases to be a duty, but becomes a +service performed to the husband, who also sends frequent presents +for the support of the child. Apokoo told me it was a good plan for +a man to adopt who wished to get gold, for as the circumstance was +seldom generally known, the most innocent freedom when the girl +became ten or eleven years old, grounded a palaver against the +individual, though he might consider he was but fondling a child, +and be wholly ignorant of her marriage. I afterwards understood +from several others, that this view was the leading motive.<a id= +"FNanchor_92"></a><a href="#Footnote_92" class= +"fnanchor">[92]</a></p> + +<p>It frequently happens, when the family of the wife is too +powerful for the husband to venture to put her to death for +intrigue, that he takes off her nose as a stigma and punishment, +and makes her the wife of one of his slaves. A wife who betrays a +secret is sure to lose her upper lip, and, if discovered listening +to a private conversation of her husband’s, an ear. Women so maimed +are to be met<span class="pagenum" id="Page_303">[303]</span> with +in all parts of the town. Prostitutes are numerous and +countenanced. No Ashantee forces his daughter to become the wife of +the man he wishes, but he instantly disclaims her support and +protection on her refusal, and would persecute the mother if she +afforded it; thus abandoned, they have no resource but +prostitution. During the menses, the women of the capital retire to +the plantations or crooms in the bush.<a id= +"FNanchor_93"></a><a href="#Footnote_93" class= +"fnanchor">[93]</a></p> + +<p>In visiting, the chief always gives his principal slaves a few +sips of the liquor offered to him, not for security, for it is more +frequently after than before he has drank, but as a mark of his +favour. He will frequently give his daughter in marriage to a +confidential slave, but where there are a few thus distinguished +and indulged, (apparently as a political check upon a heterogeneous +populace,) there are thousands barely existing.</p> + +<p>Their principal games are Worra<a id="FNanchor_94"></a><a href= +"#Footnote_94" class="fnanchor">[94]</a> (see drawing, <a href= +"#i10">No. 10.</a>) which I could not understand, and Drafts, which +both Moors and Negroes play well and constantly. Their method +resembles the Polish, they take and move backwards and forwards, +and a king has the bishop’s move in chess. They have another game, +for which a board is perforated like a cribbage board, but in +numerous oblique lines, traversing each other in all directions, +and each composed of three holes for pegs; the players begin at the +same instant, with an equal number of pegs, and he who inserts or +completes a line first, in spite of the baulks of his adversary, +takes a peg from him, until the stock of either is exhausted.</p> + +<div class="footnotes" id="ftp2c05"> +<div class="footnote"> +<p><a id="Footnote_84"></a><a href="#FNanchor_84"><span class= +"label">[84]</span></a>The description of the siege of Pondicherry +in Voltaire occurred to me; it will assist the imagination of the +reader: “De grands magasins de liqueurs fortes y entretenaient +l’ivrognerie et tous les maux dont elle est le germe. C’est une +situation qu’il faut avoir vue. Les travaux, les gardes de la +tranchée étaient faits par des hommes ivres <span class="omis">· · +· · · · · ·</span> De-là les scènes les plus honteuses et les plus +destructives de la subordination et de la discipline. On a vu des +officiers se colleter avec des soldats et mille autres actions +infâmes, dont le détail, renfermé dans les bornes de la vérité la +plus exacte, paraîtrait une exagération monstreuse.”</p> +</div> + +<div class="footnote"> +<p><a id="Footnote_85"></a><a href="#FNanchor_85"><span class= +"label">[85]</span></a>In Ahanta, at the Contoom or Harvest custom, +each family erects its rude altar, composed of four sticks driven +in the ground, and twigs laid across the top; the whole is then +covered with fresh pulled leaves. A hog, a sheep, a goat, or a fowl +is killed, according to the means of the family, and the most +delicate parts laid on the altar, a mixture is made of eggs, palm +oil, palm wine, the blood of the animal slain, and other +ingredients, and also dedicated to the fetish, in small pots placed +on the altar. In a few days these altars become so offensive as to +render it disagreeable to pass them, but they are never +removed.</p> +</div> + +<div class="footnote"> +<p><a id="Footnote_86"></a><a href="#FNanchor_86"><span class= +"label">[86]</span></a> +</p> + +<div class="linegrp-container"> +<div class="linegrp"> +<div class="group"> +<div class="line indent0">“Idem ter socios purâ circumtulit +undâ,</div> + +<div class="line indent0"><span class= +"word-spaced03"> </span>Spargens rore levi et ramo felicis +olivæ.”<span class="word-spaced10"> </span>Æn. <span class= +"sc2">VI.</span></div> +</div> +</div> +</div> +</div> + +<div class="footnote"> +<p><a id="Footnote_87"></a><a href="#FNanchor_87"><span class= +"label">[87]</span></a>The Ahanta’s divide time into periods of +three weeks. The first week is called Adaï, and is termed the good +week, in which much work is done; and traders visit the markets +more frequently in this week than at any other time, supposing all +they do in it must prosper. The second week is Ajamfoe, or the bad +week, in which no work or trade is done, the natives believing +every thing undertaken in it must fail. The third week is Adim, or +the little good week, in which they both work and trade, but not as +much as in the Adaï.</p> +</div> + +<div class="footnote"> +<p><a id="Footnote_88"></a><a href="#FNanchor_88"><span class= +"label">[88]</span></a> +</p> + +<div class="linegrp-container"> +<div class="linegrp"> +<div class="group"> +<div class="line indent0"><span class="omis">· · ·</span> Tum +membra toro defleta reponunt,</div> + +<div class="line indent0">Purpureasque super vestes, velamina +nota,</div> + +<div class="line indent0">Conjiciunt;</div> + +<div class="line indent0 right">Æn. <span class= +"sc2">VI.</span></div> +</div> +</div> +</div> + +<p class="nind">In Fantee they dress the body richly, and usually +prop it erect in a chair, exposing it until it is dangerous to do +so any longer: they bury it in their house, with as many gold +ornaments as they can afford to dedicate. The men called the town +drummers are only allowed to die standing, and when expiring are +snatched up, and supported in that posture. In Ahanta they +frequently exhibit the body chalked all over.</p> +</div> + +<div class="footnote"> +<p><a id="Footnote_89"></a><a href="#FNanchor_89"><span class= +"label">[89]</span></a> +</p> + +<div class="linegrp-container"> +<div class="linegrp"> +<div class="group"> +<div class="line indent0">“Hic duo rite mero libans carchesia +Baccho</div> + +<div class="line indent0">“Fundit humi.</div> + +<div class="line indent0 right">Æn. <span class= +"sc2">V.</span></div> + +<div class="line indent0">“Οἶνον δ’ἐκ δεπάων χαμάδις χέον, οὐδέ τις +ἔτλη</div> + +<div class="line indent0">“Πρὶν πιέειν, πρὶν λεῖψαι ὑπερμενέϊ +Κρονίωνι.”</div> + +<div class="line indent0 right">Ομηρ. η.</div> +</div> +</div> +</div> + +<p class="nind">The Ashantees do so not only on solemn occasions, +but invariably; and it would seem that the Greeks did, from the +following words of Hecuba to Hector,</p> + +<div class="linegrp-container"> +<div class="linegrp"> +<div class="group"> +<div class="line indent0">“Ἀλλὰ μέν’, ὄφρα κέ τοι μελιηδέα οἶνον +ἐνείκω,</div> + +<div class="line indent0"><span class= +"word-spaced03"> </span>Ὡς σπείσῃς Διῒ πατρὶ καὶ ἄλλοις +ἀθανάτοισι</div> + +<div class="line indent0"><span class= +"word-spaced03"> </span>Πρῶτον· ἔπειτα δέ κ’αὐτὸς ὀνήσεαι, αἴ +κε πίῃσθα·”</div> + +<div class="line indent0 right">Ομηρ, ζ.</div> +</div> +</div> +</div> +</div> + +<div class="footnote"> +<p><a id="Footnote_90"></a><a href="#FNanchor_90"><span class= +"label">[90]</span></a>Suetonius tells us that Augustus sacrificed +300 of the principal citizens of Perusia, to the manes of his uncle +Julius. We read in Prevost, that 64080 persons were sacrificed, +with aggravated barbarity, in the dedication of a temple in +Mexico.</p> +</div> + +<div class="footnote"> +<p><a id="Footnote_91"></a><a href="#FNanchor_91"><span class= +"label">[91]</span></a>In the Warsaw country there is said to be a +more dreadful poison called Sabë: if it is thrown upon the skin, it +is absorbed by the pores, and has nearly the same instantaneous +mortal effect as when given internally.</p> +</div> + +<div class="footnote"> +<p><a id="Footnote_92"></a><a href="#FNanchor_92"><span class= +"label">[92]</span></a>On the Coast, the bride’s character is very +notoriously published, for part of the husband’s present to her +family being a flask of rum, and that not sent until the next day; +whether it is brimful, or somewhat wanting, indicates her +virginity, or early frailty.</p> +</div> + +<div class="footnote"> +<p><a id="Footnote_93"></a><a href="#FNanchor_93"><span class= +"label">[93]</span></a>The women of Ahanta, on the same occasion, +are prohibited from entering any inhabited place; and if they +attempt to go into a house, are heavily fined or punished. If the +family is respectable, they generally erect a temporary shed to +shelter her; the poorer class are forced to endure the inclemencies +of the weather without any retreat.</p> +</div> + +<div class="footnote"> +<p><a id="Footnote_94"></a><a href="#FNanchor_94"><span class= +"label">[94]</span></a>This game is said to be played in Syria +also.</p> +</div> +</div> + +<hr class="chap"> + +<h2><span class="pagenum" id="Page_304">[304]</span><a id= +"p2c06"></a><span class="letter-spaced01">CHAPTER</span> VI.</h2> + +<hr class="decordb width8 spaced3"> + +<p class="sch1"><em>Architecture, Arts, and Manufactures.</em> +</p> + +<p class="dcap"><span class="sc">The</span> construction of the +ornamental architecture of Coomassie reminded me forcibly of the +ingenious essay of Sir James Hall, (in the Edinburgh Philosophical +Transactions,) tracing the Gothic order to an architectural +imitation of wicker work. The drawings will serve to shew the +various and uncommon character of their architectural ornaments, +adopted from those of interior countries, and, confessedly, in no +degree originating with themselves.</p> + +<p>In building a house, a mould was made for receiving the swish or +clay, by two rows of stakes and wattle work, placed at a distance +equal to the intended thickness of the wall; as two mud walls were +raised at convenient distances, to receive the plum pudding stone +which formed the walls of the vitrified fortresses in Scotland. The +interval was then filled up with a gravelly clay, mixed with water, +with which the outward surface of the frame or stake work was also +thickly plastered, so as to impose the appearance of an entire +thick mud wall. The houses had all gable ends, and three thick +poles were joined to each; one from the highest point, forming the +ridge of the roof, and one on each side, from the base of the +triangular part of the gable; these supported a frame work of +bamboo, over which an interwoven thatch of palm leaves was laid, +and tied with the runners of trees, first to the large poles +running<span class="pagenum" id="Page_305">[305]</span> from gable +to gable, and afterwards, (within,) to the interlacing of the +bamboo frame work, which was painted black and polished, so as to +look much better than any rude cieling would, of which they have no +idea; a small part appears in the houses in the drawing of +Adoom-street (<a href="#i09">No. 9.</a>) The pillars, which assist +to support the roof, and form the proscenium or open front, (which +none but captains are allowed to have to their houses) were thick +poles, afterwards squared with a plastering of swish. The steps and +raised floor of these rooms were clay and stone, with a thick layer +of red earth, which abounds in the neighbourhood, and these were +washed and painted daily, with an infusion of the same earth in +water; it has all the appearance of red ochre, and from the +abundance of iron ore in the neighbourhood, I do not doubt it +is.</p> + +<p>The walls still soft, they formed moulds or frame works of the +patterns in delicate slips of cane, connected by grass. The two +first slips (one end of each being inserted in the soft wall) +projected the relief, commonly mezzo: the interstices were then +filled up with the plaster, and assumed the appearance depicted. +The poles or pillars were sometimes encircled by twists of cane, +intersecting each other, which, being filled up with thin plaster, +resembled the lozenge and cable ornaments of the Anglo-Norman +order; the quatre-foil was very common, and by no means rude, from +the symmetrical bend of the cane which formed it. I saw a few +pillars, (after they had been squared with the plaster) with +numerous slips of cane pressed perpendicularly on to the wet +surface, which being covered again with a very thin coat of +plaster, closely resembled fluting. When they formed a large arch, +they inserted one end of a thick piece of cane in the wet clay of +the floor or base, and bending the other over, inserted it in the +same manner; the entablature was filled up with wattle work +plastered over. Arcades and piazzas were common. A white wash, very +frequently renewed,<span class="pagenum" id="Page_306">[306]</span> +was made from a clay in the neighbourhood. Of course the plastering +is very frail, and in the relief frequently discloses the edges of +the cane, giving however a piquant effect, auxiliary to the +ornament. The doors were an entire piece of cotton wood, cut with +great labour out of the stems or buttresses of that tree; battens +variously cut and painted were afterwards nailed across. (See +drawing, <a href="#i05">No. 5.</a>) So disproportionate was the +price of labour to that of provision, that I gave but two tokoos +for a slab of cotton wood, five feet by three. The locks they use +are from Houssa, and quite original; one will be sent to the +British Museum. Where they raised a first floor, the under room was +divided into two by an intersecting wall, to support the rafters +for the upper room, which were generally covered with a frame work +thickly plastered over with red ochre. I saw but one attempt at +flooring with plank, it was cotton wood shaped entirely with an +adze, and looked like a ship’s deck. The windows were open wood +work, carved in fanciful figures and intricate patterns, and +painted red; the frames were frequently cased in gold, about as +thick as cartridge paper.</p> + +<p>What surprised me most, and is not the least of the many +circumstances deciding their great superiority over the generality +of Negroes, was the discovery that every house had its cloacæ, +besides the common ones for the lower orders without the town. They +were generally situated under a small arch way in the most retired +angle of the building, but not unfrequently up stairs, within a +separate room like a small closet, (see drawing <a href="#i03">No. +3.</a>) where the large hollow pillar also assists to support the +upper story: the holes are of a small circumference, but dug to a +surprising depth, and boiling water is daily poured down, which +effectually prevents the least offence. The rubbish and offal of +each house was burnt every morning at the back of the street, and +they were as nice and cleanly in their dwellings as in their +persons.</p> + +<div class="plate"> +<div class="figcenter iw4"> +<figure id="i05"> +<p class="cp1"><span class="sc">Odumata’s Sleeping Room.</span> +</p> + +<p class="ipubr"><em>N<sup>o</sup>. 5.</em> +</p> +<a href="images/i05_large.jpg"><img src='images/i05.jpg' alt= +''></a> +</figure> +</div> + +<div class="figcenter iw4"> +<figure id="i06"><a href="images/i06_large.jpg"><img src= +'images/i06.jpg' alt=''></a> +<table class="width-full"> +<tr> +<td class="tdl ipub"><em>Drawn by T. E. Bowdich +Esq<sup>r</sup>.</em> +</td> +<td class="tdr ipub"><em>N<sup>o</sup>. 6.</em> +</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p class="cp1"><span class="sc">Inner Square</span> of <span class= +"sc">Apookoos House</span>.</p> + +<p class="ipubb"><em>Published Dec<sup>r</sup>. 2, 1818, by John +Murray, Albemarle Street.</em> +</p> +</figure> +</div> +</div> + +<div class="plate"> +<div class="figcenter iw4"> +<figure id="i03"> +<p class="cp1"><span class="sc">The Oldest House</span> in +<span class="sc">Coomassee</span>.</p> + +<p class="ipubr"><em>N<sup>o</sup>. 3.</em> +</p> +<a href="images/i03_large.jpg"><img src='images/i03.jpg' alt= +''></a> +</figure> +</div> + +<div class="figcenter iw4"> +<figure id="i04"><a href="images/i04_large.jpg"><img src= +'images/i04.jpg' alt=''></a> +<table class="width-full"> +<tr> +<td class="tdl ipub"><em>Drawn by T. E. Bowdich +Esq<sup>r</sup>.</em> +</td> +<td class="tdr ipub"><em>N<sup>o</sup>. 4.</em> +</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p class="cp1"><span class="sc">Part</span> of the <span class= +"sc">Quarters</span> of the <span class="sc">Mission</span>.</p> + +<p class="ipubb"><em>Published Dec<sup>r</sup>. 2, 1818, by John +Murray, Albemarle Street.</em> +</p> +</figure> +</div> +</div> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_307">[307]</span>Drawing <a href= +"#i03">No. 3,</a> is one of the oldest houses in Coomassie, +inherited by the unfortunate Bakkee, and part of the quarters of +the Mission. Its comparative rudeness is evident.</p> + +<p><a href="#i04">No. 4,</a> is a more modern part of the same +house, being one side of a small area about 15 feet square, +allotted to the chief officer of the Embassy. These areas are all +distinct, and a house consists of an indefinite number of them, +some 36 feet square, with several long courts. In paying a visit to +a principal man, the state was to detain us some minutes at the +door of each area, as he generally received us in the innermost. +The figure is one of the King’s body guards, which have been +described before. The figures are introduced to shew the proportion +of the buildings, and to give some idea of the costume.</p> + +<p><a href="#i05">No. 5,</a> is the exterior of a bed room of +Odumata’s, which is one side of an oblong area in a very retired +angle of his house, about 25 feet by 8. The cloth suspended to the +left of the door on the top of the steps, hides the bloody stools +which are in the recess. The small gallery in front of the upper +room is only wide enough for one person to walk in. The recess and +small room below accommodate confidential slaves. The bed room was +very small, about 8 feet square, but being hung round with a +variety of gold and silver ornaments, had a very rich appearance. +The bed is generally about 5 feet high, and composed entirely of +large silk-cotton pillows piled one above another. The King of +Gaman, we were assured, had steps of solid gold to ascend to his +bed. A man wearing a crier’s cap, is playing the sanko.</p> + +<p><a href="#i06">No. 6,</a> is a perspective view of the entrance +area to Apokoo’s house; the fourth side is an open fronted building +like those on the right and left for attendants to wait in, and for +the hearing of palavers. The opposite closed side is a bed room. +The figure is playing the bentwa (see <a href= +"#Page_362">Music.</a>)</p> + +<div class="plate"> +<div class="figcenter iw4"> +<figure id="i07"> +<p class="cp1"><span class="sc">Part</span> of a <span class= +"sc">Piazza</span> in the <span class="sc">Palace</span>.</p> + +<p class="ipubr"><em>N<sup>o</sup>. 7.</em> +</p> +<a href="images/i07_large.jpg"><img src='images/i07.jpg' alt= +''></a> +</figure> +</div> + +<div class="figcenter iw4"> +<figure id="i08"><a href="images/i08_large.jpg"><img src= +'images/i08.jpg' alt=''></a> +<table class="width-full"> +<tr> +<td class="tdl ipub"><em>Drawn by T. E. Bowdich +Esq<sup>r</sup>.</em> +</td> +<td class="tdr ipub"><em>N<sup>o</sup>. 8.</em> +</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p class="cp1"><span class="sc">Part</span> of a <span class= +"sc">Piazza</span> in the <span class="sc">Palace</span>.</p> + +<p class="ipubb"><em>Published Dec<sup>r</sup>. 2, 1818, by John +Murray, Albemarle Street.</em> +</p> +</figure> +</div> +</div> + +<div class="plate"> +<div class="figcenter iw1"> +<figure id="i09"><a href="images/i09_large.jpg"><img src= +'images/i09.jpg' alt=''></a> +<table class="width-full"> +<tr> +<td class="tdl ipub"><em>Drawn by T. E. Bowdich +Esq<sup>r</sup>.</em> +</td> +<td class="tdr ipub"><em>N<sup>o</sup>. 9.</em> +</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p class="cp1"><span class="sc">Part</span> of <span class= +"sc">Adoom Street</span>.</p> + +<p class="ipubb"><em>Published Dec<sup>r</sup>. 2, 1818, by John +Murray, Albemarle Street.</em> +</p> +</figure> +</div> +</div> + +<div class="plate"> +<div class="figcenter iw2"> +<figure id="i10"><a href="images/i10_large.jpg"><img src= +'images/i10.jpg' alt=''></a> +<table class="width-full"> +<tr> +<td class="tdl ipub"><em>Drawn by T. E. Bowdich +Esq<sup>r</sup>.</em> +</td> +<td class="tdr ipub"><em>N<sup>o</sup>. 10.</em> +</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p class="cp1"><span class="sc">The Kings Sleeping Room.</span> +</p> + +<p class="ipubb"><em>Published Dec<sup>r</sup>. 2, 1818, by John +Murray, Albemarle Street.</em> +</p> +</figure> +</div> +</div> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_308">[308]</span><a href= +"#i07">No. 7,</a> is a part of a piazza, which lines the interior +of the wall secluding the palace from the street. The piazza is 200 +yards long, and inhabited by captains and other attendants on the +King; above is a small gallery. Piles of skulls, and drums +ornamented with them, are frequent in this piazza. The figure is a +common soldier of Ashantee, his belt ornamented with red shells, +and stuck full of knives.</p> + +<p><a href="#i08">No. 8,</a> is the upper end of the piazza, which +is more ornamented, and appropriated to the superior captains, who +have each a suite of rooms, marked by the small doors under the +piazza. A woman is dancing whilst a man plays the flute and +rattle.</p> + +<p><a href="#i09">No. 9,</a> is a view of part of Adoom-street: +each open front denotes the residence of a captain, being used for +talking palavers, receiving strangers, observing or superintending +customs, and evening recreation. The dwelling is entered by the +small door at the side, which generally leads through a narrow +passage or court to a large area like <a href="#i06">No. 6,</a> and +thence by various intricate ways to smaller and more retired areas +like <a href="#i04">No. 4</a> and <a href="#i05">No. 5.</a> A +fetish woman has just quitted the centre house; she has on a white +cloth, and various pieces of rich silk are hanging round her +girdle, her breasts are confined with a scarf, a fillet encircles +her head, in each hand she waves a horse’s tail, and she continues +yelling and swinging round and round until she is quite stupified. +A weaver and loom are on her right, and a market woman under her +shed on the left.</p> + +<p><a href="#i10">No. 10,</a> is the exterior of the King’s bed +room, being one side of an inner area, about 30 feet square. The +stunted silk-cotton and the manchineal tree are fetish or sacred, +as are the white and red rags at the top of the pole, and the small +brass cups supported by the forked sticks. The colored bags hanging +over the round doors (the chequering of which is in relief,) +contain Moorish charms. The<span class="pagenum" id= +"Page_309">[309]</span> carving of the left hand window is cased in +silver, of the right hand, in gold. The two men are playing at +Worra. The King made frequent enquiries about the architecture of +England, of which we gave him some idea by drawings. He was very +fond of referring to a project ascribed to Saï Cudjo, and which he +declared he would carry into effect directly the Gaman war was +over. This was to build a house for his own immediate residence, +roofed with brass pans, beaten into flat surfaces, and laid over an +ivory frame work appearing within. The windows and the doors to be +cased in gold, and the door posts and pillars of ivory. Whether the +Moors originated or encouraged this extravagance by the +descriptions in their tales, for some of the stories of the Arabian +Nights were commonly in their mouths, or whether it was the scheme +of his own disposition, prone to magnificence and novelty, the King +dwelt ardently on the intention, and by their frequent +conversations on the subject, his chiefs appeared scarcely less +anxious for the execution than himself. He meditated great +improvements and embellishments in his capital, on his return from +the war, when it was intended that every captain should be +presented with an extraordinary sum out of the public treasury, for +adorning or enlarging his house. The ruined streets between Asafoo +and Bantama were to be rebuilt, and the six or seven small crooms +between Coomassie and Baramang, (the King’s country residence,) +were to be pulled down, and the inhabitants to occupy a wide street +to extend from the city to that croom. This was the darling design +of the King; he had already made a sound, broad, and almost direct +road, and numerous labourers were continuing to bring it as near as +possible to a straight line.</p> + +<p>The Ashantee loom is precisely on the same principle as the +English; it is worked by strings held between the toes; the web is +never more than four inches broad. A weaver is represented +in<span class="pagenum" id="Page_310">[310]</span> the drawing, +<a href="#i03">No. 3,</a> and a small loom complete is amongst the +articles for the British Museum. They use a spindle, and not a +distaff, for spinning, holding it in one hand, and twisting the +thread, (which has a weight at the end,) with the finger and thumb +of the other. The fineness, variety, brilliance, and size of their +cloths would astonish, could a more costly one be exhibited; in the +absence of which, that for the Museum will doubtless be admired for +the two first qualities, and for having precisely the same +appearance on both sides. I shall notice in the Chapter on <a href= +"#Page_331">Trade,</a> that the richest silks are unravelled to +weave into them. The white cloths, which are principally +manufactured in Inta and Dagwumba, they paint for mourning with a +mixture of blood and a red dye wood. The patterns are various, and +not inelegant, and painted with so much regularity, with a fowl’s +feather, that they have all the appearance of a coarse print at a +distance. I have seen a man paint as fast as I could write. There +will be a very fair specimen in the British Museum, the price of +painting which was one ackie.</p> + +<p>They have two dye woods, a red and a yellow, specimens of which +I brought down; they make a green by mixing the latter with their +blue dye, in which they excel; it is made from a plant called +acassie, certainly not the indigo, which grows plentifully on the +Coast. The acassie rises to the height of about two feet, and +according to the natives, bears a red flower, but the leaf is not +small, fleshy, or soft, nor is it pale or silvery coloured +underneath; it is a thin acuminate leaf about five inches long, and +three broad, of a dark green.<a id="FNanchor_95"></a><a href= +"#Footnote_95" class="fnanchor">[95]</a> I regret to add, our best +specimens of this plant perished in the disasters of our march, and +no drawing was made<span class="pagenum" id="Page_311">[311]</span> +of it, as it bore no flower in that season; it grows abundantly in +the woods, and produces a fast and beautiful colour without +requiring a mordant. They gather a quantity of the leaves, bruise +them in a wooden mortar, and spread them out on a mat to dry, this +mass is kept for use, a proportion of it is put into a pot of water +and remains six days previous to immersing the thread, which is +left in six days, drying it once every day in the sun, it is then a +deep lasting blue colour. When a light blue is wished for, the +thread is only allowed to remain in the dye pot three days.</p> + +<p>They excel in pottery, as the pipes for the Museum will shew; +they are rested on the ground when smoked; the clay is very fine, +polished (after baking) by friction, and the grooves of the +patterns filled up with chalk. They have also a black pottery which +admits of a high polish.</p> + +<p>The people of Dagwumba surpass the Ashantees in goldsmith’s +work, though the latter may be esteemed proficients in the art. The +small articles for the Museum, a gold stool, sanko, bell, jaw bone, +and drum, are not such neat specimens as I could wish; the man who +made them having too much costly work on hand for the King, to pay +our trifles his wonted attention; unfortunately too, he was +committed to prison before they were quite finished; however, they +will give an idea. I weighed out nineteen ackies and a half of gold +dust for making these articles, one third of an ackie was lost in +melting, and five was the charge of the goldsmith. We lost a +beautiful silver pipe in the bustle. Bees wax for making the model +of the article wanted, is spun out on a smooth block of wood, by +the side of a fire, on which stands a pot of water; a flat stick is +dipped into this, with which the wax is made of a proper softness; +it takes about a quarter of an hour to make enough for a ring. When +the model is finished, it is enclosed in a composition of wet clay +and charcoal, (which being closely pressed around it<span class= +"pagenum" id="Page_312">[312]</span> forms a mould,) dried in the +sun, and having a small cup of the same materials attached to it, +(to contain the gold for fusion,) communicating with the model by a +small perforation. When the whole model is finished, and the gold +carefully enclosed in the cup, it is put in a charcoal fire with +the cup undermost. When the gold is supposed to be fused, the cup +is turned uppermost, that it may run into the place of the melted +wax; when cool the clay is broken, and if the article is not +perfect it goes through the whole process again. To give the gold +its proper colour, they put a layer of finely ground red ochre, +(which they call Inchuma,) all over it, and immerge it in boiling +water mixed with the same substance and a little salt; after it has +boiled half an hour, it is taken out and thoroughly cleansed from +any clay that may adhere to it. Their bellows are imitations of +ours, but the sheep skin they use being tied to the wood with +leather thongs, the wind escapes through the crevices, therefore +when much gold is on the fire they are obliged to use two or three +pair at the same time. Their anvils are generally a large stone, or +a piece of iron placed on the ground. Their stoves are built of +swish (about three or four feet high) in a circular form, and are +open about one fifth of the circumference; a hole is made through +the closed part level with the ground, for the nozzle of the +bellows. Their weights are very neat brass casts of almost every +animal, fruit, or vegetable known in the country. The King’s +scales, blow pan, boxes, and weights, and even the tongs which hold +the cinder to light his pipe, were neatly made of the purest gold +that could be manufactured.</p> + +<p>Their blacksmith’s work is performed with the same sort of forge +as the above, but they have no idea of making iron from ore, as +their interior neighbours do. Their swords are generally perforated +in patterns like fish trowels; frequently they make two blades +springing parallel from one handle, which evince very fine +workmanship.<span class="pagenum" id="Page_313">[313]</span> The +needles and castanets will only give some idea of their progress. +The iron stone is of a dark red colour, spotted with gray, and +intermixed with what had all the appearance of lava, they cut +bullets out of it for the army, when lead is scarce. I have brought +some arrows of native iron. They have no idea of making a lock like +the people of Houssa and Marrowa.</p> + +<p>They tan or dress leather in Ashantee, but they do this, and dye +it, in a very superior manner in Houssa and Dagwumba; see the +sandals and cushion in the British Museum, the former varied and +apparently stitched; doubting that there could be such stitching, I +undid a part, and discovered that they perforated the surface, and +then stuck in the fine shreds of leather. The curious will observe, +that the patterns of the stool cushion are all produced by paring +the surface. They make their soldiers belts and pouches out of +elephant or pig skin, ornamented with red shells. (See drawing, +<a href="#i07">No. 7.</a>)</p> + +<p>Of their carpenter’s work the stool is a fair specimen, being +carved out of a solid piece of a wood called zesso, white, soft, +and bearing a high polish; it is first soaked in water. They sell +such a stool for about three shillings, in Accra or Fantee it would +fetch twenty. The umbrella is even more curious, the bird is cut +almost equal to turning, and the whole is so supple that it may be +turned inside out. This, only a child’s umbrella, is a model of the +large canopies I have described in the procession; I gave a piece +of cloth value twenty shillings for it. The sanko or guitar is also +neatly made, and the chasteness and Etruscan character of the +carving is very surprising. The surface of the wood is first +charred in the fire, and then carved deep enough to disclose the +original white in the stripes or lines of the patterns.</p> + +<p>Numbers of workmen are employed in breaking, rounding, and +boring the snail shells, as big as a turkey’s egg generally, +and<span class="pagenum" id="Page_314">[314]</span> sometimes as +large as a conch. They are first broken into numerous pieces, then +chipped round, the size of a sleeve button, and afterwards bored +with a bow and iron style fixed in a piece of wood. Lastly they are +strung, and extended in rows on a log of wood, and rubbed with a +soft and bluish gray stone and water, until they become perfectly +round.</p> + +<p>Their pine apple thread is very strong, and is made from the +fineness of a hair to the thickness of whip cord, it bleaches to a +beautiful whiteness, and would answer for sewing any strong +material, but, when muslin is stitched with it, it is liable to be +cut from the harshness. The women frequently join their cloths, and +ornament their handkerchiefs with a zigzag pattern, worked with +unravelled silks of different colours. The fetish case is a +specimen of their needle work, in the manner of chain stitch.</p> + +<div class="footnotes" id="ftp2c06"> +<div class="footnote"> +<p><a id="Footnote_95"></a><a href="#FNanchor_95"><span class= +"label">[95]</span></a>It is a shrub with opposite leaves, no +stipules, and having a certain degree of resemblance to +<i>Marsdenia suave-olens</i> (the indigo of Sumatra) but as the +leaves are toothed in the acassie, it probably does not belong even +to the same natural order.</p> +</div> +</div> + +<hr class="chap"> + +<h2><span class="pagenum" id="Page_315">[315]</span><a id= +"p2c07"></a><span class="letter-spaced01">CHAPTER</span> VII.</h2> + +<hr class="decordb width8 spaced3"> + +<p class="sch1"><em>Climate, Population, Revenue, City, Market, +&c.</em> +</p> + +<p class="dcap"><span class="sc">The</span> climate will be best +judged of by the account of the thermometer (from May to February) +in the <a href="#app5">Appendix.</a> During the first two months, +May and June, it rained about one third of the time, throughout +July and August it rained nearly half, and abrupt tornadoes were +frequent in the evening, just after sun set, ushered in by a strong +wind from the south-west. The heaviest rains were from the latter +end of September to the beginning of November, they fell even in +more impetuous torrents than are witnessed on the coast.<a id= +"FNanchor_96"></a><a href="#Footnote_96" class="fnanchor">[96]</a> +The influence of the harmattan was described as very powerful. +Generally speaking, from the elevation of Ashantee, (unfortunately +we had no barometer,) it was much cooler in Coomassie than at Cape +Coast; indeed, from four to six in the morning, there was a +severity of cold unknown on the coast.</p> + +<p>I can only calculate the population of the kingdom of Ashantee, +small in itself, from its military force, of which the following is +the most moderate of the estimates I received.</p> + +<table class="padded1" id="t316"> +<tr> +<td class="tdl-top hang1"><span class="pagenum" id= +"Page_316">[316]</span>Coomassie district (extending to the +northern frontier)</td> +<td class="tdr-bot">60,000</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="tdl-top hang1">Dwabin ditto</td> +<td class="tdr-bot">35,000</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="tdl-top hang1">Marmpon ditto</td> +<td class="tdr-bot">15,000</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="tdl-top hang1">Soota ditto</td> +<td class="tdr-bot">15,000</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="tdl-top hang1">Kokoofoo ditto</td> +<td class="tdr-bot">15,000</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="tdl-top hang1">Becqua ditto</td> +<td class="tdr-bot">12,000</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="tdl-top hang1">Adiabin ditto (between Coomassie and the +lake)</td> +<td class="tdr-bot">12,000</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="tdl-top hang1">Aphwagwiasee ditto</td> +<td class="tdr-bot">10,000</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="tdl-top hang1">Daniasee ditto (southwards of +Coomassie)</td> +<td class="tdr-bot">8,000</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="tdl-top hang1">Koontarasie ditto (on the lake)</td> +<td class="tdr-bot">8,000</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="tdl-top hang1">Gamasie ditto</td> +<td class="tdr-bot">8,000</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="tdl-top hang1">Amafoo ditto</td> +<td class="tdr-bot">6,000</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td> +</td> +<td class="tdr bt">204,000</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p class="nind">This appears an extravagant force, until we +recollect that it is probably one fifth of the whole +population.<a id="FNanchor_97"></a><a href="#Footnote_97" class= +"fnanchor">[97]</a> The Romans when they were a nation of warriors, +which these people are, raised a military force equally great in +proportion to their population. Barbot heard of the Ashantees +losing 50,000 men in two actions, an exaggeration which, +nevertheless, serves to argue great military resources. Since the +Ashantee invasions, their disposable force has been estimated by +old residents in public reports, as upwards of 150,000. From the +above particular statement, the population may be estimated at one +million, which I believe is little more than half the population of +Scotland, the area of which must be more than double that of +Ashantee, which certainly does not contain more than 14,000 square +miles. Amanquateä, Quatchie Quofie,<span class="pagenum" id= +"Page_317">[317]</span> Odumata, and Apokoo’s forces alone amounted +to 25,000. The contingencies at command from tributaries, (21 in +number) are too indefinite to attempt to detail. Neither Inta or +Dagwumba furnish any, the Ashantees pretending to despise their +troops too much to use them. The following, which are known to be +pretty correct, have generally been the first called into +action:</p> + +<table class="padded1" id="t317a"> +<tr> +<td>Coranza</td> +<td class="tdr">10,000</td> +<td> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Assin</td> +<td class="tdr">8,000</td> +<td> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Takima</td> +<td class="tdr">6,000</td> +<td> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Dankara</td> +<td class="tdr">5,000</td> +<td> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Warsaw</td> +<td class="tdr">7,000</td> +<td> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Booroom</td> +<td class="tdr">12,000</td> +<td> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Sawee</td> +<td class="tdr">4,000</td> +<td> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Akim</td> +<td class="tdr">4,000,</td> +<td>before their later destructive revolts 16,000</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Aquapim, &c.</td> +<td class="tdr">1,000</td> +<td> +</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p>Though polygamy is tolerated to such an excess amongst the +higher orders, I do not think, from observation, that the +proportion of women to men is two to one. Most of the lower order +of freemen have but one wife, and very few of the slaves (the +greater proportion of the military force) any. The following +calculation is the only one I can think of, and it supports my +impression after five months residence.</p> + +<table class="tabw40" id="t317b"> +<tr> +<td class="tdr-top">204,000</td> +<td class="tdl hang1">Men able to bear arms, about one-fifth of the +whole population</td> +<td class="tdr-bot">1,000,000</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="tdr-top">101,000</td> +<td class="tdl hang1">Or one-fourth, children under ten years of +age as found in Great Britain.</td> +<td> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="tdr-top">50,000</td> +<td class="tdl hang1">Boys above that age not capable of bearing +arms.</td> +<td> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="tdr-top">7,000</td> +<td class="tdl hang1">Or one in about 28 incapacitated by old age +or accidents, as found in Great Britain.</td> +<td> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="tdr-top bt">362,000</td> +<td class="tdr">Males</td> +<td class="tdr-bot">362,000</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td> +</td> +<td class="tdr">Females</td> +<td class="tdr-bot bt">638,000</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_318">[318]</span>The men are very +well made, but not so muscular as the Fantees; their countenances +are frequently aquiline. The women also are generally handsomer +than those of Fantee, but it is only amongst the higher orders that +beauty is to be found, and amongst them, free from all labour or +hardship, I have not only seen the finest figures, (which the ease +of their costume and habits may account for,) but, in many +instances, regular Grecian features, with brilliant eyes set rather +obliquely in the head. Beauty in a Negress must be genuine, since +complexion prejudices instead of imposes, and the European adjudges +it to the features only, which appeared in this class to be Indian +rather than African; nor is it surprising, when we recollect that +they are selected from, or are the daughters of the handsomest +slaves or captives; or are expressly chosen by their interior +neighbours, to compose part of their tribute to the King of +Ashantee, who retains but a small proportion.</p> + +<p>Both men and women are particularly cleanly in their persons, +the latter washing themselves, and the former being washed by them +daily on rising, from head to foot, with warm water and Portuguese +soap, using afterwards the vegetable grease or butter, which is a +fine cosmetic. Their cloths, which are beetled, are always +scrupulously clean. The lowest orders are generally dirty. +Occasionally, small delicate patterns in green or white paint are +traced on their cheeks and temples. The Moorish negresses darken +the edges of their eye lids with lead reduced to a fine powder. The +ore was brought from Mallowa and is very rich. The powder is +moistened a little, and kept in small boxes, like bodkin cases with +a bulb at the end, and prettily covered with cow’s hair, within +which is a metal stylus to apply the powder, as the women of India +do antimony for this purpose. Top-cloths are generally worn, and +not by the higher order only as in Fantee. They are commonly of a +coarse silk bought at Dagwumba. They wear little or no +antiffoo,<span class="pagenum" id="Page_319">[319]</span> a sort of +cushion projecting from just below the small of the back in the +Fantee women, by the size of which, frequently preposterous, and at +all times unsightly, their rank, or the number of their children is +known. The bosoms of girls of thirteen and fourteen are frequently +models, but the young women sedulously destroy this beauty for what +is considered a greater, wearing a broad band tight across their +breasts, until ceasing to be globular they project conically. Their +heads are shaved in fanciful elaborate patterns, having as +intricate an appearance as a rich carpet.</p> + +<p>The food of the higher orders is principally soup of dried fish, +fowls, beef, or mutton, (according to the fetish,) and ground nuts +stewed in blood. The poorer class make their soups of dried deer, +monkeys flesh, and frequently of the pelts of skins. Yams, +plantains, and foofoos, (see the kouskous of Mr. Park) are commonly +eaten, and they do not make cankey of their corn, (a coarser sort +of kouskous not cleared from the husk) as the Fantees do, but they +roast it on the stalk, and when young the flavour closely resembles +that of green peas. Besides palm wine they drink Pittō, made from +dried corn, which I think must have been the beer Lieutenant Martyn +relished so much, for it is quite as pleasant as a brisk small ale. +They are forbidden eggs by the fetish, and cannot be persuaded to +taste milk, which is only drank by the Moors. Their stews and white +soups are excellent, and my companions reported their black soups +(made with palm oil) to be equally so.</p> + +<p>I cannot pretend to calculate the variable revenue of Ashantee, +nor indeed to report its optional sources; I noted a few +particulars.</p> + +<p>1. The dust gold of all deceased and disgraced subjects. +Boiteäm, the father of Otee, left five jars (said to hold about +four gallons each) and two flasks. On Appia Nanu’s disgrace three +jars were seized.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_320">[320]</span>2. A tax in gold +upon all slaves purchased for the coast.<a id= +"FNanchor_98"></a><a href="#Footnote_98" class="fnanchor">[98]</a> +Customs paid in gold by all traders returning from the coast, +levied near Ansa in Assin.</p> + +<p>3. A tax on the elephant hunters.</p> + +<p>4. The small pits in Soko, which with the washings were reported +to yield, sometimes 2,000 ounces per month, at others not more than +700.</p> + +<p>5. The daily washings throughout Dankara, and the hills dividing +Akim and Assin; very rich in gold.</p> + +<p>6. A tax on every chief increasing the number of his gold +ornaments. Apokoo paid 20 periguins to the King on melting 100.</p> + +<p>7. The soil of the market place (see <a href= +"#Page_257">Laws</a>) has been washed but twice during the present +reign. I was told it produced about 800 ounces of gold each time. +During our stay a heavy rain washed down a large quantity, which +was replaced and carefully covered with the soil, by the Captain in +charge of the market place. It was very easily seen after rain.</p> + +<p>The tributes of the various nations they had subdued, were in +some instances fixed, but more frequently indefinite, being +proportioned to the exigencies of the year; indeed from various +conversations with Apokoo and others, and my own observations +during state palavers, it appeared that the necessities and the +designs of the Ashantee government were the superior +considerations, and the rule in levying tribute every where. I made +the following memoranda.</p> + +<p>Inta and Dagwumba never pay in gold, which though plentiful from +commerce, is not found there, cowries being the circulating medium. +Their capitals and all their large towns send the following tribute +annually, and the smaller in proportion.</p> + +<ul class="simple3"> +<li><span class="pagenum" id="Page_321">[321]</span>500 +Slaves.</li> + +<li>200 Cows.</li> + +<li>400 Sheep.</li> + +<li>400 Cotton cloths.</li> + +<li>200 Ditto and silk.</li> +</ul> + +<p>Takima a smaller proportion of the same kind.</p> + +<p>Coranza is generally excused, from fidelity, and a long series +of military services.</p> + +<table class="padded1" id="t321"> +<tr> +<td class="tdl-top hang1">Sawee</td> +<td class="tdr-bot">200</td> +<td class="tdl-bot">periguins annually.</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="tdl-top hang1">Moinseän</td> +<td class="tdr-bot">50</td> +<td class="tdl-bot">bendas ditto.</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="tdl-top hang1">Gaman had paid, (besides all large pieces +of rock gold,)</td> +<td class="tdr-bot">100</td> +<td class="tdl-bot">periguins ditto.</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p>Akim, Assin, Warsaw, Aowin, &c. &c. were taxed +indefinitely by crooms.</p> + +<p>Coomassie is built upon the side of a large rocky hill of iron +stone. It is insulated by a marsh close to the town northwards, and +but a narrow stream; half a mile distant from it N.W., and 60 yards +broad; close to it N.E., E., S.E., and S., and about 100, 20, 70, +and 50 yards broad at these points. In many parts depth after heavy +rains was five feet, and commonly two. The marsh contains many +springs, and supplies the town with water, but the exhalation +covers the city with a thick fog morning and evening, and engenders +dysentery, with which the natives of the coast who accompanied us +were almost immediately attacked, as well as the officers. It is a +little extraordinary that we never saw a musquito in Ashantee. I +could find none but birds eye views of the city, which were +uninteresting, presenting nothing but the thatch of the houses; it +was encircled by a beautiful forest, which required more time than +I could spare, and a more expressive pencil to pourtray. Coomassie +is an oblong of nearly four miles in circumference, not including +the suburbs of Assafoo nor<span class="pagenum" id= +"Page_322">[322]</span> Bantama, (the back town,) half a mile +distant, and formerly connected by streets with the city, as is +evident from the numerous ruins of houses on the path. The +slaughter of constant warfare, and the extinction or removal of +several ill affected chiefs with their adherents, account for this +even in a rising state. The ruins in the interval to Bantama were +indeed accounted for by Amanquateä (who holds his court there, as +Quatchie Quofie does at Assafoo) informing us, that almost all the +Ashantees killed before Annamaboe (about 2000 by the most moderate +computation) belonged to him, as it was his division which marched +along the beach from Cormantine, exposed to the cannon of the fort. +Four of the principal streets are half a mile long, and from 50 to +100 yards wide. I observed them building one, and a line was +stretched on each side to make it regular. The streets were all +named, and a superior captain in charge of each; ours for instance, +was Aperremsoo, big gun or cannon street, because those taken when +Dankara was conquered, were placed on a mound at the top of it, +near Adoo Quamina’s house. The area in which we had our first +audience was called Daëbrim, the great market, in distinction to a +lower street called Gwaba, or the small market. The street above +where we lived was called Osamarandiduüm, meaning literally, “with +1000 muskets you could not fight those who live there.” One street +was named after Odumata, and there was another near it, whose title +I forget, but it was equal to prison street. The palace was +situated in a long and wide street running through the middle of +the town, from which it was shut out by a high wall, terminating at +each end at the marsh, where it was discontinued, that being a +sufficient boundary. It included Odumata’s and the King’s brothers +residences, and two or three small streets, (besides the several +areas and piazzas,) for the King’s relief and recreation when the +superstitions of the country confine him to the palace. I reckoned +twenty<span class="pagenum" id="Page_323">[323]</span> seven +streets in all, which I have laid down in a ground <a href= +"#map3">plan</a> of the town. The small grove at the back of the +large market place was called Sammonpomë or the spirit-house, +because the trunks of all the human victims were thrown into it. +The bloody tracks, daily renewed, shewed the various directions +they had been dragged from, and the number of vultures on the trees +indicated the extent of the recent sacrifice; the stench was +insupportable, and the visits of panthers nightly. Several trees +were individually scattered about the town for the recreation of +the inhabitants of those quarters, and small circular elevations of +two steps, the lower about 20 feet in circumference, like the bases +of the old market crosses in England, were raised in the middle of +several streets, on which the King’s chair was placed when he went +to drink palm wine there, his attendants encircling him.</p> + +<div class="plate"> +<div class="figcenter iw4"> +<figure id="map3"> +<p class="cpm3"><em>Ichnographical Sketch of</em> <span class= +"sc">Coomassie</span>, <em>with the principal Streets and the +Situations of remarkable Houses.</em></p> +<a href="images/map3_large.jpg"><img src='images/map3.jpg' alt= +''></a> +<ul class="cplist"> +<li>1. Entrance from Fantee and Assin.</li> + +<li>2. Agwabu or the small market.</li> + +<li>3. King’s eldest Sister’s house.</li> + +<li>4. —— Goldsmith’s ditto.</li> + +<li>5. Appia Nanu’s ditto.</li> + +<li>6. Otee’s (3d Linguist) ditto.</li> + +<li>7. Odumata’s (1 of the 4) ditto.</li> + +<li>8. King’s youngest Sister’s ditto.</li> + +<li>9. Adoom Street.</li> + +<li>9.* Baba’s house and the Crambos (Moors) Street.</li> + +<li>10.* Aboogaywa or place of execution.</li> + +<li>10. Palace.</li> + +<li>11. King’s wives Croom.</li> + +<li>12. Marsh.</li> + +<li>13. Entrance from Dwabin.</li> + +<li>14. ——— Barramang.</li> + +<li>15. King of Dwabin’s temporary Court.</li> + +<li>16. King’s Blacksmith’s Croom.</li> + +<li><em>a.</em> Himma or the King’s fetish temple.</li> + +<li><em>b.</em> Apokoo’s (1 of the 4) house.</li> + +<li><em>c.</em> Adoocee’s (chief linguist.)</li> + +<li><em>d.</em> Apirremsoo Street.</li> + +<li><em>e<img src='images/sym2.png' class="iwsym2" alt= +'[Symbol]'>.</em> Aboidwee’s house, the quarters of the +Embassy.</li> + +<li><em>f.</em> Adoo Quamina’s (chief Captain) house.</li> + +<li><em>g.</em> Osarramandiduum Street.</li> + +<li><em>h.</em> King’s Umbrella maker’s Croom.</li> + +<li><em>i.</em> Entrance to the high street of Bantama.</li> + +<li><em>k.</em> Croom.</li> + +<li><em>l.</em> Ditto.</li> + +<li><em>m.</em> Ditto.</li> + +<li><em>n.</em> Long irregular suburb, and road to Dankara.</li> + +<li><em>o.</em> Sammonpome or the Spirit Grove.</li> + +<li><em>p.</em> Adooebrim, the large market place.</li> + +<li><em>p*.</em> Small Market.</li> + +<li><em>q.</em> High Street of Assafoo.<br> +Course of the procession of the Embassy on its entré.</li> + +<li><em>r.</em> Halted to witness the war dance.</li> + +<li><em>s.</em> Halted to pass the baggage and presents.</li> + +<li><em>t.</em> Halted to witness the human sacrifice.</li> + +<li><em>u.</em> Presented to the King and Chiefs.</li> + +<li><em>w.</em> Seated to see them march home.</li> +</ul> + +<p class="cpr"><em>T. E. Bowdich</em>, 1817.</p> +</figure> +</div> +</div> + +<p>The Ashantees persisted that the population of Coomassie, when +collected, was upwards of 100,000. I think it likely to be much +greater than that of Sego, (which Mr. Park reported as 30,000,) +from the extended masses of crowd I observed on festivals, when the +plantations of the environs are almost wholly deserted. I compared +them in my recollection with the crowds I have seen collected in +the secondary cities of England, on similar occasions of public +curiosity; the only criterion, as I had not time to finish +reckoning the number of houses. I say when collected, because the +higher class could not support their numerous followers, or the +lower their large families, in the city, and therefore employed +them in plantations, (in which small crooms were situated,) +generally within two or three miles of the capital, where their +labours not only feed themselves, but supply the wants of the +chief, his family, and more immediate suite. The middling orders +station their slaves for the same purpose, and also to collect +fruits and vegetables for sale, and when their children become +numerous, a part are<span class="pagenum" id= +"Page_324">[324]</span> generally sent to be supported by these +slaves in the bush. Perhaps the average resident population of +Coomassie is not more than from 12 to 15,000.</p> + +<p>The markets were held daily from about eight o’clock in the +morning until sun set. The larger contains about sixty stalls or +sheds, (a small square frame covered with cotton cloth with a pole +from the centre, stuck into the ground, see drawing, <a href= +"#i09">No. 9.</a>) besides throngs of inferior venders, seated in +all directions. Amongst the articles for sale, were beef, (to us +about 8<em>d.</em> per lb.) and mutton, cut in small pieces for +soup, wild hog, deer, and monkey’s flesh, fowls, pelts of skins; +yams, plantains, corn, sugar-cane, rice, encruma, (a mucilaginous +vegetable, richer than asparagus, which it resembles,) peppers, +vegetable butter; oranges, papaws, pine apples, (not equal to those +on the coast,) bananas; salt and dried fish from the coast; large +snails smoke dried, and stuck in rows on small sticks in the form +of herring bone; eggs for fetish; pittō, palm wine, rum; pipes, +beads, looking-glasses, sandals, silk, cotton cloth, powder, small +pillows, white and blue cotton thread, calabashes, &c. &c. +See Chapter on <a href="#p2c08">Trade.</a></p> + +<p>The following are the comparative prices of the markets of +Coomassie and Yahndi, the capital of Dagwumba:</p> + +<table class="padded1" id="t324"> +<tr> +<th> +</th> +<th colspan="3"><em>Coomassie.</em> +</th> +<th> +</th> +<th colspan="3"><em>Yahndi.</em> +</th> +<th> +</th> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>A fat bullock</td> +<td class="tdr">£.6</td> +<td class="tdr">0</td> +<td class="tdr">0</td> +<td> +</td> +<td class="tdr">£.1</td> +<td class="tdr">0</td> +<td class="tdr">0</td> +<td> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>A sheep</td> +<td class="tdr">0</td> +<td class="tdr">15</td> +<td class="tdr">0</td> +<td> +</td> +<td class="tdr">0</td> +<td class="tdr">4</td> +<td class="tdr">0</td> +<td> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>A fowl</td> +<td class="tdr">0</td> +<td class="tdr">1</td> +<td class="tdr">8</td> +<td> +</td> +<td class="tdr">0</td> +<td class="tdr">0</td> +<td class="tdr">5</td> +<td> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>A horse</td> +<td class="tdr">24</td> +<td class="tdr">0</td> +<td class="tdr">0</td> +<td> +</td> +<td class="tdr">8</td> +<td class="tdr">0</td> +<td class="tdr">0</td> +<td> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Yams</td> +<td class="tdr">0</td> +<td class="tdr">0</td> +<td class="tdr">8</td> +<td class="pad-right2">for two</td> +<td class="tdr">0</td> +<td class="tdr">0</td> +<td class="tdr">8</td> +<td>for ten.</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p class="nind">The surprising exorbitance of the former is to be +accounted for by the abundance of gold, yet labour and manufacture +was moderately purchased. In Mallowa, provision is dearer than in +Dagwumba, but the articles of trade much cheaper; they +manufacture<span class="pagenum" id="Page_325">[325]</span> very +little cloth, the Moorish traders supplying it so abundantly. The +cattle we saw in Ashantee were as large as the English, unlike +those on the coast, which resemble the Jersey. The sheep are hairy +in Ashantee, but woolly in Dagwumba, an open country, where they +manufacture a coarse blanket. The horses in Dagwumba are generally +small, some were described to be 15 hands high, but these were +never parted with, and the Ashantees did not desire them, for I +never saw but one who rode fearlessly. The horses I saw were like +half bred galloways, their legs lathy, with a wiry hair about the +fetlock, only requiring to be pulled. Their heads were large; dun +and mouse colours were said to be common; they were never shod, and +their hoofs consequently in the eye of the European, though not in +nature, disproportionate; they were fed on guinea grass, +occasionally mixed with salt, and sal-ammoniac was frequently +dissolved in the water. The saddles were Moorish, of red leather, +and cumbersome; the bridles of twisted black leather thongs, and +brass links, with a whip at the end; the bit severe, with a large +ring hanging from the middle, and slipped over the under jaw +instead of a curb chain; the stirrups were like large blow pans, +and hung very short. Some of the Moors rode on bullocks, with a +ring through the nose.</p> + +<p>The extent and order of the Ashantee plantations surprised us, +yet I do not think they were adequate to the population; in a +military government they were not likely to be so. Their neatness +and method have been already noticed in our route up. They use no +implement but the hoe. They have two crops of corn a year, plant +their yams at Christmas, and dig them early in September. The +latter plantations had much the appearance of a hop garden well +fenced in, and regularly planted in lines, with a broad walk +around, and a hut at each wicker gate, where a slave and his family +resided to protect the plantation.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_326">[326]</span>All the fruits +mentioned as sold in the market grew in spontaneous abundance, as +did the sugar cane: the oranges were of a large size and exquisite +flavour. I believe this fruit has hitherto been considered +indigenous to India only. We saw no cocoa nut trees, nor was that +fruit in the market. Mr. Park’s route was through a very different +country.<a id="FNanchor_99"></a><a href="#Footnote_99" class= +"fnanchor">[99]</a> In the marshy ground, a large species of fern +is very abundant, there are four varieties of it; in shady places +that have been cultivated, various tribes of urtica; and the +leontodon grows abundantly to the north of Coomassie. The +miraculous berry, which gives acids the flavour of sweets, making +limes taste like honey, is common.<a id="FNanchor_100"></a><a href= +"#Footnote_100" class="fnanchor">[100]</a> The castor oil, (ricinus +communis) rises to a large tree, I have only seen it as a bush +about three feet high on the coast; and the wild fig is abundant, +though neither of them are used by the natives. The cotton plant is +very plentiful, but little cultivated. The only use to which they +apply the silk cotton, is to the stuffing of cushions and +pillows.<a id="FNanchor_101"></a><a href="#Footnote_101" class= +"fnanchor">[101]</a> Mr.<span class="pagenum" id= +"Page_327">[327]</span> Park observed the tobacco-plant, which +grows luxuriantly in Inta and Dagwumba, and is called toah. The +visitors from those countries recognised it in a botanical work. +They first dry the leaves in the sun, then, having rubbed them well +between their hands, mix them with water into oval masses, as will +be seen; it is further noticed in the <a href="#Page_337">Trade</a> +Report.</p> + +<p>Lions are numerous on the northern frontiers of Inta, elephants +(assoon, F. A. soorer, B.<a id="FNanchor_102"></a><a href= +"#Footnote_102" class="fnanchor">[102]</a>) are remarkably numerous +in Kong, but they are also found in Ashantee, with wild hogs +(yambo, F. A.) hyænas (patacoo, F. A. boofooree, B.,) cows +(anantwee, F. A. B.,) sheep (ygwan, F. A. tsan, B.,) goats +(apunkie, F. A. terrie, B.,) deer (wonsan, F. A. B.,) antelopes +(ettwan, F. A. B.,) dogs (boddum, etcha, F. tweä, A. opooree, B.,) +approximating to the Danish, cats (agramwaw, F. A. B.,) extremely +sharp visaged and long necked, Gennet cats (essoor, F. A. B.,) +pangolins (appra, F. A. aypra, B.,) alligators (dankim, F. A. B.,) +&c. &c. &c. The rhinoceros (năree) is found in Boroom, +and the hippopotamus (shonsa, A. tchoosooree, B.) in the Odirree +river.</p> + +<p>The Ashantees say, that an animal called sissah or sissirree, +will attack every other however superior in size. The Fantees who +had never seen it, had imbibed a tremendous idea of it, from the +stories in their own country. I doubt its being so formidable to +all other animals, for the skin I saw was not more than three feet +long, and the legs short, it resembled that of a boar, but the +natives said it was between a pig and a goat. I enquired of the +people of Inta and Dagwumba if they had ever heard of a unicorn; +one replied, yes! in the white man’s country. It is extraordinary +that the gnoo, (antelope gnu,) which is found behind the Cape of +Good<span class="pagenum" id="Page_328">[328]</span> Hope, is known +in Inta by the same name.<a id="FNanchor_103"></a><a href= +"#Footnote_103" class="fnanchor">[103]</a> Where the beds were not +an accumulation of cushions, the skin of the gnoo was nailed to a +large wooden frame, raised on legs about a foot from the ground, +and stretched as we would sacking. It was a revered custom that no +virgin of either sex should sleep on this kind of bed. Another +animal, called otrum, was described by the inhabitants of the +eastern frontier as having one very long horn on one side of the +head and a short one on the other; it is much larger than the gnoo. +We met with a spotted animal of the cat kind (gahin, F. A. B.,) +very common, and allied to the leopard or panther, but whether +referable to either of those species, or to be considered as +distinct, we could not determine, owing to the very vague and +unsatisfactory character by which naturalists have attempted to +distinguish them, the kind and number of the rows of spots; which +we have observed in individuals of the same decided species, to +present almost an infinity of variation.</p> + +<p>The vulture (pittay, F. A. epraykee, B.,) which I have before +mentioned to be venerated by the natives, for the same reason which +the Egyptians venerated the Vulturus Percnopterus, is the Vulturus +Monachus, figured by Le Vaillant. Green pigeons (assam) are found, +and crows with a white ring round their necks, probably the corvus +scapularis figured by Le Vaillant. There were several small birds +of beautiful plumage, which sung melodiously; two in particular, +the one like a blackbird, and the other of the same colour as the +English thrush, but larger. Also a variety of parrots beautifully +spangled with different colours. M. Cuvier was misinformed when he +wrote (Regne animal, tom. i. p. 108) “Macaque est le nom générique +des singes à la côte de Guinée.” The name is unknown there as well +as in the interior.<span class="pagenum" id="Page_329">[329]</span> +Dokoo is the generic name. The Simia Diana (effoor, F. A. B.,) +which has the most beautiful skin of any monkey, is found in +Ashantee as well as in Warsaw. All the natives agree that they do +not know of any monkies which dare to attack men, but the akonëson, +which they describe as small, and always seen in troops.</p> + +<p>Snakes (aboïtinnee, F. A. ewaw, B.,) green, and of all colours; +scorpions, lizards, &c. &c. were found as on the coast, +with a curious variety of beetles, and the most beautiful +butterflies. A few specimens preserved in spirits will be sent to +the British Museum,<a id="FNanchor_104"></a><a href="#Footnote_104" +class="fnanchor">[104]</a> as the best apology for my ignorance +rather than neglect of natural history.</p> + +<div class="footnotes" id="ftp2c07"> +<div class="footnote"> +<p><a id="Footnote_96"></a><a href="#FNanchor_96"><span class= +"label">[96]</span></a>At Cape Coast in 1815 there was scarcely any +rain fell in its season, from May to August. In 1816, the rains +were heavy, but no fogs succeeded. In 1817, there was but little +rain, but a protracted succession of slight fogs. The climate has +been observed, by old residents, to alter as unaccountably within +these few years as that of Europe.</p> +</div> + +<div class="footnote"> +<p><a id="Footnote_97"></a><a href="#FNanchor_97"><span class= +"label">[97]</span></a>“My friend Mr. Morton Pitt, M.P. has proved, +by the enumeration of the inhabitants of a country parish in +Dorsetshire, that the men of an age capable of bearing arms are one +fourth of the whole community. Mr. Horneman, if I understand him +rightly, states the number of actual warriors to be 1500; so that +we ought, perhaps, to multiply that number by 5, to get nearer to +the total amount of the population.” <em>Major Rennell</em>.</p> +</div> + +<div class="footnote"> +<p><a id="Footnote_98"></a><a href="#FNanchor_98"><span class= +"label">[98]</span></a>Issert mentions this being levied in Akim +and other tributary states.</p> +</div> + +<div class="footnote"> +<p><a id="Footnote_99"></a><a href="#FNanchor_99"><span class= +"label">[99]</span></a>“It is observable, however, that although +many species of the edible roots which grow in the West India +islands, are found in Africa, yet I never saw, in any part of my +journey, either the sugar cane, the coffee, or the cocoa tree; nor +could I learn, on inquiry, that they were known to the natives. The +pine apple, and the thousand other delicious fruits, which the +industry of civilized man (improving the bounties of nature,) has +brought to such great perfection in the tropical climates of +America, are here equally unknown. I observed, indeed, a few orange +and banana trees, near the mouth of the Gambia; but whether they +were indigenous, or were formerly planted there by some of the +white traders, I could not positively learn. I suspect that they +were originally introduced by the Portuguese.” Park’s First +Mission.</p> +</div> + +<div class="footnote"> +<p><a id="Footnote_100"></a><a href="#FNanchor_100"><span class= +"label">[100]</span></a>The curious fruit mentioned in the +introduction, and to which I have given the name of oxyglycus, I +find was known to Des Marchais, who describes it as a little red +fruit, which, being chewed, gives a sweet taste to the most sour or +bitter things. Dalzel’s Dahomey.</p> +</div> + +<div class="footnote"> +<p><a id="Footnote_101"></a><a href="#FNanchor_101"><span class= +"label">[101]</span></a>Cotton of the cotton tree (or <em>silk</em> +cotton) <i>Bombax Pentandrium</i> <em>Lin.</em> This cotton is not +made into thread, but is used for making pillows and beds. It is +also, from its catching fire so easily, commonly put into tinder +boxes, and employed in the preparation of fire works. Ainslie’s +Materia Medica of Hindostan.</p> +</div> + +<div class="footnote"> +<p><a id="Footnote_102"></a><a href="#FNanchor_102"><span class= +"label">[102]</span></a>F. A. affixed to assoon, denote that to be +the native name in the Fantee and Ashantee languages, as B. +represents Boroom.</p> +</div> + +<div class="footnote"> +<p><a id="Footnote_103"></a><a href="#FNanchor_103"><span class= +"label">[103]</span></a>C’est probablement lui qui a donné lieu à +leur <em>catoblepas</em>. Voyez Pline, lib. 8, c. 32, et Ælien, +lib. 7, c. 5, Cuvier. The gnoo is almost always <em>looking +down</em>.</p> +</div> + +<div class="footnote"> +<p><a id="Footnote_104"></a><a href="#FNanchor_104"><span class= +"label">[104]</span></a>See Dr. Leach’s notice in the <a href= +"#app4">Appendix.</a></p> +</div> +</div> + +<hr class="chap"> + +<h2><span class="pagenum" id="Page_330">[330]</span><a id= +"p2c08"></a><span class="letter-spaced01">CHAPTER</span> VIII.</h2> + +<hr class="decordb width8 spaced3"> + +<p class="sch1"><em>Trade.</em> +</p> + +<p class="dcap"><span class="sc">The</span> currency of Ashantee is +gold dust, that of Inta, Dagwumba, Gaman, and Kong, cowries. Mr. +Lucas writes, “to the merchants of Fezzan who travel to the +southern states of the Negroes, the purchase of gold, which the +dominions of several, and especially those of Degombah, abundantly +afford, is always the first object of commercial acquisition.” I +could not learn that any gold was dug or collected in Dagwumba, +though considerable quantities are imported, from its extensive +commerce. Sixteen ackies make an ounce or newemeën, 36 a benda, 40 +a periguin: eight tokoos (a small berry) are reckoned to the ackie, +but it will not weigh more than seven: there are eight distinct +names for quantities of gold dust from one to eight ackies. Five +strings or 200 cowries are equal to a tokoo, as at Accra. The +clearest manner of shewing the articles, prices, and profits of the +Ashantee, Inta, and Dagwumba markets, will be by a table with +remarks; substituting, for the greater convenience, English monies +calculated at the currency of gold here, which is £4. the oz.