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margin-bottom: 0.25em; } + .c018 { margin-top: 2em; margin-bottom: 0.25em; } + .transcribers-notes { width: 80%; margin: auto; padding: 0 1em; + color:black; background-color: #E3E4FA; border: 1px solid silver; + page-break-before:always;margin-top:4em; } + hr.divider {width:30%;margin-left:35%;margin-right:35%; } + hr.full {width:100%; } + .subtitle {margin-bottom:2em; } + .masthead {text-align:center; display:inline-block; width:100%; } + .masthead-left {float:left;text-align:left; } + .masthead-right {float:right;text-align:right; } + .masthead-left, .masthead-right {width:24%; } + .masthead-centre {margin:auto;width:50% } + .colophon {font-size:75%; } + .colophon-left {float:left; } + .colophon-right {float:right; } + .colophon-left, .colophon-right {width:48%;text-align:left; } + .clear {clear:both; } + .illo-left {float:left; } + .illo-wide {width:100%; } + div.linegroup > :last-child { margin-bottom: 0; } + .shrink {font-size:90%; } + td.sumline {border-top:2px solid black; } + </style> + </head> + <body> +<div style='text-align:center'>*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 77005 ***</div> + +<div class='nf-center-c1'> +<div class='nf-center c000'> + <div><span class='pageno' id='Page_169'>169</span>Monthly Supplement of</div> + </div> +</div> + +<div> + <h1 class='c001' title='The Penny Magazine, June 30 to July 31 , 1832'>THE PENNY MAGAZINE</h1> +</div> + +<div class='nf-center-c1'> +<div class='nf-center c002'> + <div><span class='small'>OF THE</span></div> + </div> +</div> + +<div class='nf-center-c1'> +<div class='nf-center c002'> + <div><span class='large'>Society for the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge.</span></div> + </div> +</div> + +<hr class="full"> +<div class="masthead"> +<div class="masthead-right"></div> +<div class="masthead-left">21.]</div> +<div class="masthead-centre"><span class='sc'>June 30 to July 31</span>, 1832</div> +<hr class="full"> +</div> + +<div> + <h2 class='c003'>HUNGERFORD MARKET.</h2> +</div> + +<div class='illo-wide'> + +<div class='figcenter id001'> +<a href='images/hungerford-market-full.jpg'><img src='images/hungerford-market-inline.png' alt='' class='ig001'></a> +<div class='ic001'> +<p>[River Front of Hungerford Market.]</p> +</div> +</div> + +</div> + +<p class='c004'>An act was obtained in 1830, incorporating a company +of proprietors for the re-establishment of <i>Hungerford +Market</i>. The site of the old market has been purchased, +together with the surrounding houses, those in +Hungerford-street, and some few in the Strand, in order +to ensure a proper frontage and secure a convenient +access to that thoroughfare. Many of these buildings +are pulled down. The architect of the New Market +is Mr. C. Fowler. The front to the river is completed +externally, and forms a very elegant structure, as represented +in the above view. The basement of the centre +next the river constitutes the Fish-Market. The wings +are intended for taverns, connected by a colonnade with +a terrace which occupies the entire front. From the +Fish-Market the ascent is by a spacious flight of steps +in the centre externally, and two staircases within, at the +extremities of the portico, which is separated from the +hall by a screen of arches. The hall, exclusive of the +porticoes, is 157 feet long by 123 feet wide, consisting +of a nave and two aisles, besides ranges of shops against +the side walls, with galleries over. These galleries are +approached by four staircases at the extremities. The +floor of the hall will be occupied by ranges of stands +for casual business, with convenient avenues between +them. The galleries will be appropriated for the sale +of such articles as require a neat display, and will be +disposed somewhat in the manner of a bazaar, with +a range of counters, &c., and a walk in front. The roof +of the nave, or centre compartment of the building, being +raised above the other parts by a tier of open arches, +ensures an ample supply of light and air; the roofs of the +aisles are likewise open in the centre, in order still further +to secure that important object. Underneath the whole +of the hall is a range of arched cellars or vaults, having +approaches in various directions. The upper court corresponds +nearly with the lower court or Fish-Market, but +at the level of a story above it. The colonnades are here +combined with shops and dwellings for resident shopkeepers. +The columns, stairs, pavement, and parts of +the front of this important building are of granite.</p> + +<p class='c005'>We subjoin the measurements of the different divisions +of the Market. The width of the upper and lower +areas is that of the uncovered space. That of the Great +Hail is the total width:</p> + +<div style="max-width:40em;margin:auto;"> +<table class='table0'> + <tr> + <td class='c006'> </td> + <td class='c007' colspan='2'>Length.</td> + <td class='c008'>Width.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'> </td> + <td class='c009'><span class='small'>feet.</span></td> + <td class='c009'><span class='small'>in.</span></td> + <td class='c010'><span class='small'>feet.</span></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Upper Area</td> + <td class='c009'>140</td> + <td class='c009'>0</td> + <td class='c010'>69</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>The Great Hall</td> + <td class='c009'>157</td> + <td class='c009'>0</td> + <td class='c010'>123</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Lower Area</td> + <td class='c009'>130</td> + <td class='c009'>0</td> + <td class='c010'>63</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>The two Colonnades connecting the divisions, and leading to Gallery-Staircases, each</td> + <td class='c009'>11</td> + <td class='c009'>6</td> + <td class='c010'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Total width of building, river front</td> + <td class='c009'> </td> + <td class='c009'> </td> + <td class='c010'>126</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Total length of building from River to Hungerford-street</td> + <td class='c009'>475</td> + <td class='c009'>6</td> + <td class='c010'> </td> + </tr> +</table> +</div> + +<div><span class='pageno' id='Page_170'>170</span></div> +<div class='c011'></div> +<hr class="divider"> +<div> + <h2 class='c003'><span class='sc'>The</span> VILLAGE POOR-HOUSE. By a <span class='sc'>Country Curate.</span> Smith, Elder, & Co. 1832.</h2> +</div> + +<p class='c004'>This little volume claims our attention by the high +poetical talent it displays. It professes, moreover, to +describe the actual state of feeling amongst the poor, +or the labouring body in England—that class of society +to whose wants and improvement our humble labours +are mainly directed.</p> + +<p class='c005'>The author thus beautifully opens his subject:—</p> + +<div class='lg-container-b'> + <div class='linegroup'> + <div class='group'> + <div class='line'>Our village has a pleasant look,</div> + <div class='line in2'>A happy look as e’er was seen—</div> + <div class='line'>Right through the valley flows a brook</div> + <div class='line'>Which winds in many a flowery nook</div> + <div class='line in2'>And freshens all the green.</div> + </div> + <div class='group'> + <div class='line'>On either side, so clear and white,</div> + <div class='line in2'>A row of cottages you see—</div> + <div class='line'>And jessamine is clustered o’er</div> + <div class='line'>The humble trellis of each door,</div> + <div class='line in2'>Then left to clamber free</div> + <div class='line'>And shake its blossoms far and wide</div> + <div class='line'>O’er all the white-wash’d cottage side.</div> + </div> + <div class='group'> + <div class='line in2'>As dying evening sinks away,</div> + <div class='line in2'>The old church tow’r, erect and grey,</div> + <div class='line in2'>Catches far up the parting light</div> + <div class='line in2'>And half grows holy to the sight.