Update for 77003HEADmain

1 files changed, 18802 insertions, 0 deletions

diff --git a/77003-0.txt b/77003-0.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..aa646ba
--- /dev/null
+++ b/77003-0.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,18802 @@
+
+*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 77003 ***
+
+
+
+
+
+                       WITH THE INDIANS IN FRANCE
+
+
+                                   By
+
+                      GENERAL SIR JAMES WILLCOCKS
+
+               G.C.M.G., K.C.B., K.C.S.L., D.S.O., LL.D.
+
+
+                                 LONDON
+
+                       CONSTABLE AND COMPANY LTD.
+
+                                  1920
+
+
+
+
+                TO MY BRAVE COMRADES OF ALL RANKS OF THE
+                 INDIAN ARMY I DEDICATE THIS BOOK WHICH
+                IS AN EARNEST ENDEAVOUR TO RECORD THEIR
+                 LOYALTY AND UNPERISHABLE VALOUR ON THE
+                   BATTLEFIELDS OF FRANCE AND BELGIUM
+
+
+  _From BLACKWOOD’S MAGAZINE
+          December 1917._
+
+
+
+
+                              HURNāM-SINGH
+
+
+                     BY GENERAL SIR JAMES WILLCOCKS
+
+
+                                 I
+
+ Beneath an ancient pipal-tree, fast by the Jhelum’s tide,
+           In silent thought sat Hurnām-Singh,
+           A Khalsa[1] soldier of the King:
+           He mused on things now done and past,
+           For he had reached his home at last,
+                 His empty sleeve his pride.
+
+
+                                 II
+
+ Five years before a village lout, beneath the self-same tree,
+           He met the Havildar, who’d come
+           With honeyed words and beat of drum,
+           Cajoling all who glory sought,
+           And telling how the regiment fought
+           The Zakha and the Mohmand clans,
+                 With shouts of victory.
+
+
+                                 III
+
+ Wah Guru Ji! rang in his ears, the famous battle cry,
+           And since those days Hurnām had seen,
+           On Flanders plains, from fierce Messines,
+           To Festubert and Neuve Chapelle,
+           ’Mid festering bogs and scenes of hell,
+                 How Khalsa soldiers die.
+
+
+                                 IV
+
+ The village yokels round him flocked to hearken to his tales,
+             How he had crossed the Kala[2] sea,
+             From India’s strand past Araby,
+             Thro’ Egypt’s sands to Europe’s shores,
+             Where the wild stormy mistral roars,
+                   And anchor’d in Marseilles.
+
+
+                                 V
+
+ “Is it the truth,” said one more bold than village yokels be,
+             “That men with wings ascend on high
+             And fight with Gods in yonder sky?
+             That iron monsters belching wrath,
+             Beneath their wheels of Juggernaut,
+                   Claim victims for Kali?”
+
+
+                                 VI
+
+ “Now list all ye,” said Hurnām-Singh, “the aged and the youth,
+             The tales they told in bygone days,
+             Of Gods and Ghouls in ancient lays,
+             Are true, not false; mine eyes descried,
+             Mine ears have heard as heroes died,
+                   The Mahabharut’s[3] truth.
+
+
+                                 VII
+
+ “The land of France is wide and fair, the people brave and free,
+             I fain would tell, but orders came,
+             ‘Push on, the foe awaits the game’—
+             The game of death; the Khalsa cry,
+             The warriors’ slogan, rent the sky,
+                   Fateh Wah Guru Ji![4]
+
+
+                                 VIII
+
+ “The Sahibs’ faces told their tale; no craven thought or sloth
+             In those brave hearts, as we had learned
+             When Gujerat the tide had turned,
+             And left the names of Aliwal
+             And Chillianwala as a pall
+                   Of glory to us both.
+
+
+                                 IX
+
+ “And thus the sons of Hindustan, from Himalaya to Scinde,
+             From Hindu Kush to Deccan plains,
+             Rent in a day the ancient chains
+             Which isolated class from clan,
+             And joined in battle as one man,
+                   To die for Mata Hind.[5].
+
+
+                                 X
+
+ “Hur Mahadeo! Guru Ji! and Allah’s sacred name,
+             Shri Gunga Jai![6] from brave Nepal,
+             Re-echoed loud through wild Garhwal;
+             From Dogra vale, Afridi clan,
+             To the proud homes of Rajistan,
+                   Was lit the martial flame.
+
+
+                                 XI
+
+ “As pitiless the bullets rained, ’mid angry storm and flood,
+             Khudadad Khan! immortal name,
+             Stood by his gun, for India’s fame
+             Was in his hands; the Huns advance,
+             Recoil; Retire; the soil of France
+                   Is richer with his blood.”
+
+
+                                 XII
+
+ And Hurnām paused as he recalled, one dark November morn,
+             When twice three thousand foes had rushed
+             Our trenches, powdered into dust,
+             And bayonet point and Kukry blade
+             Avenging retribution made,
+                   Before the break of dawn.
+
+
+                                 XIII
+
+ “Garhwal will tell,” he said, “with pride her children oft recite,
+             How Durwan Negi, lion-heart!
+             Was first and foremost from the start;
+             He led the charge which won the day,—
+             Oh, brothers, ’twas a glorious fray,
+                   For victory came with light.”
+
+
+                                 XIV
+
+ Shābāsh! Shābāsh! from every tongue, and mothers’ hearts stood still,
+             As sons stepped forth and made demand
+             They too should join the glorious band,
+             They too should hear the battle’s din,
+             Or purge the soul of every sin,
+                   If such were Ishwar’s[7] will.
+
+
+                                 XV
+
+ Hurnām went on: “At Neuve Chapelle, at Festubert, we bled,
+             On Wipers field, at Moulin Piètre,
+             We heard the German hymn of hate;
+             Above our lines the war-ships soared,
+             Our trenches rocked while cannon roared
+                   The requiem of the dead.”
+
+
+                                 XVI
+
+ The Jhelum’s banks had witnessed oft her waters stained with gore,
+             Had heard the tramp of countless feet,
+             Had known both triumph and defeat,
+             But never had her waters swirled
+             A prouder message to the world
+                   Than Hurnām’s story bore.
+
+
+                                 XVII
+
+ For India’s sons had sealed their oath, according to their laws;
+             Sealed it with blood across the sea,
+             From Flanders to Gallipoli,
+             On Tigris’ banks, on Egypt’s sands,
+             ’Mid Afric’s swamps and hinterlands,
+                   And died in England’s cause.
+
+
+                                 XVIII
+
+ For ages long the Mullah’s cry, the temple bells shall wile,
+             And call to prayer for those who died,
+             The father, mother, son, and bride,
+             Descendants of the loyal brave
+             Who rest in warriors’ simple grave,
+                   And need no marble pile.
+
+
+
+
+                                CONTENTS
+
+
+                                         PAGE
+                          CHAPTER I.        1
+                          CHAPTER II.      18
+                          CHAPTER III.     31
+                          CHAPTER IV.      49
+                          CHAPTER V.       60
+                          CHAPTER VI.      73
+                          CHAPTER VII.     88
+                          CHAPTER VIII.   103
+                          CHAPTER IX.     119
+                          CHAPTER X.      137
+                          CHAPTER XI.     153
+                          CHAPTER XII.    170
+                          CHAPTER XIII.   182
+                          CHAPTER XIV.    193
+                          CHAPTER XV.     200
+                          CHAPTER XVI.    220
+                          CHAPTER XVII.   235
+                          CHAPTER XVIII.  245
+                          CHAPTER XIX.    257
+                          CHAPTER XX.     268
+                          CHAPTER XXI.    294
+                          CHAPTER XXII.   304
+                          CHAPTER XXIII.  315
+                          CHAPTER XXIV.   325
+                          CONCLUSION      344
+                          EPILOGUE        345
+                          APPENDIX        347
+                          INDEX           383
+
+
+
+
+                                  MAPS
+
+
+                                                             FACING PAGE
+ Country adjoining Indian Corps Front                                 75
+ Dispositions of Meerut Division near Givenchy                _Page_ 165
+ Neuve Chapelle, March 10–13, 1915                                   234
+ Movements of Lahore Division before and after Attacks of
+   April 26–27, 1915                                                 267
+ Trenches of Indian Corps, August 27, 1915                           319
+ Mauquissart                                                  _Page_ 343
+ ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+ Facsimile of “Summary of News” in Persian and Hindi
+   character                                                         317
+
+
+
+
+                              INTRODUCTION
+
+
+I have not attempted to write a Military History of the Indian Army
+Corps in France. I lay no claim to describing the course of events on
+the British Front, as a whole, during 1914–15, except in as far as they
+concern the Corps. The excellent account written by Lieut.-Colonel
+Merewether, C.I.E., Indian Army, and Sir Frederick Smith, Bart. (_The
+Indian Corps in France_, published by John Murray), both of whom served
+on my Staff as Recording Officers on behalf of the India and War
+Offices, and who have had at their disposal all the official records,
+furnishes ample details of the movements and the doings of the Corps as
+forming an integral part of the British Army in Flanders.
+
+I have not had the advantages of papers of reference, nor have I seen
+all the diaries of the various Commanders and others, and have had the
+handicap of writing most of my story far removed from England; but it
+must be borne in mind that a great part of their information was
+naturally derived from my own reports and correspondence, and of nearly
+all such I kept copies, and have used them. If, therefore, in some cases
+our descriptions of military events appear somewhat similar the reason
+will be readily understood. Also I kept a very careful Diary from day to
+day which has enabled me to write with certainty of the events recorded.
+
+My object has been to deal with the Corps alone, only bringing in
+outside movements sufficiently to describe the operations it took part
+in. I have tried to bring before the public, and more especially my
+numerous friends in India, the inside of the story as opposed to its
+general aspect. Books on the war are already numerous, and will increase
+in large numbers, and to attempt to enter into competition with many
+brilliant writers would be foolish. I therefore only deal with the small
+portion of the war as it appeared to me, and as few if any have a better
+knowledge of the brave Indian soldiers and the deeds they performed than
+I have, I hope I may succeed in bringing before my readers a true
+statement of facts.
+
+It must not be imagined that I have any illusions as to the part played
+by the Indians, as will be made clear throughout this book. No one knows
+better than I do how utterly impossible it would have been for them to
+do what they did, without the help and example of their illustrious
+comrades of the Scotch, Irish, and English battalions which formed part
+of each Brigade, or of the splendid Territorial units which later joined
+us, and the superb British Artillery which paved the way for all our
+efforts.
+
+But of these History will assuredly furnish a brilliant account. It is
+not always so of Indian troops; their raconteurs are few and far
+between; the chief actors in the play, still living, will probably be
+counted by tens not thousands. The rank and file will furnish no writers
+to thrill the generations to come; they will just pass with the great
+masses of India, content that they have done their duty and been
+faithful to their salt.
+
+It has not been possible to record all, or even many, of the deathless
+deeds performed by both British and Indian officers and men, but I have
+added an Appendix extracted from the official list of Promotions and
+Rewards of Officers, N.C.O.’s, and Men of all Arms of the Indian Army
+who served with the Army Corps or with other Indian troops or with
+British Corps in France prior to 1916; and there will be found under the
+heading of Staff, Units of all Arms and Departments, etc., what I
+presume is a complete roll of rewards.
+
+It will be observed that the early fighting prior to the battle of Neuve
+Chapelle is described in far greater detail than the operations which
+took place subsequently. For this there are two reasons. First, I was
+able to keep very full notes of all occurrences as they took place, and
+for the first three months indeed all ordinary papers went no farther
+than my own Army Corps. But on the formation of the First and Second
+Armies the Indian Corps passed under the orders of the First Army, and
+the same opportunities did not offer as previously; hence it became much
+more difficult to retain copies of all correspondence. Secondly, I
+consider it far more interesting to record even the smallest fights, in
+which the Indians bore a share whilst they were still new to the game
+and had not become versed and seasoned in the intricacies of trench
+warfare.
+
+I have considered it a sacred duty, and to the best of my ability I have
+endeavoured to place on record the loyalty, courage, and devotion of the
+King’s soldiers from Hindustan.
+
+It has been impossible to write a book of this kind without entering
+into personal matters, but so intimately connected is a Commander of
+Indian troops with the whole being of his officers and men, that the
+doings of the one cannot be separated from the other, if their combined
+efforts are to be intelligently described. But putting this aside, so
+erroneous are many of the opinions and so ill-natured have been some of
+the criticisms of the part taken by the Indian Corps in Flanders, that
+it has been impracticable to avoid writing strongly when I considered it
+necessary, and hence I have not hesitated to do so. Moreover, it is due
+to India to be told the facts. The day is past when that great portion
+of our Empire could be kept in comparative darkness; the light is
+dawning, and the Great War has opened to her an opportunity which she
+never had before. Her sons have shared the glory of the Empire. From the
+boggy fields and trenches of Flanders and the desert sands of Egypt;
+from the immortal heights of Gallipoli; from the burning plains of
+Mesopotamia and the impenetrable jungles of East Africa, comes up with
+one voice, from the thousands who fought and bled for England:
+
+ India has taken a new birth; the heavens above, the sea, the earth
+ Have changed for aye, the darkness dies, light has illumined all men’s
+    eyes,
+ Since Armageddon’s day.
+
+I am indebted to many officers of the Army Corps for short stories and
+some details regarding their units, but I have avoided asking any of
+them for information which might raise controversial matters, and for
+anything contained in this book I take full responsibility. My thanks
+are due to Professor John Wardell, late Professor Modern History and
+Lecturer Military History, Trinity College, Dublin, for having furnished
+me with some interesting diaries of deceased and other officers as well
+as extracts of letters written from France.
+
+In a few instances I have taken the liberty of copying the numbers of
+casualties suffered by the Corps, as well as the names of certain
+officers and men rewarded, from the semi-official history quoted
+above—_The Indian Corps in France_. Unfortunately many very useful
+manuscripts, notes, and returns on the way to me in Bermuda were lost in
+the _Adana_ when that ship was torpedoed in the Atlantic.
+
+      BERMUDA,
+  _20th October 1919_.
+
+
+
+
+                               CHAPTER I
+
+
+On the 5th September 1914 I was quartered at Murree in the Punjab, and
+within a few days of finishing my four years’ tenure of command of the
+Northern Army in India, when the good news reached me that I was to
+proceed to France in command of the Indian Army Corps, then already on
+its way to take part in the Great War. My luck was once more “In.” I say
+“once more,” for I had had the good fortune to serve in fourteen
+campaigns or expeditions, and in all but two of these had been
+associated with or in command of British and Indian troops combined.
+
+From Sandhurst I had passed on to Afghanistan in 1879 and had served
+under that grand soldier Lord Roberts. The Indian Frontiers from the
+North-West to Burmah were all familiar to me. I had shared the bivouac
+and the camp for thirty-six years with my brave and loyal Indian troops,
+on Afghan hills and in the dense jungles of the Irriwaddy and Chindwin,
+in Munipoor in the far North-East of India, in Ashanti and blood-stained
+Kumassi in distant West Africa. I had sheltered with them in the living
+squares of man and beast in the deserts of the Soudan, and now I was
+about to participate in their trials on the plains of Flanders. It had
+been my good fortune to command brigades and divisions in peace, and
+twice to be in chief command of expeditions on the North-West Frontier
+in 1908; and finally the Northern Army of India for four years.
+
+Dull indeed must be the man who with all this experience did not know
+the Indian soldier, did not appreciate his great worth, or recognise his
+limits. I never joined the Indian Army, but did all my regimental duty
+with an Irish Corps, the 1st Battalion Leinster Regiment. To Irish
+soldiers I owe much; from them I first imbibed that spirit of
+camaraderie which is worth more in war than all book discipline; the
+spirit which recognises common sense to be one of the greatest of gifts,
+and which willingly renders loyal service, so long as no attempt is made
+to exact it by misplaced force.
+
+The Irish soldier is unsurpassed in the field, but you must trust him as
+an Irishman. He has a right to a distinct nationality, and is justly
+proud of it. No man could serve with cheerier, better comrades than the
+1st and 2nd Connaught Rangers, which belonged to my Army Corps in
+France; but of them more anon.
+
+A word more as to myself; for in writing of Indian troops it is
+absolutely necessary that a man should thoroughly understand his
+subject, or his story would be worthless. I need only say that their
+religion, habits, castes, and language (Hindustani, the lingua franca of
+India) are as familiar to me as my own religion and language, and that
+from long and sometimes perhaps weary toil I had acquired a knowledge of
+many of the dialects of the Native Army. Thus equipped I found myself
+the fortunate commander of an Indian Army Corps, for the first time in
+history to be employed in Europe.
+
+The Army of India was little understood in Great Britain. At the
+commencement of the war I read, not with any surprise but with
+considerable amusement, accounts of the composition of the Army Corps. A
+great part of the public appeared to think that Indian brigades and
+divisions were composed of Sikhs and Gurkhas alone, and did not trouble
+about any of the many other races of India; nor were they aware that in
+each brigade was a British battalion. As for cavalry, of course the
+“Bengal Lancers” were the only specimens known to them; a Sikh squadron
+being described by one correspondent as “fierce turbaned Moslems on
+fiery Arab steeds.” The artillery, which was composed of the finest
+British batteries in the Army, superbly horsed, was reported by one
+paper as consisting of “mountain guns borne on Abyssinian mules”; and a
+foreign paper, writing of the arrival of the Corps at Marseilles,
+solemnly announced that “this Corps has been raised and equipped
+entirely at the expense of three great Indian Princes, who are now
+occupying the finest hotels in Marseilles. Their names are Prince Sikya
+(evidently a corruption of Sikh); Prince Gorok (Gurkhas); and Prince
+Balukin (meant for Baluchis).”
+
+The Germans at any rate were to be rudely awakened. The shell-torn
+trenches and blood-stained fields of Neuve Chapelle were to prove to
+them that, given a fair chance and a sufficient artillery support, the
+men from the banks of the Ganges and Indus, from the plains lying to the
+south, and the Highlanders of Nepal and North-West Frontiers, could take
+as fierce a toll on the day of battle as their white comrades.
+
+The Army of India in 1914 was trained for a Frontier war or minor
+oversea expeditions, and for these purposes was to a certain extent
+sufficiently well armed and equipped, but by no means fully so. The
+training had been improved out of all recognition since Lord Kitchener
+formed a General Staff and instituted his “Test”; at the time a much
+debated innovation, but one which, in my opinion and that of many of
+those best qualified to judge, was a turning point in the field training
+of the Army. It had at least set up emulation and given a chance to all
+classes of which that Army is composed, so that even Corps in outlying
+unknown stations were brought into the competition, and the spurt thus
+given to military training had far-reaching effects.
+
+The Army had had no opportunities for the higher training which was
+required for European warfare. The parsimony of the Indian Government
+had put a heavy clog on the military wheel. Money could be had for
+everything except preparation for war. It was far easier to get
+thousands of pounds for some perfectly useless scheme which might
+possibly benefit some local cause, than to extract a hundred pounds for
+anything to which attached the aroma of the Army. Indeed, so
+extraordinary was the antipathy to spending a farthing on anything
+savouring of gunpowder that officers and men, British and Indian, had
+accepted it as a cardinal principle that expenditure on the Army,
+however necessary or urgent, was a matter of small concern to the
+Government, and that, sink or swim, nothing but unforeseen upheaval or
+disaster, would ever worm a rupee from the civilian rulers in whose
+hands rested the decision.
+
+In England there was at least our Expeditionary Force (or a great part
+of it) ready for war; its transport and equipment could be completed at
+the shortest notice, and its Reserves could be quickly called up. But in
+India, where, if anywhere in the Empire, it was essential that several
+divisions should be able to take the field at any moment, no such
+organisation existed. True it is that many thousands of men stood armed
+and ready to quell local disturbances or Frontier forays, but the
+mobilisation of a force consisting of even two divisions could not be
+completed in all its details for weeks. It is no answer to say that
+India was able to despatch two divisions to Europe at short notice. Two
+divisions certainly sailed from Karachi and Bombay, but their equipment
+had to be completed at Marseilles, at Orleans, and actually in the
+battle area itself, whilst the artillery was only made up by denuding
+other divisions of their guns. The rifles were of a pattern which did
+not suit the latest class of ammunition with which the Army at home was
+supplied, and both rifles and ammunition had actually to be handed into
+store at Marseilles and fresh arms issued. To any one acquainted with
+the science of musketry, and that in the days when our infantry had to
+depend on this arm alone; when hand-grenades and trench mortars were
+unknown; it will readily be understood that the handicap of going into
+action with brand new arms was a very real one. Even the machine-guns,
+which in some cases were much worn, had to be refitted with new tripods
+as best it could be managed at Orleans. Further, there were no
+howitzers, no mechanical transport, a scant supply of medical equipment
+and signalling apparatus, and innumerable other shortages which were
+essential to a force suddenly dumped down from railhead into the
+trenches. All these were supplied in abundance in France as soon as it
+was possible; indeed the excellence and rapidity with which this was
+done was astonishing to us who remembered the cheese-paring days in
+India, but it proved what a fool’s paradise we had been bred in, and on
+what sandy foundations the structure of the Indian Army rested.
+
+I have no desire unnecessarily to string out the manifest disadvantages
+the Indian Corps laboured under, but I have heard too much the
+criticisms of our Indian troops by soldiers and civilians, who are
+without the faintest knowledge of what they talk about, and it is only
+right that the truth should be known. There is a growing body of Indians
+who have every desire but no means of ascertaining the facts, and if
+this book can be of any use in helping to explain to my numberless
+friends and acquaintances in India the splendid deeds of their brethren
+who fought and bled on the sodden plains of Flanders under handicaps
+which must have been seen and felt to be understood, I shall be more
+than rewarded. Moreover, as commander of those troops during a year of
+the war I had opportunities of knowing many details unknown to others,
+and now that the war is over I am free to write the truth which for
+years has been of necessity suppressed.
+
+Whatever may have been the shortcomings of the Indian Army it possessed
+one asset which never stood it in better stead than in France; its
+British officers, although far too small in number, were the salt of the
+earth. As leaders of men, comrades and friends of their Indian officers,
+sepoys, and sowars, as loyal and brave gentlemen, they could not be
+surpassed. I always believed in them, but in France my belief was
+heightened to profound admiration, and as death took its heavy toll day
+by day I knew that by no means could they be replaced; for the great
+essential was that they should know their men and their language, and
+this became impossible as India sent more and more troops to the various
+theatres of war.
+
+Next to the British were the Indian officers, most of them men who had
+earned their commissions by brave and loyal service, of fighting stock,
+with martial traditions, ready to give their lives for their
+King-Emperor, proud of the profession of arms; they formed the essential
+link between the British officers and men. In ordinary circumstances in
+the Field they were well fitted to fill temporarily the place of their
+lost British leaders, and many instances of this I shall relate.
+
+I tread perhaps on thorny ground, but after a life spent with them in
+many lands, I do not consider they can replace the British officer in
+the field. I have discussed this with numerous Indian officers and
+soldiers of all classes, but I never met one who did not practically
+agree with me. There no doubt are in India some who will lay claim to
+this, but I firmly believe the British officers, who are the truest
+friends of the Indian soldier, will unanimously agree with me. If
+bravery and self-sacrifice were alone to be considered then by all means
+the Indian can take his place in any rank, but training and temperament
+at present stand in his way.
+
+What is now being wisely done is to increase the pay of the Indian
+officers and men. The pay of Indian officers especially was almost an
+insult to a class so loyal and devoted, and it must be very largely
+increased; they should be given rank corresponding to their British
+comrades, and precedence equal to, if not above, their civilian
+confrères.
+
+This was one of the sorest points with Indian officers. To the ordinary
+observer like myself, at Durbars and public gatherings it was plain that
+they never received their proper share of _Izzat_ (honour). No doubt I
+shall be told this was all thought out and arranged by the Government,
+but I speak from practical experience, not from the edicts of Simla and
+Delhi. The Indian officer was not treated with the respect which was his
+due and which he has earned in arduous service on many fields of war. It
+was a feeling very strongly held by them and must be set right. _Izzat_
+is a thing little understood by any but Indians, but it is a great
+driving force; it raises men in the estimation of their fellows, whilst
+the loss of it debases them.
+
+Public opinion as understood in this country was nonexistent in India.
+It was a one-man country; if the man was a strong personality he could
+do much; if he was undecided his share became a small one, and good old
+Indian _dustoor_ (custom) settled the question in the prehistoric
+fashion.
+
+Under the Indian officers are the N.C.O.’s and men. I have soldiered
+with Rajputs and Jats, Pathans, Sikhs, Gurkhas, Punjabi Mahomedans,
+Madras Sappers and Miners, Dogras, Garhwalis and other races. Each has
+its characteristics, and these must be recognised by any one entrusted
+with the command of Indian troops. You cannot place them in one mould;
+you will not get from them their best, unless they recognise that they
+are understood.
+
+One of my chief difficulties at the beginning of this war was to make it
+understood that the Indians cannot be treated as pure machines, and that
+they possess national characteristics as varied as those between
+Scandinavians and Italians. I own that Sir John French and his Staff
+generally made every allowance for these facts, but there were others
+who made none; an Army Corps (no matter its fighting strength in
+numbers) was an Army Corps and nothing else. An Army Corps was supposed
+to be able to occupy so many thousand yards of trenches, and the orders
+were issued by this routine rule.
+
+It might be said the Indian Corps was sent as a Corps and times were too
+pressing to go into such details; this is perhaps true, and we all
+recognised it at the beginning of the Flanders fighting; but as time
+went on and the German attack was beaten off, I saw plainly that you
+cannot expect a ship to keep up full steam when the engineers and
+stokers are lying shattered in the hold. And yet those brave men not
+only filled a big gap in our battered line, but, helped and encouraged
+by their comrades of the British battalions of the Indian Corps, held it
+against incessant attack. Minenwerfers, hand-grenades, and high
+explosives tore through them and flattened out their trenches; blood
+flowed freely; but as often as they were driven back from their front
+defences they managed to return to them again. India has reason to be
+proud of her sons, and their children may well tell with pride of the
+deeds of their fathers.
+
+I can look back to the time when the Indian Army was commanded by Lord
+Roberts, and he paid two visits to Delhi whilst I was Staff-Officer
+there. Whoever may follow him as Commander-in-Chief, one thing is sure;
+no individual will ever be as closely connected in the minds of Indian
+soldiers with the name of Chief as he was. It was truly surprising how
+he was beloved by all ranks. It is no uncommon thing to hear of Viceroys
+or Commanders-in-Chief who were well known to and liked by Indians, but
+no sooner do they vanish from the scene than they are practically
+forgotten for all time. Perhaps it is human nature, perhaps it is common
+to all countries, but one thing is sure, viz. that Lord Roberts’ name
+has, and will have, an abiding place in many an Indian home for years to
+come. He had the nature which earns confidence, the open mind which
+breeds loyalty, the fearless character that binds men to their leaders
+with hoops of steel. An Indian Army led by Lord Roberts was doubled in
+its fighting capacity by his presence, which to them was the sure
+presage of victory. Without that affection which he had established,
+neither to-day nor in the times to come, will the soldiers of India give
+of their best on the field of battle. May be it is a fault, and in the
+eyes of some reduces their value as fighting units, but if the Empire
+calls on all its sons to fight in one field, it must not forget that
+human nature is stronger than Service Regulations, and that blood is
+thicker than water.
+
+Lord Roberts left an indelible mark on the Indian Army and one which has
+proved invaluable to all who have since served in India.
+
+Another great soldier who left his mark, but in a different way, was
+Lord Kitchener. His reforms were sweeping. The training of the Army
+received at his hands an impetus which will stamp his rule as remarkable
+so long as we remain in India. His re-grouping of brigades and
+divisions, the creation of a General Staff, the erection of new barracks
+and cantonments, quite upset the slow calculations of those who looked
+on and wondered. And yet if analysed his work was only a putting into
+force of principles which had long been recognised as necessary but
+which others had not had the power to carry out. Lord Kitchener with a
+master eye saw what was needed and did it; he rode rough shod over
+_dustoor_ or custom; he was a mighty organiser and the civilians were
+afraid of him. He never bothered himself over minor details in India; he
+left them to his subordinates. He chose them himself and trusted them.
+The inside life of Indians was unknown to him, he went to India too late
+in life to learn; he was too busy with big tasks to attend to what he
+did not consider an essential for a Commander-in-Chief.
+
+Among his many reforms were some which I venture to say have not been
+beneficial. The terms of service which passed men to the Reserve after a
+short period in the ranks proved a veritable stumbling-block, and
+created a Reserve which proved not only useless but a danger in war
+time. The Reservists sent to the Indian Corps in France were of this
+type, largely worn out, hating the very idea of war, many physically
+unfit and incapable of a single day’s work.
+
+Even Lord Kitchener had found it hard to get sanction for sufficient
+British officers for Indian regiments and battalions. The numbers
+eventually sanctioned were sufficient for frontier work, but altogether
+inadequate to meet the requirements of European warfare, and this very
+soon made itself manifest.
+
+The reduction of ambulance _kahars_ (trained bearers) was another very
+serious drawback, but in this case it reacted worse on the Frontiers
+than in Europe, for in France, of course, a totally different system
+prevailed. In 1908, during the Zakka Khel and Mohmand Expeditions, in
+order to equip even one division and an extra brigade, bearers had to be
+collected from all the divisions in India as far as Madras; an
+impossible system in an Army supposed to stand ready for Frontier wars.
+
+During Lord Kitchener’s rule, manœuvres or large gatherings of troops
+were few and far between; all the money available was spent on
+reorganisation; nevertheless the battalion training reached a far higher
+scale of efficiency than had ever previously been the case. In order to
+increase the numbers of brigades and divisions, to meet the requirements
+of his scheme for mobilisation, Lord Kitchener reduced the number of
+British battalions in a brigade from two to one. This for European
+warfare proved a great mistake, as I shall endeavour to show.
+
+Lord Kitchener’s name will, in India for all time, stand as a landmark
+of great changes long needed. He has been described as a hard man; this
+he may in a sense have been, but underlying his hardness, to those who
+were privileged to know him well, was the very kindest heart that ever
+beat in a soldier. He set himself a definite task and allowed nothing to
+stand in his way, and yet I never knew a man who was more ready to
+listen to reasonable suggestions, more ready to acknowledge that there
+were two sides to all arguments, and when you had convinced him on any
+point he was always prepared to give your views a chance. As I shall
+show later he had an intense wish to do justice to the Indian Army and
+was the best friend of the Indian Corps from the day we landed at
+Marseilles to the day the Corps left France. The first telegram I
+received in Europe was from him.
+
+  I am glad to hear that the Indian troops are _razi_ (happy), give them
+  my salaams and tell them I feel sure they will maintain their records
+  of the past when they meet the Germans.
+
+If there had been a few more in authority who knew how to deal with
+Indian soldiers, and who understood that a word spoken at the right
+moment is worth a volume on paper, it would have been of inestimable
+advantage to the Corps in France.
+
+The first Viceroy with whom I had any direct dealings was Lord Minto. A
+soldier by instinct, a gentleman by nature, and the kindest of friends:
+he was very much liked by the Indian officers. He always made a point of
+having them all introduced to him after any parade at which he was
+present.
+
+During the Frontier expeditions of 1908, from the inception of the
+operations to the last day when we recrossed the Frontiers, Lord Minto
+never failed to bear the troops, British and Indian, in mind; and his
+advice on the political questions involved and his desire to spare the
+enemy once he had been well beaten and submitted, at once showed his
+nature. During his Viceroyalty the Indian soldiers learned that the
+representative of the King-Emperor had a heart of gold, and having been
+a soldier himself was anxious, as far as his high position would allow,
+to meet them as comrades.
+
+Such men leave behind them traditions which in India far outlive those
+established during their comparatively short periods of high office by
+some others who place Western attainments on a higher plane than human
+nature. In the East this never pays; India is very susceptible of
+influence but it must be based on common sense.
+
+On the Frontiers amid the wild hillmen, Lord Minto at once established
+himself as a soldier by appearing on his first parade in uniform, with
+the badges of a brigadier-general (which in military life he was), and I
+well remember the surprise and pleasure of the Indian soldiers who told
+me (then a Brigadier myself), that now they understood that Brigadier
+was in reality a very high rank, and that in the next expedition they
+hoped the Viceroy would himself command troops.
+
+On this his first visit to the Frontiers he was accompanied by Lady
+Minto, who attended the parade and later went over the Malakand Pass.
+She spoke to all the Indian officers and many of the wild transborder
+chiefs, and years afterwards the memory of her visit was still a theme
+of conversation amongst the Maliks beyond Chakdara and _en route_ to
+distant Chitral. You can do much in the East by personal example, you
+can do little without it.
+
+Lord Kitchener was followed as Commander-in-Chief by Sir O’Moore Creagh.
+As a very young subaltern I had first met him after the Afghan War in
+1880, when he was a Captain and had just won the V.C. at Kam Dakka in
+the Khyber. His cheery character had impressed me, and I instinctively
+felt I had met a soldier I might meet again in a higher sphere. His
+intimate knowledge of India, its people and languages, and his early
+promise marked him for distinction, and in 1910 he left the India
+Office, where he was Military Secretary, and assumed command of the
+Indian Army.
+
+Sir O’Moore Creagh had to follow a difficult man. Lord Kitchener had
+dragged out of the Government what in India is spoken of as a colossal
+sum of money. In truth it was nothing of the kind, but it has in the
+past pleased that country to call anything a waste of money which is
+required for military purposes.
+
+The military are the very root of our rule in the East, and if you
+refuse sustenance to that root the tree will wither. Time has proved the
+truth of this, and in 1914, when the trumpet of Death resounded all over
+the world, the Government of India awoke to the fact that there are
+other things than education and law on which to spend the revenues of an
+Empire.
+
+During Sir O’Moore Creagh’s tenure of command, the Northern Army, which
+I commanded, was given many opportunities of holding manœuvres on a much
+bigger scale than usual. Comparatively large concentrations took place
+in the Peshawar Division and near Soneput in the Punjab, which offered
+scope for working entire war divisions against one another and also
+allowed many Corps of Imperial Service troops to share in the work. The
+Chief was present at some of these operations, which he thoroughly
+enjoyed.
+
+The Indian Staff College at Quetta, which has proved so beneficial to
+the Army at large, was founded during his regime, and the General Staff
+was permanently established on a modern basis. He, however, like his
+predecessors found himself handicapped by the difficulty of getting
+sufficient funds to keep the Army efficient for war. The shortage of
+ammunition; the deficiency of a reserve of rifles; the totally
+inadequate numbers of Field Artillery; the absence of howitzer batteries
+properly armed; the inadequate pay of all ranks of the Indian Army, and
+a hundred other most important items had to remain in abeyance, and very
+soon after he left the Great War came to test the machine.
+
+The test has proved the fine fighting spirit of officers and men and the
+dire need that existed for modern equipment. The aeroplanes, the
+howitzers, the reserve materials were _non est_, and although I do not
+know whether the Indian or Home Governments found the cash, whoever it
+is has had to pay pretty heavily for the failure to provide it in time.
+
+During my tenure of command of the Northern Army nothing struck me more
+than the hopelessness of the system adopted both by the War Office and
+the Government of India in fixing the age for the higher Commands, such
+as divisions and brigades, and in the Indian Army of regimental and
+battalion commanders. The Indian rules were hopeless; promotion was
+given by length of service and selection had to take a back seat. Money
+was saved by keeping on officers, long after many of them had ceased to
+be fitted for command, as it kept down the pension lists, and when money
+could be saved on anything connected with the Army, there was no doubt
+it would be done readily. The consequence was that in a country like
+India, where youth and vigour should rank first in apportioning work,
+exactly the contrary was the case. Merit had to subordinate itself to
+rules and customs, and far too old a race of officers were frequently
+placed in positions for which they were unfitted. In themselves mostly
+good and gallant soldiers in their day, it was no fault of theirs but of
+the pernicious system under which they served.
+
+But if this was the case in the Indian Army, encrusted in obsolete
+traditions, what excuse can be offered for the methods adopted by the
+War Office in selecting officers of the Home service for higher commands
+in India? Here at least was an opportunity for sending out young
+brigadiers and generals, but nothing of the kind was done. On the
+contrary, although good soldiers with good records were frequently
+selected, they were generally long past the age for brigade commands and
+would not have been given them in England. In fact the War Office used
+India as the dumping ground for senior officers whom they wished to
+reward, but for whom they did not mean to find a place in this country.
+
+No one can deny these facts; they are to be found in the Army lists of
+the period. It was very hard on the many gallant officers themselves,
+but still harder on the Army of India. Any one anxious to examine the
+matter need only consult the comparative ages of Brigade commanders at
+the beginning of the war in France. In the Indian Corps drastic changes
+had to be carried out in the field in the first months, as, to quote one
+instance only, it was at once discovered that in combined operations the
+Indian Brigade and Divisional commanders became senior to Divisional and
+Corps commanders of the other Army Corps. Such a state of affairs could
+not long continue, and if for no other reasons, for this alone, the
+changes became imperative. How unfair on the Army of India was such a
+state of things! How unjust to those brave and loyal officers
+themselves, who after long years spent in gallant service for their
+country were pushed out of their places in presence of the enemy—the
+great goal they had lived for. And yet it was looked on as quite the
+usual thing, and no one at the War Office ever seemed to have troubled
+themselves where India was concerned. Such remarks may be called
+vindictive, but call them what you will the Army Council of those days
+is to blame, and secure as that body may feel itself when confronted
+with one whose experience has not been acquired in Whitehall, the Army
+of India of 1914 will support me in what I say.
+
+The most important event in Sir O’Moore’s Chiefship was the great Delhi
+Durbar, when His Majesty the King was present. No need to write of this,
+except to say that knowing India, its Army and people, as I do, whatever
+may have been the impression left on the millions of the King’s
+subjects, speaking of the Army I can say that his presence among them
+has left an impression which no other occasion in the history of that
+wondrous land could ever have equalled. Men who had never dreamed of
+seeing their Emperor in person, saw him with their own eyes, knew him to
+be a living entity, and went away feeling themselves sharers in an
+unequalled Empire. It is not too much to say that the King’s visit did
+more to bind to the Throne in loyal bonds the Indian Army than any
+triumphs won by the greatest of India’s former Emperors. Only those who
+know India and its people, and know them well, can understand the
+magnitude of the event.
+
+The last of the Viceroys in my day in India was Lord Hardinge. I had the
+honour of knowing him sufficiently well to appreciate thoroughly the
+very great interest he took in the Army. In fact I go so far as to say
+that none of the high officials I ever knew in India felt a keener sense
+of his duty towards the Indian soldier than he did. Grandson of a great
+soldier-Viceroy who had fought the Sikhs, his sympathies were equally
+with the men who had fought for and against us on many a fierce
+battlefield, and from the day I first met Lord Hardinge to the last day
+I commanded the Indian Army Corps in France, I never failed to enlist
+his unflagging interest in the men I commanded. He attended the big
+Delhi manœuvres of 1912 and camped near the troops. Up at dawn and till
+evening in the saddle, the Viceroy imparted his own enthusiasm to the
+men. He rode over every part of the large manœuvre area, enquired into
+everything, and during the final phase on the last day was like a boy in
+spirits, thoroughly enjoying the spectacle, which turned out to be as
+realistic as mimic warfare can well be made.
+
+It was Lord Hardinge who urged the employment of Indian troops in
+France. He and Lord Kitchener were the two moving spirits in the scheme,
+and from the day I left India he never failed at once to answer all my
+long letters; never failed to give me not only his advice on all matters
+connected with the semi-political aspect of affairs, as far as they
+concerned my Corps, but used his great powers to meet every request
+regarding the classes of troops, the terms of service, changes in the
+system of enlistment and Reserves, and in short nothing was more
+noticeable than the determination, throughout the first year of the war,
+which he evinced, to make the employment of Indians in Europe a success.
+
+I write plainly, as the Indian Army should know the facts. The work of
+Viceroys, although frequently performed in the glare of publicity, has
+two sides. Much of what Lord Hardinge did for the Indians in France is
+the other, or unknown side, of the picture. What was done in India no
+doubt was put down as the work of the Indian Government, but much of it
+was originated by him personally, because he took the pains to enquire
+and knew the facts, and more still because he sympathised with the
+difficulties which attended the steering of the ship in uncharted
+waters.
+
+Of one more official I must write before I proceed with my story, for
+not only were we much thrown together in peace and on active service,
+but his name is so intimately connected with the North-West Frontiers of
+India and the personnel of an important part of our best fighting
+material, that for many years past one had naturally associated the name
+of Roos-Keppel with that of the Pathans and other border clans.
+
+Fifty-three years of age, Roos-Keppel had lived on the Frontiers for
+over twenty years. In many political appointments, as Commandant of the
+Khyber Rifles, and since 1909 as Chief Commissioner of the North-West
+Frontier Province, he has learned all there is to learn of the
+tribesmen, and has taught them, if not all, then most of what is
+necessary for them to understand. His life has been a romance of the
+wild border land; his success has been achieved by manly and just
+conduct in the face of semi-barbarism. His fearless nature, fine
+personal appearance, and intimate knowledge of the habits and language
+of the clans, stamp Roos-Keppel as a Paladin of the Frontiers. You must
+know the man and his task to understand what he has done for India.
+Governors and generals come and go, Maliks and Khans change or
+disappear, but for many long years Roos-Keppel has been the true Warden
+of the Marches.
+
+The Afridis and Afghans know the white man came decades ago and planted
+himself firmly on his borders, and means to remain there; but the white
+man to the present generation of these wild warriors is Colonel Sir
+George Roos-Keppel and no other. His influence has won their admiration,
+his stern justice tempered with mercy has won their fear, and his belief
+in himself has made them believe in him also.
+
+Often in France, in the dark days of 1914, have I quoted to the Pathans
+things he had said, and it always acted with them like a trumpet call to
+duty. Still more often did I wish I had had him with me, but it was not
+to be. He happened to be on leave in England when war broke out and came
+to Orleans to meet the Corps, and although I tried to secure his
+services, he was wanted back at his post in India, and I lost the aid of
+a good soldier and a remarkable man, which I deeply regretted.
+
+
+
+
+                               CHAPTER II
+
+
+The decision to send Indian troops to France was at first limited to
+sending two Divisions with their artillery and other arms, and it was
+not till these had actually begun to leave that orders were issued
+constituting them into an Army Corps with its full Staff. I was selected
+for the command, and most of my limited Northern Army Staff were
+attached. The remaining officers required to complete were appointed
+direct from Army Headquarters at Simla, but I was allowed to nominate
+the personal Staff. Of course it was a drawback not having a Staff with
+whom I had worked in peace time, but such an organisation had not been
+contemplated, and in any case I had nothing to complain of, as no
+General could have found a more loyal and devoted body of officers; many
+with very high attainments and experience in the field, and all with a
+knowledge of British and Indian troops. I very soon found that
+notwithstanding the fact we were all new to the peculiar warfare and
+unversed in the details of Army Corps organisation, the common-sense
+training which India gives men enabled us to quickly gather up the
+threads of the work.
+
+The following was the composition of the corps which left India:
+
+ LAHORE DIVISION
+
+ Lieut.-General H. B. WATKIS, C.B. (Indian Army).
+
+ FEROZEPORE BRIGADE.—Brig.-General R. M. Egerton, C.B. (Indian Army).
+   1st Connaught Rangers.
+   57th Rifles (Frontier Force).
+   9th Bhopal Infantry.
+   120th Baluchis.
+
+ JALANDAR BRIGADE.—Major-General P. M. Carnegy, C.B. (Indian Army).
+   1st Manchesters.
+   15th Sikhs.
+   47th Sikhs.
+   59th Rifles (Frontier Force).
+
+ SIRHIND BRIGADE.—Major-General J. M. S. Brunker (late R.A.).
+   1st Highland Light Infantry.
+   1st Battalion 1st Gurkhas.
+   1st Battalion 4th Gurkhas.
+   125th Rifles.
+
+ DIVISIONAL TROOPS.
+   15th Lancers.
+   Headquarters Divisional Engineers.
+   20th and 21st Companies Sappers and Miners.
+   Signal Company.
+   34th Sikh Pioneers.
+   Headquarters Divisional Artillery.
+
+ ARTILLERY.
+   5th, 11th and 18th Brigades R.F.A.
+   Ammunition Columns.
+   109th Heavy Battery.
+
+ MEERUT DIVISION
+
+ Lieut.-General C. A. ANDERSON, C.B. (late R.A.)
+
+ DEHRA DUN BRIGADE.—Brig.-General C. E. Johnson (Indian Army).
+   1st Seaforth Highlanders.
+   1st Battalion 9th Gurkhas.
+   2nd Battalion 2nd Gurkhas.
+   6th Jat Light Infantry.
+
+ GARHWAL BRIGADE.—Major-General H. D’U. Keary, C.B., D.S.O. (Indian
+    Army).
+   2nd Leicesters.
+   2nd Battalion 3rd Gurkhas.
+   1st Battalion 39th Garhwal Rifles.
+   2nd Battalion 39th Garhwal Rifles.
+
+ BAREILLY BRIGADE.—Major-General F. Macbean, C.V.O., C.B. (late Gordon
+    Highlanders).
+   2nd Black Watch.
+   41st Dogras.
+   58th Rifles (Frontier Force).
+   2nd Battalion 8th Gurkhas.
+
+ DIVISIONAL TROOPS.
+   4th Cavalry.
+   3rd and 4th Companies Sappers and Miners.
+   107th Pioneers.
+   Headquarters Divisional Engineers.
+   Signal Company.
+
+ ARTILLERY.
+   Headquarters Divisional Artillery.
+   4th, 9th and 13th Brigades R.F.A.
+   Ammunition Columns.
+   110th Heavy Battery.
+
+By 26th September 1914, or a little over seven weeks after the
+declaration of war, two Brigades of the Lahore Division had arrived at
+Marseilles. The Sirhind Brigade had been detained in Egypt to reinforce
+the garrison and did not reach France till the end of November, its
+place in the Corps being filled, on and off, by a British Brigade from
+the Expeditionary Force.
+
+I myself with the Corps Staff reached Marseilles by ordinary P. and O.
+mail on 30th September. I was met by the General in Command and an
+A.D.C. sent by General Joffre, and in a moment grasped the reality of
+our alliance. I was only an Army Corps Commander, but the honour thus
+conferred on us was a token of the unequalled tact and politeness of the
+French people. Every day I served in France I learned more, that with
+all our _esprit de corps_ we are not in the same street with their army
+in _camaraderie_.
+
+The Meerut Division was disembarking by 11th October. The Secunderabad
+Cavalry Brigade also arrived in Marseilles before I finally left for
+Orleans, and later was attached to the Indian Corps in Flanders, until
+the arrival of the remainder of the Indian Cavalry Corps. This fine
+Brigade was commanded by Brig.-General F. Wadeson, Indian Army, and
+consisted of
+
+                          7th Dragoon Guards,
+                          34th Poona Horse,
+                          20th Deccan Horse,
+                          “N” Battery R.H.A.;
+
+and with it came the Jodhpore Imperial Service Lancers, under command of
+that fine old veteran chief, Major-General Sir Partab Singh. His name is
+too familiar even in England to need any description here; suffice it to
+say he has, by his glorious personal example throughout the war, earned
+a prominent niche in the temple of fame, and as long as India endures
+the Rathore and other Indians will treasure the name of Maharaja Sir
+Partab Singh, Bahadur.
+
+Amongst Indian princes and chiefs who came to Europe, the following were
+attached on various duties to the Indian Army Corps, and by their
+loyalty and devotion well maintained the fame of their ancestors.
+Indeed, as I look back on those stormy days and recall many rides over
+execrable roads and fields deep in mire, from one end of our line to the
+other, I conjure up these scions of noble and great houses, sodden and
+mud-stained, and cease to wonder why Great Britain had gained so firm a
+hold over the millions of Hindustan.
+
+It is something which our race may well be proud of. On many a bitter
+field their powerful ancestors had fought against one another; some had
+disputed with us our sovereignty over the peninsula now called India,
+and all were of different race, creed and religion to ourselves; and yet
+here on the plains of Flanders they were intent on one thing alone, and
+that was to share our toils and our honours, and give if necessary their
+lives for their King-Emperor.
+
+Lieut. His Highness the Maharaja of Jodhpore was serving with Sir Partab
+Singh in his own regiment of Lancers.
+
+Colonel His Highness Sir Ganga Singh, Bahadur, Maharaja of Bikanir, was
+attached to the Meerut Division. I have long known this Indian prince;
+his devotion to the British and his readiness to be always doing
+something were conspicuous in France. His own Camel Corps was serving in
+Egypt, and later on he went and joined it for a time.
+
+Major His Highness Sir Madan Singh, Bahadur, Maharaja Dhiraj of
+Kishengarh.
+
+Captain the Hon. Malik Sir Umar Hayat Khan Tiwana was attached to the
+Ferozepore Brigade. A lithe, active man, he was the chief Mahomedan
+representative with the corps.
+
+Lieut. Raj-Kumar Hira Singh of Panna was with the Bareilly Brigade; and
+Lieut. Maharaja Kumar Hitandra Narayan of Kuch Behar was attached to the
+Dehra Dun Brigade.
+
+Lieut. Maharaja Kumar Gopal Saran Narain Singh of Tikari served with the
+Corps Signal Company and was a most versatile man, always ready to turn
+his hand to any job. Cheery and energetic, I had many opportunities of
+observing his work.
+
+Lieut. Malik Mumtaz Mahomed Khan, Native Indian Land Forces, was with
+the Staff of the Secunderabad Cavalry Brigade; and Captain Shah Mirza
+Beg, Jodhpore Lancers, was an A.D.C. in the same Brigade.
+
+Last, but by no means least, was one of the best soldiers I ever met,
+Risaldar Khwaja Mahomed Khan, Sirdar Bahadur, I.D.S.M., of the Guides
+Cavalry, my Indian A.D.C. He had served as A.D.C. to Lord Kitchener when
+he was Commander-in-Chief, and twice with me on frontier expeditions in
+1908. Brave, loyal to the core; hard as nails; always cheerful and very
+hard working, it was a pleasure to serve with such a real gentleman. He
+was invaluable in France, for although he knew but little English and
+very little French he was liked by all, British and Allies. He was the
+connecting link between me and all our Indian officers, and by his tact
+arranged many matters of considerable local importance to us. The Indian
+Government owes him a debt of gratitude; I hope they will not forget it.
+
+No one who knew _The Khwaja_, as he was familiarly known, could fail to
+see in him the best type of Indian officer; and in his remote village of
+Hamza Kot in the Yousafzai plain beneath the shadow of the Buner hills,
+he will often recall the bleak but stirring days we worked together from
+Givenchy and Festubert to Neuve Chapelle.
+
+At Marseilles the Indian troops were camped in various localities either
+in or within a few miles of the town. We had our field service tents,
+and except for the surroundings and the awful state of the ground from
+incessant rain, one might have been back in Northern India. But in those
+early days of the war everything was new to all ranks, and no matter
+what the discomforts it was a sudden drop into dreamland.
+
+Take a look at the race-course by the sea. Leaning on the rails are
+twenty or thirty French, men, women, and children, watching our Indian
+soldiers cooking their evening meal; these have doffed their khaki
+uniform and are now clothed in the scantiest of garments. They exchange
+words, French and Hindustani; a French child offers one of them a sweet,
+the Indian gives a chapatty in return; cigarettes are offered by a
+passer-by; a Mahomedan pulls out from his haversack a bamboo flute and
+plays a ditty; all laugh heartily. The West has already conquered the
+East; the East has sown a seed which gradually grew until within a few
+months Indians in Flanders were entering shops, bargaining and buying as
+if they were to the manner born, and the vendors were even more civil to
+them than to Europeans, and that is saying much for those fine people
+the French.