</p> + +<table class="borders1" id="t331"> +<tr> +<th colspan="2" class="bdless-right"> +</th> +<th colspan="4"><span class="pagenum" id= +"Page_331">[331]</span><em>Cape Coast.</em> +</th> +<th colspan="5"><em>Coomassie.</em> +</th> +<th colspan="5"><em>Sallagha and Yahndi.</em> +</th> +</tr> + +<tr> +<th colspan="2">Articles.</th> +<th>£</th> +<th><em>s.</em> +</th> +<th><em>d.</em> +</th> +<th>Quantity.</th> +<th>£.</th> +<th><em>s.</em> +</th> +<th><em>d.</em> +</th> +<th>Quantity.</th> +<th>Profit.<br> +per Cent.</th> +<th>£.</th> +<th><em>s.</em> +</th> +<th><em>d.</em> +</th> +<th>Quantity.</th> +<th>Profit.</th> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="bdless-right"><a href="#note1a">(<em>a</em>)</a> +</td> +<td>Silk, India</td> +<td class="tdc">4</td> +<td> +</td> +<td> +</td> +<td class="tdc">per Piece.</td> +<td> +</td> +<td class="tdc">5</td> +<td> +</td> +<td class="tdc">1 span.</td> +<td class="tdc">175</td> +<td> +</td> +<td> +</td> +<td> +</td> +<td> +</td> +<td> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="bdless-right"> +</td> +<td>—— Fezzan</td> +<td> +</td> +<td> +</td> +<td> +</td> +<td> +</td> +<td class="tdc">2</td> +<td> +</td> +<td> +</td> +<td class="tdc">1 fathom.</td> +<td class="tdc">100</td> +<td class="tdc">1</td> +<td> +</td> +<td> +</td> +<td class="tdc">1 fathom.</td> +<td> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="bdless-right"><a href="#note1b">(<em>b</em>)</a> +</td> +<td>Sarstracunda</td> +<td class="tdc">1</td> +<td class="tdc">10</td> +<td> +</td> +<td> +</td> +<td> +</td> +<td class="tdc">2</td> +<td class="tdc">6</td> +<td class="tdc">1 span.</td> +<td class="tdc">400</td> +<td> +</td> +<td> +</td> +<td> +</td> +<td> +</td> +<td> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="bdless-right"><a href="#note1c">(<em>c</em>)</a> +</td> +<td>Glasgow Dane</td> +<td class="tdc">1</td> +<td class="tdc">10</td> +<td> +</td> +<td> +</td> +<td> +</td> +<td class="tdc">5</td> +<td> +</td> +<td class="tdc">1 hdkchf.</td> +<td class="tdc">75</td> +<td> +</td> +<td> +</td> +<td> +</td> +<td> +</td> +<td> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="bdless-right"><a href="#note1d">(<em>d</em>)</a> +</td> +<td>Romal</td> +<td class="tdc">1</td> +<td> +</td> +<td> +</td> +<td> +</td> +<td class="tdc">1</td> +<td class="tdc">5</td> +<td> +</td> +<td class="tdc">piece.</td> +<td class="tdc">20</td> +<td> +</td> +<td> +</td> +<td> +</td> +<td> +</td> +<td> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="bdless-right"><a href="#note1e">(<em>e</em>)</a> +</td> +<td>Guinea Stuff</td> +<td> +</td> +<td class="tdc">10</td> +<td> +</td> +<td> +</td> +<td> +</td> +<td class="tdc">15</td> +<td> +</td> +<td> +</td> +<td class="tdc">33</td> +<td> +</td> +<td> +</td> +<td> +</td> +<td> +</td> +<td> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="bdless-right"><a href="#note1f">(<em>f</em>)</a> +</td> +<td>Silesia</td> +<td> +</td> +<td class="tdc">10</td> +<td> +</td> +<td> +</td> +<td> +</td> +<td class="tdc">15</td> +<td> +</td> +<td> +</td> +<td class="tdc">33</td> +<td> +</td> +<td> +</td> +<td> +</td> +<td> +</td> +<td> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="bdless-right"> +</td> +<td>Dagwumba white Cotton</td> +<td> +</td> +<td> +</td> +<td> +</td> +<td> +</td> +<td> +</td> +<td class="tdc">5</td> +<td> +</td> +<td class="tdc">sq. yard.</td> +<td class="tdc">100</td> +<td> +</td> +<td class="tdc">2</td> +<td class="tdc">6</td> +<td class="tdc">sq. yard.</td> +<td> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="bdless-right"> +</td> +<td>Rum</td> +<td> +</td> +<td class="tdc">10</td> +<td> +</td> +<td class="tdc">Gallon.</td> +<td> +</td> +<td> +</td> +<td class="tdc">7½</td> +<td class="tdc">dram.</td> +<td class="tdc">400</td> +<td> +</td> +<td> +</td> +<td> +</td> +<td> +</td> +<td> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="bdless-right"><a href="#note1g">(<em>g</em>)</a> +</td> +<td>Tobacco, Portuguese</td> +<td class="tdc">6</td> +<td> +</td> +<td> +</td> +<td class="tdc">Roll.</td> +<td class="tdc">10</td> +<td> +</td> +<td> +</td> +<td class="tdc">roll.</td> +<td class="tdc">75</td> +<td> +</td> +<td> +</td> +<td> +</td> +<td> +</td> +<td> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="bdless-right"> +</td> +<td> +</td> +<td> +</td> +<td> +</td> +<td> +</td> +<td> +</td> +<td> +</td> +<td> +</td> +<td class="tdc">7½</td> +<td class="tdc">span.</td> +<td> +</td> +<td> +</td> +<td> +</td> +<td> +</td> +<td> +</td> +<td> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="bdless-right"> +</td> +<td>—— Inta</td> +<td> +</td> +<td> +</td> +<td> +</td> +<td> +</td> +<td> +</td> +<td class="tdc">2</td> +<td class="tdc">6</td> +<td class="tdc">lb.</td> +<td class="tdc">150</td> +<td> +</td> +<td> +</td> +<td> +</td> +<td class="tdc">lb.</td> +<td> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="bdless-right"><a href="#note1h">(<em>h</em>)</a> +</td> +<td>Gunpowder</td> +<td class="tdc">4</td> +<td> +</td> +<td> +</td> +<td class="tdc">¼ Barrel.</td> +<td> +</td> +<td> +</td> +<td class="tdc">7½</td> +<td class="tdc">1 charge.</td> +<td class="tdc">400</td> +<td> +</td> +<td> +</td> +<td> +</td> +<td> +</td> +<td> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="bdless-right"> +</td> +<td>Iron</td> +<td class="tdc">1</td> +<td> +</td> +<td> +</td> +<td class="tdc">Bar.</td> +<td class="tdc">1</td> +<td class="tdc">15</td> +<td> +</td> +<td class="tdc">bar.</td> +<td class="tdc">75</td> +<td class="tdc">3</td> +<td> +</td> +<td> +</td> +<td class="tdc">bar.</td> +<td class="tdc">200</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="bdless-right"> +</td> +<td>Lead</td> +<td> +</td> +<td class="tdc">10</td> +<td> +</td> +<td> +</td> +<td> +</td> +<td> +</td> +<td class="tdc">7½</td> +<td class="tdc">½ inch.</td> +<td class="tdc">75</td> +<td> +</td> +<td> +</td> +<td> +</td> +<td> +</td> +<td> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="bdless-right"> +</td> +<td>Flints</td> +<td> +</td> +<td class="tdc">5</td> +<td> +</td> +<td class="tdc">100</td> +<td> +</td> +<td> +</td> +<td class="tdc">¼</td> +<td class="tdc">each.</td> +<td class="tdc">600</td> +<td> +</td> +<td> +</td> +<td> +</td> +<td> +</td> +<td> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="bdless-right"><a href="#note1i">(<em>i</em>)</a> +</td> +<td>Spanish Dollar</td> +<td> +</td> +<td class="tdc">5</td> +<td> +</td> +<td class="tdc">ea.</td> +<td> +</td> +<td class="tdc">5</td> +<td> +</td> +<td> +</td> +<td> +</td> +<td> +</td> +<td> +</td> +<td> +</td> +<td> +</td> +<td> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="bdless-right"><a href="#note1k">(<em>k</em>)</a> +</td> +<td>Sandals</td> +<td> +</td> +<td> +</td> +<td> +</td> +<td> +</td> +<td> +</td> +<td class="tdc">10</td> +<td> +</td> +<td class="tdc">pair.</td> +<td class="tdc">100</td> +<td> +</td> +<td class="tdc">5</td> +<td> +</td> +<td class="tdc">pair.</td> +<td> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="bdless-right"> +</td> +<td>Cushions</td> +<td> +</td> +<td> +</td> +<td> +</td> +<td> +</td> +<td class="tdc">1</td> +<td> +</td> +<td> +</td> +<td class="tdc">ea.</td> +<td class="tdc">100</td> +<td> +</td> +<td class="tdc">10</td> +<td> +</td> +<td class="tdc">ea.</td> +<td> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="bdless-right"> +</td> +<td>Marrowa Locks</td> +<td> +</td> +<td> +</td> +<td> +</td> +<td> +</td> +<td> +</td> +<td class="tdc">5</td> +<td> +</td> +<td> +</td> +<td class="tdc">100</td> +<td> +</td> +<td class="tdc">2</td> +<td class="tdc">6</td> +<td> +</td> +<td> +</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<div class="footnotes"> +<p class="note" id="note1a">(<em>a</em>) The red taffetas (11 yards +in each piece) are unravelled by the Ashantees, and wove into the +cloths of their own manufacture: they unravel a few of the fancy +silks, but these are generally bought for wear, though they prefer +those from Fezzan for that purpose, because the colours are more +shewy. Coarse thick scarves are also brought from the interior, +equal in substance to a double wove ribbon. One ackie a span was +the price in the public market, where it was retailed in these +small quantities, for the convenience of the weavers, who did not +require, or could not afford to purchase more: the price of a piece +was uncertain, as the person who could purchase so much, generally +sent a trusty servant to the foreign market, and seldom bought of +the traders but when they were necessitated to sell at little more +than prime cost. The richest silks, I saw, were worn by the Moors, +who had bought them at Yahndi and Houssa.<a id= +"FNanchor_105"></a><a href="#Footnote_105" class= +"fnanchor">[105]</a> Reckoning nine inches to a span, there are +eight spans in a fathom, which is the Ashantee measure; but the +fathom of Inta and Dagwumba, contains only six spans. Even if the +Ashantee traders give twenty shillings a fathom, in barter of +boossee, salt, rum, iron, &c.; it is considerably cheaper to +them than ours, considering that they get 100 per cent. on it at +Coomassie. Mr. Lucas mentions “silk wrought and unwrought amongst +the articles exported from Fezzan to Kassina. Apokoo and several +others related to me, that Saï Cudjo bought a piece of silk at +Yahndi, so very fine, that although it could be compressed between +two hands, it was nevertheless larger than any cloth I had seen the +present King wear, and his appeared monstrous. Apokoo added, that +six slaves were paid for it, which would have produced £160. at the +water side.</p> + +<p class="note" id="note1b">(<em>b</em>) This is a highly glazed +British cotton of bright red stripes with a bar of white: it is +bought solely for the red stripe, (as there is no red dye nearer +than Marrowa) which they weave into their own cloths, throwing away +the white. There are 280 inches in a piece. A cloth of Ashantee +manufacture will be sent to the British Museum, and, I expect, the +size, fineness, and variety will surprise.</p> + +<p class="note" id="note1c">(<em>c</em>) This is also a highly +glazed British cotton of more colours, and in handkerchiefs; ten of +which are in a 30<em>s.</em> piece.</p> + +<p class="note" id="note1d">(<em>d</em>) This is an unglazed India +cotton, not much in demand, and yielding the least profit. The +Manchester cotton called Tom Coffee is preferred.</p> + +<p class="note" id="note1e">(<em>e</em>) This is India cotton +unglazed, for all of which there is, in proportion, but a small +demand. The Ashantees invariably prefer cloths of the Dagwumba, or +their own manufacture, and we rarely saw any others worn in +Coomassie.</p> + +<p class="note" id="note1f">(<em>f</em>) These are white cottons, +six yards in a piece, but narrow, they are bought for fetish +cloths; but the next article, the white cotton cloth of Dagwumba, +is preferred, a piece of which, painted, will be sent to the +British Museum.</p> + +<p class="note" id="note1g">(<em>g</em>) These are the wholesale +and retail prices at Coomassie, the average length of a roll is 42 +fathoms.</p> + +<p class="note" id="note1h">(<em>h</em>) Powder is retailed for +customs or festivals: those who purchase it for war, or can afford +a ¼ barrel, send to the water side for it. A ¼ barrel contains 25 +lbs. and the Ashantee charge weighs 16 ackies, equal to ¾ of an +ounce avoirdupoise.</p> + +<p class="note" id="note1i">(<em>i</em>) This was owing to their +brisk intercourse with the Spanish and Portuguese slave ships, a +dollar generally fetches two ackies or 10<em>s.</em> Mr. Park +writes, from £1. 5<em>s.</em> to £2. 10<em>s.</em> at +Sansanding.</p> + +<p class="note" id="note1k">(<em>k</em>) Sandals and a cushion will +be sent to the British Museum. In Marrowa they decoct a good red +dye from a tree called mossarātee.</p> + +<p class="note">The reason green ells are purchased by the Warsaws +only, is, that they must be the wedding garment of the females of +that country: if they are fast colours, and will not change to a +blue with lime-juice, they will not look at them.</p> +</div> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_332">[332]</span>Most of the +slaves in Coomassie, were sent as part of the annual tribute of +Inta, Dagwumba, and their neighbours, to Ashantee;<span class= +"pagenum" id="Page_333">[333]</span> very many were kidnapped, and +for the few who were bought, I was assured by several respectable +Ashantees, 2000 cowries, or 1 basket of Boossee was the greatest +price given; so full were the markets of the interior. I have +brought some pods of the Boossee; it is astringent, and the natives +chew it to excite a flow of saliva, and allay the sensation of +hunger. The<a id="FNanchor_106"></a><a href="#Footnote_106" class= +"fnanchor">[106]</a> Boossee must be the Gooroo nut, which Mr. +Lucas describes as one of the articles of trade between Fezzan, +Kassina, Bornoo, and the states south of the Niger. He writes, +“Gooroo nuts, which are brought from the Negro states on the south +of the Niger, and which are principally valued for the pleasant +bitter that they communicate to any liquor in which they are +infused,” and again “a species of nut—which is much valued in the +kingdoms to the north of the Niger, and which is called Gooroo. It +grows on a large and broad leafed tree, that bears a pod of about +18 inches in length, in which are inclosed a number of nuts that +varies from 7 to 9. Their colour is a yellowish green; their size +is that of a chesnut, which they also resemble, in being covered by +a husk of a similar thickness, and their taste, which is described +as a pleasant bitter, is so grateful to those who are accustomed to +its use, and so important as a corrective to the unpalatable or +unwholesome waters of Fezzan, and of the other kingdoms that border +on the vast Zahara, as to be deemed of importance to the happiness +of life. They are purchased at the rate of 12<em>s.</em> for 100 +pods.”</p> + +<p>Sal ammonia is found abundantly in Dagwumba: in the Ashantee +market, a lump the size of a duck’s egg, was sold for 2<em>s.</em>: +they grind it to mix with their snuff, (of which they take large +quantities,) as it gives it a pungency agreeable to them. They also +dissolve it in the water they give to their cattle, and sometimes +drink it themselves for pains in the bowels. The Tamool +practitioners<span class="pagenum" id="Page_334">[334]</span> in +the East Indies suppose it to be a useful remedy in certain female +obstructions, and morbid uterine enlargements. Mr. Lucas writes, +“No commercial value appears to be annexed to the fleeces which the +numerous flocks of the Negro kingdoms afford; for the cotton +manufacture, which, the Shereef says, is established among the +tribes to the south of the Niger, seems to be the only species of +weaving that is known among them.” In Dagwumba, however, they +manufacture a coarse kind of blanket from sheep’s wool. There is a +white grease, which has long been called Ashantee grease by the +natives on the coast, who supposed it to be produced in that +country. They use it daily to anoint their skins, which otherwise +become coarse and unhealthy. The Ashantees purchase it from the +interior, and make a great profit by it: it is a vegetable butter, +decocted from a tree, called Timkeëä: it is doubtless the Shea +butter of Mr. Park.<a id="FNanchor_107"></a><a href="#Footnote_107" +class="fnanchor">[107]</a> Mr. Lucas mentions, “small Turkey and +plain Mesurata carpets,” among the articles exported from Fezzan to +Kassina: a small carpet fetches 2 oz. of gold at Coomassie. The +Ashantees procure most of their ivory from Kong, where they give 8 +ackies, or 40<em>s.</em> in barter, for a very large tooth.</p> + +<p>“The preference of the Ashantees for the Dagwumba and Inta +markets, for silk and cloth, results not merely from their having +been so long accustomed to them, but because they admit of a barter +trade. The Boossee or Gooroo nut, salt, (which is easily procured, +and affords an extravagant profit,) and small quantities of the +European commodities, rum, and iron,<a id= +"FNanchor_108"></a><a href="#Footnote_108" class= +"fnanchor">[108]</a> yield them those articles of comfort and +luxury, which they can only purchase with gold and ivory from the +settlements on the coast. Gold they are<span class="pagenum" id= +"Page_335">[335]</span> all desirous of hoarding; even those less +covetous than is generally their nature, that they may be prepared +for the purchase of guns and powder to a large extent, on any +sudden war, and thus ingratiate themselves with the king and the +government. Were the Ashantees a commercial people, they might be +the brokers between the interior and Europeans, or, purchasing +supplies more adequate to the demands of their neighbours for +European commodities, which would be bought with avidity, realize +large properties. But they have no idea of buying more of the +various articles than will supply themselves; and leave a small +residue to barter for the cloth, silk, and tobacco in the Inta and +Dagwumba markets. They are as little commercial as the Romans were +in their infancy, and their government would repress rather than +countenance the inclination, (believing no state can be aggrandized +but by conquest,) lest their genius for war might be enervated by +it, and lest, either from the merchants increasing to a body too +formidable for their wishes to be resisted, or too artful from +their experience to be detected, they might sacrifice the national +honour and ambition to their avarice, and furnishing Inta, +Dagwumba, or any of their more powerful neighbours (who have +yielded to circumstances rather than force) with guns and powder +(which are never allowed to be exported from Ashantee,<a id= +"FNanchor_109"></a><a href="#Footnote_109" class= +"fnanchor">[109]</a>) break the spell of their conquests, and +undermine their power. The chiefs are fed bountifully by the +labours of their slaves, and sharing large sums of the revenue, +(the fines their oppression has imposed on other<span class= +"pagenum" id="Page_336">[336]</span> governments,) with +incalculable fees for corruption or interference, refine upon the +splendor of equipage even to satiety, and still possess a large +surplus of income daily accumulating. Were they to encourage +commerce, pomp, the idol of which they are most jealous, would soon +cease to be their prerogative, because it would be attainable by +others; the traders growing wealthy, would vie with them; and for +their own security, stimulated by reflections they have now too +little at risk to originate, they would unite to repress the +arbitrary power of the Aristocracy; and even if they did not, +inevitably (as the chiefs conceive) divert the people’s genius for +war.</p> + +<p>It will occur that even to furnish the necessities or luxuries +of the Ashantees alone, in cloth, silk, &c. would, considering +the extent of the kingdom, considerably augment the returns of our +commerce in this part of the world; and therefore it would be well +to wean them, gradually, from the markets of the interior, by +inducing their cultivation of cotton, which grows abundantly, is of +a superior quality, and which, offered in quantities, in addition +to the ivory, would lessen the balance of trade now in our favor, +and by enabling them, in some degree to purchase with produce +instead of gold dust, remove the present comparative disadvantage +in trading with Europeans entirely. This occurred to me, and I +explained the view not only to the king, but to the more +enterprising and reflecting natives: but they had no idea of a +quantity, and immediately concluded cotton to be so desirable to +us, that 40 or 50 lbs. would be received in barter for twenty times +its value; and they required one tokoo and a half per lb. for it, +(say one shilling,) even in gold, and on the spot. When I urged +that they must clear the ground, form plantations, and superintend +the labours of their slaves; they replied, that the Boossee or +Gooroo nut grew spontaneously, and required no labour, that salt +was brought to their frontier by poorer nations, and sold for +little without<span class="pagenum" id="Page_337">[337]</span> the +trouble of fetching it; and these articles, with the value, their +prevention of all intercourse but their own with the water side +nations, attached to a little rum and iron in the interior, +furnished them with silks and cotton cloths at a much easier rate, +pattern and quality.</p> + +<p>A serious disadvantage opposed to the English trade, is that the +Ashantees will purchase no tobacco but the Portuguese, and that +eagerly even at 2 oz. of gold the roll. Of this, (the Portuguese +and Spanish slave ships regularly calling at Elmina,) the Dutch +Governor-General is enabled to obtain frequent supplies, in +exchange for canoes, two of which, though they cost him +comparatively nothing, fetch 32 rolls of tobacco; and the General +has sometimes received 80 oz. of gold a day from the Ashantees for +tobacco only. If they cannot have this tobacco, they will content +themselves with that grown in the interior, of which I have brought +a sample. A preference for the Dutch has long been natural to the +Ashantees, from an earlier though limited intercourse with them, +and from the natural impression, that the English settling amongst +their enemies, the Fantees, have encouraged and assisted their +provocations and resistance. With this bias in his favor, though +the Dutch market, destitute of supplies, had not been visited for +many years, the talent of General Daendels, “callidum quicquid +placuit,” would no doubt have again raised it to a level with the +English, cæteris paribus; and his unlimited importation of powder +and guns in the first place, with the still more valuable supplies +of Portuguese tobacco he receives at present, as superior +advantages, have, of course, possessed the Dutch market of superior +inducements.</p> + +<p>It is to be lamented, the indifference of the Dutch and Danes to +their settlements here, being evident from their neglect and +reduction of them, that the British government did not take +advantage of the disregard, and add them to their own. Elmina is +a<span class="pagenum" id="Page_338">[338]</span> much finer +position for head quarters than Cape Coast; the Dutch fort at +Succondee, the best point for the Warsaw trade, and where we have +but a house, is strong, admirably situated, and might be put in +good condition for £1000. in addition to which, Axim, near the +mouth of the Ancobra, would be the only fort to windward worth +keeping; and the Danish head quarters, Christiansburg Castle at +Accra, with their fort at Adda, (to secure the navigation of the +Volta,) would have answered every purpose and view to leeward. One +system could then have been acted upon towards the natives, the +commerce, confined to the English, would have grown from wholesome +regulations, which no other settlers could counteract by +selfishness, jealousy, or by facilitating the illegitimate trade we +would crush; and the benevolent views of the British government for +the improvement and civilization of the natives, would not be +defeated by those, who, holding their private interest superior to +views in which their own government has evinced no interest, +militate against them by fostering suspicions to bar our progress +in the interior, and by indulging those habits and customs of the +natives, which it must be our first step to correct and divert.</p> + +<p>In addition to the obstacles which the inconsistent and selfish +conduct of the different European powers towards the natives +presents to intercourse and civilization, the continuance of the +slave trade under the Spanish flag, is one more serious: no one can +imagine the stubborn impediment it was to our negotiations at +Ashantee, where the native emissaries from these slave ships +arrived not long after us. It not only injures the British commerce +here, almost to annihilation, but, slaving being the natural trade +of the natives, because it is the most indolent and the most +lucrative, the opposition, which is insinuated and believed to +proceed from the English alone, conveys a disagreeable impression +of us to the<span class="pagenum" id="Page_339">[339]</span> +interior, as inauspicious to our intercourse and progress, as the +even partial continuance of such a trade is to legitimate commerce +and civilization. One thousand slaves left Ashantee for two Spanish +schooners or Americans under that flag, to our knowledge, during +our residence there, doubtless the whole number was much greater; +since our return it must have been very considerable, for the slave +trade was never more brisk than it is at this moment under the +cloak of the Spanish flag, and great risk has been incurred, in +consequence, of offending our new friend and formidable neighbour +the King of Ashantee, from the firm resistance of his strong +intreaties to the Governor in Chief, to allow the return of a +powerful mulatto slave trader to Cape Coast town, whence he had +been expelled under the present government, as the most daring +promoter of that commerce. It is a great pity, in the infancy of +our intercourse with this great interior power, that there should +have been occasion either for the request or refusal; which there +would not have been had the slave trade been abolished, instead of +crippled, at the expense, probably, of our own interests and views +in the interior, and, which is worse, of the happiness and +improvement of the natives. For it is certainly our duty, because +it is the most acceptable and the only efficient acknowledgment we +can make of the superior blessings and endowments by which we are +so indulgently distinguished from these nations, to extend the +influence and the participation, both by enterprise and policy, +even if our commerce may not be benefitted; and if we gain no other +recompense than the satisfaction of our own minds in the +ameliorated condition of others, and the opportunity we have made +to ourselves of exemplifying our own gratitude.<a id= +"FNanchor_110"></a><a href="#Footnote_110" class= +"fnanchor">[110]</a> Whilst one slave<span class="pagenum" id= +"Page_340">[340]</span> ship is allowed to visit this coast, the +great convenience and the great profits of the trade will recur, +and be perpetuated amongst the Ashantees; they will linger in the +hope of its entire renewal, and view the English invidiously, as +the enemies to what they conceive to be their only natural +commerce; this is another advantage to the Dutch, added to the +inherent bias in their favour; and, from the reception and +facilities which slave ships meet with at Elmina, our odium is +aggravated instead of being participated. “Delenda est +Carthago.”</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_341">[341]</span>Let us suppose +this irreconcilable obstacle to be annihilated, as no doubt it will +be, and resume our reflections on a commercial intercourse with the +interior. The people of Inta and Dagwumba, being commercial rather +than warlike, the object, deliberately to be obtained, is an +intercourse with them, which would in fact be an intercourse with +the interior as far as Timbuctoo and Houssa northwards, and +Cassina, if not to Bornoo, eastwards. The wealth, civilization, and +commerce of Dagwumba, Mr. Lucas has before reported. Now, in +effecting such an intercourse through the Ashantees, who are +indisputably the greatest and the rising power of western Africa, +and who, having acquired their present extent of influence and +command in little more than a century, may be expected to +aggrandize their empire considerably; in seeking this connection +through them, there are these adverse circumstances, their policy, +their jealousy, and their inaptitude to commerce. It has been +suggested to the King, and urged with all the address of General +Daendels, to open a path to the interior through his kingdom, and +to receive a duty or tax on all the merchandize transported, which +would afford him a certain and considerable addition to his +revenue; but even this appeal to the avarice of the Ashantee +government has had no influence. It would be dangerous as well as +impolitic to offend the King of Ashantee at any time, with the +present garrisons of the forts, madness; and though his influence +through that of Dagwumba, which is at his command, would extend to +the Niger, yet, I think our anxiety to explore so far should be +suppressed for two or three years, until he is satisfied that +commerce and not ambition is the impulse. But in the interim, it +would be desirable gradually to approach Inta and Dagwumba, by +establishing a settlement up the Volta, which has been shewn to run +close to Sallagha, the grand emporium of Inta, and is navigable +within four days of it; and possibly might be made so +even<span class="pagenum" id="Page_342">[342]</span> nearer. The +Danes would no doubt relinquish their claim to the navigation of +the Volta, for it is a doubtful one. Dalzel writes, “the Danes +claim the exclusive navigation of the Volta, which is disputed by +the English, who have a settlement near it, called Loy.” The great +prices the Ashantees get for rum, iron, &c. from the people of +Inta and Dagwumba, and the avidity with which they purchase their +small supplies, leave no doubt of the eagerness with which they +would resort to our market; and the silks they obtain from Fezzan +being dearer than our own, I should think we could induce a +preference. Our Manchester cloth and cotton manufactures would be +novel and useful to them, as those I saw wore vests and tunics. But +here I must observe, that whenever our commerce with the interior +may be established, the returns of it, in my opinion, will fall +short of the general idea and expectation.</p> + +<p>The King of Ashantee viewing our settlements on the Volta, +would, I have no doubt, be reconciled by our undertaking to sell +neither guns or powder to any but his own people; a measure due to +humanity as well as policy, for the preponderance of one great +nation is auspicious to the civilization as well as the +tranquillity of Africa; but for that, the slaughter of the human +species would be incalculable; there would be a constant warfare +between the numerous states, naturally querulous, and our passage +to the interior would be impossible, not only on that account, but +because there would be no powerful monarch to recommend or protect +us. If the King of Ashantee were not satisfied with our new +settlement confining the trade of guns and powder to himself, he +would certainly be repressed by the alarming reflection, that it +was at our discretion, (depending on his behaviour,) to supply Inta +and Dagwumba with both, and thus to undermine his empire; for it is +well known, and has been confessed, that the greater population of +these countries, could they but procure fire-arms, would give them +a<span class="pagenum" id="Page_343">[343]</span> superiority over +the Ashantees, to which their greater civilization seems to entitle +them. Our force and establishments should be respectable; not to +arrogate or to intrude, but to protect the legitimate commercial +views, sanctioned and invited by the voice of less arbitrary +powers, and also to make their first impression of the English +imposing and preservative. Residencies should be established at +these courts, and young men of talent, temper, and discrimination +be found to fill them, collecting the geographical and statistical +desiderata, and forwarding them to be investigated and digested +into one report at head quarters, before they were transmitted to +England. One or two intelligent Moors might also be engaged to +trade by different routes, and minute the directions, distances, +and descriptions of the several places; thus paving the way, and +lessening the difficulties of a future Mission to the Niger. If the +working of gold mines were also an object, the vicinity of the +Ancobra affords a rich field; and a small district might either be +purchased of the natives, or they might receive a dividend of the +proceeds, which would produce them much more than their present +inadequate researches, suppressed by their more powerful neighbours +the Warsaws.</p> + +<p>The benevolent and politic views of the British Government, +would thus, by making use of what we have or might easily get, be +more probably, if not more speedily realized, than by the perilous, +desultory, and limited enterprises of two or three individuals.</p> + +<div class="footnotes" id="ftp2c08"> +<div class="footnote"> +<p><a id="Footnote_105"></a><a href="#FNanchor_105"><span class= +"label">[105]</span></a>Since my return to England I have seen some +silk brought from Aleppo, and manufactured there, precisely +resembling these, which were frequently enriched by gold threads +interwoven.</p> +</div> + +<div class="footnote"> +<p><a id="Footnote_106"></a><a href="#FNanchor_106"><span class= +"label">[106]</span></a>Sterculia acuminata <em>Palis de Beauvais +Flore d’Oware</em>, 1. <em>p.</em> 41, <em>tab.</em> 24.</p> +</div> + +<div class="footnote"> +<p><a id="Footnote_107"></a><a href="#FNanchor_107"><span class= +"label">[107]</span></a>See <a href="#p2c13">Sketch of +Gaboon.</a></p> +</div> + +<div class="footnote"> +<p><a id="Footnote_108"></a><a href="#FNanchor_108"><span class= +"label">[108]</span></a>Though iron is manufactured in Dagwumba, +that from Europe is preferred for finer purposes. The former is an +imperfect steel containing a mechanical mixture of unreduced +ore.</p> +</div> + +<div class="footnote"> +<p><a id="Footnote_109"></a><a href="#FNanchor_109"><span class= +"label">[109]</span></a>“Fire arms are unknown to such of the +nations on the south of the Niger as the Shereef has visited; and +the reason which he assigns for it is, that the kings in the +neighbourhood of the coast, persuaded that if these powerful +instruments of war should reach the possession of the populous +inland states, their own independence would be lost, have strictly +prohibited, and by the wisdom of their measures have effectually +prevented this dangerous merchandize from passing beyond the limits +of their dominions.” Lucas.</p> +</div> + +<div class="footnote"> +<p><a id="Footnote_110"></a><a href="#FNanchor_110"><span class= +"label">[110]</span></a>The dissuasion from barbarities of which +millions are now the victims, as the descriptions of the customs of +Ashantee and the interior have shewn, and the interests of science, +render this duty more imperious. It has been well observed, +“apologies for our present ignorance of every thing that regards +geography, &c. might be pleaded by mercantile speculators, but +can have little weight with those who have the interests of science +at heart, or the national honour and fame, which are intimately +connected with those interests. It was not with a view to any +immediate commercial advantages, that this liberal encouragement +for the discovery of the north-west passage was held out, but with +the same expanded objects that sent Cook in search of a southern +continent.”</p> + +<p>Voltaire’s remark on India is now only applicable to Africa, +“Plusieurs y ont fait des fortunes immenses, peu se sont appliqués +à connoître ce pays.” I would even recommend indulging the wish of +the King of Dahomey to renew and perpetuate his connection with the +English, not indeed by resuming the fort, that would be a useless +expense, as there is no trade but in ivory, but by establishing a +Residency at his capital, the most frugal method of collecting the +various accounts of the interior of that neighbourhood for +geographical investigators, besides supplying the naturalist. +Geographical discoveries in Africa have long been ardently emulated +between England and France, and they have stimulated a generous +rivalry of investigation between the men of science of both +countries. An Englishman first penetrating to the Niger, and +determining its course at the moment a learned investigator of the +other kingdom had concluded it to be a contrary one, was one of +those rational and illustrious triumphs which adorn the historical +pages of a nation much more than those of war; for the +gratification and the benefit is shared by both, and such successes +cease to be invidious when the interests of science are thus +mutually at heart. The following immortal tribute from a classic of +a rival nation, should stimulate us to challenge as illustrious a +record of intellectual research,</p> + +<div class="linegrp-container"> +<div class="linegrp"> +<div class="group"> +<div class="line indent0"><span class="omis">· · · ·</span> +“monumentum ære perennius,</div> + +<div class="line indent0">Regalique situ pyramidum altius;”</div> +</div> +</div> +</div> + +<p class="nind">by a correspondent pursuit of intelligence in +Africa.</p> + +<p>“Un Anglais, détruit tout ce vain amas d’erreurs dont sont +remplies nos histoires des Indes, et confirme ce que le petit +nombre d’hommes instruits en a pensé.” Voltaire.</p> +</div> +</div> + +<hr class="chap"> + +<h2><span class="pagenum" id="Page_344">[344]</span><a id= +"p2c09"></a><span class="letter-spaced01">CHAPTER</span> IX.</h2> + +<hr class="decordb width8 spaced3"> + +<p class="sch1"><em>Language.</em> +</p> + +<p class="dcap"><span class="sc">The</span> hypothesis I have met +with, I think in Parsons’s Remains of Japhet, that the confusion of +languages at Babel was a visitation on the family of Ham only, +which spread itself over Africa, is certainly supported +(considering the radical affinities which have been traced between +the Arabic the Russ and the Greek, the Persian and the German, the +Qquichua, or language of the Incas, and the Sanscrit, and many +others<a id="FNanchor_111"></a><a href="#Footnote_111" class= +"fnanchor">[111]</a>) by the variety of languages in Africa which +cannot be assimilated in the least degree to each other, and which +would, I think, resist the laborious ingenuity of the +philologist.</p> + +<p>I have heard about half a dozen words in the Fantee, which might +be said to be not unlike the same nouns in the Welsh language; and +this is the only affinity which has been imagined. Two words only +in the Accra language have struck me as assimilating to those of +any other, the conjunction “<em>kay</em>” (<em>and</em>), +which<span class="pagenum" id="Page_345">[345]</span> with a +broader sound would answer the corresponding Greek conjunction και; +and <em>fai</em> (<em>to do</em>,) pronounced as the perfect +participle of the same verb in French, and which is spelled +<em>fai</em> in the old songs of Richard the first, and the +troubadour Faydit. The Fantee word <em>umpa</em> (<em>true, +indeed</em>,) may be imagined to resemble the Greek εμπας, which +has the same meaning; but it is a solitary instance.</p> + +<p>From Apollonia or Amănăheä to the Volta, about 300 miles, six +languages are spoken: the Amanaheä, Ahanta, Fantee, Affoottoo, +Accra, and the Adampë. The numerals of which will appear, +collaterally with others hitherto unknown, at the end of this +chapter.</p> + +<p>The Ashantee, in comparison with the Fantee, Warsaw, &c. +&c. from its refinement of idiom, oratory being so much more +cultivated, may be considered as the Attic amongst the dialects of +the Greek, but it owes its superior euphony, striking to any ear, +to the characteristics of the Ionic, an abundance of vowel sounds, +and a rejection of aspirates:</p> + +<table class="padded2" id="t345"> +<tr> +<th> +</th> +<th><em>Fantee.</em> +</th> +<th><em>Ashantee.</em> +</th> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Key</td> +<td>Sāfie</td> +<td>Saphwooa.</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Lock</td> +<td>Karradacoo</td> +<td>Karradoo.</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Night</td> +<td>Adayfwa</td> +<td>Adagio.</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Day</td> +<td>Aweeabil</td> +<td>Aweeabillee.</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Gun</td> +<td>Etoorh</td> +<td>Oteuh.</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p>Vocabularies of these languages would not be interesting to the +public, especially as no affinity can be traced; and I know not how +to acquit myself of every thing like indifference to the curiosity +at home, (without the dulness of the subject proving more irksome +than a disappointment,) unless I endeavour to give an idea of the +philosophy of the languages,<a id="FNanchor_112"></a><a href= +"#Footnote_112" class="fnanchor">[112]</a> and submit their +progress, collaterally<span class="pagenum" id= +"Page_346">[346]</span> with that of the arts and manners. The +genius of the Accra language differing the most essentially from +that of the Ashantee or Fantee, examples from both will be +instanced for illustration. I have principally consulted two +gentlemen, natives of the country, but educated in Europe: the one +resident between forty and fifty years; the other, who has a +respectable knowledge of the grammar of the English and French +languages, returned from England about ten years back, and both are +as fluent as the Negroes in the Fantee and Accra, the latter being +their vernacular tongue.</p> + +<p>Impressed with the ingenious hypothesis of the learned author of +the Diversions of Purley, my first care has been to investigate the +particles of the Fantee and Accra, considering the languages of +uncivilised people, to be least advanced or removed from +the<span class="pagenum" id="Page_347">[347]</span> primeval +simplicity, to which Mr. Horne Tooke’s system refers. I found, +however, both the Accra and Fantee languages more complete than I +expected in conjunctions, and seldom using verbs instead of them, +which I presumed they might do. Yet I have no doubt, their half +dozen of conjunctions, if examined etymologically by a person +thoroughly conversant in the languages, might be traced, and shewn +to be the contracted imperatives of the most recurrent verbs, as +Mr. Tooke has proved those of our own language to be. Neither the +Accra or Fantee have conjunctions answering to each of ours; the +distinction between many is neither comprehensible or necessary to +them. I will submit their conjunctions, with those investigated in +the first volume of the Diversions of Purley.</p> + +<table class="bd-collapse" id="t347"> +<tr> +<th><em>Fantee.</em> +</th> +<th> +</th> +<th> +</th> +<th><em>Accra.</em> +</th> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Onee</td> +<td> +</td> +<td>and</td> +<td>Kay</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td rowspan="2">Sey</td> +<td class="blt width-brace1"> +</td> +<td>if</td> +<td rowspan="2">Kedgee</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="blb"> +</td> +<td>unless</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="gap05"> +</td> +<td class="gap05"> +</td> +<td class="gap05"> +</td> +<td class="gap05"> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td rowspan="2">Emphee</td> +<td class="blt"> +</td> +<td>still</td> +<td rowspan="2">Shee</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="blb"> +</td> +<td>but</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="gap05"> +</td> +<td class="gap05"> +</td> +<td class="gap05"> +</td> +<td class="gap05"> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td rowspan="2">Interah</td> +<td class="blt"> +</td> +<td>because</td> +<td>Nooyĕwon</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="blb"> +</td> +<td>since</td> +<td>Nunnë</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="gap05"> +</td> +<td class="gap05"> +</td> +<td class="gap05"> +</td> +<td class="gap05"> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td rowspan="2">Namoo</td> +<td class="blt"> +</td> +<td>notwithstanding</td> +<td rowspan="2">Nemoolay</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="blb"> +</td> +<td>though</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="gap05"> +</td> +<td class="gap05"> +</td> +<td class="gap05"> +</td> +<td class="gap05"> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td rowspan="2">Anna</td> +<td class="blt"> +</td> +<td>otherwise</td> +<td rowspan="2">Noollay</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="blb"> +</td> +<td>or</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_348">[348]</span>There are no +adverbs in either language. There are but two in our own which may +not be expressed by a verb or an adnoun, <em>still</em> and +<em>since</em>; and these they express by the conjunctions +<em>but</em> and <em>because</em>. “I intreated, but (still) he +would not,” “because (since) it is so,” as the Latins frequently +used prepositions for the Greek adverbs. Indeed <em>since</em> is +expressible by a verb, being derived according to Mr. Tooke from +the Saxon <em>sithan</em>, seeing that. They express the adverb +<em>much</em> by the adjective <em>many</em>; <em>ago</em> by a +verb, “<em>it passes</em> ten years;” <em>almost</em> by the verb +<em>it wants</em>, “<em>it wants</em> to rain;” and <em>when</em> +by a noun, “<em>the time</em> I was there,” coincident with Jones’s +derivation of ὁτε.<a id="FNanchor_113"></a><a href="#Footnote_113" +class="fnanchor">[113]</a> <em>Nooyĕwon</em>, (<em>because</em>) in +Accra, is literally, “<em>for the sake of</em>.” <em>Intērah</em>, +the corresponding word in Fantee, “on the head of,” +(<em>tirree</em> is head) thus, they would say, “I do this on your +head,” or because you told me. Lest, which is considered by Mr. +Horne Tooke to be the past participle of the Saxon verb leyan, to +dismiss, is not to be found either in the Accra or Fantee: in the +former they would say, “<em>Menkaw hauh ebbēbărădi</em>,” “do not +go there, you fall down;” and in the latter, “<em>Kaiheah djai nee +oheäbwayshee</em>,” “do not go there, and (or for) you fall down.” +The use of the noun for the adverb is frequent in Demosthenes, +(“εϛι δικαιος εχειν,” “he justly deserves”) and can only be +accounted for in a prose writer, who does not need poetical +licenses, as an archaism, disused generally, through invention or +refinement. The term adverb is not a just indication of the origin +of that part of speech, for, although they are derived from verbs +as well as nouns,<span class="pagenum" id="Page_349">[349]</span> +yet, in our own language, as well as in the Greek, following Mr. +Horne Tooke, the greater number are derived from nouns: and those +(of which there are some in the Greek) which may be indifferently +derived from a noun, or a verb, may be referred to the former; +because, many of the adnouns from which adverbs are derived in the +Greek, have been pointed out as disused; and therefore the verbs +from which adverbs are exclusively derived, are likely to be +derived themselves from obsolete adnouns, which cannot be recalled; +for it has been philosophically advanced, that originally there +could have been but one sort of words, that is, nouns, or the names +of the objects of our sensations and ideas.<a id= +"FNanchor_114"></a><a href="#Footnote_114" class= +"fnanchor">[114]</a></p> + +<p>I consider the absence of adverbs, participles, and +prepositions, certainly the least indispensible parts of speech, +and favouring copiousness rather than energy, to be a proof of the +almost genuine, or primeval simplicity of the Accra and Fantee +languages, which have not advanced or altered, even in the small +degree of their arts or manners; for these have only been +ameliorated by commercial intercourse with strangers, who not +understanding their language could not have suggested improvements, +and from whose languages, they being equally unintelligible, +amendments could not have been copied. We find Portuguese nouns, +and nouns only, adopted in the Fantee; and that, of necessity, as +Saxon nouns were adopted in the Welsh or Celtic, because they had +no words to designate novelties they had never before seen or heard +of; and, therefore, they called them as those did who introduced +them. These primitive languages being, nevertheless, thoroughly +adequate to oratory<span class="pagenum" id="Page_350">[350]</span> +as well as the commoner purposes of speech, is a strong proof that +language was revealed, as Johnson, Blair, Warburton, and others +have maintained, and that it was not the fruit of human invention +or industry, as Lucretius, Horace, and most of the antients +imagined.</p> + +<p>Neither the Accra or Fantee distinguish genders, the name of the +person, or the context, is the only explication; they have not even +a third person feminine, but one pronoun serves for <em>he, she, +it</em>.</p> + +<p>The Accra has a definite and indefinite article, but both are +affixed to the noun, as “<em>minna nooleh</em>,” I saw the man; +“<em>minna nookoo</em>,” I saw a man. The indefinite article +“<em>koo</em>” is the contraction of numeral one, “<em>ekoo</em>,” +so that I saw a man, is literally “I saw man one.” <em>An</em> is +simply another form of the numeral one, still used in North Britain +under the form ane; and in the French, the numeral and the article +corresponding to one, are the same. The Fantee, like the Greek, has +no indefinite article, or according to Mr. Harris’s expression, on +which Mr. Horne Tooke is so pleasant, “supplies it by a negation of +the definite,” which is “<em>noo</em>,” affixed, as “<em>mehoon +nimpanoo</em>,” I saw the man.<a id="FNanchor_115"></a><a href= +"#Footnote_115" class="fnanchor">[115]</a></p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_351">[351]</span>In the Accra, +the plural is formed by inflection, epenthesis, paragoge, and +apocope: these changes are almost peculiar in every noun; the more +frequent inflections are, ai, ay, and ee.</p> + +<table class="padded2" id="t351"> +<tr> +<th> +</th> +<th><em>Singular.</em> +</th> +<th><em>Plural.</em> +</th> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>A woman</td> +<td>yeo</td> +<td>yeay.</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>A box</td> +<td>adikka</td> +<td>adikkai.</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>A stone</td> +<td>teh</td> +<td>tai.</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Ground</td> +<td>shepong</td> +<td>shepongee.</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>A hyæna</td> +<td>krang</td> +<td>krangee.</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>A father</td> +<td>tchay</td> +<td>tchaymë.</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>A liar</td> +<td>amallalo</td> +<td>amallaloi.</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>A gun</td> +<td>toon</td> +<td>tween.</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>A vessel</td> +<td>lelen</td> +<td>ledgenë.</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>A man</td> +<td>noon</td> +<td>nhal.</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>A house</td> +<td>tchoon</td> +<td>tchuë.</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p>In the Fantee the plural number is distinguished by the prefix +<em>en</em>, though generally, if they can, (in a glance whilst +speaking) discover the number of objects, they use a numeral with +the noun singular; or, if they cannot be so precise in the instant, +they substitute <em>many</em> to mark an indefinite number. The +Chinese also, are said to drop their plural adjunct “<em>min</em>,” +when there is another word of plurality attached to the noun.</p> + +<p>Neither language has prepositions, and of course peraphrasis is +generally resorted to: conjunctions are sometimes substituted, as +<em>and</em> for <em>with</em>; occasionally verbs, as “the King +<em>to give</em> his captain,” for <em>to his captain</em>; and, +sometimes, they are presumed from the tone or the context. Mr. +Horne Tooke, who values prepositions very much, has traced all but +five, of our own language, to nouns and verbs; and of these five, +three have since been traced to nouns and a numeral; so that +<em>out</em> and <em>off</em>, only, are unaccounted for. Jones, in +his Greek Grammar, writes, “the roots of prepositions<span class= +"pagenum" id="Page_352">[352]</span> are nouns and verbs,” and, +accordingly, he derives απο from the Hebrew, <em>ab</em>, a stem, +περι from the Arabic <em>pera</em>, eminence, υπερ from the Hebrew +<em>aber</em>, sky, or the Persian <em>ober</em>, a cloud: the +inseparable prepositions had been traced to nouns and verbs long +before.</p> + +<p>Degrees of comparison are not expressed by adjectives or +adverbs, in either language: but, for he is richer than he, the +Accras would say, “<em>eh phay leh ne</em>;” the Fantees, “<em>aw +tchen adee</em>,” he <em>passes him</em> (in) things: neither +language has an adjective answering to rich or wealthy, but +“<em>ne</em>,” and “<em>adee</em>,” in both, correspond exactly in +meaning and use with the <em>res</em> of the Latins: the +superlative would be expressed by “<em>he passes all</em>.” The +antient idiom of comparison, antecedent to the general use of +inflections or adverbs, was probably similar, judging from the +following, and many other sentences in the Greek, “Παῥ ἑαυτὸν +μηδένα ἐπιτὴδειον ἡγεῖτο, he thought no body fitter than himself;” +“πλείονος δοξης παρὰ Μωσῆν ἠξίωται, Heb. xiii. he was counted of +more glory, or more glorious than Moses.” Here παρα, so frequently +expressing comparison, being derived from the verb περαω, <em>to +pass</em>, is identical with the Accra and Fantee expression.</p> + +<p>I observed before that the Accra and Fantee have no adjective +answering to rich, they are also deficient in many others, which +they supply by a second substantive in the same manner. This idiom +is found in the Greek, “Το σωμα της ταπεινωσεως ἠμων, our +humiliated body, the body of our humiliation; Αιρεσεις απωλειας. +destructive heresies, &c. &c.” and it is said to be both a +Hebrew and Celtic idiom; primeval languages, and the latter, I +presume, as rude as those we are investigating.</p> + +<p>In the Accra, the personal pronouns are</p> + +<table class="padded1b" id="t352"> +<tr> +<td>I</td> +<td>me</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>thou</td> +<td>boh</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>he, she, it</td> +<td>lheh</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td><span class="pagenum" id="Page_353">[353]</span>we</td> +<td>whah</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>you</td> +<td>nnheay</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>they</td> +<td>amăy</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p class="nind"><em>Me</em> is generally reduplicate before verbs, +as “<em>me me yay</em>” I eat. <em>Boh</em> before verbs generally +suffers aphæresis as “<em>oh yay</em>,” thou eatest, but sometimes +not, as “<em>boh fai</em>,” thou doest: this is also the case with +<em>lheh</em> as “<em>heh yay, lheh fai</em>.” <em>Me</em> is +added, as <em>met</em> in Latin, to make these pronouns compound. +In Fantee the personal pronouns are</p> + +<table class="padded1b" id="t353"> +<tr> +<td>I</td> +<td>me</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>thou</td> +<td>awaw</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>he, she, it</td> +<td>narra</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>we</td> +<td>yarra</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>you</td> +<td>awoo</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>they</td> +<td>warra;</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p class="nind">the latter is used as a possessive pronoun also; +<em>woodde</em> is affixed to make them compound; they are +irregularly contracted before verbs. Considering these barbarous +languages of primitive simplicity, and recollecting the original +and philosophical deduction of pronouns from verbs, by the Greek +professor of Glasgow, as εγω or εγων (which is the more ancient) +from λεγων, ipse from επω, I particularly enquired for verbs +resembling their pronouns; but, after a long and diligent +recollection, neither of my authorities could furnish me with any +to the point. It is curious to observe, that the <em>me</em> +represents the pronoun I, in both these rude languages,<a id= +"FNanchor_116"></a><a href="#Footnote_116" class= +"fnanchor">[116]</a> as it does, though not in the nominative case, +in most other primitive languages, and in the modern ones derived +from them: it would seem to be the natural and involuntary +expression for that pronoun.</p> + +<p>There is only an active voice in the Accra or Fantee; the +passive<span class="pagenum" id="Page_354">[354]</span> is +expressed by a circumlocution, as he loves, or they love me, for I +am loved, &c.<a id="FNanchor_117"></a><a href="#Footnote_117" +class="fnanchor">[117]</a> It appears erroneous to consider the +infinitive mood as the root of the verb, when it has a separable or +distinguishing termination, and <em>mong</em> is as distinctly the +verbalizing adjunct in the Accra language, as <em>ere</em> or +<em>are</em> in the Latin, ειν in Greek, or an in the Anglo-Saxon. +If we consider the imperative as the divested fundamental form of +the verb, it is still difficult in these languages to get at the +root, for the use of the infinitive for the imperative, occasional +in the Greek, is, in the Accra, so general, that for some time I +thought it unexceptionable, and that it had not the two moods.</p> + +<p>The Accra has the neuter verb <em>to be</em> in the present, +perfect, and future tenses, but in the perfect, it is +irregular.</p> + +<table id="t354"> +<tr> +<td class="tdc pad-right1">I am</td> +<td class="tdc pad-right1">I have been</td> +<td class="tdc">I shall be</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="tdc pad-right1">meyeh</td> +<td class="tdc pad-right1">metay</td> +<td class="tdc">mahyeh</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p class="nind">The Fantee only has it in the present, “<em>oh +yea</em>, he is.” It is remarkable that even the linguists of our +forts, who speak English fluently, never understand or use our +neuter verb <em>to be</em>, but substitute <em>live</em> for it, +and that, whether they speak of animate or inanimate things; a +servant would say, “your keys live in your pocket.”</p> + +<p>The imperative mood has a present tense complete in each +language.</p> + +<p>They express the potential mood by adding auxiliary verbs, such +as our can, may, &c., have been shewn to be derived from.</p> + +<p>The termination of the infinitive in the Accra is generally +<em>mong</em>,<span class="pagenum" id="Page_355">[355]</span> +which is rejected in conjugating. In the Fantee it is not +distinguished from the first person present, or root. The use of +the infinitive mood, even in Accra, is very circumscribed, for it +is not found even in the most natural case when two verbs come +together, as I want to eat, for which they say, “<em>metōn +meyay</em>,” I want I eat. The infinitive is generally used for the +imperative in the Accra, but, otherwise, it only occurs in an idiom +almost peculiar to that language, for instance, for are you walking +now, they say,</p> + +<div class="linegrp-container"> +<div class="linegrp2"> +<div class="group"> +<div class="line indent0">“<em>Neo</em>mong oh <em>neo</em> +neh,”</div> + +<div class="line indent0">“To walk are you walking now.”</div> +</div> +</div> +</div> + +<p class="nind">For I am straightening it,</p> + +<div class="linegrp-container"> +<div class="linegrp2"> +<div class="group"> +<div class="line indent0">“<em>Jadjumong</em> me <em>jadjio</em> +leh.”</div> + +<div class="line indent0">“To straighten I am straightening +it.”</div> +</div> +</div> +</div> + +<p class="nind">Verbs are invariably used thus, interrogatively, +and, generally, in replies. I said almost peculiar, because I think +this pleonasm is identified in the Greek idiom, “Ουχι μενον σοι +εμενε. Remaining, did it not remain to thee.”</p> + +<p>The Accra has the present, imperfect, perfect, and future +tenses: the imperfect and future being distinguished by the +prefixes <em>bleh</em> and <em>ah</em>, the one before, the other +after the pronoun.</p> + +<table id="t355"> +<tr> +<td class="tdc pad-right1">“me yāyne.</td> +<td class="tdc pad-right1">bleh me yayne.</td> +<td class="tdc pad-right1">me yăy.</td> +<td class="tdc">m’ahye.”</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="tdc pad-right1">I eat it.</td> +<td class="tdc pad-right1">I was eating it.</td> +<td class="tdc pad-right1">I eat.</td> +<td class="tdc">I will eat.</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p class="nind">But the imperfect tense is never used, unless a +sentence precedes it, as</p> + +<div class="linegrp-container"> +<div class="linegrp2"> +<div class="group"> +<div class="line indent0">“Bennay heh bă bleh me yay.”</div> + +<div class="line indent0">“When he came I was eating.”</div> +</div> +</div> +</div> + +<p class="nind">Otherwise, they use the perfect for the imperfect, +never replying to a question even, in the latter. The perfect is +only distinguished from the present by being pronounced short. +These explicative particles, <em>bleh</em> and <em>ah</em>, would, +no doubt, be found to be remnants of verbs of appropriate +signification, as the <em>ai</em> of the French future<span class= +"pagenum" id="Page_356">[356]</span> is derived from +<em>avoir</em>, were any philologist sufficiently acquainted with +the languages to investigate them. <em>Ne</em>, signifying it or +thing, is adjoined to many verbs, frequently in the present tense +only, like the explicative particle <em>en</em> conjugated with +“<em>aller</em>.”</p> + +<p>The Fantee has a present, perfect, and pluperfect: as “me +dedee,” I eat, “me adee,” I have eaten, “me waya dedee,” I had eat. +It has no future, yet the time is marked precisely, by adding +<em>soon</em>, <em>to-morrow</em>, &c. to the present.</p> + +<p>Neither language has participles; for, I see him coming, the +Accras would say, according to their idiom,</p> + +<div class="linegrp-container"> +<div class="linegrp2"> +<div class="group"> +<div class="line indent0">“Minnā eh ba’lheh.”</div> + +<div class="line indent0">“I see his coming.”</div> +</div> +</div> +</div> + +<p class="nind"><em>Ba</em> being a noun, with the definite article +<em>lheh</em> affixed. The Fantees would say,</p> + +<div class="linegrp-container"> +<div class="linegrp2"> +<div class="group"> +<div class="line indent0">“Mehoon deh orraba.”</div> + +<div class="line indent0">“I see that he comes.”</div> +</div> +</div> +</div> + +<p>Many verbs in the Accra language are conjugated like +reflectives, though they are not so in their nature, as</p> + +<table id="t356a"> +<tr> +<td class="tdc">“Me</td> +<td class="tdc">nakoo</td> +<td class="tdc">me</td> +<td class="tdc">fai</td> +<td>lheh</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="tdc">I</td> +<td class="tdc">not</td> +<td class="tdc">I</td> +<td class="tdc">did</td> +<td>it, for I did not do it.</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p>In the Accra, <em>ko</em>, the contraction of <em>nakoo</em>, +(not,) is added to verbs as a negative, as “<em>meyayko</em>,” I +did not eat; yet, in some instances, they have distinct verbs to +express the negative of the action, as “<em>mahttay</em>,” I will +go, “<em>meyang</em>,” I will not go.</p> + +<p>The Fantee prefixes <em>neën</em>, not, as “<em>me dedee</em>,” +I eat, “<em>me neën dedee</em>,” I do not eat; and they have also, +apparently, distinct negative verbs, as “<em>me becko</em>,” I go, +“<em>me’nkoko</em>,” I do not go.</p> + +<p>The Accra resembles the Greek in the nice distinctions of some +of its verbs and nouns.</p> + +<table class="padded1 bd-collapse" id="t356b"> +<tr> +<td>Gnăghmong</td> +<td colspan="3">To salute in the morning.</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Cotaghmong</td> +<td>To roll up.</td> +<td> +</td> +<td> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td><span class="pagenum" id= +"Page_357">[357]</span>Balbaghtoomong</td> +<td>To draw towards</td> +<td> +</td> +<td> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Tehtemong</td> +<td>To gather up</td> +<td> +</td> +<td> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Kakow</td> +<td colspan="3">The tooth ache (<em>nanyong</em> a tooth)</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Kodjomong</td> +<td>To talk a palaver</td> +<td> +</td> +<td> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Song</td> +<td>To work as a smith</td> +<td class="brt width-brace1"> +</td> +<td rowspan="2">neechoomong to work</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Ghnāmong</td> +<td class="tdr">mechanic</td> +<td class="brb"> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Ninnamong</td> +<td colspan="3">To separate weeds from earth</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p>The Accra and Fantee interjections are generally parts of +sentences, as, Mr. Horne Tooke has shewn most of our own to be: +“<em>minnannako</em>,” what do I see now, “<em>me ä whoo!</em>” I +die, “<em>màdja!</em>” oh my father, equally responsive to grief, +joy, or surprise; and used as involuntarily, and as frequently as +the two syllables <em>boh</em>, <em>hah</em>, which answer to our +<em>oh</em>, and <em>ah</em>, and which, of course, cannot be +called words. An Ashantee striking his foot against a stone, or any +thing in his way, exclaims “the thing is mad.”</p> + +<p>I was surprised to find little, or no inversion in the Accra or +Fantee prose<a id="FNanchor_118"></a><a href="#Footnote_118" class= +"fnanchor">[118]</a>; the substantive precedes the adjective, but +there is scarcely any other trace of it: yet, it is one of their +poetical licenses, as may be instanced in the following line of a +Fantee song;</p> + +<div class="linegrp-container"> +<div class="linegrp2"> +<div class="group"> +<div class="line indent0 center">“Abirrikirri croom ogah +odum.”</div> + +<div class="line indent0 center">Foreign town fire put in,</div> +</div> +</div> +</div> + +<p class="nind">for “the foreign town is set on fire.” In addition +to this inversion, so many peculiar additives, (generally vowels,) +and inflexions are allowed, as well as the figures Synæresis, +Diæresis, Metathesis,<span class="pagenum" id= +"Page_358">[358]</span> and Anastrophe, in their poetry, and in +their poetry only, (making it unintelligible even to those who can +converse fluently with them) that both languages may be said to +have a Prosody. From the following song, I imagined the Fantees +(for the Accra’s are said to possess none but fetish hymns in their +own language) to have some idea of rhyme, considering the inversion +of the first line as forced, and expressly accommodated to the +metre,</p> + +<div class="linegrp-container"> +<div class="linegrp2"> +<div class="group"> +<div class="line indent0">Abirrikirri croom ogah odum,</div> + +<div class="line indent0">Ocoontinkiï bonoo fum,</div> +</div> +</div> +</div> + +<div class="linegrp-container"> +<div class="linegrp2"> +<div class="group"> +<div class="line indent0">Cooroompun,</div> + +<div class="line indent0">Coom agwun,</div> +</div> +</div> +</div> + +<p class="nind">but I have not met with any other instance.</p> + +<p>The Ashantees generally use much and vehement gesture, and speak +in recitative: their action is exuberant, but graceful; and from +the infancy of the language,<a id="FNanchor_119"></a><a href= +"#Footnote_119" class="fnanchor">[119]</a> nouns and verbs are +constantly<span class="pagenum" id="Page_359">[359]</span> +repeated, for force, and distinction, as <em>one one</em>, for, +<em>one by one</em>, or, <em>each</em>; <em>one tokoo one +tokoo</em>, for, <em>one tokoo a-piece</em>. They frequently are +obliged to vary the tone, in pronouncing a word which has more than +one meaning, as the Chinese do. They have no expression short of +you are a liar, and the king was surprised, when I told him we made +a great difference between a mistake and a lie; he said the truth +was not spoken in either case, and, therefore, it was the same +thing; they did not consider the motive but only the fact.</p> + +<p>Like the American languages, those of this part of Africa, are +full of figures, hyperbolical and picturesque.<a id= +"FNanchor_120"></a><a href="#Footnote_120" class= +"fnanchor">[120]</a> One of the kings of the interior, whose +territories the Ashantees had long talked of invading, sent forty +pots of palm oil to Coomassie, with the message, that, “he feared +they could not find their way, so he sent the oil to light them.” +The Accras instead of good night, say “<em>wooäu +d’tcherrimong</em>,” sleep till the lighting of the world: one of +their imprecations against their enemies, is, “may their hiding +place be our flute,” that is, “our plaything:” when they speak of a +man imposing on them, they say, “he turned the backs of our heads +into our mouths.” Having occasion, whilst at Coomassie, to protest +against the conduct of an individual, the king replied, through +Adoosee, “The horse comes from the bush, and is a fool, but the man +who rides him knows sense, and by and by makes him do what he +wishes; you, by yourself, made the horse, who was a<span class= +"pagenum" id="Page_360">[360]</span> fool, do better the other day, +therefore, three of you ought to teach a man, who is not born a +fool, and does not come from the bush, to do what you know to be +right by and by, though I see he does wrong now.” Other instances +will appear in their songs.</p> + +<p>I shall transfer the imperfect Vocabularies which I formed, and +the incidental observations, to the <a href="#app6">Appendix;</a> +as they may not be indulged with so much attention by the +generality of readers, as the investigation of the structure.</p> + +<div class="footnotes" id="ftp2c09"> +<div class="footnote"> +<p><a id="Footnote_111"></a><a href="#FNanchor_111"><span class= +"label">[111]</span></a>The eastern and western branch of this +polar race, the Eskimoes and the Tschougazes, notwithstanding the +enormous distance of 800 leagues which separates them, are united +by the most intimate analogy of languages. This analogy extends, as +has been recently proved in the most evident manner, even to the +inhabitants of the north-east of Asia; for the idiom of the +Tschouktshes at the mouth of the Anadin has the same roots, as the +language of the Eskimoes who inhabit the coast of America opposite +to Europe. The Tschouktsches are the Eskimoes of Asia. Humbolt, P. +N. v. 3, p. 291.</p> +</div> + +<div class="footnote"> +<p><a id="Footnote_112"></a><a href="#FNanchor_112"><span class= +"label">[112]</span></a>“I am aware that languages are much more +strongly characterised by their structure and grammatical forms, +than by the analogy of their sounds and of their roots; and that +their analogy of sounds is sometimes so disfigured in the different +dialects of the same tongue, as not to be distinguishable; for the +tribes into which a nation is divided, often designate the same +objects by words altogether heterogeneous. Hence it follows, that +we are easily mistaken, if, neglecting the study of the inflexions, +and consulting only the roots, for instance the words which +designate the moon, sky, water, and earth, we decide on the +absolute difference of two idioms from the simple want of +resemblance in sounds.” Humboldt’s Personal Narrative, vol. iii. p. +251.</p> + +<p>I am gratified to find, since my return to England, and +consequent perusal of the Congo publication, that my investigations +of these languages have happened to be consonant with the +instructions of Mr. Marsden in his letter to Captain Tuckey, as +appears from the following extract. “Where a longer residence +admits of freer intercourse, and a means of acquiring a more +perfect knowledge of the language, it will be desirable, besides +attempting to fill up the larger vocabulary, that pains should be +taken to examine its grammatical structure, and to ascertain, for +instance, how the nominative and subjunctive words in a sentence +are placed with respect to the verb; how the adjective with regard +to the substantive; how plurals and degrees of comparison are +formed; whether there is any kind of inflexion or variation of +syllables of the same word, according to its position in the +sentence and connection with other words; whether the pronouns +personal vary according to the rank or sex of the person addressing +or person addressed; and whether they are incorporated with the +verb; and to observe any other peculiarities of idiom, that the +language may present; noting the degree of softness, harshness, +indistinctness, intonation, guttural sounds, and the prevalence or +deficiency of any particular letters of the alphabet, as we should +term them, such as R and F. The extent of country over which a +language is understood to prevail should also be a subject of +investigation; and, by what others it is bounded on every side. +Also, whether there may not be a correct language of communication +between nations, whose proper languages are distinct.” I think the +very frequent use of <em>q</em> is one distinguishing character of +African languages: the <em>r</em> and <em>f</em> are very frequent, +the latter especially; the former as a liquid is frequently +substituted for <em>l</em>, as I have illustrated in the Chapter on +<a href="#Page_196">Geography.