</div> + </div> + </div> +</div> + +<p class='c005'>But from this description of the village itself the +author passes to its inhabitants, and then would prove +to us, that this external beauty is but a veil to cover +what is in reality a more disgusting place than a charnel-house. +For within the village, he says, there is +nothing but tyranny and slavery,—pampered luxury on +the part of the few, and the most abject poverty on the +part of the many. There is not one family, he would +show, in those happy circumstances, below wealth but +above poverty and dependence—there is not a single +industrious contented labourer. All here is misery—the +most degrading, unrelieved suffering, and unrepented +crime, among the poor; from the rich <em>few</em>, there is not +to be drawn a single gleam of commiseration or charity +to break the horrid gloom. Were all the plagues of +Egypt busy at once on the devoted place, the village +could not be so loathsome as it is here represented.</p> + +<p class='c005'>We are fully prepared to admit the existence of evils +among the labouring classes of this country, but we are +sure that the state of things represented in this poem +has no more foundation in truth than those poetical +pictures of rural life which our author, justly enough, +pronounces to be <em>only</em> poetical.</p> + +<p class='c005'>Has the “Country Curate” seen anything of the +condition of the peasantry in other countries?—If not, +let him ask those who have, and they will assure him +that it is nearly every where inferior to that of the peasantry +of England. We do not say this from any +overweening national pride, or from any desire to make +the people idly contented with their state as it is, and +indifferent to future improvement. No! we would say +to the peasantry, as to every other class, Keep your eyes +ever open to your rights; strive to make what is indifferent—good, +what is good—better; and persevere +in that moral and intellectual improvement which can +alone render you sensible of your rights, and fit you for +their enjoyment! You are not now what you were a +century or two ago, because you are better informed and +more civilized than then; and a century hence your condition +will be so much the better, as you will be more +civilized than now. We would rescue the wealthier +body from the insane jealousy and hatred which the +verses of the “Country Curate” have a direct tendency +to excite against them in the breasts of the poor; we +would hint at the exertions now pretty generally made +by that body to promote the welfare and instruction of +the labouring classes, with which their own welfare is +closely linked. But still we would not have the poor +depend entirely on what the rich may bestow upon them, +or assist them in obtaining. We would have the peasant +or the artisan work out his own mental improvement, +and then, most assuredly, will he find his moral dignity +elevated and his comforts increased.</p> + +<div class='c011'></div> +<hr class="divider"> +<div> + <h2 class='c003'>HEALTH AND LONGEVITY.</h2> +</div> + +<div class='subtitle'> + +<div class='nf-center-c0'> +<div class='nf-center c011'> + <div>[The Effects of Arts, Trades, and Professions, and of Civil States and Habits of Living, on Health and Longevity; By C. Turner Thackrah, Esq. <a id='tn-longevity'></a>Second Edition. Longman, 1832.]</div> + </div> +</div> + +</div> + +<p class='c005'>The author of this book is a medical practitioner at +Leeds; and the object of his work, than which there can +be none more important, is to exhibit, in most cases +from personal observation, the influence of particular +occupations on the health of the individuals pursuing +them and on the duration of their lives. His general +impression is, that the employments of large manufacturing +towns, such as Leeds, Manchester, Birmingham, +and Sheffield, are decidedly unfavourable to health and +consequently to happiness; and, he says, with regard to +the town in which he lives, “every day we see sacrificed +to the artificial state of society one, and sometimes +two victims, whom the destinies of nature would have +spared.” Doubtless, continued and laborious occupation +in crowded rooms is not favourable to health; but, +on the other hand, it should be considered that these +very employments, by increasing the comforts of the +great mass of consumers, have a direct tendency to +secure the general health of the community; and that +if the term “destinies of nature” is to be taken to +apply to man in an uncivilized state, it is perfectly certain +that the artisan who pursues his calling under the +most unfavourable circumstances is far better off in his +physical condition, and therefore in his capacity for +long life, than the poor dweller in the forests of America +or the wilds of Africa, whose supply of food and clothing +is wholly dependent upon chance, and who is entirely +without medical aid in sickness. It is a well-known +fact, that in this country, a century ago, the +average mortality in a year was one in thirty; it is now +about one in sixty; that is, where one person in a year +dies now, two died a century ago, as compared with the +gross amount of the population. When it is considered +therefore, how large a number of our countrymen are +employed in manufactures, it would seem that, upon the +whole, manufacturing employments are not so unfavourable +to health as might at first be imagined. An attentive +examination of Mr. Thackrah’s book will show, +that even in the most apparently unwholesome employments +there is a wonderful compensation in the +power of habit; and it is beyond all doubt that cleanliness, +temperance, and that habitual cheerfulness which +leads the spirit to triumph over the most adverse circumstances, +will enable those who would appear necessarily +the most unfortunate, to pass through life with comparative +happiness and comfort. Still, it is very important +to examine what occupations have the most unfavourable +influence on health,—not with the view of making +those who follow them dissatisfied with their condition, +but for the purpose of suggesting every preventive +and remedial measure, within the range of human knowledge, +to the attention of the capitalist, whose first duty +is to provide for the happiness of those around him; +and above all to show the working-man himself how +much he has it in his own power to mitigate the evils +which he cannot altogether avoid. In this point of view +Mr. Thackrah’s book deserves the most serious consideration +of all classes. It is most satisfactory to know, +upon Mr. Thackrah’s authority, that “in many of our +occupations the injurious agents might be immediately +removed or diminished.”</p> + +<p class='c005'>For the convenience of his inquiry the writer before +us divides society into five great classes, viz.—I. Operatives. +II. Dealers. III. Master Manufacturers, +and Merchants. IV. Men independent of business and +labour. V. Professional Men.—The first section of +<span class='pageno' id='Page_171'>171</span>operatives he sub-divides into—1, those whose employments +are chiefly in the open air; 2, those whose +employments are carried on in an atmosphere confined +and impure; 3, those whose employments produce dust, +odour, or gaseous exhalations; 4, those whose employments +injure or annoy by acting on the skin; 5, those +whose employments expose them to wet and steam; +6, those who are exposed to a high temperature, or great +variations of temperature. When we state that in these +six sub-divisions of the great class of operatives, Mr. +Thackrah describes the peculiar effects of about two +hundred different employments, it must be evident that +we cannot attempt even to enumerate the occupations +whose influence upon health is here noticed. To show, +however, the interesting mode in which this inquiry is +for the most part conducted, we subjoin an abridged +extract, descriptive of the condition of the grinders and +machine-makers of Sheffield:—</p> + +<div class='shrink'> + +<p class='c004'>“Dr. Knight, in <a id='tn-northofengland'></a>the North-of-England Medical Journal, +states that the fork-grinders, who use a <em>dry</em> grindstone, die +at the ages of 28 or 32, while the table-knife grinders, who +work on <em>wet</em> stones, survive to between 40 and 50. Dr. K.’s +paper very properly alludes to the combination of injurious +agents and circumstances. It is not, merely the pernicious +employment, but the want of sieve and ventilation in the +apartments where the men now work,—the want, moreover, +of that exercise in the open air which they formerly took in +going to work and returning from it; and finally, the intemperance +which results from their congregation, and still +more from their desperation of life. It appears, that in 1822, +‘out of 2,500 grinders, there were not 35 who had arrived +at the age of 50, and perhaps not double that number who +had reached the age of 45; and out of more than 80 fork-grinders, +exclusive of boys, it was reported that there was +not a single individual 36 years old.’ The symptoms of the +grinders’ disease are those of slow but certainly fatal consumption. +The remedies judiciously recommended by Dr. +Knight, are, 1st. Dusting the machinery, before the work +commences: 2nd. Great reduction in the time of labour: +3rd. Use of wet stones as much as possible; 4th. Large +flues to be laid on the floor for ventilation, and currents of +air to be forced through them by the machines: 5th. Fork-grinding +to be confined to criminals.</p> + +<p class='c005'>“<em>Draw-filing cast iron</em> is a very injurious occupation. +The dust is much more abundant, and the metallic particles +much more minute, than in the filing of <em>wrought</em> iron. The +particles rise so copiously as to blacken the mouth and +nose. The men first feel the annoyance in the nostrils. +The lining membrane discharges copiously for some time, +and then becomes preternaturally dry. Besides the dust +there are some very bright scales, called <i>kisk</i>, very visible +though scarcely tangible, which rise from the castings, as +these are taken out of the moulders’ boxes, and considerably +irritate the air-tube. But these scales produce much less +frequent annoyance than the particles detached by the file, +notwithstanding the dust of the employ. Respiration is not +promptly impeded. Of ten men whom I examined with +reference to this point, but one had difficulty of breathing +as a <em>primary</em> symptom. The subsequent symptoms are +determined chiefly by intemperance, and the constitutional +disposition to consumption. The machine-makers earn high +wages, and many consequently are addicted to liquor. In +all, the breathing becomes, in a few years, more affected +by exertion; but in the intemperate it is most affected; +the morning cough is attended with retchings, disorder of +the liver and of the other organs of digestion becomes +established, and at length pulmonary consumption closes +the list of symptoms. Scarcely a filer can be found in +health. Few bear the employ, even modified as it is by +frequent changes of material, for twenty-five years. Only +one instance have I been able to find of a working filer +exceeding the age of fifty. What can be done to prevent +this lamentable waste of life? Magnetic mouth-pieces, +which attract the particles of iron inhaled in respiration, +and thus greatly diminish the quantity which would enter +the air-tube, were many years ago introduced in Sheffield, +and ought ere this to have been more extensively tried. +But there is a strange apathy both among the men and the +masters.”</p> + +</div> + +<p class='c004'>If the working-classes, in the ordinary acceptation of +the term, have abundant evils in their employments, +those who would appear to be placed under happier +circumstances are not exempt from those corroding cares +and unnatural excitements which injure health, and destroy +life, as speedily as crowded rooms and extreme +heat or cold. Let us take Mr. Thackrah’s description +of the class of shopkeepers:—</p> + +<div class='shrink'> + +<p class='c004'>“They are generally temperate in their diet. They injure +health, not by direct attacks, not by the introduction +of injurious agents, but by withholding the pabulum of life—a +due supply of that pure fluid, which nature designed as +food for the constitution. Be it remembered that man subsists +upon the air, more than upon his meat and drink. +Numerous instances might be adduced of persons existing +for months and years on a very scanty supply of aliment, +but it is notorious that no one can exist for an hour without +a copious supply of air. The atmosphere which shopkeepers +breathe is contaminated and adulterated; air, with its vital +principles so diminished, that it cannot fully decarbonize +the blood, nor fully excite the nervous system. Hence shopkeepers +are pale, dyspeptic, and subject to affections of the +head. They often drag on a sickly existence, die before the +proper end of human life, and leave a progeny like themselves.”</p> + +</div> + +<p class='c004'>The merchant and manufacturer is probably not more +fortunate, though he may appear to have a greater command +of worldly comforts:—</p> + +<div class='shrink'> + +<p class='c004'>“Of the causes of disease, anxiety of mind is one of the +most frequent and important. When we walk the streets +of large commercial towns, we can scarcely fail to remark +the hurried gait, and care-worn features of the well-dressed +passengers. Some young men, indeed, we may see, with +countenances possessing natural cheerfulness and colour; +but these appearances rarely survive the age of manhood. +Cuvier closes an eloquent description of animal existence +and change, with the conclusion that ‘life is a state of +force.’ What he would urge in a physical view, we may +more strongly urge in a moral. Civilization has changed +our character of mind as well as of body. We live in a state +of unnatural excitement:—unnatural, because it is partial, +irregular, and excessive. Our muscles waste for <em>want</em> of +action; our nervous system is worn out by <em>excess</em> of action. +Vital energy is drawn from the operations for which nature +designed it, and devoted to operations which nature never +contemplated. If we cannot adopt the doctrine of a foreign +philosopher, ‘that a thinking man is a depraved animal,’ we +may without hesitation affirm, ‘that inordinate application +of mind, the cares, anxieties, and disappointments of commercial +life, greatly impair the physical powers.’”</p> + +</div> + +<p class='c004'>Let us see if the <em>idle</em> man of independent fortune is +placed under more favourable circumstances for the enjoyment +of existence:—</p> + +<div class='shrink'> + +<p class='c004'>“A man supplied with food and comforts, without labour +and care, has constantly full opportunity of attending to +health. But man is a social animal. The Creator has ordained +that no individual shall live to himself, and live in +happiness. A man without an object is like a tree without +a leading shoot. He has not the vigour of his fellows; his +strength is either dissipated in irregular pursuits, or decays +from listlessness. In professions and trades the nervous +system is often exhausted by excessive application; here, as +frequently it declines from the want of exertion. Need I +add, that the vices which result from the want of employment, +undermine the constitution and shorten life.”</p> + +</div> + +<p class='c004'>Mr. Thackrah has stated, in many instances, the +modes which he conceives applicable to the mitigation +or removal of the evils of particular employments. It +is, of course, not within our province to follow him in +these details. But throughout his work he notices also +those habits which are best calculated to preserve man +in health in every situation. These best remedies, which +are in a great degree within the reach of us all, may be +comprised in the words <i>temperance</i>, <i>cleanliness</i>, <i>exercise +in the open air</i>, and <i>cheerful relaxation</i>. It should be +the aim of every working-man to employ these remedies +for any evils of his occupation, as far as he can +himself; it is the duty of every employer, as much as +in him lies, so to regulate his periods of labour, that no +artisan shall be unable, from want of time, to take his +evening walk in the fresh fields, to cultivate his little +garden, or to afford an hour to that improvement of his +mind which will invigorate and refresh his body, by the +cheapest and the purest of all pleasures.