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<div style='text-align:center'>*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 77005 ***</div>
<div class='nf-center-c1'>
<div class='nf-center c000'>
<div><span class='pageno' id='Page_169'>169</span>Monthly Supplement of</div>
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<div>
<h1 class='c001' title='The Penny Magazine, June 30 to July 31 , 1832'>THE PENNY MAGAZINE</h1>
</div>
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<div class='nf-center c002'>
<div><span class='small'>OF THE</span></div>
</div>
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<div class='nf-center-c1'>
<div class='nf-center c002'>
<div><span class='large'>Society for the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge.</span></div>
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<div class="masthead">
<div class="masthead-right"></div>
<div class="masthead-left">21.]</div>
<div class="masthead-centre"><span class='sc'>June 30 to July 31</span>, 1832</div>
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<div>
<h2 class='c003'>HUNGERFORD MARKET.</h2>
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<a href='images/hungerford-market-full.jpg'><img src='images/hungerford-market-inline.png' alt='' class='ig001'></a>
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<p>[River Front of Hungerford Market.]</p>
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<p class='c004'>An act was obtained in 1830, incorporating a company
of proprietors for the re-establishment of <i>Hungerford
Market</i>. The site of the old market has been purchased,
together with the surrounding houses, those in
Hungerford-street, and some few in the Strand, in order
to ensure a proper frontage and secure a convenient
access to that thoroughfare. Many of these buildings
are pulled down. The architect of the New Market
is Mr. C. Fowler. The front to the river is completed
externally, and forms a very elegant structure, as represented
in the above view. The basement of the centre
next the river constitutes the Fish-Market. The wings
are intended for taverns, connected by a colonnade with
a terrace which occupies the entire front. From the
Fish-Market the ascent is by a spacious flight of steps
in the centre externally, and two staircases within, at the
extremities of the portico, which is separated from the
hall by a screen of arches. The hall, exclusive of the
porticoes, is 157 feet long by 123 feet wide, consisting
of a nave and two aisles, besides ranges of shops against
the side walls, with galleries over. These galleries are
approached by four staircases at the extremities. The
floor of the hall will be occupied by ranges of stands
for casual business, with convenient avenues between
them. The galleries will be appropriated for the sale
of such articles as require a neat display, and will be
disposed somewhat in the manner of a bazaar, with
a range of counters, &c., and a walk in front. The roof
of the nave, or centre compartment of the building, being
raised above the other parts by a tier of open arches,
ensures an ample supply of light and air; the roofs of the
aisles are likewise open in the centre, in order still further
to secure that important object. Underneath the whole
of the hall is a range of arched cellars or vaults, having
approaches in various directions. The upper court corresponds
nearly with the lower court or Fish-Market, but
at the level of a story above it. The colonnades are here
combined with shops and dwellings for resident shopkeepers.
The columns, stairs, pavement, and parts of
the front of this important building are of granite.</p>
<p class='c005'>We subjoin the measurements of the different divisions
of the Market. The width of the upper and lower
areas is that of the uncovered space. That of the Great
Hail is the total width:</p>
<div style="max-width:40em;margin:auto;">
<table class='table0'>
<tr>
<td class='c006'> </td>
<td class='c007' colspan='2'>Length.</td>
<td class='c008'>Width.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class='c006'> </td>
<td class='c009'><span class='small'>feet.</span></td>
<td class='c009'><span class='small'>in.</span></td>
<td class='c010'><span class='small'>feet.</span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class='c006'>Upper Area</td>
<td class='c009'>140</td>
<td class='c009'>0</td>
<td class='c010'>69</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class='c006'>The Great Hall</td>
<td class='c009'>157</td>
<td class='c009'>0</td>
<td class='c010'>123</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class='c006'>Lower Area</td>
<td class='c009'>130</td>
<td class='c009'>0</td>
<td class='c010'>63</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class='c006'>The two Colonnades connecting the divisions, and leading to Gallery-Staircases, each</td>
<td class='c009'>11</td>
<td class='c009'>6</td>
<td class='c010'> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class='c006'>Total width of building, river front</td>
<td class='c009'> </td>
<td class='c009'> </td>
<td class='c010'>126</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class='c006'>Total length of building from River to Hungerford-street</td>
<td class='c009'>475</td>
<td class='c009'>6</td>
<td class='c010'> </td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>
<div><span class='pageno' id='Page_170'>170</span></div>
<div class='c011'></div>
<hr class="divider">
<div>
<h2 class='c003'><span class='sc'>The</span> VILLAGE POOR-HOUSE. By a <span class='sc'>Country Curate.</span> Smith, Elder, & Co. 1832.</h2>
</div>
<p class='c004'>This little volume claims our attention by the high
poetical talent it displays. It professes, moreover, to
describe the actual state of feeling amongst the poor,
or the labouring body in England—that class of society
to whose wants and improvement our humble labours
are mainly directed.</p>
<p class='c005'>The author thus beautifully opens his subject:—</p>
<div class='lg-container-b'>
<div class='linegroup'>
<div class='group'>
<div class='line'>Our village has a pleasant look,</div>
<div class='line in2'>A happy look as e’er was seen—</div>
<div class='line'>Right through the valley flows a brook</div>
<div class='line'>Which winds in many a flowery nook</div>
<div class='line in2'>And freshens all the green.</div>
</div>
<div class='group'>
<div class='line'>On either side, so clear and white,</div>
<div class='line in2'>A row of cottages you see—</div>
<div class='line'>And jessamine is clustered o’er</div>
<div class='line'>The humble trellis of each door,</div>
<div class='line in2'>Then left to clamber free</div>
<div class='line'>And shake its blossoms far and wide</div>
<div class='line'>O’er all the white-wash’d cottage side.</div>
</div>
<div class='group'>
<div class='line in2'>As dying evening sinks away,</div>
<div class='line in2'>The old church tow’r, erect and grey,</div>
<div class='line in2'>Catches far up the parting light</div>
<div class='line in2'>And half grows holy to the sight.</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<p class='c005'>But from this description of the village itself the
author passes to its inhabitants, and then would prove
to us, that this external beauty is but a veil to cover
what is in reality a more disgusting place than a charnel-house.