</a> Their pronunciation of +<em>z</em> approximates to that of the <em>aspro z</em> of the +Italians. I hope to have leisure and opportunity hereafter for +paying this subject more attention. I have not yet had time to make +sufficient progress in German to read Vater’s Mithridatis, which +will no doubt assist my observations.</p> +</div> + +<div class="footnote"> +<p><a id="Footnote_113"></a><a href="#FNanchor_113"><span class= +"label">[113]</span></a>“From the Hebrew עתה, ote, <em>time</em>, +has flowed ὁτε, <em>when</em>; which τ, π, οπ, being prefixed, +becomes τοτε, ποτε, ὁποτε.”</p> +</div> + +<div class="footnote"> +<p><a id="Footnote_114"></a><a href="#FNanchor_114"><span class= +"label">[114]</span></a>“Every verb consists of a pronoun, +expressing an agent, and of a noun, or the substitute of a noun, +expressing an object. Thus, οινος and εγω joined and abbreviated is +οινοω; and this term would be sufficient to express <em>I drink +wine</em>, though originally it meant only <em>wine I</em>; +association supplying to the speaker and the person addressed the +intermediate notion <em>of drinking</em>.” Jones.</p> +</div> + +<div class="footnote"> +<p><a id="Footnote_115"></a><a href="#FNanchor_115"><span class= +"label">[115]</span></a>The word <em>caboceer</em> +(<em>chief</em>,) which I have used in the correspondence, history, +and other parts of this work, as the only title familiar to +Europeans, (being always substituted, even by native interpreters +for the vernacular,) was of course introduced by the Portuguese, +and consequently unknown in the interior. It is applied to a chief +who has the charge or government of a town, (<em>croom</em>.) Such +however are indiscriminately called <em>ōhen</em> or <em>king</em>, +in Fantee. Throughout Ashantee the monarch only is called +<em>ōhennie</em> or <em>king</em>, and the chiefs who have the care +or government of the towns of his dominions, <em>sāf ĕhen</em>. +<em>Sāfie</em> or <em>saphwooa</em>, means <em>key</em>, and the +last syllable of the compound, <em>hen</em>, is evidently an +abbreviation of <em>ōhennie</em>. <em>Safie</em>, a <em>charm</em>, +is without doubt identical in a figurative sense with +<em>sāfee</em>, <em>key</em>; and should, on consideration, be +spelt as such, and not <em>saphie</em> as I have generally written +it hitherto. A Moor is called <em>Crambo</em> by the Negroes of the +interior, which bears the same interpretation as <em>Pongheme</em>, +a Spaniard, in the Tamanack, i.e. <em>a man clothed</em>.</p> +</div> + +<div class="footnote"> +<p><a id="Footnote_116"></a><a href="#FNanchor_116"><span class= +"label">[116]</span></a>It is also found in the Empoönga, and other +African languages.</p> +</div> + +<div class="footnote"> +<p><a id="Footnote_117"></a><a href="#FNanchor_117"><span class= +"label">[117]</span></a>“The distinction of active and passive is +not essential to verbs. In the infancy of language, it was in all +probability not known; in Hebrew, the difference but imperfectly +exists, and in the early periods of it, possibly did not exist at +all. In Arabic, the only distinction which obtains, arises from the +vowel points, a late invention compared with the antiquity of that +language. And in our own tongue the names of active and passive +would have remained unknown, if they had not been learnt in Latin.” +Jones.</p> +</div> + +<div class="footnote"> +<p><a id="Footnote_118"></a><a href="#FNanchor_118"><span class= +"label">[118]</span></a>“He (the savage) would not express himself +according to our English order of construction, Give me fruit, but +according to the Latin order, Fruit give me, Fructum da mihi, for +this plain reason, that his attention was wholly directed towards +fruit, the desired object. This was the exciting idea; the object +which moved him to speak, and of course would be the first named. +Such an arrangement is precisely putting into words the gesture +which nature taught the savage to make, before he was acquainted +with words; and therefore it may be depended upon as certain, that +he would fall most readily into this arrangement. <span class= +"omis">· · · · · ·</span> We might therefore conclude, à priori, +that this would be the order in which things were most commonly +arranged at the beginning of language, and accordingly we find, in +fact, that in this order words are arranged in most of the antient +tongues; as in the Greek and the Latin; and it is also said, in the +Russian, the Sclavonic, the Gaelic, and several of the American +tongues.” Blair.</p> + +<p>The arrangement of words in the Chayma is such as is found in +every language of both continents, which has preserved a certain +air of youth. The object is placed before the verb, the verb before +the personal pronoun. The object on which the attention should be +principally fixed, precedes all the modifications of that +object.</p> + +<p>The American would say; “liberty complete love we;” instead of +we love complete liberty; “Thee with happy am I”—instead of I am +happy with thee. Humboldt’s Personal Narrative, vol. 3, p. 261.</p> +</div> + +<div class="footnote"> +<p><a id="Footnote_119"></a><a href="#FNanchor_119"><span class= +"label">[119]</span></a>“In the infancy of language, while words +were yet scanty, the most natural way, whereby a writer or speaker +might give an additional force to his discourse, was to +<em>repeat</em> such terms as he wished to render +<em>emphatic</em>. The more ancient any language is, the more +numerous appear the traces of such repetitions; and next to the +Hebrew, they form a remarkable feature in the Greek tongue. This +μαω μαω, I desire desire, blended into one word, become μιμαω, and +mean, I greatly desire. βαω βαω, I walk walk, βιβαω, I stride, +&c. &c. &c. See Jones.</p> +</div> + +<div class="footnote"> +<p><a id="Footnote_120"></a><a href="#FNanchor_120"><span class= +"label">[120]</span></a>“The messenger concluded this insulting +notification by presenting the king with a pair of iron sandals, at +the same time adding, that until such time as Daisy had worn out +these sandals in his flight, he should never be secure from the +arrows of Bambarra.” Park’s 1st Mission.</p> +</div> +</div> + +<hr class="chap"> + +<h2><span class="pagenum" id="Page_361">[361]</span><a id= +"p2c10"></a><span class="letter-spaced01">CHAPTER</span> X.</h2> + +<hr class="decordb width8 spaced3"> + +<p class="sch1"><em>Music.</em> +</p> + +<p class="dcap"><span class="sc">The</span> wild music of these +people is scarcely to be brought within the regular rules of +harmony,<a id="FNanchor_121"></a><a href="#Footnote_121" class= +"fnanchor">[121]</a> yet their airs have a sweetness and animation +beyond any barbarous compositions I ever heard. Few of their +instruments possess much power, but the combination of several +frequently produces a surprising effect. The flute is made of a +long hollow reed, and has not more than three holes; the tone is +low at all times, and when they play in concert they graduate them +with such nicety as to produce the common chords. Several instances +of thirds occur, especially in one of the annexed airs, played as a +funeral dirge; nor is this extraordinary considering it is the most +natural interval; the addition of fifths, at the same time, is +rare. The natives declare they can converse by means of their +flutes, and an old resident at Accra has assured me he has heard +these dialogues, and that every sentence was explained to him.</p> + +<p>On the Sanko (see Drawing <a href="#i05">No. 5,</a> and Specimen +in the Museum) they display the variety of their musical talents, +and the Ashantees are allowed to surpass all others. It consists of +a narrow box, the open top of which is covered with alligator, or +antelope skin; a bridge is raised on this, over which +eight<span class="pagenum" id="Page_362">[362]</span> strings are +conducted to the end of a long stick, fastened to the fore part of +the box, and thickly notched, and they raise or depress the strings +into these notches as occasion requires. The upper string +assimilates with the tenor C of the piano, and the lower with the +octave above: sometimes they are tuned in Diatonic succession, but +too frequently the intermediate strings are drawn up at random, +producing flats and sharps in every Chromatic variety, though they +are not skilful enough to take advantage of it. I frequently urged +this by trying to convince them they were not playing the same tune +I had heard the day before, but the answer was invariably, “I pull +the same string, it must be the same tune.” The strings are made +from the runners of a tree called Enta, abounding in the forests. +All airs on this instrument are played very quick, and it is barely +possible to make even an experienced player lessen the time, which +quick as it is, is kept in a surprising manner, especially as every +tune is loaded with ornament. They have a method of stopping the +strings with the finger, so as to produce a very soft and pleasing +effect, like the Meyer touch of the harp.</p> + +<p>The horns form their loudest sounds, and are made of elephant’s +tusks, they are generally very large, and, being graduated like the +flutes, their flourishes have a martial and grand effect. It has +been mentioned in the Military Customs of the Ashantees, that +peculiar sentences are immediately recognised by the soldiers, and +people, in the distinct flourishes of the horns of the various +chiefs: the words of some of these sentences are almost expressible +by the notes of the horns; the following, uttered by the horns of a +captain named Gettoä, occurs to me as an instance</p> + +<div class="linegrp-container"> +<div class="linegrp2"> +<div class="group"> +<div class="line indent0">“O Saï tĭntĭntoo, ma yūāyĭä pa pa.”</div> + +<div class="line indent0"><span class= +"word-spaced03"> </span>O Saï great king! I laud thee every +where, or exceedingly.</div> +</div> +</div> +</div> + +<p>The Bentwa (see Drawing <a href="#i06">No. 6.</a>) is a stick +bent in the form of<span class="pagenum" id="Page_363">[363]</span> +a bow, and across it, is fastened a very thin piece of split cane, +which is held between the lips at one end, and struck with a small +stick; whilst at the other it is occasionally stopped, or rather +buffed, by a thick one; on this they play only lively airs, and it +owes its various sounds to the lips.</p> + +<p>The Mosees, Mallowas, Bournous, and natives from the more remote +parts of the interior, play on a rude violin: the body is a +calabash, the top is covered with deer skin, and two large holes +are cut in it for the sound to escape; the strings, or rather +string, is composed of cow’s hair, and broad like that of the bow +with which they play, which resembles the bow of a violin. Their +grimace equals that of an Italian Buffo: they generally accompany +themselves with the voice, and increase the humour by a strong +nasal sound.</p> + +<p>The Oompoochwa is a box, one end of which is left open; two flat +bridges are fastened across the top, and five pieces of thin curved +stick, scraped very smooth, are attached to them, and (their ends +being raised,) are struck with some force by the thumb. I can +compare it to nothing but the Staccado nearly deprived of its +tone.</p> + +<p>The Ashantees have an instrument like a Bagpipe, but the drone +is scarcely to be heard.</p> + +<p>The rest of the instruments can hardly be called musical, and +consist of drums, castanets, gong-gongs, flat sticks, rattles, and +even old brass pans.</p> + +<p>The Drums (see Drawing <a href="#i07">No. 7.</a>) are hollow’d +trunks of trees, frequently carved with much nicety, mostly open at +one end, and of many sizes: those with heads of common skin (that +is of any other than Leopard skin) are beaten with sticks in the +form of a crotchet rest; the largest are borne on the head of a +man, and struck by one or more followers; the smaller are slung +round the<span class="pagenum" id="Page_364">[364]</span> neck, or +stand on the ground; in the latter case they are mostly played with +the inside of the fingers, at which the natives are very expert: +amongst these drums are some with heads of leopard skin, (looking +like vellum,) only sounded by two fingers, which are scraped along, +as the middle finger is on the tamborine, but producing a much +louder noise. The gong-gongs are made of hollow pieces of iron, and +struck with the same metal. The Castanets are also of iron. The +Rattles are hollow gourds, the stalks being left as handles, and +contain shells or pebbles, and are frequently covered with a net +work of beads; the grimaces with which these are played make them +much more entertaining to sight than hearing.</p> + +<p>I was fortunate enough to find a rare instance of a native able +to play the radical notes of each tune; he is the best player in +the country, and I was enabled to collect the airs now offered: +with some of the oldest date I have also selected a few of the +latest compositions. Their graces are so numerous, some extempore, +some transmitted from father to son, that the constant repetition +only can distinguish the commencement of the air: sometimes between +each beginning they introduce a few chords, sometimes they leave +out a bar, sometimes they only return to the middle, so entirely is +it left to the fancy of the performer. The observation made on the +time of the Sanko may be extended to almost every other instrument, +but it is always perfect, and the children will move their heads +and limbs, whilst on their mother’s backs, in exact unison with the +tune which is playing: the contrasts of piano and forte are very +well managed.</p> + +<p>The singing is almost all recitative, and this is the only part +of music in which the women partake; they join in the chorusses, +and at the funeral of a female sing the dirge itself; but the +frenzy of the moment renders it such a mixture of yells and +screeches, that it bids defiance to all notation. The songs of the +Canoe men<span class="pagenum" id="Page_365">[365]</span> are +peculiar to themselves, and very much resemble the chants used in +cathedrals, but as they are all made for the moment, I have not +been able to retain any of them.</p> + +<p>To have attempted any thing like arrangement, beyond what the +annexed airs naturally possess, would have altered them, and +destroyed the intention of making them known in their original +character. I have not even dared to insert a flat or a sharp.</p> + +<p><a href="#music01">No. 1.</a> is the oldest air in the whole +collection, and common both to Ashantees and Warsaws; I could trace +it through four generations, but the answer made to my enquiries +will give the best idea of its antiquity; “it was made when the +country was made.” The key appears to be E minor.</p> + +<p>The old and simple air <a href="#music02">No. 2,</a> is almost +spoiled from the quick method of playing it, but when slow it has a +melancholy rarely found in African music, and it is one of the very +few in which the words are adapted to the tune. I think it is +decidedly in the key of C major. The noun aganka, an orphan, is +from the verb agan to leave. Oboïbee is a bird that sings only at +night, for which I know no other name than the Ashantee. The Warsaw +air, <a href="#music03">No. 3,</a> also in C major, was composed in +consequence of a contest between the two principal caboceers of +that country, Intiffa and Attobra; one extremely thin and the other +very fat; Attobra ran away, and is derided by Intiffa in the +following satirical words:</p> + +<div class="linegrp-container"> +<div class="linegrp2"> +<div class="group"> +<div class="line indent0 center">Asoom cōōcŏŏrŏŏcōō ŏninny +ăgwanny.</div> +</div> +</div> +</div> + +<p class="nind">Asoom is a dolphin, which, as a beardless creature, +is an epithet of the strongest contempt. The literal translation +is,</p> + +<div class="linegrp-container"> +<div class="linegrp2"> +<div class="group"> +<div class="line indent0 center">The big dolphin runs away from the +small man.</div> +</div> +</div> +</div> + +<p><a href="#music05">No. 5,</a> which I should conjecture to begin +in E minor, and to end in D minor, was occasioned by an English +vessel bringing the report of a battle, in which the French were +defeated and their town burned. The words are allegorical.</p> + +<div class="linegrp-container"> +<div class="linegrp2"> +<div class="group"> +<div class="line indent0"><span class="pagenum" id= +"Page_366">[366]</span>Abirrikirri croom ogah odum;</div> + +<div class="line indent0">French town fire put in;</div> + +<div class="line indent0">Ocoontinkii bonoo fum;</div> + +<div class="line indent-4">Great fighting man, wolf take you +away;</div> + +<div class="line indent0">Cooroompun coom agwun.</div> + +<div class="line indent0">Cooroompun kills all goats.</div> +</div> +</div> +</div> + +<p class="nind">Abirrikirri applies indiscriminately to all nations +beyond the sea, as Dunko does to all nations far in the interior. +Cooroompun is a very large insect of the genus mantis (soothsayer) +frequently met with here, and the natives believe that it kills the +sheep and goats by fascination, standing with its eyes fixed on +those of the object, and swinging its head and body from side to +side without moving its feet, until the animal falls in fits and +dies.<a id="FNanchor_122"></a><a href="#Footnote_122" class= +"fnanchor">[122]</a> Agwun is a noun of multitude, comprehending +all the goat kind.</p> + +<p>A long tale accompanies <a href="#music06">No. 6.</a> An +Ashantee having been surprised in an intrigue with another man’s +wife, becomes the slave of the King, and is obliged to follow the +army in a campaign against the celebrated Attah, the Akim caboceer +mentioned in the history. The Ashantee army having retired, this +man either deserted or could not join his division, and after +concealing himself some time in the forest, was taken by a party of +Attah’s, whom he addresses in the following words:</p> + +<div class="linegrp-container"> +<div class="linegrp2"> +<div class="group"> +<div class="line indent0">Eqqwee odin ahi,</div> + +<div class="line indent0">Panther bush here (belongs to)</div> + +<div class="line indent2"><span class="pagenum" id= +"Page_367">[367]</span>Minăwoo! Minăwoo!</div> + +<div class="line indent2">I die! I die!</div> + +<div class="line indent0">Me’din adoo croom,</div> + +<div class="line indent0">Bush now my croom,</div> + +<div class="line indent2">Minăwoo! Minăwoo!</div> + +<div class="line indent2">I die! I die!</div> + +<div class="line indent0">Babisseäche Minăwoo! Minăwoo!</div> + +<div class="line indent-2">For woman’s sake I die! I die!</div> + +<div class="line indent0">Attah m’incomie! Attah m’incomie!</div> + +<div class="line indent0">Attah don’t kill me! Attah don’t kill +me!</div> +</div> +</div> +</div> + +<p class="nind">The man’s life, it was added, was preserved when he +urged that he understood how to make sandals. The key appears to be +E minor.</p> + +<p><a href="#music07">No. 7,</a> in G major, seems to convey the +moral, that riches prompt mankind to wickedness, the word +“<em>makes</em>” is understood.</p> + +<p><a href="#music09">No. 9,</a> became a common song in March last +in praise of the present Governor in Chief; who, in consequence of +the famine occasioned by the preceding invasion from the Ashantees, +daily distributed corn to the starving multitude: the words are +even more incoherent and figurative than the others, therefore I +have not written them, but the meaning to be gathered is, “Poor +woman and poor child got no gold to buy kanky; good white man gives +you corn.” It will be observed that the air much resembles <a href= +"#music11">No. 11,</a> wherefore I suspect it is an alteration, and +not a composition; although the key seems to be G major, and it is +impossible to attach any key to the latter.</p> + +<p>The dirge, <a href="#music12">No. 12,</a> certainly in the key +of C major, has been mentioned before, but here I must add, that in +venturing the intervening and concluding bass chord, I merely +attempt to describe the castanets, gong-gongs, drums, &c. +bursting in after the soft and mellow tones of the flutes; as if +the ear was not to retain a vibration of the sweeter melody.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_368">[368]</span><a href= +"#music13">No. 13,</a> in D minor, is played by only two flutes, +and is one of the softest airs I have met with.</p> + +<p><a href="#music14">No. 14,</a> is an Accra fetish hymn, sung by +one man and one woman, or more, at Christmas:</p> + +<div class="linegrp-container"> +<div class="linegrp2"> +<div class="group"> +<div class="line indent0">Afĭnaïē pweë,</div> + +<div class="line indent0">The year’s ends have met,</div> + +<div class="line indent0">Gnōr woorra</div> + +<div class="line indent0">Somebody’s child</div> + +<div class="line indent0">Mŏrbee.</div> + +<div class="line indent0">Take blessing.</div> +</div> +</div> +</div> + +<p class="nind">“Somebody’s child,” means the child of a person of +consequence, reminding us of Hidalgos, “the son of somebody,” so +applied in Spanish. Its regularity is surprising, and its +transition from G major to C major is very harmonious.</p> + +<p><a href="#music15">No. 15,</a> in G major, is a specimen of the +Kerrapee or Kerrapay music, which I have made a point of +preserving, as it appeared to me superior even to Ashantee. A young +man acknowledges a crime he had attempted to conceal:</p> + +<div class="linegrp-container"> +<div class="linegrp2"> +<div class="group"> +<div class="line indent0">Kennĕödvay nooblou adomevai,</div> + +<div class="line indent0">Oh pity! the palaver is spoiled,</div> + +<div class="line indent0">Noodooloo adomevai,</div> + +<div class="line indent0">It is found, it is spoiled;</div> + +<div class="line indent2">Ēnnŏblou;</div> + +<div class="line indent2">Think for me;</div> + +<div class="line indent0">Dootŏh mĕ pŏ mĕ blōh,</div> + +<div class="line indent0">Elders, settle it for me,</div> + +<div class="line indent2">Adăn vō,</div> + +<div class="line indent2">I am at a loss,</div> + +<div class="line indent4">Iëe!</div> + +<div class="line indent4">Oh!</div> +</div> +</div> +</div> + +<p>The following is a translation of a long Ashantee song, with +little<span class="pagenum" id="Page_369">[369]</span> or no air. +The men sit together in a line on one side, with their sankos and +other instruments; and the women in a line opposite to them. +Individuals rise and advance, singing in turn.<a id= +"FNanchor_123"></a><a href="#Footnote_123" class= +"fnanchor">[123]</a></p> + +<table id="t369"> +<tr> +<td><em>1st Woman.</em> +</td> +<td>My husband likes me too much,</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td> +</td> +<td>He is good to me,</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td> +</td> +<td>But I cannot like him,</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td> +</td> +<td>So I must listen to my lover.</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td><em>1st Man.</em> +</td> +<td>My wife does not please me,</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td> +</td> +<td>I tire of her now;</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td> +</td> +<td>So I will please myself with another,</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td> +</td> +<td>Who is very handsome.</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td><em>2nd Woman.</em> +</td> +<td>My lover tempts me with sweet words,</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td> +</td> +<td>But my husband always does me good,</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td> +</td> +<td>So I must like him well,</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td> +</td> +<td>And I must be true to him.</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td><em>2nd Man.</em> +</td> +<td>Girl you pass my wife handsome,</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td> +</td> +<td>But I cannot call you wife;</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td> +</td> +<td>A wife pleases her husband only,</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td> +</td> +<td>But when I leave you, you go to others.</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<div class="figcenter iw4"> +<figure id="music01"> +<p class="cpmu">The oldest <span class="sc">Ashantee</span> and +<span class="sc">Warsaw Air</span>.</p> +<a href="images/music01.jpg"><img src='images/music01.jpg' alt= +''></a> +</figure> +</div> + +<div class="figcenter iw4"> +<figure id="music02"> +<p class="cpmu">A very old <span class="sc">Ashantee +Air</span>.</p> +<a href="images/music02.jpg"><img src='images/music02.jpg' alt= +''></a> +<div class="linegrp-container"> +<div class="linegrp"> +<div class="group"> +<div class="line indent0">Aganka oshoom noofa Oboibee oshoom noofa +Aganka oshoomnoofa</div> + +<div class="line indent0">Orphan cries at night <span class= +"omis">· · ·</span> cries at night Orphan cries at night</div> +</div> + +<div class="group"> +<div class="line indent0">wekirree wekirree oimiyow wekirree +wekirree oimiyow wekirree</div> + +<div class="line indent0">sad thing sad thing I’m sorry sad thing +sad thing I’m sorry sad thing</div> +</div> +</div> +</div> +</figure> +</div> + +<div class="figcenter iw4"> +<figure id="music03"> +<p class="cpmu"><span class="sc">Warsaw Air</span>.</p> +<a href="images/music03.jpg"><img src='images/music03.jpg' alt= +''></a> +</figure> +</div> + +<div class="figcenter iw4"> +<figure id="music04"> +<p class="cpmu"><span class="sc">Ashantee Air</span>.</p> +<a href="images/music04.jpg"><img src='images/music04.jpg' alt= +''></a> +</figure> +</div> + +<div class="figcenter iw4"> +<figure id="music05"> +<p class="cpmu"><span class="sc">Fantee Air</span>.</p> +<a href="images/music05.jpg"><img src='images/music05.jpg' alt= +''></a> +</figure> +</div> + +<div class="figcenter iw4"> +<figure id="music06"> +<p class="cpmu"><span class="sc">An Ashantee Air</span>.</p> +<a href="images/music06.jpg"><img src='images/music06.jpg' alt= +''></a> +</figure> +</div> + +<div class="figcenter iw4"> +<figure id="music07"> +<p class="cpmu"><span class="sc">An Ashantee Air</span>.</p> +<a href="images/music07.jpg"><img src='images/music07.jpg' alt= +''></a> +<div class="linegrp-container"> +<div class="linegrp"> +<div class="group"> +<div class="line indent0"><span class="word-spaced10"> </span> +Onoompah yahpah onompah yahpah onoompah yahpah</div> + +<div class="line indent0">(Makes) Person do bad <span class= +"omis">· · · · · · · · · ·</span></div> +</div> + +<div class="group"> +<div class="line indent0">sicca sicca onoompah yahpah onoompah +yahpah</div> + +<div class="line indent0">gold gold (makes) person do bad +<span class="omis">· · · · · · · ·</span></div> +</div> + +<div class="group"> +<div class="line indent0">onoompah yahpah Akim sicca onoompah +yahpah.</div> + +<div class="line indent0"><span class="omis">· · · · · ·</span> +Akim gold (makes) person do bad.</div> +</div> +</div> +</div> +</figure> +</div> + +<div class="figcenter iw4"> +<figure id="music08"> +<p class="cpmu"><span class="sc">Modern Fantee Air</span>.</p> +<a href="images/music08.jpg"><img src='images/music08.jpg' alt= +''></a> +</figure> +</div> + +<div class="figcenter iw4"> +<figure id="music09"> +<p class="cpmu"><span class="sc">Modern Fantee Air</span>.</p> +<a href="images/music09.jpg"><img src='images/music09.jpg' alt= +''></a> +</figure> +</div> + +<div class="figcenter iw4"> +<figure id="music10"> +<p class="cpmu"><span class="sc">Ashantee Air</span>.</p> +<a href="images/music10.jpg"><img src='images/music10.jpg' alt= +''></a> +</figure> +</div> + +<div class="figcenter iw4"> +<figure id="music11"> +<p class="cpmu"><span class="sc">Ashantee Air</span>.</p> +<a href="images/music11.jpg"><img src='images/music11.jpg' alt= +''></a> +</figure> +</div> + +<div class="figcenter iw4"> +<figure id="music12"> +<p class="cpmu"><span class="sc">A Fantee Dirge</span>.</p> +<a href="images/music12.jpg"><img src='images/music12.jpg' alt= +''></a> +</figure> +</div> + +<div class="figcenter iw4"> +<figure id="music13"> +<p class="cpmu"><span class="sc">An Ashantee Air</span>.</p> +<a href="images/music13.jpg"><img src='images/music13.jpg' alt= +''></a> +</figure> +</div> + +<div class="figcenter iw4"> +<figure id="music14"> +<p class="cpmu"><span class="sc">An Accra fetish Hymn</span>.</p> +<a href="images/music14.jpg"><img src='images/music14.jpg' alt= +''></a> +<div class="linegrp-container"> +<div class="linegrp"> +<div class="group"> +<div class="line indent0">Afinaiepwaëe gnorwoorra +afinaiepwaëe</div> + +<div class="line indent0">gnorwoorra gnorwoorra</div> +</div> + +<div class="group"> +<div class="line indent0">gnorwoorra afinaiepwaëe gnorwoorra morbee +gnorwoorra</div> + +<div class="line indent0">gnorwoorra gnorwoorra morbee +gnorwoorra</div> +</div> +</div> +</div> +</figure> +</div> + +<div class="figcenter iw4"> +<figure id="music15"> +<p class="cpmu"><span class="sc">A Kerrapee Song</span>.</p> +<a href="images/music15.jpg"><img src='images/music15.jpg' alt= +''></a> +<div class="linegrp-container"> +<div class="linegrp"> +<div class="group"> +<div class="line indent0">Kenneovay nooblou adomevai Kenneovay +nooblou adomevai</div> + +<div class="line indent0">noodooloo adomevai ennoblou Dootoh me po +me bloh adanvo Iëe</div> +</div> +</div> +</div> +</figure> +</div> + +<div class="figcenter iw4"> +<figure id="music16"> +<p class="cpmu"><span class="sc">Fantee Air</span>.</p> +<a href="images/music16.jpg"><img src='images/music16.jpg' alt= +''></a> +</figure> +</div> + +<div class="figcenter iw4"> +<figure id="music17"> +<p class="cpmu"><span class="sc">Fantee Air</span>.</p> +<a href="images/music17.jpg"><img src='images/music17.jpg' alt= +''></a> +</figure> +</div> + +<div class="figcenter iw4"> +<figure id="music18"> +<p class="cpmu"><span class="sc">Ashantee Air</span>.</p> +<a href="images/music18.jpg"><img src='images/music18.jpg' alt= +''></a> +</figure> +</div> + +<div class="figcenter iw4"> +<figure id="music19"> +<p class="cpmu"><span class="sc">Mallowa Air</span>.</p> +<a href="images/music19.jpg"><img src='images/music19.jpg' alt= +''></a> +</figure> +</div> + +<div class="figcenter iw4"> +<figure id="music20"> +<p class="cpmu"><span class="sc">Mosee Air</span>.</p> +<a href="images/music20.jpg"><img src='images/music20.jpg' alt= +''></a> +</figure> +</div> + +<div class="footnotes" id="ftp2c10"> +<div class="footnote"> +<p><a id="Footnote_121"></a><a href="#FNanchor_121"><span class= +"label">[121]</span></a>“A few melodies in national music have been +found incapable of harmony; such as the two first bars of the +second part of the Irish tune called The Fair Hair’d Child.” Dr. +Crotch.</p> +</div> + +<div class="footnote"> +<p><a id="Footnote_122"></a><a href="#FNanchor_122"><span class= +"label">[122]</span></a>The power of fascination by the eyes, is +believed and dreaded in those parts of Africa as mortal, whether +exercised by the fetish priests against men, or by the cooroompun +against animals. The idea prevailed in Pliny’s time, but it was +ascribed to the voice. “In libro quodam Plinii naturalis historiæ +legi esse quasdam in terrâ Africâ familias hominum voce atque +linguâ effascinantium. Qui si impensiùs fortè laudaverint pulchras +arbores, segetes lætiores, infantes amœniores, egregios equos, +pecudes pastu, atque cultu optimas, emoriantur repentè hæc omnia.” +A cooroompun will be found amongst the specimens for the British +Museum.</p> +</div> + +<div class="footnote"> +<p><a id="Footnote_123"></a><a href="#FNanchor_123"><span class= +"label">[123]</span></a>I never heard this sung without its +recalling Horace’s beautiful little dialogue ode, (9. lib. 3) +“Donec gratus eram tibi.”</p> +</div> +</div> + +<hr class="chap"> + +<h2><span class="pagenum" id="Page_370">[370]</span><a id= +"p2c11"></a><span class="letter-spaced01">CHAPTER</span> XI.</h2> + +<hr class="decordb width8 spaced3"> + +<p class="sch1"><em>Materia Medica and Diseases.</em> +</p> + +<p class="dcap"><span class="sc">The</span> report of the Materia +Medica and Botany of Ashantee, was the only one which I was not +required to furnish. It was afforded by Mr. Henry Tedlie, assistant +surgeon, whose subsequent death has mingled a regret with the +recollection of the Embassy, which the recall of my own sufferings, +and the family affliction it entailed on me, could never have +exacted. The intelligence reached me in England, to correct the +pride of success by associating misfortune with it; for the +recollection of Mr. Tedlie’s social virtues, of his enterprise and +ability, makes it a severe one to myself, and to the world. Mr. +Tedlie suffered severely from intermitting dysentery during the +Mission, but I had hoped it would have been eradicated after his +return. He had previously attended the expedition to Candy, and +expired at Cape Coast Castle in the 27th year of his age. +Throughout the Mission he indulged the feelings of the natives, in +his professional capacity, with a patience few could have exerted; +whether labouring under sickness himself, or disturbed in the +moments of a scanty rest; he awed and conciliated the people by the +importance of his cures, and thus contributed to the success of the +enterprise.</p> + +<p>“During the earlier part of our residence at Coomassie, the +season was tolerably favourable to the gathering of plants, but we +were then allowed to go out but seldom, and never beyond the +town.<span class="pagenum" id="Page_371">[371]</span> Latterly, +when better impressions succeeded, and our walks were unrestrained +by limits or attendants, the rains not only checked, but generally +disappointed my researches, by presenting the subject flowerless, +(or in an unfit state for preservation,) and consequently not +admitting their classification, as is too evident in the following +list of such plants as are used as medicines by the Ashantees.</p> + +<p>1. Cutturasuh. (<a id="FNanchor_124"></a><a href="#Footnote_124" +class="fnanchor">[124]</a><i>Chrysanthellum procumbens</i>. +<em>Persoon. syn.</em> 2. <em>p.</em> 471, <i>Verbesina mutica</i> +<em>Willd.</em>) A small plant, a decoction of which is purgative, +before boiling it should be bruised.</p> + +<p>2. Adumba, (a species of Ficus.) The bark and fruit are pounded +with Mallaguetta pepper and a small plant called awhinteywhinting, +boiled in fish soup: two doses in the third month of gestation are +said to cause abortion.</p> + +<p>3. Koofoobah (<i>Gloriosa superba</i>. <em>Linn.</em>) is +bruised with Mallaguetta pepper (lesser cardamom seeds) and applied +to the ancle or foot when sprained.</p> + +<p>4. Tandoorue (<em>perhaps a</em> <i>Cupania</i> <em>or</em> +<i>Trichilia</i>.) The bark is pounded and boiled with Mallaguetta +pepper; used for pain in the belly, and acts as a purgative.</p> + +<p>5. Bissey. (<i>Sterculia acuminata</i>. <em>Palis. de Beauvois, +Flore d’Oware</em> 1. <em>p.</em> 41. <em>tab.</em> 24.) The fruit +is constantly chewed by the Ashantees, especially on a journey; it +is said to prevent hunger and strengthen the stomach and bowels; +has a slight bitter aromatic astringent taste, and causes an +increase of the saliva while chewed.</p> + +<p>6. Attueh. (<i>Blighia sapida</i>. <em>Hort. Kew. ed.</em> 2. +<em>vol.</em> 3, <em>p.</em> 350. <i>Akeesia africana</i> +<em>Tussac Flor. des Antilles</em> 66.) A decoction of the bark is +said to be anti-venereal. The fruit is eaten.</p> + +<p>7. Ricinus Communis <em>Linn.</em> Castor oil nut tree, 30 feet +high here, and not a bush as on the coast: not used as medicine by +the natives.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_372">[372]</span>8. Apooder. +(<em>Two species of</em> <i>Leucas</i>, <em>of which one is hardly +different from</em> <i>L. Martinicensis</i> <em>Hort. Kew. ed.</em> +2. <em>vol.</em> 3, <em>p.</em> 409, <em>the other is perhaps +new.</em>) A mixture of the bruised leaves with lime juice is +applied to inflammations.</p> + +<p>9. Hooghong. (A species of Urtica) is bruised, mixed with chalk, +and drank by pregnant women to correct acidity in the stomach, +heartburn, &c.</p> + +<p>10. Accocottocotorawah. (<i>Heliotropium indicum</i>. +<em>Linn.</em>) The juice expressed from this plant is snuffed up +the nostrils in cases of severe head-ach. They also inhale the +smoke of it into the nose.</p> + +<p>11. Crowera (<i>Acalypha ciliata</i>. <em>Willd. sp. pl.</em>) +is bruised with lesser cardamom seed, and rubbed on the chest and +side when pained.</p> + +<p>12. Enminim (<em>a species of</em> <i>Vitis</i>.) A climbing +plant. The juice expressed from the leaves is dropped into the eyes +when affected with opthalmia or pain.</p> + +<p>13. Secoco. (<i>Leptanthus</i>?) A small marshy plant. Is +pounded with lime juice and rubbed on the body to cure the +crawcraws; a severe and obstinate species of itch.</p> + +<p>14. Ammo.—The juice is applied to cuts and bruises.</p> + +<p>15. Petey (<em>possibly a</em> <i>Piper</i>.) The leaves are +pounded and applied as a plaister to inflammatory swellings and +boils.</p> + +<p>16. Abromotome.—The bruised leaves are used to discuss +boils.</p> + +<p>17. Yangkompro. (<em>A syngenesious plant related to</em> +<i>Cacalia</i>.) The pounded leaves are applied to cuts and +contusions.</p> + +<p>18. Oeduema. (<i>Musanga cecropioides</i> <em>Br. See Tuckey’s +Congo, p.</em> 453.) The hairy sheath or stipule of a large +palmated leaved tree; it resembles a skin, is boiled in soup, and +used as a powerful emmenagogue.</p> + +<p>19. Semeney, (<em>probably a species of</em> <i>Aneilema</i>.) +The leaves are pounded and applied as a plaister to favour the +discharge of boils and collections of pus.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_373">[373]</span>20. Wowwah +(<em>perhaps a</em> <i>Sterculia</i>.) The inner bark of this tree +is scraped fine and mixed with Mallaguetta pepper, and drank for +colic and other pains in the belly.</p> + +<p>21. Anafranakoo.—The bruised leaves are applied to discuss boils +and other inflammatory swelling.</p> + +<p>22. Kattacaiben (<i>Leea sambucina</i>.) A decoction of the +leaves is drank every morning by pregnant women when they +experience any uneasiness in the abdomen. The bark of the tree +powdered is rubbed on chronic swellings.</p> + +<p>23. Aserumbdrue (<em>a species of</em> <i>Piper</i> <em>related +to</em> <i>umbellatum</i>.) The leaves are used in soup to allay +swellings of the belly.</p> + +<p>24. Ocisseeree.—The bark of this tree is used to stop the +purging in dysentery and diarrhoea.</p> + +<p>25. Gingang. (<i>Paullinia africana</i> <em>Br. See Tuckeys +Congo, p.</em> 427.) The bark of this tree is used internally and +externally, mixed with Mallaguetta pepper for pain in the side.</p> + +<p>26. Cudeyakoo.—A very small plant. The leaves and stalk pounded +are applied to eruptions on the head. A mixture of it with lime +juice is applied to the yaws.</p> + +<p>27. Affeuah (<em>unknown</em>) and Nuinnuerafuh (<i>Hedysari +species</i>.) A mixture of the bruised leaves of these plants with +Mallaguetta pepper, is rubbed on the body and limbs when swelled or +pained: a decoction of them, with an addition of the plant Comfany +(<i>Alternantheræ, sp.</i>) is used internally in the same +cases.</p> + +<p>28. Adummah. (<i>Paullinia africana</i>. <em>The same as +No.</em> 25.) A decoction of the bark of this tree, reduced to +powder with Mallaguetta pepper, drank once a day, stops the +discharge of blood and cures the dysentery.</p> + +<p>29. Tointinney (<em>probably a</em> <i>Menispermum</i>.) Is +chewed with Mallaguetta pepper as a cure for a cough.</p> + +<p>30. Apussey. (<em>A leguminous plant, probably allied to</em> +<i>Robinia</i>.)</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_374">[374]</span>The bark of this +tree pounded with Mallaguetta pepper is applied to the head in +cases of head-ach.</p> + +<p>31. Thuquamah.—The bark is pounded and drank in Palm wine, with +Mallaguetta pepper, for pain in the belly.</p> + +<p>32. Conkknoney, a dark purple coloured Toadstool, the size of a +hazel nut, rubbed with Mallaguetta pepper and lime juice, it purges +briskly. To stop the purging, a mess of boiled Guinea corn meal and +lime juice should be eaten.</p> + +<p>33. Suetinney.—(<i>Brillantaisia owariensis</i>. <em>Palis. de +Beauvois Flor. d’Oware</em>, 2. <em>p.</em> 68 <em>tab.</em> 100, +<em>fig.</em> 2.) A decoction of the leaves is drank for pain in +the belly.</p> + +<p>34. Soominna, (Tetandria Monogynia,) is bruised with lime juice +and used to abate cough.</p> + +<p>35. Thattha (<i>Scoparia dulcis</i>. <em>Linn.</em>)—The +expressed juice of this plant is dropped into the ears when +pained.</p> + +<p>36. Aquey (<i>Melia Azedarach</i>. <em>Linn.</em>) A decoction +of the leaves of this tree is used with Palm wine as a +corroborant.</p> + +<p>37. Dammaram (<i>Mussænda fulgens</i>. <em>nov. spec.</em>)</p> + +<p>The diseases most common in the Ashantee Country are the Lues, +Yaws, Itch, Ulcers, Scald-heads, and griping pains in the bowels. +Other diseases are occasionally met with, I should suppose in the +same proportion that they occur in civilized countries; but I do +not know to what cause to assign the prevalence and frequency of +one of the most unsightly diseases that can occur in any country: +it is an obstinate species of ulcer, or, Noli me tangere, which +destroys the nose and upper lip; it attacks women chiefly, although +men are not exempt from it; there are more than 100 women in +Coomassie who have lost the nose or upper lip from this cause +alone: it commences with a small ulcer in the alæ nasi, or upper +lip, the size of a split pea, excavated, with the edges<span class= +"pagenum" id="Page_375">[375]</span> ragged and turned inwards, it +proceeds by ulcerating under the skin; the bottom of the ulcer is +uneven, covered with a foul slough, of a very disagreeable smell, +and the discharge is thin, watery, and very irritating: it seldom +cicatrices before the alæ nasi and lip are completely destroyed; +when it does cease, the skin is puckered and uneven, and has a very +disagreeable appearance; the only remedy which the natives use, is +an external application of bruised leaves; they seem to let it take +its course, without being very anxious about a cure.</p> + +<p>Framboesia, the Yaws, is a very frequent disease with the +children of the poor and slaves: before the eruption takes place +they are severely afflicted with pains in the joints, and along the +course of the muscles of the superior and inferior extremities; in +young persons, hard, round bony excrescences, the size of a walnut, +form on each side of the nose under the eyes. The Natives either +are not acquainted with a remedy for this enlargement of the bones, +or if they are, they do not put it in practice. I administered +alterative doses of calomel and antimonial powder with success, as +it stopped the enlargement of the bones and caused them to be +absorbed, and relieved the pain in the arms and legs particularly; +during the exhibition of the alterative pills, a foul ulcer on the +head got well: the natives apply a mixture of the plant Cudey-akoo, +with lime juice, to the eruption, but apparently with very little +benefit.</p> + +<p>Psora, the itch, a very severe species of which, called craw +craw, is a frequent disease, and is very contagious; it is most +commonly met with in children, few of the Dunko slaves are without +it, from their poor diet and extreme dirtiness; they do not seem to +experience much uneasiness from it, as they seldom apply any +remedy; sometimes they use a rubefaciant, made of a plant called +secoco, bruised and mixed with lime juice.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_376">[376]</span>Gonorrhœa is of +rare occurrence, two cases came under my care, the patients had +never used injections, they drank decoctions of leaves and bark, +but could not tell me the plants they used; one of the ingredients, +was a small plant call Cutturasuh, of a purgative nature. The +disease is allowed to take its course by the natives, as they are +unacquainted with any method to stop it.</p> + +<p>Tinea Capitis, the scald head, is a common disease with the +poorer sort of Ashantees and slaves, arising from their neglect of +cleanliness; the applications which they use to cure it have seldom +the desired effect. They apply plaisters of pounded leaves and +charcoal, but do not wash the head. In one case, where a boy was +placed under my care, he got well in eight days, by having his head +very well washed with a brush, soap, and warm water; then a strong +infusion of tobacco, applied with a sponge, and when the head was +dry, a composition of resinous and mercurial ointment was rubbed on +it.</p> + +<p>Hydrocele occasionally occurs; they attempt to cure it by +frictions of the castor oil nut, burnt and bruised with Mallaguetta +pepper, but without any benefit. I drew off the water from one +hydrocele, but, from our want of stimulants, could not perform any +radical cure. Their applications to Inguinal hernia are equally +ineffectual. They never attempt the reduction of umbilical hernia, +although some are very large, and the disease very frequent.</p> + +<p>When a fracture of the leg or arm happens, the part is rubbed +with a soft species of grass and palm oil, and the limb bound up +with splints. “If God does not take the patient he recovers in four +months,” as they say.</p> + +<p>I have not seen a single instance of fracture in the Ashantee +country. Gun-shot wounds of the extremities, when the bone is +fractured, are generally fatal, or, where a large blood vessel +is<span class="pagenum" id="Page_377">[377]</span> wounded, as they +are unacquainted with any method of stopping the hæmorrage; in fact +they pay little attention to their wounded men; if they are not +able to travel, they are abandoned. One of the King’s criers had +his thigh dislocated at the hip joint with an anchylosis of the +knee; the limb was considerably longer than the other, and the +accident must have occurred a long time ago, as he walks very +well.</p> + +<p>During the time we remained in Coomassie, and from our first +entrance into the Ashantee country, I was every day applied to for +advice and medicines by those who were afflicted with diseases, of +which the number was great, and in the capital more especially, +from its very unhealthy situation, being entirely surrounded by an +extensive tract of swampy ground, and the natives consequently very +subject to dysentery and fever. On first entering the country I was +applied to by numbers of patients, many of them miserable objects, +from the effects of the venereal disease: to as many of those as +applied, during our halt in a town, I gave boxes of pills and +strict directions for their use, and told them if they came to +Coomassie during my residence there, I would do every thing in my +power to cure them. Many availed themselves of my offer, and +attended me on my arrival. To those who had ulcers or wounds, I +applied the proper dressings, and left with them lint, adhesive +plaister, and ointment. Most of them as a mark of their gratitude, +sent presents of fowls, fruit, palm oil, wine, &c. to me after +I had arrived in the capital. One man in Assiminia, who was nearly +in the last stage of existence from a complication of disorders, +originating from lues venerea, after I had seen him, sent every +week to Coomassie for medicines, and completely recovered. Another +in Sarrasoo who had the worst looking ulcers of the inferior +extremities, that I have ever seen, did the same, and with the same +success. A great many caboceers<span class="pagenum" id= +"Page_378">[378]</span> attended me every morning with their slaves +and children affected with dropsy, crawcraws, yaws, fever, bowel +complaints, &c. and expressed the most unbounded thanks for the +medicine and advice they received.</p> + +<p>At the King’s particular request, I attended his own brother, +the heir apparent, who had oedematous feet: by the use of friction, +a roller, and an alterative course of calomel, and diuretics, he +soon recovered.</p> + +<p>The King’s uncle, heir to the crown after the brother, was +severely tormented with stricture of the urethra; he could only +pass urine, drop by drop; three weeks passing the catheter, enabled +him to make it in a full stream; when he immediately requested some +powerfully stimulating medicine to correct impotency, which it was +not in my power to grant.</p> + +<p>The captain whose office it is to drown any of the King’s family +who have offended, had an ulcer two inches long in the palate bone; +when he drank, part of the fluid passed out of his nose, and his +speech was very unintelligible; the sides of the opening were +scarified, and the granulations touched every third or fourth day +with lunar caustic until they united; he got well in one month.</p> + +<p>The only unfortunate case I attended, was our guide Quamina Bwa; +shortly after we arrived in Coomassie he was attacked with +remittent fever; by the use of febrifuge medicines, the cold bath, +bark, &c. he recovered, and was able to attend his usual duty +of waiting on us, when we visited the king; he went into the +country, and I did not see him for six weeks; at the end of that +time, he sent for me, and I found him labouring under a severe +bilious dysentery, and liver complaint. I was unable to prevent the +formation of matter in his liver; it formed a large swelling with +distinct fluctuation, and as he hesitated to have it<span class= +"pagenum" id="Page_379">[379]</span> discharged by puncturing with +a trochar, it burst internally, and he died. I had one case of +cancer of the upper lip, although the disease is said rarely to +occur in that part. This case had all the marks of a true cancer; I +dressed it every day during the whole time I remained in Coomassie, +but the effect flattered and disappointed me by turns.</p> + +<p>The most importunate man for medicine, especially of an +invigorating kind, in the whole Ashantee country, was old Apokoo, +the treasurer and chief favourite. He was afflicted with inguinal +hernia: I wrote to Cape Coast for a truss, which I applied, and it +gave him immediate relief and satisfaction. He would take the most +nauseous drug with pleasure. I generally gave him bark and +peppermint water, which he regularly either sent or came for every +day, during the two last months of our residence, and earnestly +requested me to leave plenty of medicine with Mr. Hutchison, the +British resident there. Most of the chief men were very earnest in +their solicitations for me to give them stimulating medicines. I +always assured them that it was impossible, that the English never +used any, and that nothing astonished me more than that they should +ask for such things. Their answers were, “they knew that the +English had good heads and knew every thing, and must know that +too, but I did not wish to give them any.”</p> + +<p class="center space-above15 space-below1"><em>A List of the +Diseases which I have seen in the Ashantee country.</em> +</p> + +<table id="t379"> +<tr> +<td>Febris remittens</td> +<td>2 cases</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Hepatitis</td> +<td>1</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Dysenteria mucosa</td> +<td>6</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Colica</td> +<td>1</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Anasarca</td> +<td>3</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Ascites</td> +<td>3</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Scrophula</td> +<td>many cases</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Syphilis</td> +<td>many</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Gonorrhœa</td> +<td>2</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Stricture</td> +<td>3</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Cataract</td> +<td>2</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Staphyloma</td> +<td>5</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td><span class="pagenum" id="Page_380">[380]</span>Ectropium</td> +<td>1</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Bronchocele</td> +<td>many</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Cephalagia</td> +<td>many</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Odontalgia</td> +<td>10</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Ulcers</td> +<td>8</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Framboesia</td> +<td>many</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Psora</td> +<td>many</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Hernia inguinal</td> +<td>1</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Umbilical (hernia)</td> +<td>many</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Dracunculus</td> +<td>7</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Tinea capitis</td> +<td>many</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Hydrocele</td> +<td>many</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Cancer</td> +<td>1</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Elephantiasis</td> +<td>1</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Lepra</td> +<td>7</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<div class="footnotes" id="ftp2c11"> +<div class="footnote"> +<p><a id="Footnote_124"></a><a href="#FNanchor_124"><span class= +"label">[124]</span></a>I am indebted to Mr. Brown’s knowledge for +the names and references in the parentheses.</p> +</div> +</div> + +<hr class="chap"> + +<h2><span class="pagenum" id="Page_381">[381]</span><a id= +"p2c12"></a><span class="letter-spaced01">CHAPTER</span> XII.</h2> + +<hr class="decordb width8 spaced3"> + +<p class="sch1"><em>Mr. Hutchison’s Diary.</em> +</p> + +<p class="dcap"><span class="sc">September</span> 26. After we left +the palace this morning, Apokoo invited me home to take some +refreshment. He entered into a long conversation concerning the +slave trade: he heard, he said, that an English vessel had arrived +at Cape Coast, and had brought out a letter from the King of +England to the Governor-in-Chief, ordering a renewal of the slave +trade, and asked me, if I had received any letter. I said I had +not, but if such a thing had taken place, I thought I should have +early accounts. He enquired what were the objections we had to “buy +men?” I told him what I conceived to be proper; he laughed at our +ideas, and enquired if the king of Dahomey had not sent a “book +four moons ago to Cape Coast, inviting the English to trade again, +in his kingdom.” I replied there was a message sent, but I could +not say exactly in what words, as I was at Dix Cove at the time. +“England,” he said, “was too fond of fighting, her soldiers were +the same as dropping a stone in a pond, they go farther and +farther:” at the same time he described an enlarging circle with +his hand, and shook his finger and head significantly at me. He was +anxious for me to write a “proper book” on the slave trade, many +slaves, he told me, had revolted, and joining the Buntokoo standard +were to fight against them; there were too many slaves in the +country, (an opinion I tacitly acquiesced in), and they wanted to +get rid of<span class="pagenum" id="Page_382">[382]</span> some of +them. There might be a deal of trouble from them; he alone had one +slave, who had 1000 followers at arms, and he might trouble them as +Cudjo Cooma did, who was a slave of his when he revolted, and whose +adherents alone were 10,000, independent of runaways, &c.</p> + +<p>In the afternoon the King sent me a ceremonious message, with +his compliments, saying he would be glad if I attended him in his +customs, &c. when he should sit in public. I replied that I +would be happy to do so, as it was the King’s wish, except when +human sacrifices were offered, but then it would be contrary to my +inclinations, my religion, and my instructions.</p> + +<p>Shortly after I was told the King was in the market-place +drinking palm wine. I went for the first time and took my seat on +his left. The King made me a present of a pot of wine, as did +several of his chiefs. When he drank, the whole of the music +played, while the executioners, holding their swords with their +right hands, covered their noses with their left, whilst they sung +his victories and titles. About half a dozen small boys stood +behind his chair, and finished the whole with a fetish hymn. The +King enquired how many servants I had, and several questions of the +same kind. After sitting about half an hour the assembly broke up, +the King rising first, which is the signal to retire.</p> + +<p>Since the mission departed I have not been annoyed by any boys +calling after me. After seeing Messrs. Bowdich and Tedlie through +the town, on their going away, as I returned home the crowds +thanked me as I passed, for staying. I suppose they hardly +imagined, when it came to the last, that I would do so: indeed when +I returned to my lodgings I found them solitary enough; and, in the +night time, three men found their way into the house; one of my +servants awakening, shouted out; I struck at one of them with my +sword, but missed him: in the morning it<span class="pagenum" id= +"Page_383">[383]</span> was discovered that he had succeeded in +stealing nearly half a sheep, a quantity of kankey belonging to the +boys, and a table knife. I am not sanguine enough to imagine I +shall be long allowed to take my walks unmolested; when the novelty +of my remaining alone passes away, they will return to their old +insolencies.</p> + +<p>Monday 29. Paid Apokoo a visit, and dashed him a razor. Several +people were there talking palavers, and wishing him to interest the +King for them; among others, an old captain complained heavily of +Quamina Bwa, our guide, but since dead, who he said had stolen a +slave from him and sold him during the Fantee war; he had +unavailingly applied to the family, he therefore wished it to be +brought before the King.</p> + +<p>Apokoo complained of head-ach, and one of his women brought a +decoction of herbs, which she poured into a hollow piece of wood +with two tubes, these were inserted in the nostrils, and the liquor +poured in, while the head was held back, and afterwards spit out by +the mouth; I have seen the same poured into the ear for a like +complaint. He wished me to try a little of it; I of course declined +it. He called one of his daughter’s, and wished me to consaw, or +espouse her; I told him she was too young; he said that was +nothing, as he would keep her for me: he added, the Ashantee custom +was, if a great man’s wife with child took another man’s fancy, he +consawed the child in the womb, and if born a girl, when she grew +up she became his wife; if a boy, it was his to serve and attend on +him, and he took care of it. Four ounces of gold it generally cost +to consaw a girl. I said he was a rich man; “true,” he replied, +“but it sometimes costs eight or ten ounces, sometimes only two.” +Observing a bow and arrows standing in the room, I began to amuse +myself with shooting them; he told me these were only for play, but +when they went to fight, they tipped them with iron, and put a +deadly poison on it, which caused almost instant<span class= +"pagenum" id="Page_384">[384]</span> death; the poison is made from +vegetables boiled in a large pot, and the arrows steeped in it. He +shewed me the marks of two arrow wounds which he received in +battle. He then began to consult his fetish, by a quantity of +strings, with various ornaments on one end to denote their good or +evil qualities; these were mixed promiscuously together, and taking +them in his right hand, he put them behind his back, and drew out +one with his left; this was repeated about 20 times. A wicker +basket was then brought on a small stool covered with a silk cloth, +in it were two lumps like pincushions, made of eggs, palm oil, +&c.: he then turned up the bottom of his stool, and making +three holes in it with something like a cobler’s awl, he drove in +three pegs with a stone, muttering to himself all the time, and +waving each string round his right ear; an egg was then brought in +broken at one end, and placed alternately on the lumps in the +basket, and crushed on the stool where the pegs were put in: this +he did every morning before he went out, to keep him out of bad +palavers through the day.</p> + +<p>Tuesday 30. This morning Apokoo invited me to take a share of +his umbrella, and attend the King, who went to finish his +ablutions. We walked along through an immense crowd; the streets +were lined with the chiefs and their respective suites. We went +down to the place where the King washes; a low platform was erected +where the stools were laid on their sides. The linguists and +officers of the household stood on one side holding gold rods and +canes, the fetishmen formed a crescent to the north side. The King +performed the ceremony of laving the water over himself, sprinkling +the various articles the same as on Saturday, and the procession +concluded as before.</p> + +<p>On walking back Apokoo wished to try on one of my gloves, and as +usual put it on the wrong hand; his gold castanets pinched him when +the glove was on, which made him shout out rather<span class= +"pagenum" id="Page_385">[385]</span> lustily, and stop short, I +called out “you stop the King;” “never mind,” said he, and his +attendants pulled to get the glove off. The King sent to know what +occasioned the stoppage, Apokoo held up his hand compressed, +exclaiming, “<em>Gamphnee</em>,” (it hurts me,) and stopped till it +was got off.</p> + +<p>In the afternoon I called on Odumata, who said he was angry that +I had not called before. I told him I came to thank him for +allowing a slave boy he has, to do any thing for me; he said I +might have him so as I fed him, I replied I would do so. He entered +into conversation concerning the power of England over other +nations, and the danger of going to sea; he had lived three years +at Apollonia when a young man, and had seen many Portuguese, but +did not like them, “as they were all wenches!” He seemed pleased +that I did not like them either. He wished me to purchase a horse +from him for eight ounces, I said I would give him four.“ “I must +not want one, or I would not offer him so,” was his reply. I said +that I had no place to ride it in, the country being all bush, and +the King did not like me to go very far; he replied, they were soon +going to fight, and, as I should go with them, it would be better +for me to have a horse to ride than to walk. I answered, I should +lay hold of some wild boar and gallop it; this observation struck +him with astonishment, and stroking down his beard, he asked my +servant if he thought I could do so, who replied, if I took it in +my head I certainly would. Odumata said the people would think the +devil was come among them. This he told me is the last day of the +year, according to their calculation, but from what reason I do not +know. In the Sarem countries, he told me, they work iron from the +stone, and silver, gold, &c. into trinkets, better than in +Ashantee. I enquired why they did not make iron here, as they have +plenty of ore; his reply was truly African; “why should they do so, +when they had plenty of gold to buy it,<span class="pagenum" id= +"Page_386">[386]</span> and could get it so near.” I told him of +England’s resources from her own manufactories; he said it was not +good for white men to know so much; if black men knew those things +they would all run to England. When I got home I sent him a present +of a razor, he sent two messengers to thank me, such is their +fashion; and for even the smallest article they return thanks the +next day. Odumata enquired why I did not get drunk sometimes, and +come to see him then, I told him, were I to get drunk in Ashantee, +I ought to have my sword broke over my head, that I had indeed got +tipsey the evening before I came away, with my friends, and might +perhaps do so when I returned, but not till then. He gave me some +palm wine, and looked amazed at my swallowing only half a tumbler +full, “he would drink three pots before he went to bed!” (about 15 +gallons.)</p> + +<p>Wednesday, October 1. The King dictated a letter to the Governor +at Cape Coast, stating, that the King of Cape Coast had broken the +law by insulting an Ashantee man, who swore, by the King of +Ashantee’s head, that if the Cape Coast King did not kill him, he +must pay 110 periguins of gold to the King. This practice, though +it savours of madness, is yet often resorted to for revenge, as it +is almost sure to end in the ruin of the other party. The Cape +Coast King had threatened, that the Governor would put the Ashantee +man in the slave hole till he died, which appeard to irritate the +King very much.</p> + +<p>The King then enquired if I had any yams at home; I told him I +had a few of his last present; he told me he would send more to the +house for me, which he did, and gave me 5½ ackies gold; then +pressed me to take some gin and water; on his being told that it +must be very little, for I was afraid of an attack of spleen and +liver, and eat little and walked much, he said that was proper.</p> + +<p>Thursday 2. Through this and the afternoon of yesterday I +felt<span class="pagenum" id="Page_387">[387]</span> very feverish, +not being able to get any sleep for the rats at night. I kept my +room all day; the King sent a pot of palm wine in the evening. Adoo +Quamina called.</p> + +<p>Friday 3. Whilst writing letters, Apokoo sent his compliments +and would be happy to see me; I went, and he said he was sorry he +had not seen me for some days. I told him I was sick the two former +days, and to-day was writing to my family how I liked Ashantee; he +hoped I would give the King a good name in England. I should tell +truth. He enquired if I would like to see his croom (village.) I +replied yes! He was going there this evening, and if no palaver +came, he would send his people for me in the morning, to carry me. +He asked if I was not for one of his daughters, that he might be +called my father. He then enquired why I did not wear my hair tied, +and let my beard grow; he recollected Colonel Torrane and Mr. White +having tails at the siege of Annamaboe, and they looked very +handsome. He requested me to show him the skin of my arm, he gazed +on it with seeming pleasure, begged I would allow him to touch it; +on receiving permission, he rubbed his hand over it, exclaiming +“<em>Papa Taffia</em>,” (very handsome) and repeated his invitation +to go to the croom. I took my leave.</p> + +<p>As I was going home I met a man white-washed, carrying a vessel +covered over with a white cloth: this I have been often told is +Tando fetish, but can learn nothing more. Music and a great crowd +went with it to Adoo Quamina’s house, at the front of which they +put it down, and sacrificed a child of Cudjoo Cooma’s, the Akim +revolter, over it, as an annual sacrifice of the King’s.</p> + +<p>Saturday 4. Apokoo sent his people for me in the morning, who +took me to his croom, about three miles S.W. of Coomassie. The road +was in good order, and newly cut on account of my going; his slaves +all turned out to see me, many of them never having +seen<span class="pagenum" id="Page_388">[388]</span> a white man +before. Apokoo came to the entrance of the croom, which is small, +to meet me, and took me into the place where he lives himself; it +is like all country houses here, a square lined with palm leaves +and thatched with grass; his own room, raised on the floor, painted +with red inchuma or ochre, and at one end of it, his couch raised +on wood with plaited palm leaves, and covered with large cotton +cushions. Near his head hung three strings of fetish, made of gold, +red earth, horn, and bone, in the shape of thigh bones, horns, jaw +bones, &c. &c. One side of the square was fitted up with a +forge and bellows to work gold; another served as a cooking place, +and the fourth for his sons to sleep in. About 11 o’clock he went +to one of the side places to eat, that he might not trouble me in +his room, as he said. Before he began, small pieces of yam were +laid on his fetish; a small table was then set before him, and +clean water poured into a brass pan, with which he washed his right +hand, and then eat with it:—they are careful not to touch victuals +with their left hand. A large pot of yams and another of fish being +boiled, he satisfied himself first; the remainder was then divided +into as many lots as there were persons to partake; when the door +was opened, and about twenty sons and daughters, with their +calabashes, received each their mess. He had given my servant two +fowls, some fish and yams, and told him to make any thing I could +eat; I told him to make a soup of the fowls. When I was eating, +Apokoo said he thought I was ashamed, and requested I would let him +put down the screen; I told him I dared not eat much through the +day, being afraid of sickness. He enquired if I wished to go to +sleep, for his couch was at my service. I declined the offer, and +he went to sleep himself. Shortly after, four of his wives came +from town with a mess for him; he was awaked to know if they were +to have admittance, as usual: he ordered them to set down the meat +and go away; they pretended to do so, but<span class="pagenum" id= +"Page_389">[389]</span> sat down under one of the sheds, and began +to annoy the slaves, but their stifled laughter soon awoke Apokoo, +who stretched out his neck, and seeing them, told them in a +passion, it was because I was there that they wished to stop, and +that they had better be off; they took the hint and made their +retreat. He got up to shew me his gold ornaments, which weighed 146 +bendas (£1168.) and made his people kindle the forge fire to melt +some rock gold to make a fish; but the mould not being perfect, it +was spoiled. He enquired if ever I had been in a yam plantation; on +my replying in the negative, we went to see one; he asked if I +would allow him to ride in my hammock, I gave him leave; it was +better than his basket, he said, except that he did not like his +legs hanging down. He wished me to dig up a yam; the people brought +me a long pointed stick, which is forced into the earth to loosen +the yam, afterwards the fibres are cut with a knife. After I had +dug up ten, he hoped I would accept of them as a present; yams are +set like potatoes in Europe, they are put in the ground about +December, so that they are nine months growing to maturity. He said +he should not go to Coomassie that night, as he had to decorate his +drums with tigers skins, but that he would be in on Tuesday. If I +wished to come out and see him before that time he would send +people for me, and be glad. I said I should come out some other +time, but not so soon. I set off for Coomassie about six o’clock, +having spent a very agreeable day.</p> + +<p>About seven o’clock the King sent for me; on my going, he would +trouble me, he said, to read a book he had that day found in a +man’s possession. It proved to be a Danish note to the King for +three ounces per month, dated August 1, 1811; it seemed as if a +seal had been affixed to it, but the impression had disappeared, +and it was very much worn. The King said he never knew of it; that +an Ashantee captain had received and kept it, but he +would<span class="pagenum" id="Page_390">[390]</span> enquire about +it. His majesty wished me to drink something, I declined it; he +hoped I was not sick, I said no, but drinking made my head ach; he +hoped I would sleep sound, paid me many compliments that I cannot +repeat; enquired of my servant if I was a good master, with other +questions of the like nature.