+
+What may eventually be the result of all the friendliness and
+_camaraderie_ between the French and Indians is hard to say. It will
+have its advantages; it will assuredly have its disadvantages. “East is
+East and West is West”: the Ganges and the Seine flow in different
+directions; the artificial meeting of these waters may not be an unmixed
+blessing. The Hindu on his return to Kashi (Benares) or the Mahomedan at
+his prayers at the Jumma Musjid at Delhi may think differently of the
+white races across the sea to what he thought before the transports bore
+him across the _kala-pani_, the black water.
+
+However, although everything may be changed after this war, personally I
+believe the East will return to its own ways, and very rightly so, and
+that the next generation of ordinary Indians will talk of France,
+Gallipoli, and Mesopotamia much as we do of the conquest of Mexico or of
+Peru.
+
+Whilst the Corps was collecting and getting re-equipped with new rifles,
+etc., I was summoned to General Headquarters, on the Aisne, and
+travelled _via_ Paris and thence by motor-car. At General Headquarters I
+saw Sir John French, and learnt from him that our Army was very shortly
+to be transferred from the Aisne to Flanders, and that the Indian Corps
+was to hasten its departure and join them there; he indicated the region
+of La Bassée, and although heavy fighting went on before we actually
+took our place in the trenches, it was immediately west of La Bassée
+that we eventually did so. He asked me many questions, and whether I had
+anything particular to point out. My only request was that I hoped my
+Corps would not be split up before we could be more or less
+concentrated, for I had a very shrewd idea we should find ourselves in
+trenches in Flanders and that the days of normal past European warfare
+were near their end on the Western front. I was not far wrong, but, as I
+shall show later, the situation was such when the Lahore Division
+arrived, that several battalions were at once taken from their brigades
+and thrown in anyhow with cavalry and infantry to help stem the German
+rush between Ypres and La Bassée.
+
+The times were abnormal and the necessity was great, but it was very
+unfortunate for the Indian troops that before they had time to realise
+their position, or gather whether they were facing east or west, they
+were separated from their own British battalions and broken up into half
+battalions and even companies, and rushed into the whirlwind of Ypres
+amidst those who were strangers to them.
+
+Then came realistically home to them the shortage of British officers.
+Twelve was the total war complement per battalion—twelve marked white
+men; nobly these and the gallant Indians did their duty, but the tempest
+was on them and the British officers were practically blotted out. The
+Indian officers and men fought fiercely, but notwithstanding that the
+other British troops of all classes around them were setting a deathless
+example of glory, the fact remained that the Indians were fast losing
+the officers who knew them and whom they trusted beyond all things; and
+of the strangers there were none who could talk their language or
+understand them.
+
+Those who take up the pen to criticise should first put themselves in
+the place of these men, who had crossed the seas to fight for England,
+without any personal cause in the quarrel, and inspired alone by the
+duty they owed their King-Emperor because they had eaten his salt. It is
+a story of loyalty never surpassed in the annals of history, but the
+narration of these events will follow in the next chapter.
+
+I returned to Marseilles, and was in Orleans a few days later; here the
+two Divisions and all their belongings were being concentrated and moved
+on, as equipped with mechanical and horse transport. The French General
+in Command of the District was greatly interested in the troops and
+witnessed a march past after an inspection parade.
+
+The Indians were much impressed by the statue of Joan of Arc, which
+stands in a large square of the town; they had just heard the story of
+the Maid, and I saw them assembled in groups round the statue, and some
+companies which happened to be passing came to attention and turned
+their faces towards it. Could the Maid have ever dreamed that the Aryans
+from the far waters of the Indus and the slopes of the great Himalayas
+would one day learn to honour her as her own countrymen would do? But
+every day in France in 1914–15 was a lesson in psychology.
+
+The mechanical transport handed over to us at Orleans was a revelation.
+The great retreat from Mons had taken its terrible toll, England was
+being called on to face difficulties of sea and land transport undreamed
+of but a few months previously; our armies were fighting for dear life,
+and these must needs of course be supplied first, and yet that great
+organiser Lord Kitchener had found it possible to send us motor
+transport sufficient for our immediate needs, and all up to time. Indeed
+it was we who had to hurry to keep pace with the urgent call from the
+trenches.
+
+Had the mechanical transport been the sole difficulty, that had already
+been solved, but with the horse vehicles it was a totally different
+affair. No need to dilate on this; we knew they were doing their best
+for us and we meant to do our best with what was given us; but in truth
+the medley of carts of every description that met my eye the first
+morning at Orleans was enough to turn one’s hair grey.
+
+A vast plain, now converted into a bog, was literally strewn with
+vehicles and horses; every species of conveyance found a place, and the
+fair at Nijni Novgorod could not have shown greater variety; the
+char-a-banc and the baker’s cart; structures on prehistoric springs;
+pole and draught harness; horses in hundreds without collars, head or
+heel ropes—in fact, just loose. It might have appeared grave if it had
+not been so amusing. But the cart horses and harness were all as nothing
+to the drivers. Good fellows, who a month later had become useful
+soldiers, to-day they were indeed a sore trial. I went round to one
+diminutive man and said, “Do you know anything about horses?” “I do
+not,” was his reply. “How many days have you been a soldier?” “Thirteen
+days.” He was doing his best to find his horses, which in company with
+many others were taking a stroll along the banks of the Loire anywhere
+within five miles of the camp. I liked that man.
+
+Such were some of our first trials, but what minute ones in comparison
+to the real ones we should soon be facing. The Indian soldiers could not
+understand all these things! The motor lorries were new to them, and
+they simply took it for granted that in a European war everything was
+going to be new. But to see hundreds of magnificent horses wandering
+about because there was nothing to fasten them with, and drivers who
+were very much at sea, with a force going into the field, they did not
+understand. They have learned a good many things since.
+
+Of all arms of the Indian Corps there was one not surpassed in any
+army—the Field Artillery. True, that to furnish the British equivalent
+of a corps in guns many other divisions in India had lost their
+brigades, but the artillery as it stood was near perfection. Superbly
+horsed; with officers and men who had been trained on excellent and
+varied manœuvre grounds; comparatively old, and in every respect highly
+disciplined soldiers; the field artillery I had in France was a thing
+any General might well envy. And moreover, as it was put to no such test
+as the Mons retreat it went into action fully equipped, and remained
+throughout the year the Corps was in France a fine fighting machine.
+Officers and men disappeared as in other brigades of the Expeditionary
+Force, but the nucleus remained, and improved as time went on.
+
+The Indian Divisions had each an entire regiment of cavalry attached as
+Divisional troops, and in addition a battalion of Pioneers, and in this
+respect were ahead of British troops in organisation. These Pioneer
+battalions proved of inestimable value, being trained in various kinds
+of technical work as well as all ordinary fighting duties. In addition
+each Division had two companies of Sappers and Miners; acknowledged by
+all who have ever seen them in the field to be some of the finest
+engineer troops in our army.
+
+The Indian _kahars_ or stretcher-bearers attached to the field
+ambulances are a peculiarity of India. In France they did most excellent
+work; purely non-fighting men, they are callously brave under fire,
+going about their duty with a calm air which appears to say, “I am not a
+fighting but a healing man, therefore they will never shoot me”—for this
+in fact is what one of them said to me. The _kahar_ of course takes his
+chance, but I doubt if that man had ever heard of the Huns.
+
+On the 18th October two Brigades of the Lahore Division left Orleans and
+were on the Flanders front by the 21st, and the Meerut Division
+following them reached St. Omer by the 29th of the month. These were
+followed by the Secunderabad Cavalry Brigade and Jodhpore Lancers, and
+thus the whole of the Corps that had so far arrived in France was at
+last facing the Germans.
+
+A great surprise to me, once we found ourselves in Flanders, was the
+ease with which everything worked. The Indian troops, as is well known,
+have their own peculiar customs. Their religious scruples and their
+feeding have to be arranged for on lines entirely different to British
+soldiers. All these details might reasonably have been expected to cause
+considerable difficulties, but we had been preceded by Staff Officers
+conversant with all the requirements, and General Headquarters gave such
+a free hand in these matters and so readily fell in with every
+suggestion which they felt was necessary, that in a very few days things
+were working more smoothly than in India itself, where unfortunately red
+tape, Babus, and Returns clog the wheels to such an extent as to render
+the machinery frequently almost immovable.
+
+India was now to be put to the test. Thirty, and even twenty, years
+previously it had been looked upon as the best training ground for the
+army. Indian campaigns had produced many distinguished soldiers. Names
+like those of Nicholson, Colin Campbell, Havelock, Roberts, had
+immortalised its army; and only recently Lord Kitchener had reorganised
+it, but the years of desert warfare in Egypt and the war in South Africa
+had shorn India of many of its attractions. It was no longer looked on
+by many good soldiers as the best, or even as a good school. I had known
+some who had refused high commands; others who felt European war was in
+the air and had no intention of cutting themselves adrift from home,
+where lay the best chance of being employed. For me personally there was
+the ever-present knowledge that but few of those directing the great
+military machine in France knew anything about the Indians, and yet the
+very nature and composition of the corps must be thoroughly recognised
+if the fullest advantage was to be taken of it. We did know,
+fortunately, that His Majesty the King not only had his Indian soldiers’
+welfare at heart, but also that we should always have his earnest
+support, and this was a tower of strength to us. We knew also that Lord
+Kitchener would watch our progress and back up our needs.
+
+So far so good, but something more was needed. Did our immediate
+commanders grasp the fact that our strength in bare numbers as compared
+with a British Army Corps was 5400 bayonets short? Did they realise that
+our reinforcements were precarious, and had to come thousands of miles
+across the seas? They could not know what I did, viz. that a very large
+proportion of our reservists, which must form a great part of such
+reinforcements, were quite useless for European warfare, owing to the
+pernicious reserve system then prevailing in India. Could they tell that
+the drafts, before many months had gone by, would begin to consist of
+recruits enlisted immediately before or during the war?
+
+A former War Minister in England had once told me that in four months
+Britishers could be turned into good soldiers, fit to fight in Europe.
+Perhaps he was right; perhaps this great war has proved it; but “East is
+East and West is West,” and notwithstanding my admiration for the
+Indians and believing them to be first-class fighting material, I can
+positively assert that it is impossible to make good soldiers of them in
+four months or even in a much longer period. Education, temperament, the
+difference between having and not having a cause in the quarrel, must
+perforce be considered. From the day I left India I had revolved all
+these matters in my mind, and now the time had come when we must put our
+whole soul into the battle.
+
+The day of my arrival at St. Omer, the British Headquarters, was indeed
+one to be remembered. Asia had dropped into Europe; the descendants of
+Timour, of Guru Govind, of the ancient Hindus, had come to fight the
+Huns on the historic plains of Flanders. Seventy miles in a direct line
+from us lay the immortal field of Waterloo; seventy-five miles away were
+the cliffs of Dover. The man must have been carved out of wood who would
+not have rejoiced at his good fortune; the heart atrophied that did not
+beat the faster at the thought that he was given a chance, however
+humble, of taking his share in the greatest conflict of all times.
+
+As I motored to General Headquarters, methought the temple bells on
+Ganges banks were ringing, and the millions of devotees offering their
+prayers for their loved ones so far away, in a land which none could
+conjure up even in imagination. The voices of the muezzins were
+ascending from thousands of mosques, from the Afridi hills to the Deccan
+plains and away beyond, calling on Allah to protect their kith and kin
+and give them victory. The Golden Temple of Amritsar was sending up its
+call to Ishwar, with _fatehs_ for the soldiers of the Khalsa. On the
+mighty Himalayas, the home of the Highlanders of Nepal, the sturdy
+little Gurkhas, I could see many thousands who knew nothing of Europe or
+any land beyond their own, but who did know that their kinsfolk could
+die like men, and they were calling in their simple faith on the Creator
+to watch those who from loyalty to their King-Emperor had crossed the
+great unknown sea. And then the car stopped, and my vision faded, for I
+was at General Headquarters, and on a large table covered with small
+flags was the map of the British trenches, and standing beside it was
+the Field-Marshal Commander-in-Chief.
+
+I had only met Sir John French three times in my life, but even had I
+never met him before I would have been glad to serve under his command,
+for he spoke so directly and with a manner that proved his sincerity and
+his confidence in himself and his army. There was no bluster, but just a
+man in high authority speaking to another, who, he recognised, had a
+difficult task before him and meant to do his level best. I went away
+happy.
+
+I once asked one of my African soldiers, “Who is the greatest man in the
+world?” He promptly answered, “You are.” I asked him why, and he
+replied, “Because you are my Commander-in-Chief.” Simple fellow, but I
+felt rather like him for the moment.
+
+
+
+
+                              CHAPTER III
+
+
+From General Headquarters I proceeded to my billet at Merville for the
+night, and was met by the Frenchman, his wife and children, in whose
+house I was quartered. The room had only been vacated by another
+occupant an hour previously, and the hall and drawing-room bore the
+marks of hurry and scurry everywhere. I was often in the year to come to
+be the uninvited guest of other French people, but these were enough to
+show me the great heart of France; a heart so true and brave that it at
+first set one wondering what manner of people is this.
+
+When I got to know them better I ceased to wonder; I ceased to doubt
+what might be the end of it all; this glorious race in its dire trial
+was indeed setting an example to the whole world. My hosts could not do
+enough to help me; tea was served: the children ran up and down stairs
+carrying something, anything, so long as they could show they were
+anxious to make me welcome. I thought perhaps they imagined the Indian
+General was some peculiar class of animal, but no! I soon discovered it
+was because I was an ordinary Englishman and they were typical French,
+that their kindness was lavished on me. And as months went on and we
+mixed more and more with them, we all discovered that high as had always
+been our opinion of our neighbours across the Channel, we had known but
+little of them after all. The unselfishness of their race is to my
+thinking unique; and from civilians, men and women alike, I never
+received anything but the greatest courtesy. For two months my corps
+held the trenches next to the French, and during that time I conceived a
+liking for their soldiers, and an admiration for their brave and
+courteous Generals and Staffs that I had never thought possible to
+entertain towards any other than our own army.
+
+There was never any kind of difficulty in working with a French General;
+one was only too glad to meet his wishes, for they were always expressed
+with courtesy, a natural gift with them, sometimes sadly lacking with
+us.
+
+I had the honour of knowing and working with General de Maud’huy,
+Commanding the Xth Corps, and General Maistre, Commanding the XXIst
+Corps d’Armée, both splendid comrades in the field. Many others, too, I
+had dealings with; and amongst Staff Officers attached to the Indian
+Corps none could have been a greater favourite with British and Indians
+alike than Captain de la Ferronays. He joined us at Marseilles, and
+remained for some months until transferred to the French General Staff.
+
+One of my saddest days in France was when we had to part from our French
+comrades for our first period of rest, and we did not serve next to them
+again except for short periods.
+
+My great hope had been that the Indian Corps would not be split up as it
+arrived but be given a few days wherein to pull themselves together and
+form some idea of what was before them. This later on became the policy,
+and troops new to the country and form of warfare were not only kept
+behind the trenches but were instructed in all that was necessary, so
+that when their turn came they did not walk blindly into the hurricane.
+
+It was, however, impossible in these days; every man as he arrived was
+wanted, and wanted badly, and hence some of the first arrivals were just
+pushed into the firing-line and took their chance. The Indians had one
+disadvantage: their Generals and officers had no previous training in
+this novel form of fighting. The British forces, even though composed of
+men of all kinds, had most of them a nucleus of officers and soldiers
+who had already seen the backs of the Germans. The retreat from Mons was
+fresh in their memories, but the advance to the Aisne was a retort that
+no retreat could dim, and with these to their credit they felt that no
+matter how strong the foe, they were the same men who had turned to bay
+on the Marne and driven the Prussian Eagles away from their goal.
+
+The orders however were given, and with that spirit which they had shown
+on many a field from Meanee to Delhi and Lucknow the soldiers of India
+entered into battle.
+
+The 1st Connaught Rangers, forming part of the Ferozepore Brigade, was
+the first battalion of the Army Corps engaged, and the 57th Rifles and
+129th Baluchis were the first Indian regiments. As the Dorsets rightly
+carry on their colours the motto, “Primus in Indis,” so surely should
+each of these two battalions be given “Primus in Europa,” a fitting
+reward for their good fortune. On the 22nd October 1914 the Connaughts
+arrived at Wulverghem by motor buses, a new form of battle transport,
+and on the 23rd a portion of them took the place of the Essex regiment
+in the trenches in front of Messines. The remainder of the battalion
+next day relieved cavalry on the same front.
+
+On the 26th October they were again relieved by cavalry, during which
+operation they suffered some casualties. Rendezvousing near Wytschaete
+they shortly afterwards received orders to attack the German trenches
+near Gapaard in conjunction with the 57th Rifles, both then being under
+the orders of the First Cavalry Division. The 129th Baluchis attached to
+the 3rd Brigade of the Second Cavalry Division operated on their left.
+
+The Connaughts’ attack was led by Lieut.-Colonel H. Ravenshaw, Major
+Murray being in command of the firing supports. Owing to darkness it was
+found impossible to keep touch with the 57th, but eventually Captain
+Payne’s company, after passing through a fairly heavy fire, rushed three
+German trenches, taking an officer and some men prisoners, and skilfully
+withdrew. Ravenshaw specially commended Major Murray and Captain Payne
+on this the first occasion of an attack by the battalion. The total
+casualties were seventeen men.
+
+On the 29th October the Connaught Rangers rejoined the Lahore Division.
+This fine battalion, which did excellent work on many occasions, was the
+only Irish corps then under my command; six weeks later the 2nd
+battalion, which had originally formed part of the 5th Infantry Brigade
+of the Second Division, was also sent to me to supplement its sister
+battalion; it arrived in a very depleted state, and with only one of its
+original officers, but soon recovered its condition and rendered
+splendid service.
+
+I have the greatest affection for Irishmen and have done all my
+regimental soldiering with them and was proud to have so distinguished a
+regiment under my command. To those who know how to treat them they are
+indeed impossible to beat in any Army, and I shall hope again some day
+to meet my comrades, such as may be left of them.
+
+The 57th (Wilde’s) Rifles on arrival at the advanced scene of operations
+found themselves in occupation of trenches near Oost Taverne and between
+Wytschaete and Messines. Sepoy Usman Khan of the 55th (Coke’s) Rifles
+(commonly known as “Cookies” on the Frontier) on this occasion won the
+Indian Distinguished Service Medal. I believe he was the first Indian to
+gain a decoration in France.
+
+As stated before, the 57th took part with the Connaught Rangers in the
+attack on Gapaard. Lieut.-Colonel Gray, the Commanding Officer, was
+unfortunately wounded early in the day by shrapnel. He had served with
+me on Frontier expeditions, and his wild fighting spirit and cheery
+manner made him a typical leader of Indian troops. It was not long after
+before he was back in France with his beloved regiment and later went on
+to the Eastern Mediterranean as a Brigadier-General.
+
+The 57th was composed of exceptionally good officers and a fine class of
+Indian officers and men all round. In this affair they did not have a
+chance of doing much and their casualties were slight. The composition
+of this unit was two companies of each of the following classes, Sikhs,
+Dogras, Punjabi-Musalmans, and Pathans, and their last active service
+had been in China, 1900.
+
+Meantime the 129th Baluchis who were attached to the 3rd Cavalry Brigade
+and were operating on the left of the Indian battalion had to advance
+over very bad ground and made but small progress. This battalion had
+taken over trenches already prepared by the cavalry on the 23rd October,
+and came under rifle and machine-gun fire for the first time, and as the
+Commanding Officer reported, “they stood it well.”
+
+In the attack on Gapaard a company of the Baluchis got to within 300
+yards of the German trenches and were quite annoyed on receiving orders
+to retire, but it was necessary as the enemy machine-guns were skilfully
+posted. Captain Hampe-Vincent was killed, and besides there were
+forty-six other casualties. The battalion carried out various duties
+between this date and the 30th, losing another twelve men.
+
+The movements and duties of the 57th Rifles and 129th Baluchis, during
+their detachment from their own Brigade, read strangely to any one who
+was not in the area at the time. Here were two Indian battalions,
+suddenly dumped down in a maelstrom, depending for guidance entirely on
+their few British officers, split up into half companies, attached to
+various British corps in turn, cavalry, infantry, guns; hurried from one
+trench to another, from one front to another, hardly realising the
+meaning or object of it all; and then comes the hardest trial; their
+gallant leaders are everywhere, encouraging and guiding with a spirit of
+unselfish bravery that will live for all time, when the hand of death
+strikes them down; others fall sorely wounded; Indian officers share
+their fate; the sepoys bewildered but faithful still fight on. They may
+be driven (they were driven) time after time from their trenches but
+such a retreat is glory, and they shared it to the full with their newly
+found British comrades in those few but stormy days of Ypres.
+
+The difficulty of recording these events may be gathered from the
+Commanding Officer’s report on the actions round Wytschaete and
+Messines, which he begins with the remark: “It is not possible to submit
+a detailed report or make special mention of individuals, owing to the
+fact that six out of seven British officers employed with my companies
+were killed or wounded.” With the help of the Indian officers later on,
+all that could be discovered was noted, and as many rewards were given
+by the Commander-in-Chief as there was evidence to prove had been
+earned.
+
+As a record of the kaleidoscopic movements of the 57th Rifles the
+following orders are interesting: On the evening of 28th October the
+Commanding Officer was directed to place one company at the disposal of
+the G.O.C. 4th Cavalry Brigade, and another at that of the G.O.C. 5th
+Cavalry Brigade; these two companies relieved portions of their British
+comrades in the trenches. Later the same evening he was ordered to send
+his two remaining companies to report to 3rd Cavalry Brigade at Messines
+by 5 A.M. next morning. Headquarters of the battalion were ordered to
+remain at Wytschaete; and to complete the break up, the machine-gun
+section was sent to the 4th Cavalry Brigade. Of course the situation was
+such as to render even such extraordinary orders necessary, but my
+object in quoting them is to show the immense difficulties the
+battalions had to face under most abnormal conditions, and the fact that
+notwithstanding the shortage of British officers, and hence the absence
+of any one who could speak their language, these gallant men of the 57th
+and 129th put up and sustained so good a fight as to earn the high
+encomium and thanks of leaders as distinguished as Generals Hugh Gough
+and Allenby, no mean judges of human nature.
+
+During the 29th, the 57th Rifles suffered only a few casualties, but on
+the morning of 30th October the Germans plastered the trenches of the
+4th and 5th Cavalry Brigades with shrapnel and high explosive and
+attacked with infantry. About 2 P.M. a portion of the troops north of
+the 5th Cavalry Brigade was compelled to fall back, thus exposing the
+trenches to the south to enfilade fire, and the Brigade commenced a
+retirement from its left flank.
+
+Captain Forbes of the 57th, with No. 3 Company, by some mischance did
+not receive the orders to retire in time and became isolated. The enemy
+was soon on both his flanks, but Forbes is made of the stuff that never
+acknowledges danger. He was severely wounded a day or two after and
+invalided, but I was glad to have an opportunity on his rejoining, of
+placing him on the Corps Staff as Camp Commandant. As the company
+retired, a half of it with its leader, Lieut. I. H. Clarke, was mown
+down by machine-gun fire, only a few getting away. As the Commanding
+Officer put it tersely but with how much pathos—“They did not return.”
+The survivors moved back to Wytschaete.
+
+Major Willans, a sturdy soldier, with No. 1 Company farther to the right
+had fared slightly better and was able to withdraw with his machine-gun
+to the east of the Wytschaete-Messines Road. The bombardment of the
+trenches and Wytschaete continued during the 30th and 31st October, and
+on this latter night, between 3 and 4 A.M., the Germans made an infantry
+attack in overwhelming numbers. The supports were commanded by Major E.
+E. Barwell, and on hearing the burst of musketry he pushed forward but
+was killed as he advanced. A personal friend and a brave gentleman, he
+died as he once told me he hoped he might.
+
+No. 4 Company of the 57th was bearing the weight of a strong attack at
+the same time, and Captain R. S. Gordon commanding No. 2 Company at once
+led them to its assistance. As the Highlander leaped from his trench he
+was killed; and thus passed away an ideal soldier. “Jock” Gordon was a
+very uncommon man, loved by all who knew him, of a nature that knew no
+guile, literally worshipped by his men, on that cold October morn he
+found his place in the Valhalla of his northern land.
+
+Lieut. Malony, notwithstanding that he was opposed to vastly superior
+advancing numbers, kept up so heavy a fire that the enemy began to cry a
+halt and endeavour to dig themselves in. He held on as long as his
+ammunition lasted but was then himself severely wounded and
+incapacitated.
+
+Meantime half of No. 4 Company was nearly surrounded, and the detachment
+was left without a single British officer; but the occasion generally
+discovers the man, and he was there in the person of Subadar Arsla Khan,
+one of those legendary heroes of the days of Timour. I had known him for
+years in peace and war; he had won his Order of Merit with me on the
+North-West Frontiers of India, and has since added the Military Cross to
+his numerous decorations. Leading a counter-attack with the bayonet he
+gained sufficient time to pull his men together, and then, although
+vastly outnumbered, skilfully withdrew both companies to Messines; here
+the men became separated in the streets and were eventually taken in
+charge by Lieut. Reardon, the British interpreter attached to the
+battalion. In the counter-attack Jemadar Kapur Singh, a Dogra, was
+killed after all his men had been placed _hors de combat_.
+
+It is instructive to read in the reports that some of the men in
+Messines “had the good fortune” to come across an officer who spoke
+Hindustani, and was thus able to direct them to rejoin their
+Headquarters; and the report concludes with, “and some of them did
+arrive at Kemmel.”
+
+Necessity may know no law, but you cannot expect a dweller of these
+islands to ask his way of a Chinaman of the Yangtse, especially should
+both have the misfortune of being under a heavy fire of high explosive
+shell at the time. You may perhaps expect it, but one often expects too
+much.
+
+Captain Forbes, of whom I wrote above, was severely wounded whilst
+conducting his men back from the north of Wytschaete, where the Germans
+had gained a footing. A withdrawal also became necessary from other
+portions of our trenches, and Major Willans, finding his position
+untenable, had retired his Sikhs on to a battery near a windmill
+south-west of Wytschaete. Lieut. Fowler, who commanded the regimental
+machine-guns, was severely wounded. He had exercised his command with
+great coolness.
+
+Major Swifte, who had succeeded to the command of the 57th when
+Lieut.-Colonel Gray was wounded, collected all the men he could and on
+the morning of 1st November was ordered to report to G.O.C. 4th Cavalry
+Brigade, who directed him to take up a position on the right of the 3rd
+Hussars. Here he was joined by Major Willans with his own company and
+what remained of the companies from Messines, and late that night was
+ordered to report himself to O.C. 129th Baluchis.
+
+This battalion had, like the 57th Rifles, been doing its share in
+another place. After its first experience in the trenches it had a rest
+in billets on 27th October, and was at work again on the 29th
+entrenching a position. Whilst at this duty, at 11 A.M. on the 29th, two
+companies received orders to proceed to a bridge over the Canal
+north-west of Hollebeke to support the cavalry in the château there, but
+at 1.10 P.M. it was moved to Klein Hollebeke to form part of the reserve
+to the 1st Army Corps, and at 7 P.M. marched back to its billets. The
+casualties only amounted to twelve killed and wounded.
+
+Orders for relief had been issued for 7 A.M. on 30th October, but at
+6.30 A.M. the enemy opened a heavy fire which continued throughout the
+morning. Lieut.-Colonel W. M. Southey was in command of the 129th. His
+was one of the few battalions of the Indian Corps that I did not then
+know well, but I had seen them for a few days and made as thorough an
+inspection as was possible. It had in its ranks Mahsuds and some
+Mohmands, good fighters in their own Frontier hills; the Mohmands were
+now being for the first time tested in our regular Army. In consequence
+these were of necessity young soldiers, but under Southey all soldiers
+will fight, and notwithstanding their youth the new classes gradually
+acquired the discipline which is so essential for any military body.
+Southey soon after this got command of a brigade and at once justified
+his selection.
+
+The 129th was originally raised in 1846 and has always been known as a
+“Baluchi” battalion. It consisted in 1914 of two companies of
+Punjabi-Musalmans, three of Mahsuds, and three of other Pathans, and had
+seen service in Persia, Afghanistan, and Egypt, 1882. The Duke of
+Connaught is their Colonel-in-Chief.
+
+A story is told of Southey during the heavy fighting near Givenchy and
+Festubert in December 1914. When commanding his battalion in the
+advanced trenches he received a message from some higher authority
+directing him to hold on at all costs to his somewhat precarious
+position—“Never mind about holding on, I will of course do that, but
+where are my rations?”
+
+In this battalion was an Indian officer of whom also I must tell a
+story. Six years previously I was in command of an expedition on the
+North-West Frontier of India, when one day the tribesmen had gathered in
+force and held a very strong Pass. All arrangements were completed and
+our attack was just beginning when suddenly, 800 yards directly in front
+of my own position, a single man carrying a large white flag appeared on
+a knoll and deliberately began walking towards us. Had there been no
+firing, or had the tribesmen ceased firing, the flag would of course
+have been respected, but on the contrary as he advanced the Martinis of
+the Mohmands began to crack louder than ever, and presently casualties
+occurred here and there in our ranks. Of course such conduct could not
+be tolerated, and it appeared as if one fanatic had adopted this ruse to
+put us off our guard. However on came the flag, now at the double, and I
+do not think I exaggerate when I say scores of shots were aimed at it.
+The man kept tacking from side to side, appearing and disappearing in
+the holes and hollows and behind rocks, but remaining scatheless, until
+he was less than 400 yards from us, when as if from a chivalry inborn
+every one ceased to fire at him, and only stared at what they thought
+was a madman. The firing went on steadily elsewhere. At last he arrived
+where I was standing, and saluting delivered himself of the following
+speech: “General, my name is Ahmed Din, I am a native officer of the
+129th Baluchis. I am on leave from my regiment. This is my home and
+these people on the hills are fools and do not know the power of the
+British Government. I ask you to cease firing and they will at once
+surrender. I have only one request and that is that you spare the large
+village just the other side of the Pass and we will pay any fine you
+impose.” Whatever else he was he certainly did not fear death, for he
+had faced it as coolly as man could do. I sounded the “Cease fire,” and
+in five minutes all firing had ceased and white flags floated all along
+the ridges and peaks. We marched over the Pass and occupied the village
+but every precaution was of course taken and picquets posted. Ahmed Din
+remained with me as a hostage and guest combined.
+
+No sooner was it dark than from every side bullets came raining into our
+camps, and for that form of warfare we had quite a number of men,
+horses, and mules hit. I told my gallant friend that if I was killed (he
+winced) the sepoys would certainly see that he followed suit. He took me
+aside and said, “Remember, General, this is not my village, mine is
+farther on.” “All right,” I answered, “I will burn yours to-morrow,” and
+he believed I would, but of course I did not.
+
+We left next morning but not before the rearguard had left the village
+in ashes, and Ahmed Din smiled as he looked back on the smoke being
+borne towards his own untouched belongings. The climax was reached when
+later he came to me in Peshawar and asked to be given the medal for the
+expedition; he got it, but thought it rather hard luck that he was not
+given the field allowance as well. Poor fellow, I met him again in
+France and we laughed over the incident. He will see his native hills no
+more.
+
+ Amid the sloughs of Festubert, where India’s heroes sleep and share
+ With England’s sons a common grave; when Azrael’s trump shall call the
+    brave,
+ And ranks fall in and stand to arms, to answer God, not war’s alarms,
+ A tomb with crescent marked in green shall yield the soul of Ahmed Din.
+
+The 129th experienced varying fortunes during the 30th October; after
+reinforcing the firing-line with all available men, they were pushed
+back by a strong German attack. One company held on to a farm where it
+was reinforced by Colonel Southey himself but eventually had to retire.
+The demoralising effect of continued retirement was beginning to tell on
+the men, many of whom were very young soldiers, and it was necessary to
+pull them together. Detaching a portion of them to hold a wood to the
+right, the remainder were rallied in the vicinity of a château which was
+held by Lieut. H. Lewis and Subadar Adam Khan. Evening saw them still
+holding the wood and some trenches north of the château, and later three
+companies moved to billets near the canal bank, leaving one company to
+hold the trenches north of the château.
+
+On 31st October further moves took place, resulting in three companies
+taking over some cavalry trenches, with one company in support and forty
+men in reserve. Firing by the enemy continued till 11 P.M., when it
+increased, and news was received through some French officers that a
+farm held by the Baluchis had been captured by the Germans. Colonel
+Southey at once proceeded with Major Hannyngton and Lieut. Lewis to find
+out what was happening. The truth was soon ascertained, viz. that Major
+H. W. Potter, in local command, was still holding on round the farm
+which was in possession of the enemy. It is a strange fact that
+notwithstanding the difficulty of the Indians recognising the difference
+between French and Germans, in this case they had been right and
+insisted they were Boches, but it was the British officer who thought
+them French, and would not open fire until they had arrived at twenty
+paces; too late to stop them, but what a fine example of self-control;
+even though it was a matter of life and death, the Englishman refused to
+kill until he was sure it really was the enemy.
+
+Fifteen or more were accounted for when the party fell back, and the
+Germans entered the farm. The last bit of work that fell to the Baluchis
+is best told in the brief official report of Colonel Southey himself:
+“We formed up about 3 A.M. and advanced on the left of the farm, Major
+Potter taking the right, and marched up to the farm. We killed about
+three and wounded three, and the remainder who had not bolted
+surrendered, fourteen in number.” That is all.
+
+Thirty-five Germans had been accounted for, and many of our own brave
+fellows, but the adventure on a dark night in rain-soaked fields carried
+out by aliens in a strange land is dismissed in three lines.
+
+Lieut. Lewis during this advance was twice shot at, at a distance of not
+less than fifteen yards; both shots hit his field-glasses in front of
+his left hip and smashed them to bits, the second one glancing off and
+hitting his hand. A few days later he received a letter from a friend in
+Ceylon who wound up by saying, “Take my advice and always wear your
+field-glasses in front of your belt.” Lewis had another narrow escape at
+Givenchy two months later. Whilst working his machine-gun in the front
+trench the Germans broke in on his right, unknown to him. One of his
+team suddenly saw them coming down the trench a few yards away, and
+Lewis saw one man covering him with his rifle from the parapet only
+three paces off. He gave the order to retire (these stories were told me
+by a brother officer of his) and heard the click of the man’s rifle but
+no shot followed. The rifle was not loaded.
+
+And if any have ever doubted the splendid gallantry shown under the
+severest trials let them read this example of what Indian soldiers will
+do when called on by their leaders. Each battalion had in those days two
+Maxim machine-guns. With the team of one gun of the Baluchis were three
+men whose names deserve to be recorded: Naik Sar Mir, Lance-Naik Hobab
+Gul, and Sepoy Redi Gul. These men worked their gun until it was blown
+to bits by a shell and only retired under orders of their commander
+Captain R. F. Dill, who, displaying splendid coolness, continued the
+fight with his other gun. And what of this machine-gun? I believe the
+Victoria Cross is made from the metal of guns captured at the Alma. The
+second machine-gun of the 129th Baluchis might well be manufactured into
+the future Victoria Crosses of the Indian Army, for it has a famous
+story attached to it.
+
+Dill had lost one gun but whilst the other remained he would remain with
+it. He was disabled by a splinter of shell in the head, his glorious
+team fell fast, but as each man fell another took his place. Engrave
+these names in letters of gold for all time: 2524 Colour-Havildar Ghulam
+Mahomed, 2813 Sepoy Lal Sher, 4182 Sepoy Said Ahmad, 103 Sepoy Kassib,
+3600 Sepoy Afsar Khan; and only one remained, severely wounded. He
+worked the gun till strength failed him and he lay unconscious and hence
+untouched by the enemy—No. 4050 Sepoy Khudadad! and he has lived to wear
+the Victoria Cross, the first Indian soldier who ever won it. His home
+is in the village of Chakwal near Jhelum’s river. There I can see him in
+imagination, telling the children of the deeds of his regiment, but like
+all brave men saying little of his own share in it.
+
+  A tale which holdeth children from play, and old men from the chimney
+  corner.
+
+The 129th on relief by French cavalry rejoined their own Brigade on the
+La Bassée front.
+
+And so the first experience of the Army Corps in the war had been gained
+and the price paid. Not that any one of them grudged it, nor was the
+toll as heavy as the British units had to pay, and yet comparatively it
+was heavier, because it was taken from men who had had no opportunity of
+realising what it was all about. They had been trained to the
+understanding that when they entered into the battle it would, at any
+rate at first, be alongside the British comrades with whom they had
+served in Brigades in India; these at least they knew and understood;
+and even if this could not be, they had every reason to believe they
+would at least fight as battalions under their own Commanding Officers;
+but here none of these things happened. They were split up in fragments,
+and that they stood the strain as well as they did is the best possible
+testimony to their discipline and efficiency. As an Indian officer said
+to me on the return of the two battalions to rejoin their Headquarters,
+talking about the separation from their own Brigades, “Sahib, they do
+not understand anything about us.”
+
+The short fighting round Ypres had cost the 57th Rifles the loss of two
+British officers killed, three wounded, and one missing out of a total
+of eleven present, three Indian officers killed or missing, and one
+wounded, whilst 290 other ranks made up the casualty list for those few
+days. An Indian battalion numbered only 750 all told—450 remained. In
+the 129th Baluchis the losses were three British officers killed, three
+wounded, and of Indian officers three were killed and two wounded, and
+other ranks totalled 230.
+
+Of Major G. G. P. Humphreys his C.O. wrote: “I most deeply deplore his
+loss.” Captain W. F. Adair, though mortally wounded, refused to allow a
+havildar and two of the men of the 129th to remove him as it might
+entail their being killed themselves. Colonel Southey calls him “a most
+gallant and cool leader.”
+
+Subadar Zaman Khan of the 129th had the honour of being singled out as
+an officer of the “greatest coolness and courage,” and Havildar Sobat
+Khan of the same battalion “showed bravery and coolness above the
+average,” and on the 30th October set a splendid example to his men
+under a heavy shell and rifle fire by rushing out from the support to
+the firing-line trenches and thus getting them to follow him.
+
+Individual deeds of the men are difficult to record, for as the
+Commanding Officer wrote at the time: “Owing to the casualties amongst
+the officers of Nos. 1 and 2 Companies I find it very hard to get any
+information regarding individuals.”
+
+After the fighting near Messines the English papers got hold of a story
+of how one “Ganga Singh” of the 129th had won and received the Victoria
+Cross. Pictures appeared showing him being carried ashore in a stretcher
+“somewhere in England, the first Indian to win the V.C.” Lord Kitchener
+wired to ask for information, but I had heard nothing of it and it was
+not till long after that evidence could be gathered from men who had
+themselves been wounded and left the battalion. Then the true story came
+out, and it was this:
+
+On 31st October, when the trench held by his party was overwhelmed by
+the enemy, Havildar Ganga (for that was his correct name), who had been
+a gymnastic instructor, commanded his section and fought with his
+bayonet, killing several Germans, and his weapon being bent or blunted,
+and the enemy being still in the trench, he seized a sword which he had
+picked up and continued to fight. In this mêlée he received five wounds
+which left him disabled, and it was nearly a year before he could be
+sent back to India. He was awarded the Indian Order of Merit, which
+carried with it a life pension, and the Russian Cross of St. George.
+
+Sir John French was always anxious to bestow well-earned rewards on
+Indian officers and men, and it was very rarely in the early stages of
+the war that any exception was taken to my recommendations. This was a
+very great help to all Commanding Officers, who felt that they could
+count on being supported in their selections. Later on this generosity
+was considerably curtailed, although Divisional and Brigade Commanders
+were very careful in sending in names.
+
+To those who understand Indians there can be no greater mistake than to
+be niggardly in the bestowal of war honours. The Indian Order of Merit
+carried with it a small life pension, and this was of very great
+importance to men who gave their services for a totally inadequate
+remuneration. It was the highest honour a soldier could earn until the
+Victoria Cross was opened to him by His Majesty the King at the great
+Delhi Durbar. To show how well Lord Roberts understood the value of
+immediate rewards to the Indian Army, after the defence of Thobal in
+Manipore by Major Grant in 1891, a feat which made India ring with
+praise of the gallant little band, Grant was especially promoted from
+Lieutenant to Brevet Major and awarded the Victoria Cross, and every man
+of his party (I think about seventy) received the Indian Order of Merit.
+How much greater were the toils and dangers of Flanders!
+
+Willans of the 57th Rifles received a D.S.O., and his brother-officers,
+Captain W. S. Trail and Lieut. E. K. Fowler, the Military Cross. Dill of
+the 129th Baluchis received the D.S.O.; and besides Sepoy Khudadad, who,
+as already told, won the first V.C. given to the Indian Army, the five
+men of his Maxim detachment who were all killed were rewarded
+posthumously, the havildar receiving the Indian Order of Merit, and his
+comrades the I.D.S.M.
+
+It was the fate of the Indian Corps to be allotted for nearly fourteen
+months almost exactly the same part of front, with only two small breaks
+in the monotony. One has already been described, and the other was when
+the Lahore Division was temporarily detached for a few days to take its
+share in the second battle of Ypres in April 1915. With these two
+exceptions the Indians were confined to the fronts from just north of
+Neuve Chapelle to Givenchy, a distance in a direct line of about seven
+miles.
+
+If any one had thought how best to dishearten good soldiers, they could
+not have chosen a better method. Often did I urge that we might be given
+a change from the same bogs and swamps to somewhere north or south, but
+it was not agreed to, and so for over thirteen months the men went up to
+the same old trenches and returned to the same monotonous billets, until
+many of them believed it was probably all or a greater part of the
+entire British line. We often wondered what could be the reason: I knew
+myself, but that is another story.
+
+Those were the last of the days of the old Regular Army, the staunchest
+and most trenchant weapon that Britain ever possessed. Signs were even
+then appearing of the younger formations, which were within a year to
+submerge the old and create a new Army, in which the names of historic
+corps would alone form the link between them. But owing to those very
+associations how strong did that link become; what a heritage did the
+old regiments and battalions bequeath to their younger brothers. When
+the Territorials and the New Army began to swamp the battle front they
+had the good fortune to build on foundations of granite, the builders of
+which had learned their trade not in months or years, but in the school
+of generations of soldiers who had created and maintained the Empire of
+Great Britain.
+
+The New Armies found the bogs and the climate the same, but they also
+found to hand implements to dig with, guns with countless ammunition to
+help to defend or clear the way for them, howitzers, grenades, trench
+mortars, searchlights, heavy guns, machine-guns galore, aeroplanes,
+balloons, communication trenches, light railways, flares, etc., etc. If
+they wished then to understand the conditions of those early months of
+the war it was not difficult. Remove all, or nearly all, of the above
+accessories, divide the numbers per mile of trench by five, reduce the
+gun ammunition to an almost infinitesimal amount, double the enemy and
+allow him the high _morale_ he originally undoubtedly possessed, and
+they could then form some idea of the war as it had to be carried out in
+the winter of 1914–15.
+
+The part played by the Indian Corps in the first great battle of Ypres,
+in as far as it relates to the fighting in the immediate vicinity of the
+town itself, has been told as nearly as I can gather it from official
+reports and private letters in my possession, but although the most
+critical time was in the north, the country to the south as far as La
+Bassée was the scene of incessant hard fighting and contests for every
+inch of ground. Behind us lay the plains of Flanders, and behind them
+the ports of Calais and Boulogne and the shores of the Channel. The eyes
+of Germany’s War Lord were fixed on these; could he but succeed in
+pushing back far enough, or breaking through, that thin khaki line, what
+was the prize? Had he succeeded history might have had to tell a
+different tale.
+
+There was at one time little else between the Hun and the sea he sought
+than the war-worn and battered troops of England. How they held that
+line, with what fortitude and endurance they fought, with what
+incredible valour they died is already a matter of history, but the
+object of this book is only to tell of the part played (small in
+comparison though it may be) by the Army Corps from India, the British
+battalions and batteries and the soldiers of Hindustan, inhabitants of
+warm climes, fighting in a country so strange and so unlike anything
+they had ever heard of or imagined. The man must be totally devoid of
+generosity who does not read and wonder with what fidelity and loyalty
+they gave their lives, and in doing so left behind a legacy of which not
+only India but Great Britain itself may be proud.
+
+It was their good fortune to arrive just at the moment when they were
+most needed; just when our troops were using their very last reserves
+and fighting against terrible odds, in fact just when two extra
+divisions could still help to stem the tide, and even if they had never
+done another day’s fighting their advent would more than have justified
+their having been sent, for they helped in some degree to save the Army
+in the hour of its great trial.
+
+
+
+
+                               CHAPTER IV
+
+
+Before describing the events in which the Lahore Division, the first to
+arrive on the scene of action, took part, north of La Bassée, it is well
+to take a look at some of the Commanders and Staffs who left India for
+France, and to study the types of Indians which constituted the Army
+Corps.
+
+The Chief Staff-Officer was Brigadier-General H. Hudson of the Indian
+Cavalry, son of General Sir John Hudson, who had commanded the Bombay
+Army years previously. An able soldier with much Staff experience, he
+later commanded a British Division, and then became Adjutant-General in
+India. He had served on my General Staff in India when I commanded the
+Northern Army, and was as good a friend as he was a Staff-Officer. He
+was promoted Major-General after Neuve Chapelle. Whatever his rank he
+was always known as “Huddy.”
+
+Major J. R. Charles of the Royal Engineers had served on the General
+Staff and previously soldiered with me on Frontier Expeditions.
+
+Major J. A. Longridge of the Indian Army later became a G.S.O.I. A
+splendid character, brave and modest, loyal to the core, and a perfect
+type of English gentleman, he was killed in the trenches in 1916.
+
+The Chief of our Artillery was Brigadier-General F. Mercer. I seldom
+call men by anything but their surnames, but with Mercer somehow it was
+natural not to do so. He was always cheery and happiest on horseback,
+and such men are a useful asset in war. He afterwards went as Chief of
+Artillery to the First Army.
+
+My Engineer Chief was Colonel H. C. Nanton of the Royal Engineers. As
+good an officer as you could find in that line, he was a worker whom
+nothing could tire, full of new ideas, never happier than when in a
+trench devising methods for saving the lives of our men, or arranging
+how best to destroy the Huns, and for choice in the trenches nearest to
+them. Day or night Nanton’s one object in life was to be hard at work
+doing his duty.
+
+Colonel Treherne, our P.M.O., lived to save lives; he was one of the
+most conscientious men I know.
+
+And so I could go on adding names of good comrades, men of the stamp of
+Colonel A. Peck, Major H. L. Tomkins, Assistant Military Secretary;
+Major W. L. Twiss of the Indian Army, and Major Barclay Vincent, 6th
+Inniskilling Dragoons; all since risen higher in rank and in the
+estimation of their Corps Commander of those days.
+
+Some there were in high places “over there” who, when we first arrived,
+commiserated with me on the fact that we were a scratch lot on the
+Headquarters of the Corps; but one advantage I did possess and that was,
+that they were all men who knew the Indian soldier inside out. Camberley
+may turn out Napoleons, but it cannot provide them with the knowledge
+which is an absolute essential in dealing with Indian troops.
+
+The commanders of the two Divisions belonged, one to the Indian and the
+other to the British Service. Lieut.-General H. B. Watkis of the Indian
+Army commanded the Lahore Division and was the first to arrive in
+France. Always an earnest student of his profession, on him fell the
+brunt of the German attack on Givenchy in December 1914. Watkis had a
+difficult task in those days, and that Sir John French singled him out
+as the only General among us all in the Indian Corps to be mentioned by
+name, in the body of his early despatches, was a high tribute.
+
+Brigadier-General Cobbe, V.C., of the Indian Army was Chief
+Staff-Officer to Watkis; he had served with me in Ashanti in 1900, being
+severely wounded and earning a D.S.O., which he supplemented in later
+years with a Victoria Cross in Somaliland—a staunch friend, as modest as
+he is brave. He served later on the Corps Staff, and left us in 1915 to
+serve on the Staff of the 1st Corps, and later commanded an Army Corps
+in Mesopotamia as a Lieutenant-General.
+
+Colonel G. Hodson was A.Q.M.G. of the Division. A hard-riding polo
+player and one of the cheeriest of soldiers, he died of wounds received
+in Gallipoli; another name inscribed on the Roll of Honour of that
+famous corps, the Guides, in which he had passed most of his life. The
+name of Hodson is known throughout India, since the days when the leader
+of Hodson’s Horse scoured the northern plains and leaving a landmark in
+Indian history before the walls of Humayun’s Tomb near Delhi, fell in
+the final triumph of Lucknow.
+
+The Ferozepore Brigade of the Lahore Division was commanded by
+Brigadier-General R. M. Egerton, another of the Guides, another scion of
+a name known wherever the British flag floats in Hindustan. He served
+with his Brigade until it left for Mesopotamia, and there joined in the
+heavy fighting, receiving a K.C.B. and K.C.I.E.
+
+Major-General P. M. Carnegy of the Indian Army commanded the Jalandar
+Brigade; son of another Indian General, he brought with him the
+tradition of a British family which had made that historic land its
+temporary home. His Brigade Major was Major Hugh Hill of the Royal Welsh
+Fusiliers; I met him a week before he was killed in the trenches in
+1916, and the last words he said to me were: “Your son will do all
+right.” No one who knew him is likely to forget this gallant English
+gentleman.
+
+The commander of the Sirhind Brigade was Major-General J. M. Brunker,
+Royal Artillery. He was detained in Egypt with his Brigade on the way to
+France, but joined in time to take part in the battle of Givenchy in
+December 1914.
+
+The Divisional Artillery was commanded by Brigadier-General F. E.
+Johnson, one of those who act on the principle that “whatever thine hand
+findeth to do, do it with all thy might.”
+
+I am not writing a despatch, but just jotting down the names of comrades
+who come to mind; men who took part in our daily lives, whose watchword
+was duty, and who will, I am sure, forgive me for recording their names
+here, for they were as true as they were modest.
+
+The Meerut Division was commanded by Lieut.-General C. A. Anderson, late
+Royal Artillery. A typical Irishman and a fearless soldier, he
+understood the Indian character well. No better man than “Paddy”
+Anderson could have been selected for a Division. His chief amusement
+was to visit the trenches, and if you wanted to find him you could not
+do better than make for the front line closest to the Germans. I do not
+believe there was a single General in the Expeditionary Force who so
+often visited his men in the trenches. On one occasion I was looking
+over a map with him at his advanced Headquarters; a few shells were
+going over or dropping within an uncomfortable range, when one planted
+itself close alongside us; Anderson at that moment had his pencil on a
+particular spot on the map; without moving it he just looked up and said
+with a strong Irish accent, “Pip-Squeak” (small German shell), and went
+on with his remarks. It was his way, nothing disturbed him. At Givenchy,
+Neuve Chapelle, Festubert, and on the day of Loos, “Paddy” Anderson did
+splendidly; he succeeded me in command of the Indian Corps in September
+1915, and shortly after orders were issued for the break up of the Corps
+and it moved to Egypt, Mesopotamia and East Africa. After the Indians
+left France, Anderson was given command of a British Army Corps on the
+Western Front.
+
+To prove how little was known about us at G.H.Q.; during an important
+action Anderson was placed under the orders of a junior General of a
+British Division, and informed that the officer concerned had been given
+the temporary rank of Lieut.-General. But Anderson was already a
+Lieut.-General, which Headquarters had evidently been quite unaware of,
+for the order directed that “Major-General Anderson, etc., etc.” As four
+of the Army Corps were at this time commanded by Generals all junior to
+him, it was going a bit strong to reduce him still further. I think I am
+correct in saying that Anderson was the only Corps Commander of those
+days who was not given any French or foreign decoration, nor did he ever
+get one.