</p> + +<div><span class='pageno' id='Page_172'>172</span></div> +<div class='c011'></div> +<hr class="divider"> +<div> + <h2 class='c003'>GEORGE THE FOURTH’S GATE, HYDE PARK CORNER.</h2> +</div> + +<div class='illo-wide'> + +<div class='figcenter id001'> +<a href='images/george-gate-full.jpg'><img src='images/george-gate-inline.png' alt='' class='ig001'></a> +<div class='ic001'> +<p>[Entrance to the Green Park, St. James’s.]</p> +</div> +</div> + +</div> + +<p class='c004'>This fine gate, which was completed about five years +since, after a design by Mr. Decimus Burton, was originally +intended for a private entrance to the New +Palace. Within the last few months it has been devoted +to a purpose of more general utility, the road from Constitution +Hill having been turned so as to allow access +through the gate to those carriages which have the privilege +of passing through the park, <a id='tn-footpassengers'></a>and also to foot-passengers. +A new lodge has recently been erected in +James Street, opening to the road connecting Pimlico +with Great George Street, Westminster; and this road +is free to horsemen and private carriages without distinction.</p> + +<div class='c011'></div> +<hr class="divider"> +<div> + <h2 class='c003'>THE LIVERPOOL DOCKS.</h2> +</div> + +<p class='c004'>We are enabled, after many experiments, to present our +readers with a plan of the Liverpool Docks, executed by +a new process—namely, by a union of lines cut upon +wood, and of moveable type. The completion of our +wishes, in this respect, will enable us to illustrate any +subject of geography or topography, by maps and plans, +executed with more precision than we could have attained +by any other means. We subjoin to this plan a +short account of these extraordinary public works, which +the growing commerce of Liverpool has created:—</p> + +<p class='c005'>The town of Liverpool was originally a small fishing-village, +till Henry the Second, in 1172, first used its +port as a station for the embarkation of troops to Ireland. +This circumstance, with the gradually increasing commerce +consequent on the connection ever since maintained +between the two countries, and the excellence of +its port, doubtlessly laid the foundation of its present +magnitude and prosperity. Yet its growth for a long +period was slow, and even at times seemed to retrograde. +In 1571 the inhabitants of the “poor decayed town of +Liverpool” petitioned Queen Elizabeth to be relieved +from a subsidy imposed on them; and in 1630, while +Bristol was assessed at 1,000<i>l.</i> for ship-money by +Charles I., Liverpool was rated at only 26<i>l.</i></p> + +<div class='illo-left'> + +<div class='figcenter id002'> +<a href='images/the-liverpool-docks-full.jpg'><img src='images/the-liverpool-docks-inline.png' alt='Map' class='ig001'></a> +</div> + +</div> + +<p class='c005'>The first great increase which took place in the importance +of Liverpool appears to have been shortly after +the commencement of the war with France in 1778, in +the first year of which one hundred and twenty privateers, +manned by eight thousand seven hundred and +fifty seamen, issued from this port. Since that period +its increase has been constant and wonderfully rapid. +The population, which in 1801 was 77,653, in 1831 +amounted to 165,175. In the year ending June, 1830, +the number of vessels, entered inwards and outwards, +amounted to 11,214, of which the tonnage was +1,411,964, and the customs duties 3,123,758<i>l.</i> 8<i>s.</i> 10<i>d</i>. +To provide facilities for this immense traffic great exertions +have been made, and vast expense incurred, in +the construction of docks and the erection of warehouses. +<span class='pageno' id='Page_173'>173</span>The plan we have given shows their position; and the +following account, extracted from Lewis’s Topographical +Dictionary of England, a valuable work recently completed +in four quarto volumes, affords such information +as may render the plan perfectly intelligible:—</p> + +<div class='shrink'> + +<p class='c004'>For the security of the shipping in the port, and for the +greater facility of loading and unloading merchandize, an +immense range of docks and warehouses, extending nearly +two miles along the eastern bank of the river (the Mersey), +has been constructed on a scale of unparalleled magnificence, +and forming one of those characteristics of commercial +greatness in which this town is unrivalled. The docks +are of three kinds, the wet docks, the dry docks, and the +graving docks; the wet docks are chiefly for ships of great +burden employed in the foreign trade, and which float in +them at all states of the tide, the water being retained by +gates; the dry docks, so called because they are left dry +when the tide is out, are chiefly appropriated to coasting +vessels; and the graving docks, which admit or exclude the +water at pleasure, are adapted to the repair of ships, during +which they are kept dry, and when completed are floated +out by admitting the tide. The Old Dock, which was the first +of the kind constructed in England, and for making which, +an act of parliament was obtained in 1708, is not now in use, +its site having been appropriated to the erection of a new +custom-house, and other offices connected with the trade of +the port. The Dry Dock, which is about to be converted into +a wet dock, was constructed under the authority of an act +passed in the 11th of George II., and is chiefly occupied by +sloops from the north coast, which import corn, provisions, +and slate, and convey back the produce of the West Indies, +the Mediterranean, Portugal, and Baltic: it has a quay five +hundred yards in length, and has communication with three +graving docks; it has been considerably enlarged, and many +of the buildings surrounding it have been taken down with +the view of obtaining more quay room. The Salthouse +Dock, so named from some salt-works formerly contiguous +to it, was constructed about the same time as the Dry Dock; +the upper part of it is chiefly for ships that are laid up, and +the lower part for vessels in the Levant, Irish, and coasting +trades; the quay is seven hundred and fifty-nine yards in +extent, and is provided with convenient warehouses, with +arcades for foot-passengers on the east side, and extensive +sheds on the west side; between this dock and the river are +some ship-builders’ yards, which the corporation intend to +convert into docks for the craft employed in the inland trade. +George’s Dock was constructed in the 2d of George III., at +an expense of 21,000<i>l.