</p> + +<p>Saturday 11. The King sent for me, and on going to the palace I +found them in full council talking palavers. Adoosee was ordering a +messenger to go to Quamina Bootaqua, to make him proceed to Cape +Coast, and inform the Governor that Payntree had sworn by the King +and had broke his oath, Bootaqua having sent word to the King of +it; but they did not mention any thing to me. After this, Adoosee +informed me, that messengers have gone from Amanfoo, sent by Sam +Brue, to complain that the Cape Coast people had come armed against +him to kill him. After hearing a long statement of grievances, they +told me I must write to the Governor about it; I said I would, at +the same time I assured the King that Sam Brue was a slave trader, +and not to be tolerated at Cape Coast, his conduct was so infamous; +they then called on his messenger to know what reason Sam had to +leave Cape Coast; he entered at great length into the grievances +experienced by Brue from the Governor in Chief and officers, +because he owed eight ounces of gold; I was called in to reply, +which I said I could not condescend to do, until I heard from the +Governor in Chief, as they had sent messengers to complain to him. +Adoosee charged four messengers with what they were to tell the +Governor, making them take fetish and other formalities usual only +on great occasions, thereby giving the affair an importance it did +not merit. The King, on the breaking up of the council, said he +would send for me shortly after, to write an account of the affair +to the Governor; when I returned home, I did communicate the whole +to the Governor, as the King’s letters are so hurried.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_391">[391]</span>I heard nothing +from the King all day, but at night a Fantee man called on me, who +had been taken by the Ashantees in last year’s war, and whom I had +been trying to liberate by speaking in his behalf to the King, and +concerning four ounces of gold that had been taken. The captain +concerned in it, to get quit of the palaver, had urged one of his +wives to swear the man had lain with her; she accordingly made a +formal complaint; the man was put in irons in the bush and only +released yesterday morning as they thought to catch the King when +he had some palavers pending, which would make him angry; they +therefore brought it before the King yesterday morning, thinking he +would order the man’s head to be cut off; but he told the King that +this palaver was brought against him because I had spoken for him; +the woman was called, who insisted the man had lain with her, the +man denied it, and on being offered fetish he cheerfully took it, +and swore by the King to the contrary. The woman would not do so, +and the King ordered the irons to be taken from the man, and put on +the woman, telling her, she had not looked at the man properly, as +it must be some other person.</p> + +<p>Tuesday 14. This morning a man was beheaded at the door of the +house where I live, by Aboidwee, the house master: it appears, the +man in question was brother to a caboceer, and presumptive heir to +his property; tired of waiting so long he made fetish incantations, +and other ceremonies peculiar to them, to destroy his brother; this +coming to the brother’s ears, and also, that he had enjoyed one of +his wives five times, he complained to the King and requested he +would put the offender to death to save his own life; the King +complied, and ordered Aboidwee to put the sentence in +execution.</p> + +<p>Wednesday 15. The Adaï custom. I went as usual with flags, and +first received the usual offering of rum, and ten ackies of +gold<span class="pagenum" id="Page_392">[392]</span> instead of a +sheep. I called on Baba, the chief of the Moors, in the afternoon, +who said he would teach me Arabic if I would teach him English; I +said I would; but I am afraid he is too old for progress. I called +on Odumata in my way back, who annoyed me as usual to drink palm +wine, although it gives me a head ache. Akotoo, the King’s brother, +was there, who said he had only seen me four times since the +mission went away, and wished me to call on him. The conversation +turned on the King’s going to war, and his anxiety for me to go and +see how they killed their enemies, and he would give me gold to +feed me. I was told by a Fantee man, that Sam Brue had procured 200 +guns and a quantity of powder for the King, for slaves he had sold +to the Spaniards now on the coast.</p> + +<p>Friday 17. Deputies from the Warsaw states arrived a few days +ago, to settle the differences between them and the Ashantees. It +is thought, a fine to the King and future tribute may compromise +the matter. Odumata informed me, that the slave ship has 600 slaves +on board; and that, through Sam Brue’s exertions; he confirmed the +report of the guns and powder.</p> + +<p>Sunday 19. The heaviest rain, thunder, and lightning I ever saw, +and has continued for several days and nights. About 7 o’clock A.M. +the King’s drums announced his going to the market-place, where all +his chiefs went and were drenched with wet till 2 o’clock P.M. when +the King sent for rum and palm wine and dismissed them drunk and +dirty. On Monday the scene was continued till the slaves had got +the house covered in.</p> + +<p>Tuesday 21. Agay the linguist returned from Assin, where he had +been four months; and brought with him a number of Fantees and +their families, as slaves. During the eruption of the Fantees in +1816, many of them ran to the Assin country to try and elude the +vigilance of the King, but he heard of it, and sent<span class= +"pagenum" id="Page_393">[393]</span> Agay to demand them, who, +after a long negociation, succeeded. A council was held at Abrassoo +on the Barramang road, and the slaves were sent to Barramang to +build a new croom for the King.</p> + +<p>Sunday, November 2. The King has been busy for the last twelve +days making fetish, &c. for the success of the war; the Moors +going every morning to the palace for prayer and sacrifice: to day +being Adaï custom, I went as usual, and received ten ackies of gold +and a flask of rum, the foremost in the assembly, which was +numerous.</p> + +<p>Friday 7. A serious palaver has arisen between the King and +Adoosee the chief linguist, he having taken a bribe from some +person to misrepresent a palaver to the King; this coming to the +King’s ear, he sent in a fury to Adoosee, who, on being charged +with it, thought his life would be the forfeit, and sent an express +to Apokoo to come and intercede for him; Apokoo being at his croom, +it has been several times talked before the King, but no +settlement, has taken place.</p> + +<p>Several people have been making application to me to demand them +of the King, as belonging to the forts, having been detained as +slaves during the Fantee war, and when Winnebah fort was destroyed. +They are commonly very old, and of the female sex.</p> + +<p>Saturday 8. Adoosee has got his palaver settled by paying twenty +ounces of gold, and six or eight sheep to the King; Adoosee’s +friends alleged that he ought not to pay any thing, because when +any palaver comes he settles it at once; but if he is not there, +they have to go to council, which in fact is true; but +notwithstanding his abilities, and that he takes his seat as usual, +the King looks at him with a gloomy eye. The King has been busy +making human sacrifices for the success of the war, at Bantama, +Assafoo, and Aduma, in the evenings; and the Moors make +their<span class="pagenum" id="Page_394">[394]</span> offerings of +sheep in the palace in the mornings according to the moslem ritual. +Though the zealous Christian may lament that the Gospel has not +taken place of the fetish, yet the friends of humanity will rejoice +that the King favours the Moors, as many lives have been saved that +would otherwise have been destroyed at the present crisis. To day a +bullock was offered up in the chief market-place, previous to the +entrance of the chiefs, caboceers, &c. into the town, to meet +in council, and determine on the method of conducting the war: in +the afternoon, Boitinnë Quama, King of Dwabin, sent his compliments +to me to announce his arrival. Shortly after, the various bands of +music declared the arrival of the tributaries, &c.; the King of +Ashantee took his seat in the market-place, and received their +compliments as they passed before him. About nine o’clock at night +Boitinnë, King of Dwabin paid me a private visit, and brought me a +present of two curious Gennet cats.</p> + +<p>Sunday 9. At day break the firing of guns, music, &c. +announced a custom for the husband of the King’s sister (the second +woman in the kingdom), he having died in the bush on Friday, about +7 o’clock; the King went to the market-place to make custom, and +sacrificed two men; several others were killed by various +caboceers. In the evening Apokoo and the other captains who are to +exhibit their gold, paraded the streets, firing musketry, &c.; +the crowd was great. At 8 o’clock, his majesty of Dwabin came with +the messengers he sent to Cape Coast to have a suit of clothes, he +said two trunks were at his house and he brought a sword to shew +me, which the Governor had sent.</p> + +<p>Friday 14. Before I got up, I was annoyed with a crowd of +captains who began to annoy me for liquor. I ordered them out and +desired a boy to keep the door fast. I sent a dash of wine, rum, +sugar, soap, butter, and perfumery to the king, who was +highly<span class="pagenum" id="Page_395">[395]</span> pleased. To +all the principal captains, a dash of rum, wine, and sugar, till I +had nearly expended my stock: the whole day was a continual +annoyance from visitors, troubling me for drink, but as I was +resolved to give to those only who were worthy, many of them were +disappointed. This week past Apokoo and several of the captains +have been making an exhibition of their riches; this is generally +done once in life, by those who are in favour with the King, and +think themselves free from palavers. It is done by making their +gold into various articles of dress for show. Apokoo, who sent for +me before his uproar began, shewed me his varieties, weighing +upwards of 800 bendas of the finest gold; among the articles, was a +girdle two inches broad. Gold chains for the neck, arms, legs, +&c. ornaments for the ancles of all descriptions, consisting of +manacles, with keys, bells, chairs, and padlocks. For his numerous +family of wives, children, and captains, were armlets and various +ornaments. A superb war cap of eagle’s feathers, fetishes, Moorish +charms, &c. Moorish caps, silk dresses, purses, bags, &c. +made of monkey skin. Fans, with ivory handles, made of tiger skin, +and decorated with silk. New umbrellas made in fantastical shapes, +gold swords and figures of animals, birds, beasts, and fishes of +the same metal; his drums, and various instruments of music, were +covered with tiger skin, with red belts for hanging them. Ivory +arrows and bows, covered with silk and skins, and many other +weapons of war or fancy, such as the mind in a like situation would +devise. Apokoo was anxious that I should come and see him when out, +but from the noise, I judged that they were too turbulent for me to +venture without a chance of being insulted.</p> + +<p>Saturday 15. Again annoyed by the people wishing for drink. +Apokoo called with his retinue to thank me; for the Governor had +given his people a flask of Jamaica rum. He had got three +days<span class="pagenum" id="Page_396">[396]</span> to play, as he +called it, and was sorry that he had not seen me. I told him I had +very seldom been out, except when there was no noise, as the people +were so unruly in the evening.</p> + +<p>Monday 17. In the afternoon Apokoo sent a message, saying he was +come to the door of the house to play and shew me his gold, hoping +I would come out. I went and found a Moorish carpet spread, at one +end of which I was seated under an umbrella, while Apokoo and his +wives, children, and captains danced by turns before me. Some of +his young wives were dressed with great taste, a rich silk cloth +with a bag made of fine fur, slung over the shoulder, studded with +gold ornaments: on the left shoulder they held a pistol, and in the +right hand a silver bow and arrow. During the dance, if Apokoo was +pleased with them he took the bow and hung it on some of the +ornaments, when she retired from the dance; this was a strong mark +of approbation, if I may judge from the applause that followed: to +some he gave a little gold. Several times he took from their necks +various ornaments which he placed on my knees and over my left +shoulder; this was the greatest mark of honour he could shew me; +and his band played a tune in praise of England, and of our +abilities in settling differences. Many of the captains sent him +presents of gold and rum. I gave him a large flask of wine, which +he said pleased him more than all the others, as it would shew the +people I thought him a good man.</p> + +<p>Thursday 20. The Moorish caboceer of Alphia called to day, +requesting I would allow him to bring his brother and nephew who +had arrived, as they wished to see me: on receiving my permission +he sent for them, and as they immediately made their appearance, +they must have been waiting at the door. I shewed them a compass, +sand-glass, quadrant, some phosphorus, and several other things; at +the sight of each they bent their heads to the ground,<span class= +"pagenum" id="Page_397">[397]</span> exclaiming “Allahoo Akabir!” +God is great. I gave the caboceer a wax candle, piece of a perfumed +soap (which he was going to eat!) a flask of Jamaica rum, and some +sugar; things he had never seen before: he begged to be allowed to +touch my hand, and continued calling out Ah! bielane Wasieh! Ah +Nasara! Ah white visier! Ah Christian. He said he had a sister whom +he would make me a present of, if I would have her. The caboceer of +Alphia is brother to the caboceer of Premehinie, east of Ashantee, +in the Sarem region, and subject to Saï Tootoo; it is 14 days +journey to Alphia, one day to Brookoom, where the head fetish of +that country dwells, and one day more to Crumassia and Sodie, a +range of high hills.</p> + +<p>I told him I would buy his horse if he would put a reasonable +price on it, and would give him a note to get powder, rum, &c. +at the Cape: he said the Ashantees brought rum to Sarem, but they +boiled pepper in water and sold it to them; he never tasted such +good adrue (medicine) as mine.</p> + +<p>I have been learning Arabic this last month, principally from +the Shereef Abraham, who comes from Boussa, where Mungo Park was +drowned, and he, as he says, was an eye witness to it; his great +sanctity made the King of Ashantee send for him to pray and make +sacrifice for the success of the war. The other Moors here look on +him with an evil eye, because he will not wear fetishes as they do, +and be present at human sacrifice. This place now presents the +singular spectacle of a Christian and Mahometan agreeing in two +particulars, rejecting fetishes, and absenting themselves from +human sacrifices and other abominations: the rest of the people, of +whatever country they may be, when the King’s horns announce any +thing of the kind, strive who will get there first to enjoy the +agonies of the victims. The Shereef told me to-day, that the reason +he came so seldom to see me, was, that the<span class="pagenum" id= +"Page_398">[398]</span> King had heard he was teaching me the +Koran, but he wished him not to do so, he did not wish me to know +how “to call on God;” but, said Abraham, I shall teach you as much +as I can, that when you go to your own country you may give the +Moors a good name, for I told the King you knew Arabic before you +saw me, and we sometimes spake together in that language. He had a +beautiful copy of the Koran which he intended to leave me, but the +King had told him he must have it, that when any trouble came he +might hold it up to God, and beg his mercy and pardon: but he would +try and get a small one for me.</p> + +<p>Saturday 22. This morning a slave belonging to the house master +swore by the King’s head that he must kill him to-day. A great +uproar ensued, while they put him in irons, and they got out the +family stools and sacrificed fowls and sheep, pouring the blood on +them to propitiate the wrath of the King from the family. The King +was then told of it, who said as that was his fetish day he could +not kill a man that day, but to-morrow he would behead him.</p> + +<p>It appears he had connection with one of his brother’s wives, +who, hearing of it, cautioned him from doing so again, or else he +would tell the King and make him kill him: he was again found with +the woman, and his brother went to the King to complain. Hearing +this, and fearing the torture, he swore by the King that he must +shoot him with eight muskets. The King on being told this, said he +would put such small shot into the muskets as only to wound him, +and then he should torture him; hereby fulfilling his own law, +which he considers sacred.</p> + +<p>Sunday 23. About 12 o’clock sent for by the King, whom I found +scolding his sister for disobedience in one of her slaves. After +sitting some time talking on indifferent subjects, the King said he +should go to council, about what he was going to say to me. Shortly +after he sent one of his sons to say his father was<span class= +"pagenum" id="Page_399">[399]</span> going to eat and wash, if I +would be kind enough to return home. I heard that messengers from +Elmina had arrived the evening before, and expected to hear of some +complaint of breaking the law, as they style it: although I could +not reconcile it with an observation I had made; a pair of razors I +had presented to the King were invariably sent to me to sharpen, as +the King wished to shave with them, when any favourable affair was +to be talked, and that morning they came as usual.</p> + +<p>I was again sent for, and the King announced in a formal manner +his intention of going in person to make war on Adinkara, the King +of Buntookoo, and wished me to announce it to the Governor. I +therefore wrote a letter of the King’s dictating, stating this to +the Governor, and requesting him to give on trust 300 oz. kegs, +powder, and 300 muskets, and sending to the Governor in Chief six +periguins of gold, and to the Governor of Annamaboe four periguins, +to purchase a cloth for him, the handsomest they could find, and +inviting them to send him a dash and make the town’s people do the +same, for the prosperity of the war. His Majesty was very lavish in +his compliments of the generosity of the English, and their great +riches; he then enquired if I was willing to go to fight, I replied +certainly, if I could obtain the Governor’s permission, I should +like it very much: he thanked me very warmly. I heard, on my return +to the house, that the Dutch General had sent as a present to the +King 60 oz. kegs powder, and the Elmina people 40, which caused +this stir.</p> + +<p>Monday 24. Sent for again to write the Governor word that the +King sent down 30 men to be clothed as soldiers, if the Governor +could spare clothes, one of them to be as captain and one a +serjeant, with a flag. His Majesty also wished to have arrow root, +Port wine, sugar, candles, and a few other things for the campaign. +I was then told to write a letter to the Danish Governor in +Chief<span class="pagenum" id="Page_400">[400]</span> to the same +effect, and to ask him for payment of what was due on his note. I +foresaw this would make an uproar; and on the note being handed to +me to know what was due on it, when I told the King that nothing +was on it, he got into the greatest rage I have yet seen him in, +with the captain who receives the pay. This man had been sent down +to Accra about three months ago, to receive what pay was due, Mr. +Bowdich writing to the Danish Governor in Chief to know, for the +King’s satisfaction, what was sent. On his return, the latter +stated that the King’s note was paid up to the ensuing Christmas. +There being a great deficiency between what was stated in the +letter, and what the captain produced, he charged Mr. Bowdich with +mis-stating what was in the letter; Quashie Apaintree, the +linguist, was sworn on the King’s fetish to interpret proper; the +Ashantee still insisted, and to clear himself, said the book was +<em>not</em> paid to Christmas. The King and linguists remembered +this, and when they heard that the note was actually paid to the +end of the year, every one tried who would be loudest in their +accusations against him. Apokoo, who is his chief, was loudest +against him, he said he had used him disrespectfully, and never +gave him any of the dashes he received; besides he had given the +lie to an English officer, and at the same time he cheated the +King; he therefore left him to the mercy of his Majesty. The King +said he must return him all the gold back he had lent him; and as +for the fort at Accra, he might take the pay when he pleased. A +hat, certainly a bad one, was brought in, and the King asked me if +I thought it worth the price charged for it. I replied I was not a +judge, as such hats were not sent out for us; but if I were, I must +positively decline interfering in the King’s affairs with his +servants. By degrees the King worked himself to such a height of +passion, that throwing his cloth around him, and hastily rising, he +ordered the captain’s arrest. The King’s sons seized on him, and he +stood<span class="pagenum" id="Page_401">[401]</span> appalled, as +the silver cane fell from his hand. I once thought the King would +have committed some extravagance, none of the chiefs daring to +rise; Agay at length arose, and in his energetic manner requested +that his majesty would recollect I was present. The King ordered +his sons to go with the captain to his house, and bring him all the +gold they found; he then withdrew, but I heard him storming in his +apartments. Shortly after, Odumata’s brother came to say, that the +chiefs might thank me, as were it not for my sake, every one of +them would have been turned out of the palace by the slaves. Agay, +who was the only one who followed the King, came to apologise for +the abrupt departure of his Majesty: he hoped I would not be +offended, and requested I would go home and dine, as it was late, +and the King would send for me soon.</p> + +<p>Tuesday 25. The King sent for me to write another letter to the +Governor, saying he had sent down three pieces of rock gold as a +pawn for powder; they were the largest I have yet seen, one of them +weighing about 20 ounces. I gave his Majesty a packet of letters to +be forwarded to Cape Coast: he rallied me on the size of it, and +said he supposed I wrote the Governor and Mr. Bowdich every palaver +in town.</p> + +<p>To-day the stool of Alphia was declared in abeyance; the son of +the caboceer Premehinia having brought a complaint against the +caboceer of Alphia, who is brother to the former; his sable +highness came on a beautiful Arabian, of a very small size; at the +sound of drums and horns he danced and went through various +evolutions.</p> + +<p>Friday 28. To-day the caboceer of Alphia was deposed, and his +brother the caboceer of Premehinia had the stool attached to his +other possessions. In the afternoon whilst I was out, the Moorish +prince, with a large retinue, called to pay me a visit, I found +one<span class="pagenum" id="Page_402">[402]</span> of his +attendants sitting at the door with a gold sword, who, on receiving +permission, went and told him I was come home; shortly after he +came, and expressed great wonder at all he saw. He said I had too +many silver spoons, and modestly requested I would give him one or +two; his attendant who fanned him thought so too, as he attempted +to steal one, but one of the servants happening to pass, he threw +it under the table. I wished him to sell me his horse, but he said +he was too great a man to walk home, and the ground hurt his +feet.</p> + +<p>Sunday 30. The King paid me a long visit, he heard, he said, +that my horse had died, and had come to see me least I should think +he forgot me, but he had so much fetish to make, and so many +palavers to settle, that he had little time. The conversation then +turned on the travels of Englishmen, and the white men drowned in +the Quolla (Niger.) I explained to his Majesty the objects of the +expeditions sent from England to the interior of Africa, and +expressed how anxious I was to get Mr. Park’s books and papers for +the King of England; his Majesty promised to aid me in doing so, +and before he went away, desired me to point out to him what I +conceived the proper method.</p> + +<p>The King then began to talk about my living with him, and if I +liked to do so; he said I was like a king, and wished his people to +treat me with respect, and every one run to see me when I went out, +as they run to see him. I said that some of his people wished to +accuse me of treason for putting buckles in my shoes at the Adaï +custom. The King said that none dared do so, but those whom he +ordered, any other would have their heads cut off: but I was +different, and he knew Englishmen did what was proper. His majesty +took his leave with many expressions of personal attention, which, +whether they were sincere or not, were at least to be received with +politeness.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_403">[403]</span>Monday, December +1. One of the King’s nephews came to see me, but was terribly +afraid to pass the man in irons who swore on the King, least he +should swear that when the King killed him, he must also kill his +nephew, which would cost a deal of gold; for such is the sacredness +of the law, that in that case the King must do it. I had a key of a +door where I could privately let him out, without passing through +the courts of the house, by which he gladly made his escape. This +man has been no small annoyance, as no person of rank will venture +to call on me, least they should be brought into trouble by his +swearing on their heads.</p> + +<p>Tuesday 2. The King to-day made a present of 10 periguins of +gold to the Moors in town for their services, and they were to +divide it themselves. This created no small altercation among them; +those belonging to the town wished to keep it all, and not give the +Shereef Abraham any, who came from the banks of the Niger; as the +King had that morning told him he wished him to accompany him to +the war, he told them it was of no consequence, as he should not +accompany the King unless he was looked on with the same degree of +rank as Baba, as, indeed, he was superior from his knowledge, and +belonging to Mahomet’s family. On this they gave him three +periguins, the same that Baba had: all were then pleased with their +portion except one, called Aboo, who only had 10 ackies; he +consoled himself by making the usual exclamation, “God is great! he +never dies, he never sleeps,” and said he left the palaver in his +hands.</p> + +<p>Thursday 4. Apokoo paid me a visit to thank me for some medicine +I had given him, being sick after his great custom; he enquired if +I heard that Fantee messengers were come to this place, I said no, +but I expected them soon to take the King’s fetish, as he wished +them to do so, previous to his going to war; he then told me that +the King heard there were some on the path,<span class="pagenum" +id="Page_404">[404]</span> and could not think what their message +was; I told him they must either be those the Governor was sending +up, or Fantees with the King’s tribute; on his going away, he +requested I would let him out by the door I had the key of, as he +also was afraid of the man in irons swearing on his life, and was +glad he could avoid passing him.</p> + +<p>Friday 5. This was the coldest morning I have felt since I came +to Africa, being scarcely able to take breakfast, I was so chilly; +the thermometer stood at 65°.</p> + +<p>I was desired to write a letter to General Daendels, telling him +the King had lost his notes for the Dutch forts, and requesting him +to give new ones to Akimpon. The King’s father had conquered the +Akim chief, who held a note for Dutch Accra; he also conquered the +King of Adinkara, who had the Elmina note, both of which were given +up to him; he would not take them both in one note as the General +wished, but he must have one payable at Elmina and one at Accra. +When the King weighed out the gold for his messengers expences, he +weighed 10 ackies for me, which I hoped his Majesty would take +back, as I did not wish for them, and requested he would not think +I wished payment for writing a letter for him. My scruples were +laughed at by them all, and the King said “that white men were very +singular, as they gave gold or a good dash to any one who did any +thing for them, yet they would not take any: he wished to do +something like white men, and when any one did any thing for him he +gave them something, and he wished me to take this to shew his good +will.” Odumata, who is the greediest man in Coomassie for gold, +whispered, if I did not like it, I might send it to him when I got +home. I did not exactly understand him, or I would have offered it +to him then with pleasure, to expose his avarice.</p> + +<p>The captain who was arrested last week for peculation on +Danish<span class="pagenum" id="Page_405">[405]</span> Accra, +appeared in his place to day; he had promised Amanquateä and +Quatchie Quophie, the two chief captains, a large present if they +would settle the affair for him, which they did, and he received +the letters to proceed to the fort as usual.</p> + +<p>Apokoo having told the King of the inconvenience arising to any +chief coming to me, from the culprit in irons being in the way, he +was removed to a private part of Apokoo’s house, where he could +annoy no one, till the Adaï custom, when he is to be beheaded, as +the affair cannot be settled without.</p> + +<p>Sunday 7. Several of the Moorish caboceers came to take leave, +as they were going to-morrow to their own country previous to the +war, and were to meet the King on the road when he went, and +consequently would not see me again for some time; on my enquiring +how long the King was to be absent, they replied, God had told them +seven months would finish the war; they enquired if I should like +to see them at Cape Coast, as they should come and see me, to which +I said I should. After drinking coffee, &c. they took a hurried +leave, as one of the King’s people came to tell me one of his +Majesty’s daughters was dead, and shortly after, constant +discharges of musketry announced the custom. The King in the +afternoon came to the market place close to the house, to make +custom with his chiefs. I understood that human sacrifices were to +be offered, and walked out to avoid the uproar.</p> + +<p>On my way I paid a visit to Baba, who was performing ablution; +he said he was going to prayer, but would soon have done, I told +him I would sit down till he had finished. Cow hides were spread in +rows for the worshippers, in the front was a large hide for Baba. +All having taken off their sandals and prostrated themselves with +their faces to the east (to Mecca,) the service began by one of +them chaunting the usual call to prayer; the chorus of Allahoo +Akaber! (God is great) was well performed by the others.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_406">[406]</span>There was +something solemn and affecting in it, contrasted with the heavy +discharges of musketry and shouts of the populace in the distance, +which proclaimed the bloody sacrifice was begun, while the vultures +and crows wheeled in mazy circles expecting their usual share of +the banquet, and the sun shot his last gleams through the heavy +fogs that encircled the town.</p> + +<p>As I went home I passed the headless trunks of two female +slaves, laying neglected and exposed in the market place, that had +been sacrificed, one by the King and one by the deceased’s family. +The vultures were revelling undisturbed amidst the blood.</p> + +<p>I happened to-day to throw down a tumbler of wine and water with +my foot, having placed it on the ground, while the Moorish Shereef +was with me; he bent his head to Mecca, pronouncing “God is great!” +and told me it was my good angel who had done so, for who might +tell but there was poison in the cup to destroy me? he said man had +always two angels attending him, one on his right hand as his good +angel, and one on his left as his evil one; whatever good he did +was prompted by the former, and whatever ill by the latter one. I +have never found them without a reason for every thing, or a name, +except to the mother of Moses, whom they say nobody knows on earth; +the Shereef gravely enquired if I knew the name of Aboobaker’s +father, I assured him I did not; he told me many of the Moors could +not tell, but as he was of Mahomet’s family he knew more things, +and told me it was <em>Kahābata</em>.</p> + +<p>I heard from the Sarem Moors that they fight with bows and +arrows steeped in deadly poison, the least scratch of which is +instant death. They gather scorpions tails, snakes heads, and the +poisonous parts of any reptile that affects man; this, with several +vegetable substances which they would not name, are put in a pot, +and set over the fire at sun rise; they boil it all day and must +not eat<span class="pagenum" id="Page_407">[407]</span> or drink, +but stir it about repeating incantations, and shaking a pair of +iron castanets, without which, the charm would be incomplete. I saw +an old hag at this work on the Bantama road, who would not answer +my question as to what she was doing, but made many wry faces, and +squint looks, for me to be gone and not spoil her work, and while I +stood, she stirred, and muttered, and clattered the castanets with +greater fury.</p> + +<p>My attention being anxiously turned towards information +concerning the Niger and its course, all enquiries end in making +the Nile its continuation. An old Moor from Jennë told me, unasked, +that while he was at Askanderee (Alexandria) twenty-six years ago +he saw a fight at the mouth of the Nile between ships, and one of +them was blown up in the air with a terrible explosion. This must +have been the battle fought by Lord Nelson, although there is a +mistake in the date of seven years; he surely could not invent such +a story. He states also, that returning to Masser (Grand Cairo) the +European armies advanced to that place; the first army took every +thing they wanted and would not pay: but when the second European +and Turkish army got possession of it, they paid for whatever they +wanted. All the Moors were ordered to retire to one quarter of the +city, and not allowed to mix with the soldiers; this agrees with +Sir Robert Wilson’s account of the Egyptian campaign. I shewed him +a seal I have, of Pompey’s pillar, which he said he knew; he had +travelled from Jennë to Masser on a joma (camel) and drew me a map +of the Quolla and Nile from its source to its emptying itself into +the sea at Alexandria. There is one thing that disagrees with Mr. +Park’s account, they call the Niger Quolla at Jennë, Sansanding, +&c. and describe the Jolliba as falling into the Quolla to the +east of Timbuctoo. When I told them of the conjectures that the +great<span class="pagenum" id="Page_408">[408]</span> river of +Africa emptied itself into a large lake, they laughed at such an +idea, and reasoned so as to put wiser heads to the blush. “God,” +say they, “made all rivers to run to the sea, you say that small +rivers go there: the Quolla is the largest river in the world, and +why should it not go there also? Was it to lose itself in the lake, +where could the waters go to?” They describe the Quolla as about +five miles in breadth, and having a very rocky channel, the banks +on both sides very high and rugged; in many places, canoes often +take a day to pass a short distance, from the dangerous whirlpools, +and sudden squalls: at other places, the stream runs with great +rapidity.</p> + +<p>They think the Mediterranean sea to be circular, without mixing +with the ocean; seven rivers from Africa turn their course to it, +but only two reach the shores, of which the Nile is one. The rush +of the waters of the Nile, when they meet the sea is so great, that +the waves are driven into the air with great force, and retire like +waves against a rock. They call the Mediterranean sea Bahare Mall. +The Red sea, say they, assumes various colours at different +periods, from seven streams pouring their course into it, red, +blue, yellow, &c. Hence they call it Majumaal Bahare, or the +confluence of streams. They are very fond of mystical numbers, and +often quote seven. The lake Caudie they call Bahare Nohoo, or the +water of Noah, from the tradition that the deluge broke out from +thence. They describe it as encompassed with rocks, within which is +a bed of sand, and then the water. This we may allow to be a little +fanciful, as I have seen a map of the earth drawn by Baba, where +the world is supposed to be round, and encompassed with a rocky +girdle, the sea is supposed to flow between this and the earth, +which is placed in the centre. They are not singular in this idea; +as all rude nations form the same notions of the globe:<span class= +"pagenum" id="Page_409">[409]</span> but though we reject, with +reason, their foolish notions of many things, it would be no great +sign of wisdom to refuse every information from them.</p> + +<p>Man is a reasoning animal, and enquires into the nature of +things in a rude, as well as in a civilised state; and if he cannot +give a just, will at least give a plausible reason for many +things.</p> + +<p>The Moors say “That the noise people hear, when they stop their +ears with their hands, is the rolling of the waters of libation in +paradise, where Mahomet purifies all those he saves from hell, +before they enter into the state of the blessed. It is for this +reason they perform ablution before they pray; the fire burning +other parts of their bodies, while their face, hands, feet, &c. +remained untouched, hence Mahomet when he looks for them, knows +them from Jews, Christians, &c. They have also a sentence +written on their foreheads, “Hooalie Jahanamoo naataka raboo +baskafaatee Mahomada roosoola lahee sallee allahoo alahe +wasalame.”</p> + +<p>Inoculation for the small pox is practised in the Moorish +countries; they take the matter, and puncture the patient in seven +places, both on the arms and legs. The sickness continues but a few +days, and rarely any person dies of it. It is also done in +Ashantee. Seven is their mystical number.</p> + +<p>Monday, December 8. To day the King killed a man on account of +his daughter who died yesterday, and to be out of the way, I called +on Odumata, whom I found well charged with palm wine: his usual +discourse of the greatness of the King and the manner of the +Ashantees fighting took up his time: he said that when white men +wished to fight, they sent a book to the other party, telling them +they would meet them on such a day, but the Ashantees took their +enemies by surprise, which shortened their wars. I told him he had +repeated the same story about fifty times in two +months,<span class="pagenum" id="Page_410">[410]</span> and wished +to know if the English did so at Annamaboe, where fifteen white men +killed thousands of Ashantees; this put him on the fidget, as I +knew it would, and he said that it was on him the English fired +first, and he fought them without the King’s leave, who was angry +when he heard that they had returned the fire of the fort; I told +him it was a fine excuse to cover their defeat. He enquired if I +thought they could not have taken the fort? I told him if they +could have done it they would. He said, if the King says we must do +any thing, we must do it. I asked him, if the King told them to +pull down the moon, if they could do it? He then got up from his +chair and began to manoeuvre how he and Apokoo were to have made a +breach in Annamaboe fort, to the no small enjoyment of several of +his wives, captains, and slaves, who were present; they were to +have burned the gates, and with axes to have cut through the walls. +He said they had Dutch and Danish flags, which they had taken from +forts; why, I enquired, did they not show the English trophies? +They had none, he said: and the King had told them, that were he to +kill white men from England, he might as well kill all the cocks in +the kingdom; the one told the hour, and when to rise in the +morning; the other brought them good things from England, and +learned them sense; besides, if any of their slaves did ill, they +told them they would sell them to the whites, which made them +better. I told him black men had the eyes of a thief, the paws of a +tiger, and the belly of a hog, for they were never satisfied; he +said I was right, for they were now going to war, and would take +whatever they could find; he thought 30,000 Ashantees would be +killed, but that was nothing. He then locked up his wives because I +put evil in their heads, by saying that Englishmen allowed every +one a husband. I then took my leave.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_411">[411]</span>Monday 15. Baba, +the chief of the Moors, having told me that a Moor was going to +Jennë, I took the opportunity of writing a letter to two Europeans +who reside there, and, I suppose, belonged to Mungo Park’s +expedition, seven soldiers being unaccounted for, who were in good +health when they were separated from Mr. Park. There are also two +white men at Timbuctoo, who have been there several years. The +Moors are confident that the letter will reach them, which is much +to be desired, as some information may be obtained of that +celebrated traveller. Baba came, and the old Moor with him, to whom +I delivered the letter; he received it from Baba with much +ceremony, and to induce him to forward an answer, I promised him a +suitable reward<a id="FNanchor_125"></a><a href="#Footnote_125" +class="fnanchor">[125]</a>. The whole of the Moors came in a body +with drums, muskets, horns, and all the attendant pomp of chiefs; +they had just taken leave of the King, and came to do the same to +me. Having remained about<span class="pagenum" id= +"Page_412">[412]</span> half an hour, and drank some wine, they set +out for their journey with noisy clamour.</p> + +<p>Sunday 21. Apokoo called and told me he was going to morrow, +with the King, to the camp, on the Barramang path, to make fetish, +and would return on Wednesday: he seemed to expect that I would say +I would go also; but as the King had not sent to me, I did not +express any wish. A boy brought some milk covered up, and he lifted +the lid to look what it was, some of it touched his fingers, and he +sent for water, herbs, and different things to purify his fingers; +he said he would give me a present if I would give over drinking +milk: I told him if he sent me an ounce of gold daily, I would not +do it; he cursed the milk, and the boy for bringing it. Thus many +of them are so particular, they will not stay where eggs are, +another shuns a fowl, one hates beef, and many mutter a charm if +they meet a pig. The Moorish Shereef discovered a piece of pork one +day in the boy’s room, and made such a noise, that I thought one +had struck him, nor would he cease till I ordered it away.</p> + +<p>Monday 22. The King, and almost all the captains, set out early +this morning, with great bustle for the camp, many sent their +compliments previous to going.</p> + +<p>Wednesday 24. The King and all the people returned in the +evening, and went to the upper market place; where the King seeing +me at the door, ordered them to pass down the street to the palace, +the chiefs all saluting as they passed. The King, who was the only +one that did not walk, made his people halt, and held out his hand +to me, which I took, and bade him welcome to his capital; he +enquired if I was well, and after he passed, he looked round with a +smile and shook his finger at me: I suppose because I did not +follow him to the camp. His Majesty afterwards sent his +compliments, as did several of the chiefs.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_413">[413]</span>Thursday 25. +This being Christmas day, I displayed the flag, and paid every +attention to it that I possibly could; many of the chiefs hearing +of it, sent their compliments, expecting a present, but of course +were disappointed.</p> + +<p>Friday 24. Baba called, and began an oration about Sam Brue, +hinting that he should like if I could get Brue, the slave trader, +back to Cape Coast. He was my good friend, I was his friend, the +Governor was my friend, Brue was his friend, and a long genealogy +fit to puzzle a Scottish or Welch family herald. I told him no +person must interfere in such affairs. He had that morning received +from Brue, powder, guns, and cloth for slaves he had sent down; he +brought me a piece of the cloth to shew me, it was very coarse with +large red figures on it. I told him when he washed it, he would +need to take his staff and put on his sandals to hunt after the +colours; he told me he had found that out; for he had washed a +piece, and he could not tell what colour it was. He then began a +dissertation on the <em>good</em> the slave trade did them, and +what changes he had seen since he came here; he thought God +intended to change the power of white men, and give it to the +blacks and Moors. I told him he was going to make Mahomet a liar, +as the Alkoran told them that the whites were to have sovereign +dominion to the end, because of Noah’s sons’ behaviour to him when +drunk; and if God was inclined to hide his face from white men, +because of any ill they did, I did not think he would transfer it +to Africans for any good they had done; he said I was right, and +when they thought wrong the Christians could put them right. Seeing +a Prayer Book on the table, he enquired if that was “Lingeel,” the +name they give the New Testament; I replied it was the form of +worshipping God in English Churches; he wished me to read a little +of it to him, as he had heard that white men prayed to God so—and +muttered in a form, it must be allowed, too often +resorted<span class="pagenum" id="Page_414">[414]</span> to by lazy +clergymen. They conceive to worship God in any other way than +chaunting or singing is absurd. I have had more than once to sing +(if I may presume to call it so) from the psalms of David, and +chaunt the responses of the service, to convince them that there is +something more than mere muttering in prayer, were it properly +performed, besides describing the organ used in churches to assist +the harmony. They have often asked me about the high priest at +Rome, and whether or not we had any thing shaped out that we called +god. I told them the English abhorred all representations of the +Eternal, and that nothing was adequate to represent him. They are +very tenacious on this point, and as scrupulous as any Protestant +may wish, conceiving it an inexcusable crime to have any thing of +the kind. They have many times enquired if we offer any sacrifice +to God. I told them that our Scriptures do not allow the shedding +of blood of any kind; the last great expiation of the Christians +being performed by Jesus when he died on the cross, in +commemoration of which, the offering of bread and wine formed the +sacrifice. Neither did we pour out libations<a id= +"FNanchor_126"></a><a href="#Footnote_126" class= +"fnanchor">[126]</a> before drinking, because any thing poured +forth before drinking, or victuals set apart before eating, is an +offering to devils.</p> + +<p>The Shereef Abraham coming in with one or two more, I enquired +about Solomon’s Al Genii, and whether or not they knew any thing of +free masonry. I had questioned them several times before, and knew +none of them were free masons; they now told me that there was such +a sect in Arabia, and conceived them to be magicians, as they +controlled the spirits of air. They were much astonished to hear +that I was one, and eagerly enquired if I knew about Solomon’s +seal, the building of the temple, and other matters, which +universal belief endows free masons with,—matters, I +told<span class="pagenum" id="Page_415">[415]</span> them, I might +not speak of. They told me they knew we kept some of our genii on a +floating island in the sea; if any ships came near it, the genii +were instructed to laugh at them, and the island disappeared; with +other such stories. One of the boys told them I had a stuff +(phosphorus) which they supposed gave me such power; they wished to +see it, and laughed at first at the idea of any thing in water +producing fire, or that I could confine that element and dare to +keep it in a trunk; I put it to the proof, by burning a piece of +cloth, paper, and mat, and told them if they were not satisfied +they might have some on their skins, but they did not choose it, +and called out in wonder, “Houa Kahina iakul naroo malekaneran,” +“he is a magician and eats fire, he is the King of fire;” be it +remembered that this last appellation is peculiar to the devil. The +Shereef after thinking some time, enquired if that stuff was not +made from the bones of genii? I told him bones were in the +composition. He wished to know if we killed genii and took their +bones, I told him blood was never shed in England but for great +crimes; true, he said, but none could see <em>us</em> do so. I told +him there was an eye that never sleeps, at which he bent his head, +pronouncing “God is great.” The Moors then held a conversation in +Arabic, by which they settled that I must be in the secrets of +Solomon, and the Shereef Abraham related one of the Arabian tales, +by which Balkes or Bilkis, Queen of Sheba, is made out to be the +child carried away by the dog in one of the stories of that work. +Balkis, according to them, adored the sun, and Solomon made her +turn and worship God; he commanded the genii to transport her +palace from her own country to Jerusalem, and the three palaces he +built for her in Arabia Felix had gold mixed with the mortar with +which they were formed. They wished to know if I could move a +house? I told them, such was the mystery attached to our concerns, +that it was difficult to answer them; any thing<span class= +"pagenum" id="Page_416">[416]</span> not concerned with masonry, I +might answer; this, they said, was what the people in their country +said. Abraham said he was sure the Arabian magicians made use of +bones from genii to make fire and control them. It would be a +curious circumstance to know that phosphorus, and inoculation, +existed in Arabia in the days of its splendour, and continue now; +as they are considered as two of the most eminent among modern +European discoveries. After they were gone, I called on Odumata, +whom I found all talk as usual. He said he knew I wished to take +some of the King’s sons to Cape Coast for education, but the +captains had represented to his Majesty, that they did not wish it. +If the King wanted gold, and they had it, they would give it him; +and were always ready when he called them, to receive his foot on +their necks, and swear to do whatever he wished them, or never to +return. The reason he gave, was, that they were afraid of being +discovered when they cheated the King, which they made no secret of +avowing, and having their heads cut off. I told him he did not like +a white man to live here then; yes, he said, they all liked that; +but he was sufficient to settle all palavers between the King and +the English, without any of the King’s people knowing English. He +began to boast of the many wives and children he had, more than +Englishmen. I told him there was a possibility of an Englishman +knowing his father; but no black man could tell his; they were all +slaves, and rendered incapable of inheriting their father’s +property; none of his children need to thank him, he neither could +give them any thing while alive, nor leave them any thing when +dead, and many of them kept wives, while their slaves enjoyed them. +He said I spoke very true, but that I could not show keys with him; +he produced two large bunches, and I offered him an ounce of gold +if he would shew me a lock for each key; he evaded this: I took +them in my hand, and found many of them broken, and<span class= +"pagenum" id="Page_417">[417]</span> various articles of lead and +iron to make the bunches large; his people, and some chiefs that +were with him, enjoyed his perplexity, if I might judge from their +chuckling.</p> + +<p>Several of the King’s brother’s slaves appeared in pursuit of +two of their fellows, flogging them with whips; one of the culprits +bounding over every obstacle, threw himself at Odumata’s feet, +which saved him from their flogging; the man who had charge of him +appeared, and in a long and animated harangue, with many gestures, +stated the trouble he had had from the runaway, and concluded by +swearing, the man must be given up to him in the morning to go and +work. It is customary for slaves, when they fall under their +master’s displeasure, to take shelter in some other chief’s house, +who tries to get them excused.</p> + +<p>Saturday 27. The King sent for me, to give me letters which had +arrived; and on my opening them, two small packages of gold tumbled +out. The King asked, if they were for me or him. I enquired if he +expected gold from any one at Cape Coast, he said, no. I told him, +it was unlikely gold would be sent to any one but me. The King, +turning to his captains, said the Governor was a good man, sending +me gold whenever I asked for it, and I eat a great deal of gold. I +told him, I never wished a present of gold from any one; what I got +was my pay, as Englishmen did not give gold to one another. He +intended returning his messengers on Tuesday, as he said, two of +them having come up in English uniforms, as the Governor was to fit +out thirty at the King’s request. His Majesty wished me to taste a +bottle of tincture of rhubarb the Governor had sent him; I did so, +lest he should think there was something bad in it. I had then to +taste some tincture of cinnamon he had received some time ago; I +swallowed them with great distaste, as I had felt very unwell the +preceding day, and that<span class="pagenum" id= +"Page_418">[418]</span> morning, and had taken medicine just before +the King sent, and not eaten any breakfast.</p> + +<p>In the afternoon Apokoo called; he had heard Adoo Bradie had +been on board a ship, and that 400 flags were hoisted to receive +him;<a id="FNanchor_127"></a><a href="#Footnote_127" class= +"fnanchor">[127]</a> that was the reason, he said, they did nor +wish any of the King’s people to learn to read and write, they +became white men, and saw so many fine things, they never thought +of returning to Ashantee. I told him if it was disagreeable, it +would be given over. Every one was pleased, he said, to think any +Ashantee great man was well used at Cape Coast; but it turned their +heads, not being accustomed to it. The King would give Adoo Bradie +fetish when he came back, and if he told the King lies, the fetish +would catch him, and where would be the good? The English would +have all their trouble for nothing.</p> + +<p>His Majesty, some years ago, took one of Apokoo’s daughters to +wife; she is now one of the finest women in Coomassie, and must +have been a great beauty. It was discovered by the chief eunuch +that she had intrigued with one of the attendants. It was told the +King that one of his wives had proved false; “let her die +instantly,” said he in a rage; the slave whispered him “it is +Apokoo’s child.” He rose in silence, and went to the harem, and the +culprit being sent for, the King turned his head away, while he +folded his cloth around him, and lifting the curtain to let her +pass, he exclaimed “go, you are free! your father was my +father,<a id="FNanchor_128"></a><a href="#Footnote_128" class= +"fnanchor">[128]</a> he is my friend, and for his sake, I forget +you; when you find any man good enough for you, let me know and I +will give him gold.” Her father has not allowed her to marry +again.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_419">[419]</span>When any public +execution, or sacrifice, is to take place, the ivory horns of the +King proclaim at the palace door, “wow! wow! wow!” “death! death, +death, death!” and, as they cut off their heads, the bands play a +peculiar strain, till the operation is finished.</p> + +<p>The greatest human sacrifice that has been made in Coomassie +during my residence, took place on the eve of the Adaï custom early +in January. I had a mysterious intimation of it two days before, +from a quarter not to be named. My servants being ordered out of +the way, I was thus addressed, “Christian, take care and watch over +your family; the angel of death has drawn his sword, and will +strike on the neck of many Ashantees; when the drum is struck, on +Adaï eve, it will be the death signal of many. Shun the King if you +can, but fear not.” When the time came to strike the drum, I was +sitting thinking on the horrors of the approaching night, and was +rather startled at a summons to attend the King. This is the manner +he always takes to cut off any captain or person of rank; they are +sent for to talk a palaver, and the moment they enter, the slaves +lay hold of them, and pinion them, and throw them down; if they are +thought desperate characters, a knife is thrust through their mouth +to keep them from swearing the death of any other, when they are +charged with their crime, real or supposed, and put to death or +torture.</p> + +<p>Whilst I was with the King, the officers, whose duty it is to +attend at sacrifices, and are in the confidence of the King, came +in with their knives, &c. and a message was sent to one chief +to say, that the King was going to his mother’s house to talk a +palaver, and shortly after his Majesty rose, and proceeded thither, +ordering the attendants to conduct me out by another door.</p> + +<p>This sacrifice was in consequence of the King +imagining,<span class="pagenum" id="Page_420">[420]</span> that if +he washed the bones of his mother and sisters, who died while he +was on the throne, it would propitiate the fetish, and make the war +successful. Their bones, were therefore taken from their coffins, +and bathed in rum and water with great ceremony; after being wiped +with silks, they were rolled in gold dust, and wrapped in strings +of rock gold, aggry beads, and other things of the most costly +nature. Those who had done any thing to displease the King, were +then sent for in succession, and immolated as they entered, “that +their blood might water the graves.” The whole of the night, the +King’s executioners traversed the streets, and dragged every one +they found to the palace, where they were put in irons: but (which +is often the case) some one had disclosed the secret, and almost +every one had fled, and the King was disappointed of most of his +distinguished victims. Next morning being Adaï custom, which +generally brought an immense crowd to the city, every place was +silent and forlorn; nothing could be found in the market, and his +Majesty proceeded to the morning sacrifice of sheep, &c. +attended only by his confidents, and the members of his own family. +When I appeared at the usual time, he seemed pleased at my +confidence, and remarked that I observed how few captains were +present. He appeared agitated and fatigued, and sat a very short +time.</p> + +<p>As soon as it was dark, the human sacrifices were renewed, and, +during the night, the bones of the royal deceased were removed to +the sacred tomb at Bantama, to be deposited along with the remains +of those who had sat on the throne. The procession was splendid, +but not numerous, the chiefs and attendants being dressed in the +war costume, with a musket, and preceded by torches; the sacred +stools, and all the ornaments used on great occasions, were carried +with them; the victims, with their hands tied behind them, and in +chains, preceded the bones, whilst at intervals, the songs +of<span class="pagenum" id="Page_421">[421]</span> death and +victory proved their wish to begin the war. The procession returned +about three P.M. on Monday, when the King took his seat in the +market place with his small band, and “death! death! death!” was +echoed by his horns. He sat with a silver goblet of palm wine in +his hand, and when they cut off any head, imitated a dancing motion +in his chair; a little before dark, he finished his terrors for +that day, by retiring to the palace, and soon after, the chiefs +came from their concealment, and paraded the streets, rejoicing +that they had escaped death, although a few days might put them in +the same fear. I had been attacked by a violent fit of ague in the +morning, from having stood so long in the sun the day before while +with the King, it being unusually hot. I dared not send out my +people to procure any thing, least they should be murdered, and in +fact there was nothing in the market to be had: there was not even +a drop of water in the house. The sacrifice was continued till the +next Adaï custom, seventeen days.</p> + +<div class="footnotes" id="ftp2c12"> +<div class="footnote"> +<p><a id="Footnote_125"></a><a href="#FNanchor_125"><span class= +"label">[125]</span></a>“Mr. Wm. Hutchison, British Resident at +Coomassie, the capital of Ashantee, hearing there are two Europeans +at Jennë, takes the opportunity of a Moor returning to that place, +to write to them. It is earnestly requested, that some information +will be sent to Cape Coast Castle, whether or not, those, to whom +this is addressed, belonged to the expedition of Captain Mungo +Park, or by what means they reached Jennë. As no certain accounts +have reached England of the fate of that gentleman and his +companions, any particulars will be interesting; also, whether or +not the Niger is the river known here by the name of Quolla, +Joliba, or any other appellation unknown in Europe. Also, its +course, and the opinions among the natives as to its termination, +with the names of any towns or countries it may run through. It is +also reported that there are two white men at Timbuctoo: should it +be possible to render any assistance to either, it will be done +from Cape Coast Castle on accounts being received of the certainty +of their situation; and the means which may be found to make the +Europeans on the Quolla revisit their native country: in the mean +time, any information will be anxiously expected, as to the fate of +their companions; and whether they have heard of an English +expedition, lately arrived at the Niger. Two notices in English and +Arabic accompany this, offering a reward for information.</p> + +<p>December 9th.</p> +</div> + +<div class="footnote"> +<p><a id="Footnote_126"></a><a href="#FNanchor_126"><span class= +"label">[126]</span></a>I have observed some of the Moors who have +been a long time in Ashantee pour forth a little of any thing +before drinking. It may be remarked, that all the worshippers of +the fetish do this, and also set apart some of their victuals +before they eat.</p> +</div> + +<div class="footnote"> +<p><a id="Footnote_127"></a><a href="#FNanchor_127"><span class= +"label">[127]</span></a>The signals happened to be drying on board +H.M.S. Cherub, Captain Wills, then lying in the roads of Cape +Coast.</p> +</div> + +<div class="footnote"> +<p><a id="Footnote_128"></a><a href="#FNanchor_128"><span class= +"label">[128]</span></a>It will be remembered, that the present +King carried an elephant’s tail before Apokoo, until he +unexpectedly succeeded to the stool.—See <a href="#Page_295">page +295.</a></p> +</div> +</div> + +<hr class="chap"> + +<h2><span class="pagenum" id="Page_422">[422]</span><a id= +"p2c13"></a><span class="letter-spaced01">CHAPTER</span> XIII.</h2> + +<hr class="decordb width8 spaced3"> + +<p class="sch1"><em>Sketch of Gaboon, and its Interior.</em> +</p> + +<p class="dcap"><span class="sc">The</span> River Gabon, or Gaboon, +as the English pronounce it, is placed by some, N. 30’, E. 8° 42’, +by others, on the equator and E. 9° 23’: the former longitude is +certainly the more correct; judging from three reckonings of the +vessel in which I visited it; unfortunately, I had not the +requisites for an observation. The former latitude also, is, +doubtless, the correct one of Cape Clara; for an observation, taken +as we were beating in by Round Corner, gave 23’ N.; and another, +taken about 35 miles up the river, 15’ N. From Cape Clara (which is +not ‘very high land,’) to Sandy point, being an oblique line, may +be about 25 miles, but the direct width of the mouth of the river, +cannot be more than 18. From 22 to 25 miles up the river, lay +Parrot and Konig islands, called by the natives Embenee and Dambee; +the former (on which ships have been hauled to careen) 1¾ miles in +circumference and uninhabited, the latter considerably larger, and +having a village on the hill. The natives mentioned the ruins of a +Portuguese fort there. Konig island is not more than a mile from +Rodney’s or Oweëndo point, where there is a large bight; which, +with the one opposite, within Eghirrighee point, makes the width of +the river nearly thirty miles in this part. From these points it +seems to form an inner basin, the greatest width of which, just +above Goombena creek, is about twelve miles, judging from shots; +for<span class="pagenum" id="Page_423">[423]</span> the work of the +ship being heavy whilst in the river, and the crew suffering from +the climate, (the first mate and carpenter dying,) no assistance +could be spared for a survey. There are several large creeks in the +river, Goöngway is the most so, and Goombena the second.</p> + +<p>These names, being, of themselves, as uninteresting as the list +of bearings would be, I shall reserve both the one and the other, +with the outline of the river adjusted to them, for the Portfolio +of the African Association; and also two or three sketches of the +different parts of the river, not worth publishing, but, possibly, +useful for the introduction of more accurate observers.<a id= +"FNanchor_129"></a><a href="#Footnote_129" class= +"fnanchor">[129]</a></p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_424">[424]</span>About forty-five +miles from the mouth, the river forms two arms. The one runs north +eastwards, by a point called Ohlombompole by the natives of Gaboon, +and Gongoloba by the Shekans or interior people; the entrance is +about four miles wide. The other, runs apparently S.S.E. by a point +called Quawkaw, and Quanlie by the two nations, and is about two +miles broad. It was an inconsiderate observation of Mr. Maxwell’s, +“If the Niger has a sensible outlet, I have no doubt of its proving +the Congo, knowing all the rivers between Cape Palmas and Cape +Lopez to be inadequate to the purpose.” The Volta may be thought +so, but the Lagos certainly cannot, nor the Danger, or Gaboon; and, +surely, the rivers del Rey, and Formoso are not; which are thus +noticed, within a few pages of Mr. Maxwell’s observation, by the +judicious Editor of Mr. Park’s last mission, “The Rio del Rey and +the Formoso, are stated to be of considerable size, being each of +them seven or eight miles broad at the mouth; and the supposed +Delta, estimated by the line of coast, is much larger than that of +the Ganges: consequently, the two streams, if united, must form a +river of prodigious magnitude.”</p> + +<p>There being little prospect of the ship completing her cargo +(red wood and ebony) within two months, I determined to divert such +a tædium under an insalubrious climate, by investigating and +compiling the interior geography, as far as I could from the +reports of the slaves, and traders. The most enterprising of the +latter, and<span class="pagenum" id="Page_425">[425]</span> the +greatest travellers in the interior, living on board the vessel +during her loading, I conversed with them constantly, as they spoke +good English; and I went on shore twice, passing a night the latter +time, to Naängo or George’s Town, two miles up the romantic creek +of Abaäga, about forty-five miles from the mouth of the river. I +found the Governor (so his title was interpreted) a very hospitable +and intelligent native, and speaking good English. He had travelled +much in the interior, when young, was still very inquisitive for +particulars, and produced me a troop of slaves for questioning, +which furnished a native of almost every country I could hear of. I +saw two young negroes, the sons of native rulers, who spoke and +wrote French fluently. The one had been sent to that country for +education, and the other in his voyage to England for the same +purpose, was taken and carried to France, and generously educated +and maintained by the owner of the privateer.<a id= +"FNanchor_130"></a><a href="#Footnote_130" class= +"fnanchor">[130]</a> Each remained in France upwards of eight years +before they were sent back to Gaboon, and professed to be very +anxious to return to it, depicting the native habits not only as +uncongenial, but disgusting to them. The Congo hypothesis, the +primary stimulus to my enquiries, making geographical particulars +the most desirable, I will defer those on other subjects, and +submit the compilation of seven weeks investigation and inquiry +under the above advantageous circumstances.</p> + +<p>The native name of the country of Gaboon, is Empoöngwa; it dos +not extend above the branching of the river, or more than forty +miles in length; and is about thirty in breadth, including the +river, which they call Aroöngo. We will pursue the north-eastern +arm first. There is a sand-bank in the middle of the +entrance,<span class="pagenum" id="Page_426">[426]</span> and three +small islands, Soombëä, Ningahinga, and Ompoöngee, are just beyond +it, where the water becomes fresh. About two miles further, is a +larger island called Cheēndue, inhabited, and the women of which +are constantly employed in fishing for white mullet, being +abundant. They dress them with a kind of chocolate, which I shall +notice presently. Several large trees grow out of the water, one, +eminently high, is directly in the middle of the river; they are +called Intinga, or the iron tree. The eastern banks of this arm are +inhabited by the Sheekans, who, with all the nations of the +interior, are called Boolas by the Gaboons, a term synonymous with +Dunko in Ashantee. Adjoining Sheekan are the Jomays, who speak a +dialect of the same language. The Sheekans bury their dead within +the house, under their beds. The Gaboons prohibit these people from +visiting the coast, lest they should deprive them of their profits, +as the medium between the interior and shipping, whether for slaves +or manufactures.</p> + +<p>The Sheekans, like their neighbours, only reckon from 1 to 5, +conjoining these numerals afterwards, as Mr. Park has shewn the +Feloops and the Jaloffs to do.</p> + +<table class="padded1" id="t426"> +<tr> +<td>One</td> +<td>Ilwawtoe</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Two</td> +<td>Ibba</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Three</td> +<td>Bittach</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Four</td> +<td>Binnay</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Five</td> +<td>Bittah</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Ten</td> +<td>Ducoom</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Twenty</td> +<td>Eboomebba</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Hundred</td> +<td>Kama</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p>The source of the north-eastern arm is unknown, it probably +flows from the River Danger, called by the natives Moöhnda, which +flows very far from the interior; and, though not so wide, is +considerably deeper than the Aroöngo or Gabon. There is a creek +passing Quaw Ben’s town in the River Gabon, which runs +inland,<span class="pagenum" id="Page_427">[427]</span> within a +short distance of the Moöhnda, so that traders proceeding so far by +it, carry their canoes over the interval to that river. The Nokos, +Apooks, and Komebays, inhabit the lower space between the Rivers +Gaboon and Danger.