+
+Anderson’s Chief Staff-Officer was Colonel C. W. Jacob of the Indian
+Army. A very thorough officer, who later commanded the Dehra Dun Brigade
+and the Meerut Division, and on the departure of the Indians from France
+was given a British Army Corps with the rank of Lieut.-General.
+
+Brigadier-General H. D’U. Keary of the Indian Army led the Garhwal
+Brigade. A bold horseman and good sportsman who had often first passed
+the post, ridden down the wiry black buck, landed record fish in the
+upper waters of the Irriwaddy, and shot every kind of game, Keary
+impressed one by his quiet manner. He assumed command of the Lahore
+Division in January 1915, and at the second battle of Ypres gained the
+unstinted praise of General Sir Horace Smith-Dorrien, then in command of
+the Second Army. Keary took his Division to Mesopotamia, earned his
+K.C.B. and K.C.I.E., and characteristically refused command of a
+Division in India, preferring to serve on in the field with the men he
+had led in action. Later he was given the Meerut Division in India and
+transferred to the Burmah command.
+
+Brigadier-General C. E. Johnson, Indian Army, was in command of the
+Dehra Dun Brigade, and later commanded a Brigade in India; and the last
+of the Indian Brigades, the Bareilly, had for its Chief, Major-General
+Forbes Macbean, formerly of the Gordon Highlanders, who had served in
+Kabul, Tirah (where he was severely wounded), and South Africa.
+
+The Artillery of the Division was in the competent hands of
+Brigadier-General A. B. Scott. He had served in South Africa, and later
+received his promotion to Major-General and command of a Division.
+
+Lieut.-Colonels P. Twining and C. Coffin were the heads of the
+engineering branches of the two Divisions, and those who knew them felt
+safe in their hands.
+
+The Field Brigades of Artillery were commanded by Colonels L. G. F.
+Gordon, Ouseley, and Maxwell in the Lahore, and L. A. Gordon, Potts, and
+Tyler in the Meerut Division.
+
+Lieut.-General Sir Locke-Elliott, who had retired from the Indian Army
+after holding the appointment of Inspector-General of Cavalry, was at
+first attached to the Army Corps as Technical Adviser, and later on for
+all Indian troops in France. Locke-Elliott’s name as a horseman was a
+household word in India.
+
+Major the Right Hon. F. E. Smith, K.C., M.P., now Lord Birkenhead,
+joined us at Marseilles as Recording Officer to the Corps, and remained
+with us till after the battle of Neuve Chapelle. He was a keen observer
+and a brilliant writer. Had he been given a free hand, the story of our
+doings would have reached India from time to time, and whilst letting
+that country know something of the work of its soldiers, would at the
+same time have stimulated recruiting and cheered the populace; but those
+were the days of reticence; nothing could be told; the cinematograph and
+the Press were kept on a leash, and “F. E.,” as he is popularly known,
+was severely handicapped. All that could get past G.H.Q. was sent on,
+whilst he and I were continuously being goaded by all those who cared to
+send something more exciting than a bare statement of facts. However, he
+kept an interesting record and one which has since been turned to good
+use in compiling the history of the Corps. He had as assistant Major St.
+G. Steele of the Indian Army, and with him also Captain the Hon. Neil
+Primrose, a capital companion in the field. “F. E.” is a keen soldier at
+heart. He had no opportunities of doing anything but his own job, but to
+do that he never failed to accompany me on all kinds of missions. On one
+of these occasions, when he accompanied me in the trenches, his stature
+was very nearly the cause of some other than he filling the place of
+Attorney-General in the Government; and rather in the spirit of a
+schoolboy he was very often away in places where business did not carry
+him; one day his horse was shot under him, but he turned up unhurt, and
+was always in the highest spirits. He was held in high esteem by Lord
+Kitchener, who frequently consulted him on important questions.
+
+And last, but not least, were my two A.D.C.’s, Captain A. P. Y.
+Langhorne, R.A., and my only son, Lieut. J. L. Willcocks, the Black
+Watch. The boy has served throughout the war, winning a D.S.O. and M.C.
+Langhorne had served with me for years on the Indian Frontier, earning a
+D.S.O. in 1908. A sterling soldier and a loyal friend, he is now a
+Lieut.-Colonel, and has added a Military Cross to his D.S.O.
+
+On the departure of Sir Frederick Smith to become Attorney-General, I
+was given Lieut.-Colonel J. W. B. Merewether of the Indian Army as
+Record Officer, and he remained with the Corps till it left France. He
+was an old regimental comrade and a man full of energy and wit: a clever
+writer and a very entertaining companion; his presence at our
+Headquarters was much appreciated. He was constantly with me when I
+visited billets, trenches, etc., and he acquired a very detailed
+knowledge of all that went on in the Corps. He devoted his whole time to
+visiting officers and men of every unit and collecting all the
+information he could gain. The results have been embodied in the book,
+_The Indian Corps in France_, compiled by him and Sir Frederick Smith,
+dedicated to His Majesty the King-Emperor, and published under the
+authority of His Majesty’s Secretary of State for India in Council.
+Particular care has been taken to bring to light the individual actions
+of officers and men throughout the time the Army Corps was in France. He
+deserves well of the India Office and the Indian Army in general. After
+the Corps left France Merewether was given the C.I.E.
+
+It is interesting to analyse the different types of races of which the
+Indian Army Corps was composed. The Christian, the Mahomedan, and the
+Hindu were ranged in the service of the King who ruled the greatest
+Empire known to history; this in itself is a remarkable fact, but far
+more remarkable was the reason; it was this, that they all felt in their
+hearts that the cause was just, and in feeling it knew they were
+fighting for the right. Had it been otherwise it could never have been
+achieved.
+
+England was represented by the 2nd Battalion of the Leicesters and 1st
+Manchesters, both regiments which could not be surpassed in the field.
+Ireland furnished the Connaught Rangers, like all Irish corps specially
+dear to me. Scotland sent us three battalions, the 1st Seaforths, 1st
+Highland Light Infantry, and 2nd Black Watch, fine specimens of that
+fighting race. It is sufficient testimony to them all to say, that they
+not only formed the backbone of the Army Corps, but their example in the
+dreary trenches, and in the battle, served as a beacon which guided
+their Indian comrades.
+
+Of the Indians who served with me in France, the Gurkhas were the first
+in the permanent trenches to bear the shock of a German attack. They
+laboured under great disadvantages in taking over trenches too deep for
+their stature, and that at a time when rain and slush made it impossible
+to remedy the defect. They took time to accustom themselves to the
+uncanny conditions, but the soldier from Nepal has a big heart in a
+small body; he has the dogged characteristic of the Britisher; he will
+return if he can to a trench from which he has been driven, and it will
+not be so easy to turn him out a second time. After the first shocks
+they pulled themselves together. Taciturn by nature, brave and loyal to
+a degree, the Gurkhas ended, as I knew they would do, second to none.
+
+The Dogras are quiet, steady, clean soldiers, of refined appearance. A
+Dogra battalion always turns out smartly, and this was noticeable even
+in the mud-laden swamps of Flanders. They felt the first bitter cold of
+November 1914 more than any other class, but they faced it bravely and
+rendered great service.
+
+The Sikhs are a fighting race, the Khalsa or chosen people as they style
+themselves. Of all Indian soldiers I know the Sikh the best and have
+served with him in every imaginable condition. He does not so readily
+imbibe discipline as many of the other classes in the Army. He has
+grievances born of his own imagination, and can be troublesome when it
+is most inconvenient for him to be so, but he is a fine manly soldier,
+will share your trials with genuine good humour, and can always save
+something in cash out of nothing. In France some of the first fighting
+by Indians was done by Sikhs, as I shall relate. My own motto with Sikhs
+is to give them all they deserve, and we owe them much, but not to spoil
+and pamper them.
+
+The Jats are strapping big men as a rule, slow in movement and decision,
+with some of the characteristics of the Sikhs (with whom they are
+closely connected). They always impressed me as stubborn fighters; not
+brilliant, but very reliable. They did good work in France.
+
+The Pathans have quicker wits than the other races. They can see the
+light side of things. They do not always answer to a call as readily as
+some of their comrades, but are possessed of an innate chivalry which,
+although it makes them quickly resent whatever may be opposed to their
+own ideas of honour, does not prevent them from behaving like good
+soldiers when appealed to. Their _élan_ is their chief asset.
+
+The Punjabi Mahomedan did well all round during the war. He proved
+himself a reliable soldier. The mistake made in some cases in India was
+to enlist men who had no claim to join the Army. There is a line of
+demarcation which is well understood by those who enlist this class, but
+was frequently glossed over in order to get recruits. Careful selection
+is an essential if units are not to be handicapped in war.
+
+The Garhwalis as a distinct type were being tested for the first time in
+Class Corps. The 1st and 2nd Battalions of the 39th Garhwal Rifles did
+splendidly on every occasion in which they were engaged. In fact they
+surprised us all; not that we did not expect them to do well, but they
+suddenly sprang into the very front rank of our best fighting men. At
+Festubert in 1914, and at Neuve Chapelle, nothing could have been better
+than their _élan_ and discipline, and they at once established a
+reputation which will live in India.
+
+After a long experience of the Indian Army, I do not think that what are
+called Class Regiments (_i.e._ composed of men all of one race) are the
+best, or in many cases even desirable. With the exception of Gurkhas,
+Mazbi Sikhs, and Garhwalis, I think the other races of Northern India
+are at their best in war when formed in half battalions or companies and
+mixed with other classes. In the case of Gurkhas I only know one example
+of their being mixed with other races, and that was a company of the
+Guides. Their case, however, stands on a different footing, as it was a
+Corps which was stationary in ordinary times of peace, having its
+Headquarters at Mardan on the North-West Frontier, and besides the
+Guides were an exceedingly very fine corps. I would advocate an
+exception to the above statement, and that is, in the case of some of
+the battalions, the Class system might, in recognition of their
+distinguished services during the war, be given a further trial. The
+reasons for what I advocate are complex, but the truth is to my thinking
+undeniable. Perhaps I shall be met with the statement that this has been
+disproved by the Class Regiment system in this war. I do not agree, on
+the contrary in my opinion it has been proved, and I have seen much
+proof of it.
+
+The different races have their own characteristics; by mixing them you
+get a combination of _élan_, stubbornness, and endurance; you make it
+easier to maintain one form of discipline for all classes; and while
+giving full play to each religion and its prejudices, you eliminate the
+narrow-mindedness that springs of clannishness in Eastern peoples.
+Moreover the mixed battalion system makes it easier to introduce
+gradually the _lingua franca_ of India throughout a Corps, so that the
+loss of British officers will not mean an absence of Europeans who can
+talk the language of their men. This is in any case a difficult matter
+under any system, but with Class Corps it is a quandary.
+
+What then is the remedy with Gurkhas who speak a language absolutely
+their own? In this case we can do our best to make Hindustani understood
+as far as it can be, and for the rest, to encourage in every way a
+knowledge of their language amongst British officers of the Indian Army
+who can be persuaded to learn it. The Indian Army without these fine
+fighters would be like a twinscrew steamer minus one screw. Means can be
+found to keep the ship in trim.
+
+I have endeavoured to give some general impressions, formed in a long
+life of soldiering and also during the year I commanded the Indian Corps
+in the war, of my associates of all ranks. Many names, both British and
+Indian, will appear in this narrative, and some of them I hope may come
+across this loyal tribute from one who bears them in happy and honoured
+memory.
+
+To the friends of those who have passed away no words of mine can
+adequately express the admiration I feel for the brave comrades I am
+writing of. They have left behind them imperishable memories, which are
+a precious inheritance.
+
+              No need of marble pile to show
+              Where sleep the illustrious slain, below;
+              No need of graver’s art to trace
+              In lettered brass their resting-place;
+              Their own right hands in death still feared
+              Eternal monument have reared.
+
+
+
+
+                               CHAPTER V
+
+
+The doings of the Ferozepore Brigade only have so far been narrated, and
+it is time to describe the actions of the Lahore Division farther south.
+At the time I write of General Sir Horace Smith-Dorrien was in command
+of the 2nd Corps, and was holding the Germans attacking from the general
+direction of Lille towards Bethune and La Bassée.
+
+It is no part of this story to describe the gallant fights made by this
+Corps between the time of its arrival in the area and the date on which
+the Lahore Division joined it. Suffice it to say that on the 24th
+October 1914 the general line held by the British ran roughly from east
+of Givenchy, by Neuve Chapelle bending towards the Aubers Ridge and
+passing Mauquissart, which is south-east of Laventie.
+
+The names of Givenchy, Festubert, Neuve Chapelle, and Fauquissart sum up
+the story of our existence. That short line holds more Indian dead than
+the whole of the rest of Europe combined. Who would ever have believed
+in the last days of that cold October that we had in fact taken up our
+permanent abode for a year to come?
+
+On the 24th October the Germans made a determined attack all along our
+line, but were repulsed, and it is at this stage that the Lahore
+Division was called on to replace some of the weary and war-worn units
+in the firing-line. Most accounts which describe the part taken by us in
+this particular fighting speak of the Lahore Division as if it had been
+a complete unit, but as a matter of fact at that time it consisted of
+less than one complete Brigade, with the Divisional Artillery and a
+regiment of Cavalry. As if determined to keep up the splitting process
+to the full, in this case also the 1st Manchesters of the Jalandar
+Brigade had been detached to help the French Cavalry, and then the 5th
+Division, and was away for over a week (47th Sikhs also detached and two
+companies Sappers and Miners), thus leaving a few Indian battalions to
+start the game by themselves. The Sirhind Brigade was still detained in
+Egypt and did not join till December, and the Ferozepore Brigade as
+already described had been split up and was fighting with the British
+Cavalry near Ypres.
+
+On the 24th October the Sikhs, 59th Rifles, and 34th Pioneers moved up
+to the support of General Conneau’s French Cavalry, and later relieved
+that body in the trenches. The wedge thus formed by these Indian
+battalions was between the 8th British Infantry Brigade on their right
+and the 19th Infantry Brigade on their left. This relief was the first
+conducted by any considerable body of the Corps, and to those who did
+not know the nature of the country or the difficulties of such movements
+under fire by night, perhaps the description of it given me by an Indian
+officer will be the simplest explanation. “I for the first time realised
+the difficulties and dangers run by Burmese dacoits approaching one of
+our own strongly held stockades fully manned, armed, and ready for them.
+I used to think Dacoits were a cowardly set of rascals; I changed my
+mind that night.”
+
+The enemy made frequent attacks during the night, one of which, on a
+British unit to the right of the 15th Sikhs, succeeded in pushing
+through, but another British battalion immediately regained the lost
+trench.
+
+The attacks continued the next day, causing us severe casualties and
+thoroughly trying the temper of the men. The length of trenches held was
+far greater than the numbers available warranted, but necessity knows no
+law, and to those who know the British front only as it was in after
+days it appears incredible that the Germans did not now, and for eight
+long weeks to follow, break through our attenuated line on the Indian
+front. It was nothing but the dogged pluck of the men, with occasional
+bits of good luck thrown in, that prevented it. For it must always be
+borne in mind that the rifle and bayonet alone were in those days the
+arms of the infantry soldier, and as for guns, well! they did all that
+such guns as we then possessed could do, but the numbers of them were
+few and the ammunition altogether inadequate.
+
+The Brigade Reserve on this date consisted of the ration parties alone
+(all others were up in the firing-line), until a company of the 47th
+Sikhs arrived to rejoice the heart of the Brigadier.
+
+Talking of rations, it was extraordinary considering all things with
+what regularity the men were fed; during this and other particular times
+of course they had often enough to do without any of their accustomed
+food, as the Indian soldier does not indulge in tinned supplies; but by
+hook or crook the company cooks would manage to send up excellent
+viands, frequently preparing them under conditions anything but
+conducive to good cookery; and I do not think G.H.Q. ever had a
+complaint or any cause for doubt as to the ability of the Indians to
+feed themselves under all circumstances, at least none ever went through
+me as Corps Commander.
+
+A _langri_ (cook) of a Sikh regiment whom I was talking to one day not
+far behind the firing-line said to me, “We like cooking close up to the
+trenches, or otherwise the Government may refuse to give us a clasp to
+our medals,” and being a bit of a wag, he added, “and then in India they
+will call us the Marseilles _walas_ (fellows).” At that time many men
+landed at Marseilles and never got beyond.
+
+The three battalions were put to a high test during those first days and
+went through the baptism of fire most creditably. On the early morning
+of the 27th October the Huns made a determined attack on the 59th
+Rifles, which was repulsed after a severe struggle. This battalion had
+served under me on the Frontiers and was composed of splendid material,
+and any commander could have put implicit trust in it. Colonel C.
+Fenner, the commandant, was a most conscientious, reliable soldier; he
+was killed near the trenches on 23rd November 1914.
+
+The 59th Rifles began its career as the Scinde Camel Corps in 1843, and
+received its present title in 1908. It consisted before the war of three
+companies of Pathans, one of Punjabi-Musalmans, two of Sikhs, and two of
+Dogras. The regimental motto is “Ready, aye ready.”
+
+The 15th Sikhs had always been considered a crack corps in the Indian
+Army, and at the beginning of the war had as fine a lot of men as the
+Punjab could furnish. As time went on, like all other corps they had to
+take what they could get, but later in Egypt the General in command of
+the Brigade to which they were attached sent them a very satisfactory
+order, showing that a good battalion utilises its material to the best
+purpose. John Hill, then C.O., was a sturdy officer, whom I could always
+trust to place duty above personal considerations. Later he commanded a
+British Brigade. The 15th Sikhs were originally raised at “Ludhiana” in
+1846, and had served in six campaigns from China to Tirah. It was a
+Class Corps of eight companies of Sikhs.
+
+The 34th Pioneers consisted of Mazbi and Ramdasia Sikhs, and was
+commanded by Lieut.-Colonel E. H. Cullen. This battalion had served with
+me across the Indian Frontiers, and did very good work in France on all
+occasions when it was employed; and as the work of a Pioneer Corps is
+never-ending, this means it well maintained its reputation. Like
+everything else in the early days of the war, it started with work which
+should if possible have been performed by another corps, but Pioneers
+were also trained for every kind of work in the field, in case of
+necessity. The battalion was raised in 1887, and had served in Chitral
+and China.
+
+Sir John French sent his congratulations to the Jalandar Brigade for the
+manner in which they had done their share in the line.
+
+For two more days the Indian battalions held on to their positions. I
+say advisedly “held on,” for their numbers were very limited, and only
+the reinforcement by the 15th Indian Lancers enabled them to repulse two
+strong German attacks. On the 1st November the Manchesters and 47th
+Sikhs rejoined their own Brigade. The former had suffered some 100
+casualties during its detachment, and the 47th had lost very heavily in
+its gallant fight at Neuve Chapelle (not to be confounded with the
+battle, which did not take place till March 1915), as I shall relate.
+
+Between the 24th October and 1st November 1914 the Indian battalions
+engaged on this part of the line had suffered 705 casualties or
+practically the strength of a whole battalion, which numbered 750 at war
+strength.
+
+The 15th Sikhs lost three British and three Indian officers wounded,
+including Lieut.-Colonel J. L. Gordon, then temporarily in command.
+The 34th Pioneers lost their interpreter, Captain G. H.
+Vaughan-Sawyer—killed, whilst two British and three Indian officers
+were wounded.
+
+In the 59th Rifles Captain W. F. Scott was killed, and a fine specimen
+of an Indian leader, Captain K. D. Murray, was severely wounded, and in
+addition two Indian officers were wounded.
+
+The 47th Sikhs (excluding their losses near Neuve Chapelle) had two more
+British officers and 118 men wounded, making a total for the first few
+days’ experience of trench warfare of 294 casualties out of a strength
+of 750.
+
+The names of many Indian officers were brought to notice, of which I
+particularly remember that of Subadar Natha Singh, 34th Pioneers, who
+took command of his portion of the defence after his British officers
+had been wounded.
+
+It was during these events, to be accurate on the 27th October, that I
+reached my first Headquarters at Merville; it was also a year later to
+be my last, but that was still a long time ahead and unfortunately we
+cannot read the future. I took a sheet of paper to make a rough estimate
+of the whereabouts of my Army Corps, and I will quote what I find noted
+on it. It will give any one reading this an idea of what I felt, after
+my hopes that we might get a few days, or even hours, if possible to get
+into shape before actually entering the trenches.
+
+General Watkis had had a rough experience of what breaking up a Division
+means, and he had with great loyalty accepted what was naturally a blow
+to a Divisional commander. It was a condition of things not only never
+contemplated, but opposed to all the principles on which the Brigades of
+the Army of India were constituted. If, then, here and there, things did
+not meet with the approval of the Higher Command, the cause did not lie
+at our doors. Orders must be obeyed.
+
+As each battalion rejoined the Corps it brought its own story of the
+fighting; a confused medley of combats fought heaven knows where, mixed
+up with British troops, none of whom the Indians had ever set eyes on
+before.
+
+Sir John French’s despatch of 20th November 1914 says, “The Lahore
+Division had concentrated on the 19th and 20th October,” and on the 29th
+I find in my Diary:
+
+                            _Extract from Diary_:
+
+  “Where is my Lahore Division?”
+
+  _Sirhind Brigade._ Detained in Egypt.
+
+  _Ferozepore Brigade._ Somewhere in the north, split up into three or
+      four lots.
+
+  _Jalandar Brigade._ Manchesters gone south to 5th Division (this
+      disposes of the only British unit).
+
+  _47th Sikhs._ Half fighting with some British Division; half somewhere
+      else!
+
+  _59th and 15th Sikhs._ In trenches. 34th Pioneers (Divisional troops)
+      also in trenches.
+
+  _15th Lancers._ In trenches. Two Companies of Sappers and Miners
+      fighting as Infantry with British Division.
+
+  _Divisional Headquarters._ Somewhere. ?
+
+  “Thank heaven the Meerut Division will get a better chance.” Ends.
+
+However, what did anything matter so long as we were actually to be
+allowed to collect and go into our very own trenches?
+
+Before beginning the story of the combined Corps it is necessary to tell
+the story of the first fight in the village of Neuve Chapelle, a village
+later to become famous in Indian history as the first in Europe in
+which, on a big scale, her soldiers attacked, dispersed, and drove from
+their positions the Germans in their own chosen and defended trenches.
+
+Neuve Chapelle had already been the scene of severe fighting, portions
+of it being taken and retaken by the 7th and 9th British Brigades, until
+on the 27th October the enemy bringing up considerable reinforcements
+gained possession of the whole village. Pushing his advantage
+vigorously, our gallant fellows were forced to retire, until a
+considerable salient was created in our defensive line, and one which it
+was imperative to straighten out if possible. The Wiltshires,
+Lancashires, and West Kents had been fighting all they knew, and there
+was a possibility of a wedge being driven between our Fifth and Third
+Divisions.
+
+I have in my possession a very full description of the part played by a
+portion of the Indian troops, who were now called on to support the
+situation, and later to take part in the attack on the village. I can,
+however, make little use of this, as the orders received by different
+units were not only very vague, but one at least did not receive them
+until after the attack on the 28th had already begun. It was therefore
+impossible in this case to make any arrangements, and all that could be
+done was to join in as best they could.
+
+What is clear is that half of the 47th Sikhs were on the 27th October
+ordered to counter-attack, with the 9th Bhopal Infantry in support, some
+trenches from which part of a British battalion had been forced to
+retire. The 9th Bhopals in the intricate country temporarily lost touch
+with the Sikhs and moved, as I shall tell further on. The 47th soon met
+the O.C. Lincolns, and the battalion was directed to advance and assist
+the companies of the Lincolns who were held up; one company under Major
+H. E. Browne on the left, and another half company under Captain R. J.
+M‘Cleverty on the right advanced, whilst half a company under Major S.
+R. Davidson was kept in hand.
+
+Facing a heavy fire of machine-guns and howitzers, the 47th Sikhs
+receiving their baptism of fire, for the first time since raised in
+1901, pushed forward, covering themselves with honour, and not halting a
+moment until they were into, and in the case of one platoon beyond, the
+farthest trenches occupied by the Lincolns. From this no farther advance
+was possible with the limited numbers at disposal.
+
+During this advance Major Browne and two Indian officers were wounded,
+and seven men were killed and twenty-eight wounded. I have given details
+more fully than is perhaps necessary, but this as I said was the first
+experience the battalion had under fire, and it served to brace them up
+and spur them to the deeds which they so nobly wrought throughout their
+stay in France.
+
+At 1 A.M. on the morning of the 28th October the 47th were ordered to
+move and take over the trenches of the Wiltshires, but on arrival learnt
+that they had already been relieved by the 20th and 21st Companies of
+Indian Sappers and Miners, and the 47th took up their position in a
+ditch 200 yards in rear, as daylight was appearing.
+
+To those who know the Indian Army it will at once be evident that to
+employ such highly trained technical troops as Sappers as ordinary
+Infantry was to extract the very marrow from a Division engaged in this
+sort of siege warfare. As well employ a battle-ship to scout for
+destroyers; but in those early days of the war the Lahore Division was
+turned topsy-turvy at every stage of its progress, and that it emerged
+fit to fight at all is its highest testimonial.
+
+Early on the 28th October the half battalion of the 47th Sikhs was
+holding a line between the 20th and 21st Companies Sappers and Miners,
+with a frontage of some 800 yards, when orders were issued for the
+battalion to make a frontal attack in conjunction with their comrades of
+the Sappers. The plan of attack was laid down, and was to converge on a
+point in Neuve Chapelle which was indicated in the orders, and to be
+carried out without a stop.
+
+Whilst these are waiting to carry out this duty, let us return to the
+9th Bhopal Infantry, whom I left under orders to counter-attack with the
+47th Sikhs on the 27th October. This battalion had arrived at Vieille
+Chapelle from near Ypres on that day, travelling by motor buses, then a
+novel means of locomotion for Indian troops. It brought no machine-guns
+(mark this) and very soon after received orders to move to Rouge Croix,
+and whilst _en route_ further orders directed it to detach half a
+battalion to support the 47th Sikhs in their counter-attack, already
+described. This constant splitting up of battalions was one of the most
+senseless proceedings.
+
+Touch was lost in the difficult country, but eventually this half
+battalion got into communication with the Royal Scots on their left, and
+after further varying fortunes reached the vicinity of another British
+unit, the West Kents.
+
+The 9th then came into contact with the Germans to the south of Neuve
+Chapelle, killing several of them, and assisting in checking an enemy
+advance against the flank of a neighbouring unit.
+
+Lieut.-Colonel H. L. Anderson, second in command, was mortally wounded,
+and Lieutenant J. C. Mullaly, son of a gallant General and old comrade
+of mine, was taken prisoner while endeavouring to stem an enemy rush,
+amid fighting which, owing to many causes, was becoming a confused
+medley, Germans firing from every direction. The situation now was that
+a big gap existed between the 9th and the 47th Sikhs, which was filled
+by No. 20 Company Sappers and Miners.
+
+Before mid-day on the 28th we thus see that the two Indian half
+battalions and the two companies of Sappers and Miners were spread over
+a considerable frontage, and about to attack the village of Neuve
+Chapelle. It was at this stage purely an Indian fight, no British troops
+being engaged on this portion of the attack; why, I cannot say.
+
+Major G. A. Jamieson of the 9th Bhopals has left it on record that the
+orders for his battalion only reached him at 11.15 A.M., _i.e._ after
+the attack had already commenced. Under such conditions all the
+battalion could do was to detach as many men as possible to help the
+Sappers and Miners who were on the move and advancing. Jamieson later on
+died of wounds received in Mesopotamia; I had known him for many years.
+Son of a soldier and descended from a long line of fighting men, he was
+one of the keenest of officers, always trying to do something to improve
+the efficiency of his men.
+
+The moment had now come, and the Indians are advancing with the proud
+satisfaction that this is their own fight and that the eyes of their
+British comrades are on them.
+
+The Artillery bombardment which preceded the attack had hardly ceased,
+when the open country was already fast being crossed by our men; of
+shelter there was little, but this only made the pace the faster, and
+600 yards had soon been covered although with considerable losses.
+
+The men, well led by their officers, were now thoroughly blooded, and
+raising the war-cry of “Shri wa guru ji ka khalsa,” and the final yell
+of “Fateh,” the Sikhs, and with them, every whit as keen, the two
+companies of Sappers, lowered their bayonets to the charge and were
+amongst the foe inside the village of Neuve Chapelle.
+
+The Germans from houses all round kept up a heavy fire, but the Indian
+soldiers were not to be denied, and using the bayonet they cleared the
+streets, entering houses and killing freely, always fighting hand to
+hand. It was a glorious day for the Indian Army, and the story, although
+briefly told in despatches, is one of which the Sikhs as a race, and the
+Sappers and Miners as a Corps, may well be proud.
+
+An officer of a British Corps, whose fighting zeal had led him into the
+fray, in describing it said: “I climbed up into a house and looked down
+the street, and the way those fellows fought was a sight to remember”;
+and General Sir Horace Smith-Dorrien himself told me a few days later
+that from every side he heard nothing but the highest praise of the
+Indians.
+
+Meantime the fight was raging in the centre of the village; Captain
+M‘Cleverty, the bravest of the brave, leading his Sikhs, fell dead under
+a shot from a concealed German. This man was at once accounted for by a
+Punjabi Mahomedan of the Sappers. Through a hail of machine-gun fire
+both Corps continued the struggle, and had soon cleared the main street.
+
+The Germans were meantime bringing heavy counter-attacks to bear on our
+scattered troops, but Davidson of the 47th was not the man to succumb to
+any foe, and was trying to form up for a final charge, when the Huns
+opened rapid fire from several machine-guns, literally sweeping the
+streets, and no reinforcements were at hand and there were no signs of
+them coming. Thus overwhelmed, the brave Sikhs were obliged to fall
+back. Once again they crossed the 600 yards of open ground, in retreat
+’tis true, but covered with glory. They had left a mark behind them
+which must have impressed even their enemies, and as a German prisoner
+said months afterwards, they had taught his people a lesson which they
+remembered throughout the time they faced the Indian Corps. Davidson
+received the well-merited distinction of Brevet Lieut.-Colonel.
+
+Had reinforcements been sent up the battle of Neuve Chapelle in March
+1915 might never have been necessary; but in war it is so often an “If.”
+What is sure, and that is what concerns me here, is that the Indians
+fought in a manner which at once established their reputation as
+first-class fighting men.
+
+The two companies of the 47th Sikhs went into action 289 of all ranks,
+and the muster roll after the fight was 144, or a loss of exactly 50 per
+cent of their numbers. Amongst these were two Indian officers, of whom
+one was killed.
+
+The 47th Sikhs was raised at Sialkote in 1901 as the 47th (Sikh)
+Regiment of Bengal Infantry, and received its present designation in
+1903. It was composed of eight companies of Sikhs.
+
+The 21st Company Sappers and Miners were all this time sharing to the
+full the brunt of the fighting. Captain J. S. Richardson was killed
+while leading a charge on the enemy’s side of the village through which
+the men had swept; and Almond and Rohde, his two Subalterns, shared his
+fate. Lieutenant Fitzmaurice was severely wounded, and nearly 60 other
+ranks out of 140 completed the casualties: A list which included every
+British officer borne on its rolls, and not one remained to direct the
+operations of a unit in which all skilled officers who knew their men
+were needed. The I.D.S.M. was conferred on Subadars Ismail Khan and
+Ganga Charn Dixit.
+
+Their comrades of the 20th Company were likewise fighting hard; when it
+was seen that reinforcements were not coming Lieutenant Nosworthy,
+rather than retire, hurriedly erected a barricade in a side street, and
+from this and two neighbouring houses kept the enemy at bay, until at
+last, seeing no further use in delay, he and his gallant band, now under
+twenty men, worked their way back over the open.
+
+What a splendid record did this Sapper Company compile in a few brief
+hours of that October day. Lieutenant E. Hayes-Sadler was killed leading
+an attack on some German machine-guns which were playing havoc from a
+spot outside the village, he and his men being literally mown down.
+Lieutenant Rait-Kerr was severely wounded while voluntarily crossing the
+open to bring up reinforcements, but endeavoured nevertheless to try and
+rejoin his commanding officer. Captain Paris, who had boldly led the
+company from the start, was also severely wounded.
+
+Like its sister company the 21st Sappers and Miners, the 20th also came
+out of action with the loss of all its British officers. Trained to the
+technical branches of their profession, they could still fight as
+Infantry with the best, even when they knew that “Some one had
+blundered.”
+
+Sapper Dalip Singh single-handed kept off numerous Germans, helped
+Lieutenant Rait-Kerr into safety, and gained the Indian Order of Merit
+for his bravery.
+
+The Military Cross was the reward of Subadar Malla Singh, and the Order
+of British India that of Subadar Ganpat Mahadeo, both of whom earned
+their decorations by conspicuous coolness and skill.
+
+The Indian Corps of Sappers and Miners is too well known to need
+description here; as Sir John French said in his despatch of November
+1914, they “have long enjoyed a high reputation for skill and resource,”
+and “they have fully justified their reputation.” I would only add, that
+ever after in the war they added greatly to it. I look forward with keen
+pleasure to visiting them again.
+
+The 9th Bhopal Infantry, whom we left just when they had received their
+orders to join in the attack, found themselves in a dilemma, but Major
+Jamieson hastily told off as many men as were at his disposal to work
+along with the Sappers and Miners who were already advancing. The result
+was that while some parties got into Neuve Chapelle, and one under
+Jamieson passed through the village, they were compelled to retire and
+suffered considerable losses. Lieut.-Colonel Anderson, second in
+command, died of wounds, and one Indian officer was killed; Captain L.
+J. Jones and Lieutenant H. Wade were wounded and missing; Lieutenant
+Mullaly, as already stated, was unfortunately captured, and Captain G.
+Irvine wounded; the total casualties including missing were just under
+300.
+
+The 9th Bhopal Infantry was raised in 1859, and reconstituted and
+received its present title in 1903. It served in Afghanistan 1878–79,
+and consisted of two companies of Sikhs, two of Rajputs, two of
+Brahmins, and two of Musalmans. It was quartered in Fyzabad when war
+broke out, and I had inspected it early that year. It was under orders
+for Secunderabad in the next reliefs, but so keen were all ranks to go
+to the north of India, and so eagerly did they do their field work, that
+I recommended to the Commander-in-Chief they should be given a chance on
+the Frontiers. The battalion was not on the mobilisation list, but the
+Chief selected it to fill a gap, and hence it was sent to France. Later
+it went to Mesopotamia and took part in the fighting there.
+
+Sir John French, as he always did, acknowledged the good work done by
+all ranks, both before and on this day, in a telegram in which he said:
+“Please congratulate your Indian troops on their gallant conduct, and
+express my gratitude to them.”
+
+
+
+
+                               CHAPTER VI
+
+
+I have told the story of the Indian Corps up to the date of the arrival
+of the Meerut Division on the British Front. This Division began its
+experiences in the trenches on the 29th October, from which date the
+portion of the line allotted to the Corps came under my command. In
+place of the Sirhind Brigade detained in Egypt, and the Ferozepore
+Brigade still away in the north near Ypres, I was given two British
+Brigades of the Second Army Corps; in addition, two extra battalions
+were temporarily left with me. With the arrival of the Secunderabad
+Cavalry Brigade and Jodhpore Lancers, I was able to count on another
+1000 men as long as this Brigade might be left at my disposal.
+
+In nearly all the accounts of our doings at this time I find it stated
+that two and a half Brigades were left to strengthen the Indian Corps;
+giving the impression that these were in addition to our own full
+numbers. This is of course entirely erroneous. As a matter of fact, even
+with the two and a half Brigades lent to us, the Corps was far under the
+strength of British Army Corps; while in the matter of guns we had
+nothing but the bare complement of field guns and two heavy batteries of
+four guns each. In consequence the Second Corps left us, to start with,
+a proportion of its Corps Artillery.
+
+Sir John French had said to me on the night of my arrival, “Are you
+prepared to take over the front of the Second Corps at once?” and I
+replied, “Certainly.” If it had been twice as long, and had we been half
+our strength, I should have made the same reply. We had arrived and were
+going to take on anything ordered, and I felt confident we were going to
+do it well; and looking back on it all, now that one can take an
+unbiassed retrospect, there is only one conclusion to which honest
+soldiers will come and that is that all ranks, British and Indians, did
+their duty nobly and deserve well of their King and our country.
+
+Headquarters were established at Hinges (pronounced by us phonetically),
+a large château not far from Bethune. In a very few hours we had adapted
+ourselves to circumstances; electric lights, telephones, and telegraphs
+were all erected with surprising speed, the Indian Signalling Company
+under Captain Franklin working as if it had been accustomed to such
+luxuries, though here they were absolute necessities.
+
+The Indian servants adapted themselves at once to kitchen ranges, and
+meals were served up as if in an Indian bungalow. In the hall, orderlies
+and messengers, French, British and Indian, fraternised and exchanged a
+jargon of words; outside stood a couple of German prisoners guarded by a
+mud-bespattered trooper, waiting to be interrogated. What must have been
+their feelings as they watched the medley, and heard the mother tongues
+of races as far apart as London and Peshawar.
+
+As I leaned over the banisters, I felt a stern joy that it was my good
+fortune to be entrusted for the first time in war with so varied a task
+as the control of such divergent elements of humanity, in the heart of a
+great European country.
+
+Before General Smith-Dorrien handed over the command and left the
+château, I had the advantage of a long conversation with him. For him I
+have a great admiration, and I felt his advice would be valuable, and in
+those two hours I learned much which stood me in good stead during the
+war. I discovered that in addition to his own war-seasoned Army Corps he
+had had an extra Brigade. This was news to me; and as I was taking over
+his front I knew I must hold my trenches very lightly. He knew India and
+its troops, and had been Adjutant-General as well as commander of a
+Division in that country, so could speak from personal experience. I
+received many useful hints from him, and as he drove away I felt we had
+with the Expeditionary Force a General who thoroughly understood the
+Corps, and when the day came, which it soon must, for the formation into
+Armies, I hoped might have us in his command.
+
+[Illustration: COUNTRY ADJOINING INDIAN CORPS FRONT.]
+
+With the exception of Sir John French and Smith-Dorrien I was at that
+time the senior officer in France, but I never for an instant suffered
+under the delusion that this meant anything to me. I had come with the
+Indians, and I knew that there I should remain and so long only as they
+chose to keep me. Commands of Armies were altitudes too dizzy to be
+reached by a soldier who had lived in khaki it is true, but had worn it
+in far-away portions of the Empire, and had seldom been seen on the
+Downs of Salisbury or in the purlieus of Pall Mall or Whitehall.
+
+The front assigned to the Corps was about eight miles in length from
+north of Givenchy on our right, passing east of Festubert and Richebourg
+l’Avoué (only a name on the map), west of Neuve Chapelle, past
+Mauquissart, and taking a bend to Rouges Bancs on our left.
+
+The Meerut Division held the southern portion of the trenches in the
+following order, commencing from Givenchy: Bareilly, Garhwal, and Dehra
+Dun Brigades; with the Jalandar Brigade of the Lahore Division on the
+left. This takes no account of the extra British Brigades which filled
+gaps as occasion required, until our own two absent Brigades rejoined
+us.
+
+The night of the 29th October was ushered in by a storm of rain, and
+through the bogs, ditches, and darkness officers and men tramped to
+their first battle positions. It was difficult, but every one was keen
+to try it and learn for himself what manner of game it was that was
+being played in this novel war. And they soon enough learned it, for
+within a few hours of their arrival our Indian troops took the first
+shock. The 2nd battalion 8th Gurkhas was the unit which happened to be
+holding the portion of trenches chosen by the Hun to test our men in.
+Throughout the night the Gurkhas were subjected to a heavy fire—shells,
+rifles, and machine-guns all taking their toll; several Infantry attacks
+were also made but none were pushed home; and occupying trenches a foot
+too deep for them under a deluge of rain, the men from Nepal went
+through a severe ordeal. It was found impossible, under the
+circumstances, to do anything to improve the trenches, which in many
+places were merely the ordinary water channels or broad ditches,
+affording no shelter.
+
+At dawn the Germans made a fresh attack, which however gave them no
+advantage, and about 8 o’clock concentrated a heavy shell-fire on the
+8th Gurkhas and Devons, who with them formed the left of the line of the
+Bareilly Brigade. For four hours this inferno continued, and, as the
+Headquarters 5th Division reported, the trenches were seriously damaged.
+
+From 11 A.M. onwards attacks followed one another in rapid succession,
+but these were splendidly repulsed. Before mid-day Colonel Morris, who
+was in command of the 8th, began to doubt if his ammunition would last
+out, and, whilst making the best arrangements possible, observed that
+the trenches held by Captain E. Hayes-Sadler and Wright were being
+heavily attacked. For an hour this attack continued. Major Wake also
+felt the full brunt of an attack against his trench, and on all sides
+the Gurkhas were being assailed, but held on. By 1.30 P.M. the whole
+battalion was in the firing-line.
+
+Morris now sent word to General Macbean, his Brigadier, asking for
+reinforcements and saying his ammunition could not last much longer. He
+directed Major Wake to hold out at all hazards, which orders that
+gallant soldier carried on to the death. Captains Hayes-Sadler and H.
+Wright were killed whilst stemming the advancing tide. Captain E. Stack,
+although severely wounded, attempted to deliver a message and in this
+glorious act was again struck down, and killed. Major Barlow, already
+three times wounded, by strenuous exertions succeeded in driving back a
+German attack on the right, but here he found his men outflanked and the
+enemy in his rear, and whilst still endeavouring to do his duty he
+collapsed into a trench but fortunately after some time recovered his
+senses and survived to tell the tale.
+
+Captain B. Hartwell was killed, and Colonel Morris, who from first to
+last had displayed every quality of an intrepid leader, was severely
+wounded, and lay in a trench till found by his men. He lived to command
+them once more, and died fighting on the day of Loos in September 1915.
+
+Lieutenant MacLean carried on, although wounded, until unable to
+continue any longer; and Captain Davidson was missing. Till half-past
+three o’clock the Gurkhas held on to their line, when a heavy attack
+succeeded in driving them from their fire trenches. Of Indian officers
+two were killed, one wounded, and two missing, and the casualties in
+other ranks totalled 207.
+
+This serious set-back was caused chiefly by the right of the battalion
+being turned, thus exposing them to a flank attack; but even this might
+have been averted under conditions less trying to new troops. The
+merciless shell-fire, the weather, and the trenches, useless to short
+men, all combined to severely shake them and afforded little opportunity
+of recovering the lost ground. They had to do what better troops have
+done over and over again in this war, viz. learn their lesson. It was a
+severe one and it takes time to obliterate the memory of such an ordeal,
+but that the battalion was soon again able to take its share in the
+heavy fighting in Flanders is the best tribute to its tenacity.
+
+Whilst the companies which had suffered most made the best of their way
+back from the trenches, Major Cassels held his portion of the line, but
+was, like the remainder, eventually forced back, and Captain Buckland
+with a company rejoined his Headquarters that evening.
+
+The shortage of British officers is well exemplified by this action, as
+owing to the number of casualties amongst them I was obliged to send
+Major Tomkins of the 28th Punjabis, my Assistant Military Secretary, to
+assume command of the battalion, no other officer in the Corps being
+available. An officer who had been present throughout the retreat from
+Mons told one of my Staff that he never experienced a heavier shelling
+than the Gurkhas were exposed to that day.
+
+A pleasant reminiscence is the recollection of the ungrudging help given
+by the British Corps in the vicinity. As soon as it was seen that the
+Gurkhas were being subjected to a very severe shelling and that the
+enemy was launching one attack after another at them, their comrades of
+the gallant English regiments whether in first line or in support at
+once came to their help. Sir Horace Smith-Dorrien directed that the
+Bedfords and West Ridings, who were down for relief, were not to be
+withdrawn that night, and the Norfolks and Devons also remained on
+temporarily, until the situation could be cleared up and the line
+re-established. An Indian officer who had been through the mill, in
+telling me about it said, “I do not know a word of English but I will
+remember the names _Napak_ (Norfolk) and _Diban_ (Devons), they are
+_burra bahadurs_ (very brave men).”
+
+And this gives me the opportunity of repeating with what real admiration
+the Indian soldiers looked on their British comrades, not only of the
+fine battalions which formed part of the Indian Corps, but Britishers of
+all Corps. It has been an example and a lesson that will never be
+forgotten, and under many a village tree as the sun goes down over
+Indian hills and plains the old soldiers of the days to come will recite
+to their listening brethren tales of the great days when the _Gora log_
+(white men) dashed themselves against heavy odds or hurled back the
+Kaiser’s legions.
+
+The enemy had gained a success, but he was not going to be allowed to
+retain his hold, and a counter-attack was led by the West Ridings and
+Bedfords, with the 58th Rifles and 107th Pioneers in support. The attack
+succeeded in clearing the enemy out of his captured trenches nearly to
+the late support line of the Gurkhas; and the 58th Rifles from this
+point were pushed through to the assault. The Hun had had his fling and
+it was now his turn to run, with the result that the support trenches
+were captured with some farm-houses near them. These were at once
+subjected to a severe shelling which caused many casualties, amongst
+them Colonel W. E. Venour commanding the 58th and Lieutenant J. M. Craig
+(attached to the battalion from the 57th Rifles) were both killed.
+
+The 58th lost also a good soldier, Captain and Adjutant W. Black, who
+was killed whilst closely reconnoitring the German trenches prior to the
+assault; but the regiment kept a firm hold of its gains at a cost of the
+lives of three British officers and five other ranks killed, and four
+Indian officers and eighty others wounded. The enemy still retained some
+of the Gurkha trenches he had captured earlier in the day.
+
+I had known the 2nd battalion 8th Gurkha Rifles since 1886 when they
+were known as the 43rd Gurkha Light Infantry, and they had borne many
+different titles since, being reorganised as the 2/8th Gurkha Rifles in
+1907. I had served beside them in Burmah 1885–87. They were composed of
+a fine sturdy lot of men, and had they not had the misfortune to start
+their very first day in France exposed to a prolonged shelling, followed
+by a series of heavy attacks, they would not have been so heavily
+handicapped during the entire campaign as they were by the loss of
+practically all their own officers at one sweep—the most severe trial an
+Indian battalion can possibly undergo.
+
+The 58th Vaughans Rifles was an old Punjab Frontier Force battalion; and
+I soldiered alongside it in the days when it was known as the 5th Punjab
+Infantry. It was given its present title in 1903. The ranks were filled
+by Sikhs, Dogras, Pathans, and Punjabi-Musalmans. The battalion took
+part in nearly all the fighting of the Indian Corps in France, and was
+ably commanded by Lieut.-Colonel Davidson-Houston, who succeeded to it
+on the death of Colonel Venour; he later was awarded the D.S.O. and was
+killed in the attack on the German trenches opposite Mauquissart on the
+25th September 1915, and thus the regiment lost two of its commanding
+officers. One of the last letters he ever wrote was to me (mostly about
+his beloved battalion) on the eve of his death.
+
+No. 1811, Havildar Karam Singh of the 58th was awarded the Indian Order
+of Merit for gallantly remaining on in command of his section after
+being severely wounded.
+
+The Army Corps being now established in its trenches, with different
+members of my Staff I began a regular round of various portions of the
+front and visits to the Divisional commanders and Brigadiers. During
+these tours, which I kept up regularly throughout my tenure of command,
+I saw over and over again every battalion, regiment and battery in the
+Corps and inspected every unit forming the Transport, Supply, Medical,
+etc., and of course every detail of the Hospitals, from the trenches to
+the railhead. I made a regular practice of doing as much of all this as
+it was possible to do on horseback, and I am convinced that no ordinary
+person on the Staff should ever have had a day’s sickness who, wet or
+fine, mud or dust, took his exercise, and hard exercise too, without
+fail. Of course the regimental officers and men and all others connected
+with them had to live a life not only of daily labour, peril and
+discomfort, but had to do it on foot, and to them must always be awarded
+the palm of all toil. But I am now writing of the higher Staffs;
+whatever their responsibilities, they lived in comfort, they slept in
+houses, and shared comparatively few of the dangers of the war, and yet
+there were some who were too fond of the motor-car, and whose horses
+stood idle awaiting the great advance, which did not come till four
+years later.
+
+Perpetual bodily exercise in war, as in peace, should be insisted on in
+all ranks; it is the fulcrum of the health lever. In the early days of
+the war and in the bog which is an ever-present feature of the Flanders
+landscape I found it most difficult to get to the advanced trenches
+owing to the impossibility of dragging my steel-bound leg (a legacy of
+past campaigns) through the mud, and more than once in consequence I
+found myself riding past sentries who had been posted on roads leading
+to the vicinity of the trenches to stop all horses or vehicles
+proceeding any farther. I suppose it was wrong to disobey orders, but
+the gallant sentinels generally let me pass, only remarking, “All right,
+pass as the orders are your own.” It was always an interesting
+experience.
+
+After we had managed to dig communication trenches and improve the
+drainage, and as the wet decreased, visits to the firing-line were not
+only in themselves a very good form of exercise, but in truth the most
+interesting and exciting exercise one could take. I can see the reader,
+who perhaps spent most of his days in that unenviable region, smile, but
+I say again, for a General and his Staff the visits to the trenches form
+their most pleasant recollections.
+
+When one talks of riding across country, it has to be borne in mind that
+during October and even into November there were days when this was
+quite feasible, later on it became absolutely necessary to stick to the
+roads, or what went by that name, as the fields were mere bogs; and
+often have I been in deep sympathy with my brave chargers, who hammered
+along the stony tracks or _pavés_. It had to be done, however, if riding
+was to be a means of conveyance, and I had the satisfaction of feeling
+that in the case of my favourite arab, “Arabi Pasha,” no one after his
+own master would ever mount the faithful horse, and I believe he knew it
+also. It was one of the farewells one does not wish to repeat.
+
+What manner of country was it in which the Indian Corps now found
+itself? A dismal dead plain, dotted with farm-houses and here and there
+clumps of trees. The uninteresting roads metalled only in the centre;
+ditches and drains in every direction; observation beyond a very limited
+distance impossible, and for months the morning mists enveloped
+everything in a thick haze well into mid-day; canals, crossed here and
+there by bridges, added to the difficulties of communication. The fields
+soon became impassable; ditto the paths except on foot; rain fell almost
+daily; snow fell heavily in November; the trenches were first turned
+into water channels and then frozen over. Above, the aeroplanes seemed
+the only moving things besides the clouds; below was a waterlogged soil,
+and on the surface lived and died men who will be handed down for all
+time as heroes. This monotonous land boasted no hills and valleys, not
+even a mound; it was just a flat dreary expanse in winter, and studded
+with green leaves and some wild flowers in summer.
+
+Only a few hundred yards beyond us lay the Aubers Ridge which we were
+never to reach, and a small wood cast of Neuve Chapelle of which I shall
+have much to say, and which went by the name of the Bois du Biez. I have
+since been to Flanders to see that wood, for on it I longingly gazed for
+ten months, and my last day in France was spent in the trenches exactly
+opposite to it.
+
+It was plain to see that with our weak battalions and the impossibility
+of receiving Indian reinforcements, it would be necessary to have in
+hand a small reserve. The only reserve I could count on was the
+Secunderabad Cavalry Brigade. Much as I hated doing it, I informed
+G.H.Q., and although the Commander-in-Chief was sorely pressed for
+troops I eventually got three battalions, and I forthwith wrote to say
+that I was now quite happy as to my position. I mention this as,
+although it may have been inconvenient or even dangerous to weaken the
+line elsewhere, the Indian Corps was the extreme right of the British
+line and joined hands with our French allies near Givenchy, and it would
+have been a blunder to allow any gap being created in that vicinity.