</i>; it was originally two hundred and +forty-six yards in length, and one hundred yards in breadth, +with a quay of seven hundred yards in extent; but it has +been enlarged, and the quay is now one thousand and one +yards in length: on the east side is a range of extensive +warehouses, in front of which is an arcade for foot-passengers: +and on the west side are sheds for protecting the +merchandize from the weather: at the north and south ends +of the dock are handsome cast-iron bridges; and a parade +is continued westward for a considerable distance into the +river: this dock has a communication with the two preceding +docks, and also with the Prince’s Dock, by basins, +which preclude the necessity of returning into the river. +The King’s Dock, constructed in the 25th of George III., is +two hundred and seventy yards in length, and ninety-six in +breadth, and is appropriated to vessels from Virginia and +other parts, laden with tobacco, which article is exclusively +landed here: the new tobacco warehouses extend the whole +length of the quay, on the west side, and are five hundred +and seventy-five feet in length, and two hundred and thirty-nine +in depth; the old warehouses on the opposite side, +which were appropriated to that purpose, have been converted +into sheds for the security of merchandize: ships +from the Baltic, <a id='tn-timberstores'></a>freighted with timber and naval stores, +discharge their cargoes on the quay; across the entrance +is a handsome swivel bridge of cast-iron: this dock has +a communication on the south with a dry dock and two +graving docks. The Queen’s Dock, constructed at the +same time, is four hundred and seventy yards long, and two +hundred and twenty-seven and a half in breadth, with a +spacious quay, and is chiefly occupied by vessels freighted +with timber, and by those employed in the Dutch and Baltic +trades; at the south end it communicates with a basin of +considerable extent, called the Brunswick Half-Tide Dock, +which is also connected with the Brunswick Dry Basin. On +the south of the half-tide dock, a new dock of larger dimensions +<span class='pageno' id='Page_174'>174</span>than any of the preceding, for vessels laden with timber, +is in progress, to be called the Brunswick Dock, with a +basin to the south of it, and patent slips for the repairing of +vessels, which will probably terminate the range of docks at +the southern extremity. The Prince’s Dock, constructed +under an act passed in the 51st of George III., was opened +with great pomp on the day of the coronation of his late +Majesty, George IV.; it is five hundred yards in length, +and one hundred and six in breadth; at the north end is a +spacious basin, belonging to it, and at the south end it communicates +with the basin of George’s Dock. The quays are +spacious, and there are sheds for the protection of goods +from the weather: along the west side, near the river, is a +beautiful marine parade, seven hundred and fifty yards +long, and eleven wide, defended by a stone parapet wall, +from which is a delightful view of the river and the shipping; +at convenient intervals are three flights of steps +leading down to the river, where boats are in constant +attendance. To the north of the basin belonging to this +dock, four spacious wet docks, and a large graving dock, +which latter is to be fitted up with patent slips, are at present +in a state of rapid progress; and, when completed, will +probably terminate the range of docks on the north side +of the town. The Duke’s Dock, between Salthouse and the +King’s Dock, is a small dock belonging to the trustees of +the late Duke of Bridgewater, for the use of his flats, with +commodious warehouses. The several carriers by water +have also convenient basins on the river, for the use of +their barges, with quays for loading and unloading their +goods; and the Mersey and Irwell navigation company have +a small dock, called the Manchester Dock, for the flats +employed in that extensive trade, and for the transport to +this town of the productions of Cheshire, and the adjoining +counties. The whole range of the docks, when the northern +and southern additions are completed, will be two miles and +eight hundred and twenty yards in length. Spacious as +they are they are still considered inadequate to the increasing +commerce of the port, and measures are in contemplation +for their further extension. The sums expended +in the formation of these docks amount to more than two +millions sterling; for clearing them from the accumulation +of silt brought in by the tide, a dredging-machine, worked +by a steam-engine of ten-horse power, is in constant operation, +by which fifty tons per hour are raised into barges, +and deposited where it may be washed away by the current +of the river.</p> + +</div> + +<p class='c004'>To this we are enabled to add, from an official paper, +the following table, showing the area of water and the +quantity of quay-space of these splendid docks:—</p> + +<div style="max-width:40em;margin:auto;"> +<table class='table1'> +<colgroup> +<col class='colwidth49'> +<col class='colwidth26'> +<col class='colwidth23'> +</colgroup> + <tr> + <td class='c006'> </td> + <td class='c007'><span class='xsmall'>Area of water in Square Yards.</span></td> + <td class='c008'><span class='xsmall'>Quay-Space in Lineal Yards.</span></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'> </td> + <td class='c009'> </td> + <td class='c010'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c007'><span class='sc'>Dry Basins</span>.</td> + <td class='c009'> </td> + <td class='c010'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'> </td> + <td class='c009'> </td> + <td class='c010'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Prince’s Basin</td> + <td class='c009'>20,909</td> + <td class='c010'>509</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Seacombe Basin</td> + <td class='c009'>1,805</td> + <td class='c010'>188</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>George’s Basin</td> + <td class='c009'>16,372</td> + <td class='c010'>455</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>George’s Ferry Basin</td> + <td class='c009'>1,344</td> + <td class='c010'>160</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Old Dock Gut</td> + <td class='c009'>7,737</td> + <td class='c010'>447</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Queen’s Basin</td> + <td class='c009'>24,391</td> + <td class='c010'>601</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Brunswick Basin</td> + <td class='c009'>23,622</td> + <td class='c010'>572</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>South Ferry Basin</td> + <td class='c009'>2,927</td> + <td class='c010'>205</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'> </td> + <td class='c009'> </td> + <td class='c010'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c007'><span class='sc'>Wet Docks</span>.</td> + <td class='c009'> </td> + <td class='c010'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'> </td> + <td class='c009'> </td> + <td class='c010'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Prince’s Dock, with its two locks</td> + <td class='c009'>57,129</td> + <td class='c010'>1613</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>George’s Dock, with its two passages</td> + <td class='c009'>26,793½</td> + <td class='c010'>1001</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Dry Dock as altered</td> + <td class='c009'>19,095</td> + <td class='c010'>500</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Salthouse Dock, with its passage</td> + <td class='c009'>23,025</td> + <td class='c010'>759</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>King’s Dock, with its passage</td> + <td class='c009'>37,776</td> + <td class='c010'>875</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Queen’s Dock, with its two passages</td> + <td class='c009'>51,501½</td> + <td class='c010'>1255</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Half-tide Dock, with its passage</td> + <td class='c009'>13,185½</td> + <td class='c010'>497</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'> </td> + <td class='c009'> </td> + <td class='c010'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'><span class='sc'>New North Works</span>.</td> + <td class='c009'> </td> + <td class='c010'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'> </td> + <td class='c009'> </td> + <td class='c010'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>No. 1 Dock, with No. 1 Lock, and half of passage</td> + <td class='c009'>30,764½</td> + <td class='c010'>1012</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>No. 2 Dock, with Entrance-Lock, and half of two passages</td> + <td class='c009'>29,085½</td> + <td class='c010'>839</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>No. 3 Dock, with No. 2 Lock, and half of passage</td> + <td class='c009'>33,642½</td> + <td class='c010'>1050</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>No. 4 Dock, with its Lock</td> + <td class='c009'>29,313</td> + <td class='c010'>914</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Half-tide Basin</td> + <td class='c009'>17,605</td> + <td class='c010'>586</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'> </td> + <td class='c009'> </td> + <td class='c010'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c007'><span class='sc'>New South Docks</span>.