</p> + +<p>Having pulled up the N.E. arm for two days and nights, they +land, leaving the river about one mile broad; and after two +journies, (skirting Sheekan,) reach Samashialee, the capital of the +country of Kaylee, (sometimes called Kalay,) and the residence of +the King Ohmbay. Samashialee, is described as a considerable town, +and Asāko, as the second to it; their houses are all of bamboo. The +Kaylees manufacture iron from the ore, which abounds every where in +this part of Africa; but they are very careful not to let the coast +people see them do so, as knives, spears, mats, and bamboo cloth, +are their articles of barter with them, for brass rods, cottons, +and other European commodities. I procured some of the knives and +spear heads, of their own iron. The bamboo-cloth has the appearance +of coarse brown Holland. Their mats are very fine, and much varied +in colors and patterns. It is remarkable, that the latter do not +partake at all of their own wild character, but are of that chaste, +simple outline which would be called elegant by civilized nations. +These people are cannibals, not only eating their prisoners but +their dead, whose bodies are bid for directly the breath is out of +them. A father has frequently been seen to eat his own child. Fowls +abound in their country, but they never eat them, nor will they +goats, which are equally numerous, whilst human flesh is to be had. +Salt fetches an enormous price. The people of Gaboon would be +afraid to venture amongst them, even as traders, but for their +musquets, and a strong body of Sheekans, always engaged to +accompany them. Their country is mountainous and woody. There are +people inhabiting a mountain close to the north-eastward of Kalay, +who are said to<span class="pagenum" id="Page_428">[428]</span> see +best in the night time, when they travel and work, sleeping most of +the day, because the light hurts their eyes, which are remarkably +brilliant. Ivory is plentiful. The Kaylee seems to be a dialect of +the Sheekan.</p> + +<table class="padded1" id="t428a"> +<tr> +<td>One</td> +<td>Woto</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Two</td> +<td>Ibba</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Three</td> +<td>Battach</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Four</td> +<td>Binnay</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Five</td> +<td>Bittan</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Ten</td> +<td>Duëoom</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p>Northward of Kaylee, two journies, is Imbekee, adjoining the +Moöhnda or Danger. One moon distant, in the same direction, passing +through the countries, Beesoo (three journies from Imbeekee) Aösa, +and Hetan, are the larger kingdoms of Badayhee, and Oongoomo; the +King of the latter is Enjukayamoo, and the capital Mattadee, +described as a very large town. The numerals assimilate to those of +Kaylee.</p> + +<table class="padded1" id="t428b"> +<tr> +<td>One</td> +<td>Woötta</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Two</td> +<td>Beeba</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Three</td> +<td>Bittach</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Four</td> +<td>Binnay</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Five</td> +<td>Bitten</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p>Travelling (still northward,) through the small states of +Oondamee and Bolaykee, in six journies they reach the extensive +countries of Paämway, and Shaybee, which adjoin each other; and on +their northern frontier is Bayhee, through which kingdom the River +Wola or Wole flows; the largest river they had ever seen or heard +of, and running eastward. My friend the Governor, always impressed +on me, that this was the largest river in the world, and ran, to +use his own words, “farther than any one, except God, knows, +farther than Indee; all the great rivers in this country come from +Wole.” The Moöhnda, he had always understood in the long course of +his enquiries, to flow from it; but he could not speak +so<span class="pagenum" id="Page_429">[429]</span> positively of +that, as of the junction of the Ogooawai and the Wole, as he had +himself been to a considerable distance up the Ogooawai, which, +returning to Gaboon, we shall proceed to. All the nations on this +route were said to be cannibals, the Paämways not so voraciously so +as the others, because they cultivate a breed of large dogs for +their eating; this seems the favourite meat in most parts of +Africa.</p> + +<p>Those who travel eastward, pull for a day and a half up the +right hand or south-eastern arm of the Gaboon or Aroöngo, which arm +is formed by the junction of several small streams, about sixty +miles from its confluence with the north-eastern arm. Landing about +thirty-five miles up it, two and a half journies are occupied in +travelling over an uninhabited country, described as savannah, and +called Woongawoonga; it is entirely open, and buffaloes are +numerous. Here they reach the Ogooäwai, a rapid river, frequently +as wide, and, generally, considerably deeper than the Gaboon; and +which, as we shall presently see, runs to the Congo, of itself +insignificant. One day up the Ogoöawai, is the small kingdom of +Adjoomba, consisting but of four towns. One journey beyond, on the +Ogooäwai, and north-eastward, is Gaelwa, a kingdom of more +importance, its length three journies. The King’s name is Roiela, +and the capital, a considerable town, Inkanjee: Goondemsie is +second to it. Adjoining Gaelwa is Eninga, where the river widens +considerably; this country is larger than Adjoomba, very populous, +and composed of several small governments. The river winds very +much; frequently they save time by carrying their canoes over the +peninsulas; they are also opposed by impetuous currents. Hitherto +the language is the same as the Empoöngwa or Gaboon. Twenty +journies from the frontier of Gaelwa and Eninga, through the small +state of Okota, is the kingdom of Asheera; and ten beyond it, that +of Okandee,<span class="pagenum" id="Page_430">[430]</span> the +greatest they know. The King’s name is Adoomoo, the capital +extensive, and kept particularly clean: their law forbids any +native of Okandee to be sold as a slave. None of the nations on the +Ogooäwai are cannibals. On the eastern confines of Okandee this +river is described to join or flow from the Wōla. The countries +between the Moöhnda and Ogooäwai, are called Sappalah, +Koomakaimalong, and Okaykay, and described as vast extents of +savannah. Deeha was spoken of as a large country in the +neighbourhood of the Wōla. I could not make these interior natives, +or the people of Gaboon, understand what I meant by a Moor; there +are none but pagan negroes throughout. The slaves recently arrived +viewed me with affright; they said none in their country would +believe there were white men.</p> + +<p>I could hear of no great controlling kingdom, like Ashantee, in +these parts of the interior, nor do I think any such exists +eastward of Yarriba, or other than numerous small states, as far +behind Dagwumba and its neighbours in civilization, as they are +behind Europeans. The name,<a id="FNanchor_131"></a><a href= +"#Footnote_131" class="fnanchor">[131]</a> situation, magnitude, +and course of the<span class="pagenum" id="Page_431">[431]</span> +Wōla, leave little doubt of its being the Kulla or Quolla; though I +am not clear that they said there was a country of the name of the +river, nor did I recognize the name of any of the countries I had +before heard of, as being in its neighbourhood. With those on the +northern banks of this large river they did not profess to be +acquainted, and those on the southern may be intermediate between +the Moöhnda and Ogooawai routes, which diverge from Empoöngwa, the +former northward, the latter north-eastward. Forty journies from +the Empoöngwa frontier to the Bahr Kulla agree very well with the +distance. A strong argument, in addition to the above, for the Wōla +and the Quolla being the same river, (recollecting my description +of the Paämways, and all the nations on the line of the Moöhnda, as +cannibals,) is suggested by the reperusal of the following remarks +of Mr. Horneman, and Mr. Hutchison, already quoted in <a href= +"#Page_202">page 202</a>: “The Yem Yems, cannibals, are south of +Kano, ten days,” which agrees very well with the lowered course of +the Niger, which I have been obliged to lay down. “It is to the +King of Quallowliffa that the country in which Canna, Dall, and Yum +Yum, where cannibals are, is subject.” It is true, that the +character only, and not the names of the nations visited from +Empoöngwa, can be identified with Mr. Hutchison’s Canna, Dall, and +Yum Yum; but the Moorish pronunciation, or writing of negro names, +especially those only known to them by report, is very incorrect +and capricious. To Mr. Horneman, they were called Yem Yems; to Mr. +Hutchison, Yum Yums, and sometimes Jum Jums. The names Bapoonoo, +Okobella, Banginniga, Oonbamba, and Asango, may possibly be +identified hereafter amongst the countries approximating to the +Wōla.</p> + +<p>We will return to Adjoomba, where the Ogooäwai divides itself; +the smaller arm called Assazee runs to Cape Lopez, which is in the +kingdom of Oroöngoo; the monarch, Ogoöla, from his +power<span class="pagenum" id="Page_432">[432]</span> surpassing +every other in the neighbourhood of the coast, has acquired the +name of Pass-all with the traders who speak English. Between +Oroöngoo and Adjoomba is the kingdom of Oongobai. The King’s name +is Pendanga, and the numerals are,</p> + +<table class="padded1" id="t432"> +<tr> +<td>One</td> +<td>Rappeek.</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Two</td> +<td>Ramboise.</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Three</td> +<td>Mittasee.</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Four</td> +<td>Binnay.</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Five</td> +<td>Bittan.</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Six</td> +<td>Sambal.</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Seven</td> +<td>Bittooba.</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Eight</td> +<td>Bissamen.</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Nine</td> +<td>Bwoi.</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Ten</td> +<td>Deëoom.</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p class="nind">An intelligent native of this country had fled to +Gaboon to avoid execution.</p> + +<p>The larger arm of the Ogooäwai, flowing south-eastward, as wide +as the Gaboon, through the country of Tanyan, (the western frontier +of which is five journies from that of Adjoomba,) runs into the +Congo, (which is comparatively small before the confluence,) about +ten days pull from the mouth of that river. A very intelligent man +who acts as interpreter or trade man to the vessels which frequent +the river Gaboon, confirming this account of the slaves and +traders, I enquired into the circumstances to which he owed his +knowledge. He is the son of the principal trader in Gaboon, called +Tom Lawson, who speaks English fluently. Eight years ago, this +young man, Wondo, went from Gaboon to the Congo, in the Nimble, +Everett master. After the vessel had traded some time, as high up +in the river as she might safely venture, the captain sent him and +three or four other negroes in a boat with goods, to go up as much +higher as they could. His account was, that they<span class= +"pagenum" id="Page_433">[433]</span> passed Evehelee and Cormee, +when they came to a fall of water upwards of twenty feet high. A +native, who preceded them in his canoe, directed them to enter a +small channel to the east, which, by a considerable sweep, avoided +it, but the natives, he persisted, both pulled their canoes up, and +let them down this fall, by long fibrous roots twisted into +cordage, and affixed to the large trees above; frequently, however, +the most expert were victims to their intrepidity, generally in the +descent; their canoes were made purposely in the shape of a bow. I +expressed my doubts, questioned him with seeming indifference, at +many different times, on this subject, and requested others to do +the same; his account never varied. He was naturally very cautious +in what he said, by no means given to the marvellous in recounting +his travels, but a corrector of that disposition in others. To the +last moment he persisted in this report. Just beyond this fall is +the confluence of the Ogooawai and the Congo, which takes place in +Tanyan.<a id="FNanchor_132"></a><a href="#Footnote_132" class= +"fnanchor">[132]</a> From<span class="pagenum" id= +"Page_434">[434]</span> this point he described the latter as +gradually dwindling to its source, (not more than six days distant, +by Encombë and Eveheea,) so that the Congo owed its magnitude and +rapidity entirely to the Ogooawai.<a id="FNanchor_133"></a><a href= +"#Footnote_133" class="fnanchor">[133]</a> He mentioned a chief +named Mangoff, to have been a<span class="pagenum" id= +"Page_435">[435]</span> principal man in the Congo, and he sung his +boat chorus as a specimen of the language, “Malava napa, malava +mabootay, mabootay.” He said, Mangoff lived at Barrima. He spoke of +a place called Ohlobe, but I omitted to minute the particulars.</p> + +<p>The master of a Liverpool ship, laying in Gaboon river, having +visited the Congo annually for many years, I availed myself of an +opportunity of conversing with him also. He mentioned Bōma as the +principal place of trade, but he did not consider it more than +forty miles up the river; it was so called after a chief, whose son +has now succeeded him. Binda, a secondary place of trade, he +reckoned to be ninety miles from the entrance of the river, on the +north side; but there are so many arms or branches there, that it +is very difficult to distinguish the Congo itself, which he had +always understood to terminate soon afterwards.<a id= +"FNanchor_134"></a><a href="#Footnote_134" class= +"fnanchor">[134]</a> The houses he<span class="pagenum" id= +"Page_436">[436]</span> described as wretched, and transportable, +so that a trader buying one for a trifle, could have it moved to +any part of the banks he pleased. Sea horse teeth were to be bought +plentifully, they buried them with their dead, dedicating them as +the Ashantees do gold, and generally sticking one erect on the +grave, as a sort of monument. He spoke very ill of them from his +own experience; they had frequently attempted to poison the water +on board his vessel. A few months back they cut off a Portuguese +vessel, destroyed the crew, and plundered her. I anxiously +anticipate the perusal of Captain Tuckey’s journal.</p> + +<p>Tom Lawson, who has as much, if not more influence than his +brother the King, says he would provide an escort headed by his son +Wondo, and guarantee the safety of any exploratory party to the +river Ogooawai, and five days up it; that is as far as Okota. Two +hundred pounds laid out in goods, I think, would defray +the<span class="pagenum" id="Page_437">[437]</span> expenses, and +presents, en passant, handsomely, and there are many opportunities +by which two officers might be sent from Cape Coast to Gaboon for +the purpose, and by way of the islands, return to it. A man of war +might convey them, and call for them, on her cruise.</p> + +<p>Kings are numerous in Gaboon, and scarcely comparable even with +the petty caboceers of Fantee. The greatest trader, or the richest +man of almost every small village assumes the title, and frequently +suffers gross indignities from his subjects, from not having the +power to punish them. The King of Naängo seems of acknowledged +superiority, and is comparatively respectable, both in means and +power; he is known to trading vessels by the name of King George. +The brother succeeds before the son. The legislative and judicial +power is vested in the Governor, controlled by the King, who may +order the death of a man; but, if he assigns no good reason, the +offensive party is generally allowed to retire elsewhere. All +children share the property of the father in equal portions, except +the eldest son, who has about half as much again as any other. If a +man kills another, he has a public trial; and, if he cannot justify +the act, which it seems he may in many instances, his own death is +inevitable. If he kills one of his wives, (his rank is designated +by the number,) he pays a fine to her family, who, and not the +husband, are involved in all her palavers. The acknowledged heir to +a property may bring a palaver against his father, or whoever may +be possessor of it, for killing a slave unjustly, or otherwise +injuring the property, and oblige him to make good the injury.</p> + +<p>A man may not look at, or converse with his mother-in-law, on +pain of a heavy, perhaps a ruinous fine; this singular law is +founded on the tradition of an incest. It is a common custom to +lend their wives to one another; if a man evades a promise of +this<span class="pagenum" id="Page_438">[438]</span> kind, the +Governor awards heavy damages to the plaintiff. If an applicant is +refused, and is detected in intrigue, the whole of his property is +forfeited to the husband of the woman, who, if it is not speedily +delivered, may kill the man, and burn his house. I heard of no law +so barbarous or disgusting, as this any where in the interior of +the Gold Coast. They assured me they never made human +sacrifices.</p> + +<p>A man of consequence never drinks before his inferiors, without +hiding his face from them, believing that at this moment only, his +enemies have the power of imposing a spell on his faculties, in +spite of the guardiance of his fetish. When a man dies, the door of +his house is kept shut seven days. The whiskers of the men, and the +side locks both of them and the women, hang down in narrow braids, +sometimes below their shoulders, the ends commonly tipped with +small beads, and the front locks are generally braided to project +like horns. The women wear a number of thick brass rings (the trade +brass rod twisted) round their legs. A woman of consequence has a +succession of them from the ancle to the knee, which announce her +approach when walking, and jingle when she dances. The female +slaves support even the heaviest burdens from a broad band or +string around the temples. Like other negroes, different families +have different fetish, some will not eat a cock, nor others a hen. +I could not discover any distinct ideas of the creation, or of a +future life. They believe implicitly in the superior fetish of +individuals from Sappalah and other countries in the interior.</p> + +<p>Tom Lawson’s ‘fetish man,’ a native of Sappalah, has so +thoroughly persuaded his master, by his address and fortuitous +circumstances in war, that no bullet can injure him, strike him +where it will, (either rebounding, or penetrating to be thrown from +the stomach at pleasure) that this old man, who has lived almost +the whole of his life in European vessels, always presses every +stranger<span class="pagenum" id="Page_439">[439]</span> to become +equally convinced by firing at him. His son bribed this man to +endue him with the same fetish, and eagerly making trial of its +virtue, received a musket ball, which fractured the small bone of +his arm. The address of the fetish man accounted for this, to the +entire satisfaction of every body, by declaring (being the most +probable crime he could guess in the emergency) that it was at that +instant revealed to him by the offended fetish, that this young man +once had a stolen intercourse with his wife at an improper season; +it was immediately confessed as a truth, and they are as obstinate +believers as ever.</p> + +<p>Naängo consists of one street, wide, regular, and clean. The +houses are very neatly constructed of bamboo, and afford a ground +floor of spacious and lofty apartments. They sleep on bedsteads +encircled with musquito curtains of bamboo cloth. The manners of +the superiors are very pleasing and hospitable, and a European may +reside amongst them, not only with safety, but with comfort and +dignity. I do not think the old and new town contain 500 +inhabitants between them. From the sickness which prevailed on +board the vessel, the climate must be very insalubrious. The +density of the atmosphere from exhalation was even more oppressive +than the heat, which was intense before the setting in of the +sea-breeze, and at all times sensibly much greater than I had +experienced on the Gold Coast, or in the interior: there was no +thermometer on board. The Empoöngwa is the softest negro language I +have ever heard, being characterized by the duplication of vowels, +separately pronounced. Their numerals are;</p> + +<table class="padded1" id="t439"> +<tr> +<td>One</td> +<td>Hemoödee</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Two</td> +<td>Mban</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Three</td> +<td>Ntcharoo</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Four</td> +<td>Nahee</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Five</td> +<td>Nchanee</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td><span class="pagenum" id="Page_440">[440]</span>Six</td> +<td>Oroöba</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Seven</td> +<td>Ragginnoömoo</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Eight</td> +<td>Ennanakee</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Nine</td> +<td>Enogoöm</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Ten</td> +<td>Hegoöm</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p>They do not possess a single manufacture, depending for all +their comforts and conveniences on the superior ingenuity of their +inland neighbours, and the supplies of shipping. They plant but +handfuls of corn, and rear a few goats and fowls. Cotton grows +spontaneously. They make a good black dye from the mangrove and +ebony shavings. They reduce the red wood to a very soft powder, by +breaking a soft species of stone, and sprinkling the finest +particles of it on a flat piece of red wood, which they rub +violently against another flat piece; the mixed powders are then +thrown into water, and that of the wood floating on the surface is +strained and dried. They rub children with this powder for +cutaneous eruptions.</p> + +<p>The African Ourang-outan (Pithecus Troglodites) is found here, +the one I saw was two feet and a half high, but said to be growing. +I offered a fair price for it, considering they are not rare there, +and would not give more when I heard of one being already in +England. The native name is Inchego: it had the cry, visage, and +action of a very old man, and was obedient to the voice of its +master; its agony on espying the panther on board was +inconceivable.<a id="FNanchor_135"></a><a href="#Footnote_135" +class="fnanchor">[135]</a> There is a curious variety of monkeys. +The favourite and<span class="pagenum" id="Page_441">[441]</span> +most extraordinary subject of our conversations on natural history, +(which I introduce merely to excite enquiry) was the Ingēna, +compared with an Ourang-outan, but much exceeding it in size, being +generally five feet high, and four across the shoulders; its paw +was said to be even more disproportionate than its breadth, and one +blow of it to be fatal; it is seen commonly by those who travel to +Kaylee, lurking in the bush to destroy passengers, and feeding +principally on the wild honey, which abounds. Their death is +frequently accelerated by the silliness which characterizes most of +their actions: observing men carry heavy burthens through the +forest, they tear off the largest branches from the trees, and +accumulating a weight (sometimes of elephants teeth,) +disproportionate even to their superior strength, emulously hurry +with it from one part of the woods to another, with little or no +cessation, until the fatigue, and the want of rest and nourishment, +exhausts them. Amongst other of their actions, reported without +variation by the men, women, and children of Empoöngwa and Sheekan, +is that of building a house in rude imitation of the natives, and +sleeping outside or on the roof of it; and also of carrying about +their infant dead, closely pressed to them, until they drop away in +putrefaction.<a id="FNanchor_136"></a><a href="#Footnote_136" +class="fnanchor">[136]</a> The larger birds in the creeks were +uncommon, if not unknown. Pelicans abounded.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_442">[442]</span>Chamelions were +plentifully caught, but none lived more than a month on board the +vessel, whether fed with flies, or not at all. The changes of those +I watched seemed confined to the shades between a very dark, dusky +green, and a bright yellow; when placed on any black substance they +became the former, and when any thing light approached them, they +changed to a bright green, which hue, if the substance was yellow, +was interspersed with the most brilliant spots of that colour. I +could not discern that they ever acquired a tinge of blue or red; +when at rest in their cage, their color was dark green, mottled +with still darker spots.</p> + +<p>In my rambles about the environs of Naängo, I formed some idea +of the general face of vegetation in Empoöngwa. Being the rainy +season, of course it did not possess its usual beauty. The red wood +trees abounded, with many which were new to me. The Mangroves +clothed the banks of the creeks and river, even growing some yards +from the banks in the water, and their lower branches frequently +covered with oysters. The palm wine tree was plentiful. Like most +parts of Western Africa, the woods were so covered beneath with +shrubs and plants, that they seemed impenetrable.<span class= +"pagenum" id="Page_443">[443]</span> Immense runners, twisting +together, dropped from the branches like large cables, generally +covered with parasites; sometimes adhering to the parent stem, they +became themselves a tree, and at others, shooting across to the +branches of neighbouring trees, seemed to connect the forest in a +general link. The climbing plants contributed to this entanglement, +for, interlacing their tendrils amongst the trees, they enwreathed +them in the most beautiful flowers, or dropping in festoons, formed +a splendid drapery to the sober green of the canopy: amongst these +the convolvolus cairicus was conspicuous, from its extreme variety, +the flowers being not only of that beautiful lilac, so much +esteemed in England, but of the brightest blue, dark brown, pale +yellow, white, pink, buff with a purple eye, and all the shades +which an opening flower presents from budding to decay.<a id= +"FNanchor_137"></a><a href="#Footnote_137" class= +"fnanchor">[137]</a> I gathered a few specimens of the plants as I +walked along, which may be acceptable to botanists. I can only +lament that so many circumstances conspired to render my account of +them imperfect; the rainy season, my slight knowledge of botany, +and the absence of all instruments which might have enabled me to +examine the very minute flowers which frequently presented +themselves; but I am convinced many new species might be +discovered. I will submit a few which were remarkable for their +different virtues, and of which drawings or specimens are +preserved.</p> + +<p>The Cosa Cosa grew upon a tree about ten feet high, the flowers +in clusters, but rarely two fully blown at the same moment, the +corolla white, tube shaped, but cleft to the bottom, tinged at the +top with crimson and yellow; a slightly tinged glutinous petal was +fixed within<span class="pagenum" id="Page_444">[444]</span> the +corolla, and adhered firmly to it; when separated, I found the two +anthera fastened to it, without filaments, and between them laid +the style, the stigma having a small hook at the back to fasten it +between the two anthera. The juice is used for curing inflammations +of the eyes.</p> + +<p>The Endaägoo (<i>Cyperas articulatus</i>. <em>Linn.</em>) had +the appearance of a grass, the bulbous root was used as a worm +medicine.</p> + +<p>The Owallifa was not in blossom, the prickly leaf was applied to +swellings when they wished to reduce them by bleeding; flogging the +part affected, as boys frequently do their chilblains with +holly.</p> + +<p>The Edjamba (<em>a species of</em> <i>Urtica</i>) bears a +multitude of minute green flowers, the leaves wear the appearance +of nettles, and when laid on the skin produce blisters.</p> + +<p>The Eninda Aboönee (<i>Leea sambucina</i>) is an umbelliferous +plant, the infusion of which is said to correct nausea.</p> + +<p>The Oonkoolankolee (<i>Aneilema bracteolata</i>. <em>Br.</em>) +bears a very delicate lilac blossom, with only two petals, which +fly back and expose the other parts of the flower; the least breath +of air will disturb them. The natives wash their children with its +infusion, if they are backward in walking.</p> + +<p>The Econda Boomba (<i>Bidens</i>, probably a new species, but +too imperfect to be determined) is anti-venereal, as an infusion; +the flower resembles the chamomile.</p> + +<p>The Shewawono bears a spike with leaves resembling those of +Hedysarum. The decoction is said to cure rheumatism.</p> + +<p>The tobacco grows spontaneously, but I do not consider this so +strong a proof of its being indigenous to Africa, as that it grows +in Inta. The Portuguese have probably introduced it into +Gaboon.</p> + +<p>The natives here as well as elsewhere have a number of +fetish<span class="pagenum" id="Page_445">[445]</span> plants; the +most remarkable seems the Ewelly welly, (the Aserumbdrue of +Ashantee, a species of Piper related to Umbellatum) the broad leaf +of which, when rubbed on a fetish man, is said to render him +invisible.</p> + +<p>The Eroga, a favourite but violent medicine, is no doubt a +fungus, for they describe it as growing on a tree called the +Ocamboo, when decaying; they burn it first, and take as much as +would lay on a shilling.</p> + +<p>The medicine they most prize is the Neoöndoo; a small quantity +was spared to me reluctantly. Four nuts grow in a pod on a very +large tree of the hardest wood; it is purchased greedily, only +growing on the frontier of Empoöngwa, and is used successfully by +those afflicted with gravel.</p> + +<p>In killing elephants they use two poisons, both of which are the +milky juices of the stalks of plants. Inquaw indjoo (a plant +belonging to the natural order <i>Aroidea</i>, and referable to the +Linnean genus <i>Arum</i>) bears a hard white berry in a spiral +cluster. The Ygwan agwan berries are red, and in perfection at the +time that the flowers are budding. These juices are rubbed on the +muskets balls, spears, arrows, and knives, and the effect on the +elephant is described as almost instantaneous.</p> + +<p>They make bird lime from a tree called Epoowa.</p> + +<p>Besides the pine apple, the common thread of Africa, they use +that of two other plants, the Ezoönee (<i>Triumfitta elliptica</i>, +<em>Nov. Sp.</em>) and the Naängoo, an <i>Urtica</i>, or genus +nearly allied to it. The former bears a yellow flower, too minute +for my inspection. The top of the latter is surmounted by five or +six delicate flower stalks; the blossoms were exceedingly minute, +and of a lively green.</p> + +<p>The governor of the town brought me two or three very harsh +rough leaves, which he said were from the plant Egoögoo (a species +of <i>ficus</i>) not then in blossom; they are used in planing +wood,<span class="pagenum" id="Page_446">[446]</span> polishing and +cleaning various articles of household furniture, and feel like +emery paper. At the same time he gave me what they are very fond of +chewing, a delicate little mimosa, (<i>Abrus precatorius</i>. +<em>Linn.</em>) the taste of which resembles liquorice.</p> + +<p>A beautiful red pod, the blossom of which was out of season, +contains small black seeds, in taste exactly resembling the +cardamom. The natives of this place, and also of the interior, are +very fond of them. In Booroom the plant is called Booroomma, and at +Gaboon, Entoöndo.</p> + +<p>The Caoutchouc is to be met with here; the natives describe it +as the product of one tree only,<a id="FNanchor_138"></a><a href= +"#Footnote_138" class="fnanchor">[138]</a> the olamboo; their +method of collecting it is curious. After the incision is made in +the tree, whence it oozes like a glutinous milk, they spread it +over their arms and breasts with a knife, (having first shaved +themselves, that the hair of the skin may not be torn up when it is +taken off,) in the form of a plaister. It is either rolled up in +balls to play with, or stretched over the heads of drums; they do +not seem to apply it to any other use.</p> + +<p>They make their torches from the wood (odjoo) of which they form +their canoes, the resinous parts are broken in small pieces, and +tied closely in very long leaves; the smaller end is fixed to +an<span class="pagenum" id="Page_447">[447]</span> upright stick +placed in the ground of the apartment; they afford a brilliant +light, and the resin, when burning, emits a grateful odour.</p> + +<p>The Odica, from which they make a kind of chocolate, is a very +high and large tree, bearing an acuminate shining leaf. The nuts, +which are white, are contained in a round pod with a bulb at the +end, twice as large as a man’s fist, green without, and yellow +within; the parts surrounding the nuts are squeezed into water, +which they sweeten like honey. The kernels are strung and smoke +dried, and then beat in water into large masses, having the +appearance of coarse chocolate, but the flavour of a rank gross +gravy. It might be more palatable otherwise prepared.</p> + +<p>The vegetable butter (which certainly belongs to the natural +order <i>Sapoteæ</i>) brought to the Ashantee market, is here well +known by the name of Onoöngoo: it is a large tree, and the nuts are +enclosed in a round red pod, containing from four to six: the +flower is also red, from description. My servant, a native of +Booroom, called the tree Kirrimkoon, and the butter Incoom; the +Ashantees call the latter Sarradee; in Mallowa the tree is called +Timkeëä. The nut is first boiled, and the oil or butter afterwards +expressed; in Booroom and Mallowa it is skimmed from the surface. +It tasted quite as good as fresh butter before any salt is added, +and we relished the meat fried in it exceedingly. Being the rainy +season I could neither get a sight of the flower or the pod of this +or the odica, but I procured the nuts and produce of both. The +curious may compare this butter with the specimen of the Ashantee +grease. Before I understood them to be distinct trees, I concluded +the odica and the butter both to be the produce of the cacao-nut, +but the butter answers closely to Mr. Park’s description of the +shea-tolu, though the tree did not resemble the American oak.</p> + +<p>The Kolla nut grows on one of those trees which are +supposed<span class="pagenum" id="Page_448">[448]</span> to sow +their own seed; it is round, and the size of an Orleans plum, +having a very hard shell, the kernel is white, and, after being +exposed to the sun for a few days, becomes even sweeter than a +filbert. The natives frequently soak them in salt water for a few +weeks, and relish the rank flavour they then acquire. They form the +principal food of the lower orders. They have a round orange +coloured fruit, called Incheema, the size varies from that of a +small cocoa nut to a large one; the capsule is very thick, and when +cut yields a milky juice; a number of hard, dark brown seeds, +surrounded by a pulp, are found within, the latter only is eaten, +and when gathered fresh from the tree, is of a very delicious +flavour, not unlike that of a green gage. If the fruit is suffered +to fall from the tree, the bruise renders it unwholesome and +unpalatable.</p> + +<p>Every dark night, Tom Lawson was sure to direct me to look in +the direction of what some foolish Europeans had persuaded him must +be a diamond mountain. It lays about three days eastward of +Empoöngwa in direct distance, but from the fear of the intervening +people, he had been obliged to visit it by a circuitous route, +which occupied seven days; he lost the pieces he procured, in a +skirmish on his return; they illuminated a great circumference. It +is considered a powerful fetish, and described as a very high +mountain. I must admit, that when there was no moon, a pale but +distinct light was invariably reflected from a mountain in that +quarter, and from no other.</p> + +<p>The red and yellow ochres brought to me, were dug in the +neighbourhood of a savannah three journies south-eastward of +Empoöngwa, where they insisted there were large pits of strata, not +only of red and yellow, but of other colours. They believe, that if +a man attempts to carry off different colours at the same time, he +is paralyzed on the spot. Gold has never been found in this part of +Africa.</p> + +<div class="figcenter iw4"> +<figure id="music21"> +<p class="cpmu"><span class="sc">Empoöngwa Song.</span> +</p> +<a href="images/music21.jpg"><img src='images/music21.jpg' alt= +''></a> +</figure> +</div> + +<div class="figcenter iw4"> +<figure id="music22"> +<p class="cpmu"><span class="sc">Empoöngwa Song.</span> +</p> +<a href="images/music22.jpg"><img src='images/music22.jpg' alt= +''></a> +</figure> +</div> + +<div class="figcenter iw4"> +<figure id="music23"> +<p class="cpmu">Notes sung by the white Negro from Imbeekee.</p> +<a href="images/music23.jpg"><img src='images/music23.jpg' alt= +''></a> +</figure> +</div> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_449">[449]</span>The music of +Empoöngwa is, generally, very inferior to that I have before +noticed. The enchambee, their only peculiar instrument, resembles +the mandolino, but has only five strings, made from the root of the +palm tree; the neck consists of five pieces of bamboo, to which the +strings are fastened, and, slipping up and down, are easily, but +not securely tuned; it is played with both hands; the tones are +sweet, but have little power or variety. Long stories are recited +to the enchambee in the moon-light evenings, in a sort of +recitative; a favourite one, is an account of the arts by which the +Sun gained the ascendancy over the Moon, who were first made of +coeval power by their common father.</p> + +<p>No. 1, (which, I imagine, commences in F major, and ends in G +major) is an Empoöngwa air played on the enchambee. I do not know +if the inversion of words is common in their conversation as well +as in their songs. A native envies a neighbour, named Engaëlla, who +has ivory to barter with a vessel.</p> + +<table> +<tr> +<td>Amorill injanja</td> +<td>Engaëlla;</td> +<td class="tdc">impoongee</td> +<td class="tdc">m’adgillinjanja.</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>A brass pan he has got</td> +<td>Engaëlla;</td> +<td class="tdc">ivory,</td> +<td class="tdc">I have got none.</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p class="nind">Here again we find <em>me</em> answers to the +personal pronoun I.</p> + +<p>No. 2, in G major, is a song in which the men sing the air +alone, and the women join in the chorus. It is an old one, and the +subject the first appearance of a white man. One verse will be +quite enough to satisfy others and exculpate myself. At least half +a dozen followed it.</p> + +<table> +<tr> +<td class="tdc">Ma</td> +<td>bengwoo</td> +<td class="tdc">ma bengwa</td> +<td class="tdc">baïa.</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>A fine strange</td> +<td>thing,</td> +<td class="tdc">A fine strange thing,</td> +<td class="tdc">my mother.</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<table> +<tr> +<td class="tdc">Deboonga sai</td> +<td class="tdc">camberwoona</td> +<td class="tdc">nayennee.</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="tdc">Like the leaf of the fat tree,<a id= +"FNanchor_139"></a><a href="#Footnote_139" class= +"fnanchor">[139]</a></td> +<td class="tdc">true I say,</td> +<td class="tdc">so it is.</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<table> +<tr> +<td class="tdc">Sangwa moochoo,</td> +<td class="tdc">baïa.</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="tdc">I make you look to-day,</td> +<td class="tdc">my mother.</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<table> +<tr> +<td class="tdc"><span class="pagenum" id="Page_450">[450]</span>Baï +yamgwan boonoo.</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="tdc">My mother fears this fetish man.</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p>My patience during a series of dull Empoöngwa songs, was +recompensed by the introduction of a performer, as loathsome as his +music was astonishing. It was a white negro from the interior +country of Imbeekee; his features betrayed his race, his hair was +woolly, and of a sandy colour, with thick eye brows of the same; +his eyes small, bright, and of a dark grey; the light seemed to +hurt them, and their constant quivering and rolling gave his +countenance an air of insanity, which was confirmed by the actions +of his head, and limbs, and the distortions of his mouth. His +stature was middling, and his limbs very small; his skin was +dreadfully diseased, and where it was free from sores bore the +appearance of being thrown on, it hung about him so loose and so +shrivelled; his voice was hollow, and his laugh loud, interspersed +with African howls. His harp was formed of wood, except that part +emitting the sound, which was covered with goat skin, perforated at +the bottom. The bow to which the eight strings were fixed, was +considerably curved, and there was no upright; the figure head, +which was well carved, was placed at the top of the body, the +strings were twisted round long pegs, which easily turned when they +wanted tuning, and, being made of the fibrous roots of palm wine +tree, were very tough and not apt to slip. The tone was full, +harmonious, and deep. He sat on a low stool, and supporting his +harp on his knee and shoulder, proceeded to tune it with great +nicety; his hands seemed to wander amongst the strings until he +gradually formed a running accompaniment (but with little variety) +to his extraordinary vociferations. At times, one deep and hollow +note burst forth and died away; the sounds of the harp became +broken; presently he looked up, pursuing all the +actions<span class="pagenum" id="Page_451">[451]</span> of a +maniac, taking one hand from the strings, to wave it up and down, +stretching forth one leg and drawing it up again as if convulsed, +lowering the harp on to the other foot, and tossing it up and down. +Whilst the one hand continued playing, he rung forth a peal which +vibrated on the ear long after it had ceased; he was silent; the +running accompaniment served again as a prelude to a loud +recitative, uttered with the greatest volubility, and ending with +one word, with which he ascended and descended, far beyond the +extent of his harp, with the most beautiful precision. Sometimes he +became more collected, and a mournful air succeeded the recitative, +though without the least connection, and he would again burst out +with the whole force of his powerful voice in the notes of the +Hallelujah of Handel. To meet with this chorus in the wilds of +Africa, and from such a being, had an effect I can scarcely +describe, and I was lost in astonishment at the coincidence. There +could not be a stronger proof of the nature of Handel, or the +powers of the negro.</p> + +<p>I naturally enquired if this man was in his senses, and the +reply was, that he was always rational but when he played, when he +invariably used the same gestures, and evinced the same +incoherency. The accompanying notes were caught whilst he was +singing; to do more than set them down in their respective lengths, +was impossible, and every notation must be far inadequate.</p> + +<p>As regards the words, there was such a rhapsody of recitative, +of mournful, impetuous, and exhilarated air, wandering through the +life of man, throughout the animal and vegetable kingdom for its +subjects, without period, without connection, so transient, abrupt, +and allegorical, that the Governor of the town could translate a +line but occasionally, and I was too much possessed by the music, +and the alternate rapture and phrenzy of the performer, to minute +the half which he communicated. I can only submit the +fragments<span class="pagenum" id="Page_452">[452]</span> of a +melancholy and a descriptive part.</p> + +<p>Burst of a man led to execution,</p> + +<div class="linegrp-container"> +<div class="linegrp2"> +<div class="group"> +<div class="line indent0">Yawa yawa wo wo oh</div> + +<div class="line indent0">Yawa waï yawa</div> + +<div class="line indent0">What have I done? what have I done?</div> +</div> +</div> +</div> + +<p>Bewailing the loss of his mother,</p> + +<div class="linegrp-container"> +<div class="linegrp2"> +<div class="group"> +<div class="line indent0">Yawa gooba shangawelladi yaisa</div> + +<div class="line indent0">Wo na boo, &c.</div> + +<div class="line indent0">My mother dies; who’ll cry for me +now</div> + +<div class="line indent0">When I die? &c.</div> + +<div class="line indent0">Pahmbolee gwoongee yayoo, &c.</div> + +<div class="line indent0">Which path shall I seek my love?</div> + +<div class="line indent0">Hark! I know now,</div> + +<div class="line indent0">I hear her snap the dry sticks,</div> + +<div class="line indent0">To speak, to call to me.</div> +</div> +</div> +</div> + +<p>Jiggledy jiggledy, jiggledy, too too tee too, often invaded or +broke off a mournful strain; it was said to be an imitation of the +note of a bird, described as the wood-pecker.</p> + +<p>Three Portuguese, one French, and two large Spanish ships, +visited the river for slaves during our stay, and the master of a +Liverpool vessel assured me that he had fallen in with 22 between +Gaboon and the Congo. Their grand rendezvous is Mayumba. The +Portuguese of St. Thomas’s and Prince’s islands send small schooner +boats to Gaboon for slaves, which are kept after they are +transported this short distance, until the coast is clear for +shipping them to America. A third large Spanish ship, well armed, +entered the river the night before we quitted it, and hurried our +exit, for one of that character was committing piracy in the +neighbouring rivers. Having suffered from falling into their hands +before, I felicitated myself on the escape. We were afterwards +chased and boarded by a Spanish armed schooner, with three hundred +slaves on board; they only desired provisions.</p> + +<div class="footnotes" id="ftp2c13"> +<div class="footnote"> +<p><a id="Footnote_129"></a><a href="#FNanchor_129"><span class= +"label">[129]</span></a>I believe no instructions for entering the +River Gabon are in print, the following were compiled from the +log-book of the Lord Mulgrave, which has been laden in the river +the three successive years she has been chartered as a store-ship +by the African Committee, and beat into it this time. When standing +for the river, from the southward, it is best to give Round Corner +a good birth, as a shoal or sand-bank runs off between that and +Sandy point, and also in case of being becalmed, as the ground is +foul and bad for anchoring. A channel goes in by Sandy point, but +it is rarely used but by small vessels. Leave Round Corner about +three leagues, and stand over for Cape Clara until you have the +river well open, then steer for a bluff point about two miles +inside of the Cape, where you will find from eight to ten fathom +water. You may stand in, till you are about two miles from the +above point, and then steer up the river, keeping the north shore +aboard, and steering for the highest land you see, which lies above +Quaw Ben’s town. In mid-channel, you will find nine fathoms, until +you bring Sandy point on a line with Cape Clara bearing S.S.E. You +are then in the narrowest part of the channel, which is not more +than two or three miles wide, and your greatest soundings will be +six fathoms. When you are well inside these bearings you may haul +off from the shore at your leisure, and steer for Parrot Island. +When athwart of Quaw Ben’s town, and about five miles off shore, +you will find twelve and thirteen fathoms. In standing up from Quaw +Ben’s, give Prince Glass’s town a good birth, as a shoal runs off +to some distance, your soundings will be from seven to nine +fathoms; you may anchor on any part of the north side, without +danger. Between Konig and Parrot Islands, is very good anchorage in +seven fathoms, and a soft, muddy, bottom; thence to Abraham’s town, +you will have from seven to four fathoms at low water; and small +vessels may go a considerable way up the river, for there are three +fathoms at Naängoo or George-Town creek, about forty-five miles up +the river. If you are turning into the river, when you are within +the Cape, stand no further off than into five fathoms, for as you +close the middle ground, the soundings are very irregular; you may +have five fathoms; and, before the next cast, the ship may be +ashore. The widest part of the channel, is not more than about 5½ +miles, until you are nearly athwart of Quaw Ben’s town, when you +may stand over to the south side, as you are then inside the bank. +There is a very good watering-place at Rodney’s point. Ships +unacquainted, may anchor off the Cape and wait for the sea breeze, +which generally sets in before noon.</p> +</div> + +<div class="footnote"> +<p><a id="Footnote_130"></a><a href="#FNanchor_130"><span class= +"label">[130]</span></a>I am sorry to say those whom their parents +have been persuaded to entrust to English vessels for the same +purpose, have invariably been sold as slaves, in violation of every +assurance; an infamy of which the French have never been guilty in +a single instance.</p> +</div> + +<div class="footnote"> +<p><a id="Footnote_131"></a><a href="#FNanchor_131"><span class= +"label">[131]</span></a>Wōla is probably the Empoöngwa corruption +of the original name Quolla or Kulla, for, presuming that name to +be given to it in the Mallowa or Houssa country,<a id= +"FNanchor_a-131"></a><a href="#Footnote_a-131" class= +"fnanchor">[a]</a> to denote its being a branch or arm of the great +river, dividing into it and the Gambaroo after leaving the lake +Dibbir, (Kulla being <em>child</em> in the Mallowa,) it doubtless +retains the same name in the country known at Gaboon; not only +because Mr. Brown first reported the river Kulla (<em>Bahr +Kulla</em>) and the kingdom (<em>Dar Kulla</em>) to be situated +thereabouts, but because from the following observation of Mr. +Hutchison’s, received since I wrote my geographical chapter, it +appears, that the language of the kingdom which bears the name of +the river, is at least a dialect of the Mallowa language. “I send +you the numerals of Quolla liffa, as given me by the servant boy I +have got lately, who comes from that country, which is near the +cannibals:” see <a href="#Page_505">Appendix,</a> Language.</p> +</div> + +<div class="subft"> +<p><a id="Footnote_a-131"></a><a href= +"#FNanchor_a-131"><span class="label">[a]</span></a>The Jennë Moors +however called it Quolla, which inclined me at first to derive its +name from <em>Killi</em>, the numeral <em>one</em> in the Bambarra, +as if to denote it the first or greatest river; as Yahndi, the name +of the capital of Dagwumba, implies its pre-eminence; +<em>Yahndi</em> being <em>one</em> in the language of the +country.</p> +</div> + +<div class="footnote"> +<p><a id="Footnote_132"></a><a href="#FNanchor_132"><span class= +"label">[132]</span></a>“The information received here (at +Mavoonda) of the upward course of the river, was more distinct than +any we have yet had; all the persons we spoke to agreeing that +after ten days in a canoe, we should come to a large sandy island, +which makes <em>two channels, one to the north west, and the other +to the north east; that in the latter there is a fall, but that +canoes are easily got above it</em>; that twenty days above the +island, the river issues by many small streams from a great marsh +or lake of mud.” Captain Tuckey’s Narrative. In a map, “Regna Congo +et Angola,” in Dapper’s Description de l’Afrique, 1686, a large arm +is laid down, about two hundred and fifty miles up the Zaire, +running to or coming from the north-east. As this book is scarcely +known, there being but one copy in England, it may be interesting +to the reader to see a description of the Congo and its source, +according to the geographical opinions, a century and a half ago, +for 1686 is the date of the translation from the German. Refer +first to my copy of a part of one of the many maps in Dapper’s +work, <a href="#map2">p. 211.</a> Au midi de cette riviere (Niger) +est le Zaire, ou la grande riviere de Congo qui prend sa source de +trois lacs, au sentiment de Pigaser. Le premier se nomme Zambre +d’où procede le Nil, le second Zaire d’où sortent les rivieres de +Lelunde et de Coanze, et le troisiême est un lac formé par le Nil. +Mais le principal est le Zambre qui est comme le centre d’où les +fleuves de nord le Nil, au levant Cuama et Coavo, au midi Zeila et +Manice ou Manhessen, et au couchant la riviere de Zaire, qui par +divers bras arrose toute la partie occidentale de l’Afrique, situé +au delà de la ligne, les royaumes de Congo, d’Angola, de +Monomatapa, de Matamam, de Bagamadiri et d’Agasymba jusqu’au cap de +bonne-esperance; pendant que le Nil, Cuama, Coavo, Zeila, et Manice +traversent l’Abyssinie et tous les pais qui sont entre la mer-Rouge +et Cuama. L’embouchure de Zaire est à cinq degrez quarante minutes +de latitude Meridionale. Elle a trois milles de large et se +décharge dans l’ocean avec tant d’impetuosité, que l’impression +qu’elle donne à la marée, dont elle rend le cours ouëst-nord-ouëst +et nord-ouëst au nord se ressent en pleine mer, à douze milles de +la côte. Quand on a perdu la terre de vue, on découvre une eau +noire, de la verdure, des cannes et des roseaux qui ressemblent à +de petites îles, et que la violence de la marée entraine après soi +du haut des ecœuils. De sorte qu’à moins d’un vent d’arrière il est +fort difficile de resister au courant et d’aller jetter l’ancre +dans la rade de Cabo Padron. On ne sauroit remonter ce fleuve plus +de vint ou vint cinq lieues au-dessus de son embouchure, à cause +des cascades qui sont au milieu de son lit et qui s’élancent du +haut des rochers avec tant de bruit qu’on l’entend à deux ou trois +lieues de là. Plusieurs ruisseaux se déchargent ou sortent de ce +fleuve et arrosent le pais: ce qui est fort commode pour les +marchands et les habitans qui peuvent aller commodément d’un +village à l’autre sur des canots. Les peuples qui demeurent le long +de ces ruisseaux sont des gens de petite taille.</p> +</div> + +<div class="footnote"> +<p><a id="Footnote_133"></a><a href="#FNanchor_133"><span class= +"label">[133]</span></a>The following, which Baron Humboldt +sketched before me, (and which is only laid down in Walker’s Map of +the World on the globular projection) is a more extraordinary +concatenation of rivers; considering the opposite courses of the +Orinoco and Amazon when connected by the Casiquaire, which is more +curiously situated than the south eastern branch of the Ogooawai, +flowing, through Tanyan, into the Zaire.</p> + +<div class="figcenter iw6"> +<figure id="map4"><a href="images/map4.jpg"><img src= +'images/map4.jpg' alt=''></a> +</figure> +</div> +</div> + +<div class="footnote"> +<p><a id="Footnote_134"></a><a href="#FNanchor_134"><span class= +"label">[134]</span></a>“Captain Tuckey could only learn that the +paramount Sovereign was named Blindy N’Congo, and resided at a +banza named Congo, which was six days journey, in the interior from +the ‘Tall Trees,’ where, by the account of the negroes, the +Portuguese had an establishment, and where there were soldiers and +white women. This place is no doubt the St. Salvador of the +Portuguese. The following is the description in Dapper: La province +de Pembo est la plus considerable de tout le royaume dont elle +contient la ville capitale, et forme comme le centre. Cette ville +porte le nom de banza chez les Ethiopiens, les Portugais la nomment +présentement S. Salvador, et Marmol l’appelloit Ambas Congo. Elle +est presque au milieu de la province, située sur une roche fort +haute, <em>à 76 lieues de France ou 150 milles de la mer</em>, au +sud-est de la riviere de Zaire, et ombragée de Palmiers, de +Tamarins, de Bacoves, de Colas, de Limoniers et d’Orangers. Le +côtau sur lequel elle est bâtie est si haut, que de dessus son +sommet on porte la vue aussi loin qu’elle se peut étendre, sans +qu’aucune montagne l’arrête. Il n’y a point de murailles autour de +cette ville, si ce n’est d’un côté de devers le Midi, que le +premier roi chrétien donna aux Portugais pour les mettre à couvert +des insultes. Il fit aussi fermer de murailles son palais et toutes +les maisons royales qui sont aux environs, laissant une place vuide +où l’on bâtit ensuite un palais et un cimétiere. La cime de la +montagne est occupé par des maisons baties fort près l’une de +l’autre: les personnes de qualité en possedent la plus grande +partie, et sont des enceintes de bâtimens qui ressemblent à une +petite ville. Les habitations des personnes du commun sont rangées +de file, en diverses rues, elles sont assez grandes, mais les +murailles ne sont que de paille; excepté quelques unes que les +Portugais ont faites, dont les murs sont de brique & le toit de +chaume. Le palais du roi est aussi grand qu’une ville ordinaire; il +est fermé de quatre murailles, celle qui regarde sur le quartier +des Portugais est de chaux & de pierre, les autres ne sont que de +paille, mais travaillée fort proprement. Les murailles des sales & +des chambres sont orneés de tapisseries de paille nattées avec +beaucoup d’art. Dans l’enceinte interieure du Palais, il y a des +jardins & des vergers embellis de berceaux & de pavilions fort +beaux pour le pais, quoiqu’au fond ce ne soit pas grande chose. Il +y a dix ou douze Eglises, la Cathedrale, sept chapelles dans la +ville & trois Eglises dans le chateau du Prince. Il y a aussi un +couvent de Jesuites, où trois ou quatre de ces Peres sent tous le +jours le Catechisme au peuple, & des écoles où l’on enseigne le +Latin & le Portugais. Il y a deux fontaines, l’une dans la rue de +St. Jaques & l’autre dans une cour du Palais, qui fournissent +abondance d’eau fraiche, sans qu’on se donne la peine de refaire +les aqueducs ou de les entretenir. Outre cela il y a un bras de la +riviere Lelunde, qu’on nomme Vese, qui sort au pié de la montagne, +au Levant de la ville; son eau est fort bonne, le peuple en va +puiser, & elle sert à arroser & rendre fertiles les campagnes +d’alentour. On y a des pourceaux & des chevres; mais peu de moutons +& boeufs; on les renferme la nuit dans des parcs qui sont dans la +ville près des maisons.</p> +</div> + +<div class="footnote"> +<p><a id="Footnote_135"></a><a href="#FNanchor_135"><span class= +"label">[135]</span></a>This panther or leopard, was sent to the +Governor-in-Chief by the King of Ashantee, and was so perfectly +tame as never to be tied up, but strolled at liberty through the +apartments, playing with the servants and children. It was +presented to the Duchess of York, and died at Exeter ’Change, a +short time after it landed, of an inflammation on the lungs. The +extraordinary playfulness and good humour of the animal, and the +preservation of its health and tameness during a four months +voyage, (during the colder part of which he banquetted sumptuously +on dead parrots) made the loss very mortifying.</p> +</div> + +<div class="footnote"> +<p><a id="Footnote_136"></a><a href="#FNanchor_136"><span class= +"label">[136]</span></a>The description the natives give of this +animal agrees extraordinarily with that of the Quoja Morrou in +Dapper.</p> + +<p>Les Quojas Morrou, dont on a parlé dans le royaume de Quoja, +naissent dans le royaume d’Angola. Comme cet animal tient beaucoup +de l’homme, bien des gens ont cru qu’il étoit issu d’un homme & +d’un singe, mais les Negres même rejettent cette opinion. Il y a +trente ou quarante ans qu’on apporta en Hollande un de ses animaux, +dont on fit present à son Altesse le Prince Frederic Henri. Il +étoit de la grandeur d’un enfant de trois ans, <em>mais il avoit +bien le double d’épais, étant d’une taille carreé</em>, fort +vigoureux & agile: <em>car il levoit des choses fort pesantes & les +portoit d’un lieu en un autre</em>. Le devant de son corps étoit +nud, mais le dos étoit couvert de poil noir. Sa face avoit quelque +chose d’humain, mais son nez étoit plat & retroussé. Ses oreilles, +son sein, et ses mamelles, ses coudes ses mains, le bas de son +ventre & ses parties naturelles, ses jambes & ses pieds +resembloient parfaitement à ceux d’une femme, parce que c’étoit un +animal femelle. <em>Il se tenoit debout & marchoit souvent tout +droit; il buvoit fort proprement, portant, d’une main le pot à la +bouche et le soutenant de l’autre; il se couchoit de même, mettoit +sa tête sur un chevet, ajustoit la couverture sur son corps, & à le +voir ainsi étendu on l’auroit pris pour un homme</em>. Aussi les +Negres rapportent-ils des choses prodigieuses de cet animal; ils +assurent qu’il force des femmes & des filles, <em>& qu’il ose s’en +prendre à des hommes armez</em>. Et selon toutes les apparences +c’est là ce Satyre si celebre chez les Anciens, dont Pline & les +poëtes ont tant parlé par oui-dire & sur des rapports +incertains.</p> +</div> + +<div class="footnote"> +<p><a id="Footnote_137"></a><a href="#FNanchor_137"><span class= +"label">[137]</span></a>“Les Botanistes remarquent même très +fréquemment ces accidens de couleurs dans les plantes venues en +lieux agrestes. Je n’en citerai qu’un exemple entre mille. Sur les +rives sauvages du Volga et du Samara, Pallas a trouvé l’<i>Anemone +patens</i> chargé de périanthes tantôt bleus, tantôt blancs, tantôt +jaunes.”—Mirbel 1ère partie, p. 264.</p> +</div> + +<div class="footnote"> +<p><a id="Footnote_138"></a><a href="#FNanchor_138"><span class= +"label">[138]</span></a>“India rubber is obtained from the milky +juice of different plants in hot countries. The chief of these are, +the Jatropha elastica and Urceola elastica. The juice is applied in +successive coatings on a mould of clay, and dried by the fire or in +the sun, and when of a sufficient thickness the mould is crushed +and the pieces shaken out.” Nicholson.</p> + +<p>“It has been discovered that caoutchouc is not exclusively the +produce of the Heven caoutchouc, but that it is furnished by +several other plants. We know it to be obtained in large quantities +from the Jatropha elastica of South America, and Dr. Roxburgh has +given us a description of an Indian plant (Urceola elastica) which +affords a juice that when thickened has all the properties of the +caoutchouc. We moreover know that the milky exudations of the Jack +tree (Artocarpus integrifolia) the Banyan tree (Ficus Indica) and +also that of the Arasum tree (Ficus religiosa) possess nearly +similar qualities.” Ainslie’s Materia Medica of Hindoostan.</p> +</div> + +<div class="footnote"> +<p><a id="Footnote_139"></a><a href="#FNanchor_139"><span class= +"label">[139]</span></a>The vegetable butter.</p> +</div> +</div> + +<hr class="chap"> + +<h2><span class="pagenum" id="Page_453">[453]</span><a id= +"p2c14"></a><span class="letter-spaced01">CHAPTER</span> XIV.</h2> + +<hr class="decordb width8 spaced3"> + +<p class="sch1"><em>Suggestions for future Missions to the Interior +of Africa.</em> +</p> + +<p class="dcap">A <span class="sc">mission</span> to Dagwumba is of +the first importance. See Geography, <a href="#Page_178">p. +178.</a> The commercial genius and opulence of its people, their +disinclination and inaptitude to war, their superior civilization, +and the numerous caravans which frequent this emporium, from the +most remote parts of the interior, make a treaty of intercourse +most desirable, both for commerce and science. But it is more +imperiously desirable, or rather this enterprise becomes a duty, +from the recollection, that, from this King’s proverbial repute for +sanctity, if he were persuaded by the deliberate remonstrance of a +British Resident, at least to mitigate, if not ultimately to +abolish human sacrifices, his example would naturally be followed +by the several neighbouring monarchs who make him their oracle.</p> + +<p>Mr. Hutchison’s courage, his love of enterprise, and his +interest in intellectual pursuit, to say nothing of a feeling +towards myself, which I cannot but be proud of, would, I am sure, +lead him to anticipate my wishes and strengthen my hopes of +success, by having him again as a companion; and his diary must +have proved, though very imperfectly, compared with a personal +acquaintance with him, how well he is qualified for an appointment, +so important<span class="pagenum" id="Page_454">[454]</span> to the +interests of commerce, science, and humanity, by his discretion, +zeal, and benevolence.<a id="FNanchor_140"></a><a href= +"#Footnote_140" class="fnanchor">[140]</a></p> + +<p>A third officer (and a zealous and able successor to Mr. Tedlie +has presented himself) should accompany this mission, to proceed +under the King of Dagwumba’s guarantee and recommendation, which is +omnipotent to the Niger, to Wauwaw (on the banks of that river +where Mr. Park was buried; for no plea could be less suspicious, +than the King of England’s natural anxiety to send an officer to +the Sultan of Wauwaw, to learn the particulars of Mr. Park’s death, +and to enquire for his papers, especially as a Moorish emissary +passing through Yahndi, was instructed to do so, directly we heard +of the circumstance in Ashantee. The officer alluded to (who is a +medical man, well acquainted with natural history, and an accurate +draftsman) should be content with a sight of the Niger, and remain +at Wauwaw collecting and observing, until an exchange of letters +with Cape Coast, through the Resident at Yahndi<a id= +"FNanchor_141"></a><a href="#Footnote_141" class= +"fnanchor">[141]</a>; when it would be seen how far it might be +prudent, (having replaced him at Wauwaw) to allow him to proceed to +Cassina, Houssa, or Timbuctoo; that is, if the Sultan of Wauwaw +would guarantee his safety, under the same promise of reward +previously held out to the King of Dagwumba.</p> + +<p>No moment could be more auspicious than the present for this +enterprise to Dagwumba, since the King of Ashantee’s absence and +perplexity in the Gaman war bars his molestation or hindrance; +though I have no expectation that he would offer either, were he at +liberty, or aware of the occasion: see <a href="#Page_342">page +342.</a></p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_455">[455]</span>If the trade of +Dagwumba be so extensive as was invariably reported to us (and to +Mr. Lucas at Mesurata on the Mediterranean) it might then become +desirable to establish a British market up the Volta; but this is +an after consideration. Geographical circumstances are much more in +favour of a mission to Dagwumba than they were in that to Ashantee, +(besides, that there are no irritating political retrospects to be +debated on arrival,) for the Volta or Adirree is navigable from the +sea to within eight days march of Yahndi; (see <a href= +"#Page_176">page 176;</a>) even if we do not calculate on the +reported junction of the river Laka, which would bring us close to +Yahndi.</p> + +<p>The presents should all be ingenious novelties, rather than +costly apparel, for they are not only more acceptable and more +imposing, but, which is very important, much more portable; and +would require so few carriers, as to diminish the expense of +conveyance as much as the expense of purchase. The negroes have +more than anticipated our <em>portable</em> displays of splendour, +from the pageantry and descriptions of the Moors; and we have had +the advantage of witnessing what kind of presents made the most +auspicious impression on the King of Dagwumba’s powerful neighbour, +which were certainly all of the class of ingenious novelty. I +should recommend, therefore, a few pieces of tissue and rich silk, +with gold thread interwoven, to shew that our manufactures can be +accommodated to their taste; see <a href="#Footnote_105">note page +331.</a></p> + +<p>Pieces of worked muslin.</p> + +<p>One piece of ditto, worked with gold thread.</p> + +<p>Scotch damask.</p> + +<p>Palampours, with gold and silver leaf.</p> + +<p>Manchester cottons, of rich pattern.</p> + +<p>Red, blue, and yellow broad cloth.</p> + +<p>Raw silk, of various colours; see <a href="#Page_331">page +331.</a></p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_456">[456]</span>Of the +foregoing, only small quantities as presents to the King and +principal Moors, by way of samples of our manufactures.</p> + +<p>Two pair of richly cut glass decanters.</p> + +<p>A small silver bowl embossed.</p> + +<p>A handsome lamp.</p> + +<p>A military saddle and bridle, with pistols, &c.</p> + +<p>Two musical snuff boxes.</p> + +<p>A good bird organ.</p> + +<p>Two or three common violins, being the instrument of the +country.</p> + +<p>Pandean pipes.</p> + +<p>Cymbals.</p> + +<p>Two bugles.</p> + +<p>Kaleidescopes.</p> + +<p>An inferior gold repeater for the King.</p> + +<p>Two or three common silver watches.</p> + +<p>A telescope.</p> + +<p>Camera obscura.</p> + +<p>Magic lantern.</p> + +<p>Microscope.</p> + +<p>Pocket compasses.</p> + +<p>Boxes of phosphorous matches.</p> + +<p>Arabic Bibles, and Arabic literature.</p> + +<p>Two or three landscapes, in sympathetic ink.</p> + +<p>A port-folio of engravings of English costume and public +buildings, with a set of the drawings of this work.</p> + +<p>A copying writing apparatus for the chief Moor.</p> + +<p>Wax, seals, pencils, Indian rubber.</p> + +<p>Two boxes of water colours.</p> + +<p>Drawing and writing paper, and vellum.</p> + +<p>Razors, scissors, knives.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_457">[457]</span>A handsome +double barrelled gun.</p> + +<p>Two boxes of carpenters tools.</p> + +<p>A small turning lathe.</p> + +<p>A small plough.</p> + +<p>A made up turban of gold tissue, with a gilt circle for the +head, set with false stones, for the chief Moor.</p> + +<p>A silk union flag.</p> + +<p>An air gun.</p> + +<p>Candles and perfumed soap.</p> + +<p>Bark, and other medicines.</p> + +<p>The officers of the mission should be provided with Troughton’s +pocket sextant, Dollond’s 32 feet telescope, the new barometers, +&c. &c.</p> + +<p>The Danes having deserted their fort (Adda) at the mouth of the +Volta, their government, on being solicited, would surely not only +not obstruct, but favour so important a scientific enterprise, and +not compel us to reach the river over land, as we could do, by +marching through Aquapim and Quaoo. The man of war on the station +might convey the mission to the mouth of the Volta, and one of her +boats accompany the canoes (which should be brought from Cape +Coast) a day or two up the river.</p> + +<p>It would be well to be prepared with several impressions of a +manifesto (in Arabic,) explanatory and impressive of the legitimate +and benevolent views of the British government, as an introduction +to the King of Dagwumba, preparatory to our negociation, and also +to serve the same purpose at Wauwaw, and to circulate through the +interior. Numerous impressions of the certificates circulated in +behalf of Major Peddie, should also be circulated, Mr. Ritchie’s +name being substituted, and the reward for an act of kindness +acknowledged in a letter from that gentleman, being made payable +(after an authority from Cape Coast) at either of the<span class= +"pagenum" id="Page_458">[458]</span> British Residencies, +Coomassie, Yahndi, or Dahomey; for as there are many officers to +spare at Cape Coast, the expressed wish of the latter monarch +should be immediately gratified, and our intercourse renewed by a +Residency. See <a href="#Footnote_110">note, p. 340.</a></p> + +<p>I think all the objects of the Dagwumba mission could be +effected in four months; when I should feel impatient to visit the +river Gaboon, for the purpose of penetrating to the Ogooawai, and +going as far up it as I might with prudence. See <a href= +"#Page_436">p. 436.</a> The discovery of so large a river in this +situation is very important.</p> + +<p>Arrangements could probably be made at Eninga or Okota (<a href= +"#Page_429">p. 429.</a>) for the guarantee of an after mission to +Asheera: also for one from Gaboon to Kaylee; and, which is most +important, for the south-eastern navigation (from Adjoomba, +<a href="#Page_431">p. 431</a>) of the branch of the Ogooawai +running through Tanyan into the Congo.</p> + +<p>But there is another enterprise which should not be forgotten, +the navigation of the Lagos river to the highest point, (<a href= +"#Page_224">p. 224</a>) and a visit to Kosie, (<a href= +"#Page_225">p. 225,</a>) a Residency at which court would doubtless +lead to a similar establishment in the powerful and commercial +kingdom of Yarriba. See <a href="#Page_209">p. 209.