+
+I also at once got into touch with the French Generals and commanders on
+my right, and we mutually arranged to support one another whenever it
+might become necessary. We became the best of friends, and many a time
+did I lend or borrow troops or guns for various operations.
+
+The 2nd November was a day of trial for the Indian troops, as on that
+morning the 2nd Gurkhas, which held the trenches to the east of the road
+junction a mile N.E. of Pont Logy and N.W. of Neuve Chapelle, which
+formed an acute salient in our general outpost line, were furiously
+attacked. This salient was very much in the air; the trenches were badly
+sited and could hardly be called trenches at all; there was no plan;
+salients were open to enfilade fire and the position as a whole was
+practically untenable. In addition it was isolated from the rear by a
+spinney and orchard.
+
+The Gurkhas were dumped into it on the night of the 29th and 30th
+October, and as the C.O. said at the time, there was no option but to
+hold and make the best of it. The Germans, who were only some forty to
+sixty yards distant, knew exactly the weakness of the position, and
+determined to take advantage of it, and with this object in view were
+fast sapping up to it.
+
+The attack was opened with high explosive shell, and a trench mortar
+which was some 400 yards distant threw one shell after another in rapid
+succession, fired with a precision which showed they had the exact range
+and correct target; the trenches were soon practically obliterated and
+the occupants blown up, killed, or wounded, the position being rendered
+still more difficult by the fact that we were being enfiladed.
+Simultaneously with this the enemy commenced throwing hand-grenades from
+the saps they had run up close to our line, and No. 3 Company’s trench
+was made the target for these, rendering its right half untenable. Aided
+by all these devices the Hun Infantry dashed into No. 1 and 2 Company’s
+trenches, specially selecting any remaining British officers as their
+victims.
+
+It is well to once remind those who may read this that all the story of
+those days must be read in the light of facts as they existed. With the
+accounts of fighting at a later date before them, they are apt to forget
+the dark days of 1914 when our men had to face mortars, hand-grenades,
+high explosive shell, and a hundred other engines or contrivances of
+war, with which they themselves were not provided. Here were these
+gallant fellows just arrived and exposed to every form of terror, and
+they could reply only with their valour and the rifles and two
+machine-guns per battalion with which they were armed, and yet they did
+it.
+
+The left half of No. 3 Company’s trench and that of No. 4 Company still
+remained; these were echeloned back to the left, towards the Connaught
+Rangers, and they were held till nightfall. The Irishmen, seeing the
+state of affairs and the tempest sweeping over the Gurkhas, first sent
+one platoon to their assistance, and followed it with two others.
+
+At this juncture Lieut. J. Reid, the only surviving officer, ordered the
+occupants of No. 3 trench to fall back towards the left trenches; but
+the communication trench was full of dying and wounded, and as they
+crossed the open they suffered heavily. The survivors in the trenches
+who had managed to hold on were brought out late in the evening by
+Subadars Dalbahadur Rana and Fateh Singh Newar; this latter officer
+received the Order of British India for his conduct, and the commanding
+officer specially mentioned as fighting well and holding on to the last
+Jemadars Kharak Bahadur Gurung and Tirthe Gurung, who was wounded, as
+well as Bahadur Ghale and Suba Singh Gurung.
+
+The 1st Battalion 9th Gurkhas were on the right of the 2nd, and well
+thrown back. Lieut.-Colonel C. E. Norie, commander of the 2nd Gurkhas,
+carries only one arm, having left the other in the mountains of Tirah;
+but with one arm he also has but one heart, and it is a brave one.
+
+He was near the battalion reserve when the German attack began, and at
+once moved with it to the right of his forward trenches; having located
+the mortar which was doing all the execution, he silenced it by a
+concentrated fire; shortly after he again moved to his left as his
+ammunition was exhausted; having replenished this and meeting a squadron
+of the 34th Poona Horse coming up in support, Norie moved his reserve
+forward with the squadron to assist in the defence of his left trenches.
+Met by a furious machine-gun fire, this advance was held up as these
+trenches had meantime been captured by the enemy.
+
+About 2 o’clock the Gurkhas were subjected to a concentrated fire of
+high explosive shell and had to move north. That evening reinforcements
+of Royal Scots Fusiliers and an Indian battalion arrived, and the 9th
+Gurkhas on the right were also reinforced by a portion of the 6th Jats
+and 7th Dragoon Guards. Norie himself advanced with the Royal Scots
+Fusiliers and his own men, and this party got within twenty yards of the
+Germans, but were then held up by machine-guns. One officer of the
+Fusiliers was killed and two officers of the Gurkhas were wounded; but
+although the push did not succeed in getting home, it was too much for
+the Huns, who forthwith left and returned to their own trenches, and
+ours were reoccupied.
+
+At this stage Brig.-General Bowes commanding the 8th British Brigade,
+which was one of the two left with the Indian Corps, issued fresh orders
+and a new line was begun to be consolidated. During the time General
+Bowes was with me he invariably rendered good service, always being
+ready to take on any job.
+
+Such is the story of the first experience of another fine unit being
+initiated in the form of fighting in Flanders, and brings to light the
+discipline and tenacity of the Gurkhas of Nepal. The odds were immense,
+but although hard hit they were ready to take part in a counter-attack,
+and their British and Indian officers performed many deeds of gallantry.
+
+I have described the part taken by Colonel Norie, and his own Brigadier,
+C. E. Johnson, and General Anderson commanding the Meerut Division wrote
+in the highest terms of him and his battalion. Sir John French too wrote
+in his despatch: “The situation was prevented from becoming serious by
+the excellent leadership displayed by Colonel Norie of the 2nd Gurkhas.”
+A very special compliment, as he was the only officer in the Indian Army
+Corps mentioned by name in this despatch. He was rewarded with a
+Brevet-Colonelcy.
+
+Of the officers killed, Major H. S. Becher met his death in covering a
+portion of the retiring line. Lieutenants J. H. Walcott and I. Innes
+died leading a charge against the enemy as they were nearing our
+trenches.
+
+Lieut. Reid, after hard fighting, fell whilst coolly conducting a
+relieving party of the Connaught Rangers to the Gurkha trenches. Lieut.
+Lucas was killed whilst collecting his men, and the same shell blew up
+several of them also.
+
+Major Ross and Subadar-Major Man Singh Bohra heroically led a charge
+which ended in a hand-to-hand fight, during which they and most of their
+men were killed.
+
+Major N. Macpherson and Captain F. Barton fell at their posts.
+
+Subadars Tekhbahadur Gurung and Gopal Singh Rawat were killed in the
+counter-attack with Innes and Walcott, and Subadar Chet Singh fell with
+them.
+
+In the Connaught Rangers, Lieut. G. D. Abbott was killed while moving up
+with his company in the open to the help of the Gurkhas, and with him
+fell many of his brave Irish. Lieut. Hewitt of the same battalion was
+wounded, but the rest held on to their trench during the night. The
+Rangers suffered forty casualties.
+
+In the 34th Poona Horse, the C.O., Lieut.-Colonel C. O. Swanston, a very
+keen and earnest soldier, was killed at the head of his men whilst
+crossing up to the support of the Gurkhas, and in this regiment Sowar
+Madhu was given the Indian Order of Merit for saving the life of a
+wounded Indian officer under a heavy fire. The Interpreter Lieut.
+Sturdee was also wounded and the casualties numbered thirty-eight. Major
+G. Molloy’s name was brought to notice for good work.
+
+The 2nd Gurkhas had seven out of their full complement of twelve British
+officers killed, but this did not complete the roll of casualties.
+Captain G. McCleverty was wounded while “showing great gallantry, always
+well to the front endeavouring to get to the trenches,” and the same
+remark applied to Major F. H. Norie, attached as Interpreter, who owing
+to the heavy losses amongst the officers voluntarily took his place in
+the forefront of the fighting and was severely wounded, earning the
+grateful thanks of all ranks and a D.S.O.
+
+No. 1618, Naik Padamdhoj Gurung received the Indian Order of Merit for
+conspicuous gallantry.
+
+The total losses of the 2nd Gurkhas on this day were seven British and
+four Indian officers killed and two British and two Indian officers
+wounded; thirty-one other ranks killed and 100 wounded.
+
+This action brings conspicuously to light the fact that even the best
+Indian troops in European warfare need the leading of British officers.
+
+The 2nd Gurkhas was a regiment second to none in the Indian Army. The
+British officers were as good as those of any battalion in His Majesty’s
+armies; the Indian officers, N.C.O.’s, and men were of the best stamp of
+fighting men in the East, and if I had been asked I could not have
+selected a better fighting battalion; and after this affair my belief in
+them was confirmed. They had been tried in the fire and not found
+wanting.
+
+I had known them since the days of the Afghan War of 1878–80, and by
+common consent they were acknowledged to be a first-class fighting unit.
+Bhurtpore, Aliwal, Sobraon, Delhi, Kabul, Tirah are their battle
+honours, and to these will now be added others well earned.
+
+The 34th Poona Horse was originally raised in 1817, and had under
+different names served from Ghazni (1839), Meeanee, and Kushab to
+Afghanistan (1879–80). The Honorary Colonel was Lieut.-General H.H. the
+famous Maharaja Sir Partab Singh, and the ranks were filled by Rathore
+Rajputs, Kaimkhanis, and Punjab Musalmans. It was the first Indian
+Cavalry regiment of the Cavalry Brigades to be engaged in the war, and
+whilst it remained with the Army Corps always gave a good account of
+itself.
+
+
+
+
+                              CHAPTER VII
+
+
+October had ended with some exciting episodes in the Indian Corps;
+November had been ushered in with a fresh attack, and all classes of the
+troops, British and Indian, were destined to find plenty of work and
+fighting as the days went on.
+
+On the 5th November a very gallant act was performed by Lieut. G.
+Brunskill of the 47th Sikhs in front of his trenches. Accompanied by one
+of his battalion scouts he traversed some 500 yards of “No Man’s Land,”
+until he found himself not thirty yards from the entrenched Germans.
+Making a detour he again crept forward, and finding the trench
+unoccupied, the two got over the parapet and inspected the interior;
+they then packed up various articles of equipment and papers, made a
+note of the dug-outs and snipers’ posts, and began their return journey.
+They were suddenly fired on, but got back safely with their valuable
+information.
+
+Brunskill made two similar journeys, on the last occasion reaching to
+within thirty yards of the enemy’s second line, where he was fired on,
+and this firing brought on a wild fusillade from friend and foe, through
+which he and his brave companion, Sepoy Tawand Singh, also of the 47th
+Sikhs, managed to return unscathed. These reconnaissances discovered the
+line of advance of German supplies and gave other useful information,
+which enabled us to devote particular attention to the points noted. For
+his gallant work Brunskill was awarded the Military Cross. Two days
+later he was severely wounded whilst performing another daring deed
+during daylight.
+
+One very important fact disclosed, and which stood us in good stead
+thereafter, was that the enemy at that time used few or no patrols and
+left his front line practically unoccupied. Thus the brave pay for their
+daring, and the men behind reap the benefits.
+
+The next troops to be engaged in a difficult operation were the 1st
+Battalion Connaught Rangers (of the Ferozepore Brigade), commanded by
+Lieut.-Colonel H. L. S. Ravenshaw. To their front was a trench which had
+been held by one of their companies and was now in German hands, and it
+was decided to eject the enemy and fill it in. At midnight on the
+14th-15th November the Royal Scots Fusiliers, of the 8th British
+Brigade, opened a heavy fire under cover of which a company of the
+Rangers, commanded by Captain C. Hack, with Lieutenants F. George and D.
+Tulloch, rushed and captured the trench in face of a sharp fusillade.
+
+Captain Payne, the same officer who had behaved so well at Messines in
+October, at once sent forward the digging party, and these set to work
+to fill in the trench. But now the rifle-bolts of the attackers began to
+jam and the men in the party had to take up the fire. Filling in soon
+became impossible and the casualties were heavy, every officer having
+been killed, and a retirement was ordered.
+
+The trenches were deep in mud and very slippery, and the enemy was
+superior in numbers. Payne at once reoccupied his now half filled in
+trenches and advanced to the attack, but was driven back with loss. A
+second attempt was also repulsed. The Germans redoubled their fire, and
+as the Connaughts’ rifles were fast becoming useless, two platoons of
+the Middlesex of Bowes’ British Brigade came up to relieve them. This
+caused the trench to become overcrowded, and as some of the Connaughts
+were leaving, in order to make room, they were caught under a heavy
+machine-gun fire which caused many casualties, including Lieut. J.
+Ovens, who was killed. Lieut. George, the adjutant, was severely wounded
+as he rushed forward, but Lance-Corporal T. Kelly cleared the parapet,
+and in face of a very heavy fire lifted his officer to carry him to
+safety; as he was doing so another bullet killed Lieut. George in his
+arms. This was a splendid act, and from personal descriptions at the
+time a far finer one than I can describe it, and I should have liked to
+see him get the Victoria Cross; but as it was he was awarded the D.C.M.
+and it was never better earned. He died of wounds in January 1916.
+
+Captain Hack was killed in the charge, and Lieut. Tulloch, although
+wounded early in the attack, bravely carried on till he also was killed.
+Payne received the D.S.O. for his share in the action.
+
+The Irishmen suffered forty casualties in this affair, and had it not
+been for their rifles jamming, the trenches would have been rendered
+untenable for the enemy. At the same time they learned their lesson, not
+the least valuable part of it being that rifles are delicate weapons and
+must be looked after. There can be no doubt it was partly want of care
+that caused the bolts to jam, and the troops of all Corps very soon
+found that a little extra care, even if grease is not always available,
+will help to save lives.
+
+Brigadier-General Bowes in his report stated that “everything possible
+was done by the Connaught Rangers to carry out the duty assigned to
+them.” Within four days this battalion had lost five officers killed and
+two wounded.
+
+On the 5th November the 8th British Brigade, attached to us, recaptured
+and filled in the trenches evacuated by the 2nd Gurkhas. On the same day
+Major E. H. Phillips commanding the 28th Battery, 9th Brigade R.F.A.,
+was killed. He had climbed a haystack to get better observation, when a
+shell ended his career. He was one of my best friends and comrades in
+the days when we tramped and fought through the swamps and forests of
+Ashanti, and later we soldiered together in more peaceful times in
+India. A splendid gunner and a charming personality, he was a real loss
+to the service; but he left a perfect battery behind him. What more
+could a soldier do?
+
+As the days went on both officers and men acquired a knowledge of the
+novel methods of warfare. The Indians were at last brigaded with their
+own British battalions; they had behind them their own guns, transport,
+supplies and hospitals, and they were finding out that the wounded or
+strayed need only move in one direction to find friends who could
+understand their language. The chaotic state of affairs when they were
+mixed up anyhow with absolute strangers was passing away, and a sense of
+cheerfulness which was bred of this knowledge soon began to manifest
+itself. But even so it took time, and in some cases a very long time, to
+obliterate from their minds the memory of their first rough experiences,
+and in conversation with Indian officers and men I learnt many lessons
+on how things might have been done. They said plainly, “We were not
+given a chance; and if we get ‘bud nāāmed’ (a bad name) it is not our
+fault.” Some of the tales the first arrivals in France brought back from
+Messines and near Neuve Chapelle were soon spread through the ranks of
+the new arrivals, and any one who knows India also knows what this
+means.
+
+One incident at once proved the innate love of fair play inherent in the
+sepoy. In the German lines a document had been found, directing that
+mercy was not to be shown to the Indians, and a day later the 15th Sikhs
+brought back twelve prisoners from a raid. The only comment made by the
+havildar of the party was, that the Germans might do as they pleased,
+but he and his men were soldiers not dacoits.
+
+The enemy early began to try the effect of using English when on the
+prowl near our lines, and one man, dressed exactly like a British
+officer of Gurkhas, came right up to the trenches, and in good English
+said the company was to move farther along the trench to make room for
+another company moving up in support. The British officer in command
+being suspicious of the accent asked, “Who are you?” and the reply was
+the same as before. “Answer at once by what ship you came to France,”
+was our officer’s next query, and the disguised German started to run
+but was shot dead. Similar ruses were not uncommon, and notwithstanding
+the difficulty of our men being able to discriminate, the Hun generally
+got off second best.
+
+Fortunately for us the perfectly idiotic accounts that used to appear in
+those early days of what the Indians were expected to do, or were doing,
+seldom reached or interested them. They simply did their duty and cared
+nothing for daily papers; but more than once Indian officers have told
+me how surprised they were that our newspapers could lie as they did. In
+any case such stories did much harm, for when instead of finding that
+the Indian soldiers were some mythical kind of beings, the British
+public discovered that they were only ordinary men trying to do their
+duty under inconceivable difficulties, they grew disappointed; but we
+did gain one advantage, and that was, we were left more alone, and
+pictures of charging Lancers and bearded Gurkhas ceased to appear.
+
+The Seaforth Highlanders was the first British battalion of the Meerut
+Division to come up against the Germans, when on the 7th November they
+found their right flank assailed; but the Seaforths, the old 72nd, did
+not on service allow any man through their lines without a pass, and the
+enemy could not produce that document. One or two of the attacking Huns
+reached the trench and remained there for good, and the others were
+driven back faster than they came, leaving many dead and wounded behind
+them. The enemy on this occasion used a very large and long-range trench
+mortar, which did much damage, and to which of course we had no reply.
+Captain R. S. Wilson and sixteen men were killed and 2nd Lieut. I.
+Macandrew and sixty-three other ranks were wounded. It was a heavy toll
+for a short affair, but the battalion at once found that a Corps which
+had won battle honours from Mysore and Sebastopol to South Africa had
+nothing to fear from the Kaiser’s legions.
+
+During the short time the battalion had been in the trenches it had
+already, in addition to the above, suffered many casualties, losing four
+officers wounded, including their splendid Chaplain Rev. McNeill, and
+one missing, and other ranks suffered in proportion.
+
+Part of the 2nd Gurkhas were again employed this day in support of the
+Seaforths, and during this operation Captain Beauchamp-Duff, son of the
+Commander-in-Chief in India, was killed. He was a popular officer and a
+great loss to the regiment.
+
+The description of the fighting by the Army Corps in France is of
+necessity nothing but a long record, practically of siege warfare, on
+the same front, relieved occasionally by an attack or defence against
+the enemy, and it therefore lacks the incidents which furnish the war
+correspondent with copy for stirring descriptions of battles.
+Nevertheless, even in this somewhat gloomy atmosphere will be found
+occasional bursts of flame helping to light up the otherwise sombre
+picture; and after all what is being recorded is the long and patient
+sacrifice made of course by our own men who had everything at stake on
+the final decision, but still more by the loyal soldiers of India who
+were equally enduring.
+
+From the day of arrival at G.H.Q. I had resolved in my mind how we were
+to meet the trench mortars and hand-grenades used by the enemy. I had
+some years previously foreseen that these instruments would assuredly
+take a foremost place in the next war, and when on short leave home from
+India, whilst I was in command of the Peshawar Division, I had spent
+several days examining and seeing the “Hale’s” hand- and rifle-grenades
+used. After learning their mechanism I had myself thrown and fired these
+grenades against roughly constructed wooden stockades, and been much
+impressed by their destructive effects.
+
+It appeared to me that when once troops reached within a certain
+distance of a position held by an enemy who did not mean to quit it, it
+became a matter of hand-to-hand fighting, and the one who possessed some
+weapon other than the rifle alone would gain an immense advantage, which
+would carry him forward or stop his opponent. With this in view I was
+determined, to the best of my limited power, to introduce the “Hale’s”
+grenades into the Indian Army; but, as I shall show, I received little
+or no encouragement from our conservative administration.
+
+At that time there were in England several officers of the Spanish Army
+who were testing these grenades with a view to their use in North
+Africa, and I was present when large numbers were being tried by them.
+On my return to India from leave I took out a certain number which Mr.
+Hale kindly placed at my disposal, and reported the fact to Army
+Headquarters. I instructed squads of Sappers and Miners in my Command in
+their use, and made a practical demonstration by myself firing several
+rounds from one of our service rifles. Later I had them tested by squads
+before the Chief of the General Staff in India, and it was obvious how
+useful they would prove.
+
+But there the matter ended, and no further notice was taken of the
+experiment so far as I ever knew. Again, one of the officers who had
+served with me in Africa, Major A. L. McClintock, R.E., who was then in
+command of Sappers and Miners in Madras, invented and made grenades of
+his own pattern, and obtained permission to bring them up to Agra to be
+used before me and other officers quartered there, but there his
+experiment ended also.
+
+And now arrived in France I found the Army still practically unprovided
+with them, except a few rifle-grenades, and I had no difficulty in
+obtaining the small supply available; but of hand-grenades I could find
+none. In those days it was a case of “God helps those who help
+themselves,” and I immediately set the Sappers and Miners to work to
+manufacture jam-tin hand-grenades, and gas and other pipe trench guns.
+Black powder was at first used for the latter, but the smoke emitted
+gave away their position, and later other devices were brought into
+play.
+
+One of my R.E. officers was sent for by the War Office for consultation,
+and the Indian Corps was one of the first to capture a German trench
+mortar, which was at once sent home for examination. The Corps may well
+claim some credit for helping to initiate the use of these weapons; a
+fact easily forgotten later on when grenades and trench mortars were
+perfected and supplied in abundance to all troops as they arrived in
+France.
+
+Early in November we were able to start work with our primitive weapons,
+but it gave confidence to the men and made a beginning. The devices used
+by the Sapper officers were well worth seeing, and ranged from
+century-old mortars to jam-tins propelled by indiarubber tubing.
+
+On the morning of the 9th November the 2nd Black Watch of the Bareilly
+Brigade, with the object of getting rid of an enemy machine-gun which
+was paying them particular attention, organised a small raid, and
+Captain R. E. Forrester with about twenty men made a surprise attack,
+killing ten Germans and returning with only two casualties, of which he
+himself was one, being wounded. This famous Corps was destined to take
+part in numerous fights, always emerging with honour, and finally
+strewing the sands of Mesopotamia with its gallant officers and men.
+
+The 1st and 2nd Battalions of the 39th Garhwal Rifles of the Garhwal
+Brigade, a regiment which was doing its first service in the field, were
+the next to try their hand, this time not in defence, but in a small
+raid on the German trenches. On the night of the 9th November Major G.
+H. Taylor of the 2nd Battalion organised the affair and carried it
+through, and considering it was a first attempt it may be described as
+very useful, and certainly encouraged officers and men to further
+similar enterprises. A trench only fifty yards distant was occupied and
+partly filled in, with slight casualties, and then seeing he could not
+complete the work in time Taylor retired, his party bringing back with
+him six prisoners. The enemy kept up a hot fire, but our men had been
+into a German trench and seen them run for dear life, and this in itself
+was worth much on their first attempt. They had learned that if they
+kept low and used their own tactics they could outwit the Hun. Jemadar
+Khushal Singh Danu of the 2nd Battalion was specially commended by
+Taylor. Rifleman Ganesh Singh Sajwan had on the same morning won the
+Indian Order of Merit for a very gallant act whilst acting as scout.
+
+The two battalions of the 39th were commanded respectively by Colonels
+Swiney and Drake-Brockman. Swiney, after being severely wounded at Neuve
+Chapelle in March 1915, was drowned in the P. & O. _Persia_ when that
+passenger vessel was torpedoed by our “gallant” enemies in the
+Mediterranean.
+
+The Garhwalis are best described as more or less related to the Gurkhas
+of Nepal; there were only these two battalions in the Army, and as a
+Corps they were an untried element. From first to last they did splendid
+work, proving themselves to be really gallant soldiers, and their very
+heavy casualties attest to the fact that they bore a lion’s share in
+Flanders.
+
+Whilst I have described in detail some of the scraps which went on
+uninterruptedly, it must be borne in mind that the whole Corps was
+engaged all along our front, and the daily task was one which took heavy
+toll from all arms in proportion. On referring to the rolls, for
+instance on the date up to which I have brought the narrative, the
+Indian Corps and the battalions still attached to it to fill the gap
+caused by the absence of the Sirhind Brigade in Egypt had suffered
+casualties amongst all ranks amounting to 3880 or on an average of 190
+daily. It does not need much imagination to discover that losses at this
+rate could hardly be replaced in the Indian ranks by reinforcements of
+ten per cent per month, which is what the Indian authorities had
+arranged to send to France. Moreover, the time was not far distant when
+the numbers would jump up, first by 1200 casualties in a single night,
+and by many times more in two days’ fighting a month later on.
+
+And later still the day arrived when, at a parade of an Indian battalion
+in rest which attended to witness the promotion of a Naik to the rank of
+Jemadar for gallant conduct, the total muster that could be collected
+after detailing necessary billet duties was under 200 men. Not for a
+long time did we receive any but small additions towards replacing
+officers and men of the British battalions, which in the Corps numbered
+at war strength only 850 of all ranks, though after November, in the
+case of these battalions, the deficiencies were better met.
+
+At this stage it is of interest to explain briefly the methods of supply
+by which the Indian troops were fed and clothed, and the wonderful
+arrangements made for the care of sick and wounded; arrangements in both
+cases so good as to astonish us all by the simplicity of their working
+and the celerity of execution. Indeed in these, as in all branches of
+general Administrative Staff work, India was ages behind the Home Army.
+Staff work in India was only beginning to emerge from the bow and arrow
+days; the Indian Staff College and improved status of Departmental
+officers had in recent years given a good start to the new
+organisations, but economy had kept them in leash, and there had not
+been time or the experience of active service or really big
+concentrations to put them to the test. Where ten motor lorries or fifty
+motor-cars had been available at English manœuvres, in India we had to
+put up with ten prehistoric bullock carts, and perhaps a few obsolete
+hired motors. It was thought extravagant to waste money on telephones,
+and luxurious even to mention wireless. It was not long, therefore,
+before we learned the difference between campaigns as conducted on
+economical Indian principles and the more up-to-date methods of the Home
+Army.
+
+The Government of India had, however, been very wise in two things, and
+these were, in always insisting on the Indian troops being rationed
+strictly on Indian lines, and scrupulously observing every detail
+relating to their religious customs, especially in as far as their food
+was concerned. To some it may appear difficult to understand how it was
+possible in the heart of Europe to observe these matters to the letter,
+but we had with us officers who knew exactly what to do and how to do
+it, and the names of Colonels R. H. Ewart, Hennessy, Moore, Lindsay,
+Vaughan, to say nothing of many excellent junior officers, were a
+guarantee all would go well with the Supply and Transport; whilst in the
+Indian Medical Services we had Colonels Grayfoot, Bowle-Evans, Wall,
+Hamilton, White, Moorhead, and Browse, who with their thorough knowledge
+of Indian troops were prepared to look after the interests of the men,
+and ably second the splendid work done by the Royal Army Medical Corps
+officers, to whom (though here we are now dealing with Indians alone)
+the Indian Corps owes a great debt of gratitude, and on whom fell the
+main responsibilities in this European War.
+
+There were days when the ordinary chappati could not be kneaded or the
+meat cooked with the ingredients dear to the sepoy’s heart, and there
+were times when perhaps men were glad to eat their flour wetted and
+mixed with gur (Indian sugar), but this was seldom, and as time went on
+hardly ever; and after all when the enemy is only thirty, and never more
+than two or three hundred yards away, and a lively tune is singing
+overhead, the beginner at the game is not too squeamish whether his
+dinner is served hot or cold nor whether it is up to Savoy standard.
+These are the natural accompaniments of rough war, and the Indians are
+the easiest soldiers in the world to feed when they understand it is
+part of the game.
+
+The rations consisted of meat for those who ate it, several days in the
+week according to the circumstances of the time; for non meat-eaters
+extra gur (sugar), dall (lentils), ghee (clarified butter), potatoes,
+tea, atta (flour), and five kinds of tasty ingredients; in addition
+dried fruits such as raisins, etc., and various kinds of vegetables as
+procurable. But this did not end their rations, for mixed sweetmeats
+were frequently supplied by friends and retired British officers;
+cigarettes in abundance for such classes as smoked them; European and
+Indian tobacco and chillums (native clay pipes) were sent by some of the
+Indian Princes. Rum was issued to those who were not prohibited from
+taking alcohol, and extra tea to those who could not indulge in the
+former. Goats were purchased from Southern Europe in large numbers;
+slaughtered at fixed stations on the line of communications by men of
+the various units; labelled with distinctive tapes and conveyed to
+destination by men of the different denominations. Nothing could have
+been more considerate than the details carried out to observe the
+customs of the sepoy; and Indian officers and men have said to me over
+and over again, “The British Government is wonderful; here in the midst
+of the Mahabharat (great war) they even label our meat. Truly the
+Badshah (King) is a Rustam and a Hatim (a hero and a just man).”
+
+As for clothing and necessaries; beginning with somewhat scanty
+garments, the sepoys were gradually supplied with an outfit which it
+became an impossibility to move; vests, balaclava caps, warm coats,
+goatskin overcoats, extra flannel shirts, socks, drawers, woollen
+mufflers, and gloves poured into their wardrobes or kit-bags until a man
+could neither put on nor even stagger under the burden, but the cry was,
+“Still they come.” Kindly ladies in England and Regimental Committees
+continued to send gifts for the Indian soldiers, and I was obliged at
+last to cry a halt and find storage room for all that could not be moved
+forward from rest billets.
+
+There were occasional complaints of shortage of warm clothing from
+units, chiefly Departmental ones; but though this may have been the case
+during the first month or so in France, the exact contrary was the case
+later on.
+
+It is impossible in writing of the Supply and Transport to omit mention
+of the personnel. The British portion of the work was done with the
+thoroughness which characterises the A.S.C., but the Indian rank and
+file are a hardworking, patient body of men who do much and say little
+about it. In every campaign in which they have served the Transport
+driver is acknowledged as a very loyal servant of the State. Most of the
+Indian Transport was transferred to Gallipoli early in the war and did
+good work there.
+
+The Medical establishments from India soon fell into the routine of
+trench warfare. The requirements of Frontier expeditions were of a
+nature so different from anything in France that it practically meant a
+fresh start as far as the transport and interior arrangements were
+concerned. There is no need to go into the details of removing the
+wounded from the firing-line to the Regimental Aid Posts and thence on
+to the Field Ambulances, with their bearer and tent divisions, the
+dressing stations and finally the clearing hospitals from which they are
+conveyed by ambulance trains to the base. These things have become
+familiar to all during the past war years; but the friends and relations
+of the Indian soldier may rest assured that nothing was left undone by
+the authorities to make the removal of the sick and wounded as easy as
+it was possible to make it.
+
+The Indians received in due course a complement of the best ambulances,
+and at all times every attention that was their due. The buildings
+appropriated at St. Venant, Merville, etc., for their hospitals were
+fitted with every comfort that could be expected on service; the French
+authorities went out of their way to do all in their power to help “les
+Hindous” as they always called them, and the Medical officers of both
+Services worked with a devotion which can never be forgotten by the men.
+From France they were speedily removed to the special hospitals in
+England, and those for India left later for that country or Egypt,
+according to orders. At Marseilles also, which was the great Indian Base
+in France, the hospital arrangements were excellent, and when in July
+1915 I visited that seaport I found a most perfect open-air hospital,
+with large tents, known as E.P. or European Privates in India,
+containing several hundred beds for patients, located on cliffs
+overlooking the Mediterranean. I asked an Indian officer recovering from
+a serious illness how he liked it and he said, “If there be a bhist
+(paradise) before death it is this.”
+
+The Red Cross Association too, with all its million activities, was
+blessed by none more than by the men who came from the far-off mountains
+and plains of India. Indeed nothing made a more lasting impression on
+them than the medical arrangements of the entire Army.
+
+Their Majesties’ gifts and thoughtfulness for their Eastern subjects
+were appreciated in a manner difficult for Britishers who know not the
+East to understand. One sepoy had wrapped up a small metal tobacco box
+given him by a British soldier and showed it to me with much pride.
+“General Sahib,” he said, “this once belonged to the King, and I am
+going to carry it about as a charm; I shall get back safely enough to my
+home.”
+
+Another man, very severely wounded, whom I was seeing off in the
+ambulance, asked me for a “nishan” (souvenir) of the war, and I gave him
+a handkerchief with blue edges, a part of one of Her Majesty’s gifts to
+the Staff; he asked me to tie it round his arm as it would be a passport
+at Bombay, and with a touch of humour he added, “When they see it the
+Customs officers will not dare to examine my baggage.” This consisted of
+a German helmet which he had tied on to his haversack.
+
+And whilst all these and other signs were not wanting to show the
+interest taken by our people at home in the Indian soldiers, there had
+started in England an association which has since rendered signal
+service to the Indian Army in many theatres of war. The “Indian
+Soldiers’ Fund” was inaugurated in October 1914 under the Chairmanship
+of Sir John Hewett, late Lieutenant-Governor of the United Provinces of
+Agra and Oudh. Many ladies and gentlemen connected with India became
+members, and Lord Curzon of Kedleston very kindly lent his London
+residence as a Headquarters. Sir C. McLeod, with whom I had played many
+a game of polo when quartered with my battalion in Calcutta, was the
+Chairman of the City Committee. He paid me a visit in France and very
+generously gave some handsome prizes for competition amongst Indian
+soldiers of all corps.
+
+Money and gifts of clothing, necessaries, and all kinds of comforts were
+liberally supplied. Lady Sydenham, assisted by many others, including my
+wife, helped to deal with the gifts, etc., and no one can appreciate or
+understand better than myself the immense benefits the Indians derived
+during the early days of the war from the gratuitous labours of all
+those who so ungrudgingly gave their services. It was then a different
+task from what it became afterwards when experience had perfected the
+machine.
+
+It is not too much to say, that as far as the soldiers of India were
+concerned, for nothing that was done for them were they more grateful
+than the work of the “Indian Soldiers’ Fund.”
+
+Through Mrs. Morant the hospital at Brockenhurst Park was started and
+named after the late Lady Hardinge of Penshurst.
+
+The Fund also assisted with gifts towards other smaller but similar
+institutions and hospital ships, in England and abroad. Prisoners of war
+were not forgotten, and indeed little that could at that time be done
+was left undone. In the trenches, the billets, the hospitals, the
+India-bound hospital ships, and lastly the homes of the brave men who
+had come to share in the toils and glory of the Great War, there could
+be but one opinion, viz. that the Fund so generously contributed and so
+sympathetically administered would long be remembered with gratitude.
+
+
+
+
+                              CHAPTER VIII
+
+
+On the 9th November 1914 the right of the Indian Corps was still just
+north of Givenchy and in touch with the French. On this day our Allies
+projected some move, and I was asked if we could take over that village
+and its front, but anxious as I always was to help them in every way, I
+asked the Field-Marshal not to extend my front, as my strength was quite
+insufficient for such an extension. Sir John French, who had come over
+to see us, quite agreed and the matter was settled. I, however, sent one
+of my battalions to Givenchy as a support to them for a couple of days.
+Later on I was ordered to extend my front to include Givenchy and up to
+the La Bassée Road south of it. The order was of course carried out, but
+it was very unfortunate for us, as when, very shortly afterwards, we
+were heavily attacked on that front my numbers were altogether too small
+for the extended line, and, as I shall tell, the Indian Corps was very
+roughly handled and Givenchy was temporarily lost to us; it was retaken
+by the heroism of the 1st Manchesters of the Jalandar Brigade, and again
+lost, and finally only saved by the arrival of a Division of the First
+Army Corps which was in reserve behind the British positions.
+
+On this date I withdrew the 9th Bhopals from the trenches at the request
+of their C.O. for a few days’ rest, as the battalion had been subjected
+to a very severe shelling and had suffered losses which necessitated a
+short change.
+
+In diary of November 10 I find, “Our fellows tried their hand on a mine
+of sorts to-day. Half a German fell into the Bareilly Brigade trenches.”
+This was the beginning of mining warfare for us; though in this case the
+plant was only placed in a trench and fired by electricity.
+
+Lord Roberts had been appointed Colonel-in-Chief of the Indian Corps,
+and we had the proud satisfaction of receiving the following telegram:
+
+  To Sir James Willcocks, Indian Expeditionary Force.—Allow me to
+  welcome you and the Indian Expeditionary Force which has come to
+  fight in Europe shoulder to shoulder in the cause of liberty and
+  truth, and in upholding our great Empire. I am proud to be your
+  Colonel-in-Chief.—ROBERTS.
+
+I replied and said how rejoiced we all felt at such a message from the
+Chief under whose command the Indian Army had so often been led to
+victory.
+
+In another telegram, to Sir John French, Lord Roberts also expressed his
+high appreciation of the “magnificent gallantry displayed by all ranks,
+British and Indian.” Our great Hero, the victor of many fights, never
+forgot his Indian comrades. God rest his soul!
+
+On November 12, Lord Roberts paid us his memorable visit. On the lawns,
+now deep in slush, in front of the Château of Hinges and whilst the roar
+of the guns shook the windows of the building, we drew up to receive the
+great Field-Marshal. The Indian Corps was alone represented, and that
+only by the Headquarters Staff and such other officers and men as were
+not on duty in the trenches. Facing the entrance door was drawn up a
+Guard of Honour of all available men, British and Indian. It was a mixed
+body, but it was all I could muster at short notice; amongst them,
+however, were two Indian officers who knew Lord Roberts personally, and
+there was not a man in that small gathering who did not know the name
+and the fame of India’s greatest “Jangi Lat” (War Lord).
+
+There are times in life, fortunately rare, when one feels as if some sad
+moment was approaching and you cannot assign any reason for it. This was
+one; the solemnity of it was in any case visible, for it was a great
+occasion in itself for the Indian Army to have with it in the heart of
+France the aged soldier who had long been its Idol; but there was some
+other indefinable feeling, and most of us felt it, that whatever might
+come this was to be the very last meeting in the Field of War of the
+Army of India and its beloved Chief. We all knew that it was the
+lion-heart of this great man which had determined him to come across the
+sea just once more, and by his presence encourage the troops of which he
+was the Chief in name and fact, and then, having done his Duty, which
+was his life’s watchword, to return to England and have us in his
+keeping.
+
+As the motor-car pulled up our Colonel-in-Chief stepped out, still with
+that brisk step so well remembered by all who had ever served with him,
+and we felt, as Tennyson has sung of another warrior:
+
+                    This is England’s greatest son,
+                    He that gain’d a hundred fights,
+                    Nor ever lost an English gun.
+
+It was a parade, but it was a duty every man present considered his
+greatest privilege and honour to have attended; and who would have
+missed it?
+
+After shaking hands with every officer, Lord Roberts inspected the
+Guard, saying a word, with that charm he possessed, to each British and
+Indian officer and old soldier; and finally giving a military salute
+entered his car, bidding me also in, and we moved off to Headquarters of
+the Meerut and Lahore Divisions.
+
+During his short visit the sky was clear but a biting cold wind chilled
+us all, and no doubt this, combined with his insistence in pulling up
+and alighting at each spot where representatives of every Indian
+battalion and Cavalry regiment of the Corps (straight from the trenches)
+were collected along the route, helped to bring on the fatal illness
+which immediately followed.
+
+During the motor journey I was able to give him an account of our doings
+and to answer numerous questions he put to me. I also had the great
+benefit of his advice on some important disciplinary points, on which I
+would have consulted no man except him, and on which no one else could
+have formed so sound and just an opinion.
+
+At Locon he stopped about half an hour, talking to General Anderson and
+his Staff and inspecting the few troops present. His pleasure was
+manifest when he met his old comrade Sir Partab Singh and also the
+Maharaja of Bikanir and the young Prince of Jodhpore and others from
+India. Here he addressed the troops in a few words, bidding us do our
+duty and saying he would keenly follow our fortunes. His last words
+were, “The fame of your doings will live for ever in India.”
+
+Passing on to the Headquarters of the Lahore Division, he saw General
+Watkis and his Staff drawn up in the Square at Estaires, and spoke for
+some time to an Indian officer who had served with him. He also saw
+General Wadeson and officers and men of the Secunderabad Cavalry
+Brigade.
+
+Not the least touching part of his visit was the fact that he was
+followed by another car, in which travelled one of his daughters, the
+guardian angel of his last hours. The Indian officer to whom he had just
+spoken said after he had left, “Sahib, the English are a great race.
+Brave men, brave women. Peace or war they always hold fast together. The
+victory is already yours.”
+
+As I gave him my last salute and the hurrahs of the troops ceased, I
+felt the Indian Corps had a friend who was the lodestar which would
+guide us on our path of duty and that his visit had increased our
+strength. And only two days later the great Field-Marshal passed away.
+An honoured guard of Indian soldiers watched over the house where rested
+his body, and England had lost one of her most precious possessions and
+the Army of India its truest friend.
+
+Most of the Indian Princes and Chiefs in France crossed to England and
+attended the funeral, and, to show how heartfelt was the sorrow of our
+Allies, I received letters the very next day from General de Maud’huy,
+commanding the Xth Army, and General Maistre, commanding the XXIst Corps
+d’Armée, who were on our right, deploring the great loss our country,
+and more especially the Indian Corps, had suffered.
+
+He will not be forgotten “while memory holds a seat in this distracted
+globe.”
+
+I was informed at this time that it was now possible to shorten the line
+held by the Corps. I was naturally pleased when the change was carried
+out on the night of 15th-16th November. The 8th British Division
+relieved the two left brigades of the Corps, and our right then rested
+on Givenchy and our left on the La Bassée-Estaires Road. On the 11th
+November Captain H. Wicks, 1st Seaforth Highlanders, sent out a small
+party of his battalion under command of Lieut. D. MacKenzie to destroy
+three houses in his front. My chief recollection of this affair is, that
+one of the party in describing it said when they got within ten yards of
+the centre house the Germans shouted, “Allenmechty English,” and bolted.
+It was told as if it was a huge joke, and somehow the story has always
+been one I laugh over. The party split up and entered all three houses,
+and were proceeding to set them on fire with the help of straw when the
+Huns attacked and drove them out, and from the upper story of one a
+machine-gun suddenly began to spit lead. The Germans had been surprised,
+but now it was the turn of our men. Covered by our own fire from the
+trenches the party got back without a scratch. Even such minor
+skirmishes had their lessons. In this case it was found that the Boches
+lived in cellars by day; and instead of wasting lives the houses were
+demolished by shells shortly afterwards.
+
+During the night of 11th-12th November the Germans sapped up and dug a
+short parallel within thirty-five yards of the left trenches of the
+Connaught Rangers, and the next night the Irishmen attacked this new
+trench; but the enemy anticipated the attack, which failed, and at dawn,
+elated with his success, launched a counter-attack. This was carried out
+with determination and succeeded in penetrating our trenches and
+temporarily capturing a machine-gun.
+
+But this triumph was short-lived as the Connaughts immediately rushed
+the lost position, recaptured the gun, bayoneting such Germans as were
+found, and turned the Maxim on to the remainder. A German officer showed
+great bravery on this occasion; he remained to the last at one end of a
+trench and picked off three or four men with a rifle before he would
+retire, and then managed to escape. Twenty of the enemy lay dead on or
+near our parapet and two prisoners were taken. We suffered only eight
+casualties, amongst them three men killed and one officer wounded,
+Lieut. E. Morris.
+
+The Irishmen did not mean to allow the enemy to hold on to his new
+parallel, and Colonel Ravenshaw arranged an assault for midnight, 14th
+November, when sixty men under Lieut. A. G. Moutray silently rushed the
+trench, supported by the cross-fire of two machine-guns. A few Germans
+were in occupation, of whom Moutray shot two himself. Our casualties
+numbered only five men. Sergt. Brown was commended for good work, and
+the parallel ceased to trouble us.
+
+Daily small encounters were now the rule, with the more important of
+which alone I shall deal. On 13th November General Keary, commanding the
+Garhwal Brigade, ordered an attack on some German trenches which had
+previously been assaulted but had reverted to the enemy. Lieut.-Colonel
+W. R. Brakspear, 2/3rd Gurkhas, with six platoons of his own corps, and
+about sixty men of the 2/39th Garhwalis under Major Taylor, who had been
+in the previous attack on the same trench, carried out the assault.
+
+The troops to fill in the trench when captured were drawn from No. 4
+Company Sappers and Miners and 2/3rd Gurkhas. The assault was made at 9
+P.M., but was at once shattered on its left and centre, and only a party
+on the right succeeded in reaching the enemy trenches, where Lieut. H.
+F. McSwiney and his Gurkhas quickly accounted for twenty-five Huns and
+made four prisoners. Brakspear, who had by this time himself come up,
+worked along the trench to his left until held up by a party of Germans
+behind a traverse. McSwiney tried to rush the enemy by climbing the
+parapet but was severely wounded in the gallant attempt.
+
+Seeing that further help was necessary if the small party were to drive
+them from their comparatively safe position, Brakspear himself went back
+at considerable risk through a hot fire and, having organised a relief,
+together with Major E. G. Drummond advanced towards his goal; but the
+fire was very heavy and made doubly destructive by a searchlight which
+played incessantly on our men. Drummond was killed as he left his own
+trench; the advance, however, continued until a number of high-explosive
+shells suddenly fell in succession all round the attackers, disjointing
+their efforts and scattering all but a mere handful who, with Brakspear,
+managed to regain their trench.
+
+Meantime the position opposite to the traverse was being splendidly
+maintained by Subadar Dalkesar Gurung, but it was now past midnight and
+time to return, as that hour had been fixed for the covering Artillery
+fire to help our retirement, and this was already beginning. Finding
+that no further object was to be gained by remaining, McSwiney and his
+party moved back, but finding that Captain R. D. Alexander, who had been
+severely wounded near the traverse, had not been brought in, as he
+refused to be moved before the other wounded, McSwiney and his Subadar
+with a few men went back to search for him, but finding no traces had
+once more sorrowfully to retire, and on reaching our trenches, drenched
+in blood, McSwiney fell in a swoon.
+
+Glorious fellows! Which was the braver, the gallant Captain who refused
+to be moved lest one of his men might be left in the hands of the enemy;
+or the equally gallant Subadar who, facing almost certain death,
+returned, severely wounded as he was, to try and rescue his comrade?
+Fine deeds, performed in company, by men of different birth, but as
+Thomas Moore sings:
+
+          Shall I ask the brave soldier who fights by my side
+          In the cause of mankind, if our creeds agree?
+
+The object of this attack was to destroy the trenches; it was not
+achieved, as it did not come as a surprise to the enemy, and once
+launched our men were heavily handicapped by the German searchlight, an
+apparatus with which we were of course unprovided. Also the Huns had
+considerably improved and re-aligned their trench by throwing back a
+flank since our last assault on it and our scouts had not reported any
+changes. Another cause was that some men in their excitement started
+their rush with cheers contrary to orders. The prisoners also declared
+that our shells were not exploding. But the best lesson learned from
+this attack was, that it is easy enough to capture a small portion of a
+trench; it is a very different matter to hold on to it, unless ample
+provision has been made beforehand to ensure success. We were still
+learning in those early days of the war.
+
+Colonel Brakspear behaved with great coolness, always being in the place
+of greatest danger. Drummond also of the 3rd Gurkhas only arrived that
+day, and I had wished him luck as he started for the trenches. McSwiney
+(son of a very old friend) received the Military Cross for his
+gallantry. Captain H. Bennett was missing.
+
+The following were brought to notice by the Division: Subadar Dalkesar
+Gurung, Havildar Bahadur Thapa, Naik Rupdhan Dun, Lance-Naik Kabiram
+Thapa, Rifleman Ganpati Thapa, all of the 3rd Gurkhas; and Lance-Naik
+Jaman Singh Khatri, Rifleman Gajbir Bisht, and Ran Bahadur Saki, of the
+1/9th Gurkhas.
+
+The Gurkhas had fifty-seven other casualties, including two Indian
+officers.
+
+Major Taylor, who had twice attempted the attack of this same trench,
+and Captain A. W. Robertson-Glasgow, both of the 2/39th Garhwalis, were
+missing, and the remaining losses of this battalion amounted to
+thirty-eight.
+
+The 3rd Gurkhas were raised as far back as 1815, so the regiment was
+celebrating its 100th year of existence. Its name had undergone many
+changes, but in its ranks was the same breed as had originally taken
+service with the British Government after the fall of Malaun and Kumaon.
+In 1891 a second battalion was added, and in 1908 the present title of
+the 3rd Queen Alexandra’s Own Gurkha Rifles was conferred on the
+regiment. They possess seven battle honours, from Delhi (1858) to Tirah
+and the Punjab Frontiers. At the outbreak of war, the 2nd battalion,
+with the Indian Corps, was commanded by Lieut.-Colonel V. A. Ormsby, who
+was later promoted to a Companionship of the Bath.
+
+The Lahore Division had borne the first brunt of the fighting in France,
+and now almost daily it was the turn of the sister Division to be
+employed in some scrap or raid. No one who reads the records of the
+Corps during its first two months in France can fail to be struck by the
+energy and initiative of the Divisional Commanders, Brigadiers, and
+C.O.’s of units; if it was not in attack, it was in defence of our own
+trenches; but, one or other, the Corps was as incessantly employed as
+any in Flanders. The numbers were being fast reduced and there were no
+daily ships bringing the sorely needed reinforcements; whilst that
+invaluable man, the British officer, was irreplaceable.
+
+On the night of the 16th November the 6th Jat Light Infantry had their
+first experience of carrying out an attack on German trenches.
+Associated with them in this well-conceived scheme was half of No. 3
+Company Sappers and Miners. The party consisted of 125 rifles of the
+Jats under command of Major P. H. Dundas and sixty Sappers under Captain
+E. H. Kelly, R.E., and I cannot do better than epitomise the report of
+these two officers, written with a modesty that makes them very
+readable.
+
+The Jat report states that they were ordered by the C.O. to advance at 9
+P.M. between two saps, made by the enemy towards the 107th Pioneers and
+4th Cavalry, and to hold the portion of the German trench between these
+saps till 9.45 P.M., by which time the Pioneers would have reconstructed
+their trench (which had been partially destroyed by shell-fire), and the
+Sappers and Miners filled in the saps. Instructions were also given re
+the part to be played by our heavy and field guns. The Infantry were
+extended, and advanced with orders not to fire until the objective was
+reached. As they cleared the line of their own wire, the German saps on
+both flanks opened a heavy fire and some casualties resulted. At sixty
+yards they crossed a deep drain, and at 100 yards entered a trench
+loopholed to the front and rear. (Ominous!) This trench was unoccupied,
+but Germans were seen retiring. The mouth of one sap was closed and an
+advance with the bayonet began, so as to protect the Sappers who had
+begun work. Meantime the enemy who held the trench in prolongation of
+the portion captured by the Jats opened a heavy but ineffective fire on
+our men. The Jats replied vigorously, being rewarded by much groaning
+and yells proceeding from the Hun trench. The same success attended our
+men holding the right sap and a prisoner was captured. Lieut. Liptrott,
+who was on the left, also butted against the enemy. Before 10 P.M. our
+own guns and rifles in rear began to become troublesome, and the Jats,
+very well handled, began their prearranged return, a party moving along
+the top of the saps to finish off any enemy bottled up in them. Under a
+considerable fire from both flanks the retirement was coolly carried
+out, one of the Company officers being killed and another wounded,
+whilst in among the dead was a frightened German prisoner; he clung to
+Major Dundas rather than risk his skin in charge of what he deemed to be
+the terrible sepoys. The casualties were reported as two Indian officers
+and sixteen men wounded; and the only other Indian officer and ten men
+were missing and certainly killed. Then followed a list of booty taken.