For within the village, he says, there is
nothing but tyranny and slavery,—pampered luxury on
the part of the few, and the most abject poverty on the
part of the many. There is not one family, he would
show, in those happy circumstances, below wealth but
above poverty and dependence—there is not a single
industrious contented labourer. All here is misery—the
most degrading, unrelieved suffering, and unrepented
crime, among the poor; from the rich <em>few</em>, there is not
to be drawn a single gleam of commiseration or charity
to break the horrid gloom. Were all the plagues of
Egypt busy at once on the devoted place, the village
could not be so loathsome as it is here represented.</p>
<p class='c005'>We are fully prepared to admit the existence of evils
among the labouring classes of this country, but we are
sure that the state of things represented in this poem
has no more foundation in truth than those poetical
pictures of rural life which our author, justly enough,
pronounces to be <em>only</em> poetical.</p>
<p class='c005'>Has the “Country Curate” seen anything of the
condition of the peasantry in other countries?—If not,
let him ask those who have, and they will assure him
that it is nearly every where inferior to that of the peasantry
of England. We do not say this from any
overweening national pride, or from any desire to make
the people idly contented with their state as it is, and
indifferent to future improvement. No! we would say
to the peasantry, as to every other class, Keep your eyes
ever open to your rights; strive to make what is indifferent—good,
what is good—better; and persevere
in that moral and intellectual improvement which can
alone render you sensible of your rights, and fit you for
their enjoyment! You are not now what you were a
century or two ago, because you are better informed and
more civilized than then; and a century hence your condition
will be so much the better, as you will be more
civilized than now. We would rescue the wealthier
body from the insane jealousy and hatred which the
verses of the “Country Curate” have a direct tendency
to excite against them in the breasts of the poor; we
would hint at the exertions now pretty generally made
by that body to promote the welfare and instruction of
the labouring classes, with which their own welfare is
closely linked. But still we would not have the poor
depend entirely on what the rich may bestow upon them,
or assist them in obtaining. We would have the peasant
or the artisan work out his own mental improvement,
and then, most assuredly, will he find his moral dignity
elevated and his comforts increased.</p>
<div class='c011'></div>
<hr class="divider">
<div>
<h2 class='c003'>HEALTH AND LONGEVITY.</h2>
</div>
<div class='subtitle'>
<div class='nf-center-c0'>
<div class='nf-center c011'>
<div>[The Effects of Arts, Trades, and Professions, and of Civil States and Habits of Living, on Health and Longevity; By C. Turner Thackrah, Esq. <a id='tn-longevity'></a>Second Edition. Longman, 1832.]</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<p class='c005'>The author of this book is a medical practitioner at
Leeds; and the object of his work, than which there can
be none more important, is to exhibit, in most cases
from personal observation, the influence of particular
occupations on the health of the individuals pursuing
them and on the duration of their lives. His general
impression is, that the employments of large manufacturing
towns, such as Leeds, Manchester, Birmingham,
and Sheffield, are decidedly unfavourable to health and
consequently to happiness; and, he says, with regard to
the town in which he lives, “every day we see sacrificed
to the artificial state of society one, and sometimes
two victims, whom the destinies of nature would have
spared.” Doubtless, continued and laborious occupation
in crowded rooms is not favourable to health; but,
on the other hand, it should be considered that these
very employments, by increasing the comforts of the
great mass of consumers, have a direct tendency to
secure the general health of the community; and that
if the term “destinies of nature” is to be taken to
apply to man in an uncivilized state, it is perfectly certain
that the artisan who pursues his calling under the
most unfavourable circumstances is far better off in his
physical condition, and therefore in his capacity for
long life, than the poor dweller in the forests of America
or the wilds of Africa, whose supply of food and clothing
is wholly dependent upon chance, and who is entirely
without medical aid in sickness. It is a well-known
fact, that in this country, a century ago, the
average mortality in a year was one in thirty; it is now
about one in sixty; that is, where one person in a year
dies now, two died a century ago, as compared with the
gross amount of the population. When it is considered
therefore, how large a number of our countrymen are
employed in manufactures, it would seem that, upon the
whole, manufacturing employments are not so unfavourable
to health as might at first be imagined. An attentive
examination of Mr. Thackrah’s book will show,
that even in the most apparently unwholesome employments
there is a wonderful compensation in the
power of habit; and it is beyond all doubt that cleanliness,
temperance, and that habitual cheerfulness which
leads the spirit to triumph over the most adverse circumstances,
will enable those who would appear necessarily
the most unfortunate, to pass through life with comparative
happiness and comfort. Still, it is very important
to examine what occupations have the most unfavourable
influence on health,—not with the view of making
those who follow them dissatisfied with their condition,
but for the purpose of suggesting every preventive
and remedial measure, within the range of human knowledge,
to the attention of the capitalist, whose first duty
is to provide for the happiness of those around him;
and above all to show the working-man himself how
much he has it in his own power to mitigate the evils
which he cannot altogether avoid. In this point of view
Mr. Thackrah’s book deserves the most serious consideration
of all classes. It is most satisfactory to know,
upon Mr. Thackrah’s authority, that “in many of our
occupations the injurious agents might be immediately
removed or diminished.”</p>
<p class='c005'>For the convenience of his inquiry the writer before
us divides society into five great classes, viz.—I. Operatives.
II. Dealers. III. Master Manufacturers,
and Merchants. IV. Men independent of business and
labour. V. Professional Men.—The first section of
<span class='pageno' id='Page_171'>171</span>operatives he sub-divides into—1, those whose employments
are chiefly in the open air; 2, those whose
employments are carried on in an atmosphere confined
and impure; 3, those whose employments produce dust,
odour, or gaseous exhalations; 4, those whose employments
injure or annoy by acting on the skin; 5, those
whose employments expose them to wet and steam;
6, those who are exposed to a high temperature, or great
variations of temperature. When we state that in these
six sub-divisions of the great class of operatives, Mr.
Thackrah describes the peculiar effects of about two
hundred different employments, it must be evident that
we cannot attempt even to enumerate the occupations
whose influence upon health is here noticed. To show,
however, the interesting mode in which this inquiry is
for the most part conducted, we subjoin an abridged
extract, descriptive of the condition of the grinders and
machine-makers of Sheffield:—</p>
<div class='shrink'>
<p class='c004'>“Dr. Knight, in <a id='tn-northofengland'></a>the North-of-England Medical Journal,
states that the fork-grinders, who use a <em>dry</em> grindstone, die
at the ages of 28 or 32, while the table-knife grinders, who
work on <em>wet</em> stones, survive to between 40 and 50. Dr. K.’s
paper very properly alludes to the combination of injurious
agents and circumstances. It is not, merely the pernicious
employment, but the want of sieve and ventilation in the
apartments where the men now work,—the want, moreover,
of that exercise in the open air which they formerly took in
going to work and returning from it; and finally, the intemperance
which results from their congregation, and still
more from their desperation of life. It appears, that in 1822,
‘out of 2,500 grinders, there were not 35 who had arrived
at the age of 50, and perhaps not double that number who
had reached the age of 45; and out of more than 80 fork-grinders,
exclusive of boys, it was reported that there was
not a single individual 36 years old.’ The symptoms of the
grinders’ disease are those of slow but certainly fatal consumption.
The remedies judiciously recommended by Dr.
Knight, are, 1st. Dusting the machinery, before the work
commences: 2nd. Great reduction in the time of labour:
3rd. Use of wet stones as much as possible; 4th. Large
flues to be laid on the floor for ventilation, and currents of
air to be forced through them by the machines: 5th. Fork-grinding
to be confined to criminals.</p>
<p class='c005'>“<em>Draw-filing cast iron</em> is a very injurious occupation.