</td> + <td class='c009'> </td> + <td class='c010'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'> </td> + <td class='c009'> </td> + <td class='c010'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Brunswick Dock, with its passage</td> + <td class='c009'>60,824</td> + <td class='c010'>1092</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Half-tide Basin</td> + <td class='c009'>9,245</td> + <td class='c010'>483</td> + </tr> +</table> +</div> + +<p class='c005'>This forms a total of dock-room of one hundred and +eleven acres; and the quay-space extends to the length +of eight miles, within a few yards. The whole length of +the river-wall is two miles, eight hundred and twenty +yards, exclusive of the openings.</p> + +<div class='c011'></div> +<hr class="divider"> +<div> + <h2 class='c003'>FELIX NEFF.</h2> +</div> + +<div class='subtitle'> + +<div class='nf-center-c0'> +<div class='nf-center c011'> + <div>[A Memoir of Felix Neff, Pastor of the High Alps. By William Stephen Gilly, M.A., Prebendary of Durham. Rivington, 1832.]</div> + </div> +</div> + +</div> + +<p class='c005'>This is a volume which no one can read without improvement. +It contains the history of a young Protestant +clergyman, Felix Neff, who devoted his life to +the duty of preaching the divine word to the scattered +inhabitants of the dreary regions called “the High Alps” +of France<a id='r1'></a><a href='#f1' class='c012'><sup>[1]</sup></a>;—and who, in the discharge of this sacred +trust, felt that he was advancing his principal object +while he was improving the physical condition of these +poor people, and leading them to the acquirement of +<em>general</em> knowledge. The difficulties which this wise +and pious man encountered could only have been overcome +by the most ardent zeal. The labours which he +underwent, and the privations which he sustained, ruined +his health, and consigned him prematurely to the grave. +But his career, though short, was one of permanent usefulness +to the mountaineers in whose service he perished: +and he has left behind him a new example of how +much one man may accomplish for the benefit of his +fellow-creatures, who goes forward in a good work with +singleness of purpose, regardless of any other reward +but the approbation of his own conscience.</p> + +<p class='c005'>Neff was not a man in whom book-learning constituted +the only knowledge. He received a tolerable education +from the pastor of the village near Geneva in which he +was born; and the contemplative and devout qualities +of his mind were called forth by the grand and beautiful +scenery by which he was surrounded in his boyhood. +But he had a strong love for what was practically useful, +and he therefore learnt the trade of a nursery gardener; +he had a stronger passion for romantic adventure, and +he entered as a private soldier in the service of Geneva +in 1815. At sixteen, when he was a gardener, he published +a valuable little treatise on the culture of trees; +and, within two years after he became a soldier at the +age of seventeen, he was promoted to be serjeant of +artillery, in consequence of his theoretical and practical +knowledge of mathematics. His anxious desire, however, +was to be a teacher of religion; and he at length +quitted the army to devote himself to the studies which +would be necessary previous to his ordination as a +minister. He first assumed the functions of what is +called a pastor-catechist; and was ultimately called to +the vocation for which he was so anxious, by one of those +independent congregations of England, whose ministers +are received in the Protestant churches of France. Neff +adopted the resolution to be ordained in London, for +the satisfaction of some religious scruples. This ceremony +took place in a chapel in the Poultry, in 1823; +and within six months after he was appointed authorized +pastor of the department of the High Alps. To form +an estimate of the labours which such an appointment +involved, it may be sufficient to mention that, in order +to visit his various flocks, the pastor had to travel, +from his fixed residence, twelve miles in a western +direction, sixty in an eastern, twenty in a southern, and +thirty-three in a northern; and that Neff steadily persevered, +in all seasons, in passing on foot from one district +to another, climbing mountains covered with snow, +forcing a way through valleys choked up by the masses +of rocks that were hurled down by the winter’s storm, +partaking of the coarse fare and imperfect shelter of the +peasant’s hut, and never allowing himself any repose or +<span class='pageno' id='Page_175'>175</span>relaxation, because the ignorance of the poor people who +were intrusted to his charge was so great, that nothing +but incessant activity on his part could surmount its evils. +Mr. Gilly has justly observed (speaking in his character +of an English clergyman), “it is well that we should see +how hard some of our brethren work, and how hard they +live; and that we should discover, to our humiliation, +that it is not always where there is the greatest company +of preachers that the word takes deepest root.”</p> + +<p class='c005'>The course of Neff’s life, and the affection which he +inspired, will be better understood from the following +extract:—</p> + +<div class='shrink'> + +<p class='c004'>“When his arrival was expected in certain hamlets, +whose rotation to be visited was supposed to be coming +round, it was beautiful to see the cottages send forth their +inhabitants, to watch the coming of the beloved minister. +‘Come take your dinner with us.’—‘Let me prepare your +supper.’—‘Permit me to give up my bed to you,’—were +re-echoed from many a voice, and though there was nothing +in the repast which denoted a feast-day, yet never was festival +observed with greater rejoicing than by those whose +rye-bread and pottage were shared with the pastor Neff. +Sometimes, when the old people of one cabin were standing +at their doors, and straining their eyes to catch the first +view of their ‘guide to heaven,’ the youngsters of another +were perched on the summit of a rock, and stealing a prospect +which would afford them an earlier sight of him, and +give them the opportunity of offering the first invitation. It +was on these occasions that he obtained a perfect knowledge +of the people, questioning them about such of their +domestic concerns as he might be supposed to take an interest +in, as well as about their spiritual condition, and finding +where he could be useful both as a secular adviser and +a religious counsellor. ‘Could all their children read? Did +they understand what they read? Did they offer up morning +and evening prayers? Had they any wants that he +could relieve? Any doubts that he could remove? Any +afflictions wherein he could be a comforter?’</p> + +<p class='c005'>“It was thus that he was the father of his flock, and +master of their affections and their opinions; and when the +seniors asked for his blessing, and the children took hold of +his hands or his knees, he felt all the fatigue of his long +journeys pass away, and became recruited with new strength. +But for the high and holy feelings which sustained him, +it is impossible that he could have borne up against his +numerous toils and exposures, even for the few months in +which he thus put his constitution to the trial. Neither +rugged paths, nor the inclement weather of these Alps, +which would change suddenly from sunshine to rain, and +from rain to sleet, and from sleet to snow; nor snow deep +under foot, and obscuring the view when dangers lay thick +on his road; nothing of this sort deterred him from setting +out, with his staff in his hand, and his wallet on his back, +when he imagined that his duty summoned him. I have +been assured by those who have received him into their +houses at such times, that he has come in chilly, wet, and +fatigued; or exhausted by heat, and sudden transitions from +excessive heat to piercing cold, and that after sitting down +a few minutes his elastic spirits would seem to renovate his +sinking frame, and he would enter into discourse with all +the mental vigour of one who was neither weary nor languid.