+
+The Sappers and Miners under Captain Kelly and Lieut. E. O. Wheeler
+advanced towards both saps. The left sap was full of Germans, who
+promptly ran. A large portion of the trench was filled in and Wheeler
+then retired, bringing with him some German grenades and other articles
+left behind by them. Kelly with the right party found Germans retiring,
+and a few of them were bayoneted. The traverses were then destroyed and
+booty collected before the time for retiring. The total losses of the
+Sappers consisted of only three killed and one wounded.
+
+This ended a small enterprise which has been given in full as a sample
+of how things should be done, and the manner in which our Indian troops
+worked in those days, whilst the ranks still contained some of the fully
+trained men with which the Corps arrived in France.
+
+Major Dundas received the D.S.O. and Kelly the Military Cross. Liptrott
+was unfortunately killed shortly afterwards. The following were brought
+to notice for good work: Jemadar Abdul Aziz and Colour-Havildar
+Chagatta, both of them Sappers. The latter was awarded the I.D.S.M.,
+being already in possession of the Indian Order of Merit. I knew this
+fine Indian soldier well. The Jemadar received the same decoration.
+
+In the 6th Jats Havildar Jailal received the I.O.M., and the following
+won honourable mention: Jemadar Incha Ram, who, although seriously
+wounded, continued with the attack; Havildar Badlu, also seriously
+wounded; Sepoy Risal, and lastly four gallant fellows who stayed till it
+was almost too late searching for the body of their Indian officer.
+
+The 6th Jats were originally raised in 1803, and, like other regiments
+of the Bengal Army, had owned various names and numbers. In 1903 it
+received its present designation, and is composed of eight companies of
+Jats. Its colours bear, amongst others, such varied names as Ghazni and
+Kabul 1842, Maharajpore, Sobraon, Afghanistan, and China.
+
+Lieut.-Colonel H. J. Roche was in command when the war began. He was
+later given the C.B., and his battalion have good reason to be proud of
+the part they played.
+
+During the month of November the weather was such as to test severely
+the stamina of the Indians. Cold and wet accompanied frequently by
+biting winds is a plain definition of the climatic conditions during the
+first two weeks; then snow began and by the 20th the whole country was
+clothed in a deep mantle. In the midst of the sea of mud, with scant
+bedding for so bitter a climate, lying in foul and insanitary trenches,
+often frozen hard, practically underground dwelt in thousands men, to
+most of whom ice and snow were unknown, their only knowledge of it being
+the distant views some had obtained of the mighty Himalayas, peopled
+with a myriad gods, towering like Titan sentinels over their plains and
+valleys. Imagine their feelings when now they found themselves in their
+embrace, faced by every devilish device of murderous science, and all
+from a sense of duty to an alien race. It is a subject for thought. It
+is a great triumph of fellowship for the British race. A Gurkha officer
+whom I asked one day what he thought of it all replied: “What can I say?
+We live in a well and look up at God’s sky by day, and at German flares
+by night, but we are going to win.”
+
+The subterfuges employed by the Indians were at times quite amusing,
+though not perhaps very much so for the actors. A sepoy, native of
+Rustam, was out on patrol duty in “No Man’s Land” when a German
+searchlight caught and exposed him in a semi-kneeling position, and the
+enemy only fifty yards distant. He had probably in his day taken part in
+uninvited nocturnal visits but not in quite similar circumstances;
+however, his native wit came to his rescue, and immediately rising up he
+stood still and saluted his foes. Surprised by the apparition, the Huns
+ceased firing and the Indian, now salaaming, moved on and entered their
+trench.
+
+In the German lines facing the Indian Corps were one or two scoundrels
+from India, types of traitors which are common to all countries, who,
+finding Hindustan too hot for them, and preferring treachery to the
+noose which awaited them if they returned, had taken service with the
+Germans in pre-war days. What use was made of them it is difficult to
+say, but probably such leaflets as were dropped over our lines from
+aeroplanes were their production, as well as an occasional call from
+their trenches shouted in Hindustani advising our men to desert and join
+the generous Huns.
+
+Be this as it may, our sepoy, seeing he must now feign hatred of us or
+go under, by signs and gestures soon assured his captors that his one
+object in life was to cut the throats of the English, and to give
+emphasis to his bloodthirsty proclivities he passed his hand across his
+throat, repeating with angry looks, “English, English.” This was enough
+to at once bring him a liberal supply of rations and other trench
+luxuries. His next business was to discover some means of escape, and he
+managed by counting on his fingers and saying, “_Beimān_” (unfaithful)
+whilst pointing to our trenches, to impress his would-be friends that
+other scoundrels as black as he were willing to desert. Coffee followed
+this interesting bit of news, and after much palavering the sepoy was
+allowed to leave on his mission. Creeping carefully he rejoined his
+battalion and the Huns saw him no more.
+
+All ranks felt the bitter cold and there were a large number of
+frost-bites and trench feet as they were called, but taken all round the
+Indian troops stood it far better than I had ever believed possible. A
+factor in their health was the extraordinarily good arrangements for
+giving the men baths and providing them with hot water. Once out of the
+trenches (such occasions were rare in those times) a man was certain to
+get a hot tub of sorts. All kinds of contrivances were gradually
+furnished by Government; heaters, clothes driers, fumigators, travelling
+boilers were sent out by kind friends and by the “Indian Soldiers’
+Fund.”
+
+The Indian with water of any kind is like a child by the sea, he must at
+once dabble in it. Now the sea is pure, but our sepoy has a bad habit of
+entirely ignoring all sanitary laws where his _pani_ (water) is
+concerned; so long as it is water he will drink from any pool or wash in
+any gutter, and much as I admire and like him, I have in my time been
+obliged to inflict very severe punishments to lead and keep him in the
+path of sanitation. Hence when he found clean hot water was as easily
+procured as muddy cold water, he naturally chose the former.
+
+Riding out one day I saw a shower of paper descending earthwards
+evidently dropped from an aeroplane. They were leaflets printed in Hindi
+calling on our Indian soldiers to rise against the British. Comically
+enough the call was headed, “True information”! thereby proving the
+Germans can sometimes perpetrate a joke. Here is the text:
+
+  The Sheik Ul Islam has proclaimed a Jihad (Holy War) on the Id (a
+  festival day) at Mecca against the British, Russians, and French. The
+  Sultan of Turkey has started a war against the same oppressive people,
+  and he has been joined by the King of Afghanistan.
+
+But German humour is at best singular. Here was an incitement to Hindus
+and Mahomedans alike to revolt, and yet only Mahomedans are named, and
+to make it more ridiculous the language was Hindi, or the language of
+Hindus alone. I took a copy to the trenches of one regiment of each
+class and to one or two mixed Corps of both and read them out. The
+message was greeted with loud laughter, and one humorous Punjabi
+Musalman shouted out, “We now understand what ‘Made in Germany’ means!”
+
+On the 19th of November Prince Arthur of Connaught visited our
+Headquarters, and I took him round the billets of the Secunderabad
+Cavalry Brigade. He was much pleased with all he saw, and the Jodhpore
+Lancers drawn up near a farmhouse looked weird, coated with snow, a
+thing none of them had ever touched before.
+
+On the 20th November I was the guest of General de Maud’huy commanding
+the Xth French Army at St. Pol. I always repeat that I have never served
+with finer soldiers than the French, nor known better Generals and
+Staffs than those of our great Allies. The Headquarters Staff were
+located in the most ordinary house in the main street, but the general
+order that prevailed all round showed the perfection to which a Command
+Headquarters can be brought. It was certainly far simpler than anything
+in our own Army. The General kindly furnished me with a very large scale
+map of the whole Western Front, giving all details of the German Corps
+from Nieuport to the Swiss Frontier. An ordinary Corps commander was not
+allowed such luxuries with us. I still hear from him, and shall
+certainly make a point of again going to see him wherever he may be.
+
+The next day H.R.H. the Prince of Wales honoured the Corps by coming
+round and seeing all troops not in the trenches. The Indians were
+specially delighted and cheered lustily. Just after he left I was
+motoring to our Reserves to watch some newly manufactured trench mortars
+fired, when I saw a new German Taube come down; it was the first in our
+lines and the excitement of the sepoys was worth watching. The two
+officers were taken prisoners and I saw them later at my Headquarters.
+
+Regarding the trench mortars mentioned above, this first attempt was
+most successful. The Indian Sappers and Miners soon had the matter in
+hand and before long we were using them with good results. Fancy in this
+great war mortars made at first of wood and cast iron being employed and
+considered a great adjunct to our means of defence. The old British Army
+and the Indian Corps had to learn many a lesson before the days of
+15-inch guns and unlimited ammunition.
+
+Every effort was made to alleviate the trials of the men in the
+trenches. Braziers and other roughly constructed devices were
+manufactured by our ubiquitous Sappers. Earthen vessels filled with
+charcoal, when procurable, were distributed along the trenches; extra
+socks were issued and straw was rolled under the puttees. A percentage
+of gum boots were sent out by the “Indian Soldiers’ Fund,” and woollen
+gloves were freely supplied. General Headquarters did all they could to
+help us, and the Medical Officers and unit commanders were indefatigable
+in their labours to keep the men fit during the severe ordeal of that
+ghastly winter.
+
+In this war, when of necessity the Armies lay for so long opposite to
+one another in the same positions, the public naturally associated the
+Infantry soldier with the greatest hardships which had to be borne. He
+lived in the trenches, he held the front line when attacked, or led the
+assault when in advance, but behind him was the man with the big guns.
+This latter had some advantages over his Infantry comrade: he was
+farther from the rifle and machine-gun, and out of the range of the
+grenade and trench mortar, but without him no front line could have been
+held for an hour and no attack would ever have been possible.
+
+Moreover, he was the target most sought by the enemy; the prying
+aeroplane could easily trace the trenches, but its chief prey was the
+battery in rear, and once found it very soon received the concentrated
+attention of the hostile guns. The men in front knew all this well. They
+loved their field guns, their constant companions and always the nearest
+to them. The howitzers were their closest allies when the Hun trench had
+to be searched and knocked about; the biggest pieces behind them were
+the loyal parents who closely supported them when necessity arose, and
+watching over all farthest back were the monsters in those days still in
+a state of manufacture, affectionately spoken of in later times as
+Grandmothers.
+
+And so the gunners, like those farther forward, took their full, and
+often more than full, share of the daily work. They lived in great
+discomfort, for you cannot be constantly moving guns in concealed
+positions; the labour is vast, and so long as you are undiscovered so
+much the better to remain there. Hence when the pits and dug-outs filled
+with water, they just made the best of it, and the confidence inspired
+by these splendid soldiers and their guns was something they could not
+help realising, however modest.
+
+The Indians, even more than their British comrades, put implicit faith
+in the Artillery. So long as Jack Sepoy could hear the moan or the roar
+of the missiles from his beloved guns speeding overhead towards the
+enemy lines he rested assured that come what might all was well.
+
+
+
+
+                               CHAPTER IX
+
+
+The Army Corps was now on the eve of its first considerable fight. Signs
+were not wanting that the Germans meant to break into, or through, a
+portion of our line, and the fighting that followed was confined to the
+Corps alone. It was in fact the only time during our stay in France that
+we conducted a combined operation entirely on our own, so to speak. At
+Givenchy in December, Neuve Chapelle in March, Ypres in April, Festubert
+in May, and Mauquissart in September, our battles, though on a far
+bigger scale, were fought in conjunction with and as part of combined
+forces; but on this solitary occasion we had it all to ourselves, and
+although it was a purely defensive action the results were highly
+satisfactory. We regained all our lost trenches and the heavy losses
+were more than repaid by the knowledge gained, viz. that the Indian
+Corps as a fighting unit could carry out its own rôle in the war without
+exterior assistance, so long as the ranks were not too far depleted to
+permit of our holding the front assigned, and we could employ our own
+guns as considered necessary.
+
+It was not an unreasonable request we made, that we should not be
+expected to do more than our numbers warranted. Let us examine for a
+moment the fighting strength of the Indian Corps at this time. It
+amounted in rifles to 3500 British and 9500 Indian, and in Reserve about
+1750 were available from the Secunderabad Cavalry Brigade, which might
+mean 1000 rifles. The combined strength therefore was little more than a
+British Division.
+
+There was always the argument raised that this number was far under the
+“Ration strength,” _i.e._ the number of men for whom rations were drawn.
+But without going into details which would not be understood by the
+ordinary reader, it may at once be said that the actual troops available
+for taking part in any fighting in or near the trenches was as stated
+above, and no more could be found.
+
+The preliminary operations which preceded the German attack were
+directed against the Bareilly Brigade of the Meerut Division, which was
+commanded by Major-General Macbean. On the 21st November the Germans
+started a succession of bomb attacks from trench guns against the
+section held by the 6th Jats, causing many casualties and destroying the
+trenches. This was followed next day by a still heavier bombardment on
+the same trenches, and against those occupied by the 58th Vaughan’s
+Rifles.
+
+On this night, 22nd-23rd November, in accordance with orders, the Meerut
+Division was in process of relief by the Lahore Division, plus a portion
+of the Secunderabad Cavalry Brigade. By the morning of the 23rd November
+the relief had been partially completed, the result being that five
+units of the Lahore Division and two battalions of the Meerut were now
+in the line. The former from left to right were the 129th Baluchis and
+57th Rifles composing the left section; one company Connaught Rangers,
+34th Pioneers, and 9th Bhopals formed the centre section; and the 58th
+Rifles and a half of the 2nd Black Watch the right section. The other
+half of the Black Watch and the 41st Dogras were on their way to their
+billets, whilst the 8th Gurkhas and 107th Pioneers were at Gorre, and
+the 6th Jats at Festubert.
+
+Pending the completion of the relief by Ferozepore Brigade the command
+remained under Major-General Macbean. In order to give a concise account
+of what followed, I will describe as a whole the action of the troops
+from the time of the first attack on the 23rd November until morning of
+24th, when we had completely re-established our position, and then
+endeavour to explain in greater detail the part taken by the various
+Corps engaged.
+
+At 7.45 A.M. the O.C. centre section reported that the Germans had
+broken his line, and a counter-attack was arranged. The 6th Jats were
+moved up and the Gurkhas and Pioneers ordered to stand fast. By 9 A.M.
+the enemy attack on this portion of the line appeared to be slackening,
+but grenade and rifle fire was vigorously kept up. Meanwhile a great
+part of the 34th Pioneers, who had been driven from their trenches, was
+ordered to make a counter-attack for their recovery; but this attack
+never came to anything.
+
+Half an hour later General Macbean was informed that part of the 58th
+Rifles had also been driven from their trenches, and this repeated
+retirement of our troops was rendering our hold precarious. The
+situation was not relieved by the fact that the right of the Connaught
+company was by this time being enfiladed owing to the 34th Pioneers’
+retirement.
+
+About 10 A.M. the G.O.C.’s Meerut and Lahore Divisions mutually arranged
+that the latter’s troops, who would in any case have taken over the
+front that night, should move up in support at once, and this was begun.
+The trench mortar of the Garhwal Brigade which was helping the
+Connaughts, after firing a few rounds, burst. Such were the engines of
+war in our possession in those days! General Macbean by these moves
+would have ample means to resist any likely attacks, and there was no
+further report of the Germans increasing their effort.
+
+A counter-attack was being arranged, when General Egerton commanding the
+Ferozepore Brigade arrived at Macbean’s Headquarters. As he was the
+Brigadier to relieve him on this front, Macbean asked him to conduct the
+operations of this attack, and the 8th Gurkhas and 107th Pioneers were
+given him as a reinforcement.
+
+By noon the situation appeared more serious than might be inferred from
+the above, as the 34th Pioneers and 9th Bhopals had been forced from all
+their trenches, and this, added to the gap caused by portions of the
+58th Rifles retiring, left a long line of front trenches in possession
+of the enemy. A counter-attack by the 6th Jats was unsuccessful, being
+checked by machine-gun fire.
+
+Our Artillery materially assisted in preventing any further enemy
+advance, and General Anderson ordered the 1/39th Garhwalis to Gorre, and
+the Leicesters and 3rd Gurkhas to be prepared to move from La Couture.
+He also directed Macbean to recover the lost trenches and enemy
+sap-heads, and the Garhwal Brigade Reserve to move up to the rear of
+Macbean’s left.
+
+As the enemy increased in numbers and was plentifully supplied with
+bombs, General Joubert in command of the French on our immediate right
+was asked to co-operate if it became necessary, and the G.O.C. 8th
+British Division offered his Artillery support, but neither of these
+aids proved necessary. Whilst matters were thus shaping themselves, the
+company of the Rangers had been obliged by the exposure of its right
+flank to move to its left into the section held by the 57th Rifles and
+129th Baluchis.
+
+The position when General Egerton arrived to take over the direction of
+affairs was this. On our left the 57th Rifles and 129th Baluchis stood
+firm, whilst the company of the Rangers had moved into this section also
+and was defending itself with success. The section was commanded by
+Lieut.-Colonel Southey of the 129th Baluchis, and he had, by occupying
+some houses in rear of his exposed flank, completely held up the enemy,
+and saved any chance of their further advance in this direction.
+
+The whole of the centre of our front trenches to the right, viz. those
+formerly held by the 34th Pioneers, 9th Bhopals, and the greater part of
+the 58th Rifles, were in German possession. The remainder of the 58th
+held on, and the Black Watch on the right had not moved. Seeing how
+matters stood I ordered the Secunderabad Cavalry Brigade up to close
+billets in Essars, to be available as a reinforcement.
+
+Preceded by a heavy and most accurate Artillery fire directed by
+Lieut.-Colonel E. J. Duffus and ably supported by two French batteries
+which had been sent us by our ever-helpful allies, the Infantry attack
+was launched at 4.30 P.M. Portions of the following formed the attacking
+party, 8th Gurkhas, 6th Jats, Connaught Rangers, with 107th Pioneers in
+support. Notwithstanding that the guns had inflicted heavy losses, as
+evidenced by the numbers of dead Germans found in our trenches when we
+recaptured them next morning, this counter-stroke was only partially
+successful. The 107th Pioneers were now sent to support the right where
+the 8th Gurkhas had succeeded in reoccupying a portion of the lost
+trenches, whilst some of the 9th Bhopals had also recovered another
+portion and the 58th, very materially helped by the Black Watch on their
+right, had reoccupied part of their lost line. The Gurkhas assisted by a
+detachment of the 6th Jats in this operation captured a few prisoners.
+
+Meantime part of the 107th Pioneers who, as previously stated, had moved
+to the right were temporarily held up by a furious fire of bombs, and
+were directed to hold on and gain touch with the 58th Rifles.
+
+Egerton also directed the 1/39th Garhwalis to move to the left flank of
+the centre section, _i.e._ near where Colonel Southey was holding the
+Germans. The plan of the Garhwal attack was formed by Colonel Swiney
+after consultation with Colonel Southey and some other officers, and a
+suggestion for bombing down the German trenches was first made by Lieut.
+Robson, R.E.
+
+On receiving definite news of the situation, and being quite determined
+that in this our first fight as a Corps no inch of ground should be
+surrendered, I had instructed General Anderson that at all costs the
+lost trenches were to be recovered. There was small need perhaps, as he
+was not the man to give away anything for nothing in a fight, but my
+message was sent through to the troops, and I felt those fine comrades
+would uphold the honour of the Corps. Knowing this, Egerton, although he
+had already sent off the 39th Garhwalis on their special mission but had
+no information of their progress, launched a further attack from his
+right flank.
+
+This attack consisted of two companies of the 2nd Leicesters and two of
+the 107th Pioneers. The Leicesters effected a lodgment in the enemy’s
+trenches but were hard pressed to retain it owing to heavy bombing, and
+the 107th were repulsed, but their combined action without doubt
+considerably disconcerted the Germans and assisted the 39th Garhwalis
+who were advancing up the hostile trenches from the opposite direction.
+
+This was our first attempt on a large scale in clearing the enemy out of
+his trenches by bombing along them from traverse to traverse. It has
+long since become familiar to every soldier, but in those days at any
+rate it was new; and considering the primitive instruments at our
+disposal, some lighted with matches, some with port fires, some anyhow,
+a large proportion having a tendency to prematurely explode or refuse to
+light, and all this done on a freezing night with snow and ice in the
+trenches and half a gale of wind blowing, it was no mean performance.
+
+The result of this long-drawn-out contest was that with the hold gained
+on our right by the reoccupation of portions of our line by the 107th
+Pioneers, 8th Gurkhas, 6th Jats, and a company of the Bhopals, and the
+splendid advance of the 1/39th Garhwalis along the enemy’s trenches from
+our left, the troops from both flanks joined hands and the entire
+position was restored by 6 o’clock on the morning of the 24th November.
+The trenches formerly held by the 34th Pioneers and 9th Bhopals were
+taken over by the Leicesters and 1/39th Garhwalis. Our losses, however,
+were very heavy.
+
+The enemy also suffered considerably, not only in his advance, but
+whilst in occupation of our trenches and their vicinity and during our
+counter-attack. He had many hours in which to evacuate his wounded and
+remove his dead under cover of night, nevertheless he left behind him a
+great many of both, showing the hasty nature of his final departure. The
+recaptured trenches had been knocked to bits by our well-directed guns,
+and the 1/39th Garhwalis secured two trench mortars, three machine-guns,
+and a large number of rifles and other equipment, besides four officers
+and 100 men taken prisoners.
+
+                   And thus was Corinth lost and won.
+
+It was our first fight within the Corps, and hence deserves to be told
+in full. We learned many useful lessons which I shall try and epitomise,
+but first I must tell the story of many gallant deeds by which the
+results were obtained. Over forty British officers and 1150 other ranks,
+chiefly Indians, was the price we paid that November day, but the
+official despatch disposed of the fighting in a few lines and no names
+were singled out. Few outside the Corps ever heard of it, but it was the
+Indian soldiers’ own fight, and they will often tell of it in the years
+to come.
+
+Here is the story. The 34th Pioneers had been the first to feel the
+shock; and heavily attacked as they were by grenades, soon had their
+left machine-gun out of action. The enemy broke into the trench but the
+gun was saved by Havildar Nikka Singh, who, seeing the detachment
+overwhelmed, picked up and carried the Maxim through a fierce fire into
+the support trench.
+
+Captain Mackain, who commanded the company to the right, behaved most
+gallantly. His trench was rushed, but he quickly collected a party and
+from behind a traverse defied the enemy advance. From this position he
+shot one German after another with his revolver, keeping them at bay
+whilst his men maintained a sharp duel. Mackain was at last himself
+mortally wounded and carried away by Sepoy Ishar Singh, who received a
+reward, but alas the gallant officer did not live to reap his. This is
+surely a case for a posthumous reward! Captain G. E. Wilson of this
+battalion was prominently brought to notice for his gallantry. He was
+wounded and taken prisoner, but eventually returned to England.
+
+The attack on the battalion drove the companies back from their trenches
+partly to support trenches and partly towards and into the trench of the
+Connaught Rangers on their left. An attempt to retake the lost positions
+of the 34th’s trenches was unsuccessful, and eventually this battalion,
+and along with them the 9th Bhopals, lost all their line and fell back
+in some confusion.
+
+Subadar Natha Singh of the 34th behaved with great coolness and retired
+his men skilfully, gaining the Indian Order of Merit. Lance-Naik Tota
+Singh and Havildar Pala Singh also received the I.O.M. for bravery, and
+the same award was given to Sub-Assistant Surgeon Harnam Singh for
+devotion to duty at the regimental aid-post. Lieut.-Colonel G. Kelly was
+killed whilst leading a counter-attack, and Captain A. Masters, the
+Adjutant, shared his fate also. Subadars Natha Singh (No. 1), Ram Singh,
+and Jemadar Sundar Singh and sixty other ranks were killed. Five British
+and Indian officers and 140 other ranks were wounded and twenty-three
+missing.
+
+The company of the Connaught Rangers now found themselves enfiladed from
+their right, but fighting steadily moved along the trench towards the
+57th Rifles and finally barricaded themselves and held on. I always
+admire the short report of Captain G. F. Callaghan, their commander, who
+merely says, “We resisted them traverse by traverse but suffered
+considerable losses and could inflict comparatively no injury on them.”
+Again, “Practically all the bombs were wet and useless.” True, it was
+so. We had no provision in our army for such toys. Doubtless the result
+of
+
+             The cankers of a calm world and a long peace.
+
+This flank, as I have already told, was finally made impregnable by
+Colonel Southey of the 129th Baluchis, who with the 57th and his own
+battalion never gave the enemy an opportunity of further extending his
+gains.
+
+On the right of the 34th Pioneers was the 9th Bhopal Infantry. Numbers 2
+and 4 double companies were heavily bombed, and with the retirement of
+the 34th on the left, the Bhopals were temporarily isolated and the
+battalion was unable to withstand the German rush. One company was
+surrounded and the entire line of trenches lost. Later on, part of the
+Bhopals under Captain E. H. Apthorpe joined in the counter-attack with
+the 6th Jats and helped to recapture a portion of the trench. Their
+losses were heavy, including two British officers wounded and three
+missing. Indian officers: three killed, one wounded, and two missing;
+other ranks, six killed and 208 wounded and missing.
+
+The 58th Rifles on the right of the Bhopals and left of the Black Watch,
+as soon as it was reported that our line had been pierced, sent up bombs
+and ammunition to the firing-line. Lieut. R. A. Reilly, who carried out
+this duty, was on his way back when the covered way along which he was
+moving became exposed owing to the retirement of the 9th Bhopals. He and
+two of his seven men were killed.
+
+Captain H. L. Baldwin with his company held on to a ditch which
+enfiladed the covered way; he was in a very trying position but
+continued there throughout the day, and this good soldier then joined in
+the counter-attack when he was unfortunately killed. His C.O. wrote of
+him in the highest terms.
+
+Captain A. G. Lind and his company with its left flank thrown back held
+on, but a machine-gun was brought to bear on them and with very heavy
+losses they were forced back. Lind was wounded during a gallant struggle
+to stem the enemy advance. About mid-day Captain Bull was sent up to
+replace Captain Willis who had been severely wounded, but pluckily held
+on to his command and refused to leave till later, when he was ordered
+to do so. Bull rallied the right company and, assisted by a party of the
+Black Watch who were on his immediate right, secured this, the last part
+of the 58th’s trench still in our possession, until 4.30 P.M., when the
+battalion joined in General Egerton’s counter-attack. Bull’s conduct
+throughout the day was exemplary, and the Section commander brought him
+prominently to notice for having held up the German attack on this
+flank. With him were fifty men of the Black Watch under Sergeant-Major
+Kennedy and of these I will tell farther on.
+
+This counter-attack led by Major Davidson-Houston, the C.O., was a
+complete success and a great part of the 58th’s trenches were regained.
+Lieut. L. Gaisford, a lad I knew well, was killed as he leaped into the
+trench. Major Thomson and Captain Bull were invaluable in keeping the
+men in hand during all this troubled fighting. It is worth quoting the
+words of the C.O. 58th regarding their comrades of the Black Watch in
+this attack, as serving to show the value of example set by the British
+soldier. He says:
+
+  I was also greatly assisted in this advance on the trench, which was
+  done without a halt or firing, by four men of the Black Watch,
+  Privates Venters, Boyd, M‘Intosh, and Stewart; these men came with me
+  in the final rush from the road, and by their example gave a fine lead
+  (mark the words) to my Dogra company in front of whom we were. There
+  being nobody at hand when we reached the trenches, I placed them to
+  hold a sap which had been cut right into our line, and although bombed
+  they held on till I could get the men together, after which they
+  helped me considerably, and by their _sang froid_ and cheeriness,
+  impressed those round them most favourably.
+
+No higher tribute could be paid to those four splendid Highlanders. They
+all received the D.C.M.
+
+The 58th in the day’s fighting lost three British and one Indian officer
+and fifty-three others killed; two British and one Indian officer and
+sixty others wounded. Lieut. S. Gordon, Indian Medical Service, and
+Lieut. J. Milligan were brought to notice for gallantry in rescuing with
+the stretcher-bearers many wounded men. Havildar Indar Singh was
+promoted to Jemadar. Jemadar Hawinda behaved with great gallantry in
+carrying in under heavy fire his British officer. Both native officers
+were awarded the Military Cross.
+
+Holding our extreme right was the Black Watch. You cannot move men of
+this stamp, no matter who may be the enemy. Under ordinary circumstances
+the battalion would have been more to its left, _i.e._ in between
+battalions of Indian troops, but owing to the fact that our right
+touched the French left, I had received orders to have a British
+battalion next to them. Hence it was the case that the three battalions
+on their left were all Indians and it was on these that the Germans
+directed their attack.
+
+Such details may appear unimportant to those who count Army Corps by
+Divisions and Brigades, but to us who had the task of holding a given
+front, they meant much. My Generals and I had many things to think of
+which needed no special consideration in other Corps.
+
+The Black Watch were not themselves directly attacked, but by their
+assistance the 58th, as already described, reoccupied their lost
+trenches. This right section was commanded by Major J. Harvey of the
+Black Watch, a first-rate C.O., who was afterwards given a Brigade and
+killed in command of it in Mesopotamia. Major A. G. Wauchope of his
+battalion, always to the fore when fighting was going on, volunteered to
+proceed to the trenches and find out the situation, and carried out his
+mission most successfully.
+
+Company-Sergeant-Major J. Kennedy, with fifty N.C.O.’s and men,
+accompanied the counter-attack of the 58th Rifles, and this N.C.O. was
+one of the first to enter the recaptured trenches, ably seconded by
+Sergeant Wilson, Lance-Corporal Melrose, and Private Swan.
+
+Wauchope proceeded with Lance-Corporal Gorrie, a gallant man who was
+always volunteering for dangerous tasks, to the firing trench, and
+thence to Captain Bull, who with his own men and a few of the Black
+Watch was very hard pressed by Germans, who were hurling hand-grenades
+amongst them from a distance of only fifteen yards, to which our men
+could only oppose rifle fire; nevertheless this fire soon dominated the
+enemy, who ceased their bomb-throwing.
+
+Wauchope, accompanied by Lieut. N. McMicking, also of the Black Watch,
+and twenty of his men, immediately charged over the eighty yards which
+separated them from a German sap, and entering it moved on another
+hundred yards, the Huns rapidly retiring and leaving rifles, etc.,
+behind them. This small party then returned, and Wauchope made his way
+to the O.C. 58th, who thought his whole trenches were reoccupied. It was
+found, however, that there was still a gap of 300 yards on the left of
+the 58th and between them and the right of the 8th Gurkhas, and this gap
+was occupied by only four Highlanders, one of whom was lying wounded.
+Many bombs were still falling and the party was withdrawn; this portion
+of trench being soon after filled by the Indians from both flanks.
+Kennedy, Drummond, and Private Swan received the D.C.M.
+
+Whilst these events were taking place on the right some fine deeds were
+being done on our left, which finally regained us all our lost trenches.
+Colonel Swiney with his 1/39th Garhwalis, discarding all idea of a
+frontal attack over ground white with snow and which showed up every
+movement, managed after much difficulty to pick a way through ditches
+and bog and assemble immediately on the right of Colonel Southey’s
+section, where the 57th Rifles joined the company of the Connaught
+Rangers. Swiney was dead against a frontal attack, and General Egerton
+left it to him as to how he should move. Present also was a very gallant
+officer, Lieut. R. G. Robson, R.E., who suggested an advance along the
+lost trenches with bombs. To prove his opinion, prior to the advance he
+made a demonstration by moving close to some houses and clearing the
+Germans out with bombs: an unselfish and gallant act.
+
+The occasion always finds the man, and this occasion found not only a
+keen battalion but also a heroic figure in the person of Captain D. H.
+Acworth of that good old Frontier regiment, the 55th Coke’s Rifles, and
+then serving with the 57th Rifles. Robson and Acworth, with seven
+Afridis of the 57th (one or two being 55th men attached), and one
+Connaught Ranger, moved along the trench. The attack was entrusted to
+two companies of the 1/39th Garhwalis, Major W. H. Wardell’s, with
+Captain S. Orton; and Captain Lumb’s, a third being in support. Wardell
+was to attack along the trench from left to right, Lumb moving level
+with him on his right along a shallow depression some fifteen yards away
+and roughly parallel with the trench. Robson and Acworth started their
+bombing and continued it for some fifty yards, when owing to bombs
+running out and for other causes the bombing ceased, and the attack
+developed into a bayonet advance, pure and simple, by the Garhwalis. The
+Germans meantime were using bombs very freely.
+
+Wardell’s fine attack, after pushing some distance along the enemy
+trenches, began to lose weight; but here Lumb, finding his own shallow
+ditch was gradually ending and knowing that his business was to help
+Wardell, crossed over with a rush and was into the trenches in the midst
+of Wardell’s men. The Garhwalis were now thoroughly blooded and could
+not be stopped. Traverses fell in rapid succession and prisoners were
+being gathered up at every turn. The opposition was severe, and time
+after time as the men sprang up on the parapets or ran along both sides
+of the trenches they came under heavy enfilade fire.
+
+When the advance was stayed by the reduction in numbers, Lieut. J.
+Welchman joined in with more men, and the prisoners being quickly passed
+to the rear, the Garhwalis under Lumb gallantly pushed on, clearing
+everything in front of them with the bayonet, till they eventually
+joined hands with the 107th Pioneers advancing from the right. Dawn
+broke on our now victorious troops, and the Indians had the satisfaction
+of knowing that although they had suffered grievously, although some of
+their comrades had been forced from their trenches, and that no one
+might ever hear of their work, yet it had been finally completed by the
+Corps alone.
+
+When Swiney found that the advance was leaving the trenches but sparsely
+held, he had sent up Captain J. Lane with reinforcements, and as they
+reached a bend in the trench they were furiously attacked by Germans who
+held a sap running right into our line. Lane faced this enfilade fire
+unflinchingly and managed to close the sap with a barricade, thus
+ensuring the safety of the main trench. The Huns left behind them
+rifles, tools, and quantities of equipment, some trench mortars and
+machine-guns in the hands of the 39th, whilst their dead were strewn
+along both sides of and in the recaptured trench. When I heard it I
+cheered as if I myself had done the job, although I was safe in a
+château miles away with my ear to a telephone, but I could not conceal
+my joy at the thought that my brave Indian troops had not lost an inch
+of ground.
+
+The losses of the Garhwalis were comparatively light, but the reason was
+that the work was swiftly and thoroughly done. The gallant Major Wardell
+who had led the first advance was wounded and missing; Captain Orton was
+severely wounded; Jemadar Daulat Rawat was killed, and two Indian
+officers were wounded, whilst among other ranks eighteen were killed and
+thirty-seven wounded.
+
+Captain Lumb and Subadar Dhan Sing Negi received the Military Cross.
+Captain Acworth, 55th Rifles, was also given this decoration, and
+Subadar Jagat Sing Rawat the Order of British India. The I.O.M. was the
+reward of four of the seven men of the 57th Rifles who accompanied
+Robson, and the others were given the I.D.S.M.; whilst in the ranks of
+the Garhwalis several men received the I.O.M., amongst them a gallant
+N.C.O., Havildar Alam Sing Negi, and others the I.D.S.M.
+
+The brave Robson was killed a month later, and hence did not live to
+receive a well-merited honour. Colonel Swiney was promoted Brevet
+Colonel for his initiative, gallantry, and skill. And last, but greatest
+of all who fought that day, was Naik Darwan Sing Negi: first in the
+advance and first to rush each traverse, wounded in the arm and twice in
+the head, this heroic son of Garhwal continued to fight to the end, and
+was the second recipient of the coveted Victoria Cross. How well earned!
+In his village of Kabartir, north of the Pindar River, amid the wild
+regions of the great Himalayas, often will be told the tale of how
+Darwan Sing upheld the prestige of his race and gained fame for the
+regiment in which he served.
+
+Colonel Swiney’s report is a document which will be preserved in the
+regiment as a memento of many brave men and the brave deeds they
+performed that night. Did space permit I would like to name them, but
+the battalion will treasure them all.
+
+The 39th Garhwal Rifles was raised at Almora in 1887 as the 2nd
+Battalion of the 3rd Gurkha regiment; became 39th (the Garhwali)
+regiment of Bengal Infantry in 1890, and received its present name in
+1901. A second battalion was added in 1901.
+
+A part of No. 3 Company Sappers and Miners was engaged in the centre
+section repairing loopholes, etc. Captain E. H. Kelly, R.E., was in
+command, and finding no officers he took charge of the troops in his
+vicinity. He was severely wounded by hand-grenades, being hit in the
+head, shoulders, hand, and leg, but was nevertheless able to reach the
+support line. The Corps of Royal Engineers never says die.
+
+The Leicesters in their counter-attack with the 107th Pioneers lost
+Captain H. Grant, killed whilst leading his company in the charge, and
+2nd Lieut. M. Seton-Browne was also killed at the head of his platoon
+just as he had reached the enemy trench. No. 8224 Lance-Corporal G.
+Grey, Sergeant P. Forster, and three men were brought to notice for
+their fine example. The latter received the D.C.M. Major H. Gordon was
+in command of this attack and received the D.S.O. Throughout the time
+the Leicesters served with me in France this splendid Corps shared the
+brunt of every fight in which their Brigade was engaged. Its sterling
+grit was recognised by none more than the Indian soldiers.
+
+As already described, one company of the Connaught Rangers was fighting
+next to the 34th Pioneers, whilst six officers and 300 rifles were in
+support of the 8th Gurkhas in the counter-attack. These latter were met
+by a heavy cross-fire from machine-guns. Notwithstanding this a part of
+them reached the objective. Major W. Hamilton, Captain R. G. Eyre, and
+Lieut. J. Hume, the only officers with one company, were wounded, whilst
+fifty-five men were killed or missing and fifty-three were wounded, and
+the detachment had to withdraw. The three officers named above were
+brought to notice.
+
+The 57th Rifles, who held fast to their trenches on our left, did right
+good work though sharing none of the glory. The C.O. reported during the
+fighting: “I am trying to improve my trenches, but have no large-sized
+spades or shovels. A telephone is urgently needed. We want some
+sandbags—most urgent. Also a lot of bombs. Without these and the
+sandbags it is difficult sometimes.” Splendid fellow! What a commentary
+on the state of affairs; little he dreamed his words would be repeated
+for those to read who know nothing of how the fight was waged in the
+snow-clad trenches of 1914. Ours were held, as a 57th man said to me
+after the fight, “with our bare hands; we had nothing else.” Captain
+Indajit Singh, the medical officer of the battalion, was killed while
+coolly carrying out his duties behind the firing-line. A brother
+officer, Major P. Atal, I.M.S., in medical charge of the 129th Baluchis,
+was also killed with him. Both had gained the respect of their Corps by
+the fearless discharge of their duty to the wounded.
+
+The 8th Gurkhas, who had suffered so heavily on 30th October and had
+hardly a British officer of their own remaining, proved their grit on
+this occasion of their counter-attack by recapturing a portion of the
+lost trenches. Major K. Cassels, although himself wounded, managed to
+hold on to his command and the battalion suffered the further following
+losses: Lieut. D. S. Macpherson, son of a gallant soldier, was killed;
+Major R. W. Elliott also lost his life; both of these officers belonged
+to the 7th Gurkhas. Lieut. Peploe, 6th Gurkhas, was wounded and Lieut.
+C. Maxwell of the 8th was missing. It is thus made clear how the
+original officers of the battalion were fast disappearing.
+
+In this counter-attack the 6th Jats lost nearly 200 men. Captain Dudley
+was killed; Lieut. Cockburn earned the Military Cross for his gallantry
+in driving the Germans from traverses; Captain Moore and Major Dundas
+were wounded.
+
+The 107th Pioneers had failed at first to reach the enemy trenches in
+their attack with the Leicesters, but had eventually reached them and
+were slowly moving north, where they met the Garhwalis coming from the
+other side. During the fighting Major Bruce and seventeen men were
+killed; Captains Davis, Mangin, Turnbull, and McLaughlin and Lieut.
+Wallis were wounded, besides one Indian officer and forty men. Subadars
+Hashmat Dad Khan, and Labh Singh received the I.D.S.M.
+
+There remains one splendid deed to be recorded, and that is how a very
+gallant gentleman died, but left behind him an immortal name on the list
+of heroes who have won the Victoria Cross.
+
+A detachment of the 34th Poona Horse, one of the regiments of the
+Secunderabad Cavalry Brigade, had been sent up as a reinforcement on the
+23rd November and was in the trenches of the Ferozepore Brigade. A
+German sap ran right up to our line and exposed it to fire. Guarding the
+junction was Lieut. F. A. de Pass with a small party. One of this party
+volunteered to move along the sap and reconnoitre it. It was found that
+at twelve paces away the sap turned and there was a loopholed traverse
+guarded by Huns. From this coign of vantage they continued throughout
+the day to fling hand-grenades into our trench: there were no grenades
+to reply with, and de Pass and his men had to stick it out, losing
+several wounded.
+
+He, however, was determined that the Germans should be turned out, and
+at dawn next day, with two sowars, he crawled up the sap, inserted a
+charge of gun-cotton against a loophole of the traverse, and the
+explosion which followed wrecked the traverse and laid bare a wide gap,
+exposing its site to fire from our trenches. A grenade hurled at his
+small party was fortunately ineffective, and for twenty-four hours the
+enemy was quiet.
+
+The very next day in broad daylight this gallant soul, accompanied by
+Private C. Cook of the 7th Dragoon Guards, went out and carried in a
+wounded sepoy under a heavy fire for a considerable distance.
+
+                Unbounded courage and compassion joined.
+
+On the 26th November de Pass found that the Germans had repaired their
+destroyed traverse, from which heavy bombing was again proceeding, and
+our parapet was being knocked to bits; moving to the evil spot, he saw a
+sniper behind the loophole of the traverse and at once tried to pick him
+off, but was instantly shot dead. He was honoured in death and gazetted
+to the Victoria Cross as a reward from the King he had so faithfully
+served. The I.D.S.M. was conferred on his companions in peril, Sowars
+Abdullah Khan, Firman Shah, and Fateh Khan of the 34th Poona Horse.
+Private Cook received the Distinguished Conduct Medal.
+
+Colonel Grant, 8th Gurkhas, who commanded the centre section, had a very
+difficult task as will be readily understood, but he carried it out with
+resolution.
+
+Brigadier-General Egerton readily undertook the task he was asked to
+perform by General Macbean. His two Staff officers, Major Sangster, 2nd
+Indian Lancers, and Captain Stewart, Cameron Highlanders, well earned
+the praise he gave them.
+
+The German attack was made by the three battalions of the 112th Regiment
+of the Twenty-ninth Division, XIVth Army Corps, as evidenced by the
+killed, wounded, and prisoners, with the 170th Regiment in support; and
+although their numbers were inferior to the troops we eventually brought
+against them before our line was re-established, they had the
+superiority in guns and men on the front first attacked.
+
+During the fighting, although of course I had not been in the trenches
+myself, I had followed, as far as this could be done from a distance,
+the trend of the battle. In the grounds of my Headquarters was a tower,
+built for purposes other than those to which it was put this freezing
+night. It was on high ground, in fact the only high ground within range
+of our front, and from this vantage point I watched from dusk till dawn
+the progress of the fight, only varying my vigil by constant visits to
+the telephone in the house to keep in touch with Divisional
+Headquarters. I can remember no occasion in my life when I felt more
+acutely the desire to succeed, for where my Corps was in the grips of
+death was my entire world.
+
+Sir John French sent us his hearty congratulations on the results of the
+fighting.
+
+
+
+
+                               CHAPTER X
+
+
+The fighting east of Festubert had been full of incidents which
+furnished us with useful material for future operations. The German
+strength directly opposite the Corps at this time may be taken at about
+20,000 Infantry in addition to Pioneers, and an unknown number of guns
+of all calibres. Ours should have been near that same number, but was,
+owing to heavy casualties without replacements on any but a nominal
+scale, very much less. What was found was that the enemy had already
+achieved great skill in sapping up to our lines, and in this respect was
+infinitely superior. Having completed his saps, and aided by grenades
+and trench mortars, there was nothing to prevent his capturing our first
+lines of trenches, nor for long after this time were we able to employ
+his methods. The time came when the tables were turned; but you cannot
+reach the skies while your feet are still on the earth, and ours were
+deep in the Flanders mud. We also found that it makes for efficiency to
+have British troops interspersed with the Indians. In this case only on
+the extreme right was there half a Highland battalion, and on the
+extreme left one company of an Irish regiment.
+
+But whatever we may have learned, the Huns discovered that the Indian
+Corps could give back all and more than it got, and we braced ourselves
+up in the certain belief that although England had been sadly behind in
+providing us with the means of paying back the enemy in his own coin,
+she would assuredly make up way, and then would come our turn.
+
+I often said all this to the Indian officers and men, and it cheered
+them; they knew our real strength; they began to realise that we had
+been caught tripping; and from surprise at first that this should ever
+have been possible, they gradually became sarcastic at the expense of
+the Huns. One Jawan (young fellow) even declared that if the Germans
+would exchange weapons the war would be over in a week. “Not if we kept
+them as clean as you do,” remarked a comrade, and all laughed. I
+discovered our recruit had been reprimanded that morning for having a
+dirty rifle on parade.
+
+On the 24th November I attended my first conference at General
+Headquarters. All the Corps Commanders were present, and although I knew
+some of them and had casually met others at manœuvres which I had
+attended when on leave from India (and I may here add that every time I
+came home on leave I never missed attending manœuvres, British or
+foreign, as opportunity offered), I felt for the first time in France
+that I was a stranger. I heard as I came into the hall, “Who is that?”
+“He commands the Indians.” It was as if some foreign general had
+suddenly dropped into the sacred haunts of Whitehall in pre-war days.
+However, I was prepared for it. I knew that most of them would hold out
+the hand of welcome to our Indian soldiers, and it was satisfactory that
+at our first meeting I was able to tell the Commander-in-Chief the
+results of our fighting that very morning. Sir John French and Sir
+Horace Smith-Dorrien congratulated me on the conduct of all ranks, and I
+was rather pleased than otherwise that I was not one of those present
+who might be referred to as Tom, Dick, or Harry.
+
+On the 26th November I wrote to G.H.Q. giving a statement of the
+strength of the Indian Corps which, including the Secunderabad Cavalry
+Brigade, then numbered only 14,000 rifles or little over that of a
+British Division, and was reducing at the rate of about eighty a day and
+stating that I could receive no further reinforcements from India before
+the 5th December, when the Sirhind Brigade should rejoin from Egypt. In
+addition I pointed out that the British battalions averaged only 700 men
+each, a pitifully low one for work in this Corps. I laid stress on the
+fact that there were indications we might be again attacked, and that
+one Brigade would, before the arrival of reinforcements, have done
+forty-five days, and all the others thirty-five days actually in, or in
+support of, the trenches, with only scraps of such rest as could be
+arranged. I requested that under these conditions the Corps might be
+given a complete rest of a few days when the reinforcements arrived;
+gave full reasons why I considered it absolutely necessary, and
+suggested remedies for our shortage in numbers and for increasing them.
+One of these was the addition of Territorial battalions, and I may add
+that, although G.H.Q. did not at first appear to approve of this, I did
+get first two, and later a total of six, of these fine battalions, and
+of them I shall have much to say as I progress. I said plainly that
+unless my request was agreed to, the Corps would soon only be equivalent
+to a single Division.
+
+The reply to my letter stated that the condition of the Indian Corps was
+well known, and I was to exercise caution in its employment, and that
+the Commander-in-Chief would give such assistance as was possible, and
+this was outlined; but I was given no hope of a rest for the Corps as a
+whole, except such as I could eke out after the reinforcements arrived.
+I realised the immense difficulties of the Commander-in-Chief; but I am
+now writing for those who, knowing nothing of our own difficulties,
+passed hasty judgement and unfairly criticised men who were in truth
+doing right good work.
+
+As a matter of fact no rest was given, but the Indian Corps held on to
+its line for twenty-four days longer, reducing daily and being
+eventually altogether too weak for its task. As if, however, to strain
+the rope to the last strand, after the reinforcements arrived, instead
+of deriving any benefit I was ordered to farther extend my front to
+include Givenchy and up to the La Bassée-Bethune road. I knew how fatal
+was such an order, but there was nothing to do but obey. The French
+Brigadier whom we relieved was surprised at the smallness of the numbers
+of the relieving troops, and told us his own outgoing strength, which
+was very considerably higher. Shortly after that a heavy German attack
+was launched at us, straining the tired-out troops to the limit of
+endurance and entailing, after three days’ hard fighting, the assistance
+of the First Army Corps from reserve to restore the position. All that
+will be described in due course; but why I have gone into detail
+regarding this matter is that, notwithstanding my having so strongly
+urged a rest, and written as plainly as a Corps Commander could well do
+in the field, yet in the despatch describing the operations of the 18th
+and 19th December I am alluded to as having made an attack on the
+Germans, because I deemed it to be “a favourable opportunity.” Nothing
+could be farther from the facts. I considered it in truth a most
+unfavourable opportunity; but my instructions as they read to me, and
+which I will quote fully, were sufficiently clear to lay on me the
+definite duty of using every endeavour to make one or more local pushes
+to the front if I considered this reasonably feasible, and under those
+conditions I chose what appeared to me to be the most favourable
+opportunity that presented itself.
+
+I had once drawn attention to the long term of unrelieved duty in the
+trenches, and again when my front was extended beyond the power of the
+tired Corps to hold on, and I could do no more.
+
+On 28th November I had the honour of entertaining General de Maud’huy,
+Commanding Xth French Army, at lunch. He and his Staff stayed till late
+in the afternoon, and as usual I never enjoyed anything in France better
+than visits to or from our Allied officers.
+
+During the rest of the month the usual trench warfare continued, but
+there was one incident worth recording. On the night of the 27th
+November a party of the Manchesters, commanded by 2nd Lieut. S. D.
+Connell, accompanied by Lieut. F. E. Buller, R.E., advanced and entered
+two German saps sixty yards away. The saps were filled in, but in the
+subsequent retirement Connell was killed and there were eleven other
+casualties. Buller was awarded the Military Cross for his gallantry in
+returning to bring in a wounded man, during which attempt he himself was
+wounded. The O.C. Manchesters after careful inquiry estimated the German
+casualties as not under forty, including an officer who was bayoneted as
+he emerged from his dug-out.
+
+On the 1st December His Majesty the King visited the Indian Corps, and
+the honour was greatly appreciated by all ranks. There is nothing the
+Indian soldier holds in comparison to a word from his Sovereign, and as
+the King made frequent inquiries regarding individuals, these of course
+were henceforth marked men. As soon as I knew that His Majesty meant to
+start his tour from Corps Headquarters at Hinges, I telephoned to
+General Maistre in command of the XXIst Corps d’Armée on my right and
+asked him to attend. The French General had that morning an important
+local duty in his trenches, but nevertheless he came. I had not been
+able to tell him on the telephone the reason, as it was essential the
+news of the King’s visit should be kept secret till the last moment; and
+when he arrived and I explained it to him, he said, “No duty would have
+kept me from paying my respects to your King. I am very pleased you let
+me know.” His Majesty conversed with him for some time.
+
+The King had all the British and Indian officers introduced to him at
+each place where they were collected along the route from Hinges to
+Locon: through slush and mud he tramped, adding joy and strength to his
+soldiers, and after seeing all the assembled troops who were not on duty
+in the trenches, and the Divisional Commanders and Indian Princes and
+Chiefs, I had the honour of motoring His Majesty to a battery in action,
+where he examined the guns, the men and their dug-outs, and I believe I
+must have been one of the first officers to have this honour. He has
+since been among many Corps and batteries, but this was his first visit
+to the Army in France.