The dust is much more abundant, and the metallic particles
much more minute, than in the filing of <em>wrought</em> iron. The
particles rise so copiously as to blacken the mouth and
nose. The men first feel the annoyance in the nostrils.
The lining membrane discharges copiously for some time,
and then becomes preternaturally dry. Besides the dust
there are some very bright scales, called <i>kisk</i>, very visible
though scarcely tangible, which rise from the castings, as
these are taken out of the moulders’ boxes, and considerably
irritate the air-tube. But these scales produce much less
frequent annoyance than the particles detached by the file,
notwithstanding the dust of the employ. Respiration is not
promptly impeded. Of ten men whom I examined with
reference to this point, but one had difficulty of breathing
as a <em>primary</em> symptom. The subsequent symptoms are
determined chiefly by intemperance, and the constitutional
disposition to consumption. The machine-makers earn high
wages, and many consequently are addicted to liquor. In
all, the breathing becomes, in a few years, more affected
by exertion; but in the intemperate it is most affected;
the morning cough is attended with retchings, disorder of
the liver and of the other organs of digestion becomes
established, and at length pulmonary consumption closes
the list of symptoms. Scarcely a filer can be found in
health. Few bear the employ, even modified as it is by
frequent changes of material, for twenty-five years. Only
one instance have I been able to find of a working filer
exceeding the age of fifty. What can be done to prevent
this lamentable waste of life? Magnetic mouth-pieces,
which attract the particles of iron inhaled in respiration,
and thus greatly diminish the quantity which would enter
the air-tube, were many years ago introduced in Sheffield,
and ought ere this to have been more extensively tried.
But there is a strange apathy both among the men and the
masters.”</p>
</div>
<p class='c004'>If the working-classes, in the ordinary acceptation of
the term, have abundant evils in their employments,
those who would appear to be placed under happier
circumstances are not exempt from those corroding cares
and unnatural excitements which injure health, and destroy
life, as speedily as crowded rooms and extreme
heat or cold. Let us take Mr. Thackrah’s description
of the class of shopkeepers:—</p>
<div class='shrink'>
<p class='c004'>“They are generally temperate in their diet. They injure
health, not by direct attacks, not by the introduction
of injurious agents, but by withholding the pabulum of life—a
due supply of that pure fluid, which nature designed as
food for the constitution. Be it remembered that man subsists
upon the air, more than upon his meat and drink.
Numerous instances might be adduced of persons existing
for months and years on a very scanty supply of aliment,
but it is notorious that no one can exist for an hour without
a copious supply of air. The atmosphere which shopkeepers
breathe is contaminated and adulterated; air, with its vital
principles so diminished, that it cannot fully decarbonize
the blood, nor fully excite the nervous system. Hence shopkeepers
are pale, dyspeptic, and subject to affections of the
head. They often drag on a sickly existence, die before the
proper end of human life, and leave a progeny like themselves.”</p>
</div>
<p class='c004'>The merchant and manufacturer is probably not more
fortunate, though he may appear to have a greater command
of worldly comforts:—</p>
<div class='shrink'>
<p class='c004'>“Of the causes of disease, anxiety of mind is one of the
most frequent and important. When we walk the streets
of large commercial towns, we can scarcely fail to remark
the hurried gait, and care-worn features of the well-dressed
passengers. Some young men, indeed, we may see, with
countenances possessing natural cheerfulness and colour;
but these appearances rarely survive the age of manhood.
Cuvier closes an eloquent description of animal existence
and change, with the conclusion that ‘life is a state of
force.’ What he would urge in a physical view, we may
more strongly urge in a moral. Civilization has changed
our character of mind as well as of body. We live in a state
of unnatural excitement:—unnatural, because it is partial,
irregular, and excessive. Our muscles waste for <em>want</em> of
action; our nervous system is worn out by <em>excess</em> of action.
Vital energy is drawn from the operations for which nature
designed it, and devoted to operations which nature never
contemplated. If we cannot adopt the doctrine of a foreign
philosopher, ‘that a thinking man is a depraved animal,’ we
may without hesitation affirm, ‘that inordinate application
of mind, the cares, anxieties, and disappointments of commercial
life, greatly impair the physical powers.’”</p>
</div>
<p class='c004'>Let us see if the <em>idle</em> man of independent fortune is
placed under more favourable circumstances for the enjoyment
of existence:—</p>
<div class='shrink'>
<p class='c004'>“A man supplied with food and comforts, without labour
and care, has constantly full opportunity of attending to
health. But man is a social animal. The Creator has ordained
that no individual shall live to himself, and live in
happiness. A man without an object is like a tree without
a leading shoot. He has not the vigour of his fellows; his
strength is either dissipated in irregular pursuits, or decays
from listlessness. In professions and trades the nervous
system is often exhausted by excessive application; here, as
frequently it declines from the want of exertion. Need I
add, that the vices which result from the want of employment,
undermine the constitution and shorten life.”</p>
</div>
<p class='c004'>Mr. Thackrah has stated, in many instances, the
modes which he conceives applicable to the mitigation
or removal of the evils of particular employments. It
is, of course, not within our province to follow him in
these details. But throughout his work he notices also
those habits which are best calculated to preserve man
in health in every situation. These best remedies, which
are in a great degree within the reach of us all, may be
comprised in the words <i>temperance</i>, <i>cleanliness</i>, <i>exercise
in the open air</i>, and <i>cheerful relaxation</i>. It should be
the aim of every working-man to employ these remedies
for any evils of his occupation, as far as he can
himself; it is the duty of every employer, as much as
in him lies, so to regulate his periods of labour, that no
artisan shall be unable, from want of time, to take his
evening walk in the fresh fields, to cultivate his little
garden, or to afford an hour to that improvement of his
mind which will invigorate and refresh his body, by the
cheapest and the purest of all pleasures.</p>
<div><span class='pageno' id='Page_172'>172</span></div>
<div class='c011'></div>
<hr class="divider">
<div>
<h2 class='c003'>GEORGE THE FOURTH’S GATE, HYDE PARK CORNER.</h2>
</div>
<div class='illo-wide'>
<div class='figcenter id001'>
<a href='images/george-gate-full.jpg'><img src='images/george-gate-inline.png' alt='' class='ig001'></a>
<div class='ic001'>
<p>[Entrance to the Green Park, St. James’s.]</p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<p class='c004'>This fine gate, which was completed about five years
since, after a design by Mr. Decimus Burton, was originally
intended for a private entrance to the New
Palace. Within the last few months it has been devoted
to a purpose of more general utility, the road from Constitution
Hill having been turned so as to allow access
through the gate to those carriages which have the privilege
of passing through the park, <a id='tn-footpassengers'></a>and also to foot-passengers.