</a></p> + +<p>The Residents at the various courts, who, as I have impressed +before, should be young men of acquirement, patience, and address, +should receive occasional instructions from head quarters, +directing their enquiries and observations to the geographical and +scientific desiderata, more peculiarly belonging to or expected +from their different neighbourhoods, which would be suggested from +the closer study of these subjects by the individual at the head of +a department of discovery at head quarters, and also by the +scientific Societies in England according to their peculiar +pursuits.</p> + +<p>The Residents should make quarterly reports, accompanied by +specimens of natural history, to be digested into one annual report +at head quarters, (with the various geographical improvements +and<span class="pagenum" id="Page_459">[459]</span> discoveries, +adjusted and embodied in one large chart) for forwardance to +England.</p> + +<p>All Residents and Conductors of Missions, should be provided +with small copying apparatuses, so that they might forward their +original dispatch, and one duplicate, to Cape Coast, by two +different opportunities, always retaining the other copy, in case +of accident, or until the receipt were acknowledged.</p> + +<p>If it could be afforded, a medical officer should afterwards be +added to the more important Residencies, to attach and relieve the +natives.</p> + +<p>Botanical and Mineralogical excursions, (taking sextants, +telescopes, and barometers,) into Ahanta, Aowin, Warsaw, Akim, and +Aquapim, small surveys, &c. &c. should be undertaken, ad +interim, not only from the smallness of the expense and the great +comparative benefit, (as we know nothing of these countries beyond +their position,) but to qualify the younger officers (of congenial +disposition and acquirement,) for future missions and +residencies.</p> + +<p>The young men soliciting appointments in England, should be +required to make themselves acquainted with the grammar of the +Arabic language, and practical astronomy, before they receive their +commissions; and one or two intelligent Moors from the interior, +should be invited, by a pay, to settle at Cape Coast Castle, to +perfect these officers in writing and speaking the language. The +Fantee language should also be cultivated, as it is a dialect of +the Ashantee.</p> + +<p>The soldiers of the settlements should no longer be enlisted +from the mulattoes and Fantees of the neighbourhood, making the +present paltry force the more inefficient, from local and family +attachments, inseparable from human nature, and preventing their +acting cordially, if at all, on emergencies for the rescue of human +victims, or the punishment of their relatives and townsmen, +for<span class="pagenum" id="Page_460">[460]</span> insult, or +contempt of the British legislation for the abolition of the slave +trade, &c. The Negroes captured in the illicit Spanish and +Portuguese slave ships, of whom there must be a number unemployed +at Sierra Leone, would form the most desirable military force, even +preferable to European, which has recently been adopted by the +Dutch. These rescued Negroes would possess no attachment, beyond +that which the considerate kindness and good conduct of their +officers might induce; the climate would be natural to them; and +they would prove valuable companions, if not intelligent guides, in +future missions to the interior. There should at least be two +hundred and fifty of these soldiers at head quarters, (one company +being trained as artillery by European serjeants) and fifty at each +other settlement, if but two.</p> + +<p>The three missions, to Dagwumba, Wauwaw, and Ogooawai, would not +cost above a thousand pounds, judiciously expended in England; +which is not so much as the annual expense of either of the six +paltry out-forts (exclusive of the head quarters, and the vice +presidency, which is but 9 miles from Cape Coast, and, since the +abolition of the slave trade, an useless and absurd position;) the +mere existence of which, although it may excite astonishment, and +reflect credit on the mercantile ingenuity and economy of the +African Committee, is notoriously a disgraceful caricature on the +British name.</p> + +<p>Three respectable establishments, one at Cape Coast Castle, one +at Accra, (a rich and open country,) and one at Succondee, (if we +could not purchase Axim, which commands the navigation of the +Ancobra,) with an allowance of a thousand a year for a progress in +the interior, (beneficial to commerce, science, and humanity,) +would be productive of fame and honour, and probably of wealth, to +our nation.</p> + +<div class="footnotes" id="ftp2c14"> +<div class="footnote"> +<p><a id="Footnote_140"></a><a href="#FNanchor_140"><span class= +"label">[140]</span></a>This gentleman being already superseded by +Mr. Dupuis (formerly Vice-consul at Mogadore, and now Consul at +Coomassie) is of course at liberty to indulge his disposition for +enterprise.</p> +</div> + +<div class="footnote"> +<p><a id="Footnote_141"></a><a href="#FNanchor_141"><span class= +"label">[141]</span></a>The King of Dagwumba should be promised +additional presents on the receipt at Cape Coast Castle of the +first dispatch from the Niger.</p> +</div> +</div> + +<hr class="chap"> + +<div class="page"> +<hr class="decordb width6"> + +<p class="center spaced2 large"><span class="pagenum" id= +"Page_461">[461]</span><span class= +"letter-spaced02">APPENDI</span>X.</p> + +<hr class="decordb2 width6"> +</div> + +<hr class="chap"> + +<h2><span class="pagenum" id="Page_463">[463]</span><a id= +"app1"></a>APPENDIX. No. I.</h2> + +<hr class="decordb width8"> + +<p class="sch2 space-above1"><em>Extract from Meredith’s Account of +the Gold Coast.</em> +</p> + +<p class="sch3"><em>Origin and History of the Ashantee War.</em> +</p> + +<p class="dcap"><span class="sc">The</span> Assin country lies at +the rear of the Fantee, and borders on the Ashantee country. It was +divided into two states: the one governed by King Cheboo and Quacoe +Apoutay; and the other by King Amoo. Apoutay, although not elevated +to the dignity of King, held equal sway with Cheboo; but they were +each subordinate to the King of Ashantee. A man of opulence died in +Amoo’s town; and, as is customary on such occasions, gold and other +valuable articles were deposited with the body in the grave. On +this occasion, one of Cheboo’s people was present, and seeing what +was done, watched an opportunity to rob the grave; which he +effected, and escaped with the treasure. Amoo his neighbour sought +redress of Cheboo and Apoutay, but without success: he then laid +the affair before the King of Ashantee; who summoned all the +parties before him, gave them an impartial hearing, and awarded in +favour of Amoo. Quacoe Apoutay was detained as a hostage until +restitution should be made: but he, in a short time, contrived to +make his escape, and, when at liberty, refused to accede to the +award made by the King of Ashantee. On this Amoo attacked the town +in which Cheboo and Apoutay resided, and routed his opponents: +after this, at the instigation of the King of Ashantee, the parties +met to settle the dispute; but Quacoe Apoutay acting treacherously +on the occasion, sent privately to Cheboo for an armed force to +support him: and a battle was the consequence, which ended in the +death of the man who had committed the theft, and the total defeat +of Apoutay and his forces. At this crisis the King of Ashantee, +willing to bring about a peace, again interfered. He sent two gold +manillas, the one to Amoo, the other to his adversary, directing +them to cease all hostilities; to which both parties agreed, and +took the manillas. Amoo obeyed the King; but Quacoe Apoutay +attacked Amoo, and drove him in his turn from his town. Amoo, +indignant at the repeated deceptions of Apoutay, obtained succours, +and overthrew his treacherous opponent. The King of Ashantee still +anxious to reconcile his neighbours, and unwilling to draw his +sword, presented two gold swords and an axe to Amoo, and +recommended him to conciliate<span class="pagenum" id= +"Page_464">[464]</span> Quacoe Apoutay, and terminate their +quarrels. Amoo consented to obey the King, but in the mean time was +again attacked by his implacable foe, and totally defeated, and +lost in the contest the golden sword and hatchet. His opponent +committed ravages wherever he came, killing messengers, and every +man who fell into his hands, not sparing even the King of +Ashantee’s messengers! A war with the King of Ashantee followed +hereupon: Quacoe Apoutay and Cheboo dreading his vengeance, fled to +the Fantee country: in consequence of which the King sent a message +to Acoom, the caboceer or mayor of Assecoomah (a small state +tributary to the King of Ashantee,) accompanied by a present of +twenty ounces of gold; stating the necessity of his pursuing his +enemies to the Fantee country, but giving assurance of the King’s +pacific disposition towards the Fantees, and that his only object +was to get into his possession Cheboo and Apoutay: the Fantees +would not interfere, nor allow the Ashantee forces to come into +their country. Upon this answer, Appey Dougah,<a id= +"FNanchor_142"></a><a href="#Footnote_142" class= +"fnanchor">[142]</a> the King of Ashantee’s general, collected, by +command of his master, a large force, and gave the enemy battle at +Buinka in Fantee; he displayed great gallantry, and defeated the +two Kings, in conjunction with the Fantee forces that had joined +them. Next day Cheboo and Apoutay having rallied their forces, and +formed a junction with a fresh Fantee force, gave Appey Dougah +battle; but were totally defeated, with the loss of many killed and +made prisoners: among the latter was Atia,<a id= +"FNanchor_143"></a><a href="#Footnote_143" class= +"fnanchor">[143]</a> the caboceer of Abrah, the principal town of +Fantee. A large sum was offered for his ransom, but refused; and he +was committed to the care of Acoom, the caboceer of Assecoomah, in +whom the King had great confidence; but this person betrayed his +trust, and liberated the enemy. Quacoe Apoutay, baffled at all +points, sent to the King of Ashantee to accept his conditions, +provided he would discharge his debts on his return home. To this +proposal the King agreed, and, in token of his friendship, sent +various presents to Cheboo and Apoutay; who, instead of receiving +them with gratitude, beheaded the messengers. This wicked and +unprovoked act roused the indignation of the King of Ashantee, and +he vowed eternal war against the aggressors. Acoom (who had been +forgiven by the King for his treachery in suffering Atia to +escape,) being in possession of a large quantity of provisions, was +applied to by the King of Ashantee for a supply, which he with +seeming cheerfulness granted: six times he delivered faithfully +those that were contracted for, but, the seventh time, he betrayed +about one thousand men who had been sent for them, and sold them in +March or April, 1806. In consequence of this conduct Acoom became +involved in the war: very shortly afterwards the King of Ashantee +defeated him, and made rapid progress with his army towards +the<span class="pagenum" id="Page_465">[465]</span> coast in search +of Cheboo and Apoutay. The Fantees opposed his march, but were +defeated in every onset, and the Braffoes were nearly extirpated by +the Ashantees in their march. The Annamaboes, instigated by the +remaining Braffoes, were impudent enough to receive and protect +Cheboo and Apoutay; which proved fatal to them. At this period the +Governor of Cape Coast Castle, being under some apprehension for +the safety of the British settlements, was inclined to send a flag +of truce with a message to the King of Ashantee, who was now (May, +1806) at Abrah, and only fifteen or twenty miles from the coast. +The Annamaboes (who were consulted on the measure) objected to it, +and the design was consequently suspended. The Governor was anxious +to know upon what terms the King would consider the British, and +wished to become a mediator; but the Annamaboes, who placed a vain +dependence on their name and strength, fully expected that the King +and his army would be conquered; and that if not the whole, the +greater part of the army would fall into their hands; and hence +were not disposed to pacific measures, nor would they permit the +Governor’s messenger to proceed inland. Shortly after this, a +division of the Ashantee army made its appearance at Cormantine, +and routing the inhabitants from the town, completely destroyed it. +The captain of this division contrived to get into the Dutch fort, +and having pillaged it of a number of articles, took up his +residence there. It was now time to become acquainted with the +King’s intentions; and for that purpose the Governor of Annamaboe +fort sent a messenger with a flag of truce to the commander of this +division, intimating a wish to be acquainted with the King’s +motives for marching an army to the coast, and proposing himself as +a mediator. This message, we may suppose, was conveyed to the King; +and on the following day three men were observed coming from +Cormantine with a white flag displayed, and (Mr. White) the +Governor, expected they were the bearers of some agreeable and +satisfactory intelligence: in this however he was much +disappointed; for the commander of that division of the Ashantee +army being in possession of fort Amsterdam, was elated with his +success, particularly in getting to the sea side; (a circumstance +which inspired him with such joy, that he went to the beach and +dipped his sword three times in the sea, some of which he had +conveyed to the King as a proof of his success:)—whether those +circumstances stimulated him to try the disposition of the English +chief, we know not; but the message he sent, imported a degree of +haughtiness by no means agreeable to Mr. White, and was to this +effect: that when the Governor would send him twenty barrels of +gunpowder, and one hundred muskets, he would be told what the +King’s designs were. To comply with this demand would be +acknowledging too much submission, and would doubtless give the +King a very indifferent opinion of the British character. Mr. White +behaved politely to the people, gave them some refreshment, and +told them that he regretted that the King, or their master, did not +appear inclined to come to an explanation, or to conciliate +matters: that if the King would point out in what<span class= +"pagenum" id="Page_466">[466]</span> manner the Annamaboes had +offended, he would use his authority to have satisfaction given: +that until he was assured of their having transgressed, or having +injured his Majesty, they were entitled to the protection of the +fort, if they sought for it: and that, finally, if the King’s army +should come with any hostile intentions near the fort, it would be +fired upon.</p> + +<p>After this two or three of the heavy guns were fired with shot, +for the purpose of giving them an idea of the destructive power of +artillery; and they were preparing to depart, when private +information was received, that the flag of truce would be violated +in its return, and the men murdered. Whereupon Mr. White and Mr. +Wilson (a gentleman not in the service,) escorted them, and left +them in safety within a short distance from their quarters. The +Governor now anxiously looked for a definitive reply from the King, +and every assiduity was used to place things in a defensive +position; and the towns-people having heretofore placed a firm +reliance on their strength, became alarmed, and were solicitous to +be assured of the Governor’s protection. Mr. White informed them, +that if the King of Ashantee intended to attack the town, he would +give them all the assistance and protection in his power; at the +same time advised them of the most prudent measures to be employed +for their safety and defence. He instructed them, in the first +instance, to have strong parties on the look-out, and to guard +every avenue leading into the town; and, on the first alarm, or +approach of the enemy, to send the old men, women, and children to +the fort, where they would be received; and as many as the fort +would not accommodate, to come close to the walls, where they would +be under the protection of the guns.</p> + +<p>At this crisis Mr. White and the inhabitants of the town were +ignorant as to the strength of the Ashantee forces, and had but an +imperfect idea of the bravery and intrepidity of the men who +composed the King’s army. It was supposed that the Ashantees +partook of the dispositions of the natives on the coast, who in +general cannot stand against a regular and determined fire, and +often creep into some concealed hole, when cannon or musket shot +are heard to whiz among them; or, if the Ashantees were superior, +it was little imagined that their courage, or ardour for conquest, +would carry them to the very muzzles of the guns, and consequently +expose them to inevitable destruction.</p> + +<p>About a week had elapsed, and no news from the King; which was +no favourable indication of pacific measures. The commander of the +division at Cormantine, and who proved to be the King of Dinkara, +sent forward a party to ascertain the strength of the town of +Annamaboe, and succeeded in gaining possession of a village called +Agah, situated upon a point of land about one mile eastward from +Annamaboe; whence every movement of the Annamaboes on that side +could be observed. This was considered an annoyance, and on the +14th of June a strong body (indeed almost the whole of the town’s +people) marched out for the purpose of dislodging the Ashantees. +The action was clearly<span class="pagenum" id= +"Page_467">[467]</span> seen from the fort. The Annamaboes were +received in the most gallant and spirited manner by nearly a third +of their force, and for some time the contest was doubtful. The +Ashantees fired with more regularity than could be expected, and +their muskets were well directed; whereas the Fantees kept up a +confused fire without taking aim; they however succeeded, and the +Ashantees retreated in excellent order, keeping possession of part +of the village which lay concealed in a valley, and where the +Annamaboes did not think proper to proceed. The Annamaboes were +either too confident of their strong position, or thought too +insignificantly of their opponents, to attend to the advice given +them by Mr. White; for while they were amused by this small party, +the King, with the main body, was vigilant in securing the +different passes leading to the town, and was at this time only +three miles to the rear of it.</p> + +<p>Early on the 15th those who were on the look-out observed the +Ashantee army in motion: the alarm was given, and every man who was +able to carry a musket, repaired to meet the enemy. As the town was +situated at the rear of the fort, and extended some distance +inland, no prospect of the contending parties could be obtained; +smoke was seen to arise from different parts of the surrounding +country, and heavy discharges of musketry were distinctly heard. +Alarm and confusion now prevailed throughout the town, and the +women, children, and old men, made the best of their way to the +fort, the area of which they soon filled, after which the gates +were closed. The volleys of musketry were advancing very fast, and +the Fantees were retreating in great disorder: one or two great +guns were fired over the town with a view to impel terror on the +assailants, but they were too much elated with hopes of conquest, +and too resolute to be affrighted: about eleven o’clock the musket +balls were heard to whistle in every part of the fort, and the +Ashantees entered the town in every direction, pursuing the +vanquished to the beach, where the slaughter was great.</p> + +<p>The Annamaboes conceived, that with the aid of their canoes and +their knowledge of swimming, they should be able to escape, but +they were pursued too closely by the Ashantees, whose fury appeared +to be insatiable; men, women, and children were followed by +indiscriminate destruction. During this work of carnage, the +Governor was very active with his small garrison to repel the +assailants; a twenty-four pounder, that pointed along the beach to +the westward, several times discharged grape-shot among them, +whereby vast numbers must have fallen: a three-pounder likewise, +which flanked the gate on the east side was frequently fired with +grape, notwithstanding fresh parties came on much quicker than they +could be repelled; and at length they came under the walls for the +purpose of carrying away the women who could not be received into +the fort. About this period the Governor<a id= +"FNanchor_144"></a><a href="#Footnote_144" class= +"fnanchor">[144]</a> was wounded in two places; one ball struck +his<span class="pagenum" id="Page_468">[468]</span> mouth and +carried away four of his teeth, another ball passed through his +left arm; and nearly at the same time an officer and two men were +wounded, and one man killed.</p> + +<p>Things assumed now a more serious and dangerous aspect than was +apprehended, and gave the garrison a strong assurance of the +disposition of the enemy, who, it was evident, intended to bend his +utmost efforts against the fort. The Ashantees were confident that +by gaining possession of it, a large booty would be obtained. +However, the small number which composed the garrison of Annamaboe +at this period, consisting of Governor White, Messieurs Meredith, +Swanzy, Smith, and Baines; also four free mulattoes and twenty men, +including soldiers, artificers, and servants, were confident of the +severity of their situation. The walls being high, and accurately +flanked, and the gates sound and well barricadoed; the Governor, +from the nature of his wounds, from great debility in consequence +of much effusion of blood, being constrained to retire, and the +command of the fort having devolved on the senior officer, who +perceiving that the cannon in one quarter could not be used with +effect, for the enemy fired with such precision as to cut off every +man who was exposed at an embrasure, depended solely on the musket; +and another man having been killed about noon, and two more +wounded:—the garrison was now reduced to the small number of eight, +including officers, who could be depended upon, and the Ashantees +were using every effort to force the western gate; but were twice +repulsed with no small loss. A third time they attempted it, and +endeavoured to apply fire to the gate; but the man who brought the +materials for that purpose, extinguished the fire by falling a +corpse upon it. In all their attempts they were defeated with +musketry alone, and notwithstanding that their efforts to gain an +entrance into the fort proved ineffectual, the contest was +continued till six o’clock. After this cessation, and before total +darkness came on, the garrison used all possible energy in +repairing injuries, and preparing for the defensive, in case of +hostilities being renewed in the night.</p> + +<p>On the following day a scene replete with the horrors of war +exhibited itself:—heaps of dead and wounded around the walls, and +for a mile along the eastern shore, tossed about by a violent +surf:—houses unroofed, and others on fire:—the sorrowful +countenances of the old men, who sought refuge in the fort; the +mournful lamentations of the women, and the pitiable cries of the +children, presented a picture of exquisite feeling and of the +greatest distress! Of the number the town contained, and which we +will calculate to have been at least fifteen thousand souls, we may +suppose that two-thirds of that number perished. The fort afforded +refuge to about two thousand of every description, and about two +hundred escaped to a rock surrounded by the sea, and at pistol-shot +from the beach, where they remained unmolested, and notwitstanding +the vigilance of the Ashantees, we may suppose that two or three +thousand effected their escape. Without going into further enquiry, +we may venture to state that eight thousand Fantees were destroyed; +and although they were attacked by at least three times their +number, yet if<span class="pagenum" id="Page_469">[469]</span> they +were actuated by one-third of the bravery of their opponents, they +would have committed some execution, and doubtless would have +checked that intrepidity and ardour which were so pre-eminently +conspicuous in their enemy. Their resistance was very feeble; +terror seized them at the commencement of the attack, and it +impressed them so forcibly, that the sea formed but an indifferent +barrier to their precipitate flight.</p> + +<p>When the fury of the Ashantees against the Fantees was a little +diminished, they turned part of their force against the fort with +great coolness and resolution, advancing with shouts expressive of +their loyalty and courage, to the very muzzles of the guns. At the +east side of the fort, two three pounders, which were well served, +destroyed numbers of them with every discharge of grape: but at the +west side, the cannon which flanked the gate could not be rendered +useful, in consequence of advantages the enemy possessed, and which +were not to be found on the opposite quarter, where the musket +alone was to be dependended upon: and we have the authority of the +gentleman who commanded (after Mr. White was wounded) of stating, +that he and another officer (Mr. Swanzy) fired nearly three hundred +rounds of ball-cartridge in keeping the gate clear, and protecting +those who were under the walls. Mr. Swanzy was so injured with the +recoil of his musket, that he could not use his right arm for some +days without much pain, and the other officer (Mr. Meredith) was +nearly in the same state.</p> + +<p>What loss the Ashantees sustained cannot be precisely laid down: +the King, prior to his departure from Annamaboe, said, he lost +three thousand men: but in that number he probably included those +who were carried off by disease. His men however suffered very +severely; for their approach was made with such large bodies, that +twenty, thirty, or perhaps more, fell with every discharge of +grape-shot; and the musket not only killed, but very often wounded +at the same time, so close were the enemy.</p> + +<p>At this period (the 16th of June,) the fort was in an awkward +state,—completely blockaded on the land-side, and a very imperfect +communication by sea, and only a few weeks provisions for the +number it contained; add to which, the effluvia from the dead +bodies, which were approaching fast to a putrid state, excited very +uneasy apprehensions. These circumstances demanded some +extraordinary effort, which the garrison, from its weakness, could +not attempt. Every person, from great exertion and constant +exposure to a vertical sun on the 15th, and from solicitude and +want of rest, was much fatigued. Nevertheless things wore a more +promising appearance; whenever plunder was attempted, which now and +then was the case, it met with resistance. There was not, however, +any desire manifested by the Ashantees to renew hostilities, and +every motion indicated a wish for peace. The garrison too was very +desirous of such an event, but did not wish to be the first to +yield, or to offer any terms without orders from the +chief-governor. The King, from his late successes, had a high +opinion of his power and the bravery of his army. On the other hand +the small garrison, notwithstanding its reduced state, had +no<span class="pagenum" id="Page_470">[470]</span> mean opinion of +itself, and wished to confirm in his Majesty an idea of the +superior skill of Europeans.</p> + +<p>The Governor at Cape Coast was apprised of the state of affairs +at Annamaboe, and lost no time in sending assistance. Two ships +were provided for the purpose, which sailed from the Cape on the +morning of the 16th: but, from unavoidable circumstances, the +re-inforcement the ships brought could not be landed before four +o’clock in the afternoon. This re-inforcement consisted of twelve +men and four officers; and their arrival in the fort afforded much +satisfaction. This party was landed under cover of the smoke of +some heavy guns, and was not fired at; but the canoe, on returning, +was fired upon and one man wounded. It was the Governor’s order +that a flag of truce should be sent to the King, to endeavour to +bring about an amicable understanding. A white flag was accordingly +lowered over the wall, accompanied with the national colours; and +when the emblem of peace was observed, it is impossible to express +sufficiently the joy that diffused itself among the people: the +multitude which crowded around the flags was inconceivably great, +and it was with difficulty that the King’s officers, who were known +by golden swords and axes, could clear the way leading to his +quarters: the air resounded with acclamations in praise of their +King, and expressive of their satisfaction at the prospects of +peace.</p> + +<p>And here we cannot forbear remarking, that although the +Ashantees are so remote from polished or civilized nations, they +seem not to be unacquainted with the customs of a civilized people, +as they are connected with the rules of war; for they paid every +respect to the flag of truce: a few indeed of them were making +towards the rock on which were a number of Fantees, but they well +understood the signal of recall, when a musket or two were fired +over their heads. The flag of truce returned about seven o’clock, +with three messengers from the King; and they, in order to justify +the King for his proceedings against the Fantees, entered into a +long detail of the origin of the war, which we have been attempting +to describe. The King was pleased that the flag of truce was sent, +and expressed his satisfaction by giving the two soldiers who were +the bearers of it a fat sheep. After a conference that continued +beyond two hours, the messengers departed.</p> + +<p>A communication was thus established with the King and his army; +but it was considered prudent to keep the gates closed until a +perfect understanding was effected. It appeared, however, that this +could not be done, without a meeting between the chief Governor and +the King. To accomplish this Mr. Meredith tried to persuade the +King to go to Cape Coast, but in this he was disappointed; he +however gained his Majesty’s consent to send some of his +confidential and chief men to wait upon the Governor, and to hear +his sentiments.</p> + +<p>It will, we doubt not, be gratifying to the reader, if we here +subjoin the correspondence between Mr. Meredith and Mr. Torrane, +the Governor in Chief, on this occasion.</p> + +<p class="right less space-above15"><span class="pagenum" id= +"Page_471">[471]</span><em>Annamaboe Fort, June 17</em>, 1807.</p> + +<p class="nind pad3 space-above1 space-below1"><span class= +"sc">Sir,</span> +</p> + +<p class="nind"><span class="sc">Mr. White</span> directs me to +acknowledge the receipt of your letter to the Governor of Elmina. +The state Mr. White is in, being much weakened with loss of blood +and other causes, prevented him paying that attention to your +letters which they demanded, and my duty was such, that I could not +spare a moment to write you fully. I had a conference with three of +the King’s messengers last night, and at this instant there are two +men with his Majesty; when they return, you shall be acquainted +with the result. I have already mentioned to the King that Cheboo +would be given up, and if it was agreeable for him to send his +cane, and one or two of his gold-headed swords, I would engage +their security by going to Cape Coast with them. The message +received from the King was of a favourable tendency; and I trust he +will perceive the expediency of putting an end to this sanguinary +war. Be assured we are all so employed on various duties, it debars +me more particularly of giving you a further detail of our +proceedings. But I trust, by a messenger this evening, to relate +fully every circumstance attending this very severe contest. The +party were landed in safety, viz. twelve privates, one corporal, +with Messrs. Bold, Galloway, and Woolbert. Both ships will remain +here until to-morrow. I am well pleased with the attention and +assistance afforded us by Captain Coley.</p> + +<p class="right pad-right8 space-above1">I am, &c.</p> + +<p class="right pad-right2 space-above1"><span class="sc">Henry +Meredith.</span> +</p> + +<div class="sign4"> +<p><em>Colonel Torrane, Governor in Chief, &c. &c. +&c.<br> +Cape Coast Castle.</em> +</p> +</div> + +<hr class="decordb width8"> + +<p class="right less space-above15"><em>Annamaboe Fort, June +17</em>, 1807.</p> + +<p class="nind pad3 space-above1 space-below1"><span class= +"sc">Sir,</span> +</p> + +<p class="nind">I <span class="sc">wrote</span> you this morning, +acknowledging the receipt of your letters, and, agreeably to my +intentions then, I take the liberty of stating more particularly +the occurrences in this garrison on the 15th and subsequent to it. +I beg leave to remind you, that we were prepared for any attack +that might be made upon us, by any body of men unaccustomed to the +shock of artillery; and I believe Mr. White assured you of the +confidence he placed in the officers and men under his command, and +every soul was animated with a desire to do his duty.</p> + +<p>[Here follows a description of the battle as before +related.]</p> + +<p>The re-inforcement you was pleased to send, got on shore without +any opposition about four o’clock P.M.; and I assure you we were +very glad to receive them, as, from the severe duty we had +undergone the preceding day, we were much cut up by fatigue. About +six P.M. the flag of truce, with a corporal and private from the +detachment you<span class="pagenum" id="Page_472">[472]</span> +sent, were conveyed to the King; and as they proceeded, they were +warmly greeted by the Ashantees. The message the King returned was +modest; he said, it was not his intention to commence hostilities +with the fort, nor to distress any of the whites; his enemies were +the Assins and Fantees, and he now conceived his anger against them +pretty well assuaged. This morning (17th) according to agreement, +his messengers came, and said, that the King wished to see the same +person that conveyed the flag of truce, that they might hear from +his own lips what he had to deliver. Accordingly I sent them with +Dutton, a man of quick understanding, to hear more particularly the +sentiments of his Majesty. After remaining some time hearing the +opinion of his counsellors they returned, and after some +preliminary discourse, they informed me that the King had deputed +six of his principal men, with six deputed by the men of power in +his train, to repair to Cape Coast to hear what you have to say, +and to negotiate. In course of their communication the King +deplored the number of lives that were lost in consequence of the +fire from the fort.</p> + +<p>As the messengers mean to repair to Cape Coast, I will forbear +relating every particular. The King seemed to say that he must have +those who sought protection in the fort: this he only hinted at, +and probably the same may be hinted to you; but in giving them up, +we ought to be assured of their being used kindly. I send a canoe +with this, and have agreed with the messengers, that you will send +canoes and a guard for their protection. Mr. White’s travelling +canoe is in good order, therefore be pleased to send eleven +canoe-men for her. This canoe, with three more from the Cape, will, +in my opinion, be fully sufficient to convey the whole twelve +messengers with their guard. The number of persons here are +reducing our provisions very fast, and if not removed soon, some of +them will be most likely starved, or will be the cause of some +serious malady: the sooner we are rid of them the better. But if +you can gain their protection, it will be a humane act. Mr. White, +who I am happy to say is in a fair way, desires his respects.</p> + +<p class="right pad-right8 space-above1">I am, &c.</p> + +<table class="sign2"> +<tr> +<td>(Signed)</td> +<td><span class="sc">Henry Meredith.</span> +</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<div class="sign4"> +<p><em>Colonel Torrane, Governor in Chief,<br> +&c. &c. &c.</em> +</p> +</div> + +<hr class="decordb width8"> + +<p class="nind pad3 space-above1 space-below1"><span class= +"sc">Sir,</span> +</p> + +<p class="nind"><span class="sc">Both</span> your letters of +yesterday’s date I have received; the latter has given me +particular satisfaction, not only as it affords every prospect that +this war will be terminated, but also as it removes great anxiety +from my mind respecting the state of Mr. White’s wounds. The +assurances you now give me that he is in a fair way of recovery, +are highly gratifying. I dispatch eleven canoe-men for Mr. White’s +canoe; and I also send three other canoes. I trust the King will +appoint persons of sufficient consequence to<span class="pagenum" +id="Page_473">[473]</span> negotiate with me: I have an earnest +wish to see the King: make this desire known to him; tell him I +think it may essentially lead to the arrangement of affairs of much +importance; that I have greatly to deplore with him this war; that +although these events cannot always be guarded against, they may +even ultimately bring future good consequences; and herein I think +much depends on our meeting. Assure the King, that notwithstanding +the steps I have taken to give protection to the Fantees, I have +ever held him in the highest respect, from the many reports I have +heard of him, and that, had I seen any messenger from him +antecedent to his attack on Annamaboe, I am of opinion we should +have avoided the blow in that quarter. The King I understand to be +a man of strong mind: it will naturally suggest itself to him, that +a meeting between us may be of vast importance to the country. +Assure him I have too high a consideration for my own character, as +well as his consequence, to suffer the smallest indignity to be +offered to him; that if he will come to the castle I shall be proud +to shew him every honour, and that I will give every possible +security for his personal safety. I have apartments ready for him, +and officers shall be sent to attend him here. On receipt of this, +send your accustomed messenger to the King, saying, that you have a +letter from me, and that an officer will wait personally on him to +explain the contents. This officer with this letter in his hand, +you will send (say Mr. F. L. Swanzy) as early as you shall receive +the King’s reply. I know not whether you have a good flag for the +occasion; I therefore send one. Mr. F. L. Swanzy will have two +flag-bearers, one with a white flag, the other carrying the union; +and he will be very particular in explaining every part of this +letter, and do his utmost to persuade the King to visit the Cape. +He may also add, that a ship can be procured, if he (the King) +prefers coming that way, and that an officer of distinction shall +be sent to accompany him. In a few words, Mr. F. L. Swanzy will do +his utmost to persuade the King to visit the castle. An officer +should come here, with the guard you send to protect the +messengers. You must let me know of what consequence the messengers +are, that I may treat them accordingly, and this it will be +advisable to acquaint me of before their arrival.</p> + +<p class="right pad-right8 space-above1">I am, &c.</p> + +<table class="sign2"> +<tr> +<td>(Signed)</td> +<td><span class="sc">George Torrane.</span> +</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p class="nind"><em>To Henry Meredith, Esq.</em> +</p> + +<p>Although these men proceeded to the Cape, it was found that +nothing important could be transacted without an interview with the +King, and for this purpose Colonel Torrane was obliged to go to +Annamaboe, and a day was fixed for a conference. To give as +favourable and as respectable an opinion as possible of the +British, a number of articles as presents were sent to the King, +and as many officers and soldiers as the service could afford, were +assembled to attend the Governor on the day appointed; but previous +to those preparations, and a few days after the flag of truce was +received by the King,<span class="pagenum" id= +"Page_474">[474]</span> Cheboo (one of the men who was the cause of +the war) was secured by the Governor at Cape Coast and sent to +Annamaboe, to be delivered up to the King, in expectation that any +further effusion of blood would be prevented, and that it would be +the means of saving the Fantees from entire destruction. These +benevolent purposes were not realized: the King had proceeded so +far in the war, that he could not recede without displeasing those +auxiliaries he had with him, and who expected a vast deal of +plunder; and besides, Apoutay and Acoom were again in arms, and +collecting all the Fantees they could to oppose the King’s +progress. On the day appointed for the interview, the Governor and +his party were put in motion, and although the procession was not +very numerous, it was arranged with taste, and made no despicable +appearance. About twenty of the Company’s artificers, habited in a +neat manner, marched in front; a guard of forty men, and a band of +music followed them; next walked the Governor, followed by ten +officers, two and two, and some gentlemen traders (who were enticed +from the Cape by curiosity), brought up the rear. When the +procession had got a short distance it was met by a principal man, +who was sent by the King to conduct the Governor, and to keep off +the multitude, which was assembling in great numbers, some of whom +had never seen a white man. Notwithstanding the authority of this +person, and the exertions of his attendants, the curiosity of the +people was so great that every avenue was crowded; which, by +preventing the circulation of air, augmented the natural heat of +the day, and this inconvenience was farther increased by the putrid +smell from the dead bodies, and the vast swarm of flies. The +Governor was obliged to visit each man of rank, before he could be +received by the King; a ceremony that could not be prudently +denied, and which occupied some time: for those men had their +several courts, and collectively had formed an extensive circle. +Every one of them was seated under a huge umbrella, surrounded by +attendants and guards, with young persons employed in fanning the +air and dispersing the flies, which were numerous and troublesome. +One of those men and his attendants excited some curiosity and +attention: his dress and appearance were so different from those of +the others, that it evidently proved he must have come from +countries situated a considerable distance inland. He was a tall, +athletic, and rather corpulent man, of a complexion resembling an +Arab or an Egyptian. His dress was heavy, and by no means adapted +to the climate. He wore a cap that came down below his ears, and +being made of yellow cloth, it did not contribute to diminish his +tawny complexion. He was a follower of the Mohammedan religion, +possessed much gravity; but was communicative, condescending, and +agreeable. He had about him a great number of sentences from the +Alkoran, which were carefully incased in gold and silver, and upon +which he set a high value. He was a native of Kassina, a country +that appears to be situated to the south of east from Tombuctou. He +said he had been at Tunis and at Mecca; had seen many white men and +ships, and described the method of travelling over the great +desert. This<span class="pagenum" id="Page_475">[475]</span> person +commanded a body of men who fought with arrows, as well as muskets: +four of the arrows were found in the fort; they were short and +pointed with barbed iron. He had many persons in his train who were +of the same colour, but varied a little as to dress: they were all +habited in the Turkish manner, but did not wear turbans. After the +ceremony of visiting those persons was over, the Governor was +conducted towards the King, who was surrounded by a number of +attendants, whose appearance bore evident signs of riches and +authority: chains, stools, axes, swords, flutes, message-canes, +&c. were either of solid gold, or richly adorned with that +metal: those dazzling appearances, added to damask, taffety, and +other rich dresses, gave a splendour to the scene highly +interesting. When the Governor approached the King, and when an +interchange of compliments had passed, the air resounded with the +noise of musical instruments, such as drums, horns, and flutes. +After some conversation, during which much politeness was observed +in the behaviour of the King, the Governor wished this ceremonial +visit to be returned; which was agreed to, and a convenient place +was found to receive the King and his train. The Governor, his +officers, and attendants, were formed in a half-circle, and seated +under the shade of some trees, and a passage of sufficient breadth +was formed by the soldiers for the King and his attendants to pass +through. It was full two hours before his Majesty was announced, so +numerous was his train. Each man of rank, as he advanced, paid the +necessary compliments agreeably to the custom of his country, and +then filed off. It was previously directed, that the King should be +received with arms presented and the grenadiers march when passing +the soldiers. This mark of distinction and respect appeared to give +him much satisfaction: he halted to observe the orderly behaviour +and uniform appearance of the soldiers; and the martial air that +was playing, seemed to produce the most agreeable sensations on his +mind. The writer had an opportunity of seeing this man. He was of +the middle size, well formed, and perfectly black, with regular +features and an open and pleasing countenance. His manner indicated +understanding and was adorned with gracefulness; and in all +respects he exceeded the expectations of every person. His dress +was plain: it consisted of a piece of silk wrapt loosely about him; +a wreath of green silk ornamented his head: his sandals were neatly +made, and curiously studded with gold. He was not distinguished by +any gold ornaments, as his attendants were. One man who was dressed +in a grotesque manner, and who appeared to act the buffoon, was, +literally, loaded with gold.</p> + +<p>As this was a visit of ceremony, no business of consequence was +transacted. The King politely enquired after Mr. White, and +expressed a hope that he would soon be well of his wounds. He said +he would move from Annamaboe soon, as his army felt ill effects +from the water, and from the dead bodies. After this visit, every +confidence was placed in the King and his army, and as the gates +were now opened, a free admittance was allowed: various conferences +of a favourable nature were carried on between both +parties;<span class="pagenum" id="Page_476">[476]</span> but peace +with the Fantees was considered impracticable. Apoutay had escaped +the King’s vigilance; and Acoom was at the head of a strong party, +and marching towards Annamaboe to give the King battle. The King +assured the Governor, that after he had subdued his enemies to +leeward, he would return to Annamaboe for the purpose of making +arrangements relative to the future welfare of the country, and the +regulations of trade.</p> + +<p>It was agreed, that those residing under British forts, provided +they observed a neutrality, should not be molested, and that every +respect should be paid to the British flag. The Governor likewise +procured the release of those who sought refuge in the fort, +although the King contested his right to them; for this reason, +that as he destroyed the town, he had a claim to every person and +to every thing belonging to it. On report of Acoom being in arms +and making preparations to attack the Ashantees, the King ordered +his army to collect and march to meet him. Two days subsequent to +the King’s departure (3d July,) Acoom’s party and the advanced +guard of the Ashantee’s met; a battle was the consequence, which +ended in the defeat of Acoom, who, with his party, would have been +cut off, if a river, that was in their rear, had not favoured their +flight; the fordable parts of which were known to them, but not to +the Ashantees. After this defeat, the King’s enemies dared not shew +themselves in the field in any force; they however supported a kind +of predatory warfare, and were sometimes successful in cutting off +small foraging parties. As the Ashantees proceeded to leeward, +desolation accompanied them; almost every town and village were +laid in ruins; but disease, which got among them at Annamaboe, and +which spread rapidly, carried off vast numbers. This unexpected +calamity altered the King’s intentions: he could not return to +Annamaboe without risking the loss of his whole army; prudence +therefore directed him to face towards his kingdom, leaving at +Accra a sufficient force to dispose of prisoners, and to convey +them in safety to Ashantee.</p> + +<p>Cheboo and Apoutay, who appeared inseparable friends at the +commencement of this war, and throughout it, fled to Cape Coast +with about five hundred followers, as soon as they perceived the +Ashantees approaching towards Annamaboe, on the 15th of June. The +Cape Coast people were willing to afford them protection and +assistance, but when the Governor heard how things were at +Annamaboe, he warned them of the danger, and advised them to be +neutral. When an account arrived at Cape Coast of the desperate +attack made on Annamaboe fort, the Governor came to the resolution +of securing, if possible, both these men, and delivering them up to +the King as the most probable means of not only putting an end to +the war, but of securing the King’s friendship. A party was +accordingly selected for that purpose; but Apoutay, after a warm +contest, wherein some were killed on both sides, effected his +escape. Cheboo was not so fortunate; he was secured and sent to the +King, as we have already mentioned; his followers too made +a<span class="pagenum" id="Page_477">[477]</span> precipitate +flight, leaving behind them some bulky articles, among which were +the whole of Cheboo’s regalia, which were carefully lodged for the +King; and it had the effect on his disposition that was intended; +it gave a favourable opinion of the British, and assured him of the +Governor’s friendship, and at the same time it abated the desire he +encouraged, to be revenged for the loss his army had sustained on +the 15th. For he concerted a design to attempt the fort by storm, +and Wednesday the 17th was the day appointed for this enterprise. +The plan was not badly arranged; and was to be conducted in the +following manner. Six thousand men were to be selected; half of +them destined not only to mount the walls, but to apply a quantity +of gunpowder under them; the explosion from which was expected to +shake the fort very much, and likewise to create such a confusion +within as to cause the garrison to be off its guard; the other half +were to keep up a continued firing. The plan was averted by the +prudent policy of the Chief Governor, not only by his securing +Cheboo, but by his alacrity in demanding a truce, whereby the +King’s resentment was cooled, and his inclinations diverted towards +pacific measures.</p> + +<div class="footnotes" id="ftapp1"> +<div class="footnote"> +<p><a id="Footnote_142"></a><a href="#FNanchor_142"><span class= +"label">[142]</span></a>This should be Appia Dunqua; he was the +elder brother of Appia Nanu, an account of whose disgrace is in the +<a href="#Page_73">Diary.</a></p> +</div> + +<div class="footnote"> +<p><a id="Footnote_143"></a><a href="#FNanchor_143"><span class= +"label">[143]</span></a>This should be Atta.</p> +</div> + +<div class="footnote"> +<p><a id="Footnote_144"></a><a href="#FNanchor_144"><span class= +"label">[144]</span></a>Mr. White, who, after an absence of twenty +seven years from his native country, expired a few hours after he +landed in it.</p> +</div> +</div> + +<hr class="chap"> + +<h2><span class="pagenum" id="Page_478">[478]</span><a id= +"app2"></a>APPENDIX. No. II.</h2> + +<hr class="decordb width12"> + +<p class="sch2 space-above1"><em>Translations of a Manuscript +descriptive of Mr. Park’s Death.</em> +</p> + +<div class="cols"> +<div class="divcol1"> +<p class="center"><span class="sc">Mr. Salame’s Translation.</span> +</p> + +<p class="center less">[The words in italics, so distinguished at +that Gentleman’s request, not being in the original.]</p> + +<p class="hang1 space-above15">A literal translation of a +Declaration, written in a corrupted Arabic, from the town of Yaúd +in the interior of Africa.</p> + +<p class="center">In the name of God the Merciful and the +Munificent.</p> + +<p>This Declaration is issued from the town called<a id= +"FNanchor_145"></a><a href="#Footnote_145" class= +"fnanchor">[145]</a> Yaúd in the Country of Kossa<a id= +"FNanchor_146"></a><a href="#Footnote_146" class= +"fnanchor">[146]</a>.—We (the writer,) do witness the +<em>following</em> case; (statement.) We never saw, nor heard of +the sea (River) called<a id="FNanchor_148"></a><a href= +"#Footnote_148" class="fnanchor">[148]</a> Koodd; but we sat to +hear (understood) the voice (report) of some persons +<em>saying</em>, “We saw a ship, equal to her we never saw before; +and the King of Yaúd had sent plenty of every kind<span class= +"pagenum" id="Page_479">[479]</span> of food, with cows and sheep; +<em>There</em> were two men, one woman, two male slaves and two +maids in the ship;<a id="FNanchor_149"></a><a href="#Footnote_149" +class="fnanchor">[149]</a> <em>The</em> two white men <em>were</em> +derived from the race (<em>sect</em>) of Nassrí; (Christ or +Christianity.) The King of Yaúd asked them to come out to him; (to +land<a id="FNanchor_150"></a><a href="#Footnote_150" class= +"fnanchor">[150]</a>; and they refused coming out, (landing,) and +they went to the <em>King of the</em> Country of<a id= +"FNanchor_151"></a><a href="#Footnote_151" class= +"fnanchor">[151]</a> Bassa, who is greater than the King of Yaúd; +And <em>while</em> they <em>were</em> sitting in the ship and +gaining a position (rounding) over the Cape of Koodd, and +<em>were</em> in society with the people of the King of Bassa, the +ship reached (struck) a-head of Mountain which took (destroyed) +<em>her</em> away,<a id="FNanchor_152"></a><a href="#Footnote_152" +class="fnanchor">[152]</a> and the men and women of Bassa all +together, with every kind of arms; (goods); And the ship could find +no way to avoid the mountain; And the man who <em>was</em> in the +ship, killed his wife, and threw all his property into the Sea, +(River), and <em>then</em> they threw themselves <em>also</em> from +fear<a id="FNanchor_153"></a><a href="#Footnote_153" class= +"fnanchor">[153]</a>: Afterwards<span class="pagenum" id= +"Page_480">[480]</span> they took one <em>out of the</em> water +till the news reached the town of Kanji,<a id= +"FNanchor_154"></a><a href="#Footnote_154" class= +"fnanchor">[154]</a> the country of the King of Wawí, and the King +of Wawí heard of it, he buried him in his earth, (grave), and the +other we have not seen<a id="FNanchor_155"></a><a href= +"#Footnote_155" class="fnanchor">[155]</a>; perhaps he is in the +bottom of the water.”—And God knows best. Authentic from the mouth +of Sherif Abrahim.—Finis.</p> +</div> + +<div class="divcol2"> +<p class="center"><span class="sc">Mr. Jackson’s +Translation.</span> +</p> + +<p class="hang1 less">[Of this Gentleman’s considerate politeness +in anticipating my wishes by a spontaneous offer to translate this +MS., I shall have occasion to repeat my acknowledgments in the +Geographical Appendix.]</p> + +<p class="center">In the name of God the Merciful and Clement.</p> + +<p>This Narrative proceeds from the territory in Housa<a id= +"FNanchor_146b"></a><a href="#Footnote_146" class= +"fnanchor">[146]</a> called<a id="FNanchor_145b"></a><a href= +"#Footnote_145" class="fnanchor">[145]</a> Eeauree. <em>We +observed</em> an extraordinary event or circumstance<a id= +"FNanchor_147"></a><a href="#Footnote_147" class= +"fnanchor">[147]</a>, <em>but we neither saw nor heard of the River +which is called<a id="FNanchor_148b"></a><a href="#Footnote_148" +class="fnanchor">[148]</a> Kude</em>, and as we were sitting, we +heard the voice of children and <em>we saw a vessel</em> the like +to which in size we never saw before; and, <em>we saw</em> the King +of Eeauree send cattle and sheep, and a variety of vegetables in +great abundance: and there were two men and one<span class= +"pagenum" id="Page_479b"></span> woman, and two slaves, and +<em>they tied or fastened them in the vessel</em>.<a id= +"FNanchor_149b"></a><a href="#Footnote_149" class= +"fnanchor">[149]</a></p> + +<p>There were also in the vessel, two white men of the race called +Christians (N’sarrah) and the Sultan of Eeauree called aloud to +them to come out of the vessel,<a id="FNanchor_150b"></a><a href= +"#Footnote_150" class="fnanchor">[150]</a> but they would not.</p> + +<p>They proceeded to the country of Busa, which is greater than +that of the Sultan of Eeauree, and as they were setting in the +vessel, they hung or were stopped, by the Cape or Head Land of +Kude.<a id="FNanchor_151b"></a><a href="#Footnote_151" class= +"fnanchor">[151]</a></p> + +<p>And the people of the Sultan of Busa called to them, and poured +their arms into the vessel, and the vessel reached the head-land or +cliff, and became attached or fixed to the head of the mountain, +and could not pass it. Then the men and women of Busa collected +themselves hostilely together, with arms of all descriptions, when +the vessel being unable to clear or pass the Cape, the man in the +vessel<span class="pagenum" id="Page_480b"></span> killed his +wife<a id="FNanchor_153b"></a><a href="#Footnote_153" class= +"fnanchor">[153]</a> and threw the whole of her property into the +river: they then threw themselves into the river, fear seizing them +(the news of this occurrence was then conveyed to the Sultan Wawee) +until it reached by water the territory of Kanjee,<a id= +"FNanchor_154b"></a><a href="#Footnote_154" class= +"fnanchor">[154]</a> in the country of the Sultan Wawee, and we +buried it (a male body) in its earth, and one of them, we saw not +at all in the water,<a id="FNanchor_155b"></a><a href= +"#Footnote_155" class="fnanchor">[155]</a> and God knows the truth +of this report. From the mouth of the Shereef Ibrahim.—The end.</p> +</div> +</div> + +<hr class="decordb width12"> + +<p class="space-above15">I have sent the original MS. to the +African Association, the following is Mr. Jackson’s transcript of +it. I regret that Mr. Salamé did not also furnish a transcript of +this MS.</p> + +<p class="center arabic">بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم</p> + +<p class="nind right arabic">هذه الوثيقه خرج من بلد حوسا يقال يَور +ونحن راينا الامر لم نري ولانسمع في البحر الذي يقال كوض انما نحن +جلسنا نسمع صاخ صبيان لرايت السفينه لم نري مثله قط فارسل سلطان يَور +لرايته مع البقر والكبس مع انواع الطعام كثيرِ هما رجلان وامراة واحدة +والعبدان وعقدان في السفينة رجلان بيضان خرجوا من نسب نصري ويدعوهو +سلطان يور الي ان خرجوا اليه وابوا خروج ومشوا الي بلد بسا وهوا كبر +من سلطان يور وهم يجلسون ويعلكون ملوك<span class="pagenum" id= +"Page_481">[481]</span> علي راس كُوض ويصاخور اهل سلطان بُسا لرايته +وهم ركوب في السفينة بلغ السفينة راس جبل وياخد الجبل السفينة ورجال +بُسا والنساه بسا يجمعون كلهم مع انواع السلاح والسفينة لم يجد طريق +المنع الجبل ورجل الدي في السفينة قتل امراته ورمي ماله كله في البحر +ورموا نفسهما في البحر لخوف ثم ياخدوا بلغ خبر الي سلطان واوي حتي بلغ +ماه به الي بلد كنجي بلد سلطان وَاوَيَ ودفنه في قرابه وواحد منهما لم +نره اقل في قهر الماه والله اعلم صح في فَم شريف اِبراهيم * تمت*</p> + +<div class="footnotes" id="ftapp2"> +<div class="footnote"> +<p><a id="Footnote_145"></a><a href="#FNanchor_145"><span class= +"label">[145]</span></a>Sir William Ouseley (who very obligingly +communicated a hurried translation from Crickhowel, although the +original had been but two hours in his possession) read this Yaur +or Yaôur.</p> +</div> + +<div class="footnote"> +<p><a id="Footnote_146"></a><a href="#FNanchor_146"><span class= +"label">[146]</span></a>Sir Wm. writes Husa or Haousa: the latter +is occasionally the Moorish pronunciation, but Houssa is invariably +the negro. I certainly never once heard that Houssa included +Yawoorie, which has a distinct Sovereign, who is mentioned in the +MS.: Perhaps it may be accounted for, from Yawoorie being one of +the seven kingdoms tributary to Houssa or Mallowa.</p> +</div> + +<div class="footnote"> +<p><a id="Footnote_147"></a><a href="#FNanchor_147"><span class= +"label">[147]</span></a>Mr. Jackson has preserved this apparent +contradiction in his fidelity to the original, according to his +reading. He considers, it may be reconciled by presuming that the +writer only saw the vessel pass Yawoorie, and did not witness the +ultimate catastrophe at Boussa, where he imagines the river may +first receive the name of Kude, as African rivers frequently have a +different name in every country through which they flow. This +interpretation does not make the writer a mere reporter as in the +other translation, but a witness of all that happened at Yawoorie, +although not afterwards. I never understood the river to have any +other name than Quorra or Quolla, from Shego to Foör, yet of this +we ought not to feel positive.</p> +</div> + +<div class="footnote"> +<p><a id="Footnote_148"></a><a href="#FNanchor_148"><span class= +"label">[148]</span></a>It is very extraordinary that the name of +the Quolla should always be written Kude, Koad, or Koada, and that +Mr. Hutchison, who was learning Arabic of the Moors, in Ashantee, +should be taught to write and pronounce as Quolla, the same Arabic +word which every European proficient reads as above. I cannot help +thinking that, from bad writing, ignorance, or perhaps some +occidental difference, the <em>d</em> is put for the +<em>l</em>,<a id="FNanchor_a-148"></a><a href="#Footnote_a-148" +class="fnanchor">[a]</a> and that it should be Kule or Koala, +especially as there appears to be a town called Kula on its banks, +(see <a href="#app3">routes</a> in Appendix) which comes very close +to Kulla, Mr. Brown’s river. The identity of the Quolla and Kulla, +seems confirmed by Mr. Dupuis reading the name of the kingdom, as +written by the Moors, Koora, which seems as if they had written it +for once, according to the negro pronunciation, (Quorra,) for as I +have observed (<a href="#Page_196">p. 196</a>) that the negroes +always substitute r for the Moorish <em>l</em> (a defect also +characterising a dialect of the Coptic, the Chayma, the Tamanack, +&c. &c., and common, as Baron Humboldt observes, to every +zone) Koora becomes Koola, for the same reason which the Quorra of +the negroes was always pronounced Quolla by the Moors; and Koola, +it will be allowed, is very near to Mr. Brown’s Kulla.</p> +</div> + +<div class="subft"> +<p><a id="Footnote_a-148"></a><a href= +"#FNanchor_a-148"><span class="label">[a]</span></a>I recollect +one, but only one instance of the negroes substituting <em>d</em> +for the Moorish <em>l</em>, which was in Toppodo for Toppollo, a +town of Bornoo.</p> +</div> + +<div class="footnote"> +<p><a id="Footnote_149"></a><a href="#FNanchor_149"><span class= +"label">[149]</span></a>Mr. Jackson writes <span class= +"arabic">وعقدان في السفينة</span> Uakkadan fee sfeena, i.e. and +tied or bound them in the vessel or ship, adding, that he is at a +loss to imagine how it can have been converted into “two maids in +the ship.”<a id="FNanchor_a-149"></a><a href="#Footnote_a-149" +class="fnanchor">[a]</a> Sir Wm., however, in his hurried notice, +rendered it ‘female slaves.’</p> +</div> + +<div class="subft"> +<p><a id="Footnote_a-149"></a><a href= +"#FNanchor_a-149"><span class="label">[a]</span></a><em>Ockdan fi +ássafinat</em>, means either “<em>Two maids</em>, or <em>two female +slaves</em>, in the ship,” and no otherwise.—A. S.</p> +</div> + +<div class="footnote"> +<p><a id="Footnote_150"></a><a href="#FNanchor_150"><span class= +"label">[150]</span></a>“Invited (or entertained them) until they +left him,” Sir Wm.</p> +</div> + +<div class="footnote"> +<p><a id="Footnote_151"></a><a href="#FNanchor_151"><span class= +"label">[151]</span></a>Sir William, in his hurried perusal, read +this, “and went on to the country of Besa, and (the Sultan of) this +country is greater than the Sultan of Yaour: there they settled or +halted, above Ras (Cape) Koumen. The people belonging to the Sultan +of Besa saw the boat, and they went into the boat, and it reached +the Mountain Cape, (or Headland,) and was there stopped.”</p> +</div> + +<div class="footnote"> +<p><a id="Footnote_152"></a><a href="#FNanchor_152"><span class= +"label">[152]</span></a><a href="#tnoteref1" class="tnoteref"></a> +</p> +</div> + +<div class="footnote"> +<p><a id="Footnote_153"></a><a href="#FNanchor_153"><span class= +"label">[153]</span></a>“And <em>the man who was</em><a id= +"FNanchor_a-153"></a><a href="#Footnote_a-153" class= +"fnanchor">[a]</a> in the boat slew his woman (<span class= +"arabic">امراة</span>) and threw every article of his property into +the river, and then cast <em>themselves</em> into the river through +fear.</p> +</div> + +<div class="subft"> +<p><a id="Footnote_a-153"></a><a href= +"#FNanchor_a-153"><span class="label">[a]</span></a>I translate +this in the singular, yet afterwards, there seems a confusion with +the plural.” Sir Wm. This act, which appears very improbable, and +which I never heard of in the oral accounts which I received whilst +in Coomassie, (Diary, <a href="#Page_91">p. 91</a>) if it was +committed, must have been by Lieut. Martyn, recollecting the +difference of his and Mr. Park’s dispositions, and Amadi Fatouma’s +anecdote of the former wishing to kill him for preventing him from +firing any more at the people of the King Gotoijege, I should +observe here, that Amadi Fatouma’s <em>Poul</em> nation can be no +other than the Fillani, (<a href="#Page_207">p. 207</a>) the Fullan +of Ben Ali, for though it has been translated Poul, there is no +<em>p</em> in the Arabic, and the Moors in Ashantee always wrote +<em>f</em> for the negro <em>p</em>, as <em>fon</em> for +<em>pon</em>. As Col. Maxwell merely observes in his letter, that +“Isaaco’s Arabic Journal was translated into English, by a person +resident in Senegal, who probably had but an ordinary or colloquial +knowledge of Arabic, it is to be regretted that the original was +not transmitted with it, as a more careful perusal of it by Sir +William Ouseley or some Arabic scholar in England, would probably +reconcile the two accounts, at least in the names of places, if not +in the circumstances, more than they can be from the translation +remitted.</p> +</div> + +<div class="footnote"> +<p><a id="Footnote_154"></a><a href="#FNanchor_154"><span class= +"label">[154]</span></a>See note; <a href="#Page_202">p. +202.</a></p> +</div> + +<div class="footnote"> +<p><a id="Footnote_155"></a><a href="#FNanchor_155"><span class= +"label">[155]</span></a>“And the other did not,——from the violence +of the water.”—Sir Wm.</p> +</div> +</div> + +<hr class="chap"> + +<h2><span class="pagenum" id="Page_482">[482]</span><a id= +"app3"></a>APPENDIX. No. III.</h2> + +<hr class="decordb width12"> + +<p class="sch2 space-above15"><span class= +"letter-spaced01">ROUTE</span>S.</p> + +<ul class="simple3"> +<li class="center">1.</li> + +<li class="center">To Dwabin.</li> + +<li>Seepa</li> + +<li>Marmpon</li> + +<li>Pakooroo</li> + +<li>Aquooquamong</li> + +<li>Okimdaia</li> + +<li>Weterkroom</li> + +<li>Bunkooroo</li> + +<li>Boomfeea</li> + +<li>Kinnesoo</li> +</ul> + +<ul class="simple3"> +<li class="center">2.</li> + +<li class="center">To Quaoo.</li> + +<li>1. Assiempong</li> + +<li>2. Thro’ Amoom R. to Oseemadoo</li> + +<li>3. Obogoo, Frontier Quaoo town.</li> + +<li>4. Adumpong, the Government of the C. Coast Captain</li> + +<li>5. Assebanasoo</li> + +<li>6. Minidasoo, Famous for Palm Oil.</li> + +<li>7. Assoona</li> + +<li>8. Wantomo</li> +</ul> + +<ul class="simple3"> +<li class="center">3.</li> + +<li class="center">To Accra.</li> + +<li>1. Odossoo</li> + +<li>3. Kroofoofroom, Two hours from the lake.</li> + +<li>4. Obirribee, The 1st Akim town</li> + +<li>5. Assinee</li> + +<li>6. Over Boosempra to Gawasee</li> + +<li>7. Meeasee</li> + +<li>8. Monasa</li> + +<li>9. Over the Aninnee, (rising in a hill called Quomshoo, 1 day +to the W.) on a tree</li> + +<li>10. Ashoosoo</li> + +<li>11. Aquapong</li> + +<li>12. Over Birrim to Measa</li> + +<li>13. Asheeaqua</li> + +<li>14. Kookrantoom</li> + +<li>15. Aguiesso</li> + +<li>16. Marmpon and Aboödee, Visited by Issert, who calls it 24 +miles from Christiansburg Castle.</li> +</ul> + +<ul class="simple3"> +<li class="center">4.</li> + +<li class="center">To Accra.</li> + +<li>1. Ashiedumpong</li> + +<li>2. Assaboo</li> + +<li>3. Assuennie</li> + +<li>5. Antarranaï</li> + +<li>6. Ammoonoom</li> + +<li>7. Akropong</li> + +<li>9. Abirriwantoo</li> + +<li>10. Aradntem</li> + +<li>11. Kookrantoom</li> + +<li>13. Aguiesso.</li> +</ul> + +<ul class="simple3"> +<li class="center">5.</li> + +<li class="center">To Elmina.</li> + +<li>1. Thro’ the towns Akasee, Kankawasee, Odasoo, Adiabin, +Asakkraka, Adoonko, Agafrompon, to Adoomasa</li> + +<li>2. Fiasee, Bonechumay, Asanasoo, to Becquoi</li> + +<li>3. Inshuentem, (<em>between waters</em>) Abimpingua, to +Atobiasee</li> + +<li>4. Thro’ Hoomassie, Assekosoo, Edoomassie, Akoorkerry, +Akotokee, Yankeren, to Abateä, the frontier town of Dankara</li> + +<li>5. Thro’ Sewooterasee, (<em>put your head lower</em>) Aboposoo, +the frontier Tufel town, to Ensuaguesoo, (<em>woman’s town</em>) +the capital of Tufel</li> + +<li>6. Morobim</li> + +<li>7. Thro’ Akoontarrem, (the 1st Warsaw town) Amodai, over +Bopoquaw, (a high hill where there was formerly a large croom, now +deserted) & Apachamba, to Kaïrakoo</li> + +<li>8. Over Pra to Demamba</li> + +<li>9. Dadiasoo</li> + +<li>10. Asseecooma, Abannasoo, Abrādi, Elmina, or, as the natives +call it, Addĭna.</li> +</ul> + +<ul class="simple3"> +<li class="center">6.</li> + +<li class="center">To Dankara.</li> + +<li>1. Dakoon</li> + +<li>2. Terraboöom, the frontier town of Dankara</li> + +<li>3. Thro’ Mosiasoo to Enquanta</li> + +<li>4. Thro’ Ofoo, Amasoo, to Dankara.</li> +</ul> + +<ul class="simple3"> +<li class="center">7.</li> + +<li class="center">To Buntookoo.</li> + +<li>1. Barree <a id="FNanchor_156"></a><a href="#Footnote_156" +class="fnanchor">[156]</a>or to Passaroo</li> + +<li>2. Beamasoo, or to Dooniantiffee</li> + +<li>3. Ensoota</li> + +<li>4. Quanta</li> + +<li>5. Across Tando, to Odomassee</li> + +<li>6. Suaterree</li> + +<li>7. Birrakoomee</li> + +<li>8. Yammee</li> + +<li>9. Kirribeeö</li> + +<li>10. Kickiwerree</li> + +<li>11. Buntookoo</li> +</ul> + +<ul class="simple3"> +<li class="center"><span class="pagenum" id= +"Page_483">[483]</span>8.</li> + +<li class="center">To Banda.</li> + +<li>1. Tafoo</li> + +<li>2. Ofeesoo</li> + +<li>3. Abofoo</li> + +<li>4. Kinkawasoo</li> + +<li>5. Akomada</li> + +<li>6. Tandosoo</li> + +<li>7. Koontoosoo</li> + +<li>8. Takima</li> + +<li>9. Weäkee</li> + +<li>10. Aousa</li> + +<li>11. Soko</li> + +<li>12. Namasa</li> + +<li>13. Coransoo</li> + +<li>14. Bimma</li> + +<li>15. Banda</li> +</ul> + +<ul class="simple3"> +<li class="center">9.</li> + +<li class="center">To Boopee.</li> + +<li>1. Esansoo, or Medima</li> + +<li>2. Through Ofim, which rises close to the E. to Bümsoo or +Akimakasie</li> + +<li>3. Soodroo</li> + +<li>4. Takimenteä, or Quamang</li> + +<li>5. Akommadeä, or Boomang</li> + +<li>6. Boisoo</li> + +<li>7. Coranza</li> + +<li>8. Boibin</li> + +<li>9. Koonquoontee</li> + +<li>10. Dawdaw</li> + +<li>11. Akrofroom</li> + +<li>12. Oboosmosoo</li> + +<li>13. Moboäsoo</li> + +<li>14. On the path</li> + +<li>15. Over Adirri</li> + +<li>16. Boopee</li> +</ul> + +<ul class="simple3"> +<li class="center">10.</li> + +<li class="center">To Sallagha.</li> + +<li>1. Marmpon</li> + +<li>2. Aphwaguiasee</li> + +<li>3. Gammasee a fetish temple</li> + +<li>4. Akrofroom</li> + +<li>5. Intonnasoo (Cloth Town)</li> + +<li>6. Quanasee or Troabirree</li> + +<li>7. Agwoona</li> + +<li>8. Adoogan</li> + +<li>9. Over rivers and mountains to Aguirra, or Poorra</li> + +<li>10. Through Sennee to Amanting</li> + +<li>11. Pattooda</li> + +<li>12. Atoboboo</li> + +<li>13. Weasee</li> + +<li>14. Pannangha</li> + +<li>15. Yadjee</li> + +<li>16. Over Adirri to Sallagha</li> +</ul> + +<ul class="simple3"> +<li class="center">11.</li> + +<li class="center">To Source of Sennee.</li> + +<li>1. Agamachasee</li> + +<li>2. Aboiman</li> + +<li>3. Yatirrim</li> + +<li>4. Oweeamasee</li> + +<li>5. Anyanasue</li> + +<li>6. Assekadoomasee</li> +</ul> + +<ul class="simple3"> +<li class="center">12.