+
+On 4th December I visited General Maistre, and with him went a long tour
+of the trenches of the XXIst Corps d’Armée. What struck me most was the
+extraordinarily well constructed communication trenches leading up to
+the village of Fosse-Calonne. The country was chalky and rolling and as
+different as a place could be from our own boggy front. I was also
+struck by the perfection to which the French had brought their village
+defences. The dug-outs were far more substantial and comfortable than
+our own ever were at any time: electric power was available, and hence
+many shelters were lighted with electricity, and every man appeared to
+be hard at work improving the defences. The whole organisation was
+excellent, and the nature of the soil and advantage of having a village
+in the centre of the defensive line greatly assisted all their
+protective measures. The men were full of humour and gave proof of this
+in one room which was loopholed and only thirty yards away from another
+held by the Germans. The roof had been damaged by a shell, and through
+an opening one of the poilus proceeded to display a tricolour flag on
+the end of a pole, his daily amusement. On this occasion, however,
+Brother Boche was not to be drawn. On the table was a gramophone, and
+another man at once turning it towards the loophole started the
+“Marseillaise.” “If this will not fetch them,” he said, “I will try ‘God
+save the King.’” But the Hun must have been in his mid-day sleep, as
+nothing would move him, and all was quiet till we got outside, when they
+started a lively fusillade at a chimney behind us, with what object I
+could not surmise.
+
+After spending three very interesting hours we returned by another
+trench, and at an opening near a mound I emerged to find a Guard of
+Honour drawn up with a band. To my surprise I learnt this was in my
+honour, and after being saluted, those fine soldiers marched past me.
+Needless to say I was more than gratified by this compliment paid to me
+by an Allied brother Corps Commander. It is actions like this that bind
+peoples together, and it is only one of a hundred proofs that our
+friendship is not on the surface, but deep. Personally, I shall always
+look on France as a land where I saw more human nature in its truest
+form than I have ever seen elsewhere, and like Alexander and Diogenes
+shall feel that if I were not an Englishman I would be a Frenchman.
+
+On the return journey we went over the ruined village of Vermelle
+recently taken by the French. I went through the German trenches and was
+much surprised to find the comfortable dug-outs of the officers were
+furnished with every kind of table, chair, and other luxuries. The walls
+had pictures hung, and there were even good lamps and clocks in niches.
+It all seemed so different from our own and gave me the impression that
+the Huns looked after their comforts far too much. Shooting was going on
+and numbers of shells lay unexploded, some of them being English. By
+permission of the French Colonel I brought away two kinds of steel
+loopholes out of German trenches, and eventually these were sent to
+G.H.Q.; but I kept a periscope. These I had not till then seen in our
+own Corps. The entire village was a mass of ruins, but a statuette of
+the Virgin near a chapel still stood on its pedestal among the debris.
+
+The Sirhind Brigade, under command of Major-General Brunker, arrived
+from Egypt on the 7th December, and thus at last the Lahore Division was
+completed. With the arrival of this Brigade and considerable drafts from
+India, I prepared a scheme for giving my troops as much rest as was
+possible; but it was short-lived, for on the 9th December the Chief of
+the Staff called and told me the Corps was to extend its front and take
+over the village of Givenchy and about a mile to the south of it from
+the French. I have already told what this meant to us; but there was no
+option, and on the 11th December we took over the trenches at Givenchy,
+and as far as the La Bassée-Bethune road.
+
+On the 8th December Sir John French had telegraphed thanking the Corps
+for a message we had sent him, and said, “I owe them a deep debt of
+gratitude for the splendid services they have rendered and which have
+proved of great value in the conduct of the campaign.” Sir John never
+failed to say a word at the right time.
+
+On 12th December I attended a conference at G.H.Q., and was then
+informed of the intentions of the Commander-in-Chief to commence an
+offensive on the 14th December with the Second and Third Corps in
+conjunction with the French on the left, with the object of reaching the
+line Le Touquet-Warneton-Hollebeke. The Fourth and Indian Corps, though
+taking no direct part in this action, were ordered to “carry out active
+local operations with a view to containing the enemy now in their
+front.” At this time the French on our right, _i.e._ next to the Indian
+Corps, also undertook offensive operations.
+
+This was the first of many orders received between this date and 20th
+December, and, as I shall show, beginning with small injunctions they
+increased in their scope; and the loyal endeavour on my part and that of
+my Generals to comply with their spirit only ended when the enemy
+launched a heavy attack against several parts of the Indian Corps.
+Loyalty should claim no conditions, but it does not always meet with its
+reward. As a matter of fact the offensives undertaken received the
+commendation of the Commander-in-Chief at the time, as contained in his
+own operation orders, and would under ordinary conditions have remained
+at that, and no more would have been heard of them. It was the
+long-premeditated attack delivered on the 20th December by the enemy
+which alone brought us into prominence; and that it was carried out on
+that date, just after our local efforts, was a mere coincidence, as the
+German prisoners themselves stated the 20th was the day fixed for it.
+
+On the 16th December it was decided to capture two German saps opposite
+to the trenches of the 15th Sikhs in the neighbourhood of Givenchy, and
+then to extend the operation by securing a portion of the German main
+trenches. The troops selected for this operation were taken from the
+Ferozepore Brigade.
+
+The 129th Baluchis and 57th Rifles were ready to attack by 8.30 A.M.;
+whilst the Connaught Rangers were detailed in support, and a Territorial
+battalion (the 142nd), lent by the French General on our right, was held
+in reserve. Major Potter with his company of the 129th was quickly
+across the thirty yards which separated him from the left sap, and the
+other company under Lieut. C. S. Browning also reached its objective;
+the casualties in this first rush were not heavy, and both attacks
+pushing up the sap were soon close to the enemy main trench.
+
+But (there was always a “but” in the trench operations of those days)
+the difficulty now presented itself as to how to reinforce them, as it
+was impossible to cross the open space swept by a hail of bullets which
+soon destroyed the wounded who had fallen in the first rush. The
+attackers were gradually bombed back towards the captured sap-heads.
+Browning and all his Indian officers were wounded, and the men in the
+right sap got jammed in on the sap-head but held on till dusk under a
+heavy fire of grenades, whilst Potter and his men in the left sap also
+held their position with splendid determination.
+
+A party of the 15th Sikhs who had accompanied each attack were meantime
+working heart and soul to dig a trench back from the sap-head to our
+main trench, and the 21st Company Sappers and Miners and working parties
+of the 34th Pioneers were engaged in the same process to join up with
+them from our own side. The right sap was the more difficult of the two,
+and before connection could be established the remnants of our men in
+the sap-head, fearing that relief would be late, made an attempt to
+cross the open over the fifteen yards which still separated them from
+their comrades: the distance was short but the devastating fire which
+the enemy rained across it killed or wounded every man as he ran, and
+the Hun had his revenge in the recapture of his lost ground.
+
+Potter in the left sap was more fortunate, the new communication trench
+being completed by dark, when he and his men withdrew into our own line.
+His cool bearing and gallantry were never more conspicuous than on this
+day, and though he was missing a few days later during an attack, his
+name will live in the history of his Corps.
+
+The casualties were heavy. In the Baluchis Captain Ussher, Subadar Adam
+Khan, and fifty men were killed; Lieut. Browning, Captain Money, two
+Indian officers, and seventy rank and file were wounded.
+
+Writing of the 129th Baluchis brings to mind one or two good stories of
+that battalion. Early in November, for purposes of identifying enemy
+corps on our front, C.O.’s were asked to secure a few prisoners. One
+afternoon Sepoy Abdulla Jan, a Mahsud, asked permission of his section
+commander to cross “No Man’s Land” and enter a German sap. This was
+refused, but shortly after, no N.C.O. being near, Abdulla slipped over
+the parapet, ran across to the sap and jumped in. There was a Hun in it
+all right but, possessing no rifle, he promptly bolted. The section
+commander, having meantime returned along our trench, looked over the
+parapet and saw our gallant friend; he shouted to him to return, which
+the man did very quietly, and on arrival, being asked what he was at,
+replied that he was trying to get hold of a German rifle and did not
+think it worth while bringing in a mere man without it. His native
+instinct had got the better of his discretion, as a Mahsud in his own
+hills will risk his life to steal or otherwise procure a good firearm.
+On being told a rifle was as nothing in value compared to a man, he at
+once volunteered to go out again and capture one, and was much disgusted
+when his request was refused.
+
+These Mahsuds were on their first trial in our regular Corps, and in
+some respects showed aptitude for trench warfare. As soon as our
+roughly-made hand-grenades began to be issued they asked to be allowed
+to use them, and the gallant Robson, R.E., of whom I told in the attack
+by the 39th Garhwalis on November 23, gave them several lessons in their
+use. The men were quite delighted, and parties often went out and bombed
+German saps and entirely stopped the Huns working on that particular bit
+of front. I have one more story of the 129th Baluchis.
+
+The C.O., being in need of a change in his menu, one morning sent his
+Afridi orderly and a signaller to find a chicken; no special method of
+procuring it was prescribed, except that the men were to leave by the
+communication trench. Some hours later the signaller returned with the
+chicken and reported that the orderly had been arrested by the
+Provost-Marshal for looting an empty shop (mark the words). This was
+followed by another report from the Staff Captain. Next morning, to the
+C.O.’s surprise, the orderly turned up as usual. Asked by what means he
+had returned he quietly said, “I told the officer that I was taking the
+things for you”; and later a large bundle arrived from Brigade
+Headquarters addressed to the C.O. and on it a label, “Herewith your
+property.” The contents comprised a bedspread, two blankets, a box of
+china basins, knives, forks, a lady’s parasol, and a pair of stays. When
+asked what the stays were for he replied, “They make very good hockey
+pads.” Such were some of the lighter sides of trench warfare.
+
+However, stern events were now ahead of us, and the Corps was about to
+bear the brunt of a heavy German blow. On the 17th December, the
+operation orders from Chief of Staff, G.H.Q., stated that it was the
+intention of the Commander-in-Chief to “attack vigorously all along the
+front” on the 18th, with the Second, Third, Fourth, and Indian Corps,
+and a further paragraph directed that these Corps “will demonstrate and
+seize any favourable opportunity which may offer to capture any enemy
+trenches in their front.”
+
+It is hard to reconcile the two operations contained in the self-same
+order. To “attack vigorously” is clear enough; to “demonstrate” is to
+make only a show of doing so. How can you do both at the same time?
+
+This order was issued from G.H.Q. at 9 P.M. on the 17th December. My
+orders based on it were timed 2.45 A.M. on the 18th, and the operations
+planned were ordered to commence at 10 A.M. on the same day. At 10.15
+A.M. G.H.Q. issued instructions that the efforts of the Second, Fourth,
+and Indian Corps should be concentrated only on such objectives as were
+reasonably feasible. At the risk of going into technical details for a
+moment, I must give the orders in their sequence so that military
+readers may realise the difficult conditions under which I had to carry
+on operations until the German attack came on us. On this same date
+(December 18) another order from G.H.Q. issued at 4.15 P.M. said the
+Second, Third, Fourth, and Indian Corps would continue to demonstrate on
+the 19th December along the whole front and seize every favourable
+opportunity which may offer to capture any of the enemy’s trenches.
+
+Now in order to capture enemy trenches it is necessary to make elaborate
+and detailed arrangements. You cannot issue orders the same as you might
+do in open warfare, and indeed it is the carefully-thought-out and
+elaborate plans adopted since those early days that have turned this
+trench warfare into an exact science, and why two years later even less
+highly trained troops, assisted, it is true, by an overwhelming
+Artillery fire, grenades, howitzers, etc., were able to carry out their
+programme with something approaching mathematical exactitude. But all
+this was different in 1914; we had then to do our best without these
+aids and to take the consequences.
+
+I have often thought how different might have been the results of some
+of the many attacks carried out by Indian troops had we arrived “After”
+instead of “Before” unlimited ammunition and all the other helps to
+victory had come to be looked on as part of the absolute necessaries for
+any advance.
+
+A distinguished General said to me in 1917: “When _you_ were in France
+it was a crime to say it was necessary to success to have a large gun
+support; now any one volunteering to carry out an enterprise except with
+an unlimited amount of shells would be looked on as a fool and take his
+_congé_ at once.” What a pleasant change!
+
+On the 18th and 19th, operations were carried out by the Indian Corps as
+will shortly be narrated, and G.H.Q. was of course kept fully informed.
+On this latter date the Commander-in-Chief’s orders were as follows:
+
+  Issued at 6 P.M. The operations conducted yesterday were attended in
+  several cases with marked success. Although the ground gained has not
+  in all cases been maintained the balance of advantage rests with us
+  and promises well for further progress. It is the intention of the
+  Commander-in-Chief that the Second, Third, Fourth, and Indian Corps
+  should continue until further orders to prosecute similar enterprises
+  under Corps arrangements, taking every possible measure to consolidate
+  and “extend” [my inverted commas] all successes achieved.
+
+Such were the orders received by me from the 12th to 19th December
+inclusive, and it was in accordance with them that the operations of the
+Corps, now about to be told, were carried out. As will be seen, we
+succeeded in occupying a portion of enemy trenches and sap-heads, and
+captured two machine-guns and some prisoners, and, as I said before, but
+for the German attack on us the following day, our job would probably
+have been considered as very successful.
+
+Details were, of course, left to Divisional Commanders, but the
+responsibility was mine, for I could have altered or refused to sanction
+them. In the case of the Meerut Division matters were allowed to stand
+as proposed. In the case of the Lahore Division for their attack on
+19th, General Watkis proposed an attack on a front of 1000 yards. I
+reduced this to 300 yards, leaving the choice of the part to be attacked
+to him. We had neither the men nor the guns for the larger attack, and
+our orders limited us to distinctly minor operations.
+
+The Commander-in-Chief’s despatch on this battle stated that the losses
+in the Meerut Division after the first attack on the 19th December and
+subsequent return to its own trenches were “considerable,” but the total
+casualties amounted to eighty-two, including officers. The Lahore
+Division fought for several successive days before the German attack was
+launched, and during this time lost very heavily, especially in
+officers; but in both Divisions not a single regimental officer in the
+Indian Army was “mentioned” in the body of the despatch, and only two in
+the British Service.
+
+At this time our distribution was as under. The French on our right had
+their extreme left on the Bethune-La Bassée road. From this road to the
+canal was held by the Connaught Rangers of the Ferozepore Brigade, and
+the remainder of this Brigade held the trenches as far as east of
+Givenchy. The Sirhind Brigade was on their left and extended the line
+keeping parallel to the Festubert road, up to within half a mile of the
+cross-roads at La Quinque Rue. This completed the front of the Lahore
+Division; and the Meerut Division, with the Seaforth Highlanders of the
+Dehra Dun Brigade on their extreme right, was distributed as follows:
+Remainder of this Brigade in position as far as the cross-roads on the
+Rue du Bois, the line passing through what was commonly then known as
+“The Orchard,” though this name later caused some confusion, owing to
+the fact that several other orchards existed. The Garhwal Brigade was on
+the left of the Corps, and held trenches as far as the cross-roads south
+of Neuve Chapelle.
+
+Both the Lahore and Meerut Divisional Commanders had arranged local
+offensive operations to give effect to the orders of the
+Commander-in-Chief, and these were put into execution on the morning of
+the 19th. The portion of German trench to be attacked by the Lahore
+Division was just opposite the junction of the Ferozepore and Sirhind
+Brigades, and the attacking troops consisted of one battalion from each
+Brigade.
+
+The Meerut Division had selected as its objective the German trenches
+near the “Orchard,” and opposite the 6th Jats on the left of the Dehra
+Dun Brigade. The attacking troops consisted of one and a half battalions
+of the Garhwal Brigade.
+
+Both attacks were accompanied by a complement of Sappers and Pioneers. A
+biting cold wind blew over the trenches, making it impossible to get any
+warmth into the body, as the Meerut Division party, which advanced
+first, left its trenches.
+
+Half an hour after midnight the Leicesters moved to the salient whence
+would start the attack, and by 3.30 A.M. deployed and began the advance.
+The battalion was commanded by Lieut.-Colonel Blackader, and he had
+under him a splendid body of officers and men. The remainder of his
+troops consisted of half of the 2/3rd Gurkhas, a company of the 107th
+Pioneers, and a party of Sappers.
+
+Immediately the advance began machine-guns swept the area, but, although
+held up by barbed wire and a hedge, Captain Romilly, who was with his
+company on the left, stopped at nothing until they had entered the Hun
+trench and captured two machine-guns. The enemy, not caring to face this
+class of men, had bolted as we neared the objective, but the Leicesters
+once started are hard to stop, and into the hail of another gun which
+had opened on them went the men from the Midland County. Again the bird
+had flown, but a second trench was ours and was only abandoned when it
+was seen that it was too far in advance and under our own Artillery
+fire. The captors took up their position in the first trench and at once
+put it into a proper state of defence.
+
+The right company of the Leicesters with equal determination had soon
+made themselves masters over 100 yards of trench, but in bombing along
+this found it led into the main trench, and when within only a few yards
+of this, seven of the eight bombers were put out of action. A barricade
+was erected and, being reinforced by their own men and some of the 3rd
+Gurkhas, they held on. This, however, left a gap between the right and
+left attacking companies, which Major Dundas and his Gurkhas, with
+splendid élan, endeavoured to bridge. The enemy, however, held this
+portion of the trench strongly, and although driven back with grenades
+and bayonets, still remained in possession of a considerable part of it.
+The Gurkhas suffered from a close enfilade fire, but consolidated their
+gains.
+
+In the result the trenches captured by the Leicesters on the right were
+lost, as the enemy employed machine-guns to cut away the barricades and
+followed up with unlimited bombing. New barricades were constructed but
+shared the same fate, and, as Dundas on the left found it impossible to
+advance farther, and all ranks were under heavy minenwerfer fire, a
+withdrawal of the right attack was carried out deliberately and in good
+order. The left company held on all day to the captured trenches but was
+withdrawn by 8.30 P.M., having done its duty well.
+
+Meantime General Anderson, commanding the Meerut Division, had with his
+usual energy been doing all that was possible to enable the Leicesters
+to hold on; an attack by portions of the Dehra Dun Brigade had been
+arranged, but the Germans, now thoroughly roused and angry, and having
+made their preparations for the attack they had planned for the next
+day, the 20th, began a very heavy bombardment of our trenches, specially
+selecting the “Orchard” portion of them, on which shell-fire was
+concentrated, damaging everything in the vicinity, blowing men to bits,
+and rendering any hold on them quite impossible. At the same time it was
+reported by aviators that numbers of the enemy were concentrating on
+this and other fronts, and everything pointed to a counter-attack.
+During the fighting I had placed troops as necessitated from the Corps
+Reserve at the disposal of the G.O.C. Meerut Division.
+
+It has always been a wonder to me how in these winter days of 1914 the
+Indian troops did their work so well. If any man trusted them to fight,
+I did: but I knew their limits. What surprises me as I look back on it
+all is that they stood the strain as they did. It was in truth a
+prolonged feat of arms.
+
+The result of this destructive fire was to render the “Orchard”
+untenable, and a new line fifty yards farther to the west was taken up
+and put into the best state of defence possible, but this was only done
+late in the evening and after the Brigadier had reported the
+impossibility of holding on any longer; a few Scouts still remained in
+the destroyed trenches. Orders were got ready for a combined
+counter-attack the next morning, but before this could be carried out
+the prepared and due Hun attack was launched and a new phase in the
+operations begun.
+
+The following are amongst those who were brought to special notice
+during these operations: Colonel Blackader, who led his battalion and
+withdrew it skilfully; Major Knatchbull, Captain Romilly, and Lieut.
+Tooley, all of the Leicesters; No. 6275 Private Buckingham, for great
+gallantry (and it is pleasant to record that this brave soldier later in
+the war won the V.C.); Sergeant Sutherland, Lance-Corporal Brakes, and
+Private Crisp; and if all the names of other brave Leicester officers
+and men were recorded here and whenever the battalion was engaged they
+would fill many pages. Captain Lodwick, 3rd Gurkhas, who with his
+machine-gun team rendered good service; Rifleman Thaman Gharti and Major
+Dundas of the same battalion came in for high praise; and Captain C. D.
+Bamberger, R.E., who was killed, would have assuredly been rewarded had
+he survived.
+
+We had on the left made our demonstration—or give it any other name. We
+had certainly succeeded on this flank in holding the enemy to his ground
+and prevented him sending away troops to other parts of his front. We
+had captured a few prisoners and machine-guns, and now we were doing our
+best to hold his attacks.
+
+
+
+
+                               CHAPTER XI
+
+
+Before beginning the story of the Lahore Division’s share in this
+fighting, it is well to state that the Indian Corps had received
+meantime two notable additions to its strength. The 4th Suffolks was the
+first of the Territorial battalions to join us. I saw them on parade and
+told them how glad I was to have them with us. I explained how it was
+proposed to employ them, and particularly noticed their physique and
+workmanlike appearance. I had but little acquaintance with the Force,
+and had never soldiered with any but regular British troops in my life,
+and hence I was able to take an impartial view.
+
+The next to join us was the 4th Seaforths, another of that wonderful
+Army which leapt from the dim shadow of neglect into the fulness of the
+shining light of war, and gave England immediate proof of the truth that
+though we are the least military we are the most warlike race on earth.
+This battalion was intended to learn its trench work from the sister
+regular battalion of Highlanders, forming part of the Indian Corps.
+
+Immediately after their arrival I saw them at Vieille Chapelle, December
+20. Even whilst I was going round and talking to the officers and
+N.C.O.’s, the angry and increasing roar of guns was growing louder, and
+just as I had finished explaining how they would at first be employed by
+platoons in the trenches, an orderly arrived with a note to say the
+German attacks were in full swing and my presence was required at my
+Headquarters. These days of telephone warfare have destroyed the
+glamour, such as is left of it, for Generals. It is difficult to get
+away and see something of the fray oneself, but it amused me to think
+after all my explanations and injunctions that this corps was in fact to
+learn its lesson in the thick of the fighting without any preliminary
+practice at all. Thus the 4th Seaforths, under their fine commander,
+MacFarlane, marched away from the ground and their next halt was in the
+second-line trenches running south from La Couture. The officers and men
+all looked like fighters, and, as will be related later, they did not
+belie their looks and rendered grand service throughout.
+
+In accordance with the general plans for the local offensives,
+Lieut.-General Watkis, in command of the Lahore Division, had also
+directed an attack, on December 19, against a front of 300 yards of
+German trenches N.E. of Givenchy, as already stated. The attacking
+companies were drawn from the Highland Light Infantry and the 4th
+Gurkhas, the latter being on the right, and this formed the left of the
+combined Divisional attack, and was commanded by Colonel Ronaldson,
+H.L.I., a good soldier. The Ferozepore Brigade was on the right of the
+Sirhinds, and the 129th Baluchis were to have furnished the companies to
+complete the attack which was being delivered from the point of junction
+of the two Brigades, but this battalion, after its hard fighting on the
+16th instant, was not fit for another thrust and was replaced by the
+59th Rifles of the Jalandar Brigade.
+
+The Sirhind attack was delivered at 5.34 A.M. after a very brief
+Artillery preparation from field guns and howitzers. I have seen this
+criticised in Sir Arthur Conan Doyle’s most interesting book, _The
+British Campaign in France and Flanders_, 1914, but it is necessary to
+remember that our ammunition supply was very limited in those days and
+commanders occasionally preferred a very short bombardment and a bigger
+reserve to meet the counter-attacks, and to enable our men to hold on
+and consolidate, or cover their retirement should such become necessary.
+In any case the assault was completely successful, two lines of trenches
+being taken. Though the distance was considerably over 150 yards, our
+casualties in this first rush were few and over seventy prisoners fell
+into our hands. The attack was made in four lines, the first being under
+the command of Major B. U. Nicolay, 4th Gurkhas. He was wounded next
+day, but commanded here with skill and behaved under trying
+circumstances with the utmost coolness. He reported that the conduct of
+the H.L.I. and 4th Gurkha detachment was admirable and described the
+conditions, which, shortly explained, were these: The captured trenches
+were about 200 yards long, straight and without traverses, and they were
+found after some time to be under enfilade fire from the higher ground
+on the right rear near Givenchy village. The trenches became overcrowded
+and the saps between our own trenches and these were not finished.
+Colonel Ronaldson reported that had it been possible to join these up
+the gains would assuredly have been retained. Nicolay and his command
+held on throughout a long and very trying day, and then, seeing the
+hopelessness of the position, retired, with all the wounded, towards
+dusk. The captures of the day were lost and we were once more back in
+our own trenches.
+
+Captain Cramer-Roberts, 4th Gurkhas, behaved with splendid gallantry in
+carrying back a message over the open; he was thrice wounded but
+nevertheless persevered, and just managed to reach the trench and give
+his information to Colonel Ronaldson. He received a D.S.O. The name of
+Major Gardiner, R.E., was prominently brought to notice for good work.
+
+Our bombs had run out early in the day and the only others available
+were a few found in the captured German trench, which Nicolay used with
+good effect on their former owners. An incident occurred in front of the
+H.L.I. advanced platoon which was already in those early days opening
+our eyes to Hun methods. A German officer advanced with a white flag,
+and his men, who had put on some of our Balaclava caps, under this
+protection hoped to deceive us. They gained but a temporary advantage
+and were soon found out, many being hit, and had thus added one more
+deed to their scroll of shame.
+
+After dark over thirty machine-guns concentrated their fire on the
+H.L.I. trenches, foreshadowing the preparations which were in the making
+for the attack next day.
+
+In the H.L.I. Captain Pringle and Lieut. Anderson were missing and
+Lieut. Kerr was killed. Sergeant Whitton, H.L.I., was strongly commended
+by Major Nicolay, who also brought to notice the names of Subadar Durga
+Gurung, Havildar Hara Sing Thapa, Naik Dharmraj Gurung, and Rifleman
+Jangia Thapa, Cramer-Roberts’ orderly. Correspondence found in the
+enemy’s trenches showed that we had been opposed chiefly by portions of
+the 3rd, 13th, and 56th regiments, XIV. Division of Prussians.
+
+Captain Inglis, Adjutant of the 4th Gurkhas, had guided the troops to
+their rendezvous, and had then insisted as a reward on accompanying them
+in the assault, and was killed. A good specimen of those splendid
+British officers of which the Indian Army can boast so many.
+
+Lieut. C. H. Anderson, H.L.I., one of those glorious spirits who are
+well described in the Book of Job: “He saith unto the trumpets, Ha! Ha!
+and he smelleth the battle afar off, the thunder of the Captains and the
+shouting,” rushed on to the German Reserve trench, which he and his
+Highlanders took in their stride, and shouting, “We are going to capture
+Chapelle St. Roch,” those brave men went into the darkness, through the
+pelting rain and storm, and were no more seen.
+
+         From scenes like these old Scotia’s grandeur springs.
+
+The 59th Rifles, who attacked on the right, were only able to reach the
+main German trench with a few men. Their task was a difficult one as
+they had only just reached the front to relieve the 129th Baluchis, and
+it was a wild stormy night with heavy rain and the ground was unknown to
+them. It would have been better to have told off another corps for the
+purpose, but the G.O.C. Division found it was the only way to carry out
+his orders.
+
+One company joined with the H.L.I. on their left; a platoon of another
+company lost direction and went away to its right. The result was that a
+number of men eventually got into the two saps on the right and left of
+those attacked and held on. These two saps ran almost the whole way
+between the German lines and ours. A bit which was incomplete in the
+right sap was eventually, after many hours, joined up by the Sappers and
+Miners, thus enabling a party of the 129th Baluchis who were holding the
+main trenches to relieve the 59th. In this affair Jemadar Mangal Singh
+of the 59th behaved with great gallantry and received the I.D.S.M.
+
+After the first advance the fighting was of a very confused nature owing
+to the darkness, rain, etc., and the reports that can be pieced together
+are not sufficiently clear to enable me to form a connected story. This,
+however, is certain, that considering the general mix up in the dark,
+many deeds of bravery were performed, and although the attack did not
+succeed in capturing any length of German trench, and thereby exposed
+the right of the trench which had been captured to a flank attack by the
+enemy, the 59th Rifles, well directed by their officers, made every
+endeavour to accomplish their task.
+
+Captain B. Anderson of this battalion, whom I had once seen lead a
+charge against a band of Ghazis across the Indian border, was here again
+leading his men, but on this occasion, unlike the Ghazis, who died
+fighting to a man, the Germans turned and ran. Lieut. J. G. Atkinson was
+killed. Lieut. W. A. McCrae-Bruce by his personal disregard of danger
+set a splendid example which kept his men together in the turmoil.[8]
+
+Havildar Dost Mahomed and Havildar Abdul Wahab were awarded the I.O.M.,
+and a small party of men whose names cannot be recorded, for they all
+perished, behaved splendidly, refusing to retire because the body of
+their officer, Lieut. Bruce, had not been recovered.
+
+Captain H. N. Lee and R. C. Gilchrist were killed during the attack on
+and capture of the left sap, whilst Captain Scale was wounded and the
+battalion had over 100 other casualties. Lieut. Scobie received the
+Military Cross for his share in holding on to the left sap. Lieut.
+Kisch, R.E., did excellent work under a heavy fire.
+
+An attack on a German sap-head by two platoons of the 1st Gurkhas had
+been ordered to be carried out at 5.30 A.M. this same day, and the
+officers to accompany it were Captain T. Burke and Lieut. L. B. Rundall.
+The latter was the younger of two sons of Colonel Rundall, an old friend
+and comrade of mine who had served on my Staff. I knew both boys, and
+all three of these fighting soldiers belonged to Gurkha regiments. The
+elder brother was a Captain in the 4th Gurkhas and both were killed on
+this and the following day, behaving as British officers do when stern
+work is in hand, and leaving a name which will be cherished in the
+Gurkha Brigade.
+
+This attack could not be launched in time, owing to various causes, and
+orders were issued cancelling it, but for some unknown reason the
+assault was carried out at about 10 o’clock. As usual, the two brave
+fellows rushed forward at the head of their men and were met by a hail
+of fire and the leaden scythe mowed them down. About fifty took part in
+the assault, of whom half were killed or wounded, both British officers
+being among the former.
+
+This brings the story of the Lahore Division’s attempts on December 19
+to engage the enemy and help our other Army Corps and our French Allies
+who were operating on our right to an end. As I said before, in
+themselves, though described at length, they were only local offensives,
+but they were unfortunate in as far as they had severely tried our
+already tired troops on the very eve of the prepared German attack. In
+war the man who can truly forecast events is of more value than many
+legions of soldiers. All one can do is to endeavour by every means in
+one’s power to carry out the Commander-in-Chief’s plans. Both Divisions
+had done their duty.
+
+The Meerut Division after the fighting on the 19th December was disposed
+as under: Garhwal Brigade back in its own trenches; to their right the
+6th Jats, the left battalion of the Dehra Dun Brigade, held their line
+with the right thrown back so as to connect with, and conform to, the
+retired line of the 2nd Gurkhas behind the “Orchard”; the Seaforth
+Highlanders formed the right of the Brigade to near the “Picquet” house,
+from which point the Sirhind Brigade of the Lahore Division continued
+farther still to the right.
+
+About 9 A.M., December 20, the attack on the Meerut Division was
+started. The 2nd Gurkhas and the Seaforths—old and trusted comrades—were
+singled out, and a heavy bombardment and Infantry advance told the
+Division that a day which was to be an important one for the Indian
+Corps had begun. Half an hour later word reached General Anderson that
+the Seaforths’ right was in the air owing to the retirement of the left
+of the Sirhind Brigade and that they were being heavily attacked from
+this flank and at the same time bombed on their left owing to retirement
+of part of the 2nd Gurkhas, which exposed them to the enemy’s bombers.
+
+The Seaforths never lose an inch of ground without making the attackers
+pay a heavy toll, but they were now fighting against great odds,
+hand-grenades, machine-guns, and trench mortars, with both their flanks
+in the air. One company was driven from its trench, but not until fifty
+per cent of the enemy lay dead in it. Captain the Hon. St. Clair was
+killed just as he had skilfully withdrawn into and was holding a
+communication trench.
+
+The 2nd Gurkhas were again put to a severe test this day; bombed and
+overmatched, they were driven from their newly-occupied trenches;
+followed up with hand-grenades and harried they retired, but always took
+their toll in the retreat and finally drew up in a retired position
+under Major Boileau, a soldier with an extraordinary personality. I
+cannot better describe him than in the words of one of his own Gurkha
+officers, “Asal Jangi Sahib” (a truly brave gentleman). With him was
+Major Watt, another staunch fighter. During this fighting the Gurkhas
+were pushed back a long way and were glad indeed to meet the 9th Gurkhas
+coming up to their assistance. To do what is set you is of course the
+best proof that you are competent to do it, but I have found in life
+that sometimes though you may fail in the eyes of your judges, you may
+nevertheless have done everything that was possible. Those gallant
+Gurkhas deserved success, and I would as soon have them by me in a tight
+place as any battalion I know.
+
+It is instructive to note that at this moment N Battery, R.H.A., from
+the Secunderabad Cavalry Brigade, came into action and helped materially
+by its fire across the front. This was the only calibre of gun
+(18-pounders) for which we were not limited to a certain number of
+rounds of ammunition, and the confidence this inspired, with the
+excellence of the fire itself, was equal to many heavier batteries.
+Think of it, the warriors of later times! An Army Corps was rejoiced at
+the advent of six guns, manned by the pick of the Army, and instead of
+wondering how it was going to be done, considered themselves fortunate
+and bound to win. Unlimited ammunition! although only for six guns it is
+true: but the surprise caused by the advance of the first six tanks in
+later days was as nothing compared to that of the General who found
+himself with six real guns and plenty of rounds for each. “Tempora
+mutantur, nos et mutamur in illis.”
+
+To fill the gap between the Seaforths and the retired line of the
+Gurkhas, the 58th Rifles were ordered up; half the 41st Dogras was also
+placed at the disposal of the G.O.C. Dehra Dun Brigade, and half the
+Black Watch to form a link between Seaforths and the retired left of
+Sirhind Brigade.
+
+It was now 1 o’clock, December 20, and in order to retain the thread of
+the story and make the movements of both Divisions coincide, I will
+leave the Meerut Division and relate the occurrences which had taken
+place in the Lahore Command.
+
+Simultaneously with the attacks already described on the Meerut
+Division, the Germans started their operations against the Lahore
+Division, and from the early morning of the 20th December the trenches
+were subjected to a fierce fire from guns and mortars, and then followed
+a series of mine explosions under the trenches occupied by the Sirhind
+Brigade. Soaked with rain which had lasted through the night; wearied by
+the previous day’s trials; standing in bog knee-deep with the mud
+slipping in as fast as it could be shovelled out of the trenches, and
+with numbers totally inadequate to the front held, the British and
+Indian troops began the resistance which lasted for twenty-four hours
+without any extraneous help, and continued it for another twenty-four
+hours until in part relieved by fresh troops of the First Army Corps;
+when first the Lahore and later the Meerut Divisions were withdrawn,
+with difficulty lasting out the ordeal. The wonder is not that they were
+literally done up but that they were able to hold out as they did.
+
+And the men who came to their relief, what of them? They were some of
+the finest troops in our Army, the famous First Corps of Mons and Ypres
+fame: with double our reduced numbers, fresh from a rest in reserve,
+full of fight. Guards, Highlanders, Irish and English: neither Germans
+nor anybody else could have withstood such a gathering; and as they
+looked at our tired-out men, amongst them a few British battalions of
+their own countrymen, as fine soldiers as themselves, battle-stained and
+mud-grimed, I do not believe there was one amongst the brave new
+arrivals who did not own that the Indian Corps had indeed had a hard
+task and done its duty well.
+
+The fight that followed showed them that it was a determined foe they
+had to deal with, and 2400 casualties in their own ranks before the line
+was more or less restored was evidence of the hard fighting which had
+taken toll of over 4000 British and Indian soldiers.
+
+However, to my story. The right of the Sirhind Brigade was the first to
+bear the brunt, and here a half company of the H.L.I. and a double
+company[9] of the 4th Gurkhas suffered very heavy losses, being buried
+or blown up by the well-engineered explosions. The day had not then
+arrived when we were able to detect and counter this underground
+warfare; it was new to the Indian Corps at any rate, nor had we the
+appliances to put it into use.
+
+Amongst the survivors of these first explosions was Colour-Sergeant
+Brisbane, H.L.I., who had served with me in Ashanti fourteen years
+previously. I had met him later in India, and on this day we were once
+more separated, for after holding on to the last, he with his officer,
+Lieut. D. Barry, and some others were captured by the enemy. May we meet
+again!
+
+Another double company of the 4th Gurkhas made a stout resistance
+against heavy odds, but were driven from their trenches, and at about 1
+P.M. these were occupied by the Germans, who were coming on in massed
+formation.
+
+During this fighting, which ended in many hand-to-hand encounters,
+Captain A. M. Rundall of the 4th Gurkhas, brother of the Lieutenant
+whose death I described in the previous day’s fighting, led a bombing
+party in a counter-attack, himself killed two Germans, and died fighting
+at the head of his few men.
+
+                  A glorious tale indeed to tell,
+                  ’Neath thousand blows one hero fell.
+
+The machine-gun detachment of the 125th (Napier’s) Rifles at this stage
+rendered gallant service, and with that of the 4th Gurkhas was
+practically destroyed.
+
+Captain R. C. Yates of the 4th Gurkhas with the greater part of his
+company was also overwhelmed. It was reported to me after this action
+that, whereas the Germans used hundreds of bombs which almost invariably
+exploded and caused great damage, our own home-made articles constantly
+failed to light or dropped harmless, being wet and unprotected from the
+slush and rain.
+
+Farther to the left of the Sirhind Brigade was a double company of the
+1st Gurkhas commanded by Major C. Bliss, and a company of the H.L.I.
+under Major T. F. Murray, and they had between them four Maxims.
+Following heavy mine explosions this section was also attacked by great
+numbers of the enemy, who notwithstanding heavy losses, caused
+especially by our machine-guns, rushed in and made themselves masters of
+the trenches.
+
+Murray and Captain W. Cameron with their men made a fine stand and were
+reported killed. Lieut. R. Guthrie-Smith, also of the H.L.I., was killed
+and Lieut. C. Pitts-Tucker, whilst crossing the open with sorely needed
+reinforcements, was wounded, and most of his party shared his fate or
+were killed. Tucker was being carried in by two gallant comrades,
+Corporal A. Barr and Private J. Carmichael, when he was again hit and
+killed. Both men received the D.C.M.
+
+About 11 o’clock General Watkis ordered up his reserve, and two French
+Territorial battalions which were at his disposal, to the neighbourhood
+of Givenchy; the 47th Sikhs to move up in reserve of the Sirhind
+Brigade, and General Carnegy, commanding the Jalandar Brigade, to make a
+flank attack from Givenchy to retake the lost trenches of the Sirhind
+Brigade. During the defence of the left section by H.L.I. and 1st
+Gurkhas, just described, Lieut. W. Stewart, H.L.I., with seventy men and
+two Maxims, held on in the support trench. His party was very much in
+the air, but showed splendid grit, tired and overworked as they had been
+for two days; but with the help of forty men who reached him at dusk he
+held on for nearly twenty-four hours until relieved by troops from the
+First British Division. He was awarded the D.S.O.
+
+The assistance rendered by our Artillery at this stage, and indeed
+throughout these operations, was the theme of high praise from all ranks
+of the Infantry, and well was it deserved, for without it the H.L.I. and
+Gurkhas would have been destroyed by the advancing mass of troops.
+
+The 1st Gurkhas, like the H.L.I., were being severely handled and the
+enemy had driven a wedge into their line. Major Bliss was mortally
+wounded while leading a bayonet charge which succeeded in affording our
+sorely-tried men a short respite; Captain H. Momey was killed; but
+numbers prevailed, and the Germans having gained a footing on flanks and
+centre, and using large numbers of grenades, forced the Gurkhas back
+into their support trenches, and quickly following up established
+themselves in all our advanced lines. Festubert was reached before the
+retiring line could be thoroughly joined up, and some of the troops had
+by this time become much disorganised.
+
+Seeing that General Watkis had his hands more than full, and being
+apprehensive of further retirement, I had placed the Secunderabad
+Cavalry Brigade and Jodhpore Lancers, acting as Infantry, and the 8th
+Gurkhas from the Meerut Division, at his disposal, and to these was
+added the 47th Sikhs; the whole under General Macbean.
+
+This brings the narrative up to an hour after mid-day of the 20th
+December, at which time news was received that the left of the
+Ferozepore Brigade had been driven back and that Givenchy was being
+heavily attacked.
+
+The Artillery was working with a precision that spoke volumes for them,
+and I felt assured that, come what might, the gunners, most of whom I
+had known well in India, would answer to any call, and prove as ever
+that their motto is well called “Ubique.”
+
+Of the Indian battalions of the newly-arrived Sirhind Brigade two were
+Gurkhas and the third was the 125th Rifles. The 1st Gurkhas (King
+George’s Own) was raised in 1815 from soldiers who took service with the
+British after the fall of Malaun. It went through many changes of name
+and shared in many campaigns from Bhurtpore and Aliwal to Tirah. In 1910
+it received its present title. A second battalion had been added in
+1886.
+
+The 4th Gurkhas was raised in 1857 as the “Extra Gurkha Regiment.” Its
+battle honours date from “Ali Musjid and Kabul, 1879,” to “China, 1900.”
+A second battalion was added in 1886.
+
+The 125th (Napier’s) Rifles was raised in 1820, largely from men who had
+served in the Peishwa’s Army. The battalion received several titles
+connecting it with the old Bombay Army from time to time, until in 1903
+its present designation was conferred upon it. It had served under
+Napier at Meanee and last seen service in Burmah 1885–87.
+
+My story of the action of the Meerut Division stopped at about this same
+hour, and it is convenient to take a retrospect and see how the Army
+Corps stood exactly at this time in order to better follow the battle.
+Beginning with our right, the Ferozepore Brigade was next to and on the
+left of the French XXIst Corps d’Armée, the Commander of which had
+placed two Territorial battalions at the disposal of the Lahore
+Division. The right battalion of the Ferozepore Brigade, the Connaught
+Rangers, held the trenches south of the La Bassée Canal. On their left,
+covering the east of Givenchy, were the greater part of the 57th Rifles
+and part of the 9th Bhopals; these troops had not so far been attacked.
+The 129th Baluchis was the left battalion of this Brigade and, as I
+said, had just then been reported as retiring. Continuing to the left
+stood the Sirhind Brigade, lately arrived from Egypt, and hence fresher
+for work than others. The 4th and 1st Gurkhas and H.L.I. held the front;
+companies of the Highlanders being interspersed in the Gurkha ranks. The
+machine-guns of the 125th Rifles of this Brigade were also up in the
+trenches. This ended the line held by the Lahore Division, and the
+movements of the Divisional reserves have already been explained. As
+will have been seen from the description of the fighting, this whole
+Brigade had been driven back and held a now considerably retired line.
+
+Carrying on our line to the north, _i.e._ farther to the left, the
+Meerut Division had on its right the Dehra Dun Brigade, of which the
+Seaforths occupied their old position, near the Picquet House, and
+though being severely attacked were holding on in the most gallant
+manner. On their right rear was half of the Black Watch which had been
+sent up to establish connection between the Seaforths and the now
+retired Sirhind Brigade. To the left of the Seaforths were the 2nd
+Gurkhas, considerably drawn back by their retirement; and as a
+connecting link to fill the gap the 58th Rifles had been ordered up by
+General Anderson. Still farther to the left were the 6th Jats, forming
+the left battalion of the Brigade, with their right skilfully thrown
+back so as to keep connection with the retired Gurkha line. Finally, the
+Garhwal Brigade completed the Meerut Division and was holding its
+original line.
+
+[Illustration: From a rough sketch made at the time.]
+
+To continue the story of the Meerut Division from 1 P.M. on the 20th,
+where I left them. At this hour the 2nd Gurkhas were holding a line a
+quarter of a mile south of La Quinque Rue, and the Seaforths had
+recaptured a lost trench on their left, and were bombing the Huns out of
+their right, greatly hampered by a heavy fire from the Picquet House,
+from which the left of the Sirhind Brigade had been driven. The Germans
+were in occupation of the old 2nd Gurkha trenches; the 41st Dogras were
+in Brigade reserve, and the 107th Pioneers, half of the Black Watch, and
+4th Indian Cavalry were in Divisional reserve at Le Touret. The Garhwal
+Brigade was being heavily attacked by shell-fire and trench mortars, but
+was holding its own well. All available machine-guns were sent up to
+assist this Brigade.
+
+Lieut.-Colonel Roche, 6th Jats, as senior officer on the spot, was in
+command of his own Corps and all neighbouring reinforcements, and took
+prompt measures to consolidate his position, and held it throughout this
+and the next day.
+
+The fighting Major Wauchope with half his Black Watch had succeeded by
+11 P.M. in re-establishing touch with the Sirhind Brigade on his right
+and the Seaforths on his left, and by this manœuvre completed the line
+of the Meerut Division. The Germans had pushed in deep in front of the
+2nd Gurkhas, but their triumph was only to be a temporary one.
+
+As the attacks all along our front had assumed big proportions by the
+afternoon of the 20th December, and I was only too well aware that the
+Corps was, after its long tour of trench work since the end of October,
+quite unfit for a prolonged struggle, I had asked G.H.Q. for two
+Brigades from the Indian Cavalry Corps, which on foot might furnish the
+strength of two battalions, and also for a Brigade from the First Army
+Corps then in Army reserve, and these were at once given me, and two
+additional Brigades from this Corps also arrived and were all employed
+the next day, thus making an extra Division. I informed the G.O.C.
+Meerut Division that one of these Brigades would reach him next day.
+
+By 3 A.M. on the 21st, the Dehra Dun Brigade reported the enemy massing
+on its front, and at 7.45 A.M. the G.O.C. Division learnt that a
+counter-attack by the left Brigade of the Lahore Division had been
+unsuccessful. At this stage General Keary, commanding the Garhwal
+Brigade, suggested a counter-attack by the Dehra Dun Brigade, which he
+would support from his side with his reserve battalion, the Leicesters;
+this attack did not mature as the Dehra Dun Brigade was too exhausted to
+carry it out. By this time the Seaforths on the right were being very
+hard pressed, and half of the 107th Pioneers were sent to their
+assistance, whilst the remainder of this battalion and the 4th Indian
+Cavalry were called up and placed in a second line of trenches.
+
+This remained more or less the position until the arrival that evening
+of General Westmacott’s Brigade from the First Army Corps. Owing to
+unavoidable delays in bringing this Brigade up, its attack was not
+commenced until late in the evening. One battalion of the Royal Sussex
+regiment was to relieve the Seaforths whilst the Loyal North Lancashires
+and Northamptons attacked the lost “Orchard” positions.
+
+By 10.30 P.M. on the 21st a report was received that this attack had
+taken the supporting trenches west of the “Orchard” and was progressing
+favourably, but the trenches about it were untenable and the attackers
+eventually took position just west of it.
+
+The Dehra Dun Brigade and the other Corps assisting in this part of the
+line had now been fighting without a break for seventy-two hours in rain
+and mud, and were much reduced in numbers. They had lost the “Orchard,”
+but by the action of the troops in that neighbourhood, especially of the
+Seaforths, the pivot at the Picquet House was still retained and acted
+as a hinge the flexibility of which meant that the Meerut Division’s
+line, though deeply indented, was still intact. By 7 o’clock on the
+morning of the 22nd December the bulk of the Dehra Dun Brigade, as also
+the 58th Rifles and Black Watch, had been withdrawn for a well-earned
+rest, and the newly-arrived British Brigade had occupied their places in
+the trenches.
+
+At 10 A.M., 22nd December, after General Anderson had arranged for the
+handing over of the right of his command to the First Army Corps, an
+Artillery observing-officer reported that there was something wrong in
+front of the “Orchard,” now held by the British troops, and that a
+retirement was taking place there. If fresh Britishers found it
+necessary to temporarily give way, it only shows the pressure that our
+men had been faced with for two long days.
+
+Tired out as they were, orders were at once given for the still fit
+Indian Corps battalions to move up again and the others to stand fast.
+The _contretemps_ was put right by the G.O.C. 2nd British Brigade before
+10.30 o’clock; and at this hour on the 22nd December, the second
+shortest day of the year, but, like the 21st, the longest in a fighting
+sense, the worn-out troops at last found some rest, although still
+retained ready in case of need. The Divisional Commander in reporting
+his positions wound up with the words: “The worn-out Seaforth
+Highlanders and 58th Rifles are now in reserve.”
+
+At this point, 1 P.M., 22nd December, I will leave the Meerut Command
+and describe the heavy fighting which was all this time going on in the
+Lahore Division in and near that place of ill omen yclept Festubert.
+Before doing so I will turn from the general story and record a few of
+the names of those heroic soldiers who throughout these days had
+maintained the traditions of the British and Indian Armies. I often
+feel, and I say it in truth, that the rewards of Senior Generals are
+seldom their own, but rather the work of subordinates of all ranks; and
+if I had the power I would issue gazettes notifying them somewhat as
+follows, taking as a sample an Army Corps:
+
+  In recognition of the fine fighting qualities displayed by the —— Army
+  Corps during the battle of ——, the G.O.C. in Command is awarded, etc.
+
+I have received many honours from three Sovereigns. I should have
+received none had it not been for the officers and men who had to carry
+out orders at the risk of their lives, whilst I only issued them. It was
+comparatively easy in this trench warfare to say “Promite vires,” when
+you yourself were safe. He who has to make decisions under stress of
+danger is the hero, and not the man FAR behind the guns.
+
+In writing this story I have relied chiefly on orders and reports I was
+able to get copied in France, and on my own diary very carefully kept
+from day to day, together with letters and information from friends
+since, but I have not had access to all the War diaries of Brigades and
+battalions, etc. I cannot therefore pretend to describe in any detail
+the doings of all those whose work I saw daily, and can only record such
+matters as I have some knowledge of. If, therefore, omissions occur I
+can only regret it.
+
+Lieut.-Colonel Widdicombe, who commanded the 9th Gurkhas, did excellent
+work; he arrived at a most opportune moment, reinforcing both the 2nd
+Gurkhas and 6th Jats during the early fighting on 20th December. Captain
+Laing of the Seaforths, leading a bombing party with great gallantry,
+rushed and recaptured several traverses in a trench evacuated by the 2nd
+Gurkhas, and in which the Huns left over twenty dead. Lieut. I. M.
+Macandrew of the same regiment rallied some of the men of the British
+Brigade as they retired from the “Orchard” on 22nd, led them in a
+bombing attack, and after killing several of the enemy this gallant
+young officer and ten of his men were themselves killed. Colonel
+Ritchie, ever staunch and brave, Captain Wicks, a very fine soldier, and
+Captain Laing, all of the Seaforths, received distinctions. In this
+fighting the Seaforths suffered 175 casualties out of 700 engaged.
+
+Major A. Young of the 1st Gurkhas, Brigade Major of the Garhwal Brigade,
+had died of wounds on the 14th—a great loss to the Service. Major
+Wauchope, Black Watch, was again wounded, and the regiment had to record
+severe casualties.
+
+In the 58th Rifles, Captain M. A. R. Bell, 54th Sikhs (attached), whom I
+had known for many years, was killed, a very earnest soldier. Jemadar
+Mardan Ali and twenty-five others were also killed and thirty-two were
+wounded. The losses in killed, wounded, and missing throughout the
+Divisions bore witness to the nature of the struggle in which they had
+been engaged.
+
+
+
+
+                              CHAPTER XII
+
+
+The narrative of the Lahore Division brought us to after mid-day of the
+20th December, at which hour the 129th Baluchis, on the left of the
+Ferozepore Brigade covering Givenchy, were retiring and their trenches
+were in occupation of the enemy, and the village was being attacked. In
+consequence General Carnegy’s orders were cancelled, and he was directed
+to secure this place; and two batteries from the Fifty-eighth Division
+were placed at Watkis’s disposal by the French.