A new lodge has recently been erected in
James Street, opening to the road connecting Pimlico
with Great George Street, Westminster; and this road
is free to horsemen and private carriages without distinction.</p>
<div class='c011'></div>
<hr class="divider">
<div>
<h2 class='c003'>THE LIVERPOOL DOCKS.</h2>
</div>
<p class='c004'>We are enabled, after many experiments, to present our
readers with a plan of the Liverpool Docks, executed by
a new process—namely, by a union of lines cut upon
wood, and of moveable type. The completion of our
wishes, in this respect, will enable us to illustrate any
subject of geography or topography, by maps and plans,
executed with more precision than we could have attained
by any other means. We subjoin to this plan a
short account of these extraordinary public works, which
the growing commerce of Liverpool has created:—</p>
<p class='c005'>The town of Liverpool was originally a small fishing-village,
till Henry the Second, in 1172, first used its
port as a station for the embarkation of troops to Ireland.
This circumstance, with the gradually increasing commerce
consequent on the connection ever since maintained
between the two countries, and the excellence of
its port, doubtlessly laid the foundation of its present
magnitude and prosperity. Yet its growth for a long
period was slow, and even at times seemed to retrograde.
In 1571 the inhabitants of the “poor decayed town of
Liverpool” petitioned Queen Elizabeth to be relieved
from a subsidy imposed on them; and in 1630, while
Bristol was assessed at 1,000<i>l.</i> for ship-money by
Charles I., Liverpool was rated at only 26<i>l.</i></p>
<div class='illo-left'>
<div class='figcenter id002'>
<a href='images/the-liverpool-docks-full.jpg'><img src='images/the-liverpool-docks-inline.png' alt='Map' class='ig001'></a>
</div>
</div>
<p class='c005'>The first great increase which took place in the importance
of Liverpool appears to have been shortly after
the commencement of the war with France in 1778, in
the first year of which one hundred and twenty privateers,
manned by eight thousand seven hundred and
fifty seamen, issued from this port. Since that period
its increase has been constant and wonderfully rapid.
The population, which in 1801 was 77,653, in 1831
amounted to 165,175. In the year ending June, 1830,
the number of vessels, entered inwards and outwards,
amounted to 11,214, of which the tonnage was
1,411,964, and the customs duties 3,123,758<i>l.</i> 8<i>s.</i> 10<i>d</i>.
To provide facilities for this immense traffic great exertions
have been made, and vast expense incurred, in
the construction of docks and the erection of warehouses.
<span class='pageno' id='Page_173'>173</span>The plan we have given shows their position; and the
following account, extracted from Lewis’s Topographical
Dictionary of England, a valuable work recently completed
in four quarto volumes, affords such information
as may render the plan perfectly intelligible:—</p>
<div class='shrink'>
<p class='c004'>For the security of the shipping in the port, and for the
greater facility of loading and unloading merchandize, an
immense range of docks and warehouses, extending nearly
two miles along the eastern bank of the river (the Mersey),
has been constructed on a scale of unparalleled magnificence,
and forming one of those characteristics of commercial
greatness in which this town is unrivalled. The docks
are of three kinds, the wet docks, the dry docks, and the
graving docks; the wet docks are chiefly for ships of great
burden employed in the foreign trade, and which float in
them at all states of the tide, the water being retained by
gates; the dry docks, so called because they are left dry
when the tide is out, are chiefly appropriated to coasting
vessels; and the graving docks, which admit or exclude the
water at pleasure, are adapted to the repair of ships, during
which they are kept dry, and when completed are floated
out by admitting the tide. The Old Dock, which was the first
of the kind constructed in England, and for making which,
an act of parliament was obtained in 1708, is not now in use,
its site having been appropriated to the erection of a new
custom-house, and other offices connected with the trade of
the port. The Dry Dock, which is about to be converted into
a wet dock, was constructed under the authority of an act
passed in the 11th of George II., and is chiefly occupied by
sloops from the north coast, which import corn, provisions,
and slate, and convey back the produce of the West Indies,
the Mediterranean, Portugal, and Baltic: it has a quay five
hundred yards in length, and has communication with three
graving docks; it has been considerably enlarged, and many
of the buildings surrounding it have been taken down with
the view of obtaining more quay room. The Salthouse
Dock, so named from some salt-works formerly contiguous
to it, was constructed about the same time as the Dry Dock;
the upper part of it is chiefly for ships that are laid up, and
the lower part for vessels in the Levant, Irish, and coasting
trades; the quay is seven hundred and fifty-nine yards in
extent, and is provided with convenient warehouses, with
arcades for foot-passengers on the east side, and extensive
sheds on the west side; between this dock and the river are
some ship-builders’ yards, which the corporation intend to
convert into docks for the craft employed in the inland trade.
George’s Dock was constructed in the 2d of George III., at
an expense of 21,000<i>l.</i>; it was originally two hundred and
forty-six yards in length, and one hundred yards in breadth,
with a quay of seven hundred yards in extent; but it has
been enlarged, and the quay is now one thousand and one
yards in length: on the east side is a range of extensive
warehouses, in front of which is an arcade for foot-passengers:
and on the west side are sheds for protecting the
merchandize from the weather: at the north and south ends
of the dock are handsome cast-iron bridges; and a parade
is continued westward for a considerable distance into the
river: this dock has a communication with the two preceding
docks, and also with the Prince’s Dock, by basins,
which preclude the necessity of returning into the river.