</p> + +<p class='c005'>“When he was not resident at the presbytery, he was the +guest of some peasant, who found him willing to live as he +lived, and to make a scanty meal of soup-maigre, often without +salt or bread, and to retire to rest in the same apartment, +where a numerous family were crowded together, amidst all +the inconveniences of a dirty and smoky hovel.”</p> + +</div> + +<p class='c004'>We have already stated that the benevolent pastor of +the High Alps was intent upon improving the condition +of his people as to physical comfort, at the same +time that he proclaimed to them the hopes and consolations +of religion. Let us see how he set about this +work:—</p> + +<div class='shrink'> + +<p class='c004'>“His first attempt was to impart an idea of domestic +convenience. Chimneys and windows to their hovels were +luxuries to which few of them had aspired, till he showed +them how easy it was to make a passage for the smoke, and +admittance for the light and air. He next convinced them +that warmth might be obtained more healthily than by pigging +together for six or seven months in stables, from which +the muck of the cattle was removed but once during the year. +For their coarse and unwholesome food, he had, indeed, no +substitute, because the sterility of the soil would produce no +other; but he pointed out a mode of tillage, by which they +increased the quantity: and in cases of illness, where they +had no conception of applying the simplest remedies, he +pointed out the comfort which a sick person may derive +from light and warm soups and other soothing assistance. +So ignorant were they of what was hurtful or beneficial in +acute disorders, that wine and brandy were no unusual prescriptions +in the height of a raging fever. Strange enough, +and still more characteristic of savage life, the women, till +Neff taught the men better manners, were treated with so +much disregard, that they never sat at table with their husbands +or brothers, but stood behind them, and received +morsels from their hands with obeisance and profound +reverence.”</p> + +</div> + +<p class='c004'>He taught the people of the valleys how to irrigate +their lands, so as to increase the crop of grass, which is +exceedingly small. He found the utmost difficulty in +explaining to his hearers that the water might be made +to rise and fall, and might be dammed up and distributed +accordingly as it might be required for use. The +labour and expense appeared to them insuperable difficulties. +In spite of their prejudices he accomplished +his object, working with the people as a common +labourer, and applying his knowledge as an engineer for +their exclusive advantage. By thus teaching them how +to double their crops he saved them from some of their +most severe privations. He taught them also how to +cultivate the potato with advantage. But he did more +even than this. He incited the people to build a schoolhouse +in one of the districts where knowledge was most +wanted: and that proper teachers might be spread +throughout these regions so shut out from the ordinary +means of education, he persuaded a number of young +persons to assemble together, one or two from each +community, during the most dreary of the winter months, +when they could not labour in the fields, and during +that time to work hard with him in the attainment of +that knowledge which they were afterwards to spread +amongst their uninstructed friends and neighbours. The +perseverance of these young people was worthy of their +zealous pastor. To accomplish this good work perfectly +he obtained the assistance of a studious young friend, +who was preparing himself for a great public school. +Neff’s own account of his progress as a schoolmaster is +so interesting that we are sure our readers will not complain +of its length:—</p> + +<div class='shrink'> + +<p class='c004'>“The short space of time which we had before us, rendered +every moment precious. We divided the day into +three parts. The first was from sunrise to eleven o’clock, +when we breakfasted. The second from noon to sunset, +when we supped. The third from supper till ten or eleven +o’clock at night, making in all fourteen or fifteen hours of +study in the twenty-four. We devoted much of this time to +lessons in reading, which the wretched manner in which they +had been taught, their detestable accent, and strange tone of +voice, rendered a most necessary, but tiresome duty. The +grammar, too, of which not one of them had the least idea, +occupied much of our time. People who have been brought +up in towns can have no conception of the difficulty which +mountaineers and rustics, whose ideas are confined to those +objects only to which they have been familiarized, find in +learning this branch of science. There is scarcely any way +of conveying the meaning of it to them. All the usual +terms and definitions, and the means which are commonly +employed in schools, are utterly unintelligible here. But +the curious and novel devices which must be employed +have this advantage,—that they exercise their understanding, +and help to form their judgment. Dictation was one of +the methods to which I had recourse: without it they would +have made no progress in grammar and orthography; but +they wrote so miserably, and slowly, that this consumed a +great portion of valuable time. Observing that they were +ignorant of the signification of a great number of French +words, of constant use and recurrence, I made a selection +from the vocabulary, and I set them to write down in little +copy-books words which were in most frequent use; but +<span class='pageno' id='Page_176'>176</span>the explanations contained in the dictionary were not enough, +and I was obliged to rack my brain for new and brief definitions +which they could understand, and to make them +transcribe these. Arithmetic was another branch of knowledge +which required many a weary hour. Geography was +considered a matter of recreation after dinner; and they +pored over the maps with a feeling of delight and amusement, +which was quite new to them. I also busied myself +in giving them some notions of the sphere, and of the form +and motion of the earth; of the seasons and the climates, +and of the heavenly bodies. Everything of this sort was as +perfectly novel to them, as it would have been to the +islanders of Otaheite; and even the elementary books, +which are usually put into the hands of children, were at +first as unintelligible as the most abstruse treatises on +mathematics. I was consequently forced to use the simplest +and plainest modes of demonstration; but these amused +and instructed them at the same time. A ball made of the +box-tree, with a hole through it, and moving on an axle, +and on which I had traced the principal circles; some +large potatoes hollowed out; a candle, and sometimes the +skulls of my scholars, served for the instruments by which +I illustrated the movements of the heavenly bodies, and +of the earth itself. Proceeding from one step to another, I +pointed out the situation of different countries on the chart +of the world, and in separate maps, and took pains to give +some slight idea, as we went on, of the characteristics, religion, +customs, and history of each nation. These details +fixed topics of moment in their recollection. Up to this +time I had been astonished by the little interest they took, +Christian-minded as they were, in the subject of Christian +missions; but, when they began to have some idea of geography, +I discovered that their former ignorance of this +science, and of the very existence of many foreign nations +in distant quarters of the globe, was the cause of such indifference. +But as soon as they began to learn who the people +are who require to have the Gospel preached to them, +and in what part of the globe they dwell, they felt the same +concern for the circulation of the Gospel that other Christians +entertained. These new acquirements, in fact, enlarged +their spirit, made new creatures of them, and seemed +to triple their very existence.