+
+By 3.30 P.M. on the 20th the Manchesters under Colonel Strickland, with
+a company of the 4th Suffolks in support, started their attack for the
+recovery of the lost Givenchy trenches. By 5 P.M. this gallant
+battalion, fighting often with the bayonet, had cleared the Huns out of
+the village and recaptured the trenches to the north-east; but they
+still retained possession of those to the north of the village; whilst
+to the east and southwards the company of the 9th Bhopals, the 57th
+Rifles, a portion of the 4th Suffolks, and the Connaught Rangers held
+their lines intact.
+
+On the Sirhind Brigade front the right section at 3.30 P.M. was holding
+its reserve trenches; farther to the left, notwithstanding its
+considerable retirement, touch had been more or less established with
+the right of the Meerut Division, and the retired line of the Brigade
+was intact, though somewhat disorganised. The enemy at this stage did
+not appear to be making a further attack on this front.
+
+Meantime General Macbean, with the Secunderabad Cavalry Brigade,
+consisting of the 7th Dragoon Guards, 20th Deccan Horse, 34th Poona
+Horse, and Jodhpore Lancers, under Brigadier-General Wadeson, and in
+addition the 8th Gurkhas and 47th Sikhs, had been ordered to move to a
+position near Marais and counter-attack. This movement was delayed from
+various causes, and it was not till midnight that the advance was
+actually carried out by the 7th Dragoon Guards and 47th Sikhs.
+
+It was a hopeless attempt; the ground was deep in mud and a network of
+ditches, and the enemy’s fire very heavy. Nevertheless these gallant
+troops actually reached and entered our abandoned trenches, but were
+then subjected to a heavy flanking fire and occasionally to that of our
+own guns. Under such conditions it was no wonder they were driven back
+to their starting-point and suffered severely. Amongst the killed was
+Colonel H. Lempriere, commanding 7th Dragoon Guards, a very gallant
+gentleman and hard to replace. Captain J. L. Mansel was killed leading a
+rush on enemy machine-guns. Lieutenants R. L. Mann and S. Bryce were
+missing. The total casualties of the 7th Dragoon Guards during the short
+time they served with the Indian Corps amounted to twenty-six killed or
+missing and forty wounded. Sergeant R. Snelling and Private J. Crackett
+received the D.C.M.
+
+Another counter-attack was carried out about 5 A.M. on the 21st
+December, under command of Colonel Grant, 8th Gurkhas. The troops under
+his command now consisted of the 8th Gurkhas, 47th Sikhs, 7th Dragoon
+Guards, and Jodhpore Lancers. Stumbling under a pitiless rain, over the
+ditches and through mire, this attempt, like the first, was unable to
+achieve its object, and eventually a retirement had to be carried out.
+
+To return to Givenchy, where the Manchesters had retaken a great part of
+the village, General Watkis had sent the 59th Rifles to reinforce
+Carnegy, who had already despatched a company of the 4th Suffolks and
+one company of the 142nd French Territorials to Givenchy, as a support
+to Strickland in the attack he was about to make on our advanced
+abandoned trenches to the north of that village.
+
+This attack was launched about half-past six on the morning of the 21st
+December, and carried out with the _élan_ which distinguished that fine
+corps, the 1st Manchesters. All that men could do was done, but the hail
+of fire from machine-guns, etc., made it impossible to advance far. By
+11 o’clock the enemy, after a severe bombardment with shell, pushed home
+an Infantry attack which forced us back from the village. Still the
+Manchesters again and again made vigorous counter-attacks, though
+enfiladed and gradually becoming enveloped, until at length after severe
+bayonet fighting the battalion was pushed back and Givenchy practically
+lost. Their heroic conduct had, however, saved the position in this part
+of our line, and held the enemy at bay just long enough to enable the
+fresh troops of a Brigade from the now arriving First Army Corps to stem
+and turn the tide. As the Manchesters met the Cameron Highlanders coming
+up, they must indeed have been thankful that their stubborn fight had
+enabled their Army Corps to still maintain its front and an almost lost
+local battle to be turned into a glorious episode.
+
+The battalion in this fighting had two officers (Captain L. Creagh and
+Lieut. S. Norman) and sixty-four men killed, and forty-six missing,
+whilst three officers and 124 men were wounded. I have known many
+splendid Corps in the Army but not one to beat the 1st Manchesters, and
+I felt that a brilliant future awaited Strickland. He has since risen to
+Major-General and is a K.C.B.
+
+At dawn on this morning I had ridden from Hinges, my Headquarters, to
+see one of my Generals, and on my way back I met a brigade of the First
+Army Corps now arriving to help us; it was marching towards Givenchy. I
+can never forget my feelings as these splendid battalions moved
+along—young, vigorous, fresh from a rest in reserve: 1000 strong each,
+eager for the battle, they were the very embodiment of certain victory,
+and I could not but feel proud of my own brave Corps, many of whom I had
+just seen, literally caked in mud and slime, worn out after long weeks
+of vigil and toil in the trenches, sadly needing some sleep and rest;
+battalions worn to mere skeletons in strength, a few with no more than a
+full company in the fight.
+
+But notwithstanding all this they were still holding on, still keeping
+the flag flying and doing their duty. I would fain have wished the
+addition of some of the newcomers to my own Army Corps; they were my own
+flesh and blood, with great traditions and a great cause which all
+understood; but I would not have changed places with any living man. It
+was enough for me that I was Commander of the Indian Corps, and that
+that Corps was so nobly acquitting itself under extraordinary
+difficulties.
+
+As stated before, the trenches to the south and east of Givenchy had
+during the battle been held by the Connaught Rangers, the 57th Rifles,
+and a company of the 9th Bhopal Infantry. During the 20th December the
+57th and 9th were subjected to attacks which succeeded in laying the
+flank of the 57th open to enfilade fire and obliging the left to retire.
+Here my old friend Subadar Arsla Khan of the 57th was again to the fore,
+and by a plucky reconnaissance obtained useful information regarding the
+German barricades, and surprised and shot several Huns. Later, on the
+22nd December, this fine Indian officer, a Malikdin Khel Afridi, led a
+charge on a party of the enemy, killing two officers and a number of
+men. He has many orders and distinctions for various campaigns.
+
+After the Manchesters were forced back from Givenchy, on the afternoon
+of the 21st December, the pressure on this portion of our trenches
+increased very considerably and was only relieved by the arrival of a
+Brigade of the First Army Corps, and by nightfall the position was
+secured. On the 22nd December the whole of the trenches east and south
+of Givenchy were taken over by the First Corps, and our troops, at last
+relieved from their long vigil, were able to gain some urgently-needed
+rest.
+
+My story left the Meerut Division at 2 P.M. on the same date, and just
+after it had been relieved by the First Army Corps, and although the
+Meerut troops remained at the disposal of that Corps for a few days
+longer until a new alignment had been taken up, they were not called on
+to make further efforts, and eventually, like the Lahore Division, were
+able to get back to billets and enjoy a sorely needed rest and to
+re-equip themselves.
+
+By 1 P.M. on the 22nd December one Division of the First Army Corps had
+arrived and taken over a great part of our trenches, and the Second
+Division was in process of relieving the remainder of my Corps, and the
+responsibility was gradually becoming involved, hence I asked the G.O.C.
+First Army Corps to assume the command whilst I withdrew all the
+relieved battalions and Artillery. This he agreed to, and the Indian
+Corps was withdrawn.
+
+During this long-drawn-out battle the losses of some battalions had been
+very severe. In the Sirhind Brigade alone, on which fell the main German
+onslaught, the H.L.I. had lost ten officers and fifty-four men killed,
+276 men missing (mostly killed), and sixty wounded, and the total
+casualties numbered 400, about fifty per cent of those in action.
+
+  Such monuments shall last when Egypt’s fall.
+
+The 1st Gurkhas suffered well over 200 casualties, including six British
+and Indian officers, and the 4th Gurkhas had seventeen British and
+Indian officers and a total of 300 of all ranks. In the 4th, Jemadar
+Lachman Sing Thapa, the Gurkha Adjutant, was amongst the killed, and
+Captain M. Wylie was missing.
+
+To suffer such losses and be again ready for battle within a few weeks
+needs discipline of a high order, and I was lost in admiration of those
+gallant corps, which I had inspected only a few days previously in their
+full war strength, and saw again after their arrival in billets. The
+ranks were sadly thinned, but there was no sign of despondency and only
+determination on their faces. “Give us their hand-grenades and trench
+mortars,” said a Gurkha havildar to me, “and you will see some fun.”
+
+During the attack by the Secunderabad Cavalry Brigade Captain Alan Ross,
+20th Deccan Horse, performed a very gallant action, which in any other
+war would have been rewarded with a Victoria Cross; but I was informed
+that in France it could not be given to officers for saving life alone.
+Ross was one of the hardest men I ever knew: a brilliant polo player and
+a strong rider all round. He had been my own A.D.C. years before in
+India. Seeing an Indian officer was wounded and lying in the open, he
+with two of his N.C.O.’s, Duffadars Shankar Rao and Sardar Singh, ran
+under a terrific fire and carried him back. On reaching a ditch they lay
+down, and seeing the Indian officer was too badly hit to be moved
+further, Ross ran back, still under heavy fire, and fetched up a
+stretcher, in which they placed the wounded officer and got him away.
+Ross received a D.S.O. and his two companions the Indian Order of Merit.
+
+Captain W. H. Padday, 47th Sikhs, was killed whilst bombing up a trench
+with some of his men. The 20th Deccan Horse, a Corps which I had known
+in years past when I commanded the Secunderabad Division, suffered over
+eighty casualties, including Captain J. S. McEuan and Risaldar Mir
+Hidayat Ali killed; Captain C. A. Mackenzie, Risaldar-Major Jharmal
+Singh, and one other Indian officer and thirty-five other ranks killed
+and missing; besides these, five officers and thirty-seven men were
+wounded. The 47th Sikhs, of whom I shall often have to write, had 130;
+the 34th Poona Horse fifty, including Major C. Loring, 37th Lancers,
+attached. The Jodhpore Lancers in this, their first fight as a unit on
+the Western Front, suffered eleven casualties. In the 8th Gurkhas one
+Indian officer was killed, and there were twenty-two other losses.
+
+Generals Watkis and Anderson, in admirably written and concise reports,
+gave a very clear summary of the events which had been crowded into the
+four days’ fighting, and it is interesting to note the chief points
+brought out. After giving full credit to all who deserved it and not
+concealing faults such as must occur in all battles, in the Lahore
+Division Watkis brought specially to notice Major-General Carnegy,
+commanding the Jalandar Brigade, for his thorough grasp of the
+situation; General Brunker, Sirhind Brigade; and General Egerton,
+Ferozepore Brigade. He gave the greatest praise to Colonel Strickland
+and his fine battalion the Manchesters. Colonel Cauteau of the 142nd
+French Territorial regiment was reported as rendering valuable and
+noteworthy service; and Capitaine Salles, also of the 142nd, for
+gallantly leading a counter-attack, although twice wounded.
+
+Anderson specially commended the Seaforths and 58th Rifles, whose
+“action, sustained over a period of three days and nights under
+extremely difficult conditions, was worthy of the highest possible
+commendation and reflects the greatest credit on officers, N.C.O.’s, and
+men of both regiments.”
+
+The Ambala and Sialkote Cavalry Brigades had been brought up as
+reinforcements late during the battle; the former suffered thirty
+casualties. I had known both these splendid Brigades when commanding the
+Northern Army in India, and only regretted that this trench warfare gave
+them no opportunity of riding down the Huns, who assuredly would have
+had cause to remember that the Cavalry arm in India has a sword even
+sharper than the boasted German weapon.
+
+It is one of my cherished recollections that our gallant French Allies
+did not fail to place on record their great regret at the departure of
+the Indian Corps from their immediate vicinity. For two months we had
+been able to afford each other assistance in men and guns on many
+occasions, and our relations had been those of friends and comrades.
+General de Maud’huy, commanding the Tenth French Army, and General
+Maistre, commanding the XXIst Corps d’Armée, wrote most cordial letters,
+wishing us every success as the war progressed and congratulating the
+men on their having so long victoriously sustained the “particularly
+difficult” conditions, especially of terrain, under which they had
+fought.
+
+It would be impossible to serve with finer soldiers and gentlemen than
+composed the Army of France.
+
+The battle was over, India had paid her dues, and this is what the
+Commander-in-Chief recorded:
+
+  The Indian troops have fought with the greatest steadfastness and
+  gallantry whenever they have been called upon.
+
+In these words Field-Marshal Sir John French summed up in his despatch
+of the 2nd February 1915 his opinion of the conduct of the Indian
+soldiers from the time they joined the Army in France until the close of
+the battle of Givenchy.
+
+In his admirable book, “1914,” the great Field-Marshal has written on
+page 196:
+
+  Much has been said and written about the work of the Indian troops in
+  France, and various opinions have been expressed. For my part I can
+  only say that, from first to last, so long as they were under my
+  command, they maintained and probably surpassed even the magnificent
+  traditions of the Indian Army. In a country and climate to which they
+  were totally unaccustomed, the exigencies of the moment required that
+  they should be thrown into action successively by smaller or greater
+  units before they could be properly concentrated.
+
+  I shall always gratefully remember the invaluable assistance they and
+  their Commander, Sir James Willcocks, rendered under these difficult
+  conditions in the most critical hours of the First Battle of Ypres,
+  especially the Lahore Division, commanded by General Watkis.
+
+This finally disposes of any criticisms of the Indians by lesser
+luminaries. No one had better opportunities of realising the
+difficulties connected with their employment in Europe during a
+very trying winter. No one was more generous in his public
+utterances and despatches to the soldiers of India. There was, it
+is true, another side to this picture, but I will refrain from the
+narration of such incidents, for I realise the enormous
+difficulties the Commander-in-Chief had to face and the
+unflinching courage and steadfastness with which he faced them;
+and I am convinced that no other soldier in our Army would have
+succeeded, to the same degree, in those tempestuous times.
+
+The Indians were but a small unit in his complicated command, and that
+he has for all time plainly recorded his opinion is sufficient to
+disprove the criticisms of any others who are not possessed of his
+soldierly instincts.
+
+This story of the Indian Corps is only a personal narrative and the
+opinions expressed in it may not be convincing to all who read it;
+however, it has one merit, and that is, it is compiled from notes and
+diaries kept by me from day to day, and in which I recorded the opinions
+and doings of the principal actors as I observed them at the time, and
+not from hearsay or memory alone.
+
+We were now billeted in and about Lillers, and the first change in the
+reconstruction of the Army came at this time. Sir Douglas Haig had just
+received his well-merited promotion to General for his fine work as a
+Corps Commander during the retreat from Mons and the First Battle of
+Ypres. Two Armies were created, and he was appointed to command the
+First Army. I had up to then been senior to him, but now found myself
+junior and under his immediate command, as under the reorganisation the
+Indian Corps was attached to the First Army.
+
+To the British soldier such supersession is a natural consequence of
+promotion for distinguished service in the field. To the Indian soldier
+it means something very different, when suddenly thrust on him in the
+field, and so it was in this case. To him his commander is everything,
+and he looks to him as at any rate his local commander-in-chief, and
+when he learns one morning that another, till then his junior, has been
+placed over him, he concludes something is wrong. Had the Corps gone to
+the Second Army, the Indians would have neither known nor cared what
+promotion had taken place, for Sir Horace Smith-Dorrien in command of it
+was already senior to me, but as it was I can best describe how they
+took it, in the words of an Indian officer who said to me, “Now we know
+the Government is displeased with our conduct in the recent battle.”
+They have very strong opinions in some matters which cannot easily be
+shaken.
+
+Putting aside any personal feeling, in this case it was a pity it
+happened, for it wrongly gave them to understand that it had been done
+with a purpose. Of course the necessities of the Army as a whole were
+far superior to any personal considerations, but I should have been glad
+if it could have been otherwise arranged. However, it was now an
+accomplished fact, and from that day to the day I left France no man
+ever rendered more loyal or wholehearted service and support to his
+superior officer.
+
+The first duty, now we were in billets, was to overhaul thoroughly,
+refit, and practically reconstitute the entire Corps. Our numbers had
+fallen very considerably below war strength, but this was partly
+remedied by adding Territorial battalions; these were brought on to the
+strength as they became available, until eventually five of our Brigades
+consisted of one Regular British, one Territorial, and three Indian
+battalions, and the sixth Brigade had a battalion of the Special
+Reserve; but even with these additions, owing to the limited
+reinforcements from India, the shortage in the Regular British
+battalions, and the weakness of the Territorial units, which
+occasionally amounted to no more than half war strength, the total of
+the Indian Corps, consisting of thirty-two battalions of infantry, was
+under 21,000 rifles when we again took over our trenches on the 15th
+January.
+
+I have already told of the arrival of some of these Territorial
+battalions, but I would again repeat that they were to us all the
+surprise of the war—splendid officers and men suddenly transferred from
+civilians into veteran soldiers. They will enter frequently into this
+story.
+
+Great changes took place in the commands of the Brigades, which will be
+seen by reference to the lists farther on, and I was indeed sorry to bid
+farewell to gallant comrades with most of whom I had served in India and
+for whom I had the greatest respect as soldiers. I have already
+explained the reasons for this, and so will not repeat myself.
+
+Lieut.-General Watkis, who had commanded the Lahore Division throughout
+the past trying months and had borne the chief responsibility during the
+battle of Givenchy, was given the K.C.B., a well-merited honour.
+
+The weather during January 1915 was very trying, being a succession of
+rain, storm, and snow, but this did not prevent us from carrying on
+systematic training of every kind—attack, defence, trench work, practice
+with grenades and mortars, then still in their infancy, and night
+operations. Route marching was done daily, gradually increasing until
+the men’s feet had recovered somewhat from the results of immersion in
+mud and snow. It was a real pleasure to watch the transformation taking
+place; limbs long dormant in the trenches were restored to their natural
+functions, and the knowledge that the worst was over and a warmer season
+would come at its own proper time, cheered all ranks. It was a very busy
+time for us all, but there is nothing like hard work to keep men fit and
+happy, and the absence of it kills all joy.
+
+Personally I have seldom been more busy in my life; rain or storm I
+invariably rode from ten to fifteen miles a day, and often a lot more;
+and although this may not appear much it was a great deal through those
+bogs and along those cobbled and slippery roads. By the middle of
+January two Brigades had returned to the trenches, and before the 24th
+of the month the whole Corps was finally re-established once more about
+our old haunt, Neuve Chapelle. The arms, clothing, and necessaries had
+been thoroughly overhauled, boots refitted and extras issued, and when
+we again entered the trenches I do not think there were many individuals
+either in units, departments, or even among the followers, whom I had
+not seen. It gave us a fresh start, and the many new officers who had
+joined got to know something of their men.
+
+On the last day of 1914 I gathered together nearly all the British and
+Indian officers in the Army Corps; it was a damp, misty day, but they
+came to my headquarters at Lillers by motor, lorry, or on horseback. It
+was a pleasant gathering, full of interest to us all. Amongst those
+present were a large percentage who had served with me in the field, a
+few in the Soudan and West Africa, and a great many on the Indian
+frontiers, and practically all had been under my command at one time or
+another as Brigadier, Divisional and Army Commander. Many a time also
+had I had the pleasure of entertaining them as my guests in other
+climes, and now they were assembled under one roof and under such
+different circumstances. It was for me a solemn occasion, for since we
+had last met at Orleans many had gone for ever, and I knew before we
+could meet again their ranks would be still further thinned. But no such
+passing thoughts prevented us from being a cheery party, and all Corps
+were enabled to exchange greetings, and fight their battles over again.
+I also took the opportunity of explaining to many of the Indians, who
+asked me about the recent changes, that the Indian Corps now formed part
+of a larger Army, and was under the command of a very distinguished
+soldier, who would assuredly lead us to victory. I am sure they felt
+relieved, for the notion had got abroad that they had fallen in the
+estimation of the Commander-in-Chief.
+
+Any exotic when first transplanted must in its new soil be watched if it
+is to be a success; this was our task with the Indians, and it was
+succeeding by degrees, and at this gathering this was evident. They had
+been plunged into Europe, but Asia was assimilating itself with its new
+surroundings. It was a far more difficult task, however, than was
+realised by some of our superiors, who merely issued orders and expected
+them to be carried out. They did not realise that the pawns in the game
+had peculiarities and characteristics which must be respected, if they
+were to continue as a tangible entity. These matters were left to those
+of us who understood the material we had to deal with, and it is
+fortunate in some ways that it was so; for as time went on nothing was
+more evident than the fact that in the First Army the Indians were
+merely looked on as so many thousand men, who must just take their place
+in a certain portion of the line and carry on irrespective of their
+constitution or the changes which time was working in their ranks. But
+it was absolutely necessary for us in the Corps not to forget these
+things, and to so arrange that the machine would work smoothly and prove
+efficient on the day of battle.
+
+It was a fine test of the value of the British officer and he came well
+out of it, and proved that the officers of the Indian Army are second to
+none in positions of responsibility and trust.
+
+
+
+
+                              CHAPTER XIII
+
+
+When I look back on those winter days of 1914–15 I recall the names of
+many of our great Indian soldiers, and it comes home vividly how much
+they had done for our power in the East, and how they had gained the
+confidence of the Indians. It was men like John Nicholson, Edwards,
+Outram, Hodson, and Lord Roberts who had won the devotion of the men and
+tempered the steel they used, and it was their example that in this
+twentieth century had enabled England to call to her aid thousands of
+loyal men from far across the seas, to fight her battles within a few
+hours’ journey and within gun-sound of her own shores. It is an
+extraordinary story, and one which we will do well to ponder. Here was a
+great country with 48,000,000 of inhabitants, and yet it was found
+necessary to summon a few thousands from Asia to defend our cause at our
+own gates. I have heard it said that the Indian Corps was only sent to
+France to give India a chance of taking her part in our Empire war;
+maybe that was partly the idea of those who first originated it, but the
+fact remains that the arrival of the Army Corps, just when it did come,
+was the respite so sadly needed by the brave men who had wrought deeds
+of almost superhuman devotion, but were then outnumbered and all but
+overwhelmed by the German hordes.
+
+Be that as it may, what has our country to say to the fact that whilst
+our Indian soldiers were playing the part they did, millions in this
+island were waiting on events? Lord Kitchener’s call had rung like a
+trumpet through the land, but there had not yet been time for the New
+Armies to be trained. Who then could be sent to stem the tide of steel
+that was rolling in billows against the battered granite wall in
+Flanders? There were none, save those few thousand British and those
+loyal Indian soldiers just arrived from the East. There are always
+critics enough to say that what was done might have been done better,
+but these stay-at-home strategists and tacticians must answer the
+question, why they were doing nothing themselves to help in the
+trenches, and why did so many hundreds of thousands continue to do
+nothing but talk, until they found themselves forced by conscription to
+do their duty? And meantime who was helping (even though it was only in
+small numbers) to defend their country for them? Helping with ungrudging
+valour, and as recompense but a few hard-earned shillings a month.
+
+When the tongues of controversy are lulled, and we can look back on
+facts without bitterness, there will be but one verdict as to the fine
+spirit and loyal devotion to duty displayed by the Indians in the hour
+of England’s need.
+
+It was my proud privilege to command these men, and it is my highest
+reward that I had their confidence; I ask no other. It was palpable to
+me after the formation of the New Armies that whatever might be the
+outcome of our doings in France, my own days as Commander were assuredly
+numbered. It would in my belief have been the case with any man in
+command; that it fell to me was chiefly because I happened to be the
+man.
+
+It is of interest to note here that Lord Roberts, during his visit to
+the Corps, had given me some very valuable advice, and promised that he
+would bear me out in anything I did acting on that advice. I followed it
+out, for it was the only way in which the best could be got from the
+Indians. Alas! he did not live to help, when his help was sadly needed;
+and though it eventually led to my being relieved of my command ten
+months later on, I do not regret it for a moment, for it was my duty;
+and in the consciousness of having done that lies a man’s greatest
+reward. I will quote some of what he said from my diary of the same day.
+He told me that it was absolutely necessary to remember that the Indians
+must be used with discretion and not flung into battle indiscriminately.
+He gave me his reasons fully, and told me it was my duty to keep those
+in higher command reminded of this, and that even if it was an
+unpleasant task, it still must be done. He added very positively that it
+was only fair to the Army, to the Indians themselves, and, above all, to
+the British battalions in the Brigades, who, he added, “will have to
+bear a heavy burden in any case.”
+
+No words of mine could possibly sum up so truthfully and exactly just
+what was necessary, and to those who know the trials they endured, it
+will be clear that these were the only conditions on which the Indian
+soldiers could be asked to give of their best in Europe.
+
+I write this four years after the event, and hence any spirit of
+personal recrimination has, I hope, disappeared; but what can never
+disappear is the sense of wrong done by the public to the men who served
+under me, and served so well.
+
+For, what were the facts? Whilst the British forces were daily improving
+in man-power, we were going downhill; whilst the type of British
+recruits was daily getting better and the best manhood of these islands
+was gradually being drafted into their ranks, ours were deteriorating.
+Whilst in England the whole country was watching and encouraging her men
+to join up, India was kept in the dark regarding the doings of her
+soldiers and we had to take whatever was sent us. The whole conditions
+were different.
+
+So long as we remained an Army Corps under the Commander-in-Chief, Sir
+John French, he frequently saw the men and spoke to them in words of
+warm praise, and even after the Armies were formed he still came more
+than once and inspected the Brigades on parade; but as a part of the
+First Army the rank and file never saw their Army Commander, except in
+company with the Commander-in-Chief, and on more than one occasion the
+Army Corps was omitted from any share in the credit it had earned in
+hard-fought actions. Indians are very quick to grasp such facts, and
+many of their British officers strongly resented but loyally accepted
+the situation. As this story proceeds, it will be seen that what I have
+stated above is the simple truth, and it will be readily understood that
+under such conditions service in the field loses much of the glamour
+which all soldiers associate with it, and which even the muddy trenches
+of Flanders could not obliterate; and men naturally keen to do their
+utmost become by degrees less zealous in the cause.
+
+On 6th January I was informed that Lord Kitchener hoped to be able to
+send us three fresh battalions from Egypt, but this he was unable to
+carry out until much later. On 7th January Sir John French inspected two
+of our Brigades; it was a stormy day with heavy rain, but the
+Field-Marshal said a few words to each battalion, which I translated to
+the men, and their pleasure was manifest. Lord French is a very eloquent
+speaker to soldiers; he knows what to say and how to say it, and it is
+easy to translate it into the language of the East.
+
+It is a special pleasure to tell of the intense interest taken by Lord
+Kitchener in the Indian Corps; from start to finish as Secretary of
+State it is not too much to say that without his guiding hand and his
+determination we could never have been kept going so long in France.
+Nothing was too small for him personally to look into; nothing we wanted
+and which he considered necessary was overlooked. His one great idea, as
+far as the Indians were concerned, was that as he had initiated their
+employment in Europe, so he would see it through. As I shall tell in
+this book, at different times he brought his great personality into
+play, and insisted on the Indian Corps being recognised and kept up.
+Notwithstanding any opinions that may already have been or may in the
+future be formed as to his keeping the reins of office in his own hands,
+I maintain in our case, no other man could have conducted the business
+as he did, and no other man could have more staunchly upheld the name of
+India and its Army.
+
+I had served under him as a Brigadier and a Divisional Commander during
+the whole of his seven years as Commander-in-Chief in India, and twice
+commanded frontier expeditions during that time, besides frequently
+having been his guest; but I never realised until we came to France how
+deep-rooted was his affection for our great Eastern possession, and how
+wide was his sympathy with its people and Army. Many times during the
+first year of the war I was sent for, and every possible aspect of our
+employment was discussed by him, and it will probably surprise some as I
+tell of the opinions he had formed, and his plans for employing the
+Indian troops as an Army Corps. After the lamented death of our
+Colonel-in-Chief, Lord Roberts, it became evident that Lord Kitchener
+meant to take his place as our special friend.
+
+During the rest we enjoyed after Givenchy I find many notes made by me,
+some of which may prove of interest to those connected with the Indian
+Army.
+
+Campaigning as we were in a friendly country I was altogether against
+allowing punishments to be inflicted on either British or Indians, which
+might give a false impression to our Allies, or make it appear that
+there was a difference in our methods of treating different classes of
+our soldiers. Whatever may be thought of field punishment or of
+flogging, I am convinced that to administer the former to Britishers,
+and thus make them a mark of contempt to the Indians, is altogether
+wrong. In the same way to flog Indians (which was permissible under the
+Indian Articles of War) in France could only bring unmerited disgrace on
+them as a race. There are of course crimes for which flogging is a very
+suitable punishment, but this should, like a death sentence, be
+inflicted only in very rare cases.
+
+However, the law was laid down, and all a commander could do was to
+mitigate sentences which he considered harsh. With this in view I very
+early stopped field punishment being carried out in or near any public
+place, and reserved all sentences of flogging, which could by law be
+inflicted by junior commanders, for my own confirmation, and except for
+most disgraceful conduct this punishment was in abeyance in the Corps in
+France.
+
+Some of the Indians, contrary to my expectations, developed a taste for
+learning French. Their efforts frequently led to amusing incidents. On
+one occasion I was passing an officer’s private servant, who was
+ordinarily a strict Musalman, and would of course never eat meat that
+had not been _hallaled_, _i.e._ killed in the orthodox style by having
+its throat cut. I observed that his platter contained some beef, which
+was not then part of the Indian ration, and asked him how he came by it.
+“Oh, I bought it at a French butcher’s.” “But,” I said, “it has not been
+_hallaled_; how can you eat it?” My friend, however, explained that he
+had picked up some French, and that the “Miss Sahib” (young lady) in the
+shop had told him it was, and proceeded to repeat the conversation. “I
+went into the shop and said, ‘Beef, Miss,’ and she said, ‘Oui.’ I then
+put my finger to my throat and ran it across to explain that it must be
+_hallal_, and she at once said, ‘Oh, oui, oui,’ so you see it has been
+properly killed.” That Indian was not for being too orthodox in a
+foreign land, and that young lady had evidently learned something of
+Oriental customs; but the story got about and less meat was purchased
+from the stall after that.
+
+At first the Indians found it very difficult to distinguish between
+French and the German deserters, or prisoners captured. A story is told,
+which I believe is absolutely true, of a German deserter who managed to
+crawl through our front line, and finding himself among Indians, lay
+hidden till dusk and then warily proceeded along a path towards our rear
+in the hope of coming across a Britisher. He was afraid the Indians
+would, according to what he had been taught by his own officers, soon
+make mincemeat of him; however, his luck, as he explained, was all out,
+and as he walked along he saw two Gurkhas coming from the opposite
+direction. Bracing himself up for the tragedy he imagined was on the
+point of being enacted, he approached with as much _sang froid_ as he
+could muster, but to his surprise the two men, taking no notice whatever
+of him, passed on. Our friend breathed once more and felt sure the next
+man he met would be a Britisher; but no, his luck was still out, and he
+beheld to his dismay a solitary Gurkha, by whose side hung the terrible
+_kukry_, the weapon with which according to German ideas these lusty
+inhabitants of Nepal were wont to carve up their victims, or decapitate
+them with a single stroke.
+
+Nothing could save the Hun now, and he advanced trembling from head to
+foot, for surely the other two had only left him alive through being
+engrossed in conversation and hence not having noticed him. He moved on
+saying his last prayer, when the little Gurkha suddenly realising his
+position pulled himself together and came to attention. The last hour of
+the deserter had at last come; the hand of the man from Nepal went first
+to his side; it must be the terrible _kukry_ he was about to draw, but
+instead of ending the career of the German our Gurkha gave him a smart
+salute. The deserter, wondering whether he was indeed face to face with
+his brutal and ferocious foe or in a dream, breathed freely and went on
+his way.
+
+At last to his great relief appeared a British soldier, and he now
+thought all was well. Imagine his final surprise when he was hailed
+with, “What the something are you doing here?” and at the same time he
+felt a bayonet point unpleasantly close to his hinder parts. He went
+calmly to the guard-room; he had changed his mind about the bloodthirsty
+Indians.
+
+One more story of Indians and Germans. One night a British officer was
+out scouting in front of his Corps in “No Man’s Land,” accompanied by
+his Indian orderly. The pair had very stealthily approached the enemy
+trench and were within a few yards of it, when a German, who had been
+watching unknown of course to them, covered the officer with his rifle
+and said, “You are a brave man and I do not wish to shoot you; go back.”
+They went back; but this time it was the sepoy’s turn to wonder why he
+had been told that the Boches were such fiends.
+
+On the 14th January 1915 two of our Brigades, as I said before, again
+took over trenches, and by the 24th the whole Corps was once more
+holding a front which extended from a point west of Neuve Chapelle on
+the north to the vicinity of Givenchy on the south, connecting there
+with the First Army Corps.
+
+At this time our strength was close on 21,000 rifles, 900 sabres, and
+120 guns. During February I learned that it was the intention of Sir
+John French at an early date to carry out a big operation in the
+vicinity of Neuve Chapelle, and that it was to be the good fortune of
+the Indian Corps to take a prominent part in it. The battle of Neuve
+Chapelle is what resulted, and that I shall shortly describe. But before
+doing so I will deal with certain matters which affected the Indian
+Corps, and which may be of interest to my readers.
+
+The enormous amount of correspondence which had to be carried on not
+only gave me an insight into the complications which attended this
+somewhat intricate command, but as I look back on it all I see more
+plainly than I could at the time that my work as Indian Corps Commander
+was doubled as compared with other Corps Generals. In this connection I
+remember well the remark of one of them, who was paying me a visit, and
+seeing the pile of letters already written and still to be answered, on
+my table, said, “I would not change places with you for anything; you
+appear to have one enemy in front and God knows how many behind you.” He
+was not so far from the truth. Still I would not have changed places
+with him, for although the writing work was onerous and generally kept
+me up till all hours, it was very interesting; and one felt it was all
+so new.
+
+Amongst the officials with whom I had to carry on a correspondence, or
+to whom I sent personal accounts of the Indians, were the Secretary of
+State for War, Secretary of State for India, the Viceroy of India, and
+the Military Secretary, India Office. These were high officials, but as
+I recall the piles of other letters I received and answered, it
+surprises me how many people took an interest in or wished to ascertain
+a hundred things concerning the Indians in France. The command was a
+military one, but the amount of semi-political work combined with it
+could seldom before have fallen to the lot of a soldier in a
+comparatively junior position in the field in Europe.
+
+One of the points that up to this time had most disconcerted people in
+India, both British and Indian, but chiefly the latter, was that they
+received no news of their people. High officials in India, and some of
+them in this country, constantly wrote urging me to let something be
+known of the doings of the Corps, but those were the days of secrecy,
+and recruiting in India was much hampered. It was not common sense to
+imagine that India would rush to furnish the large number of recruits
+necessary to maintain her contingents, unless the people were at least
+told whether Sikh, Dogra, Gurkha or whoever it might be was in Europe or
+in some other continent. You cannot describe troops from that country as
+“Midland” or “Highland,” and thus give a clue; for the battalions were
+largely composed of men of several nationalities and religions, formed
+in companies or double companies, and without mentioning the number of
+the unit no one could tell what a man belonged to. Yet it was looked on
+as criminal to name a corps in any of our communications; whilst the
+Germans knew exactly to a man what we had in France.
+
+Should Indian troops again be employed in Europe, which I hope may never
+be the case, the authorities concerned will have enough to go on, to
+avoid the blunders made during the war in the matter of reinforcements,
+drafts, and reserves. From the first weeks onwards these questions were
+a puzzle.
+
+Imagine a cold winter’s day in Flanders; a biting wind, perhaps snow
+falling, and a hundred odd, unwilling and unfit reservists from the
+tropics, standing shivering. The sound of the guns was more or less
+incessant; overhead passed one or more aeroplanes; an occasional burst
+from an anti-aircraft gun gave colour to the scene, and you have a
+picture of more than one inspection of reservists I carried out. It was
+unfair to the men themselves, still more to the Corps, and most unfair
+to those who had to include them in their ranks and show a battle
+strength of so many hundred men on paper.
+
+Of course these remarks apply chiefly to reservists, and some other
+drafts; there was the other side of the picture. Whole double companies
+occasionally arrived from other battalions, splendid fighting material
+and glad to be with us; and although this meant weakening the units they
+came from, that was another story with which we could not concern
+ourselves. As time wore on, India found it necessary to fill our gaps as
+far as was possible from all classes and parts of the country. There
+were at times in a single battalion men collected from nine to eleven
+different units, and to those who know the Army, its composition and its
+regimental system, it will be very evident how impossible it became to
+keep battalions to a proper standard. Had this been the case with the
+Indian ranks alone, the British and Indian officers could have worked
+great changes, but these had themselves disappeared in large numbers and
+been replaced by newcomers, some with a little and many without any
+experience whatever of the classes they were posted to.
+
+Towards the end of January a question was raised as to the reduction of
+British officers in Indian battalions. I was surprised to receive a
+letter through G.H.Q. asking if this could not be done. Considering our
+losses in officers and the absolute necessity of keeping these up to at
+least the number then fixed, viz. twelve combatants per unit, I found no
+difficulty in proving that not only was no reduction possible, but if
+efficiency was to be maintained an increase was necessary. I presume the
+suggestion was only made owing to the great shortage that then existed
+and the difficulty of finding replacements, but there was no question as
+to the answer, more especially as I was well aware that a great number
+of Indian Army officers were being employed on Staff duties in England
+or with the New Armies then in course of formation.
+
+During the winter months I received several letters from General Sir
+Dighton Probyn. He of course took the greatest interest in the Indians,
+and in one he said to me, “I wish I could reverse the figures of my age
+and make myself twenty-eight instead of eighty-two. I would then beg of
+you to take me as anything, trooper or mounted orderly,” and added that
+the shirkers would have a miserable existence to the end of their days,
+after the war.
+
+During January and February 1915 hardly a day passed without my seeing
+one or more units, or sometimes a whole Brigade. Often did I enter the
+billets and barns, to be greeted by a chorus of cheers and shouts, and
+the Indians would gather round and ask how the war was getting on. I
+frequently took with me some of the presents received from friends in
+England or India, and the varied class of these sometimes caused great
+amusement. One kind lady had sent several coloured waistcoats for “the
+dear Sikhs,” as she styled them. Amongst these ornate articles was one
+made up of patches of every hue under the sun; it was an extraordinary
+garment and was trimmed with gold lace. Seeing a party of Sikhs in front
+of a barn, I stopped and asked them if they would like some presents
+from England, and if so to come to the car and receive them. All but one
+sulky-looking fellow came up and I asked why he did not come. They all
+said, “Oh, he is a pessimist; he thinks the war will never end; of what
+use is anything to him?” I at once took the coloured garment in my hand,
+and went up to the man and in his own language asked him, as a favour,
+to accept it at the hands of his General. The sepoy took it in a rather
+surly manner and opened it, but even his torpor gave way when he saw the
+gorgeous coat. All the others roared with laughter, in which he joined
+heartily, and putting it on said, “General Sahib, you have altered my
+ideas of the war, for this proves that people must still be full of
+humour in England, and not as I have heard despondent. I will send it
+home to my village, and attach a card to it: ‘Taken by me —— Singh in
+single combat with the German Emperor and presented to me on a
+full-dress parade by the Commander-in-Chief in France.’” They told me
+afterwards that he had become an optimist and very keen all round.
+
+Against 12th February I find in my diary: “General Robertson came to see
+me and stayed an hour—he is a genius.” I do not think I was far wrong. I
+only wish I had got to know him years before, for what I found was that
+I was a stranger in my surroundings, and nothing more brought home to me
+the position of the Indian soldiers. They too were strangers, and far
+more of course than I could ever be, for even their language was a
+different one. In those days the New Armies had not begun to arrive; the
+old traditions still survived, and many of the _élite_ in the higher
+ranks still looked on any innovation, such as the introduction into
+their ranks of a bushman from Asia, as something which must perforce be
+tolerated but not encouraged.
+
+
+
+
+                              CHAPTER XIV
+
+
+On the 27th February 1915 I arrived in England on ten days’ leave, my
+first from France, and as I had not been home for over two years it was
+a pleasant prospect. I did not, however, get my full leave, as I was
+recalled on the fourth day, but I could well afford to give it up for it
+was in order to receive the decoration of “Grand Officer of the Legion
+of Honour” which the French Government had conferred on me. It was very
+good of Sir John French to recommend me for this, which I prize as one
+of my highest rewards. My four days were very busy ones, and I had the
+honour of being summoned to see His Majesty, who made inquiries
+regarding his Indian soldiers, and sent them a most encouraging message.
+Lord Crewe, then Secretary of State for India, asked my views on many
+matters connected with Indians, amongst others the question of granting
+them commissions on the same footing as British officers. I have already
+written of this. I had the pleasure of a long talk with Mr. Lloyd George
+whom I met for the first time. When I left I had, like vast numbers of
+his countrymen, no other opinion than that I had conversed with one of
+the greatest living men. His assurance that all would be well, and his
+magnetic manner, sent me away more convinced than ever that he would be
+the man who would eventually guide us to a victorious peace.
+
+Next day I dined with Neil Primrose, who had been serving on my Staff in
+France, and there met Colonel Winston Churchill and many others
+prominent in politics. Much of the talk turned on the Indians, and all
+were most enthusiastic in their admiration of their loyalty. What,
+however, struck me most was the note of something approaching pity more
+than one of them manifested at their hard lot. Now there were no grounds
+for such; the men were, of course, undergoing great hardships, but so
+were others, and if the ordeal was harder for them to bear it was only
+the luck of war. What I and many others of the seniors in the Corps felt
+was that people in England believed that the Indians could not stand the
+severe climate. They, like other mortals, were open to criticism, but
+did not ask for pity and resented it, and I was always very careful to
+keep my lips closed as to this phase of the situation when the native
+officers and men asked me (as they always did) what I had heard about
+them in England.
+
+The following day I lunched with Winston Churchill, and later had him as
+my guest for half a day in France. I had first made his acquaintance
+after my return from Ashanti in 1901, and every time I have met him
+since I like him better. There is something very taking in his
+character; he always appears to be quite sure that whatever he is doing
+is the best that can be done, and I think he is generally right. I have
+met many others who claim to be like this, but are in reality anything
+but sure. It is a treat to talk to him, and if I were a young man with
+life before me I would sooner serve with him than almost any one I know.
+
+On the 2nd March I dined with Lord Kitchener; the only other person
+present was Colonel FitzGerald and he left immediately dinner was
+finished. I had the benefit of a very long talk with the great
+Field-Marshal, and some of this I will relate for it is of great
+interest. The chief point he dealt with was the shortage of shells and
+the necessity for economising ammunition in the field. He urged me to
+let it be quietly known to my senior officers that it was criminal to
+waste a single round; he said all would be well in due course but at
+that time he could not possibly supply the wants. He particularly
+pointed out that what we called “registering” and what he called
+“shooting into the mist” must be limited to absolute necessity alone. I
+was much impressed by this insistence on economy of gun power, and his
+clear assurance that we might find ourselves without shells unless this
+warning was observed. He made no mystery of it, and as I was leaving
+urged me once more to do all in my power to keep down the expenditure
+both of ammunition and money. “Each individual can help in his own
+degree,” were his parting words. I knew, of course, we were very short
+of shells, but after what he said I was more than surprised long
+afterwards when I read that he had not let this be understood.
+
+Another subject which Lord Kitchener discussed was the question of
+compulsory service. He was entirely in favour of it, but said his great
+difficulty lay in the fact that he knew he would never get a fair
+chance. “They will exempt hundreds of thousands in what are called
+indispensable positions and will only leave me the chaff.” I suggested
+that if he once told the country he must have the men, would he not get
+them; and he replied, “You little know all I shall have to fight
+against. I do.” Judging by all the wrangling that went on before
+compulsory service became a reality, his words sound prophetic now.
+
+Regarding the Indians he spoke very fully. He did not say it in so many
+words, but his meaning was quite clear, and that was that whoever might
+try and get rid of them, he meant to keep an Indian Corps in France in
+name at least, if not in numbers, but that he would entirely relieve
+units as they dwindled, and replace them from Egypt and elsewhere. At a
+subsequent interview I had with him four months later he put this very
+forcibly and gave his reasons, as I shall tell.
+
+The months of January and February had passed in what were called quiet
+conditions, and during the first days of March we were full of
+preparations for the coming battle before Neuve Chapelle. Previous to
+this battle, in conjunction with all my Generals and my own Staff, I had
+very carefully considered the question of man-power in the Indian Corps,
+and I feel justified in stating at some length the conclusions we had
+arrived at, and the many battles royal that they raised. I am convinced
+I was right, but I was accused by the highest authorities at the time of
+a lack of appreciation of the situation as it existed.
+
+In order to explain myself I will not only state what actually occurred
+early in March but will carry on the story to its final solution in
+August 1915, when, to my surprise, I was summoned to England only to be
+told that certain propositions were before the Government, which I found
+if adopted would entirely coincide with my own made five months
+previously, and would in point of time be exactly what I had
+recommended. I am writing from my diary kept up daily and make no error
+in details. To those who were associated with me in the task of
+commanding the Corps it will be as plain as it was at that time, that it
+indeed needed patience of a degree with which nature had perhaps
+insufficiently endowed me, but which perforce I had to adopt; and a
+spirit that refused to be subdued even when opposed to the highest
+military and political authorities in the field and at home. Even if I
+am considered egoistic, I must again say that I had one great advantage,
+and that was I knew what I was talking about.
+
+Armageddon has shown up the impossibility of attempting to rule the East
+under purely Western methods, and has plainly manifested the need of
+first acquiring some knowledge of what you are undertaking, before you
+rush things to a hopeless standstill.
+
+The many causes I have stated had by March 1915 told so severely on the
+Corps that on 8th March I summoned a Conference of all my Generals and
+their senior Staff officers as well as my own Army Corps Staff. On this
+occasion the whole question was gone into and discussed, and it was
+unanimously agreed that I should represent to the Commander-in-Chief
+that it would be wise to relieve the Indian battalions then in France as
+soon as this could be conveniently done, but in any case before another
+winter set in. I knew that our reinforcements would dwindle, and later
+on I had it on the authority of the Government of India itself that
+there might be a considerable break in our receiving any at all.
+
+Accordingly I made my recommendations, and at the same time told the
+Brigadiers to inform their C.O.’s that I had done so. It was the eve of
+Neuve Chapelle, and from many trusted Indian officers I learned that
+they had been much impressed by the news that they were anxious to join
+in the coming battle and ready to remain on, but they plainly saw they
+would lose their good repute unless reinforcements were sent in large
+numbers, and one officer put it, “These miserable reservists were sent
+away from India so as not to frighten the young recruits.” The truth was
+that every officer and man saw clearly that the Corps would soon dwindle
+to a mere handful of men, and they also knew that, under the system then
+prevailing, it was impossible to maintain their numbers at anything
+approaching efficient fighting strength.
+
+All kinds of remedies were already being adopted, and occasionally
+complete companies from other battalions in India were sent to us and
+these were generally good. Of course I knew the times were pressing, the
+need great, and the arrangements for reinforcing us _nil_, but that is
+just why I felt convinced the game would very soon not be worth the
+candle. We had held our trenches for five months, we were on the eve of
+a big battle in which I was sure the Indians would give a good account
+of themselves, and our Territorial and New Armies were lining up and
+would, by the time we could be relieved, have arrived in thousands, with
+more ready to follow. Then, again, it was plain that the Indians would
+be sadly needed in other parts of the world, where they would prove
+invaluable and be nearer their own natural bases. Moreover, in France
+there could be no chance of leave or relaxation for them under any
+circumstances, whereas in Egypt they could quickly be re-formed,
+strengthened, and again made fit for service under more congenial skies,
+and at the same time others who had not then had the good fortune to see
+fighting would welcome the opportunity.
+
+It was also an important consideration they should be given to
+understand that the transfer was in no way intended as a slight on them,
+but was being carried out on sound principles and with the object of
+making the best use of them in the many theatres of war. A hint that
+this was the intention of Government would have been welcomed by all
+ranks, whereas to do it suddenly for any cause would rankle in their
+minds and never be understood. Everything pointed to the wisdom of
+allowing them to leave France as soon as the gap they had filled was
+completed by Britishers. This was my conviction and is stronger to-day
+than it even then was.
+
+However that may be, I had indeed fallen on a hornet’s nest. G.H.Q., of
+course, had other expert advisers to assist them in their decisions, but
+experience gained in India was somewhat discounted when the game was
+being played for the first time in Europe, and only those who were
+actually playing it could give practical advice.
+
+My papers teem with suggestions for remedying the shortage of men in the
+Indian battalions. Over and over again did I adjust the Brigades, mix up
+units, reduce the strength of Brigades, and use every device to still
+retain the name of the Corps as “The Indian Corps.” In June I received
+an order by telegram to proceed to London where I again saw Lord
+Kitchener. On this occasion he said to me, “I will never allow the
+Indian Corps to lose its designation; it would be a disgrace to India.”
+
+Time soothes all things, and as the months passed the battles of Second
+Ypres, April 1915, and Festubert, 15th May, were fought, and in both the
+Indian Divisions largely shared. I had made up my mind that the same
+Army Corps was to remain in France. I had no illusion as to my own
+future; after 8th June I saw it must come to an end, how or when I could
+not guess, but I believed I had the confidence of Lord Kitchener and
+that was my bulwark. To my surprise, in August I was summoned to London
+and told to go straight to see him before seeing several other
+notabilities. He informed me that the Cabinet had decided to send the
+whole Indian Corps to Egypt and elsewhere and that he did not wish it.
+He asked me my opinion and I reiterated my previous recommendation, but
+added that if he could replace our old units by fresh ones and complete
+our numbers the Indians could certainly remain. He again impressed on me
+the necessity of keeping an Indian Corps in Europe; said that India
+would never forgive us if we removed the Corps as a body, and asked me
+to state my opinions to all whom I interviewed.
+
+Now if there was one man for whom I would do anything in my capacity as
+Corps Commander that man was Lord Kitchener. In any circumstances,
+moreover, it was better to stick to a decision once made than to go on
+vacillating and thus disconcerting and needlessly annoying brave men,
+who cannot understand being made the shuttlecock of politicians. I will
+not go into further details. I had several other interviews during my
+short stay. I was once more in the Maelstrom of Scylla and Charybdis and
+went back impressed by two things: one was that if the Indian Corps
+remained it would be at Lord Kitchener’s wish alone; and if it left it
+would be for reasons other than those I had gathered at my various
+interviews. However events followed rapidly; Mesopotamia, Palestine, and
+East Africa swallowed up the two Divisions, but not before my own tenure
+of command had abruptly terminated.
+
+
+
+
+                               CHAPTER XV
+
+
+At the end of February 1915 Sir John French had come to a happy decision
+and that was to attack the enemy at some selected point. I cannot enter
+here into the reasons, or discuss the general military situation;
+suffice it to say that the centre of the objective was to be the village
+of Neuve Chapelle, and that it was the good fortune of the Indian Corps
+to be in this line, with its left or northern flank resting opposite to
+it. Amongst the reasons assigned by him was one which was particularly
+apposite to the occasion, viz. “the need of fostering the offensive
+spirit in the troops after the trying and possibly enervating
+experiences which they had gone through of a severe winter in the
+trenches.”