The King’s Dock, constructed in the 25th of George III., is
two hundred and seventy yards in length, and ninety-six in
breadth, and is appropriated to vessels from Virginia and
other parts, laden with tobacco, which article is exclusively
landed here: the new tobacco warehouses extend the whole
length of the quay, on the west side, and are five hundred
and seventy-five feet in length, and two hundred and thirty-nine
in depth; the old warehouses on the opposite side,
which were appropriated to that purpose, have been converted
into sheds for the security of merchandize: ships
from the Baltic, <a id='tn-timberstores'></a>freighted with timber and naval stores,
discharge their cargoes on the quay; across the entrance
is a handsome swivel bridge of cast-iron: this dock has
a communication on the south with a dry dock and two
graving docks. The Queen’s Dock, constructed at the
same time, is four hundred and seventy yards long, and two
hundred and twenty-seven and a half in breadth, with a
spacious quay, and is chiefly occupied by vessels freighted
with timber, and by those employed in the Dutch and Baltic
trades; at the south end it communicates with a basin of
considerable extent, called the Brunswick Half-Tide Dock,
which is also connected with the Brunswick Dry Basin. On
the south of the half-tide dock, a new dock of larger dimensions
<span class='pageno' id='Page_174'>174</span>than any of the preceding, for vessels laden with timber,
is in progress, to be called the Brunswick Dock, with a
basin to the south of it, and patent slips for the repairing of
vessels, which will probably terminate the range of docks at
the southern extremity. The Prince’s Dock, constructed
under an act passed in the 51st of George III., was opened
with great pomp on the day of the coronation of his late
Majesty, George IV.; it is five hundred yards in length,
and one hundred and six in breadth; at the north end is a
spacious basin, belonging to it, and at the south end it communicates
with the basin of George’s Dock. The quays are
spacious, and there are sheds for the protection of goods
from the weather: along the west side, near the river, is a
beautiful marine parade, seven hundred and fifty yards
long, and eleven wide, defended by a stone parapet wall,
from which is a delightful view of the river and the shipping;
at convenient intervals are three flights of steps
leading down to the river, where boats are in constant
attendance. To the north of the basin belonging to this
dock, four spacious wet docks, and a large graving dock,
which latter is to be fitted up with patent slips, are at present
in a state of rapid progress; and, when completed, will
probably terminate the range of docks on the north side
of the town. The Duke’s Dock, between Salthouse and the
King’s Dock, is a small dock belonging to the trustees of
the late Duke of Bridgewater, for the use of his flats, with
commodious warehouses. The several carriers by water
have also convenient basins on the river, for the use of
their barges, with quays for loading and unloading their
goods; and the Mersey and Irwell navigation company have
a small dock, called the Manchester Dock, for the flats
employed in that extensive trade, and for the transport to
this town of the productions of Cheshire, and the adjoining
counties. The whole range of the docks, when the northern
and southern additions are completed, will be two miles and
eight hundred and twenty yards in length. Spacious as
they are they are still considered inadequate to the increasing
commerce of the port, and measures are in contemplation
for their further extension. The sums expended
in the formation of these docks amount to more than two
millions sterling; for clearing them from the accumulation
of silt brought in by the tide, a dredging-machine, worked
by a steam-engine of ten-horse power, is in constant operation,
by which fifty tons per hour are raised into barges,
and deposited where it may be washed away by the current
of the river.</p>
</div>
<p class='c004'>To this we are enabled to add, from an official paper,
the following table, showing the area of water and the
quantity of quay-space of these splendid docks:—</p>
<div style="max-width:40em;margin:auto;">
<table class='table1'>
<colgroup>
<col class='colwidth49'>
<col class='colwidth26'>
<col class='colwidth23'>
</colgroup>
<tr>
<td class='c006'> </td>
<td class='c007'><span class='xsmall'>Area of water in Square Yards.</span></td>
<td class='c008'><span class='xsmall'>Quay-Space in Lineal Yards.</span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class='c006'> </td>
<td class='c009'> </td>
<td class='c010'> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class='c007'><span class='sc'>Dry Basins</span>.</td>
<td class='c009'> </td>
<td class='c010'> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class='c006'> </td>
<td class='c009'> </td>
<td class='c010'> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class='c006'>Prince’s Basin</td>
<td class='c009'>20,909</td>
<td class='c010'>509</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class='c006'>Seacombe Basin</td>
<td class='c009'>1,805</td>
<td class='c010'>188</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class='c006'>George’s Basin</td>
<td class='c009'>16,372</td>
<td class='c010'>455</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class='c006'>George’s Ferry Basin</td>
<td class='c009'>1,344</td>
<td class='c010'>160</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class='c006'>Old Dock Gut</td>
<td class='c009'>7,737</td>
<td class='c010'>447</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class='c006'>Queen’s Basin</td>
<td class='c009'>24,391</td>
<td class='c010'>601</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class='c006'>Brunswick Basin</td>
<td class='c009'>23,622</td>
<td class='c010'>572</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class='c006'>South Ferry Basin</td>
<td class='c009'>2,927</td>
<td class='c010'>205</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class='c006'> </td>
<td class='c009'> </td>
<td class='c010'> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class='c007'><span class='sc'>Wet Docks</span>.</td>
<td class='c009'> </td>
<td class='c010'> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class='c006'> </td>
<td class='c009'> </td>
<td class='c010'> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class='c006'>Prince’s Dock, with its two locks</td>
<td class='c009'>57,129</td>
<td class='c010'>1613</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class='c006'>George’s Dock, with its two passages</td>
<td class='c009'>26,793½</td>
<td class='c010'>1001</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class='c006'>Dry Dock as altered</td>
<td class='c009'>19,095</td>
<td class='c010'>500</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class='c006'>Salthouse Dock, with its passage</td>
<td class='c009'>23,025</td>
<td class='c010'>759</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class='c006'>King’s Dock, with its passage</td>
<td class='c009'>37,776</td>
<td class='c010'>875</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class='c006'>Queen’s Dock, with its two passages</td>
<td class='c009'>51,501½</td>
<td class='c010'>1255</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class='c006'>Half-tide Dock, with its passage</td>
<td class='c009'>13,185½</td>
<td class='c010'>497</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class='c006'> </td>
<td class='c009'> </td>
<td class='c010'> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class='c006'><span class='sc'>New North Works</span>.</td>
<td class='c009'> </td>
<td class='c010'> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class='c006'> </td>
<td class='c009'> </td>
<td class='c010'> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class='c006'>No. 1 Dock, with No. 1 Lock, and half of passage</td>
<td class='c009'>30,764½</td>
<td class='c010'>1012</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class='c006'>No. 2 Dock, with Entrance-Lock, and half of two passages</td>
<td class='c009'>29,085½</td>
<td class='c010'>839</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class='c006'>No. 3 Dock, with No. 2 Lock, and half of passage</td>
<td class='c009'>33,642½</td>
<td class='c010'>1050</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class='c006'>No. 4 Dock, with its Lock</td>
<td class='c009'>29,313</td>
<td class='c010'>914</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class='c006'>Half-tide Basin</td>
<td class='c009'>17,605</td>
<td class='c010'>586</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class='c006'> </td>
<td class='c009'> </td>
<td class='c010'> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class='c007'><span class='sc'>New South Docks</span>.</td>
<td class='c009'> </td>
<td class='c010'> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class='c006'> </td>
<td class='c009'> </td>
<td class='c010'> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class='c006'>Brunswick Dock, with its passage</td>
<td class='c009'>60,824</td>
<td class='c010'>1092</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class='c006'>Half-tide Basin</td>
<td class='c009'>9,245</td>
<td class='c010'>483</td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>
<p class='c005'>This forms a total of dock-room of one hundred and
eleven acres; and the quay-space extends to the length
of eight miles, within a few yards. The whole length of
the river-wall is two miles, eight hundred and twenty
yards, exclusive of the openings.</p>
<div class='c011'></div>
<hr class="divider">
<div>
<h2 class='c003'>FELIX NEFF.</h2>
</div>
<div class='subtitle'>
<div class='nf-center-c0'>
<div class='nf-center c011'>
<div>[A Memoir of Felix Neff, Pastor of the High Alps. By William Stephen Gilly, M.A., Prebendary of Durham. Rivington, 1832.]</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<p class='c005'>This is a volume which no one can read without improvement.
It contains the history of a young Protestant
clergyman, Felix Neff, who devoted his life to
the duty of preaching the divine word to the scattered
inhabitants of the dreary regions called “the High Alps”
of France<a id='r1'></a><a href='#f1' class='c012'><sup>[1]</sup></a>;—and who, in the discharge of this sacred
trust, felt that he was advancing his principal object
while he was improving the physical condition of these
poor people, and leading them to the acquirement of
<em>general</em> knowledge. The difficulties which this wise
and pious man encountered could only have been overcome
by the most ardent zeal. The labours which he
underwent, and the privations which he sustained, ruined
his health, and consigned him prematurely to the grave.