</p> + +<p class='c005'>“In the end, I advanced so far as to give some lectures +in geometry, and this too produced a happy moral development.</p> + +<p class='c005'>“Lessons in music formed part of our evening employment, +and those being, like geography, a sort of amusement, +they were regularly succeeded by grave and edifying reading, +and by such reflections as I took care to suggest for +their improvement.”</p> + +</div> + +<p class='c004'>The unremitting labours of Neff destroyed his health, +and he was at length obliged to quit the inclement district +in which he had accomplished so much good. He +lingered for some time in a state of great debility, and +died at Geneva on the 12th April, 1829.</p> + +<p class='c005'>We cannot better conclude this brief and imperfect +notice of a truly valuable and delightful book, than by +the following observations of its author on the character +of the admirable individual whose noble labours he +has recommended to the imitation, not only of every +Christian minister, but of every one, however humble, +who feels a desire to advance his own real happiness +and that of his fellow-creatures:—</p> + +<div class='shrink'> + +<p class='c004'>“It was his anxiety to build up the Christian on a foundation +where self dependence, vain-glory, and imaginary merit +were to have no place whatever; and yet every act of his +ministry proved that he set a just value on knowledge and +attainments. It was his labour of love to show, that whenever +any addition is made to our stock of knowledge, we not +only gain something in the way of enjoyment, but are laying +up a store for the improvement of our moral and religious +feelings, and of our general habits of industry. The spiritual +advancement of his flock was the great end and object +of all his toils; but no man ever took a warmer interest in +the temporal comforts of those about him, and this he +evinced by instructing them in the management of their +fields and gardens, in the construction of their cottages, and +in employing all his own acquirements in philosophy and +science for the amelioration of their condition.… +He so condescended to things of low estate, as to become a +teacher of a, b, c, not only to ignorant infancy, but to the +dull and unpliant capacities of adults. Beginning with the +most tiresome rudiments, he proceeded upwards, leading on +his scholars methodically, kindly, and patiently, until he had +made them proficients in reading, writing, and arithmetic, +and could lead them into the pleasanter paths of music, +geography, history, and astronomy. His mind was too +enlarged to fear that he should be teaching his peasant boys +too much. It was his aim to show what a variety of enjoyments +may be extracted out of knowledge, and that even +the shepherd and the goatherd of the mountain-side will be +all the happier and the better for every piece of solid information +that he can acquire.”</p> + +</div> + +<hr class='c013'> +<div class='footnote' id='f1'> +<p class='c005'><a href='#r1'>1</a>. The High Alps were originally peopled by Christians who fled to +these sterile and gloomy mountains and valleys to escape persecution +for their religious opinions. They were a hiding-place for centuries.</p> +</div> + +<div class='c011'></div> +<hr class="divider"> +<div> + <h2 class='c003'>STATUE OF MAJOR CARTWRIGHT.</h2> +</div> + +<div class='illo-wide'> + +<div class='figcenter id001'> +<a href='images/statue-of-major-cartwright-full.jpg'><img src='images/statue-of-major-cartwright-inline.png' alt='A statue of a man, seated, in short trousers and a long coat or robe' class='ig001'></a> +</div> + +</div> + +<p class='c004'>A statue to the memory of Major Cartwright has lately +been erected, by public subscription, in Burton Crescent, +where the venerable reformer for many years resided. +It is of bronze, and was executed by Mr. Clarke, late +of Birmingham.</p> + +<div class='c011'></div> +<hr class="divider"> +<div class='shrink'> + +<p class='c014'>⁂ The Penny Magazine will, in most cases, be delivered <i>weekly</i> +in the Towns of the United Kingdom, by Booksellers and Newsvenders, +to whom Subscribers should address their Orders. It cannot +be sent by Post as a Newspaper is, being unstamped. For the convenience +of those, who, residing in country places, cannot obtain the +Publication at <i>regular</i> weekly intervals, the Numbers published +during each Month will be stitched together to form a <i>Monthly +Part</i>. That this Part may be sold at a convenient and uniform +price, a <span class='sc'>Monthly Supplement</span>, consisting chiefly of Notices of such +<i>New Books</i> as we think right to give a place to in ‘the Library,’ +will appear with the regular Number on the last Saturday in the +Month. The price of the Part, whether consisting of five or of six +Numbers, will be <span class='sc'>Sixpence</span>; each Part will be neatly and strongly +done up, in a wrapper. 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Itemized changes from the original text:</p> + <ul class='ul_1'> + <li><a href='#tn-longevity'>p. 170</a>: Added closing bracket after subtitle of article “Health and + Longevity.” + </li> + <li><a href='#tn-northofengland'>p. 171</a>: Added hyphen between “of” and “England” in phrase “the + North-of-England Medical Journal.” + </li> + <li><a href='#tn-footpassengers'>p. 172</a>: Added hyphen between “foot” and “passengers” in phrase + “and also to foot-passengers.” + </li> + <li><a href='#tn-timberstores'>p. 173</a>: Added comma after phrase “freighted with timber and naval + stores.” + </li> + </ul> + +</div> + +<div style='text-align:center'>*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 77005 ***</div> + </body> + <!-- created with ppgen.py 3.57e (with regex) on 2025-10-07 13:23:45 GMT --> +</html> + diff --git a/77005-h/images/cover.jpg b/77005-h/images/cover.jpg Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..1c4fdab --- /dev/null +++ b/77005-h/images/cover.jpg diff --git a/77005-h/images/george-gate-full.jpg b/77005-h/images/george-gate-full.jpg Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..e7a4246 --- /dev/null +++ b/77005-h/images/george-gate-full.jpg diff --git a/77005-h/images/george-gate-inline.png b/77005-h/images/george-gate-inline.png Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..0180ae7 --- /dev/null +++ b/77005-h/images/george-gate-inline.png diff --git a/77005-h/images/hungerford-market-full.jpg b/77005-h/images/hungerford-market-full.jpg Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..44061b9 --- /dev/null +++ b/77005-h/images/hungerford-market-full.jpg diff --git a/77005-h/images/hungerford-market-inline.png b/77005-h/images/hungerford-market-inline.png Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..adc7391 --- /dev/null +++ b/77005-h/images/hungerford-market-inline.png diff --git a/77005-h/images/statue-of-major-cartwright-full.jpg b/77005-h/images/statue-of-major-cartwright-full.jpg Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..499b281 --- /dev/null +++ b/77005-h/images/statue-of-major-cartwright-full.jpg diff --git a/77005-h/images/statue-of-major-cartwright-inline.png b/77005-h/images/statue-of-major-cartwright-inline.png Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..665362a --- /dev/null +++ b/77005-h/images/statue-of-major-cartwright-inline.png diff --git a/77005-h/images/the-liverpool-docks-full.jpg b/77005-h/images/the-liverpool-docks-full.jpg Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..6577111 --- /dev/null +++ b/77005-h/images/the-liverpool-docks-full.jpg diff --git a/77005-h/images/the-liverpool-docks-inline.png b/77005-h/images/the-liverpool-docks-inline.png Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..4d9f3e2 --- /dev/null +++ b/77005-h/images/the-liverpool-docks-inline.png |