</li> + +<li class="center">To Odentee ferry.</li> + +<li>1. Kokoofoo</li> + +<li>2. Guia</li> + +<li>3. Weeäsee</li> + +<li>4. Bassa</li> + +<li>5. Tarrisoo</li> + +<li>6. Over Sennee, to ferry</li> +</ul> + +<ul class="simple3"> +<li class="center">13.</li> + +<li class="center">From Yahndi to Daboia</li> + +<li>1. Through Patinga to Duetuem</li> + +<li>2. Tampeūn</li> + +<li>3. Through Nantong to Kompoongo</li> + +<li>4. Through Boö to Dindinno</li> + +<li>5. Daboia</li> +</ul> + +<p class="center">Large Towns on the Route from Boornoo to +Oongoora.</p> + +<ul class="simple3"> +<li>Deeagarra</li> + +<li>Digza</li> + +<li>Gellaroo</li> + +<li>Rakah</li> + +<li>Zaghgah</li> + +<li>Ariggum</li> + +<li>Madellarie</li> + +<li>Zogogdo</li> + +<li>Doobba</li> + +<li>Toppollo, or Toppodo</li> + +<li>Garaga</li> + +<li>Gaskaia</li> + +<li>Matchella</li> + +<li>Goozirrinkoorra</li> + +<li>Dumgabalo</li> + +<li>Potuskum, or Kuskum</li> + +<li>Dawaso</li> + +<li>Woodbo</li> + +<li>Gummo</li> + +<li>Zega</li> +</ul> + +<p class="center">Adagia, Mallagee, and Katanga, lay between +Oongoora, and Kassina.</p> + +<p class="center space-above15 space-below1">Towns adjoining, or +laying close to the right and left of the above Route.</p> + +<ul class="simple3"> +<li>Serrakeelaia</li> + +<li>Dakum</li> + +<li>Lismaroo</li> + +<li>Goobilwa</li> + +<li>Gobookalashee</li> + +<li>Dazakou</li> + +<li>Danga</li> + +<li>Likhalalie</li> + +<li>Looha</li> +</ul> + +<p>The following transcripts of the most intelligible of the MSS. I +brought, according to the different readings, with the Negro +pronunciation as it was familiar to me in Ashantee, will show how +careless or incapable the Moors are of writing the names of Negro +kingdoms accurately<span class="pagenum" id="Page_484">[484]</span> +according to the expression of the natives. The original MSS. will +be sent to the African Association, to whom I had hoped to present +the interesting itinerary of Shereef Brahima from Dagwumba to +Mecca, but this valuable MS. which it had cost me so much pains to +procure, after being kept three months by one gentleman before he +discovered that he had not time to translate it, was lost or +mislaid by another in the course of doing so, and I have the +mortification of being unable to submit any other than the mere +skeleton of it. See Geography, <a href="#Page_205">p. 205.</a></p> + +<h3>CHART No. I.</h3> + +<p class="sch2"><em>Course of the Niger or Quolla (by a Houssa +Moor.)</em> +</p> + +<table class="tabw40 paddedcol4" id="t484"> +<tr> +<th>Negro pronunciation.</th> +<th colspan="2">Mr. Jackson’s reading and transcript.</th> +<th colspan="2" class="pad2">Mr. Dupuis’ reading and +transcript.</th> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Gebowa</td> +<td> +</td> +<td> +</td> +<td>Gebawa</td> +<td class="arabic tdr">جباو</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Toro Jollabi</td> +<td>Futa Jelua</td> +<td class="arabic tdr">فوت جلوا</td> +<td>Foota Joolaba</td> +<td class="arabic tdr">فُوتَ جلوب</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Fota Tora</td> +<td>Futa Tura</td> +<td class="arabic tdr">فوت طورَ</td> +<td>Foota Tooroo</td> +<td class="arabic tdr">فُوتَ طُورُ</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Hasoo</td> +<td>Kassua</td> +<td class="arabic tdr">خَصوا</td> +<td>Khassoua</td> +<td class="arabic tdr">خَصُوا</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Jaoona</td> +<td>Jäun</td> +<td class="arabic tdr">جَعونْ</td> +<td>Jafoona</td> +<td class="arabic tdr">جفون</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Gammoe</td> +<td>G¯remua</td> +<td class="arabic tdr">غموا</td> +<td>Ghemoua</td> +<td class="arabic tdr">غمُوا</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Mallaia</td> +<td>Maly Faly</td> +<td class="arabic tdr">مَلَي فَلي</td> +<td>Malia</td> +<td class="arabic tdr">مَلي</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Shego</td> +<td>Shag¯ru</td> +<td class="arabic tdr">شاغُ</td> +<td>Shagho</td> +<td class="arabic tdr">شاغُ</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Sansandin</td> +<td>Sansandia</td> +<td class="arabic tdr">سَنسَندي</td> +<td>Sansandia</td> +<td class="arabic tdr">سَنسَندي</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Jennie</td> +<td>Janni</td> +<td class="arabic tdr">جَان</td> +<td>Jinnie</td> +<td class="arabic tdr">جَان</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Mashina</td> +<td>Masheena</td> +<td class="arabic tdr">مَاشِنَ</td> +<td>Mashena</td> +<td class="arabic tdr">مَاشينَ</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Jimballa</td> +<td>G¯rimbala</td> +<td class="arabic tdr">غِمْبَلَ</td> +<td><a id="FNanchor_157"></a><a href="#Footnote_157" class= +"fnanchor">[157]</a>Ghimballa</td> +<td class="arabic tdr">غِمْبَلَ</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td> +</td> +<td colspan="2">(G¯r nearest sound to <span class= +"arabic">غ</span>.)</td> +<td> +</td> +<td> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Kabarra</td> +<td>Kabra</td> +<td class="arabic tdr">كَبرَ</td> +<td>Kabara</td> +<td class="arabic tdr">كَبَرَ</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Timbuctoo</td> +<td> +</td> +<td> +</td> +<td>Timbuctoo</td> +<td class="arabic tdr">ثمْبَكْتُ</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Jolliba</td> +<td>Jilab Karihua</td> +<td class="arabic tdr">جلاب كريهوا</td> +<td>Jilleb Kareho</td> +<td class="arabic tdr">جلاب كريهوا</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td> +</td> +<td colspan="2" class="tdc">(or Garihua.<a id= +"FNanchor_158"></a><a href="#Footnote_158" class= +"fnanchor">[158]</a>)</td> +<td> +</td> +<td> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Uzzabin</td> +<td>Asabin</td> +<td class="arabic tdr">احبن</td> +<td>Azbene</td> +<td class="arabic tdr">ازبن</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Gaw</td> +<td>G¯raheh</td> +<td class="arabic tdr">غاي</td> +<td>Ghou</td> +<td class="arabic tdr">غاو</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td><span class="pagenum" id="Page_485">[485]</span>Kabi</td> +<td>Keb</td> +<td class="arabic tdr">كب</td> +<td>Kabi</td> +<td class="arabic tdr">كب</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Yaoora</td> +<td>Eüra</td> +<td class="arabic tdr">يورَ</td> +<td>Yaoury</td> +<td class="arabic tdr">يور</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td> +</td> +<td> +</td> +<td> +</td> +<td>Hooman (Dhooman)</td> +<td class="arabic tdr">حمن</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Raka</td> +<td>Baka</td> +<td class="arabic tdr">بَكا</td> +<td>Raka</td> +<td class="arabic tdr">رَكَا</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Quarraraba</td> +<td>Kurauabee</td> +<td class="arabic tdr">كرَوبَي</td> +<td>Koorawaba</td> +<td class="arabic tdr">كْرَوَبَ</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Mafeegoodoo</td> +<td>Mafikadoo</td> +<td class="arabic tdr">مَافِقُدَ</td> +<td>Mafhygodo</td> +<td class="arabic tdr">مَافْقِغُدُ</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Cadie, Caudee, and Chadi</td> +<td>Shad</td> +<td class="arabic tdr">شد</td> +<td>Shada</td> +<td class="arabic tdr">شَدَ</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Sharee R.</td> +<td>Shar</td> +<td class="arabic tdr">شر</td> +<td>Sharry</td> +<td class="arabic tdr">شَرِ</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Foor</td> +<td>Fure</td> +<td class="arabic tdr">فور</td> +<td>Foor</td> +<td class="arabic tdr">فُوُرْ</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Weddai</td> +<td>Wadan</td> +<td class="arabic tdr">وادان</td> +<td>Wadana</td> +<td class="arabic tdr">وَادَانَ</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td> +</td> +<td colspan="2" class="tdc">(i.e. two rivers.)</td> +<td> +</td> +<td> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Soonar</td> +<td>Sanar</td> +<td class="arabic tdr">سَنَارْ</td> +<td>Sanar</td> +<td class="arabic tdr">سَنَارْ</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Shuar Benassa</td> +<td>Sheua benasser</td> +<td class="arabic tdr">شوَا بنَسر</td> +<td>Shewa ben Hassan</td> +<td class="arabic tdr">شوَا بن حسن</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td> +</td> +<td>Shousuad</td> +<td class="arabic tdr">شوسواد</td> +<td>Shousooda</td> +<td class="arabic tdr">شوسواد</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td> +</td> +<td> +</td> +<td> +</td> +<td>Doulamba</td> +<td class="arabic tdr">دُلَنْبَ</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td> +</td> +<td>Kalen or Falen</td> +<td class="tdr"><span class="arabic">فالن</span> or <span class= +"arabic">كالن</span></td> +<td>Kalana</td> +<td class="arabic tdr">كالن</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Jefeesgo</td> +<td>Jafag¯r</td> +<td class="arabic tdr">جَفَغْ</td> +<td>Jafegh</td> +<td class="arabic tdr">جفغ</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Massar</td> +<td>Mass’r</td> +<td class="arabic tdr">مصر</td> +<td>Massir</td> +<td class="arabic tdr">مصر</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<h3>MS. No. I.</h3> + +<p class="sch2"><em>Route from Boussa to Yarriba.</em> +</p> + +<table class="padded3" id="t485"> +<tr> +<td>Wauwaw</td> +<td>Wou</td> +<td class="arabic tdr">واوْ</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Kaiama</td> +<td>Kima</td> +<td class="arabic tdr">كيما</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Godoobirrie</td> +<td>Khudubar</td> +<td class="arabic tdr">خدوبار</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Gamba</td> +<td>Khamba</td> +<td class="arabic tdr">خَمْبَ</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Kroomie Yarriba</td> +<td>Kurmi Yarabia</td> +<td class="arabic tdr">كُرْم يَرَبي</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Ageasee</td> +<td>Abashee</td> +<td class="arabic tdr">ابَشي</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p>A more familiar illustration of the difficulty or carelessness +of the Moors in writing Negro names, is the following route to +Sallagha, to which there are many paths, containing several +Ashantee towns, which I have laid down in the map. I rather think, +however, the corrupt Arabic of the interior is not quite +understood.</p> + +<h3><span class="pagenum" id="Page_486">[486]</span>MS. No. +II.</h3> + +<table class="tabw40 bd-collapse" id="t486a"> +<tr> +<th>Negro pronunciation.</th> +<th colspan="3">Mr. Jackson’s reading and transcript.</th> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td> +</td> +<td>Jemakashee</td> +<td class="width-brace1"> +</td> +<td class="arabic tdr">جماكاشي</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Gammasee</td> +<td>Khemashee or Ghemashee</td> +<td> +</td> +<td class="arabic tdr">خماشي</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Akrofroom</td> +<td>Kukerume or Kuferume</td> +<td> +</td> +<td class="tdr"><span class="arabic">كوقروم</span> or <span class= +"arabic">كوكروم</span></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td> +</td> +<td>Ber kaleela (a narrow or close country)</td> +<td> +</td> +<td class="arabic tdr">برقليلا</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Soota</td> +<td>U badha Shta</td> +<td class="brt"> +</td> +<td rowspan="2" class="arabic tdr">وبعده شتا</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="2">And afterwards Shta or an alluvial country</td> +<td class="brb"> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="3">The people of Sudi in the territory of Shta</td> +<td class="arabic tdr">وحيل اسود كان في بلد شتا</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Marmpon</td> +<td>U badha Mamefm</td> +<td> +</td> +<td class="arabic tdr">و بعده مَمفم</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Aduarrie Kennie</td> +<td>D’keen Adjar</td> +<td> +</td> +<td class="arabic tdr">دكين ادجار</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Aguira</td> +<td>Ajuee or Ajree</td> +<td> +</td> +<td class="tdr"><span class="arabic">اجري</span> or <span class= +"arabic">اجوي</span></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Antonasoo</td> +<td>Anteenee</td> +<td> +</td> +<td class="arabic tdr">عنتيني</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td> +</td> +<td>Akakuee</td> +<td> +</td> +<td class="arabic tdr">اككوي</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Patooda (no P in Arabic)</td> +<td>Ketdee</td> +<td> +</td> +<td class="arabic tdr">كتدي</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Atoboo</td> +<td>Atab</td> +<td> +</td> +<td class="arabic tdr">اتاب</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Weasee</td> +<td>Hooashee or Weeashu</td> +<td> +</td> +<td class="tdr"><span class="arabic">جومشي</span> or <span class= +"arabic">حوعشي</span></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td> +</td> +<td>Feneeueekee</td> +<td> +</td> +<td class="arabic tdr">فنيويقي</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Perhaps meaning frontier of Booroom</td> +<td>Bure</td> +<td> +</td> +<td class="arabic tdr">بور</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Sallagha</td> +<td>Salag<sup>~</sup>r</td> +<td> +</td> +<td class="arabic tdr">سلغ</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p>I shall submit more translations or transcripts of routes and +charts in Arabic, adding the Negro pronunciation, as the situations +of most of the places were not so clearly confirmed as to enable me +to insert them in my map, and consequently it is important to +enable future travellers to refer to them; such outlines being a +great assistance in directing and checking enquiry (which they +frequently originate) and investigation. The original MSS. will be +sent to the African Association, in case a further examination may +be desirable hereafter.</p> + +<h3>MS. No. III.</h3> + +<p class="sch2"><em>Course of the Niger or Quolla (by a Bornoo +Moor.)</em> +</p> + +<table class="tabw40 paddedcol4" id="t486b"> +<tr> +<th>Negro pronunciation.</th> +<th colspan="2">Mr. Jackson’s reading and transcript.</th> +<th colspan="2" class="pad2">Mr. Dupuis’ reading and +transcript.</th> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Bambooch</td> +<td>Banbug<sup>~</sup>r eladi eeakul</td> +<td class="arabic tdr">بَنبُغ الدي ياكل</td> +<td>Banboogho</td> +<td class="arabic tdr">بَنْبغ</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td> +</td> +<td>el Ham Abn Adam</td> +<td class="arabic tdr">الحم ابن ادم</td> +<td> +</td> +<td> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td> +</td> +<td colspan="2">Banbug<sup>~</sup>r, who eat the flesh of men.</td> +<td> +</td> +<td> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td> +</td> +<td>Firmag<sup>~</sup>r</td> +<td class="arabic tdr">فرمَغَ</td> +<td>Fermagha</td> +<td class="arabic tdr">فرمَغَ</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Hasoo</td> +<td>Hâsu</td> +<td class="arabic tdr">حاسُ</td> +<td>Hasoo</td> +<td class="arabic tdr">حَاسُ</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Jaoona</td> +<td>Jahunu</td> +<td class="arabic tdr">جَاحُنُ</td> +<td>Jahoonoo</td> +<td class="arabic tdr">جَاحُيُ</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td><span class="pagenum" id="Page_487">[487]</span>Gamoo</td> +<td>Jamu</td> +<td class="arabic tdr">جَمُ</td> +<td>Jamoo</td> +<td class="arabic tdr">جَمُ</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Malay or Mallaia</td> +<td>Mali</td> +<td class="arabic tdr">مَلي</td> +<td>Malabi</td> +<td class="arabic tdr">مَلبي</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Shego</td> +<td>Shaegru</td> +<td class="arabic tdr">شَيْغُ</td> +<td>Shagho</td> +<td class="arabic tdr">شَيْغُ</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Sansandin</td> +<td>Sansandy</td> +<td class="arabic tdr">سَنسَندِ</td> +<td>Sansadia</td> +<td class="arabic tdr">سَنسَدَ</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Jennie</td> +<td>Jany</td> +<td class="arabic tdr">جَنِ</td> +<td>Jinnie</td> +<td class="arabic tdr">جني</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Mashina</td> +<td>Masina</td> +<td class="arabic tdr">مَاسَنَ</td> +<td>Massina</td> +<td class="arabic tdr">مَاسنَ</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Timbuctoo</td> +<td>Tunbûktu</td> +<td class="arabic tdr">تُنبَقْتُ</td> +<td>Timbuctoo</td> +<td class="arabic tdr">تمبقْتُ</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Gauw</td> +<td>G¯rau</td> +<td class="arabic tdr">غَاوْ</td> +<td>Ghaou</td> +<td class="arabic tdr">غاوْ</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Kolomanni</td> +<td>Kulman</td> +<td class="arabic tdr">كُلْمَنِ</td> +<td>Koolmani</td> +<td class="arabic tdr">كُلْمَن</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Zinberme</td> +<td>Dtanberma</td> +<td class="arabic tdr">ذَنبرْمَ</td> +<td>Danberma</td> +<td class="arabic tdr">ذَنْبرْمَ</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Cabi</td> +<td>Kabi</td> +<td class="arabic tdr">كَبِ</td> +<td>Kabi</td> +<td class="arabic tdr">كَبِ</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Yawoorie or Yaoora</td> +<td>Eauri</td> +<td class="arabic tdr">يَاوُرِ</td> +<td>Yaouri</td> +<td class="arabic tdr">يَاوُرِ</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Noofee</td> +<td>Nufy</td> +<td class="arabic tdr">نُفي</td> +<td>Noufee</td> +<td class="arabic tdr">نفي</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Boussa</td> +<td>Busâa</td> +<td class="arabic tdr">بوسَا</td> +<td>Boussa</td> +<td class="arabic tdr">بوسا</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Rakka</td> +<td>Raka</td> +<td class="arabic tdr">رَاقَا</td> +<td>Rakka</td> +<td class="arabic tdr">رَاقَا</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Bornoo</td> +<td>B’rn Bernu</td> +<td class="arabic tdr">برن</td> +<td>Bornou</td> +<td class="arabic tdr">برن</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Chadee L.</td> +<td colspan="4">(The lake drawn, but the name not written.)</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Bagarrimee</td> +<td>Bag¯rarm</td> +<td class="arabic tdr">باغرو</td> +<td>Baghroom</td> +<td class="arabic tdr">باغرم</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Kalamfarradoo</td> +<td>Kaferk or Kaferd</td> +<td class="tdr"><span class="arabic">كافرد</span> or <span class= +"arabic">كافرك</span></td> +<td>Kaferda Kalferka</td> +<td class="arabic tdr">كافرد</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Weddaï</td> +<td>Wadana (two rivers)</td> +<td class="arabic tdr">وَدَان</td> +<td>Wadai</td> +<td class="arabic tdr">وَدَان</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Soonar</td> +<td>Surnar</td> +<td class="arabic tdr">سُرنَرْ</td> +<td>Soonar</td> +<td class="arabic tdr">سُونَرْ</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td> +</td> +<td>Siua</td> +<td class="arabic tdr">سيوا</td> +<td>Sewa</td> +<td class="arabic tdr">سيوا</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Schweess</td> +<td>Suis</td> +<td class="arabic tdr">سويس</td> +<td>Souisa</td> +<td class="arabic tdr">سويس</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Zaloo</td> +<td>Jal</td> +<td class="arabic tdr">جال</td> +<td>Jaloo</td> +<td class="arabic tdr">جال</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Kataëba</td> +<td>Katab</td> +<td class="arabic tdr">قَتَب</td> +<td>Kataibi</td> +<td class="arabic tdr">فَتَيب</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Makidzue</td> +<td>Mek’duh</td> +<td class="arabic tdr">مقدوح</td> +<td>Mokad</td> +<td class="arabic tdr">مقدوح</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Mertabass</td> +<td>M’rtabas</td> +<td class="arabic tdr">مرتباس</td> +<td>Mertabas</td> +<td class="arabic tdr">مرتباس</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Hoodayba</td> +<td>Mamudeeb</td> +<td class="arabic tdr">مَموديب</td> +<td>Haoudeba</td> +<td class="arabic tdr">هوديي</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Taiboos</td> +<td>Teesuse</td> +<td class="arabic tdr">تيسوس</td> +<td>Tesoos</td> +<td class="arabic tdr">تيسوس</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Jarooba</td> +<td>Jerub</td> +<td class="arabic tdr">جروب</td> +<td>Jarouba</td> +<td class="arabic tdr">جروب</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Tabarrabass</td> +<td>Tidburse or Tidfurse</td> +<td class="tdr"><span class="arabic">تدبرس</span> or <span class= +"arabic">تدفرس</span></td> +<td>Tarbasa</td> +<td class="arabic tdr">ترباس</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td><span class="pagenum" id="Page_488">[488]</span>Gedda.</td> +<td>J’da</td> +<td class="arabic tdr">جدا</td> +<td>Jidda</td> +<td class="arabic tdr">جدا</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Geddook</td> +<td>J’duk</td> +<td class="arabic tdr">جدوخ</td> +<td>Jidoukh</td> +<td class="arabic tdr">جدوخ</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Limbarr’</td> +<td>Linbabahr</td> +<td class="arabic tdr">لنبَبَحر</td> +<td>Linbahar</td> +<td class="arabic tdr">لنبحر</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Tarrowm</td> +<td>Term</td> +<td class="arabic tdr">ترم</td> +<td>Taroom</td> +<td class="arabic tdr">ترم</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Massar</td> +<td>M’nser</td> +<td class="arabic tdr">منصر</td> +<td>Minsor</td> +<td class="arabic tdr">منصر</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Sakunderree or Askandarie</td> +<td>Skender, a swamp lake</td> +<td class="arabic tdr">سكندر مرج</td> +<td>Sakundria, Alexandria</td> +<td class="arabic tdr">سْكَنْدَرِ</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p class="sch2"><em>Route from Timbuctoo to Ferjan (from the same +MS.)</em> +</p> + +<table class="tabw40 paddedcol5 bd-collapse" id="t488a"> +<tr> +<td> +</td> +<td> +</td> +<td>Tuan</td> +<td class="arabic tdr">توان</td> +<td>Toowano</td> +<td class="arabic tdr">توان</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td> +</td> +<td> +</td> +<td>M’brûk</td> +<td class="arabic tdr">مبروك</td> +<td>Mobaruka</td> +<td class="arabic tdr">مبَرْوك</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td> +</td> +<td> +</td> +<td>Jeerban</td> +<td class="arabic tdr">حيربن</td> +<td>Joojebani</td> +<td class="arabic tdr">اجوجبن</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td> +</td> +<td> +</td> +<td>Abugiberk</td> +<td class="arabic tdr">ابوجبرخ</td> +<td>Kheerabi</td> +<td class="arabic tdr">خيربي</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td> +</td> +<td> +</td> +<td>Tehekeem</td> +<td class="arabic tdr">تحكيم</td> +<td>Tahkema</td> +<td class="arabic tdr">تحكيم</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Bageeacha</td> +<td class="brt width-brace1"> +</td> +<td rowspan="5" colspan="4">not written, but position marked, and +thus pronounced.</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Hootailee</td> +<td class="liner"> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Goosaicha</td> +<td class="liner"> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Hayloon</td> +<td class="liner"> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Barrahese</td> +<td class="brb"> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td> +</td> +<td> +</td> +<td>Ferjan</td> +<td class="arabic tdr">فرجان</td> +<td>Ferjan</td> +<td class="arabic tdr">فَرْجَانْ</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p class="sch2"><em>From Timbuctoo to Tunis (from the same +Chart.)</em> +</p> + +<table class="tabw40 paddedcol4" id="t488b"> +<tr> +<td>Ziggie</td> +<td>Jak, Jik, or Juk</td> +<td class="arabic tdr">جق</td> +<td>Jagha</td> +<td class="arabic tdr">جغ</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Arowalla</td> +<td>Arun or Arul</td> +<td class="tdr"><span class="arabic">عرول</span> or <span class= +"arabic">عرون</span></td> +<td>Aaroon</td> +<td class="arabic tdr">عرون</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Tarrabaleese</td> +<td>Trahesen</td> +<td class="arabic tdr">ترهيسن</td> +<td>Trabolas</td> +<td class="arabic tdr">ترهبليس</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Mooquinassa</td> +<td>M’kenas</td> +<td class="arabic tdr">ممكناس</td> +<td>Mookanassa</td> +<td class="arabic tdr">مَكْنَاس</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Hass</td> +<td>Has</td> +<td class="arabic tdr">حَاسْ</td> +<td>Hhas</td> +<td class="arabic tdr">حَاسْ</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Landoloos</td> +<td>Lindalsu</td> +<td class="arabic tdr">لَندَلْسُ</td> +<td>Lankalsoo</td> +<td class="arabic tdr">لَنكَلْسُ</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Toonis</td> +<td>Tunis</td> +<td class="arabic tdr">تونس</td> +<td>Tunis</td> +<td class="arabic tdr">تونس</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td> +</td> +<td>Near the sea</td> +<td class="arabic tdr">كباله بحر</td> +<td> +</td> +<td> +</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p>Other towns named on this route were</p> + +<ul class="simple3"> +<li>Hassaladee</li> + +<li>Hassazedeed</li> + +<li>Hassat</li> + +<li>Omattaras</li> + +<li>Dizzaela</li> + +<li>Dazeleel</li> + +<li>Katerbaîlie</li> + +<li>Bahadzai</li> + +<li>Maratooph</li> + +<li>Swamach</li> +</ul> + +<h3><span class="pagenum" id="Page_489">[489]</span>MS. No. +IV.</h3> + +<p class="sch2"><em>Course of the Niger or Quolla (by a Jennie Moor +who had been to Egypt.)</em> +</p> + +<table class="tabw40 bd-collapse paddedcol5" id="t489"> +<tr> +<th colspan="2">Negro pronunciation.</th> +<th colspan="2">Mr. Jackson’s reading and transcript.</th> +<th colspan="2" class="pad2">Mr. Dupuis’ reading and +transcript.</th> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Mallaia</td> +<td class="width-brace1"> +</td> +<td>Malh</td> +<td class="arabic tdr">ملح</td> +<td>Mahh</td> +<td class="arabic tdr">مَاحْ</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Shego</td> +<td> +</td> +<td>Shak</td> +<td class="arabic tdr">سك</td> +<td>Shako</td> +<td class="arabic tdr">سكُ</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Sansandin</td> +<td> +</td> +<td>Sansandee</td> +<td class="arabic tdr">سنسدَي</td> +<td>Sansandia</td> +<td class="arabic tdr">سنسنديَ</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Jennie</td> +<td> +</td> +<td>Jin</td> +<td class="arabic tdr">جن</td> +<td>Jinnie</td> +<td class="arabic tdr">جنِ</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Massina</td> +<td> +</td> +<td>Masheen</td> +<td class="arabic tdr">ماشين</td> +<td>Mashina</td> +<td class="arabic tdr">ماشين</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Tinbuctoo</td> +<td> +</td> +<td>Tinbut</td> +<td class="arabic tdr">تنبت</td> +<td>Tinbuctoo</td> +<td class="arabic tdr">تنبت</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="6" class="hang2">(Here he draws the Jolliba flowing +from or into the Quolla by Timbuctoo.)</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Gauw</td> +<td> +</td> +<td>Gru</td> +<td class="arabic tdr">غو</td> +<td>Ghou</td> +<td class="arabic tdr">غو</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Quoälla</td> +<td> +</td> +<td>Kula</td> +<td class="arabic tdr">كولا</td> +<td>Koualla</td> +<td class="arabic tdr">كولا</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Askeä</td> +<td> +</td> +<td>Assaëe</td> +<td class="arabic tdr">اَساَي</td> +<td>Askea</td> +<td class="arabic tdr">اسكي</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Zabirma</td> +<td> +</td> +<td>Zabuaä</td> +<td class="arabic tdr">زبوعا</td> +<td>Zaberma</td> +<td class="arabic tdr">زبرما</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Cabi</td> +<td> +</td> +<td>Keb</td> +<td class="arabic tdr">كب</td> +<td>Kaby</td> +<td class="arabic tdr">كبا</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Yaoora</td> +<td> +</td> +<td>Eeurë</td> +<td class="arabic tdr">يور</td> +<td>Yeory</td> +<td class="arabic tdr">يور</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Boussa</td> +<td> +</td> +<td>B’sa</td> +<td class="arabic tdr">بسا</td> +<td>Bussu</td> +<td class="arabic tdr">بسا</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="6" class="hang2">(Here he branches off a southern +route to Yarriba with precisely the same names as in MS. I, by the +Houssa Moor.)</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Noofee</td> +<td class="brt"> +</td> +<td colspan="4" rowspan="5">not written, but position marked, and +thus pronounced.</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Quolla-liffa</td> +<td class="liner"> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Atagara</td> +<td class="liner"> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Sharee R.</td> +<td class="liner"> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Chadee L.</td> +<td class="brb"> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Foor</td> +<td> +</td> +<td>Foo</td> +<td class="arabic tdr">فوُ</td> +<td>Sour</td> +<td class="arabic tdr">صُره</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Weddai</td> +<td> +</td> +<td>Wadaee</td> +<td class="arabic tdr">وداي</td> +<td>Wadai</td> +<td class="arabic tdr">وداي</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Joonar</td> +<td> +</td> +<td>Jusenaw</td> +<td class="arabic tdr">جوسناو</td> +<td>Joosnou</td> +<td class="arabic tdr">جوسناو</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Shewa</td> +<td> +</td> +<td>Shuee</td> +<td class="arabic tdr">شوي</td> +<td>Shouy</td> +<td class="arabic tdr">سوي</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Sooeess</td> +<td> +</td> +<td>Siuse</td> +<td class="arabic tdr">سُوسْ</td> +<td>Sweis</td> +<td class="arabic tdr">سُوسْ</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Zale</td> +<td> +</td> +<td>Zal</td> +<td class="arabic tdr">زاَل</td> +<td>Zal</td> +<td class="arabic tdr">زاَل</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Zaedooma</td> +<td> +</td> +<td>Zeehwam</td> +<td class="arabic tdr">زيهوم</td> +<td>Zeedouma</td> +<td class="arabic tdr">زيدوم</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Lachtamoo</td> +<td> +</td> +<td>Lahellam</td> +<td class="arabic tdr">لاحلام</td> +<td>Lakhtamo</td> +<td class="arabic tdr">لاخطام</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Makagoodoo</td> +<td> +</td> +<td>Mehed’twa</td> +<td class="arabic tdr">محذوْع</td> +<td>Mohadzou</td> +<td class="arabic tdr">محذوْع</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td><span class="pagenum" id="Page_490">[490]</span>Dalooba</td> +<td> +</td> +<td>Deeluba</td> +<td class="arabic tdr">ديلوبا</td> +<td>Djaoba</td> +<td class="arabic tdr">دجاوبا</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Tarbass</td> +<td> +</td> +<td>Tubas</td> +<td class="arabic tdr">توباس</td> +<td>Terbasa</td> +<td class="arabic tdr">ترباس</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Jaheesoo</td> +<td> +</td> +<td>Jekeesee</td> +<td class="arabic tdr">جخيس</td> +<td>Jakhesa</td> +<td class="arabic tdr">جخيس</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Latooha</td> +<td> +</td> +<td>Lituh or Liauh</td> +<td class="tdr"><span class="arabic">ليعوح</span> or <span class= +"arabic">ليطوح</span></td> +<td>Letouh</td> +<td class="arabic tdr">ليطوح</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Mabanoos</td> +<td> +</td> +<td>M’benuse</td> +<td class="arabic tdr">مبنوس</td> +<td>Mabanouso</td> +<td class="arabic tdr">مَبَنُوس</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Itkhame</td> +<td> +</td> +<td>Atekam</td> +<td class="arabic tdr">اتخام</td> +<td>Etakhamo</td> +<td class="arabic tdr">اطخدَمُ</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Massar</td> +<td> +</td> +<td>Missu</td> +<td class="arabic tdr">مصو</td> +<td>Massir</td> +<td class="arabic tdr">مصر</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Sooryada</td> +<td> +</td> +<td>Sueed</td> +<td class="arabic tdr">سويد</td> +<td>Sourida</td> +<td class="arabic tdr">سُويد</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Nezoogoo</td> +<td> +</td> +<td>Teeawa</td> +<td class="arabic tdr">تياوع</td> +<td>Nezugh</td> +<td class="arabic tdr">نيزوخح</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Kataramoo</td> +<td> +</td> +<td>Kateram</td> +<td class="arabic tdr">كترام</td> +<td>Kateramo</td> +<td class="arabic tdr">كترام</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Dahloomoo</td> +<td> +</td> +<td>D’helume</td> +<td class="arabic tdr">دحلوم</td> +<td>Dhalomo</td> +<td class="arabic tdr">دحلوم</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Hateboo</td> +<td> +</td> +<td>Heteeb</td> +<td class="arabic tdr">حتيب</td> +<td>Hhateba</td> +<td class="arabic tdr">حتيب</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Haheenie</td> +<td> +</td> +<td>Heneen</td> +<td class="arabic tdr">حنين</td> +<td>Hahhene</td> +<td class="arabic tdr">ححين</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Hajamie</td> +<td> +</td> +<td>Khejam</td> +<td class="arabic tdr">خجام</td> +<td>Hajame</td> +<td class="arabic tdr">حجام</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Tapasooloo</td> +<td> +</td> +<td>Tefawn</td> +<td class="arabic tdr">تفعون</td> +<td>Tafsoona</td> +<td class="arabic tdr">تفصون</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Askandarie</td> +<td> +</td> +<td> +</td> +<td> +</td> +<td>Askundria</td> +<td class="arabic tdr">اسكندري</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Bahar Mela</td> +<td> +</td> +<td colspan="2" class="tdc">(Bahar Melhah the salt sea)</td> +<td class="pad2">Bahar al Malah</td> +<td> +</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<h3>MS. No. IV.</h3> + +<p>This was written by an old Moor, a native of the Mallowa +country, but unfortunately just as he had finished (for I made them +all write at the moment in my own apartment, however hurried, +rather than allow them to go home and compose for me) and was +beginning to explain what he had written, a summons from the King +obliged me to quit him, and he left Coomassie before I could +procure another visit from him. In the absence of all explanation, +I can only conclude from some few names that are familiar to me, +that it is a route from Berragoo over the Quolla, and then westward +to Bergoo, known to Mr. Brown. I am only induced thus to preserve a +transcript of this ms. from its fortunate co-incidence in several +names with the valuable lost itinerary of my friend Brahima, as far +as can be collected from a mere sketch of a translation, which was +made in anticipation of the perfect one. I shall submit them +collaterally, as they assist to elucidate each other, and agree +very well in the relative positions of places, although the parties +never saw each other, which is some satisfaction under the +disappointment.</p> + +<table class="tabw50 paddedcols3-5" id="t491"> +<tr> +<th colspan="2"><span class="pagenum" id= +"Page_491">[491]</span><span class="large"><em>Outline of Brahima’s +Itinerary.</em></span> +</th> +<th colspan="3"><span class="large">MS. No. IV.</span> +</th> +</tr> + +<tr> +<th colspan="2">Mr. Dupuis’ reading and transcript.</th> +<th colspan="2" class="pad2">Mr. Jackson’s reading and +transcript.</th> +<th class="pad2">Other readings.</th> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Bazao (Barao)</td> +<td class="arabic tdr">بَزاوُ (بَراوُ)</td> +<td>Burg¯ru</td> +<td class="arabic tdr">بُرْغُ</td> +<td>Bouroughoo</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td> +</td> +<td> +</td> +<td>Babigry</td> +<td class="arabic tdr">بَبِغي</td> +<td>Babaghe</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Kaikshi</td> +<td class="arabic tdr">كَيَقشي</td> +<td>Keekesh</td> +<td class="arabic tdr">كيقش</td> +<td>Keekash</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Droo</td> +<td class="arabic tdr">دروو</td> +<td>Serkune</td> +<td class="arabic tdr">سركون</td> +<td>Serkoon</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Mashooko</td> +<td class="arabic tdr">مَشوُكوْ</td> +<td> +</td> +<td> +</td> +<td> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Banghoo</td> +<td class="arabic tdr">بَانْغُوا</td> +<td>Banaka</td> +<td class="arabic tdr">بانعقا</td> +<td> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Toonooma</td> +<td class="arabic tdr">تُونُومُ</td> +<td>Tuee</td> +<td class="arabic tdr">توي</td> +<td> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Yajoury (doubtless Yawoorie)</td> +<td class="arabic tdr">يَجُورِ</td> +<td>Tenbykukmaetunby</td> +<td class="arabic tdr">تنب كوك مَيتُنْب</td> +<td> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td> +</td> +<td> +</td> +<td>Kenbua</td> +<td class="arabic tdr">كنبوا</td> +<td>Kanboo</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td> +</td> +<td> +</td> +<td>Dendawy</td> +<td class="arabic tdr">دنداوي</td> +<td>Danadoo</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td> +</td> +<td> +</td> +<td>Belg¯rua</td> +<td class="arabic tdr">بلغوا</td> +<td>Balaghou</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Jabdgho</td> +<td class="arabic tdr">جَبْذْغُ</td> +<td>Jebeng¯rua</td> +<td class="arabic tdr">جبنغوا</td> +<td>Jabadghoo</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Keemba or Keerba</td> +<td class="arabic tdr">كمْبَا (كصْبَا)</td> +<td>Kamba</td> +<td class="arabic tdr">كمبه</td> +<td> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Kadarkoo R.</td> +<td class="arabic tdr">اَلجركَدَرْكُ</td> +<td>Kedug¯reh R.</td> +<td class="arabic tdr">كَدوغه</td> +<td>Kadarko</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Doodirba R.</td> +<td class="arabic tdr">ذُذْرْبَا</td> +<td>Dtedterba R.</td> +<td class="arabic tdr">ذذربا</td> +<td>Dodarba</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td> +</td> +<td> +</td> +<td>Uwawfeh</td> +<td class="arabic tdr">وواوفه</td> +<td> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td> +</td> +<td> +</td> +<td>Mhaka Kury (arrival at Kury)</td> +<td class="arabic tdr">محكا كوري</td> +<td> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td> +</td> +<td> +</td> +<td>Saffer</td> +<td class="arabic tdr">سفر</td> +<td> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td> +</td> +<td> +</td> +<td>Aäu Khashah</td> +<td class="arabic tdr">اعَوو كحاشه</td> +<td> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Shawanka</td> +<td class="arabic tdr">اشَوَنْكَا</td> +<td>Shawangra</td> +<td class="arabic tdr">شاوَنْغَ</td> +<td> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Ghoufel</td> +<td class="arabic tdr">غوفل</td> +<td>Jafu</td> +<td class="arabic tdr">جافُو</td> +<td>Japhoo</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Simmer</td> +<td class="arabic tdr">سمر</td> +<td> +</td> +<td> +</td> +<td> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Yarkoo</td> +<td class="arabic tdr">يركو</td> +<td> +</td> +<td> +</td> +<td> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Daghm</td> +<td class="arabic tdr">دغم</td> +<td> +</td> +<td> +</td> +<td> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Bannanao</td> +<td class="arabic tdr">بَنَنَوْا</td> +<td> +</td> +<td> +</td> +<td> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Doonkee</td> +<td class="arabic tdr">دُنْقيْ</td> +<td>Dunka</td> +<td class="arabic tdr">دُنقَيْ</td> +<td>Doonkot</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Ghodau</td> +<td class="arabic tdr">غوضا</td> +<td>G¯ru’w</td> +<td class="arabic tdr">غووَ</td> +<td>Ghouwa</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Salamo</td> +<td class="arabic tdr">سَلَمْوُا</td> +<td> +</td> +<td> +</td> +<td> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Janboodoo</td> +<td class="arabic tdr">جَانْبُدُوا</td> +<td>Jabendu</td> +<td class="arabic tdr">جابندوا</td> +<td> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td><span class="pagenum" id="Page_492">[492]</span>Soosoo</td> +<td class="arabic tdr">سُسُوْا</td> +<td>Susu</td> +<td class="arabic tdr">سُوسُوْا</td> +<td> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Kooreree</td> +<td class="arabic tdr">كُرر</td> +<td>Koos</td> +<td class="arabic tdr">كوصْ</td> +<td> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Barghoowa</td> +<td class="arabic tdr">برغَوَا</td> +<td>Berg¯rua</td> +<td class="arabic tdr">برغوا</td> +<td> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Nak or Naka</td> +<td class="arabic tdr">نك</td> +<td> +</td> +<td> +</td> +<td> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Water of Wada</td> +<td class="arabic tdr">وض</td> +<td> +</td> +<td> +</td> +<td> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Douga (probably Donga)</td> +<td class="arabic tdr">ضوغا</td> +<td> +</td> +<td> +</td> +<td> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Mazim</td> +<td class="arabic tdr">مزم</td> +<td> +</td> +<td> +</td> +<td> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Kal</td> +<td class="arabic tdr">كل</td> +<td> +</td> +<td> +</td> +<td> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Makji</td> +<td class="arabic tdr">مقجي</td> +<td> +</td> +<td> +</td> +<td> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Tafkat</td> +<td class="arabic tdr">تفقت</td> +<td> +</td> +<td> +</td> +<td> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Shal L.</td> +<td class="arabic tdr">شل</td> +<td> +</td> +<td> +</td> +<td> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Koad or Koada</td> +<td class="arabic tdr">كوض</td> +<td> +</td> +<td> +</td> +<td> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="5" class="hang2">Here the writer signified that he +went back to <em>Kateen</em>, as appeared to the transcriber, but +more probably <em>Kassina</em>, and thence proceeded to</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Kano</td> +<td class="arabic tdr">كَن</td> +<td> +</td> +<td> +</td> +<td> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Bornou</td> +<td class="arabic tdr">برنو</td> +<td> +</td> +<td> +</td> +<td> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Sher R.</td> +<td class="arabic tdr">شر</td> +<td> +</td> +<td> +</td> +<td> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Shadda L.</td> +<td class="arabic tdr">شاد</td> +<td> +</td> +<td> +</td> +<td> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Foor</td> +<td class="arabic tdr">فر</td> +<td> +</td> +<td> +</td> +<td> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Wada</td> +<td class="arabic tdr">وداء</td> +<td> +</td> +<td> +</td> +<td> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Massir</td> +<td class="arabic tdr">مصر</td> +<td> +</td> +<td> +</td> +<td> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Makata (Mecca)</td> +<td class="arabic tdr">مكة</td> +<td> +</td> +<td> +</td> +<td> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Madina</td> +<td class="arabic tdr">مدينه</td> +<td> +</td> +<td> +</td> +<td> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Shem (Damascus)</td> +<td class="arabic tdr">شام</td> +<td> +</td> +<td> +</td> +<td> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Jerusalem, &c. &c.</td> +<td class="arabic tdr">بيت المقدس</td> +<td> +</td> +<td> +</td> +<td> +</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<div class="footnotes" id="ftapp3"> +<div class="footnote"> +<p><a id="Footnote_156"></a><a href="#FNanchor_156"><span class= +"label">[156]</span></a>When <em>or</em> appears between two names, +it means that each town is equally close to the path, and +indifferently visited.</p> +</div> + +<div class="footnote"> +<p><a id="Footnote_157"></a><a href="#FNanchor_157"><span class= +"label">[157]</span></a>Mr. Dupuis renders the Arabic <span class= +"arabic">غ</span> g¯h agreeable to Richardson. Mr. Jackson has +insisted on preferring g˘r throughout. Mr. Dupuis, having sailed +for Africa, has not had the advantage of correcting the press for +himself, but every care has been taken.</p> +</div> + +<div class="footnote"> +<p><a id="Footnote_158"></a><a href="#FNanchor_158"><span class= +"label">[158]</span></a>Sir W. Ouseley remarks, that the letter +<em>k</em> is frequently softened into <em>g</em>.</p> +</div> +</div> + +<hr class="chap"> + +<h2><span class="pagenum" id="Page_493">[493]</span><a id= +"app4"></a>APPENDIX. No. IV.</h2> + +<hr class="decordb width12"> + +<h3><span class="sc">Reptilia. (Reptiles.)</span> +</h3> + +<p class="nind"><em>Gen.</em> <span class="sc">Monitor</span>, +<em>Cuvier.</em></p> + +<p class="nind pad2"><em>Sp.</em> 1. <i>Pulcher</i>, +<em>Leach.</em></p> + +<p class="hang4">M. Supra niger albo pulcherrime zonatus et +maculatus: zonis dorsalibus e maculis effectis, ventre albido nigro +transversim vage lineato, cauda compressa carinata.</p> + +<p class="hang4">This elegant species was found in Fantee. The +whole upper parts of the body, the legs and tail, are black, most +beautifully banded and spotted with white. The bands on the tail +are alternately wide and narrow; the wider bands are each much and +abruptly dilated above into a kind of spot, whilst the narrow ones +become gradually wider in the inverse direction. The legs are +spotted above with white; the under parts of them, as well as of +the belly and throat, are also of the same colour with the +spots.</p> + +<p class="nind"><em>Gen.</em> <span class="sc">Chamæleon</span>, +<em>of authors.</em></p> + +<p class="nind pad2"><em>Sp.</em> 1. <i>Dilepis</i>, +<em>Leach.</em></p> + +<p class="hang4">Ch. Capite supra sub plano utrinque bicarinato: +carinis antice conniventibus, occipite utrinque squama magna +instructo, dorso subspinoso-carinato.</p> + +<p class="hang4">This species may readily be distinguished from all +that have been hitherto discovered, by the two large scales, +affixed one on each side to the back part of the head. These +scale-like processes, are covered by the same scaly integuments +which cover the head and body.</p> + +<p class="nind"><em>Gen.</em> <span class="sc">Acontias</span>, +<em>Cuvier.</em></p> + +<p class="nind pad2"><em>Sp.</em> 1. <i>Punctatus</i>, +<em>Leach.</em></p> + +<p class="hang4">A. Supra brunneo-fuscus obsolete purpurascens, +squamis postice macula ventreque fulvescentibus.</p> + +<p class="hang4">Fantee.</p> + +<p class="nind"><em>Gen.</em> <span class="sc">Macrosoma</span>, +<em>Leach.</em></p> + +<p class="hang4">1. <em>Elegans, Leach.</em></p> + +<p class="hang4">Coluber elegans, <em>Shaw.</em></p> + +<p class="hang4">Fantee.</p> + +<p class="nind"><em>Gen.</em> <span class="sc">Coluber</span>, +<em>Cuvier.</em></p> + +<p class="hang4">1. <i>Bicolor</i>, <em>Leach.</em></p> + +<p class="hang4"><span class="pagenum" id="Page_494">[494]</span>C. +Supra badio-niger subtus albidus, squamis dorsalibus elongatis +gradatim angustioribus; apice obtusiusculis.</p> + +<p class="hang4">Fantee.</p> + +<p class="hang4">2. <i>Irroratus</i>, <em>Leach.</em></p> + +<p class="hang4">C. Badio-fuscus, gula pallida, squamis pulcherrime +albido irroratis; dorsalibus subelongatis apice rotundatis.</p> + +<p class="hang4">Fantee.</p> + +<p class="hang4">3. <i>Irregularis</i>, <em>Leach.</em></p> + +<p class="hang4">C. Azureo-virescens, ventre albido, squamis +simplicibus irregularibus: dorsalibus ovatis: lateralibus +superioribus superne truncatis; inferis subhexagonis.</p> + +<p class="hang4">Fantee.</p> + +<p class="hang4">The above three species of <i>Coluber</i> are +decidedly new, as well as the <i>Acontias</i>; the latter is more +particularly interesting, since it encreases the species of a very +limited genus.</p> + +<h3><span class="sc">Arachnoïda.</span> +</h3> + +<p class="nind"><em>Gen.</em> <span class="sc">Scorpio</span>, +<em>of authors.</em></p> + +<p class="hang4"><em>Sp.</em> 1. <i>Afer</i>, <em>Fabr.</em></p> + +<p class="nind"><em>Gen.</em> <span class="sc">Mygale</span>, +<em>Latreille.</em></p> + +<p class="hang4">The only specimen was too mutilated to enable me +to make out its specific character.</p> + +<h3><span class="sc">Myriapoda.</span> +</h3> + +<p class="hang4">Of this class you found two species in Fantee; a +<i>Scolopendra</i>, and a gigantic <i>Julus</i>; neither of which +are in a sufficiently good state to enable me to make out whether +they be described or not.</p> + +<h3><span class="sc">Insecta.</span> +</h3> + +<p class="nind"><em>Gen.</em> <span class="sc">Tefflus</span>, +<em>Leach</em>, new genus.</p> + +<p class="center">Generic character.</p> + +<p class="hang4"><span class="sc">Caput.</span> <em>Mandibulæ</em> +æquales edentulæ. <em>Palpi labiales</em> et <em>maxillares +externi</em> articulo ultimo elongato-securiformi.</p> + +<p class="hang4"><span class="sc">Thorax</span> hexagonus antice et +postice rectus. <em>Alæ</em> nullæ. <em>Elytra</em> coalita abdomen +tegentia apicem versus utrinque sinuata. <em>Tibiæ</em> anticæ +latere interiore apicem versus emarginatæ calcare elevato +instructæ. <em>Tarsi antici</em> <span class="sc">maris</span> +articulis duobus primis tenuiter dilatatis.</p> + +<p class="hang4">Habitus et Antennæ Carabi.</p> + +<p class="nind pad3"><em>Sp.</em> 1. <i>Meyerlei</i>.</p> + +<p class="hang4">Carabus Meyerlei, <em>Fabr. Syst. Eleut.</em> i. +169.—<em>Voet. col.</em> ii. <em>tab.</em> 39, <em>f.</em> 49.</p> + +<p class="nind"><em>Gen.</em> <span class="sc">Odontomerus</span>, +<em>Dahl.</em></p> + +<p class="nind pad3"><em>Sp.</em> 1. <i>Serratus</i>.</p> + +<p class="hang4">Buprestis serratus, <em>Fabr.</em></p> + +<p class="hang4">Fantee.</p> + +<p class="nind"><span class="pagenum" id= +"Page_495">[495]</span><em>Gen.</em> <span class= +"sc">Cetonia</span>, <em>of authors.</em></p> + +<p class="hang4"><em>Sp.</em> 1. <i>Marginata</i>, +<em>Fabr.</em></p> + +<p class="hang4">Fantee.</p> + +<p class="nind"><em>Gen.</em> <span class="sc">Phyllotoma</span>, +<em>Wm. MacLeay, MSS.</em></p> + +<p class="hang4"><em>Sp.</em> 1. <i>Reflexa</i>.</p> + +<p class="hang4">Melolontha reflexa, <em>Fabr.</em></p> + +<p class="hang4">Fantee.</p> + +<p class="nind"><em>Gen.</em> <span class="sc">Helops</span>, +<em>Fabr.</em></p> + +<p class="hang4"><em>Sp.</em> 1. <i>Marginatus</i>, +<em>Olivier</em>.</p> + +<p class="hang4">Fantee.</p> + +<p class="nind"><em>Gen.</em> <span class="sc">Upis?</span> +<em>Fabr.</em></p> + +<p class="hang4"><em>Sp.</em> 1. Cuprea.</p> + +<p class="hang4">Tenebrio Cupreus, <em>Fabr.</em></p> + +<p class="hang4">Fantee.</p> + +<p class="nind"><em>Gen.</em> <span class="sc">Lamia</span>, +<em>Fabr.</em></p> + +<p class="hang4"><em>Sp.</em> 1. Tri-fasciata, <em>Fabr.</em></p> + +<p class="hang4">Fantee. This species is also found at Sierra +Leone, and in the Back Settlements of the Cape of Good Hope.</p> + +<p class="nind"><em>Gen.</em> <span class="sc">Petrognatha</span>, +<em>Leach.</em></p> + +<p class="center">Character</p> + +<p class="hang4"><em>Caput</em> thorace paulo latius. +<em>Antennæ</em> (<em>maris</em> corpore duplo longiores et ultra,) +articulo secundo longiore flexuoso. <em>Labrum</em> lineare +transversum nudum utrinque rotundatum. <em>Mandibulæ</em> petrosæ +(<span class="sc">maris</span> interne apicem versus obtuse +unidentatæ,) infra et externe irregulariter carinatas. <em>Palpi +maxillares</em> et <em>labiales</em> articulo ultimo basi +subattenuato, apice externe oblique truncato-acuminato.</p> + +<p class="hang4"><span class="sc">Thorax</span> transversus +utrinque 1-spinosus. <em>Elytra</em> humeris 1-spinosis, apiceque +ad saturam spinoso-subproducto.</p> + +<p class="hang4"><em>Sp.</em> 1. <i>Gigas</i>.</p> + +<p class="hang4">Lamia Gigas, <em>Fabr.</em></p> + +<p class="hang4">Fantee.</p> + +<p class="nind"><em>Gen.</em> <span class="sc">Callichroma</span>, +<em>Latreille.</em></p> + +<p class="hang4"><em>Sp.</em> 1. <i>Festivum</i>.</p> + +<p class="hang4">Cerambyx festivus, <em>Oliv. Fabr.</em></p> + +<p class="hang4">Fantee.</p> + +<p class="nind"><em>Gen.</em> <span class="sc">Mantis</span>.</p> + +<p class="hang4"><em>Sp.</em> 1. <i>Superstitiosa</i>, +<em>Fabr</em>.</p> + +<p class="hang4">Fantee</p> + +<p class="hang4"><span class="pagenum" id= +"Page_496">[496]</span>This species, as well as its congeners, is +an object of superstitious veneration amongst the natives of +north-western Africa, Syria, and India. It agrees in all points +with the original specimen of <i>Superstitiosa</i>, so named by +Fabricius in the Banksian Cabinet.</p> + +<p class="nind"><em>Gen.</em> <span class="sc">Gryllus</span>, +<em>Fabr.</em></p> + +<p class="hang4"><em>Sp.</em> 1. <i>Squarrosus</i>, +<em>Fabr.</em></p> + +<p class="hang4">Fantee.</p> + +<p class="nind"><em>Gen.</em> <span class="sc">Reduvius</span>, +<em>Fabr.</em></p> + +<p class="hang4"><em>Sp.</em> 1. <i>Barbicornis</i>, +<em>Fabr.</em></p> + +<p class="hang4">Fantee.</p> + +<p class="hang4">I have received this species from the Cape of Good +Hope.</p> + +<p class="nind"><em>Gen.</em> <span class="sc">Canopus</span>, +<em>Rodhe.</em></p> + +<p class="hang4"><em>Sp.</em> 1. <i>Punctatus</i>, +<em>Leach.</em></p> + +<p class="hang4">Supra olivaceo-ater impresso-punctulatus rubro +punctatus, subtus ruber segmentis marginibus stigmatibus tibiis +tarsisque nigris, capite rubro irrorato.</p> + +<p class="hang4">Gaboon.</p> + +<hr class="chap"> + +<h2><span class="pagenum" id="Page_497">[497]</span><a id= +"app5"></a>APPENDIX, No. V.</h2> + +<hr class="decordb width12"> + +<p class="sch2"><em>Mr.</em> <span class="sc">Tedlie’s</span> +<em>Account of the Thermometer.</em></p> + +<table class="borders2 tabw30" id="t497"> +<colgroup> +<col class="col6"> +<col class="col7"> +<col class="col5"> +<col class="col5"> +<col class="col5"> +<col class="col1"> +</colgroup> + +<tr> +<th colspan="2">Date.</th> +<th>A.M.</th> +<th>M.</th> +<th>P.M.</th> +<th>Weather.</th> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="bdless-right">April</td> +<td class="tdr">28</td> +<td>6 74</td> +<td> +</td> +<td> +</td> +<td> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="bdless-right"> +</td> +<td class="tdr">29</td> +<td>7½ 75</td> +<td> +</td> +<td> +</td> +<td> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="bdless-right"> +</td> +<td> +</td> +<td>11 80</td> +<td> +</td> +<td> +</td> +<td> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="bdless-right"> +</td> +<td class="tdr">30</td> +<td> +</td> +<td> +</td> +<td>2 88½</td> +<td> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="bdless-right"> +</td> +<td> +</td> +<td> +</td> +<td> +</td> +<td>7 82½</td> +<td> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="bdless-right">May</td> +<td class="tdr">1</td> +<td>8 77</td> +<td> +</td> +<td> +</td> +<td> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="bdless-right"> +</td> +<td class="tdr">2</td> +<td>8 76½</td> +<td> +</td> +<td>1 91</td> +<td> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="bdless-right"> +</td> +<td class="tdr">3</td> +<td>6 76</td> +<td>12 89</td> +<td> +</td> +<td> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="bdless-right">May</td> +<td class="tdr">4.</td> +<td colspan="4" class="tdc">The Thermometer was broken last night +at Asharaman.</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="6" class="ind">At Coomassie, from the 7th June to the +11th, it varied from 80 to 85, between 12 and 2.</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="bdless-right">June</td> +<td class="tdr">15</td> +<td> +</td> +<td> +</td> +<td>1 82</td> +<td> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="bdless-right"> +</td> +<td class="tdr">16</td> +<td>10 79</td> +<td> +</td> +<td> +</td> +<td> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="bdless-right"> +</td> +<td class="tdr">17</td> +<td> +</td> +<td>12 82</td> +<td> +</td> +<td> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="bdless-right"> +</td> +<td class="tdr">18</td> +<td>9 79</td> +<td> +</td> +<td>2 84</td> +<td> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="bdless-right"> +</td> +<td class="tdr">19</td> +<td>7½ 73</td> +<td> +</td> +<td>2½ 78</td> +<td> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="bdless-right"> +</td> +<td> +</td> +<td> +</td> +<td> +</td> +<td>5 78</td> +<td> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="bdless-right"> +</td> +<td class="tdr">20</td> +<td>10 78</td> +<td> +</td> +<td>1 81</td> +<td> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="bdless-right"> +</td> +<td> +</td> +<td> +</td> +<td> +</td> +<td>2½ 82</td> +<td> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="bdless-right"> +</td> +<td class="tdr">21</td> +<td>8 74</td> +<td> +</td> +<td>2½ 82</td> +<td> +</td> 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class="tdr">29</td> +<td>7 70</td> +<td> +</td> +<td>3 78</td> +<td>Fair</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="bdless-right"> +</td> +<td> +</td> +<td> +</td> +<td> +</td> +<td>6 77</td> +<td> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="bdless-right"> +</td> +<td class="tdr">30</td> +<td>7 70</td> +<td> +</td> +<td> +</td> +<td>Fair.</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="bdless-right"> +</td> +<td> +</td> +<td> +</td> +<td> +</td> +<td>2½ 76</td> +<td> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="bdless-right"> +</td> +<td> +</td> +<td> +</td> +<td> +</td> +<td>7 73</td> +<td>Rain.</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="bdless-right"> +</td> +<td class="tdr">31</td> +<td>7 70½</td> +<td> +</td> +<td>3 77</td> +<td> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="bdless-right"> +</td> +<td> +</td> +<td> +</td> +<td> +</td> +<td>7 73</td> +<td> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="bdless-right">Sept.</td> +<td class="tdr">1</td> +<td>7 71</td> +<td> +</td> +<td> +</td> +<td>Fair.</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="bdless-right"> +</td> +<td> 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71</td> +<td>12 77</td> +<td>7 74</td> +<td> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="bdless-right"> +</td> +<td class="tdr">5</td> +<td>5 71</td> +<td> +</td> +<td>3 79</td> +<td> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="bdless-right"> +</td> +<td> +</td> +<td> +</td> +<td> +</td> +<td>7 76</td> +<td>Fair.</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="bdless-right"> +</td> +<td class="tdr">6</td> +<td>6 70</td> +<td> +</td> +<td>2 74</td> +<td> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="bdless-right"> +</td> +<td> +</td> +<td> +</td> +<td> +</td> +<td>7 73</td> +<td> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="bdless-right"> +</td> +<td class="tdr">7</td> +<td>8 71</td> +<td> +</td> +<td>3 76</td> +<td> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="bdless-right"> +</td> +<td> +</td> +<td> +</td> +<td> +</td> +<td>8 73</td> +<td>Slight showers</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="bdless-right"> +</td> +<td class="tdr">8</td> +<td>7 71</td> +<td>12 76</td> +<td> +</td> +<td> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="bdless-right"> +</td> +<td> +</td> +<td> 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+<tr> +<td class="bdless-right"> +</td> +<td> +</td> +<td> +</td> +<td> +</td> +<td>2 75</td> +<td>Violent tornado</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="bdless-right"> +</td> +<td> +</td> +<td> +</td> +<td> +</td> +<td>8 71½</td> +<td>Rain.</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="bdless-right"> +</td> +<td class="tdr">26</td> +<td>6 70</td> +<td> +</td> +<td> +</td> +<td> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="bdless-right"> +</td> +<td> +</td> +<td> +</td> +<td>12 73</td> +<td> +</td> +<td>Hazy.</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="bdless-right"> +</td> +<td> +</td> +<td> +</td> +<td> +</td> +<td>2 80</td> +<td>Cloudy</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="bdless-right"> +</td> +<td> +</td> +<td> +</td> +<td> +</td> +<td>4 77</td> +<td>Wind</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="bdless-right"> +</td> +<td> +</td> +<td> +</td> +<td> +</td> +<td>8 71</td> +<td>Heavy rain.</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="bdless-right"> +</td> +<td class="tdr">27</td> +<td>6 73</td> +<td> +</td> +<td> +</td> +<td> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="bdless-right"> +</td> +<td> +</td> +<td>10 75</td> +<td> +</td> +<td> +</td> +<td>Fair.</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="bdless-right"> +</td> +<td> +</td> +<td> +</td> +<td>12 80½</td> +<td>6 75</td> +<td> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="bdless-right"> +</td> +<td class="tdr">28</td> +<td>6 71</td> +<td> +</td> +<td>2 81½</td> +<td> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="bdless-right"> +</td> +<td> +</td> +<td> +</td> +<td> +</td> +<td>6 74</td> +<td> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="bdless-right"> +</td> +<td class="tdr">29</td> +<td>6 71½</td> +<td> +</td> +<td>2 82</td> +<td> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="bdless-right"> +</td> +<td class="tdr">30</td> +<td>6 73</td> +<td> +</td> +<td> +</td> +<td>Cloudy.</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="bdless-right"> +</td> +<td> +</td> +<td> +</td> +<td> +</td> +<td>2 80</td> +<td> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="bdless-right"> +</td> +<td> +</td> +<td> +</td> +<td> +</td> +<td>7 71½</td> +<td> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="bdless-right">Oct.</td> +<td class="tdr">1</td> +<td>6 72½</td> +<td> +</td> +<td>2 82</td> +<td> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="bdless-right"> +</td> +<td> +</td> +<td>10 70</td> +<td> +</td> +<td>8 76</td> +<td> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="bdless-right"> +</td> +<td class="tdr">2</td> +<td>6 70</td> +<td> +</td> +<td>2 79</td> +<td>Rain.</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="bdless-right"> +</td> +<td> +</td> +<td> +</td> +<td> +</td> +<td>8 78</td> +<td>Sultry.</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="bdless-right"> +</td> +<td class="tdr">3</td> +<td>6 71</td> +<td> +</td> +<td> +</td> +<td>Rain.</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="bdless-right"> +</td> +<td> +</td> +<td> +</td> +<td> +</td> +<td>2 82</td> +<td>Fair.</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="bdless-right"> +</td> +<td> +</td> +<td> +</td> +<td> +</td> +<td>6 80</td> +<td> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="bdless-right"> +</td> +<td class="tdr">5</td> +<td>6 72</td> +<td> +</td> +<td>2 79</td> +<td> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="bdless-right"> +</td> +<td> +</td> +<td> +</td> +<td> +</td> +<td>6 74</td> +<td> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="bdless-right"> +</td> +<td class="tdr">6</td> +<td>6 72</td> +<td> +</td> +<td> +</td> +<td>Rain.</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="bdless-right"> +</td> +<td> +</td> +<td> +</td> +<td> +</td> +<td>2 79</td> +<td>Much rain, thunder.</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="bdless-right"> +</td> +<td> +</td> +<td> +</td> +<td> +</td> +<td>8 75</td> +<td> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="bdless-right"> +</td> +<td class="tdr">7</td> +<td>6 72</td> +<td> +</td> +<td>2 79</td> +<td> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="bdless-right"> +</td> +<td> +</td> +<td> +</td> +<td> +</td> +<td>6 74</td> +<td> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="bdless-right"> +</td> +<td class="tdr">8</td> +<td>6 71</td> +<td>12 79</td> +<td>2 73</td> +<td> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="bdless-right"> +</td> +<td> +</td> +<td> +</td> +<td> +</td> +<td>6 71</td> +<td> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="bdless-right"> +</td> +<td class="tdr">9</td> +<td>6 71</td> +<td> +</td> +<td>2 79</td> +<td>Sultry and cloudy.</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="bdless-right"> +</td> +<td> +</td> +<td> +</td> +<td> +</td> +<td>6 78</td> +<td> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="bdless-right"> +</td> +<td class="tdr">10</td> +<td>6 73</td> +<td> +</td> +<td> +</td> +<td> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="bdless-right"> +</td> +<td> +</td> +<td> +</td> +<td>12 78</td> +<td> +</td> +<td>Fair.</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="bdless-right"> +</td> +<td> +</td> +<td> +</td> +<td> +</td> +<td>2 71½</td> +<td> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="bdless-right"> +</td> +<td> +</td> +<td> +</td> +<td> +</td> +<td>6 73½</td> +<td>Much rain, thunder.</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="bdless-right"> +</td> +<td class="tdr">11</td> +<td>6 73</td> +<td> +</td> +<td> +</td> +<td>Heavy fog.</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="bdless-right"> +</td> +<td> +</td> +<td> +</td> +<td> +</td> +<td>2 76½</td> +<td>Fair, cloudy.</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="bdless-right"> +</td> +<td class="tdr">12</td> +<td>6 71½</td> +<td> +</td> +<td> +</td> +<td>Sultry, foggy.</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="bdless-right"> +</td> +<td> +</td> +<td> +</td> +<td> +</td> +<td>2 80½</td> +<td>Fair.</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="bdless-right"> +</td> +<td> +</td> +<td> +</td> +<td> +</td> +<td>6 78</td> +<td> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="bdless-right"> +</td> +<td class="tdr">13</td> +<td>6 73</td> +<td> +</td> +<td> +</td> +<td>Foggy.</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="bdless-right"> +</td> +<td> +</td> +<td> +</td> +<td>12 78</td> +<td> +</td> +<td>Sultry.</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="bdless-right"> +</td> +<td> +</td> +<td> +</td> +<td> +</td> +<td>2 79</td> +<td> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="bdless-right"> +</td> +<td> +</td> +<td> +</td> +<td> +</td> +<td>6 77</td> +<td>Rain, thunder.</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="bdless-right"> +</td> +<td class="tdr">14</td> +<td>6 74½</td> +<td> +</td> +<td> +</td> +<td>Rain, foggy.</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="bdless-right"> +</td> +<td> +</td> +<td> +</td> +<td> +</td> +<td>2 78½</td> +<td>Fair.</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="bdless-right"> +</td> +<td> +</td> +<td> +</td> +<td> +</td> +<td>6 74</td> +<td> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="bdless-right"> +</td> +<td class="tdr">15</td> +<td>6 72½</td> +<td> +</td> +<td> +</td> +<td>Rain, foggy.</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="bdless-right"> +</td> +<td> +</td> +<td> +</td> +<td> +</td> +<td>2 74</td> +<td>Hazy.</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="bdless-right"> +</td> +<td> +</td> +<td> +</td> +<td> +</td> +<td>6 73</td> +<td> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="bdless-right"> +</td> +<td class="tdr">16</td> +<td>6 72½</td> +<td> +</td> +<td> +</td> +<td>Foggy.</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="bdless-right"> +</td> +<td> +</td> +<td> +</td> +<td> +</td> +<td><span class="pagenum" id="Page_500">[500]</span>2 80½</td> +<td>Fair.</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="bdless-right"> +</td> +<td> +</td> +<td> +</td> +<td> +</td> +<td>6 75</td> +<td> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="bdless-right"> +</td> +<td class="tdr">17</td> +<td>6 73½</td> +<td> +</td> +<td> +</td> +<td>Rain, foggy.</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="bdless-right"> +</td> +<td> +</td> +<td> +</td> +<td> +</td> +<td>2 78</td> +<td> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="bdless-right"> +</td> +<td> +</td> +<td> +</td> +<td> +</td> +<td>6 74½</td> +<td> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="bdless-right"> +</td> +<td class="tdr">18</td> +<td>6 73</td> +<td> +</td> +<td> +</td> +<td>Fair.</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="bdless-right"> +</td> +<td> +</td> +<td> +</td> +<td> +</td> +<td>2 80</td> +<td> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="bdless-right"> +</td> +<td> +</td> +<td> +</td> +<td> +</td> +<td>6 75</td> +<td>Rain and thunder.</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="bdless-right"> +</td> +<td class="tdr">19</td> +<td>73½</td> +<td> +</td> +<td> +</td> +<td> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="bdless-right"> +</td> +<td> +</td> +<td>71½</td> +<td> +</td> +<td> +</td> +<td>Much rain.</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="bdless-right"> +</td> +<td class="tdr">20</td> +<td>6 70½</td> +<td> +</td> +<td> +</td> +<td>Dense fogs.</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="bdless-right"> +</td> +<td> +</td> +<td> +</td> +<td> +</td> +<td>2 73</td> +<td>Foggy, with showers.</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="bdless-right"> +</td> +<td> +</td> +<td> +</td> +<td> +</td> +<td>6 74</td> +<td> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="bdless-right"> +</td> +<td class="tdr">21</td> +<td>6 72½</td> +<td> +</td> +<td> +</td> +<td>Fair.</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="bdless-right"> +</td> +<td> +</td> +<td> +</td> +<td> +</td> +<td>2 79</td> +<td> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="bdless-right"> +</td> +<td> +</td> +<td> +</td> +<td> +</td> +<td>8 78½</td> +<td> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="bdless-right"> +</td> +<td class="tdr">22</td> +<td>6 73</td> +<td>12 77</td> +<td> +</td> +<td>Foggy.</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="bdless-right"> +</td> +<td> +</td> +<td> +</td> +<td> +</td> +<td>2 82½</td> +<td>Fair.</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="bdless-right"> +</td> +<td> +</td> +<td> +</td> +<td> +</td> +<td>8 75</td> +<td> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="bdless-right"> +</td> +<td class="tdr">23</td> +<td>6 72½</td> +<td> +</td> +<td> +</td> +<td>Foggy, with thr. showers.</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="bdless-right"> +</td> +<td> +</td> +<td> +</td> +<td>12 80</td> +<td>2 83</td> +<td> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="bdless-right"> +</td> +<td> +</td> +<td> +</td> +<td> +</td> +<td>8 77</td> +<td> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="bdless-right"> +</td> +<td class="tdr">24</td> +<td>6 73</td> +<td> +</td> +<td> +</td> +<td>Foggy.</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="bdless-right"> +</td> +<td> +</td> +<td> +</td> +<td>12 80</td> +<td> +</td> +<td>Fair.</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="bdless-right"> +</td> +<td> +</td> +<td> +</td> +<td> +</td> +<td>3 78½</td> +<td>Rain.</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="bdless-right"> +</td> +<td> +</td> +<td> +</td> +<td> +</td> +<td>8 75</td> +<td> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="bdless-right"> +</td> +<td class="tdr">25</td> +<td>6 74½</td> +<td>12 82</td> +<td> +</td> +<td>Foggy.</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="bdless-right"> +</td> +<td> +</td> +<td> +</td> +<td> +</td> +<td>2 82</td> +<td>Fair.</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="bdless-right"> +</td> +<td> +</td> +<td> +</td> +<td> +</td> +<td>6 74</td> +<td> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="bdless-right"> +</td> +<td class="tdr">26</td> +<td>6 72½</td> +<td> +</td> +<td> +</td> +<td>Foggy.</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="bdless-right"> +</td> +<td> +</td> +<td> +</td> +<td> +</td> +<td>2 80</td> +<td> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="bdless-right"> +</td> +<td> +</td> +<td> +</td> +<td> +</td> +<td>78</td> +<td>Rain, thunder.</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="bdless-right"> +</td> +<td class="tdr">27</td> +<td>6 72</td> +<td> +</td> +<td> +</td> +<td>Foggy.</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="bdless-right"> +</td> +<td> +</td> +<td> +</td> +<td> +</td> +<td>2 80</td> +<td> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="bdless-right"> +</td> +<td> +</td> +<td> +</td> +<td> +</td> +<td>6 76</td> +<td>Thunder shrs.</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="bdless-right"> +</td> +<td class="tdr">29</td> +<td>6 7</td> +<td> +</td> +<td> +</td> +<td>Rain.</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="bdless-right"> +</td> +<td> +</td> +<td> +</td> +<td> +</td> +<td>2 82</td> +<td>Fair.</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="bdless-right"> +</td> +<td> +</td> +<td> +</td> +<td> +</td> +<td>6 75</td> +<td> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="bdless-right"> +</td> +<td class="tdr">30</td> +<td>6 73</td> +<td> +</td> +<td> +</td> +<td>Foggy.</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="bdless-right"> +</td> +<td> +</td> +<td> +</td> +<td> +</td> +<td>2 83</td> +<td>Fair.</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="bdless-right"> +</td> +<td> +</td> +<td> +</td> +<td> +</td> +<td>8 78</td> +<td> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="bdless-right"> +</td> +<td class="tdr">31</td> +<td>6 72½</td> +<td> +</td> +<td> +</td> +<td>Foggy.