But his career, though short, was one of permanent usefulness
to the mountaineers in whose service he perished:
and he has left behind him a new example of how
much one man may accomplish for the benefit of his
fellow-creatures, who goes forward in a good work with
singleness of purpose, regardless of any other reward
but the approbation of his own conscience.</p>
<p class='c005'>Neff was not a man in whom book-learning constituted
the only knowledge. He received a tolerable education
from the pastor of the village near Geneva in which he
was born; and the contemplative and devout qualities
of his mind were called forth by the grand and beautiful
scenery by which he was surrounded in his boyhood.
But he had a strong love for what was practically useful,
and he therefore learnt the trade of a nursery gardener;
he had a stronger passion for romantic adventure, and
he entered as a private soldier in the service of Geneva
in 1815. At sixteen, when he was a gardener, he published
a valuable little treatise on the culture of trees;
and, within two years after he became a soldier at the
age of seventeen, he was promoted to be serjeant of
artillery, in consequence of his theoretical and practical
knowledge of mathematics. His anxious desire, however,
was to be a teacher of religion; and he at length
quitted the army to devote himself to the studies which
would be necessary previous to his ordination as a
minister. He first assumed the functions of what is
called a pastor-catechist; and was ultimately called to
the vocation for which he was so anxious, by one of those
independent congregations of England, whose ministers
are received in the Protestant churches of France. Neff
adopted the resolution to be ordained in London, for
the satisfaction of some religious scruples. This ceremony
took place in a chapel in the Poultry, in 1823;
and within six months after he was appointed authorized
pastor of the department of the High Alps. To form
an estimate of the labours which such an appointment
involved, it may be sufficient to mention that, in order
to visit his various flocks, the pastor had to travel,
from his fixed residence, twelve miles in a western
direction, sixty in an eastern, twenty in a southern, and
thirty-three in a northern; and that Neff steadily persevered,
in all seasons, in passing on foot from one district
to another, climbing mountains covered with snow,
forcing a way through valleys choked up by the masses
of rocks that were hurled down by the winter’s storm,
partaking of the coarse fare and imperfect shelter of the
peasant’s hut, and never allowing himself any repose or
<span class='pageno' id='Page_175'>175</span>relaxation, because the ignorance of the poor people who
were intrusted to his charge was so great, that nothing
but incessant activity on his part could surmount its evils.
Mr. Gilly has justly observed (speaking in his character
of an English clergyman), “it is well that we should see
how hard some of our brethren work, and how hard they
live; and that we should discover, to our humiliation,
that it is not always where there is the greatest company
of preachers that the word takes deepest root.”</p>
<p class='c005'>The course of Neff’s life, and the affection which he
inspired, will be better understood from the following
extract:—</p>
<div class='shrink'>
<p class='c004'>“When his arrival was expected in certain hamlets,
whose rotation to be visited was supposed to be coming
round, it was beautiful to see the cottages send forth their
inhabitants, to watch the coming of the beloved minister.
‘Come take your dinner with us.’—‘Let me prepare your
supper.’—‘Permit me to give up my bed to you,’—were
re-echoed from many a voice, and though there was nothing
in the repast which denoted a feast-day, yet never was festival
observed with greater rejoicing than by those whose
rye-bread and pottage were shared with the pastor Neff.
Sometimes, when the old people of one cabin were standing
at their doors, and straining their eyes to catch the first
view of their ‘guide to heaven,’ the youngsters of another
were perched on the summit of a rock, and stealing a prospect
which would afford them an earlier sight of him, and
give them the opportunity of offering the first invitation. It
was on these occasions that he obtained a perfect knowledge
of the people, questioning them about such of their
domestic concerns as he might be supposed to take an interest
in, as well as about their spiritual condition, and finding
where he could be useful both as a secular adviser and
a religious counsellor. ‘Could all their children read? Did
they understand what they read? Did they offer up morning
and evening prayers? Had they any wants that he
could relieve? Any doubts that he could remove? Any
afflictions wherein he could be a comforter?’</p>
<p class='c005'>“It was thus that he was the father of his flock, and
master of their affections and their opinions; and when the
seniors asked for his blessing, and the children took hold of
his hands or his knees, he felt all the fatigue of his long
journeys pass away, and became recruited with new strength.
But for the high and holy feelings which sustained him,
it is impossible that he could have borne up against his
numerous toils and exposures, even for the few months in
which he thus put his constitution to the trial. Neither
rugged paths, nor the inclement weather of these Alps,
which would change suddenly from sunshine to rain, and
from rain to sleet, and from sleet to snow; nor snow deep
under foot, and obscuring the view when dangers lay thick
on his road; nothing of this sort deterred him from setting
out, with his staff in his hand, and his wallet on his back,
when he imagined that his duty summoned him. I have
been assured by those who have received him into their
houses at such times, that he has come in chilly, wet, and
fatigued; or exhausted by heat, and sudden transitions from
excessive heat to piercing cold, and that after sitting down
a few minutes his elastic spirits would seem to renovate his
sinking frame, and he would enter into discourse with all
the mental vigour of one who was neither weary nor languid.</p>
<p class='c005'>“When he was not resident at the presbytery, he was the
guest of some peasant, who found him willing to live as he
lived, and to make a scanty meal of soup-maigre, often without
salt or bread, and to retire to rest in the same apartment,
where a numerous family were crowded together, amidst all
the inconveniences of a dirty and smoky hovel.”</p>
</div>
<p class='c004'>We have already stated that the benevolent pastor of
the High Alps was intent upon improving the condition
of his people as to physical comfort, at the same
time that he proclaimed to them the hopes and consolations
of religion. Let us see how he set about this
work:—</p>
<div class='shrink'>
<p class='c004'>“His first attempt was to impart an idea of domestic
convenience. Chimneys and windows to their hovels were
luxuries to which few of them had aspired, till he showed
them how easy it was to make a passage for the smoke, and
admittance for the light and air. He next convinced them
that warmth might be obtained more healthily than by pigging
together for six or seven months in stables, from which
the muck of the cattle was removed but once during the year.
For their coarse and unwholesome food, he had, indeed, no
substitute, because the sterility of the soil would produce no
other; but he pointed out a mode of tillage, by which they
increased the quantity: and in cases of illness, where they
had no conception of applying the simplest remedies, he
pointed out the comfort which a sick person may derive
from light and warm soups and other soothing assistance.
So ignorant were they of what was hurtful or beneficial in
acute disorders, that wine and brandy were no unusual prescriptions
in the height of a raging fever. Strange enough,
and still more characteristic of savage life, the women, till
Neff taught the men better manners, were treated with so
much disregard, that they never sat at table with their husbands
or brothers, but stood behind them, and received
morsels from their hands with obeisance and profound
reverence.”</p>
</div>
<p class='c004'>He taught the people of the valleys how to irrigate
their lands, so as to increase the crop of grass, which is
exceedingly small. He found the utmost difficulty in
explaining to his hearers that the water might be made
to rise and fall, and might be dammed up and distributed
accordingly as it might be required for use. The
labour and expense appeared to them insuperable difficulties.
In spite of their prejudices he accomplished
his object, working with the people as a common
labourer, and applying his knowledge as an engineer for
their exclusive advantage. By thus teaching them how
to double their crops he saved them from some of their
most severe privations. He taught them also how to
cultivate the potato with advantage. But he did more
even than this. He incited the people to build a schoolhouse
in one of the districts where knowledge was most
wanted: and that proper teachers might be spread
throughout these regions so shut out from the ordinary
means of education, he persuaded a number of young
persons to assemble together, one or two from each
community, during the most dreary of the winter months,
when they could not labour in the fields, and during
that time to work hard with him in the attainment of
that knowledge which they were afterwards to spread
amongst their uninstructed friends and neighbours. The
perseverance of these young people was worthy of their
zealous pastor. To accomplish this good work perfectly
he obtained the assistance of a studious young friend,
who was preparing himself for a great public school.
Neff’s own account of his progress as a schoolmaster is
so interesting that we are sure our readers will not complain
of its length:—</p>
<div class='shrink'>
<p class='c004'>“The short space of time which we had before us, rendered
every moment precious. We divided the day into
three parts. The first was from sunrise to eleven o’clock,
when we breakfasted. The second from noon to sunset,
when we supped. The third from supper till ten or eleven
o’clock at night, making in all fourteen or fifteen hours of
study in the twenty-four. We devoted much of this time to
lessons in reading, which the wretched manner in which they
had been taught, their detestable accent, and strange tone of
voice, rendered a most necessary, but tiresome duty. The
grammar, too, of which not one of them had the least idea,
occupied much of our time. People who have been brought
up in towns can have no conception of the difficulty which
mountaineers and rustics, whose ideas are confined to those
objects only to which they have been familiarized, find in
learning this branch of science. There is scarcely any way
of conveying the meaning of it to them. All the usual
terms and definitions, and the means which are commonly
employed in schools, are utterly unintelligible here. But
the curious and novel devices which must be employed
have this advantage,—that they exercise their understanding,
and help to form their judgment. Dictation was one of
the methods to which I had recourse: without it they would
have made no progress in grammar and orthography; but
they wrote so miserably, and slowly, that this consumed a
great portion of valuable time. Observing that they were
ignorant of the signification of a great number of French
words, of constant use and recurrence, I made a selection
from the vocabulary, and I set them to write down in little
copy-books words which were in most frequent use; but
<span class='pageno' id='Page_176'>176</span>the explanations contained in the dictionary were not enough,
and I was obliged to rack my brain for new and brief definitions
which they could understand, and to make them
transcribe these. Arithmetic was another branch of knowledge
which required many a weary hour. Geography was
considered a matter of recreation after dinner; and they
pored over the maps with a feeling of delight and amusement,
which was quite new to them. I also busied myself
in giving them some notions of the sphere, and of the form
and motion of the earth; of the seasons and the climates,
and of the heavenly bodies. Everything of this sort was as
perfectly novel to them, as it would have been to the
islanders of Otaheite; and even the elementary books,
which are usually put into the hands of children, were at
first as unintelligible as the most abstruse treatises on
mathematics. I was consequently forced to use the simplest
and plainest modes of demonstration; but these amused
and instructed them at the same time. A ball made of the
box-tree, with a hole through it, and moving on an axle,
and on which I had traced the principal circles; some
large potatoes hollowed out; a candle, and sometimes the
skulls of my scholars, served for the instruments by which
I illustrated the movements of the heavenly bodies, and
of the earth itself. Proceeding from one step to another, I
pointed out the situation of different countries on the chart
of the world, and in separate maps, and took pains to give
some slight idea, as we went on, of the characteristics, religion,
customs, and history of each nation. These details
fixed topics of moment in their recollection. Up to this
time I had been astonished by the little interest they took,
Christian-minded as they were, in the subject of Christian
missions; but, when they began to have some idea of geography,
I discovered that their former ignorance of this
science, and of the very existence of many foreign nations
in distant quarters of the globe, was the cause of such indifference.
But as soon as they began to learn who the people
are who require to have the Gospel preached to them,
and in what part of the globe they dwell, they felt the same
concern for the circulation of the Gospel that other Christians
entertained. These new acquirements, in fact, enlarged
their spirit, made new creatures of them, and seemed
to triple their very existence.</p>
<p class='c005'>“In the end, I advanced so far as to give some lectures
in geometry, and this too produced a happy moral development.</p>
<p class='c005'>“Lessons in music formed part of our evening employment,
and those being, like geography, a sort of amusement,
they were regularly succeeded by grave and edifying reading,
and by such reflections as I took care to suggest for
their improvement.”</p>
</div>
<p class='c004'>The unremitting labours of Neff destroyed his health,
and he was at length obliged to quit the inclement district
in which he had accomplished so much good. He
lingered for some time in a state of great debility, and
died at Geneva on the 12th April, 1829.</p>
<p class='c005'>We cannot better conclude this brief and imperfect
notice of a truly valuable and delightful book, than by
the following observations of its author on the character
of the admirable individual whose noble labours he
has recommended to the imitation, not only of every
Christian minister, but of every one, however humble,
who feels a desire to advance his own real happiness
and that of his fellow-creatures:—</p>
<div class='shrink'>
<p class='c004'>“It was his anxiety to build up the Christian on a foundation
where self dependence, vain-glory, and imaginary merit
were to have no place whatever; and yet every act of his
ministry proved that he set a just value on knowledge and
attainments. It was his labour of love to show, that whenever
any addition is made to our stock of knowledge, we not
only gain something in the way of enjoyment, but are laying
up a store for the improvement of our moral and religious
feelings, and of our general habits of industry. The spiritual
advancement of his flock was the great end and object
of all his toils; but no man ever took a warmer interest in
the temporal comforts of those about him, and this he
evinced by instructing them in the management of their
fields and gardens, in the construction of their cottages, and
in employing all his own acquirements in philosophy and
science for the amelioration of their condition.…
He so condescended to things of low estate, as to become a
teacher of a, b, c, not only to ignorant infancy, but to the
dull and unpliant capacities of adults. Beginning with the
most tiresome rudiments, he proceeded upwards, leading on
his scholars methodically, kindly, and patiently, until he had
made them proficients in reading, writing, and arithmetic,
and could lead them into the pleasanter paths of music,
geography, history, and astronomy. His mind was too
enlarged to fear that he should be teaching his peasant boys
too much. It was his aim to show what a variety of enjoyments
may be extracted out of knowledge, and that even
the shepherd and the goatherd of the mountain-side will be
all the happier and the better for every piece of solid information
that he can acquire.”</p>
</div>
<hr class='c013'>
<div class='footnote' id='f1'>
<p class='c005'><a href='#r1'>1</a>. The High Alps were originally peopled by Christians who fled to
these sterile and gloomy mountains and valleys to escape persecution
for their religious opinions. They were a hiding-place for centuries.</p>
</div>
<div class='c011'></div>
<hr class="divider">
<div>
<h2 class='c003'>STATUE OF MAJOR CARTWRIGHT.</h2>
</div>
<div class='illo-wide'>
<div class='figcenter id001'>
<a href='images/statue-of-major-cartwright-full.jpg'><img src='images/statue-of-major-cartwright-inline.png' alt='A statue of a man, seated, in short trousers and a long coat or robe' class='ig001'></a>
</div>
</div>
<p class='c004'>A statue to the memory of Major Cartwright has lately
been erected, by public subscription, in Burton Crescent,
where the venerable reformer for many years resided.