</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="bdless-right"> +</td> +<td> +</td> +<td> +</td> +<td> +</td> +<td>2 82</td> +<td>Fair.</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="bdless-right"> +</td> +<td> +</td> +<td> +</td> +<td> +</td> +<td>8 76</td> +<td> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="bdless-right">Nov.</td> +<td class="tdr">1</td> +<td>6 72½</td> +<td> +</td> +<td> +</td> +<td>Foggy.</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="bdless-right"> +</td> +<td> +</td> +<td> +</td> +<td> +</td> +<td>2 81</td> +<td> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="bdless-right"> +</td> +<td> +</td> +<td> +</td> +<td> +</td> +<td>6 80</td> +<td>Sultry.</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="bdless-right"> +</td> +<td class="tdr">2</td> +<td>6 73</td> +<td> +</td> +<td> +</td> +<td>Fair.</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="bdless-right"> +</td> +<td> +</td> +<td> +</td> +<td> +</td> +<td>2 81½</td> +<td> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="bdless-right"> +</td> +<td> +</td> +<td> +</td> +<td> +</td> +<td>8 75</td> +<td>Rain.</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="bdless-right"> +</td> +<td class="tdr">3</td> +<td>6 73</td> +<td> +</td> +<td> +</td> +<td>Rain.</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="bdless-right"> +</td> +<td> +</td> +<td> +</td> +<td> +</td> +<td>2 82½</td> +<td>Fair.</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="bdless-right"> +</td> +<td> +</td> +<td> +</td> +<td> +</td> +<td>6 78</td> +<td> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="bdless-right"> +</td> +<td class="tdr">4</td> +<td>6 72</td> +<td> +</td> +<td>2 78</td> +<td>Rain, foggy.</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="bdless-right"> +</td> +<td> +</td> +<td> +</td> +<td> +</td> +<td>6 74½</td> +<td>Sultry.</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="bdless-right"> +</td> +<td class="tdr">5</td> +<td>6 72½</td> +<td> +</td> +<td>2 79½</td> +<td> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="bdless-right"> +</td> +<td> +</td> +<td> +</td> +<td> +</td> +<td>6 78</td> +<td> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="bdless-right"> +</td> +<td class="tdr">6</td> +<td>6 74</td> +<td> +</td> 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+<td class="bdless-right"> +</td> +<td class="tdr">30</td> +<td>6 74</td> +<td> +</td> +<td>2 79</td> +<td> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="bdless-right"> +</td> +<td> +</td> +<td> +</td> +<td> +</td> +<td>8 76</td> +<td> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="bdless-right"> +</td> +<td class="tdr">31</td> +<td>6 72</td> +<td> +</td> +<td>2 81</td> +<td> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="bdless-right"> +</td> +<td> +</td> +<td> +</td> +<td> +</td> +<td>8 78</td> +<td> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="bdless-right">Jan.</td> +<td class="tdr">1</td> +<td>6 70½</td> +<td> +</td> +<td>2 81</td> +<td> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="2" class="tdc">1818.</td> +<td> +</td> +<td> +</td> +<td> +</td> +<td> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="bdless-right"> +</td> +<td> +</td> +<td> +</td> +<td> +</td> +<td>8 78</td> +<td> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="bdless-right"> +</td> +<td class="tdr">2</td> +<td>6 72</td> +<td> +</td> +<td> +</td> +<td> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="bdless-right"> +</td> +<td class="tdr">3</td> +<td>6 72</td> +<td> +</td> +<td>2 85</td> +<td>Thunder.</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="bdless-right"> +</td> +<td> +</td> +<td> +</td> +<td> +</td> +<td>8 76</td> +<td>Rain.</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="6" class="ind">From sickness, the Thermometer was not +attended to till the 10th, during the interval the weather was +excessive cold, and the fogs very dense.</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="bdless-right"> +</td> +<td class="tdr">10</td> +<td> +</td> +<td> +</td> +<td>2 74</td> +<td>Foggy.</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="bdless-right"> +</td> +<td> +</td> +<td> +</td> +<td> +</td> +<td>8 68</td> +<td> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="bdless-right"> +</td> +<td class="tdr">11</td> +<td>6 62½</td> +<td> +</td> +<td>2 76</td> +<td> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="bdless-right"> +</td> +<td> +</td> +<td> +</td> +<td> +</td> +<td>8 70½</td> +<td> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="bdless-right"> +</td> +<td class="tdr">12</td> +<td>6 60</td> +<td> +</td> +<td>2 77</td> +<td> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="bdless-right"> +</td> +<td> +</td> +<td> +</td> +<td> +</td> +<td>8 70</td> +<td> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="bdless-right"> +</td> +<td class="tdr">13</td> +<td>6 61½</td> +<td> +</td> +<td>2 74½</td> +<td> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="bdless-right"> +</td> +<td> +</td> +<td> +</td> +<td> +</td> +<td>8 68</td> +<td> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="bdless-right"> +</td> +<td class="tdr">14</td> +<td>6 58</td> +<td> +</td> +<td>2 74</td> +<td> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="bdless-right"> +</td> +<td> +</td> +<td> +</td> +<td> +</td> +<td>8 66</td> +<td> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="bdless-right"> +</td> +<td class="tdr">15</td> +<td>6 60</td> +<td> +</td> +<td>2 75½</td> +<td> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="bdless-right"> +</td> +<td> +</td> +<td> +</td> +<td> +</td> +<td>8 70</td> +<td> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="bdless-right"> +</td> +<td class="tdr">16</td> +<td>6 61½</td> +<td> +</td> +<td>2 76</td> +<td> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="bdless-right"> +</td> +<td> +</td> +<td> +</td> +<td> +</td> +<td><span class="pagenum" id="Page_502">[502]</span>8 72½</td> +<td> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="bdless-right"> +</td> +<td class="tdr">17</td> +<td>6 62</td> +<td> +</td> +<td>2 76½</td> +<td> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="bdless-right"> +</td> +<td> +</td> +<td> +</td> +<td> +</td> +<td>8 71</td> +<td> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="bdless-right"> +</td> +<td class="tdr">18</td> +<td>6 60</td> +<td> +</td> +<td>2 74</td> +<td> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="bdless-right"> +</td> +<td> +</td> +<td> +</td> +<td> +</td> +<td>8 73</td> +<td> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="bdless-right"> +</td> +<td class="tdr">19</td> +<td>6 62½</td> +<td> +</td> +<td>2 79</td> +<td> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="bdless-right"> +</td> +<td> +</td> +<td> +</td> +<td> +</td> +<td>8 75</td> +<td> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="bdless-right"> +</td> +<td class="tdr">20</td> +<td>6 64</td> +<td> +</td> +<td>2 78½</td> +<td> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="bdless-right"> +</td> +<td> +</td> +<td> +</td> +<td> +</td> +<td>8 76</td> +<td> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="bdless-right"> +</td> +<td class="tdr">21</td> +<td>6 64½</td> +<td> +</td> +<td>2 79</td> +<td> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="bdless-right"> +</td> +<td> +</td> +<td> +</td> +<td> +</td> +<td>8 74</td> +<td> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="bdless-right"> +</td> +<td class="tdr">22</td> +<td>6 66</td> +<td> +</td> +<td>2 80</td> +<td> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="bdless-right"> +</td> +<td> +</td> +<td> +</td> +<td> +</td> +<td>8 78</td> +<td> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="bdless-right"> +</td> +<td class="tdr">23</td> +<td>6 64</td> +<td> +</td> +<td>2 82</td> +<td> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="bdless-right"> +</td> +<td> +</td> +<td> +</td> +<td> +</td> +<td>8 76</td> +<td> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="bdless-right"> +</td> +<td class="tdr">24</td> +<td>6 62</td> +<td> +</td> +<td>2 82½</td> +<td> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="bdless-right"> +</td> +<td> +</td> +<td> +</td> +<td> +</td> +<td>8 74</td> +<td> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="bdless-right"> +</td> +<td class="tdr">25</td> +<td>6 64</td> +<td> +</td> +<td>2 84</td> +<td> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="bdless-right"> +</td> +<td> +</td> +<td> +</td> +<td> +</td> +<td>8 80</td> +<td> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="bdless-right"> +</td> +<td class="tdr">26</td> +<td>6 68</td> +<td> +</td> +<td>2 83½</td> +<td> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="bdless-right"> +</td> +<td> +</td> +<td> +</td> +<td> +</td> +<td>8 67½</td> +<td> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="bdless-right"> +</td> +<td class="tdr">27</td> +<td>6 68½</td> +<td> +</td> +<td>2 84</td> +<td> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="bdless-right"> +</td> +<td> +</td> +<td> +</td> +<td> +</td> +<td>8 80½</td> +<td> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="bdless-right"> +</td> +<td class="tdr">28</td> +<td>6 72</td> +<td> +</td> +<td>2 84¼</td> +<td> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="bdless-right"> +</td> +<td> +</td> +<td> +</td> +<td> +</td> +<td>8 78</td> +<td> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="bdless-right"> +</td> +<td class="tdr">29</td> +<td>6 72</td> +<td> +</td> +<td>2 85</td> +<td> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="bdless-right"> +</td> +<td> +</td> +<td> +</td> +<td> +</td> +<td>8 80</td> +<td> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="bdless-right"> +</td> +<td class="tdr">30</td> +<td>6 74</td> +<td> +</td> +<td>2 85</td> +<td> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="bdless-right"> +</td> +<td> +</td> +<td> +</td> +<td> +</td> +<td>8 80</td> +<td> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="bdless-right"> +</td> +<td class="tdr">31</td> +<td>6 76</td> +<td> +</td> +<td>2 86</td> +<td> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="bdless-right"> +</td> +<td> +</td> +<td> +</td> +<td> +</td> +<td>8 80</td> +<td> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="bdless-right">Feb.</td> +<td class="tdr">1</td> +<td>6 74</td> +<td> +</td> +<td>2 84½</td> +<td> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="bdless-right"> +</td> +<td> +</td> +<td> +</td> +<td> +</td> +<td>8 79</td> +<td> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="bdless-right"> +</td> +<td class="tdr">2</td> +<td>6 73½</td> +<td> +</td> +<td>2 86½</td> +<td> +</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<hr class="chap"> + +<h2><span class="pagenum" id="Page_503">[503]</span><a id= +"app6"></a>APPENDIX. No. VI.</h2> + +<hr class="decordb width12"> + +<p class="dcap">I <span class="sc">will</span> now submit the +numerals of 31 nations, which, with the exception of three, the +Fantee, the Accra, and the Bornoo, (and those but imperfectly,) +have never been reported before. I will arrange them according to +their geographical approximation, remarking any apparent affinity +which occurs to me, in notes. I shall place the Inta first, because +it is the most remote, inland, which can be assimilated to the +Fantee, Ahanta, Aöwin, and Amanaheä; and may, probably, from that +circumstance, be the root of these languages; as it has been shewn, +in the history, that the nations of the water side have been +gradually pressed down, or have emigrated from the interior, and it +is consequently to be expected that the etymology of the names of +these countries are not to be found in the languages of the people +who <em>now</em> inhabit them, but more probably in the languages +of their southern neighbours. Thus,</p> + +<p class="hang0"><em>Inta</em> is likely to be derived from the +<em>Booroom</em> word <em>inta</em>, <em>water</em>, as it has been +noticed as an alluvial country.</p> + +<p class="hang0"><em>Yngwa</em>, a northern province of Dagwumba, +from the Ashantee <em>anggwa</em>, <em>fat, rich</em>, or the +Booroom, <em>yngia</em>, <em>a wood</em>.</p> + +<p class="hang0"><em>Soko</em> from <em>Soko</em>, <em>one</em>, in +the Badaggry (below Dahomy) as <em>Yahndi</em> the capital of +Dagwumba was so called from <em>yahndo</em> the numeral +<em>one</em>, to indicate its pre-eminence.</p> + +<p class="hang0"><em>Assin</em> from the Ashantee <em>Assoon</em>, +an elephant. But this expectation is not further supported in the +two or three other probable etymologies which occur to me, as +<em>Takima</em> from the Ashantee <em>takramma</em>, tongue. +<em>Akim</em> (formerly the greatest trading country,) from the +Booroom <em>Akimmie</em>, cloth; <em>Booroom</em> from +<em>boora</em>, full, in that language.</p> + +<p>It is curious how nearly the <em>word</em> for <em>God</em> in +the Malemba, <em>M’Poungoo</em>, approaches the native name, +<em>Empoongwa</em>, of the country Europeans call <em>Gaboon</em>. +<em>Wonga</em> is fear in the Malemba, and <em>Woonga-woonga</em> +is the name of an uninhabited savannah of three days extent, +between Empoöngwa and Adjoomba.</p> + +<table class="vocab1 xwide" id="t503"> +<colgroup> +<col class="col3"> +<col class="col4"> +<col class="col4"> +<col class="col4"> +<col class="col4"> +<col class="col4"> +</colgroup> + +<tr> +<th> +</th> +<th class="hang1 sect2">1. <em>Inta.</em></th> +<th class="hang1 sect2">2. <em>Booroom.</em></th> +<th class="hang1 sect2">3. <em>Ashantee.</em></th> +<th class="hang1 sect2">4. <em>Aöwin.</em></th> +<th class="hang1 sect2">5. <em>Amanaheä.</em></th> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>One<a href="#note2a">(<em>a</em>)</a></td> +<td>Koko</td> +<td>Ekoo</td> +<td>Akoon</td> +<td>Aconë</td> +<td>Aconë</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Two<a href="#note2b">(<em>b.</em>)</a></td> +<td>Anyoe</td> +<td>Enoo</td> +<td>Anoo</td> +<td>Enyow</td> +<td>Enyow</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td><span class="pagenum" id="Page_504">[504]</span>Three<a href= +"#note2c">(<em>c</em>)</a></td> +<td>Assa</td> +<td>Essa</td> +<td>Mensa</td> +<td>Inza</td> +<td>Insa</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Four<a href="#note2d">(<em>d</em>)</a></td> +<td>Anna</td> +<td>Enna</td> +<td>Ennung</td> +<td>Inna</td> +<td>Enna</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Five<a href="#note2e">(<em>e</em>)</a></td> +<td>Annoo</td> +<td>Annoo</td> +<td>Ennoom</td> +<td>Noo</td> +<td>Enoo</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Six<a href="#note2f">(<em>f</em>)</a></td> +<td>Assee</td> +<td>Esseä</td> +<td>Inseëä</td> +<td>Inzeah</td> +<td>Inseah</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Seven<a href="#note2g">(<em>g</em>)</a></td> +<td>Assoonno</td> +<td>Assoono</td> +<td>Inshong</td> +<td>Inzoo</td> +<td>Insoon</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Eight<a href="#note2h">(<em>h</em>)</a></td> +<td>Adoobrooa</td> +<td>Aquiay</td> +<td>Woquee</td> +<td>Motteä</td> +<td>Mottuay</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Nine</td> +<td>Digrakoono</td> +<td>Akonno</td> +<td>Oonkonnong</td> +<td>Ongoona</td> +<td>Ongona</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Ten<a href="#note2i">(<em>i</em>)</a></td> +<td>Koodoo</td> +<td>Edoo</td> +<td>Edoo</td> +<td>Boloo</td> +<td>Booloo</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<th> +</th> +<th class="hang1 sect2">6. <em>Ahanta</em></th> +<th class="hang1 sect2">7. <em>Fantee</em></th> +<th class="hang1 sect2">8. <em>Affootoo</em></th> +<th class="hang1 sect2">9. <em>Inkran</em><a id= +"FNanchor_159"></a><a href="#Footnote_159" class= +"fnanchor">[159]</a></th> +<th class="hang1 sect2">10. <em>Adampë</em></th> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>One</td> +<td>Akoon</td> +<td>Akoor</td> +<td>Achoomee</td> +<td>Ekkoo</td> +<td>Kakee</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td><span class="pagenum" id="Page_505">[505]</span>Two</td> +<td>Ayue</td> +<td>Abeeën</td> +<td>Ennuë</td> +<td>Ennuë</td> +<td> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Three</td> +<td>Assan</td> +<td>Abiasseh</td> +<td>Assah</td> +<td>Ettayh</td> +<td> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Four</td> +<td>Arra</td> +<td>Anan</td> +<td>Annah</td> +<td>Edjuë</td> +<td> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Five</td> +<td>Aoonoo</td> +<td>Ennoom</td> +<td>Ennoo</td> +<td>Ennoomó</td> +<td> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Six</td> +<td>Ayshing</td> +<td>Asseeä</td> +<td>Isshin</td> +<td>Eghpah</td> +<td> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Seven</td> +<td>Assooa</td> +<td>Ashong</td> +<td>Isshennooh</td> +<td>Paghwooh</td> +<td> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Eight</td> +<td>Awotchay</td> +<td>Awotwee</td> +<td>Ettchee</td> +<td>Paghnue</td> +<td> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Nine</td> +<td>Awonna</td> +<td>Akoon</td> +<td>Assan</td> +<td>Nahoon</td> +<td> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Ten</td> +<td>Boonoo</td> +<td>Edoo</td> +<td>Eddoo</td> +<td>Nongmah</td> +<td> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<th> +</th> +<th class="hang1 sect2">11. <em>Kerrapay</em></th> +<th class="hang1 sect2">12. <em>Dagwumba</em></th> +<th class="hang1 sect2">13. <em>Yngwa</em></th> +<th class="hang1 sect2">14. <em>Hio</em></th> +<th class="hang1 sect2">15. <em>Mosee</em></th> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>One</td> +<td>Eddee</td> +<td>Yahndo</td> +<td>Lakoo</td> +<td>Innee</td> +<td>Yimbo</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Two</td> +<td>Effee</td> +<td>Ayee</td> +<td>Ayee</td> +<td>Eygee</td> +<td>Ayeeboo</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Three</td> +<td>Eltong</td> +<td>Attah</td> +<td>Attah</td> +<td>Etta</td> +<td>Ataboo</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Four</td> +<td>Ennay</td> +<td>Nasee</td> +<td>Anāhee</td> +<td>Ernee</td> +<td>Annasee</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Five</td> +<td>Altong</td> +<td>Ennoon</td> +<td>Leerennoo</td> +<td>Aroon</td> +<td>Annoo</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Six</td> +<td>Adday</td> +<td>Yohbee</td> +<td>Ayoboo</td> +<td>Effa</td> +<td>Ayobee</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Seven</td> +<td>Adrinnee</td> +<td>Poice</td> +<td>Ayapaï</td> +<td>Eggay</td> +<td>Owhi</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Eight</td> +<td>Ennee</td> +<td>Nehenoo</td> +<td>Annee</td> +<td>Eggo</td> +<td>Ennee</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Nine</td> +<td>Indee</td> +<td>Wyhee</td> +<td>Awai</td> +<td>Essun</td> +<td>Aïhopoi</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Ten</td> +<td>Owoo</td> +<td>Edoo</td> +<td>Peä</td> +<td>Eywaw</td> +<td>Peega</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<th> +</th> +<th class="hang1 sect2">16. <em>Kumsallahoo</em></th> +<th class="hang1 sect2">17. <em>Gaman</em></th> +<th class="hang1 sect2">18. <em>Kong</em></th> +<th class="hang1 sect2">19. <em>Fobee</em></th> +<th class="hang1 sect2">20. <em>Callana</em></th> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>One</td> +<td>Yumbo</td> +<td>Tah</td> +<td>Kiddee</td> +<td>Koroom</td> +<td>Kodoom</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Two</td> +<td>Yeebo</td> +<td>Noo</td> +<td>Filla</td> +<td>Nalay</td> +<td>Naboolla</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Three</td> +<td>Tabo</td> +<td>Sah</td> +<td>Sowa</td> +<td>Poompevarra</td> +<td>Nawedazoo</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Four</td> +<td>Nasee</td> +<td>Nah</td> +<td>Nanoo</td> +<td>Leetaynalee</td> +<td>Nabonaza</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Five</td> +<td>Annoo</td> +<td>Taw</td> +<td>Looroa</td> +<td>Kakwassee</td> +<td>Nabonoa</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Six</td> +<td>Yobo</td> +<td>Torata</td> +<td>Wora</td> +<td>Mannassa</td> +<td>Lodoo</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Seven</td> +<td>Poihee</td> +<td>Toorifeenoo</td> +<td>Ooranfilla</td> +<td>Noottoosoo</td> +<td>Logwa</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Eight</td> +<td>Nehee</td> +<td>Toorifeessa</td> +<td>Leeaygee</td> +<td>Borafay</td> +<td>Littaïzoo</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Nine</td> +<td>Wahee</td> +<td>Toorifeena</td> +<td>Konunto</td> +<td>Pirrifay</td> +<td>Nako</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Ten</td> +<td>Pega</td> +<td>Noonoo</td> +<td>Tah</td> +<td>Nanooa</td> +<td>Yewoo</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<th> +</th> +<th class="hang1 sect2">21. <em>Bambarra</em></th> +<th class="hang1 sect2">22. <em>Garangi</em></th> +<th class="hang1 sect2">23. <em>Mallowa</em></th> +<th class="hang1 sect2">24. <em>Kallaghee</em></th> +<th class="hang1 sect2">25. <em>Bornoo</em></th> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>One</td> +<td>Killi</td> +<td>Kerriminna</td> +<td>Daia</td> +<td>Gadee</td> +<td>Leskar</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Two</td> +<td>Foolla</td> +<td>Ferriminna</td> +<td>Beeyoo</td> +<td>Silill</td> +<td>Ahndee</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Three</td> +<td>Sabba</td> +<td>Sowaninna</td> +<td>Okoo</td> +<td>Quan</td> +<td>Yaskar</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Four</td> +<td>Nani</td> +<td>Firrima</td> +<td>Odoo</td> +<td>Foolloo</td> +<td>Deegah</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Five</td> +<td>Looroo</td> +<td>Fahtima</td> +<td>Beä</td> +<td>Vydee</td> +<td>Ooögoo</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Six</td> +<td>Wora</td> +<td>Tata</td> +<td>Seddah</td> +<td>Zoodoo</td> +<td>Araskoo</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Seven</td> +<td>Worroola</td> +<td>Mannima</td> +<td>Becquay</td> +<td>Etkassa</td> +<td>Tooloor</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Eight</td> +<td>Sagi</td> +<td>Pirima</td> +<td>Tacquass</td> +<td>Shiddowka</td> +<td>Woskoo</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Nine</td> +<td>Konunto</td> +<td>Missirima</td> +<td>Tarra</td> +<td>Woollaä</td> +<td>Likkar</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Ten</td> +<td>Ta</td> +<td>Gwahee</td> +<td>Gwoma</td> +<td>Woma</td> +<td>Meeägoo</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<th> +</th> +<th class="hang1 sect2">26. <em>Maïha</em></th> +<th class="hang1 sect2"><em>Quolla-liffa</em><br> +<span class="small">by Mr. Hutchison.</span> +</th> +<th class="hang1 sect2"><em>Badaggry</em><br> +<span class="small">by Mr. Hutchison.</span> +</th> +<th class="hang1 sect2">27. <em>Sheekan</em></th> +<th class="hang1 sect2">28. <em>Kaylee</em></th> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>One</td> +<td>Lagen</td> +<td>Da</td> +<td>Soko</td> +<td>Ilwawtoe</td> +<td>Woto</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Two</td> +<td>Indë</td> +<td>Bue</td> +<td>Auwee</td> +<td>Ibba</td> +<td>Ibba</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Three</td> +<td>Eäska</td> +<td>Okoo</td> +<td>Atong</td> +<td>Bittach</td> +<td>Battach</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Four</td> +<td>Daäger</td> +<td>Hodoo</td> +<td>Inna</td> +<td>Binnay</td> +<td>Binnay</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td><span class="pagenum" id="Page_506">[506]</span>Five</td> +<td>Ohoo</td> +<td>Bakwee</td> +<td>Ato</td> +<td>Bitta</td> +<td>Bittan</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Six</td> +<td>Araska</td> +<td>Shida</td> +<td>Trukoo</td> +<td> +</td> +<td> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Seven</td> +<td>Tooloor</td> +<td>Bockwa</td> +<td>Chauto</td> +<td> +</td> +<td> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Eight</td> +<td>Weska</td> +<td>Sidda</td> +<td>Quouie</td> +<td> +</td> +<td> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Nine</td> +<td>Lekar</td> +<td>Tarra</td> +<td>Kennee</td> +<td> +</td> +<td> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Ten</td> +<td>Inagoon</td> +<td>Goman</td> +<td>Owoo</td> +<td>Duëoom</td> +<td>Duëoom</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Twenty</td> +<td> +</td> +<td> +</td> +<td> +</td> +<td>Emboomebba</td> +<td> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Hundred</td> +<td> +</td> +<td> +</td> +<td> +</td> +<td>Kama</td> +<td> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<th> +</th> +<th class="hang1 sect2">29. <em>Oongoomo</em></th> +<th class="hang1 sect2">30. <em>Oongobaï</em></th> +<th class="hang1 sect2">31. <em>Empoöngwa.</em><br> +<span class="small">See <a href="#Page_439">p. 439</a> for +character.</span></th> +<th> +</th> +<th> +</th> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>One</td> +<td>Wootta</td> +<td>Rappeek</td> +<td>Hemoödee</td> +<td> +</td> +<td> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Two</td> +<td>Beeba</td> +<td>Ramboise</td> +<td>Mban</td> +<td> +</td> +<td> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Three</td> +<td>Bittach</td> +<td>Mittasee</td> +<td>Ntcharoo</td> +<td> +</td> +<td> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Four</td> +<td>Binnay</td> +<td>Binnay</td> +<td>Nahee</td> +<td> +</td> +<td> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Five</td> +<td>Bitten</td> +<td>Bittan</td> +<td>Nehanee</td> +<td> +</td> +<td> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Six</td> +<td> +</td> +<td>Sambal</td> +<td>Oroöba</td> +<td> +</td> +<td> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Seven</td> +<td> +</td> +<td>Bittooba</td> +<td>Ragginnoömoo</td> +<td> +</td> +<td> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Eight</td> +<td> +</td> +<td>Bissamen</td> +<td>Ennanahee</td> +<td> +</td> +<td> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Nine</td> +<td> +</td> +<td>Bwoi</td> +<td>Eno go öm</td> +<td> +</td> +<td> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Ten</td> +<td> +</td> +<td>Deëoom</td> +<td>Hegoöm</td> +<td> +</td> +<td> +</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<div class="footnotes"> +<p class="note" id="note2a">(<em>a</em>) The words for the numeral +one assimilate in the specimens 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9: again, +but distinctly, in 14, 12, 15, 16: also in 26, 25, 13: in 21, 18, +20, 19: in 27, 28, 29, (making apparently five roots), but they +remain solitary in 11, 17, 22, 23, 24 30 and 31. The numeral one in +14 is not unlike the two in 8, 9, 2, 3, and the one in 12, would, +with the prefix of y, be precisely the same as the two of 25. +Excepting <em>Kakee</em>, <em>one</em>, the Inkran numerals seem to +have been adopted as those of Adampë, for the convenience of trade +and intercourse, but I will add a few words, to show that the +languages are radically different:</p> + +<table class="padded2" id="t504"> +<tr> +<th> +</th> +<th><em>Adampë.</em> +</th> +<th><em>Inkran.</em> +</th> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>House</td> +<td>Aoosoo</td> +<td>Wheay.</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Fire</td> +<td><a id="FNanchor_160"></a><a href="#Footnote_160" class= +"fnanchor">[160]</a>Odja</td> +<td>Lla.</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Man</td> +<td>Ossa</td> +<td>Noon.</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Woman</td> +<td>Ossĕ</td> +<td>Yeo.</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Victuals</td> +<td>Odë</td> +<td>Neeaynee.</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Father</td> +<td>Attay</td> +<td>Tchay.</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Mother</td> +<td>Awoo</td> +<td>Nneay.</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p class="note" id="note2b">(<em>b</em>) The numeral <em>two</em> +is the most general word, and may be assimilated in 2, 3, 8, 9, 4, +5, 1, 6, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17. There is little difference between +the numerals <em>two</em> and <em>five</em> in most of these, and +<em>five</em> in 15 and 16, precisely answers to <em>two</em> in 1 +and 2.</p> + +<p class="note" id="note2c">(<em>c</em>) <em>Three</em> may be +assimilated in 1, 2, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17. In 12, +13, 14, 16, it approaches to the Congo and Mozambique +<em>tatoo</em> and <em>atatoo</em>.</p> + +<p class="note" id="note2d">(<em>d</em>) I have observed that in +most African languages there is less distinction in the words for +four and five, than between any other of the numerals and that +frequently the word for <em>five</em> in one language, is identical +with that for <em>four</em> in another, geographically remote. +<em>Four</em> may be assimilated in 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 7, 8, 11, 6, 14, +for the two latter deviate only in the substitution of one liquid +for another, which is as common in the languages of Africa as in +those of America. The words for four in the above suite do not seem +of a different root from those in 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, and 21, from +which it only varies in 20 by the prefix of <em>nabo</em>. With the +difference of a single letter, the same word for <em>four</em> is +found in the Yngwa (13) and the Empoöngwa (31) which are 1000 miles +distant. Four in Congo is <em>m’na</em>, in Empoöngwa, +<em>nahee</em>. <em>Sanu</em>, the Kaffer <em>four</em>, is +approached in 18.</p> + +<p class="note" id="note2e">(<em>e</em>) Five may be assimilated +from 1 to 17, (11 excepted) one liquid being substituted for +another in 14, an <em>leer</em> being prefixed in 13. It is +remarkable too that we again identify this numeral in the Malemba, +Embomma, and Empoöngwa languages, by removing the prefixes +<em>t</em>, <em>to</em>, and <em>neh</em>, from the words +<em>tanoo</em>, <em>toanoo</em>, and <em>nehanee</em>. Below five, +the numerals in the Inkran lose all identity with those of the +languages with which it has been hitherto assimilated.</p> + +<p class="note" id="note2f">(<em>f</em>) <em>Six</em> assimilates +from 1 to 9, in 12 to 17 (14 excepted) in 20, 23, 24, in 17 and 22; +but remains distinct in all the others. The Sanbal of Oöngobai (30) +approaches the Sambanoo of the Embomma.</p> + +<p class="note" id="note2g">(<em>g</em>) <em>Seven</em> assimilates +in 1 to 9; in 12, 13, 16, but in no others.</p> + +<p class="note" id="note2h">(<em>h</em>) <em>Eight</em> assimilates +in 2, 3, 6, 7; in 11 to 17, (14 excepted) all of which, with 31, +approximate to E’nana, the word for eight in the Malemba.</p> + +<p class="note" id="note2i">(<em>i</em>) <em>Ten</em> assimilates +in 1, 2, 3, 7, 8, 12, in 4, 5, 6, in 17, 19, 25, 26, 29, in 13, 15, +and in 14, 20, 22, 23, 24.</p> +</div> + +<hr class="decordb width8"> + +<p class="nind space-above15"><span class="sc">The</span> following +is the skeleton of a <em>Vocabulary</em>, of which the enlarged or +perfect copy was blown out of the cabin-window, in a sudden squall, +(with some specimens of music), during my voyage home.</p> + +<table class="tabw60 borders2 xwide" id="t506"> +<colgroup> +<col class="col2"> +<col class="col2"> +<col class="col2"> +<col class="col2"> +<col class="col2"> +</colgroup> + +<tr> +<th><em>English.</em> +</th> +<th><em>Ashantee.</em> +</th> +<th><em>Fantee</em><a id="FNanchor_161"></a><a href="#Footnote_161" +class="fnanchor">[161]</a>.</th> +<th><em>Booroom.</em> +</th> +<th><em>Various.</em> +</th> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Above</td> +<td>wattefee</td> +<td> +</td> +<td> +</td> +<td> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Advice</td> +<td>matoorh</td> +<td> +</td> +<td> +</td> +<td> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Afraid</td> +<td>osooroh</td> +<td> +</td> +<td>efweedammee</td> +<td> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Afternoon</td> +<td>inumirree</td> +<td>ingubirh</td> +<td>ennie</td> +<td> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Again</td> +<td>impray</td> +<td> +</td> +<td>meära</td> +<td> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Alike</td> +<td>oninnisie</td> +<td> +</td> +<td>minnamata</td> +<td> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Alive</td> +<td>nannuwomie</td> +<td>uannekan</td> +<td>issaboobwaw</td> +<td>n’chema Malemba Inchema a fruit in Empoöngwa.</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>All</td> +<td>nenarra</td> +<td> +</td> +<td>inkaken</td> +<td> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Alone</td> +<td>waunkoo</td> +<td> +</td> +<td>ohwoorie</td> +<td> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Angry</td> +<td>mōbwaf</td> +<td>moboäf</td> +<td>moobiaf</td> +<td> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Another</td> +<td>ebissoo</td> +<td> +</td> +<td>ekoo</td> +<td> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Arm</td> +<td>wabow</td> +<td> +</td> +<td>serrekoonkoo</td> +<td> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Ashamed</td> +<td>wennatoo</td> +<td> +</td> +<td>woifarrie</td> +<td> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Asleep</td> +<td>werda</td> +<td>wadda</td> +<td>awdirrie</td> +<td> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Awake</td> +<td>waihen</td> +<td> +</td> +<td>otinnie</td> +<td> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Back</td> +<td>wakee</td> +<td> +</td> +<td>atterra</td> +<td> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Bad</td> +<td>omoo</td> +<td> +</td> +<td>ohmara</td> +<td> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Bead</td> +<td>aoonee</td> +<td> +</td> +<td>aboroo<a id="FNanchor_162"></a><a href="#Footnote_162" class= +"fnanchor">[162]</a></td> +<td> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td><span class="pagenum" id="Page_507">[507]</span>Beard</td> +<td>aboidwee</td> +<td> +</td> +<td>annoque</td> +<td>the same as <em>chin</em>, a frequent surname.</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Beat</td> +<td>whaoonoo</td> +<td>wabomë</td> +<td>babeëm</td> +<td> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Bed</td> +<td>empa</td> +<td> +</td> +<td>kerray</td> +<td> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Before</td> +<td>wawquoorasoo</td> +<td>waw<em>quan</em></td> +<td>oïyo</td> +<td>ovetide <em>quande</em>. Malemba.</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Beg</td> +<td>ekkaydie</td> +<td><em>empoikeöw</em> +</td> +<td>dibbim</td> +<td><em>mpanou</em>. Malemba.</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Behind</td> +<td>owakee</td> +<td> +</td> +<td>odioterra</td> +<td>the noun <em>back</em> with <em>o</em> & <em>odia</em> +prefixed</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Below</td> +<td>asnadie</td> +<td> +</td> +<td> +</td> +<td> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Big</td> +<td>kookrookoo</td> +<td> +</td> +<td>otchwaw</td> +<td> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Bird</td> +<td>anima</td> +<td> +</td> +<td>abooree</td> +<td>for names of animals, see <a href="#Page_328">p. 328.</a></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Bite</td> +<td>whakum</td> +<td> +</td> +<td>inkadooa</td> +<td> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Black</td> +<td>tintoom</td> +<td> +</td> +<td>oboobie</td> +<td> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Blind</td> +<td>frafoo</td> +<td> +</td> +<td>atenna</td> +<td> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Blood</td> +<td>mugga</td> +<td> +</td> +<td>moogga</td> +<td>menga. Mal. Emb.</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Boil</td> +<td>woaroo</td> +<td>wooworh</td> +<td>ohfoo</td> +<td> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Bone</td> +<td>ebiou</td> +<td> +</td> +<td>ebou</td> +<td> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Boy</td> +<td>afra</td> +<td> +</td> +<td>ayebee</td> +<td> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Burn</td> +<td>whahim</td> +<td> +</td> +<td>ohwho</td> +<td> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Buy</td> +<td>mekoto</td> +<td> +</td> +<td>meashoor</td> +<td> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Call</td> +<td>aferen</td> +<td>afren</td> +<td>ateëm</td> +<td> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Carry</td> +<td>atooron</td> +<td> +</td> +<td>dumta</td> +<td> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Catch</td> +<td>makin</td> +<td> +</td> +<td>mekeeram</td> +<td> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Change</td> +<td>wahseesun</td> +<td> +</td> +<td> +</td> +<td> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Cheeks</td> +<td>wafoon</td> +<td> +</td> +<td>afeehe</td> +<td> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Child</td> +<td>ebbah</td> +<td> +</td> +<td>obee</td> +<td> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Clean</td> +<td>wafie</td> +<td> +</td> +<td>aulay</td> +<td> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Cloth</td> +<td>ettum</td> +<td>entama</td> +<td><em>akim</em>mie</td> +<td> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Cold</td> +<td>oiwoo</td> +<td> +</td> +<td>afoo</td> +<td>differs little from <em>boil</em></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Come</td> +<td>rraba</td> +<td> +</td> +<td> +</td> +<td> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Cry</td> +<td>oroosoor</td> +<td> +</td> +<td>orissoo</td> +<td> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Cut</td> +<td>witwa</td> +<td> +</td> +<td>wawtung</td> +<td> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Dance</td> +<td>saw</td> +<td> +</td> +<td>attcha</td> +<td> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Dark</td> +<td>oiheesoom</td> +<td> +</td> +<td>mayoo</td> +<td> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Daughter</td> +<td>mebăbā</td> +<td> +</td> +<td>mebee</td> +<td><em>coomba</em>. Em. which is a common female name in +Fantee</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td><span class="pagenum" id="Page_508">[508]</span>Day<a id= +"FNanchor_163"></a><a href="#Footnote_163" class= +"fnanchor">[163]</a></td> +<td> +</td> +<td> +</td> +<td> +</td> +<td> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Dead</td> +<td>wow</td> +<td> +</td> +<td>ohoo</td> +<td> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Deaf</td> +<td>nasheeasie</td> +<td>teetĭfoo</td> +<td>sinteelaboo</td> +<td> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Deep</td> +<td>eboonie</td> +<td> +</td> +<td> +</td> +<td> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Devil</td> +<td>ayen<a id="FNanchor_164"></a><a href="#Footnote_164" class= +"fnanchor">[164]</a></td> +<td> +</td> +<td> +</td> +<td>Amoonie a proper name</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Dig</td> +<td>amoonna</td> +<td> +</td> +<td> +</td> +<td> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Door</td> +<td>aboo</td> +<td> +</td> +<td>ebunabooná</td> +<td> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Drink</td> +<td>noom</td> +<td> +</td> +<td>noo</td> +<td><em>noa</em>. Mal.<br> +<em>noi</em>. Em.</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Drop</td> +<td>wawto</td> +<td>awtarradi</td> +<td>otore</td> +<td> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Drown</td> +<td>eboon</td> +<td> +</td> +<td> +</td> +<td> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Drunk</td> +<td>wassoo</td> +<td>wawboo</td> +<td>hassoo</td> +<td> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Ear</td> +<td>assoor</td> +<td> +</td> +<td> +</td> +<td> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Eat</td> +<td>edee</td> +<td> +</td> +<td> +</td> +<td><em>dea</em>. Mal.</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Egg</td> +<td>kessua</td> +<td>kirrifooa</td> +<td>akaddie</td> +<td> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Empty</td> +<td>eppun</td> +<td> +</td> +<td> +</td> +<td> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Enough</td> +<td>ojëay</td> +<td> +</td> +<td>obahrìe</td> +<td> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Eye</td> +<td>wunnie</td> +<td>ennua</td> +<td>ennyass</td> +<td> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Eyebrow</td> +<td>wunnĕwee</td> +<td>entun</td> +<td> +</td> +<td> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Face</td> +<td>wynim</td> +<td> +</td> +<td>anyasirra</td> +<td> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Far</td> +<td>akirh’</td> +<td> +</td> +<td>aterh’</td> +<td> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Fat</td> +<td>anggwa</td> +<td> +</td> +<td>oomfoä</td> +<td> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Father</td> +<td>aggáh</td> +<td> +</td> +<td>missee</td> +<td> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Fear</td> +<td>sooroo</td> +<td> +</td> +<td>efweedam</td> +<td> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Feather</td> +<td>takirrie</td> +<td> +</td> +<td>eetta</td> +<td> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Feel</td> +<td><em>soom</em>whay</td> +<td> +</td> +<td>kirrada</td> +<td><em>seem</em>bede. Mal.<br> +Kirradee, a river of Booroom.</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Fetch</td> +<td>ekkoon</td> +<td> +</td> +<td>becquaw</td> +<td>a town in Booroom</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Fifty</td> +<td>edoonoom</td> +<td> +</td> +<td> +</td> +<td>10. 5.</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Fight</td> +<td>orrokoo</td> +<td> +</td> +<td>obuquooa</td> +<td> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Fill</td> +<td>eënnama</td> +<td> +</td> +<td>boorra</td> +<td> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Find</td> +<td>maoo</td> +<td>maoon</td> +<td>maioom</td> +<td> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Finger</td> +<td>insa</td> +<td> +</td> +<td>eserrĭbee</td> +<td> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Fire</td> +<td>ogiäh</td> +<td>egah</td> +<td>ogha</td> +<td>boogoom. Mosee</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Fish</td> +<td>enum</td> +<td> +</td> +<td>eyay</td> +<td> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Flower</td> +<td>nadjua</td> +<td> +</td> +<td>ewooda</td> +<td> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Fly</td> +<td>watoo</td> +<td> +</td> +<td>oqueshoo</td> +<td> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Fool</td> +<td>woigimmie</td> +<td><em>abooa</em> +</td> +<td>woigimmie</td> +<td>booba. Mal.</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Foot</td> +<td>wannunsa</td> +<td> +</td> +<td>aīah</td> +<td> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Forget</td> +<td>moorafie</td> +<td> +</td> +<td>sessĕro</td> +<td> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td><span class="pagenum" id="Page_509">[509]</span>Forgive</td> +<td>edimămoo</td> +<td> +</td> +<td>inkawffinsow</td> +<td> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Fowl</td> +<td>akoo</td> +<td> +</td> +<td>karrabee</td> +<td> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Friend</td> +<td>ankoo</td> +<td> +</td> +<td>oonkoosĭba</td> +<td> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Fruit</td> +<td>quadiäteä</td> +<td>impooa</td> +<td>quadiateä</td> +<td> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Girl</td> +<td>bisēä</td> +<td> +</td> +<td>otchay</td> +<td> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Give</td> +<td>fummum</td> +<td> +</td> +<td>tāsămi</td> +<td> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Glad</td> +<td>yam</td> +<td>yamma</td> +<td>amirra</td> +<td> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Go</td> +<td>kaw</td> +<td> +</td> +<td>narry</td> +<td> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>God</td> +<td>yankoompon</td> +<td> +</td> +<td>oodoobwarrie</td> +<td> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Gold</td> +<td>sikkă</td> +<td> +</td> +<td> +</td> +<td> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Good</td> +<td>oëyay</td> +<td> +</td> +<td>obwārie</td> +<td> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Green</td> +<td>boioöma</td> +<td> +</td> +<td> +</td> +<td> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Grow</td> +<td>owynee</td> +<td>oeen</td> +<td>ohodan</td> +<td> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Hair</td> +<td>hewhee</td> +<td> +</td> +<td>hemoonie</td> +<td>Amoonie, a proper name.</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Half</td> +<td>effeh</td> +<td> +</td> +<td>baggah</td> +<td> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Hand</td> +<td>mensa</td> +<td> +</td> +<td>assaddie</td> +<td>Mensa, a proper name.</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Handsome</td> +<td>oia</td> +<td> +</td> +<td>obweefay</td> +<td> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Hang</td> +<td>osesan</td> +<td> +</td> +<td> +</td> +<td> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Hard</td> +<td>oiătin</td> +<td> +</td> +<td>oöqua</td> +<td> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Head</td> +<td>tirrie</td> +<td> +</td> +<td>egnoon</td> +<td> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Hear</td> +<td>matr’</td> +<td> +</td> +<td>maynoon</td> +<td> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Heart</td> +<td>akoomo</td> +<td> +</td> +<td>akirrăbie</td> +<td> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Heavy</td> +<td>oiadoor</td> +<td> +</td> +<td>obodoor</td> +<td> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Here</td> +<td>hah</td> +<td> +</td> +<td>oomboh</td> +<td> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Hide</td> +<td>mōhoo</td> +<td> +</td> +<td>manghoo</td> +<td> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>High</td> +<td>essoor</td> +<td> +</td> +<td>oskasoor</td> +<td> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Hill</td> +<td>cooqua</td> +<td> +</td> +<td>iffoo</td> +<td> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Hit</td> +<td>aboor</td> +<td> +</td> +<td>odum</td> +<td> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Hold</td> +<td>soom</td> +<td> +</td> +<td>karrara</td> +<td> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Hole</td> +<td>watchoo</td> +<td> +</td> +<td>osarrie</td> +<td> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Horn</td> +<td>aben</td> +<td> +</td> +<td>abay</td> +<td> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Horse</td> +<td>panquaw</td> +<td> +</td> +<td> +</td> +<td> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Hot</td> +<td>oiayue</td> +<td> +</td> +<td>owuegua</td> +<td> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>House</td> +<td>efee</td> +<td>odan</td> +<td>eban</td> +<td>paseebah, Kumsallahoo.<br> +deeo, Dagwumba.<br> +gidda, Mallowa.<br> +koopella, Mosee.<br> +Kokoopella, capital of ditto.</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Hundred</td> +<td>ehha</td> +<td> +</td> +<td> +</td> +<td> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Hungry</td> +<td>oquandummie</td> +<td>comagin</td> +<td>aquandum</td> +<td> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Husband</td> +<td>mookoon</td> +<td> +</td> +<td>mookooddie</td> +<td> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Idle</td> +<td>nehuff</td> +<td> +</td> +<td> +</td> +<td> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Iron</td> +<td>dadee</td> +<td> +</td> +<td> +</td> +<td> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Jump</td> +<td>oroo</td> +<td> +</td> +<td>fay</td> +<td> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Keep</td> +<td>intamaseea</td> +<td>ysee</td> +<td>afeeërra</td> +<td> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Kick</td> +<td>chayche</td> +<td> +</td> +<td>orraychum</td> +<td> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Kill</td> +<td>coom</td> +<td> +</td> +<td>bamoem</td> +<td> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>King</td> +<td>ohennie</td> +<td> +</td> +<td> +</td> +<td> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Knot</td> +<td>eppo</td> +<td> +</td> +<td>ippo</td> +<td> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Know</td> +<td>innim</td> +<td> +</td> +<td>nayoom</td> +<td> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Lame</td> +<td>opakkie</td> +<td> +</td> +<td>ebbeä</td> +<td> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td><span class="pagenum" id="Page_510">[510]</span>Land</td> +<td>fum</td> +<td>dadi</td> +<td>sebooroo</td> +<td>tenga. Mosee<br> +kaisa Mallo.</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Last</td> +<td>naddou</td> +<td> +</td> +<td>afoorinay</td> +<td> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Laugh</td> +<td>sicroo</td> +<td>sroo</td> +<td>orroomuss</td> +<td> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Law</td> +<td>widdooffoo</td> +<td> +</td> +<td> +</td> +<td> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Lead</td> +<td>soomwie</td> +<td> +</td> +<td> +</td> +<td> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Learn</td> +<td>akirren</td> +<td> +</td> +<td>ekērow</td> +<td> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Leg</td> +<td>asirrie</td> +<td> +</td> +<td>inwoonnie</td> +<td> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Lie (down)</td> +<td>daoo</td> +<td> +</td> +<td>oyadee</td> +<td> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Lie (falsity)</td> +<td>etwapō</td> +<td> +</td> +<td>afoorenie</td> +<td> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Little</td> +<td>kakra</td> +<td>kakrabi</td> +<td>bahttee</td> +<td> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Long</td> +<td>ohwar’</td> +<td> +</td> +<td>ohbissay</td> +<td> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Look</td> +<td>fway</td> +<td> +</td> +<td>kaye</td> +<td> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Love</td> +<td>poopa</td> +<td> +</td> +<td> +</td> +<td> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Mad</td> +<td>same as ‘fool’</td> +<td> +</td> +<td> +</td> +<td> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Man</td> +<td>binin</td> +<td> +</td> +<td>oninnie</td> +<td>pagga, Kums.<br> +boodasa, Dag.<br> +noon, Accra.<br> +nedda, Mosee.<br> +moottanee, M.<br> +moontau, Male.<br> +muntu, Mozam.</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Many</td> +<td>peenarra</td> +<td> +</td> +<td>otuä</td> +<td> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Market</td> +<td>egwass</td> +<td>egoom</td> +<td>ebiass</td> +<td> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Mat</td> +<td>keraw</td> +<td>empa</td> +<td>kerray</td> +<td> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Mend</td> +<td>pam</td> +<td> +</td> +<td>bărā</td> +<td> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Moon</td> +<td>serrānee</td> +<td>boossoom</td> +<td>ofoorie</td> +<td>wattacha, Ku.<br> +marraga, Dag.<br> +oöota Mallowa.<br> +choogoo, Mos.</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>More</td> +<td>mambissoo</td> +<td> +</td> +<td>samoko</td> +<td> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Mother</td> +<td>mna</td> +<td>minna</td> +<td>minnee</td> +<td>nneay, Accra.</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Mouth</td> +<td>wannoom</td> +<td>ennoom</td> +<td>annoo</td> +<td> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Much</td> +<td>dooroo</td> +<td> +</td> +<td>otchoo</td> +<td> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Nails</td> +<td>oomboiray</td> +<td> +</td> +<td>ungwarrie</td> +<td>‘<em>unguis</em>’</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Name</td> +<td> +</td> +<td>dgin</td> +<td> +</td> +<td> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Neck</td> +<td>ekkone</td> +<td> +</td> +<td>ekkoona</td> +<td> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Nest</td> +<td>anĭmaboo</td> +<td> +</td> +<td> +</td> +<td>anĭma, a bird.<br> +Annămāboo, a Fantee town.</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Net</td> +<td>ebbwau</td> +<td> +</td> +<td> +</td> +<td> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Never</td> +<td>dabbiada</td> +<td> +</td> +<td>as <em>no!</em></td> +<td> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>New</td> +<td>fofoor</td> +<td> +</td> +<td>ofroofoo</td> +<td> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>No</td> +<td>dabbi</td> +<td> +</td> +<td>an inarticulate noise with the lips closed</td> +<td> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Noise</td> +<td>deddie</td> +<td> +</td> +<td>boolāo</td> +<td> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Nose</td> +<td>ewhin</td> +<td> +</td> +<td>ewhoonie</td> +<td> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Oil</td> +<td>engoo</td> +<td> +</td> +<td>oomfwaie</td> +<td> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Old</td> +<td>quodda</td> +<td> +</td> +<td>aquŏdā</td> +<td> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Open</td> +<td>boi</td> +<td> +</td> +<td>booë</td> +<td> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Owe</td> +<td>mintēka</td> +<td>dinnekow</td> +<td>indāqua</td> +<td> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Pay</td> +<td>tchamkou</td> +<td> +</td> +<td>kamëquow</td> +<td> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Play</td> +<td>agoor’</td> +<td> +</td> +<td>feearee</td> +<td> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Poison</td> +<td>otoowādoo</td> +<td> +</td> +<td>otoowādoo</td> +<td> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Poor</td> +<td>haynil</td> +<td> +</td> +<td>ohēä</td> +<td> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td><span class="pagenum" id="Page_511">[511]</span>Pot</td> +<td>quonsun</td> +<td> +</td> +<td>adinna</td> +<td> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Pregnant</td> +<td>orrŏhoo</td> +<td> +</td> +<td> +</td> +<td> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Present (gift)</td> +<td>wahoo</td> +<td> +</td> +<td>okōë</td> +<td> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Pull</td> +<td>twin</td> +<td> +</td> +<td>sheeay</td> +<td> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Quarrel</td> +<td>irriquaw</td> +<td>orriyow</td> +<td>batōë</td> +<td> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Quick</td> +<td>tetimrĭka</td> +<td> +</td> +<td>serrie</td> +<td> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Quiet</td> +<td>gyaë</td> +<td>yafoo</td> +<td>yaië</td> +<td> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Rain</td> +<td>osoorăba</td> +<td>yankoom</td> +<td>bwārie</td> +<td> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Rat</td> +<td>quissie</td> +<td> +</td> +<td> +</td> +<td> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Red</td> +<td>memmia</td> +<td>betcheä</td> +<td>okooquaw</td> +<td> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Ring</td> +<td>inkaä</td> +<td> +</td> +<td>apateä</td> +<td> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>River</td> +<td>bāk</td> +<td> +</td> +<td>oboom</td> +<td> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Rob</td> +<td>odomādi</td> +<td> +</td> +<td>odoiyā</td> +<td> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Round</td> +<td>kandinginnŭma</td> +<td> +</td> +<td>koorookooddie</td> +<td> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Run</td> +<td>gwan</td> +<td> +</td> +<td>serrie</td> +<td>as ‘<em>quick</em>,’ B.<br> +sirr, run, Arabic.</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Salt</td> +<td>inkkim</td> +<td> +</td> +<td>imfoorie</td> +<td> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Sand</td> +<td>aghweä</td> +<td> +</td> +<td>issay</td> +<td> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Say</td> +<td>assie</td> +<td>ass</td> +<td>aberrie</td> +<td> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Sea</td> +<td>eppoo</td> +<td> +</td> +<td> +</td> +<td> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>See</td> +<td>aweeh</td> +<td> +</td> +<td>akayh</td> +<td> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Sell</td> +<td>tum</td> +<td> +</td> +<td>fah</td> +<td> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Send</td> +<td>wahsmum</td> +<td> +</td> +<td>ocheow</td> +<td> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Shake</td> +<td>wosoo</td> +<td> +</td> +<td>ediddie</td> +<td> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Shell</td> +<td>oorabba</td> +<td> +</td> +<td>owoora</td> +<td> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Short</td> +<td>takoteä</td> +<td>tchaba</td> +<td>akoteä</td> +<td> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Shut</td> +<td>toom</td> +<td> +</td> +<td>toroo</td> +<td> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Sick</td> +<td>yirrie</td> +<td>yarrie</td> +<td>mimmielal</td> +<td> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Silver</td> +<td>gwettay</td> +<td> +</td> +<td>odume</td> +<td> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Sing</td> +<td>enyoom</td> +<td> +</td> +<td>ennum</td> +<td> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Sister</td> +<td>akirrawa</td> +<td>akirrăba</td> +<td>moofwa</td> +<td> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Sit</td> +<td>tinnahoe</td> +<td>kooaugh</td> +<td>tchinna</td> +<td> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Sleep</td> +<td>waughda</td> +<td> +</td> +<td>oädie</td> +<td> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Smell</td> +<td>gwooa</td> +<td> +</td> +<td> +</td> +<td> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Smoke</td> +<td>wishshue</td> +<td> +</td> +<td>djessie</td> +<td> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Soft</td> +<td>mirrou</td> +<td> +</td> +<td>omooqua</td> +<td> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Son</td> +<td>ebba</td> +<td> +</td> +<td>ebee</td> +<td> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Sorry</td> +<td>oimiyow</td> +<td> +</td> +<td>boomega</td> +<td> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Speak</td> +<td>akas</td> +<td> +</td> +<td>osasin</td> +<td> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Stand</td> +<td>ginnaoh</td> +<td>ginnah</td> +<td>yerrie</td> +<td> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Steal</td> +<td>wawwoo</td> +<td>weyweädie</td> +<td>oëwee</td> +<td>windega, Kum.<br> +wintanga, Dag.<br> +lana, Mallowa.</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Strong</td> +<td>waginna</td> +<td>ohwidein</td> +<td>oshoneyöo</td> +<td> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Sun</td> +<td>ayowea</td> +<td> +</td> +<td>oöe</td> +<td>As an exclamation of wonder.</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Swear</td> +<td>shua</td> +<td> +</td> +<td> +</td> +<td> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Sweet</td> +<td>oiaday</td> +<td>oiadow</td> +<td>obooding</td> +<td> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Swim</td> +<td>abhoorh</td> +<td> +</td> +<td>abboor</td> +<td> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Soil</td> +<td>afoonna</td> +<td> +</td> +<td>affung</td> +<td> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Tail</td> +<td>dooah</td> +<td> +</td> +<td>odoo</td> +<td> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Take</td> +<td>afwa</td> +<td> +</td> +<td>maytah</td> +<td> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Tell</td> +<td>abim</td> +<td> +</td> +<td>aiyow</td> +<td> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Thief</td> +<td>krumfoe</td> +<td>aiwee</td> +<td>ohwie</td> +<td> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Throat</td> +<td>komen</td> +<td> +</td> +<td>ekoonnie</td> +<td> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Throw</td> +<td>too</td> +<td> +</td> +<td>ohtoo</td> +<td> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Tie</td> +<td>tittieh</td> +<td>kikhieh</td> +<td>keay</td> +<td> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td><span class="pagenum" id="Page_512">[512]</span>To-morrow</td> +<td>otchinna</td> +<td>akinna</td> +<td>otchay</td> +<td> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Tongue</td> +<td>takramma</td> +<td> +</td> +<td>dannoo</td> +<td> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Tooth</td> +<td>essie</td> +<td> +</td> +<td>engyie</td> +<td> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Touch</td> +<td>kah</td> +<td> +</td> +<td>tah</td> +<td> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Town</td> +<td>croom</td> +<td> +</td> +<td>eban</td> +<td> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Tree</td> +<td>dooa</td> +<td> +</td> +<td>assah</td> +<td>dawgo, Kums.<br> +dawro, Dagw.<br> +rahoo, Mosee.<br> +ittachee, Mall.<br> +chee, Embom.</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>True</td> +<td>umpa</td> +<td> +</td> +<td>kerram</td> +<td> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Turn</td> +<td>dahen</td> +<td> +</td> +<td>darie</td> +<td> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Twenty</td> +<td>eddooän</td> +<td> +</td> +<td>edooh</td> +<td> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Wake</td> +<td>wyen</td> +<td> +</td> +<td>otinnie</td> +<td> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td><a id="FNanchor_165"></a><a href="#Footnote_165" class= +"fnanchor">[165]</a>Walk</td> +<td>nanchoo</td> +<td> +</td> +<td>narree</td> +<td> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Warm</td> +<td>oyahue</td> +<td> +</td> +<td>obiguh</td> +<td> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Wash</td> +<td>gwarr</td> +<td> +</td> +<td>orrohooroo</td> +<td> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Water</td> +<td>inshoo</td> +<td>insoo</td> +<td>inta</td> +<td>kome, Kumsal.<br> +looa, Mallowa.<br> +quom, Mosee.</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Weep</td> +<td>oroosoo</td> +<td>oroosoo</td> +<td>oreesh</td> +<td> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>White</td> +<td>foofoo</td> +<td> +</td> +<td>intoofoofoorie</td> +<td>Intiffa, a proper name.</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Wife</td> +<td>ayerh</td> +<td> +</td> +<td>mekkah</td> +<td> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Wild</td> +<td>wadoohem</td> +<td>wadoohem</td> +<td>dooafay</td> +<td> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Wind</td> +<td>ooframma</td> +<td> +</td> +<td>affoo</td> +<td> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Wing</td> +<td>ataban</td> +<td> +</td> +<td>ittay</td> +<td> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Woman</td> +<td>bisea</td> +<td> +</td> +<td>tchee</td> +<td> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Work</td> +<td>adjooma</td> +<td> +</td> +<td>orilaloo</td> +<td>adawwah, Ku.<br> +matah, Mallow.</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Year</td> +<td>affrieyay</td> +<td> +</td> +<td>otee</td> +<td> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Yes</td> +<td>yeö</td> +<td> +</td> +<td>matee</td> +<td> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Yesterday</td> +<td>endodra</td> +<td>ennida</td> +<td>indeay</td> +<td> +</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<div class="sign3"> +<hr class="decor width15"> + +<p class="small">London: Printed by W. Bulmer and Co.<br> +Cleveland-row, St. James’s.</p> +</div> + +<div class="footnotes" id="ftapp6"> +<div class="footnote"> +<p><a id="Footnote_159"></a><a href="#FNanchor_159"><span class= +"label">[159]</span></a><em>Inkran</em>, an <em>ant</em>, is the +native name of the country Europeans call <em>Accra</em>, which +name was probably given by the Portuguese to their settlement there +(the earliest they made according to the traditions of the natives) +to commemorate the voyage of Hanno; Accra being one of the five +cities raised by him between the Soloe Promontory, or Cape Bojador, +and the River Lixus or Ouro.</p> +</div> + +<div class="footnote"> +<p><a id="Footnote_160"></a><a href="#FNanchor_160"><span class= +"label">[160]</span></a>This word approximates to <em>ogha</em>, +<em>ogiah</em>, and <em>egah</em>, the words for <em>fire</em> in +the Booroom, Ashantee, and Fantee: but all the other Adampë words I +have ever heard, cannot be assimilated to those which denote the +same objects in any other African language.</p> +</div> + +<div class="footnote"> +<p><a id="Footnote_161"></a><a href="#FNanchor_161"><span class= +"label">[161]</span></a>Where there is no word in the Fantee +column, it is the same as the Ashantee.</p> +</div> + +<div class="footnote"> +<p><a id="Footnote_162"></a><a href="#FNanchor_162"><span class= +"label">[162]</span></a>I have before stated (Superstitions, +<a href="#Page_270">p. 270.</a>) that <em>aggry</em> is a generic +name, probably exotic, of the derivation of which the Negroes are +wholly ignorant. It is remarkable that the Boorooms call these +beads <em>sikka koonkoorie</em>, and never use the common word for +<em>bead</em> (aboroo,) when they speak of them: this name imports +their value (<em>sikka</em> being <em>gold</em>) and one would +fancy something connected with their locality, <em>Koonkoorie</em> +being a range of hills seven days northward of Kong, (see <a href= +"#Page_182">p. 182.</a>) but I never could obtain the least +explanation on this subject from the natives.</p> +</div> + +<div class="footnote"> +<p><a id="Footnote_163"></a><a href="#FNanchor_163"><span class= +"label">[163]</span></a>They distinguish different times of the +day, thus</p> + +<table id="t508"> +<tr> +<td>Morning, or before 12.</td> +<td>napa.</td> +<td> +</td> +<td> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Mid-day, or 12.</td> +<td>aweeabillee</td> +<td>aweeabil</td> +<td>emfass.</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Afternoon, 4.</td> +<td>ingubee</td> +<td> +</td> +<td>noobwawss.</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Evening, 6.</td> +<td>adiasa</td> +<td>adjasa</td> +<td>eybeen.</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Night</td> +<td>noofa</td> +<td> +</td> +<td>aniaberra.</td> +</tr> +</table> +</div> + +<div class="footnote"> +<p><a id="Footnote_164"></a><a href="#FNanchor_164"><span class= +"label">[164]</span></a>This reminds me that I ought to have +noticed, in the Superstitions of Ashantee, that they believe the +devil to be a wandering evil spirit, occasionally entering into a +human being, immediately to be destroyed for the safety of +mankind.</p> +</div> + +<div class="footnote"> +<p><a id="Footnote_165"></a><a href="#FNanchor_165"><span class= +"label">[165]</span></a>It is curious that in both these radically +distinct languages, the verb <em>walk</em> should assimilate so +closely to the noun <em>cow</em>.</p> +</div> +</div> + +<p class="space-above15 x-ebookmaker-drop"> +</p> + +<div class="transnote"> +<h2>Transcriber's note:</h2> + +<ul> +<li>The changes in the <a href="#err">ERRATA</a> regarding the text +have been made.</li> + +<li>Inconsistent chapter numbering between Contents and Part I of +the text has been left as is.</li> + +<li>pg <a href="#Page_19">19,</a> Changed: "place 1° 46′ 30′ W. +and" to: "30″"</li> + +<li>pg <a href="#Page_22">22,</a> Changed: "The courses N. ½ N. N. +W. ¼ N. b W. ⅛." to: "N.½, N.N.W.¼, N.bW.⅛."</li> + +<li>pg <a href="#Page_23">23,</a> Changed: "the courses N. ⅓ N. b +W. ⅕." to: "N.⅓, N.bW.⅕."</li> + +<li>pg <a href="#Page_36">36,</a> Changed: "their long Danish +mukets" to: "muskets"</li> + +<li>pg <a href="#Page_40">40,</a> Changed: "minors, or young +caboceeers" to: "caboceers"</li> + +<li>pg <a href="#Page_45">45,</a> Changed: "and again,) “that he +thanked" to: "and again,) that he thanked"</li> + +<li>pg <a href="#Page_49">49,</a> Changed: "my captains. “The +Dutch" to: "my captains. The Dutch"</li> + +<li>pg <a href="#Page_63">63,</a> Changed: "an ouline of the Fantee +war" to: "outline"</li> + +<li>pg <a href="#Page_94">94,</a> Changed: "inauspicious +circumstance has been unvoidable" to: "unavoidable"</li> + +<li>pg <a href="#Page_98">98,</a> Added ” after: "he will do you +good:"</li> + +<li>pg <a href="#Page_108">108,</a> Changed: "I sent a cane to +Adooçee" to: "Adocee"</li> + +<li>pg <a href="#Page_110">110,</a> Changed: "promised that I shoul +hear from him" to: "should"</li> + +<li>pg <a href="#Page_132">132,</a> Changed: "into every trivial +occurrrence" to: "occurrence"</li> + +<li>pg <a href="#Page_145">145,</a> Changed: "have more to-morrow +”" to: "have more to-morrow;”"</li> + +<li>pg <a href="#Page_151">151,</a> Changed: "I had exeprienced +whilst" to: "experienced"</li> + +<li>pg <a href="#Page_196">196,</a> footnote <a href= +"#Footnote_37">37,</a> Added “ before "The Chaymas"</li> + +<li>pg <a href="#Page_204">204,</a> footnote <a href= +"#Footnote_47">47,</a> Changed: "of Arabs) “Wadie." to: "of Arabs) +Wadie."</li> + +<li>pg <a href="#Page_253">253,</a> Changed: "exercising his +judical authority" to: "judicial"</li> + +<li>pg <a href="#Page_256">256,</a> Changed: "accused against +arbitary judgment" to: "arbitrary"</li> + +<li>pg <a href="#Page_268">268</a> (270), footnote <a href= +"#Footnote_83">83,</a> Changed: "inlaid, at it were, in the body" +to: "as it were"</li> + +<li>pg <a href="#Page_268">268</a> (271), footnote <a href= +"#Footnote_83">83,</a> Added ” after "ignorant of their +origin."</li> + +<li>pg <a href="#Page_279">279,</a> Changed: "the tribatary chiefs +who pay but" to: "tributary"</li> + +<li>pg <a href="#Page_288">288,</a> Changed: "discharge of muketry, +proportionate" to: "musketry"</li> + +<li>pg <a href="#Page_322">322,</a> Changed: "with 1000 mukets you +could not" to: "muskets"</li> + +<li>pg <a href="#Page_333">333,</a> Changed: "as a corrective to +the unplatable" to: "unpalatable"</li> + +<li>pg <a href="#Page_345">345</a> (346), footnote <a href= +"#Footnote_112">112,</a> Changed: "we are asily mistaken" to: +"easily"</li> + +<li>pg <a href="#Page_348">348,</a> footnote <a href= +"#Footnote_113">113,</a> Added “ at the start.</li> + +<li>pg <a href="#Page_352">352,</a> Changed: "corsespond exactly in +meaning" to: "correspond"</li> + +<li>pg <a href="#Page_419">419,</a> Changed: "wow!” “death! “death" +to: "wow!” “death! death"</li> + +<li>pg <a href="#Page_433">433,</a> footnote <a href= +"#Footnote_132">132,</a> Changed: "spoke to agreeing tha after" to: +"that"</li> + +<li>pg <a href="#Page_451">451,</a> Changed: "and phrenzy of the +perfomer" to: "performer"</li> + +<li>pg <a href="#Page_469">469,</a> Changed: "clompletely blockaded +on the land-side" to: "completely"</li> + +<li>pg <a href="#Page_473">473,</a> Changed: "bring future good +conse-sequences" to: "consequences"</li> + +<li>pg <a href="#Page_479">479,</a> footnote <a href= +"#Footnote_149">149,</a> Changed: "or ship, “adding, that" to: "or +ship, adding, that"</li> + +<li><a id="tnoteref1" class="tnoteref"></a>pg <a href= +"#Page_479">479</a>-480, The footnote <a href= +"#FNanchor_152">152</a> referred to in the text is missing.</li> + +<li>pg <a href="#Page_484">484,</a> footnote <a href= +"#Footnote_157">157,</a> Changed: "had the advanage of correcting" +to: "advantage"</li> + +<li>pg <a href="#Page_487">487,</a> Changed: "Shagho — <span class= +"arabic">شَيْعُ</span>" to: "<span class= +"arabic">شَيْغُ</span>"</li> + +<li>pg <a href="#Page_487">487,</a> Changed: "Rakka — <span class= +"arabic">رَافَا</span>" to: "<span class= +"arabic">رَاقَا</span>"</li> + +<li>pg <a href="#Page_491">491,</a> Changed: "Yajoury (doubtlels +Yawoorie)" to: "doubtless"</li> + +<li>pg <a href="#Page_492">492,</a> Changed: "Massir — <span class= +"arabic">سصر</span>" to: "<span class="arabic">مصر</span>"</li> + +<li>Minor changes in punctuation have been done silently.</li> + +<li>Other spelling inconsistencies have been left unchanged.</li> + +<li>New original cover art included with this eBook is granted to +the public domain.</li> +</ul> +</div> +</div> +<div style='text-align:center'>*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 77375 ***</div> +</body> +</html> diff --git a/77375-h/images/cover.jpg b/77375-h/images/cover.jpg Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..2908d8e --- /dev/null +++ b/77375-h/images/cover.jpg diff --git a/77375-h/images/i01.jpg b/77375-h/images/i01.jpg Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..b20c18a --- /dev/null +++ b/77375-h/images/i01.jpg diff --git a/77375-h/images/i01_large.jpg b/77375-h/images/i01_large.jpg Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..bd4527e --- /dev/null +++ b/77375-h/images/i01_large.jpg diff --git a/77375-h/images/i02.jpg b/77375-h/images/i02.jpg Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..d499842 --- /dev/null +++ b/77375-h/images/i02.jpg diff --git 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