It is of bronze, and was executed by Mr. Clarke, late
of Birmingham.</p>
<div class='c011'></div>
<hr class="divider">
<div class='shrink'>
<p class='c014'>⁂ The Penny Magazine will, in most cases, be delivered <i>weekly</i>
in the Towns of the United Kingdom, by Booksellers and Newsvenders,
to whom Subscribers should address their Orders. It cannot
be sent by Post as a Newspaper is, being unstamped. For the convenience
of those, who, residing in country places, cannot obtain the
Publication at <i>regular</i> weekly intervals, the Numbers published
during each Month will be stitched together to form a <i>Monthly
Part</i>. That this Part may be sold at a convenient and uniform
price, a <span class='sc'>Monthly Supplement</span>, consisting chiefly of Notices of such
<i>New Books</i> as we think right to give a place to in ‘the Library,’
will appear with the regular Number on the last Saturday in the
Month. The price of the Part, whether consisting of five or of six
Numbers, will be <span class='sc'>Sixpence</span>; each Part will be neatly and strongly
done up, in a wrapper. Thus, the <i>annual</i> Expense of Twelve Parts
will be Six Shillings, viz.:—</p>
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<td class='c015'> </td>
<td class='c009'><i>s.</i></td>
<td class='c010'><i>d.</i></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class='c015'>52 Regular Numbers</td>
<td class='c009'>4</td>
<td class='c010'>4</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class='c015'>12 Supplements</td>
<td class='c009'>1</td>
<td class='c010'>0</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class='c015'>12 Wrappers</td>
<td class='c009'>0</td>
<td class='c010'>8</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class='c015'> </td>
<td class='sumline c010' colspan='2'></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class='c015'> </td>
<td class='c009'>6</td>
<td class='c010'>0</td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>
</div>
<hr class='c016'>
<div class='colophon'>
<div class='nf-center-c0'>
<div class='nf-center c000'>
<div>LONDON:—CHARLES KNIGHT, PALL-MALL EAST.</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class='nf-center-c0'>
<div class='nf-center'>
<div><i>Shopkeepers and Hawkers may be supplied Wholesale by the following Booksellers, of whom, also, any of the previous Numbers may be had:—</i></div>
</div>
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<div class='colophon-left'>
<div class='lg-container-l'>
<div class='linegroup'>
<div class='group'>
<div class='line'><i>London</i>, <span class='sc'>Groombridge</span>, Panyer Alley.</div>
<div class='line'><i>Bath</i>, <span class='sc'>Simms</span>.</div>
<div class='line'><i>Birmingham</i>, <span class='sc'>Drake</span>.</div>
<div class='line'><i>Bristol</i>, <span class='sc'>Westley</span> and Co.</div>
<div class='line'><i>Carlisle</i>, <span class='sc'>Thurnam</span>; and <span class='sc'>Scott</span>.</div>
<div class='line'><i>Derby</i>, <span class='sc'>Wilkins</span> and <span class='sc'>Son</span>.</div>
<div class='line'><i>Doncaster</i>, <span class='sc'>Brooke</span> and Co.</div>
<div class='line'><i>Falmouth</i>, <span class='sc'>Philip</span>.</div>
<div class='line'><i>Hull</i>, <span class='sc'>Stephenson</span>.</div>
<div class='line'><i>Leeds</i>, <span class='sc'>Baines</span> and <span class='sc'>Newsome</span>.</div>
<div class='line'><i>Lincoln</i>, <span class='sc'>Brooke</span> and <span class='sc'>Sons</span>.</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class='colophon-right'>
<div class='lg-container-l'>
<div class='linegroup'>
<div class='group'>
<div class='line'><i>Liverpool</i>, <span class='sc'>Willmer</span> and <span class='sc'>Smith</span>.</div>
<div class='line'><i>Manchester</i>, <span class='sc'>Robinson</span>; and <span class='sc'>Webb</span> and <span class='sc'>Simms</span>.</div>
<div class='line'><i>Newcastle-upon-Tyne</i>, <span class='sc'>Charnley</span>.</div>
<div class='line'><i>Norwich</i>, <span class='sc'>Jarrold</span> and <span class='sc'>Son</span>.</div>
<div class='line'><i>Nottingham</i>, <span class='sc'>Wright</span>.</div>
<div class='line'><i>Sheffield</i>, <span class='sc'>Ridge</span>.</div>
<div class='line'><i>Worcester</i>, <span class='sc'>Deighton</span>.</div>
<div class='line'><i>Dublin</i>, <span class='sc'>Wakeman</span>.</div>
<div class='line'><i>Edinburgh</i>, <span class='sc'>Oliver</span> and <span class='sc'>Boyd</span>.</div>
<div class='line'><i>Glasgow</i>, <span class='sc'>Atkinson</span> and Co.</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class='clear'>
<div class='nf-center-c0'>
<div class='nf-center'>
<div>Printed by <span class='sc'>William Clowes</span>, Stamford Street.</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class='pbb'>
<hr class='pb c002'>
</div>
<div>
<p class='c017'></p>
</div>
<div class='transcribers-notes'>
<div class='nf-center-c1'>
<div class='nf-center'>
<div><span class='xlarge'>Transcriber’s Notes</span></div>
</div>
</div>
<p class='c018'>New original cover art included with this eBook is granted to the public domain. Itemized changes from the original text:</p>
<ul class='ul_1'>
<li><a href='#tn-longevity'>p. 170</a>: Added closing bracket after subtitle of article “Health and
Longevity.”
</li>
<li><a href='#tn-northofengland'>p. 171</a>: Added hyphen between “of” and “England” in phrase “the
North-of-England Medical Journal.”
</li>
<li><a href='#tn-footpassengers'>p. 172</a>: Added hyphen between “foot” and “passengers” in phrase
“and also to foot-passengers.”
</li>
<li><a href='#tn-timberstores'>p. 173</a>: Added comma after phrase “freighted with timber and naval
stores.”
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div style='text-align:center'>*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 77005 ***</div>
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