+
+This, in itself, was indeed a very weighty reason for giving all ranks
+an opportunity of stretching their limbs. For over five months on and
+off we had lived a tedious life. Our reveille was the morning hate; our
+weary day, a long-drawn-out and slow process of avoiding shells, which
+we could seldom reply to for there was little ammunition to do it with;
+our evenings, an interminable gloom lighted up by German Véry lights and
+other fireworks, and our nights a long vigil of tired men, waiting in
+muddy trenches for the dawn. No wonder then that the prospect of an
+advance, preceded by what we knew must be a sharp fight, cheered all
+ranks and revived their spirits. Nothing struck me more during my year
+in France than their evident delight when they became aware that the
+inertia of the trenches was to give place to something more active. As a
+Sikh native officer said to me on the day preceding the battle, “Sahib,
+we shall have a chance of proving that the Indian Army can fight and not
+only do sentry-go in the _khandak_ (trenches). We shall again be able to
+cry, _Fateh_ (victory).”
+
+Our left rested on the right of Rawlinson’s Fourth Corps, on the La
+Bassée-Estaires road, and our right on the Chocolat Menier Corner, from
+which point the line was carried on by the First Corps past Givenchy.
+
+Since those early days of the war so many attacks have been made on a
+colossal scale, and such detailed accounts of them have been published,
+illustrated, and placed on the stage, that it would be superfluous to
+describe what was done by way of preparation. But it is an erroneous
+idea to imagine that in those days details were neglected or only
+cursorily gone into. Nothing could have been more minutely arranged to
+the very smallest item; no Staffs ever more thoroughly studied, checked,
+and elaborated essentials than did those of the Corps. From the big guns
+down to the men’s boots nothing was neglected by the Staff, commanders,
+and other regimental officers. Indeed, as I now study the orders issued
+I realise that, although frequently making bricks with but scanty straw,
+each blade of that straw was utilised to the greatest advantage.
+
+Times gradually changed, until the British Army was equipped as no army
+ever was before or probably will be again, but the improvements were
+gradual, the Staff work enlarged with the experience gained, time was
+given officers and men to go into the battle-line after a thorough
+training in the requirements of trench or open warfare, and everything
+improved until there was little room for improvement left. In the Neuve
+Chapelle days, with all our shortage of shells, grenades, etc., there
+was no shortage of endeavour, and in that respect indeed there was even
+more need to husband our resources and make the best use of them. Even
+so, and considering that we had been at war for seven months, it reads
+strangely in the official reports of the Indian Corps that in the case
+of two Territorial battalions attached to our brigades, and both of whom
+fought splendidly, “Owing to the —— and —— battalions having only just
+arrived, and not being in possession of any telephone equipment or
+trained signallers, communication during the battle had to be carried on
+by messengers alone.”
+
+Yes, times indeed changed, but there never was any difference in the
+fighting spirit of the officers and men; they remained as they were from
+Mons to the Marne, from Ypres to La Bassée; the same immortal souls, if
+anything, even braver, in the hour of sore trial, outnumbered and
+outgunned, than in the later days of triumph when the Huns at last began
+to realise that
+
+                This England never did, nor never shall,
+                Lie at the proud foot of a conqueror.
+
+The object of the operations, as laid down in the First Army operation
+orders, was “to force the enemy’s lines in the vicinity of Neuve
+Chapelle, and drive back any hostile forces from the line
+Aubers-Ligny-le-Grand, with the object of cutting off the enemy’s troops
+which are now holding the front between Neuve Chapelle and La Bassée.”
+The orders of the First Army were always clear and distinct, and I never
+experienced any difficulty in thoroughly recognising their object. It
+was sometimes the execution, with the very limited number of guns and
+ammunition, that was the difficulty. At Neuve Chapelle, however, we were
+locally and temporarily superior in both guns and men, and had we
+succeeded in gaining more than our first objective we could have
+advanced our line to the Aubers Ridge. Suppose we had done this, the
+question arises, was it possible to retain the advantage? Judging from
+what immediately followed the battle we certainly could not have done
+so.
+
+Events have since proved that, given sufficient gun power and good
+troops, it is always possible to capture the enemy’s first and
+supporting lines, but subsequently you must have unlimited munitions to
+hold your gains or push on farther. We had not got the munitions, and
+did not receive them till long after, and hence any advance up to or
+beyond the Aubers Ridge would have resulted in a Pyrrhic victory. In
+this connection it makes one think how different were our ideas in those
+days, compared with those formed after two years of war, and when
+experience had proved that bravery without munitions may enable an Army
+to hold its own even against immense odds, but it cannot turn defence
+into the offensive, except on a local and minute scale. As I write this
+three years have elapsed since the battle of Neuve Chapelle, but our
+trenches are still on the very same spot we gained that day, and our
+gallant fellows, though but few, if any, of those who fought are still
+there, look out on the very same ridge and the remnants of that same
+Bois du Biez which cost us dear to attack but which we never reached.
+Nevertheless it will ever remain a great day and a great memory, for if
+we did not get as far as we had hoped to do, we taught the Huns a very
+sharp lesson, and, as far as the Indians were concerned, they learned
+that alongside the British soldier they could enter the jaws of death
+and triumph.
+
+The objective assigned to us was the Bois du Biez, a wood of
+considerable size, lying just beyond and to the south-east of Neuve
+Chapelle, whilst Rawlinson’s Fourth Corps was directed on Aubers and La
+Cliqueterie Farm. Farther to the south the First Corps was to assault
+the enemy’s lines north-east of Givenchy, and the Canadian Division was
+to co-operate by a fire attack along the entire front. The map will show
+how the river Des Layes formed a considerable obstacle between the
+village and the Bois du Biez, being from six to ten feet wide and from
+three to five feet deep, and along this stream the Germans had
+constructed strong bridge-heads and trenches.
+
+At Neuve Chapelle we were to experience for the first time the
+scientific employment of 18-pounders for wire cutting, and three
+Brigades were detailed for this purpose. The success achieved by the
+guns in demolishing these obstacles was in those days a revelation to
+us; nothing could have been better done, and wherever the Infantry took
+the right line as laid down, the attack succeeded up to all expectation.
+The G.O.C. First Army had frequently impressed this on me and he was
+right. The pioneers and sappers and miners had done their work very
+thoroughly under the direction of Brigadier-General Nanton and every
+preparation had been completed before the battle opened.
+
+Surgeon-General Treherne, who had served with me on the Indian
+Frontiers, had arranged the medical side of the operations with a
+thoroughness that could not have been exceeded, and which earned the
+gratitude of the Indian soldiers; and last, but not least, my Chief of
+Staff, General Hudson, had worked out all plans and orders with such
+scrupulous care that when the battle commenced I felt it was already
+half over, for each and all knew what was to be their share in it.
+
+A readjustment of our line had been carried out during the night of 28th
+February/1st March, whereby the front of the Corps extended from
+Chocolat Menier Corner through Port Arthur to the La Bassée-Estaires
+road. This front was occupied by the Meerut Division with one Brigade,
+the two others being in reserve. The Lahore Division, less one Brigade
+in Army reserve, was in Corps reserve.
+
+About this time the heavy artillery of the Indian Corps (excepting the
+2nd Siege Battery, 6-inch howitzers), and with certain additions, was
+grouped under Brigadier-General Franks, R.A., as No. 1 Group G.H.Q.
+Artillery. This group was ordered to support the operations of the
+Indian Corps. The remainder of the Artillery of both Divisions was
+gradually brought into action into positions selected by
+Brigadier-General Scott, R.A., attached to Corps Headquarters. The moves
+were completed by the evening of 7th March.
+
+The system under which the artillery was disposed was as follows:
+
+   3 18-pr. Brigades to cut wire on front to be assaulted.
+
+   2 18-pr. Brigades to cover the southern section, which was not
+       attacking.
+
+   1 18-pr. Brigade partly building curtain of fire on roads and
+       approaches from the Bois du Biez, and partly in observation.
+
+   1 Brigade 4·5-inch Howitzers destroying enemy trenches.
+
+   1 Brigade 6-inch Howitzer destroying enemy trenches.
+
+     Siege Battery destroying enemy trenches.
+
+   1 Section 2·75 inch actually in fire trenches for close support of
+       Infantry attack.
+
+The above were the objectives for necessarily the first phase, but the
+subsequent objectives laid down did not involve a change of position for
+the batteries.
+
+Considerable engineering preparations had been made in advance, such as
+provision of cover for the assaulting Brigade to form up in,
+improvements to communications, and provision of light bridges, etc.,
+for crossing obstacles.
+
+The Lahore Division had moved forward on 7th March and concentrated in
+the area Calonne-Lestrem-Robecq, the Meerut Division concentrating its
+troops still farther forward in order to provide the necessary
+accommodation.
+
+By the morning of 9th March the Corps was disposed as follows:
+
+ CORPS HEADQUARTERS. Report Centre, La Cix Marmuse.
+
+ MEERUT DIVISION. Report Centre, Vieille Chapelle.
+   Dehra Dun Brigade, La Couture.
+   Garhwal Brigade, Richebourg St. Vaast.
+   Bareilly Brigade, Holding front line.
+
+ LAHORE DIVISION. Report Centre, Lestrem.
+   Ferozepore, Farther back.
+   Jalandar, Farther back.
+   and Sirhind Brigades. Farther back.
+
+The Artillery of both Divisions was in action under the orders of the
+Meerut Division. The Cavalry, Sappers, and Pioneers were with their
+respective Divisions.
+
+The 125th Rifles and 1 Company 34th Pioneers had been placed temporarily
+at the disposal of the Fourth Corps for the road work which would be
+necessitated by an advance. The recent addition of some battalions of
+the Territorial Force had necessitated a reconstitution of Infantry
+Brigades.
+
+On the 10th March the composition was as under:
+
+ LAHORE DIVISION
+
+ Major-General KEARY (Indian Army).
+
+ SIRHIND BRIGADE.—Brigadier-General Walker, V.C. (Indian Army)
+   1st Highland Light Infantry.
+   4th Liverpools (Special Reserve).
+   15th Sikhs.
+   1/1st Gurkhas.
+   1/4th Gurkhas.
+
+ JALANDAR BRIGADE.—Brigadier-General Strickland, Manchester Regiment.
+   1st Manchesters.
+   4th Suffolks (Territorials).
+   47th Sikhs.
+   59th Rifles (Frontier Force).
+
+ FEROZEPORE BRIGADE.—Brigadier-General Egerton (Indian Army).
+   1st and 2nd Connaught Rangers (one unit).
+   4th Londons (Territorials).
+   9th Bhopal Infantry.
+   57th Rifles (Frontier Force).
+   129th Baluchis.
+
+ DIVISIONAL TROOPS.—
+   15th Lancers.
+   34th Sikh Pioneers.
+   20th and 21st Companies Sappers and Miners.
+
+ MEERUT DIVISION
+
+ Lieut.-General ANDERSON, late R.A.
+
+ GARHWAL BRIGADE.—Brigadier-General Blackader, Leicestershire Regiment.
+   2nd Leicesters.
+   3rd Londons (Territorials).
+   1st and 2nd Battalions 39th Garhwal Rifles (one unit).
+   2/3rd Gurkhas.
+   2/8th Gurkhas.
+
+ BAREILLY BRIGADE.—Brigadier-General Southey (Indian Army).
+   2nd Black Watch.
+   4th Black Watch (Territorials).
+   41st Dogras.
+   58th Rifles.
+   125th Rifles.
+
+ DEHRA DUN BRIGADE.—Brigadier-General Jacob (Indian Army).
+   1st Seaforths.
+   4th Seaforths (Territorials).
+   6th Jats.
+   2/2nd Gurkhas.
+   1/9th Gurkhas.
+
+ DIVISIONAL TROOPS.—
+   4th Cavalry.
+   107th Pioneers.
+   Nos. 3 and 4 Companies Sappers and Miners.
+
+Aeroplanes and flying machines in general were few and far between in
+those days as compared with later times; nevertheless our airmen had
+even then shown what these neoteric implements could achieve in the
+hands of brave men in war. The Germans were completely taken by surprise
+when our attack began, and this was in a very great measure due to the
+fearless daring and persistence of our aviators, who had left nothing to
+chance. Although I have little to tell in this book of the Air Service
+as it then was, it is a fact that the Sepoys, when they first realised
+the objects and witnessed the extraordinary daring of aeroplanes, felt
+that their epic of the Mahabharat (Great War) was about to be repeated.
+
+And so the Indian soldiers were, for the first time in history, on the
+eve of an offensive battle against the most highly trained and organised
+army of Europe.
+
+For those who merely looked on an attack in force as an incident of the
+Great War, the coming battle may have been only a new phase in the
+struggle; for me as Commander of the Corps it meant much more. I was
+standing on the brink of an experiment which might have momentous
+consequences. I was responsible, in my own way, for important issues; I
+was, on a very small scale it is true, but nevertheless in a somewhat
+similar position to the first Japanese General who met and overthrew his
+Russian opponents. It was a question of the East versus the West, and
+although I felt sure of my brave men, it remained to be proved how the
+East would take it.
+
+The night of 9th March 1915 will ever remain one of my most inspiriting
+recollections. I can recall every moment of it; I did not sleep long,
+but I thought a lot; I did not doubt, but the thing had to be made good.
+
+Many beside myself thought much that night, but I wonder if one felt a
+greater joy than I did as I realised that a life’s work was to be
+tested. That life had been mostly spent in India, amongst Indian
+soldiers, and when dawn proclaimed that the supreme moment was at hand,
+I walked into the small garden of my dwelling and felt with Thomas
+Jefferson
+
+                    That all men are created equal.
+
+Although the night of the 9th March had been cloudless up till about
+midnight, the morning broke cold, damp, and misty. I stood in the
+drizzle with my friend Khwaja Mahomed Khan, A.D.C., and as the watch
+marked the hour for the intense bombardment, I said to him, “This is a
+great hour in Indian history. Praise be to Allah.” And he replied,
+“Allah is with us, the Germans’ turn for a thrashing has arrived.”
+
+The Lahore Division during the early morning of the 10th March moved up
+to Vieille Chapelle-La Couture and the area La Tombe Willot-Les
+Lobes-Zelobes, the Ferozepore Brigade remaining in Army reserve at
+Calonne.
+
+After some preliminary registration the previously arranged Artillery
+bombardment commenced at 7.30 A.M. For the first ten minutes three
+Brigades of 18-pounders fired at the enemy’s wire entanglements, which
+they succeeded in demolishing pretty completely, as we afterwards found.
+For the remaining twenty-five minutes of the first phase of the
+bombardment the 18-pounders (eighteen batteries) were covering the area
+held by the enemy and the southern flank, so as to prevent the arrival
+of reinforcements. During this same period of twenty-five minutes the
+4·5-inch and 6-inch howitzers shelled the trenches which were to be
+assaulted.
+
+The frontage attacked was 600 yards, the obstacles being _chevaux de
+frise_, thickly wired, generally in one but sometimes in two rows, and a
+certain amount of low wire entanglement. The depth of the obstacles
+varied from 6 to 15 yards, but owing to their being opposite one side of
+a salient only a limited number of batteries could be brought into
+action, so that the line of fire was direct. The 9th and 13th Brigades
+took position at ranges averaging 1800 yards. The 4th Brigade was
+disposed at an average range of 2500 yards, the line of fire being
+oblique.
+
+The method of attack was that in each battery of the 9th and 13th
+Brigades fire was concentrated on numbers 2 and 5 guns, whereby two
+lanes per battery, or twelve in all, were to be formed.
+
+The 4th Brigade concentrated three guns on each alternate lane position.
+
+The allowance of ammunition was 50 rounds per gun, and was fired in ten
+minutes.
+
+Thus twelve lanes were formed, six by having 150 rounds and six by
+having 300 rounds expended on them.
+
+The Garhwal Brigade, which had the honour of being detailed to carry out
+the first assault, was commanded by a fine soldier, Brigadier-General
+Blackader. I had first met him when he commanded his battalion of
+Leicesters in India, and from that day onwards I had learned to respect
+him and to trust in his judgement. The manner in which he handled his
+Brigade at Neuve Chapelle was good to see, and his report on the three
+days’ fighting is concise, and written as brave and modest men write.
+
+In support of the Garhwal was the Dehra Dun Brigade, commanded by
+Brigadier-General Jacob.
+
+The Bareilly Brigade continued to hold the original trenches, and in
+command of it was Brigadier-General Southey, Indian Army, in whom I
+reposed the utmost confidence.
+
+Whatever the qualifications of other brigade commanders in France, I
+certainly was fortunate in those who directed their brigades at Neuve
+Chapelle.
+
+And all is now ready for the great attack. In such moments men think and
+act according to their own peculiar natures; the Oriental’s thoughts are
+generally quite different from our own. I asked a sepoy I had known for
+years, and who came out of the battle scatheless, how he felt just
+before the assault. This was his reply: “My right-hand comrade had been
+looking at a rough map with the names of the villages and trenches
+marked in Hindustani. I could read the names, but did not understand the
+map; so just before we started I made up my mind to go to my British
+officer after the battle and get him to teach me. I had no time to think
+of anything else, for just then we advanced.” Splendid fellow! I am glad
+I was not the first German who came across his path; but his simple
+story impressed me much. He was not wondering what was going to happen;
+he was just going to death, if Ishwar so ordained, and if he lived he
+was going to improve his military value.
+
+The half-ruined village of Neuve Chapelle, about to be turned into a
+shambles for the third time, lay but a few hundred yards to the front;
+boggy fields, torn hedges, and numerous ditches blocked the passages of
+the attackers, and the Aubers Ridge beyond looked down on the dead level
+country, so soon to mark the triumph of the Asiatic over the Teuton.
+
+At 8.5 A.M. precisely the Garhwal Brigade rushed to the assault of the
+enemy’s trenches opposite the front he had been holding along the La
+Bassée road. The order of battalions from right to left was:
+
+       1/39th Garhwal Rifles    (Colonel Swiney).
+       2nd Battalion Leicesters (Lieut.-Colonel Gordon).
+       2/3rd Gurkha Rifles      (Lieut.-Colonel Ormsby).
+       2/39th Garhwal Rifles    (Lieut.-Colonel Drake-Brockman).
+
+The 3rd London Regiment was in Brigade reserve.
+
+The assaulting infantry (except the 1/39th Garhwalis) reached their
+first objective without a check, and by 8.30 had pushed through to the
+east side of the road joining Port Arthur with Neuve Chapelle.
+
+The 2/39th, the left battalion of the Brigade, and therefore the one
+nearest the right of the 8th British Division, which was attacking on
+our left, was met by some rifle and machine-gun fire but had soon
+reached the fourth German trench. Scouts were at once sent forward, and
+the consolidation of the position commenced. Simultaneously the advance
+was continued to the outskirts of Neuve Chapelle, where three
+machine-guns and 300 prisoners fell into their hands.
+
+In this advance Naik Jaman Sing Bisht won the Indian Order of Merit by
+fine leading, and Havildar Buta Sing Negi was awarded the same
+decoration. Rifleman Gobar Sing Negi received the Victoria Cross for
+conspicuous bravery and under circumstances so similar to those which
+had won it for his Garhwal comrade of the 1st battalion, viz. Naik
+Darwan Sing Negi, on the 23rd November 1914, near Festubert, that it
+would appear the soldiers from Garhwal firmly believe that the bayonet
+is the best weapon for use in the trenches. He was the leading man of
+the bayonet detachment which accompanied the bombing party; was first to
+rush each traverse, and besides himself bayoneting several Germans drove
+back many more who finally all surrendered. Death claimed him before he
+could receive the Cross which he had so bravely won, but it was awarded
+posthumously, and his family get the monetary award; whilst his name
+will remain a beacon to attract for years his fellow hillmen to the
+2/39th Garhwal Rifles.
+
+Jemadar Ghantu Sing Negi was killed and over 130 casualties were
+suffered by the battalion.
+
+The 2/3rd Gurkhas carried the trenches to their front and secured two
+machine-guns. Having arranged for one company each from the 2/39th and
+Londons to consolidate the line gained, the Gurkhas pushed on, wheeled
+to the right, crossed the Rue du Bois and reached the old British trench
+east of Neuve Chapelle. Quickly entrenching they gained touch with the
+Rifle Brigade of the Fourth Corps on their left. Major A. Tillard on his
+own initiative carried the attack still farther forward towards the
+brewery and captured several prisoners. The Indian Order of Merit was
+conferred on Subadar Bhim Sing Thapa, Lance-Naik Harak Sing Gharti,
+Subadar Major Gambhir, Sing Gurung, Havildar Bahadur Thapa, and Rifleman
+Gane Gurung. This latter gallant fellow was the hero of a melodramatic
+affair. The 2nd Rifle Brigade from the Fourth Army Corps met the Gurkhas
+in the village, and the first thing seen was my friend Gane Gurung, with
+his bayonet very close to the stern of a German, who with seven others
+were being driven off as prisoners, having surrendered _en bloc_ in a
+house to the little Gurkha. Lieut.-Colonel Ormsby was made a C.B.
+
+The 2nd Leicesters also advanced without a check and by 8.30 A.M. had
+gained the road parallel to and east of the Estaires-La Bassée road,
+where the battalion began to entrench itself. It was found, for reasons
+which will be related, that between their right and the left of the
+1/39th a considerable gap existed. Captain Romilly, using his revolver
+freely and followed by a platoon of the Leicesters, bombed back the Huns
+for over a hundred yards of trench and then with the assistance of
+Captain Hobart, R.E., and some sappers who came up opportunely, erected
+a barricade. Hobart was awarded the Military Cross, Sapper Sheikh Abdul
+Rahman the I.O.M., and Colour-Havildar Chagatta, who had previously won
+the I.O.M., was given the Russian Cross of St. George.
+
+Romilly received a well-earned D.S.O., and Captain D. L. Weir, also of
+the same battalion, a Military Cross. The Leicesters are all brave, but
+conspicuous amongst them on this day was Private William Buckingham,
+who, regardless of an inferno of fire, carried in several badly wounded
+men. In doing this he received two severe wounds himself but escaped
+with his life and was awarded the Victoria Cross. Poor fellow! he no
+longer lives to enjoy his reward; he has added one more to the immortal
+dead along the Somme. Several D.C.M.’s were also awarded to N.C.O.’s and
+men of this fine fighting Corps.
+
+In none of these assaults so far had any serious check been caused by
+the enemy’s wire entanglements, these obstacles having been destroyed by
+the artillery, and only in the case of the 2/39th had any considerable
+fire been met before the first trench was reached.
+
+The 1/39th Garhwalis did not fare so well; their assault unfortunately
+took a wrong initial direction, and instead of keeping their left as
+ordered on the Rivière des Layes, swung away to the right. Nevertheless,
+in face of a heavy rifle and machine-gun fire they reached close up to
+the German trenches, but the obstacles had not been destroyed by our
+artillery, as they were not included in the marked zone, and
+consequently the impetus of the rush was broken.
+
+During this check the battalion suffered considerable casualties in
+British officers and Indian ranks. But although the initial error cost
+them dear, it was the occasion for proving the grand material of which
+these fine Garhwal Rifles are made. On no occasion in the history of the
+Indian Corps in France was it better proved what Indians led by British
+officers will assuredly achieve, provided the men have been properly
+trained. The capture of the enemy’s trenches here became a terrible
+struggle, but the 39th would take no denial. Captains Owen, J. E.
+Murray, R. J. Clarke, and Sparrow were killed, whilst Captain Kenny and
+Lieut. Welchman actually reached and entered the trenches before they
+also shared the same fate. Six out of the total of twelve British
+officers gave their lives in a few short moments, and Major MacTier of
+the 2nd Battalion, who had been sent to replace Colonel Swiney
+(wounded), was also killed later on.
+
+                          Faithful unto death.
+
+The check created a gap between the left of the 1/39th and the right of
+the Leicesters. In this gap the Germans held out, and it took much time
+and was not without considerable losses that their trenches were finally
+captured.
+
+The Leicesters seeing how matters stood immediately set to work to clear
+up the situation, and a party under Captain Romilly, as already related,
+using bayonets and hand-grenades, gradually forced the enemy back along
+his trenches. Lieut. G. A. Cammell, R.F.A., on forward observation duty,
+seeing the British officers were being mown down and that some
+hesitation was occurring in the advance, and his telephone communication
+having been destroyed, dashed forward and headed the charge, with some
+Garhwalis by his side; he and a few of the Riflemen were almost
+immediately wounded, and fell, but here again another gallant soldier,
+Corporal V. Thompson, 2nd Black Watch, was quickly on the scene to save
+the officer, and carried him back, being himself wounded while doing so.
+It is pleasant to record that the D.S.O. and D.C.M. were promptly
+bestowed.
+
+Colonel Swiney, the Commander of the 1/39th, who himself related to me
+the doings of his Corps on this day, a brave and modest gentleman, was
+also severely wounded during the morning; but what he did not tell me
+was that he remained on for many long and weary hours, till loss of
+blood forced him to leave his command. Subadar Kedar Sing Rawat and
+other Garhwali officers did very fine work after the British officers
+had been killed and wounded.
+
+Further help was needed before the end could be attained, and this came
+from the Dehra Dun Brigade, whose G.O.C. placed two companies of the 1st
+Seaforths at the disposal of the Garhwal Brigade, and these, together
+with two companies of the 3rd Londons and one company of the 1/39th from
+Port Arthur, finally succeeded in carrying the trenches.
+
+The Seaforth advance was brilliantly seconded by the 3rd Londons and a
+company of the 39th, who carried out a frontal attack with the bayonet
+in a most dashing style, but of course with heavy loss. The 3rd Londons,
+especially in this their first fight, literally covered themselves with
+honour, and I never heard their name mentioned thereafter except in
+terms of the highest praise by all ranks of the Army Corps.
+
+The 1st Seaforths carried out its advance, as it always did, with the
+_élan_ and thoroughness of the pick of the “Old Contemptibles.” Captain
+Wicks, once on my Staff in India, was wounded, one of the very best
+all-round men I ever knew. Captain R. Murray was wounded and died the
+next day. 2nd Lieut. C. H. Kirkaldy was killed, and in this short attack
+the battalion suffered over seventy casualties. Three N.C.O.’s and men
+received the D.C.M.
+
+I recall a story of the Seaforths during one of my expeditions on the
+North-West frontiers of India in 1908. A brigade, after carrying out
+some punitive measures on a large village, was retiring over an open
+plain scored by deep nullahs. The Seaforths formed the rearguard. The
+Afridis, as usual, were following and firing whenever opportunity
+offered, but on such ground they had no chance and were kept at a
+respectful distance. After the expedition was over the chiefs all came
+in to hear the terms of our Government. I asked an old warrior why they
+had not followed us more closely on that day. His answer was: “We did
+not like those Highlanders; they looked as if they wanted us to come on,
+and we had no intention of obliging them.” He was right; the Seaforths
+moved deliberately throughout as if they were spoiling for a fight. It
+was on this same day that my gallant friend Major Hon. Forbes Sempill,
+their C.O., was killed, and the battalion would have given a good deal
+to have had its revenge.
+
+The assault of the 3rd Londons was, as I have already said, a “most
+dashing” one. Officers and men vied with one another to be first into
+the German trenches. Wherever they all came from I cannot say, but
+blessed indeed is the city that can pour forth such men at the call of
+their country. 170 casualties marked their share in the battle. Captain
+Moore received the Military Cross, and a few N.C.O.’s were awarded the
+D.C.M.
+
+The result of all these operations was that the gap in our advance was
+closed, and many wounded Germans surrendered.
+
+The 1/39th Garhwalis paid dearly on this day. By the time they had
+reached the objective assigned to them in the assault the battalion had
+been severely mauled, and its subsequent losses brought its total
+casualties to 330 out of a strength which did not exceed 600 all told.
+Every British officer was either killed or wounded before the fighting
+at Neuve Chapelle ended.
+
+Captain J. Taylor, I.M.S., in medical charge of the battalion, was
+awarded the D.S.O. on Colonel Swiney’s special recommendation for
+gallant conduct and devotion to duty.
+
+During the attack of the Garhwal Brigade the Dehra Dun Brigade had moved
+up in close support. At 10.45 A.M. the Jalandar Brigade also was ordered
+to move to Richebourg St. Vaast, and later, at 2.30 P.M., the Sirhind
+Brigade was ordered to Vieille Chapelle and La Couture.
+
+By 11 A.M. the Dehra Dun Brigade (less 1st Seaforths, detailed to assist
+the 1/39th Garhwalis’ advance) was ready to issue from the trenches
+along the La Bassée road and to advance to the attack of the Bois du
+Biez. Since, however, at that hour the enemy was still holding out in
+the trenches between the Leicesters and the 1/39th Garhwalis (who were
+isolated) this attack was postponed. The delay was most unfortunate, as
+had it been carried out on the heels of the first assault, great results
+might have been achieved.
+
+As will be seen later, even as it was the Bois du Biez might have fallen
+to us, but the inability of the British Brigade of the Eighth Division,
+on our left, to advance prevented it, and on this and the following days
+for the same cause an advance into the Bois du Biez became an
+impossibility, as our left flank was entirely enfiladed.
+
+As I stood that morning expectantly by the telephone, awaiting the first
+news of the results of our assault, it seemed as if ages were rolling
+by, but when the news came, it was one of the moments I often live
+again. “Practically all our first objectives captured.” “Hurrah!” I
+shouted, and with such energy that, as the French women at the back of
+the house afterwards told me, they thought a bomb had burst inside. And
+so it had! The bomb was the birth of a new life for India; the story
+that the cables would bear throughout the world, viz. that the Indians,
+led by British officers, could drive Germans from their own deliberately
+selected entrenchments. That the men who had fought against us from
+Seringapatam to Assaye, at Moodkee and Chillianwala, at Delhi, Lucknow,
+and Tirah, all classes, creeds, and clans, had banded together under the
+Union Jack, and trusting in the inviolable word of England’s King and
+the proven valour of their white leaders, had inaugurated a new era in
+the history of Hindustan.
+
+At 3.15 P.M. orders were received from the First Army to push on to the
+Bois du Biez, and instructions were issued for the Dehra Dun Brigade to
+advance, supported by two battalions of the Jalandar Brigade (the 1st
+Manchesters and 47th Sikhs), which had now come under the orders of the
+Meerut Division. The deployment for attack along the road running
+south-west from Neuve Chapelle was not completed until 4.30 P.M., and it
+was nearly dark by the time the troops reached the line of the river
+Layes. By 6.30 P.M. a portion of the Brigade had reached the western
+edge of the wood, guided in the pitch darkness by a burning house on its
+extreme north-west corner.
+
+The leading companies of the 2nd Gurkhas under Major Watt and Captain
+Dallas Smith crossed the road, occupied some houses, and commenced to
+dig in at the edge of the wood. Major H. Nicolay was killed during this
+operation. A portion of the 9th Gurkhas on the left of the 2nd Gurkhas
+also reached the wood. In this advance both battalions moved with the
+greatest steadiness under rifle and machine-gun fire from both flanks,
+but although suffering casualties, had soon placed portable bridges
+across the Layes river and reached the farthest limit attained during
+the battle. Subadar Mehar Sing Khattri, 9th Gurkhas, was awarded the
+I.O.M. for his daring leading, and Major Watt was gazetted a D.S.O. Of
+the conduct of the 4th Seaforths, who were in support of the Gurkhas,
+General Jacob wrote: “The 4th Seaforths (Territorials) showed itself to
+be the equal of any Regular Regiment.”
+
+The Germans, realising the position, now made a special effort to turn
+our left flank, but the 9th Gurkhas were equally determined that the
+attempt should fail, and Lieut. Murray, with a machine-gun, very
+opportunely stopped the movement. He received the Military Cross for his
+gallant conduct on this and subsequent days.
+
+At 8.7 P.M., 10th March, Jacob, after a consultation with his Battalion
+Commanders, decided to withdraw from the wood to the line of the Layes.
+This operation was rendered necessary by the fact that the British
+Brigade on our left was unable to make any further advance beyond the
+line of the old British trench, which they had captured earlier in the
+day. The left flank of the Dehra Dun Brigade was therefore entirely in
+the air and exposed to machine-gun fire, and to have held on to the wood
+would only have meant being cut off and adding another long list to the
+“missing.”
+
+The First Army Commander considered that Jacob should have held on, but
+he was not in a position to judge, and the decision to get back to the
+Layes was, in the opinion of all those cognisant of the real state of
+affairs, a correct one.
+
+The position was in fact somewhat similar to that of the 8th Gurkhas six
+months later at the fight near Mauquissart during the battle of Loos. In
+this case the 8th gallantly held on till it was too late to retire, and
+paid a terribly heavy toll.
+
+During the move back from the wood the following riflemen of the 2nd
+Gurkhas behaved with great courage and received the I.O.M.: Hastobir
+Roka, Partiman Gurung, Ujir Sing Gurung, Manjit Gurung, and Jagtia Pun.
+
+At the time the point regarding the position in the wood was much
+discussed, and it is only fair to the battalions concerned to say that
+they did all they were asked to do. If any man could have remained,
+without quite needlessly undue risk, that man was General Jacob. I quote
+from his report: “If the Eighth Division had been able to co-operate
+with me, I would have been able to maintain myself on the edge of the
+wood. As it was I found myself with my left flank enfiladed. The right
+flank of the Brigade was also in the air. My information showed me that
+the wood was held by the enemy.” He then states that he intended to
+continue the advance next morning and had issued his orders for this
+advance, but that it was impracticable unless the Brigade on his left
+also co-operated.
+
+The situation at 9 P.M., 10th March, was as follows:
+
+  MEERUT DIVISION
+
+  _Dehra Dun Brigade_ (less 1st Seaforths).—On line of river Layes
+  south-east of the village of Neuve Chapelle. Both flanks in the air.
+
+  _Garhwal Brigade_ (plus 1st Seaforths).—Holding and strengthening a
+  line parallel to and about 200 yards east of the road running from
+  Neuve Chapelle to Port Arthur, with the right practically on the La
+  Bassée road.
+
+  _Bareilly Brigade._—In original trenches along the Rue du Bois.
+
+  LAHORE DIVISION
+
+  _Jalandar Brigade_ (temporarily at the disposal of Meerut
+  Division).—In and about the Rue des Berceaux and in Neuve Chapelle.
+
+  _Sirhind Brigade._—Vieille Chapelle and La Couture.
+
+  _Ferozepore Brigade._—Calonne.
+
+The night of 10th March passed without any particular incident, but work
+went on incessantly in strengthening all positions gained.
+
+The Garhwal Brigade, divided into three sections, had its left in touch
+with the Rifle Brigade on our left, which battalion was, however, some
+200 yards farther to the rear. The left section was commanded by
+Lieut.-Colonel Ormsby, 2/3rd Gurkhas, a soldier who loved his battalion
+but had the great virtue of never concealing any faults of his men, and
+from him I often obtained the greatest assistance in matters of
+discipline.
+
+Lieut.-Colonel Gordon, 2nd Leicesters, had charge of the centre section,
+and where that Corps was stationed there was never any chance for the
+enemy.
+
+Lieut.-Colonel Ritchie, 1st Seaforths, commanded the right section,
+consisting of his own battalion, the 3rd Londons, and the 1/39th Garhwal
+Rifles. Ritchie was a most reliable officer, and in a short report
+written on the spot, the Brigadier had added: “I am much indebted to
+Colonel Ritchie for the efficient organisation and command of his
+section.”
+
+Orders had been issued from First Army at 3.45 P.M. placing one
+battalion of the First Corps at our disposal. This battalion was to be
+employed in working down the enemy’s trenches, parallel to the Rue du
+Bois, starting from near Port Arthur, but for various reasons this order
+was cancelled at 12.45 A.M. on the 11th.
+
+
+
+
+                              CHAPTER XVI
+
+
+The attack of the Dehra Dun Brigade was to have been renewed at 7 A.M.
+on the 11th March and all orders had been issued. By 6.30 A.M. the
+Jalandar Brigade had commenced to arrive at Neuve Chapelle in support of
+Dehra Dun, but there was still no sign of any advance by the British
+Brigade on our left.
+
+At 8 A.M. General Jacob himself visited the Rifle Brigade, but was
+informed by the C.O. that “he had distinct orders not to attack without
+further orders.” The 2/39th Garhwalis, who had been detailed to move to
+the right to protect the flank of the Brigade as it advanced, reported
+themselves in position, and that the enemy was crowding into the
+trenches straight to their front, whilst the houses and edge of the wood
+were manned with machine-guns and men.
+
+The 2nd Gurkhas were being enfiladed from their left, and the 9th
+Gurkhas facing the Germans at 100 yards with the river between them,
+were held up. The mist during the morning made observation very
+difficult, and it was not possible to bring artillery fire to bear on
+the points whence the attack was being retained.
+
+During the morning of 11th March Jemadar Shibdhoj Mal of the 1/9th
+Gurkhas won the Indian Order of Merit for bringing in, with the help of
+some of his men, several wounded, under very heavy fire.
+
+By 12 noon on the 11th it was found that the attack of the Dehra Dun
+Brigade could not continue under the conditions, and I issued orders for
+it to be renewed on the Bois du Biez at 2.15 P.M., with the Jalandar
+Brigade in support. Both Brigades got into preparatory formation, but
+the same causes prevented an advance. As it gradually became apparent
+that nothing further could be done that afternoon, fresh orders were
+issued for the relief of the Dehra Dun Brigade and for the attack to be
+renewed on 12th; the Sirhind Brigade of the Lahore Division being placed
+at the disposal of the Meerut Division for the purpose. This Brigade had
+been ordered up at 7.45 A.M. to Richebourg St. Vaast.
+
+The Dehra Dun Brigade eventually moved back after nightfall to the
+vicinity of Lestrem, in Army reserve, and the Ferozepore Brigade was
+directed on Richebourg, to arrive there on morning of 12th. The First
+Army had sent a message saying that the Indian Corps should keep in
+touch with Eighth Division, but this had, as already explained, been
+done all along, the 9th Gurkhas being in touch with the right of the
+Rifle Brigade, which corps was directly behind their left. Some
+confusion existed as to the dividing line between them, the two attacks
+overlapping, both Brigades having been given two common objectives.
+
+Throughout this day the Dehra Dun Brigade had been subjected to constant
+shell-fire and suffered considerably. Whilst this delay was being
+caused, some platoons of the 4th Seaforths rose up and doubled forward,
+and in doing so had to pass through a heavy machine-gun fire, but
+nothing ever dismayed that gallant Corps, which was reported by the
+Brigadier as advancing during the battle “with a confidence and
+self-reliance that left little to be desired.”
+
+The C.O., Lieut.-Colonel MacFarlane, and the Second in Command, Major
+Cuthbert, were both severely wounded. I can see them now as I first saw
+them in France: two gallant gentlemen who at once gave me the impression
+of being real “cool-headed Scots,” who would enjoy nothing more than a
+tough scrap with a good few Boches.
+
+I will revert to the Bareilly Brigade, which, as already narrated, was
+holding our original front trenches, and had divided their line into two
+sub-sections. Before the opening of the battle, advanced picquets had
+been withdrawn and all houses in the Rue du Bois evacuated, in case they
+should be shelled by the enemy. The main line of defences had been fully
+manned, and Brigade reserves were in position by 4 A.M. on the morning
+of 10th March.
+
+Port Arthur was evacuated by the garrison for the period of our obstacle
+and wire-cutting bombardment, but rifle and machine-gun fire was
+maintained. A German aeroplane which had made an early trip over our
+lines had spotted the gathering of troops, and shortly after a rain of
+shells was poured into the redoubt, and caused many casualties. The
+Leicesters and 1/39th suffered somewhat severely, and the 2nd Black
+Watch also had over thirty.
+
+Communication trenches to connect our own line with the captured German
+works had been pushed forward, and three companies of the 4th Black
+Watch moved up to take over the _points d’appui_ which were being
+established. Shortly afterwards this battalion was withdrawn, but it
+reads strangely, in the light of after events, that “it was found
+difficult to keep proper communication with this unit as it had no
+telephone equipment.”
+
+I must digress a moment. “No telephone equipment!” Think of it, those
+who later on fought so bravely but under what different conditions. The
+Indian battalions at least had their ordinary equipment, though at first
+on a very meagre scale, and if we owed nothing else to the parsimony of
+the Indian Government in connection with all things militant, we
+nevertheless owed them one debt of gratitude, and that was, that perhaps
+of all the troops in the field in France during the winter of 1914–15,
+the Indian Corps felt least the lack of necessaries, simply because it
+never realised that a shortage existed; for when things were at their
+very lowest ebb they still were in excess of anything we had been
+accustomed to in India, even in our palmiest and most festal Durbar
+days.
+
+Before this war I never discussed with Indian officers the policy of the
+Government of India in regard to the Army. They knew the position fairly
+well, but with an inborn good feeling they seldom ventured to do
+anything more than touch casually on what was notoriously the intense
+stinginess practised towards the soldiery. If any of those high
+dignitaries yclept Members of Council should read anything I write, they
+may perhaps feel a passing shame in the thought that whilst they
+themselves, to use a slang phrase, always “did themselves well,”
+soldiers of all ranks below at any rate that of Major-General were
+treated as outcasts in a financial point of view, at all and every large
+political or social gathering, at which the civilians lived in luxury,
+sometimes casting an eye of patronage on their military “brethren,”
+whilst the latter, who had perhaps been undergoing very severe training
+at manœuvres, and had only arrived in Durbar camps at the eleventh hour
+(in order to make a show in scarlet and gold for the glorification of
+the aforesaid civilians), were consigned to some outlying sandhills and
+told to shift for themselves: no water supply prepared, no wood at hand
+for fires, and no preparations for sanitation.
+
+Yes, I have in my mind some very vivid recollections of many such
+scenes, and they are recalled to me by the remembrance of incidents at
+Neuve Chapelle. On this occasion the fault lay not with India, but that
+it passed almost unnoticed in the Corps was, as I have said, because the
+members of that Corps had been bred in an atmosphere of civilian
+selfishness so abysmal that they failed to realise they were no longer
+in the shiny East, but were actually considered as good as their
+fellows, and would be so treated.
+
+During the fighting, 10th to 11th March, the Dehra Dun Brigade sustained
+over 570 casualties. General Jacob and Colonel Widdicombe, 1/9th
+Gurkhas, were given the C.B., and Major Boileau, 2/2nd Gurkhas, was
+promoted to Brevet Lieut.-Colonel.
+
+The attack on 11th March was to have been supported by the Jalandar
+Brigade, but, as already described, it could not be carried out, and the
+Jalandars in consequence remained out in the preparatory positions they
+had assumed for the advance, under a heavy shell and rifle fire. Brigade
+Headquarters here had no luck: three different tumbledown houses
+selected were shelled in turn, till at last four of the signalling
+section were wounded by one projectile which plumped into the room they
+were working in.
+
+This Brigade underwent a two days’ fiery ordeal, both in support and in
+moving up to Neuve Chapelle. They had been very exposed and subjected to
+a ceaseless fire from big and light guns, in addition to machine-guns
+and rifles, and nearly 600 casualties resulted. Some of the units became
+much disorganised and broken up, but in Brigadier-General Strickland
+they fortunately possessed a commander whom no losses could deter. I
+remember well his quiet verbal description of the whole incidents, and
+his unfaltering faith in his Brigade, happen what might. Included in
+this was his own battalion of Manchesters, a model Corps.
+
+At 8.30 P.M., 11th March, the situation was as follows:
+
+ MEERUT DIVISION.—At original Report Centre at Vieille Chapelle.
+   _Dehra Dun Brigade._—Marching back to La Couture.
+   _Garhwal Brigade._—Holding line gained on the first day.
+   _Bareilly Brigade._—Holding original line on the Rue du Bois.
+
+ LAHORE DIVISION.—Headquarters at La Couture.
+   _Ferozepore Brigade._—South of Lestrem.
+   _Jalandar Brigade._—Vicinity of Rue des Berceaux.
+   _Sirhind Brigade._—In Neuve Chapelle.
+
+During the night Neuve Chapelle was heavily bombarded by the enemy.
+
+The Jalandar Brigade did not long remain in their new situation, as at
+midnight they were warned to be in position by 7 A.M. on 12th March, to
+carry out a fresh attack in conjunction with the Sirhind Brigade.
+
+Before relating the story of this advance I must tell of a great
+counter-attack made by the enemy. About 5.30 A.M. on the morning of 12th
+March, as darkness began to give place to light, the Germans launched an
+attack, which covered the whole front of the Garhwal Brigade and
+partially enveloped its right. Preceded by a heavy shell-fire on Roomes
+trench and almost immediately after on the Crescent and Port Arthur, the
+massed enemy came on. The 5th and 18th Brigades R.F.A. soon found their
+targets, and masses of Germans were literally mown down by their fire
+and that of every rifle and machine-gun in the vicinity. The garrison of
+the “Orchard” also opened fire. The waves came on until within 100 yards
+of our trenches, when they melted away, leaving many hundreds of dead
+and more wounded strewing the ground in front of the Brigade. On this
+day the Indian troops had a real taste of killing, and a sepoy said to
+me, “It was like a hot-weather dust storm in India and looked as if it
+must pass over us; but at the very moment of reaching us it was as if a
+fierce rain had suddenly extinguished it.”
+
+Captain Lodwick, 2/3rd Gurkhas, the machine-gun officer of the Garhwal
+Brigade, was awarded the D.S.O. for personal bravery and the manner in
+which he had used his massed guns.
+
+On the right of the 1/39th the Germans tried to work up the trenches and
+eventually came into the open; here they again met with a tempest of
+fire and were literally wiped out. Lieut. Mankelow, machine-gun
+commander of this battalion, was in great measure responsible for their
+repulse. He was awarded the Military Cross.
+
+The enemy consisted of various units of the 6th Bavarian Reserve
+Division and troops from the XIXth Corps, who had been rushed up from
+Roubaix and hastily pushed into the counter-attack. Another attempt made
+by them about 9 A.M. was also repulsed.
+
+At 7.15 A.M., 12th March, Captain J. Inglis, 2nd Black Watch, had by a
+very smart local attack from the Crescent rushed and captured seventy
+prisoners.
+
+During the 11th-12th March, the 2/8th Gurkhas were employed in carrying
+ammunition from the Brigade reserve to forward depots in close proximity
+to the trenches. General Blackader reported that this duty was admirably
+performed under heavy shell-fire. I am glad to record this here, as this
+battalion had met with very ill-luck immediately it entered the war zone
+in October 1914, and was again in September to go through a thrilling
+experience, one which practically destroyed it but has perpetuated its
+name.
+
+Another instance of the shortage of war material in those days I can
+recall. The 4th Londons, when pushed up on one occasion to replace the
+41st Dogras, had to move up into the trenches without telephones or
+operators, and communications had to be maintained by orderlies alone.
+
+By 6.10 A.M., 12th March, headquarters of the Jalandar Brigade were
+established in Neuve Chapelle, and units gradually arrived there. As
+already told, they had suffered very heavy losses, and it speaks well
+for these gallant officers and men that, with nearly 600 killed and
+wounded out of 2600 actually engaged, and having had to take their
+punishment whilst in a semi-passive state themselves, they were ready,
+nay eager, for the attack which was now at hand.
+
+The final orders to the Meerut Division had been issued at 3 A.M. on
+12th, directing the attack on the Bois du Biez to be resumed at 11 A.M.;
+the Jalandar and Sirhind Brigades of the Lahore Division being placed at
+the disposal of General Anderson.
+
+It will be readily understood by all soldiers that in a battle of this
+nature the mixing up of brigades and their transfer temporarily from one
+division to another, was unavoidable. The objective remained almost
+always the same; the Divisional Headquarters were more or less fixed,
+and the necessity of relieving tired units was imperative, and so long
+as the objective had not been obtained it was essential that unity of
+command should not be broken. Later in the battle, as will be seen, the
+main attack was placed under General Keary’s orders, who by that time
+had his whole Division (Lahore) under his own command.
+
+The combined attack of these two Brigades was made under the orders of
+Brigadier-General Walker, V.C., Indian Army, then in command of the
+Sirhind Brigade. He was an old 4th Gurkha officer, had served his life
+with that race of men, and wore the Victoria Cross for conspicuous
+gallantry in Somaliland.
+
+The formations ordered were as follows. The attack was to be made on a
+two-brigade front, Sirhind on the right, with the 1st Highland Light
+Infantry and the 1/4th Gurkhas in front line, and the 1/1st Gurkhas and
+15th Sikhs in support. The Jalandar Brigade on the left of the Sirhind
+had on its own left the 1st Manchesters, in touch with the 25th Brigade,
+8th Division, Fourth Army Corps; next on the right was the 47th Sikhs,
+fine fighters always; and on the right of all, the remnants of the
+Suffolks and 59th Rifles; leaving no troops to form a Brigade reserve.
+The frontage allotted to the Brigade made a total of about 900 yards.
+
+The hour for the attack had been fixed for 11 A.M., but an order from
+the First Army postponed it for two hours, on account of the
+difficulties of registration due to the misty atmosphere.
+
+Bavarian prisoners of the 16th and 21st Regiments who had surrendered,
+stated that the enemy in the Bois du Biez had been strongly reinforced
+that morning; however, Germans kept coming in all day and surrendering
+in small parties; they stated they had had no food, and looked cold and
+hungry.
+
+I several times personally interviewed German prisoners during my year
+in France, but I seldom came across the truculent specimens one reads
+of; most of those I saw appeared very glad to be on the British side of
+the trenches, and of one, at least, after this battle, I have an amusing
+story to tell.
+
+About 11 A.M., 12th March, the Brigadier received a report from one of
+his battalions, the 4th Suffolks, that this unit then consisted of but
+140 rank and file, and at the same time the 59th Rifles reported a total
+strength of 125 men. The shortage had been caused largely by the
+casualties both battalions had suffered, but also by the fact that many
+of the men were wandering about dazed by the intense shell-fire, and
+unable to follow their units. Some gradually rejoined, but meantime, as
+the hour for the attack was nearing, Strickland was obliged to readjust
+his formations, reducing frontage and bringing his reserve battalion,
+the 59th Rifles, into the first line, thus dispensing with a Brigade
+reserve altogether.
+
+No reserve! and two battalions numbering 270 men between them: the Corps
+was often expected to make bricks without straw. This reminds me of a
+native of India who once explained to me, that the reason why the old
+Mogul emperors used very small bricks for all the monuments round Delhi,
+was that they cost less than large ones. Perhaps he was thinking of the
+Government of modern India.
+
+At 1 P.M., 12th March, it was reported that the attack of the 25th
+British Brigade on our left had progressed 100 yards. Just previously
+about a hundred Germans hurried across from their lines and surrendered.
+By 2.10 P.M. the Jalandar Brigade was held up, as it found itself in
+advance of the British Brigade on its left, and was now under a severe
+enfilade and oblique fire from machine-guns and rifles.
+
+Nevertheless, some 200 yards had been gained, but any further advance
+became impossible, as the left flank was entirely exposed to a hail of
+bullets. The right of the Brigade made slightly more progress, but to no
+appreciable extent. In two lines the Manchesters pushed through a heavy
+fire and reached our most advanced positions, losing considerably _en
+route_.
+
+The 47th Sikhs, next on the right, advanced with their usual stoicism.
+Six British officers were wounded in quick succession, but the officers
+of this good Khalsa regiment feared nothing; perhaps more caution was
+needed (?) but praise be to God, such men are not uncommon in the Indian
+Army. Subadar Harnam Singh and Captain A. M. Brown were killed. The
+I.O.M. was the award of two gallant men, Sepoy Rur Singh and Havildar
+Gajjan Singh. The Subadar was posthumously awarded the Order of British
+India.
+
+In the 59th Rifles the C.O., Lieut.-Colonel Eliott-Lockhart, was wounded
+whilst moving up to the trenches, and died of his wounds. He had done
+his service in that fine corps the Guides, and had only recently got his
+new command. He was one of the most refined, gallant, and attractive men
+you could meet. In him we lost a tower of strength, and his battalion
+deeply felt the blow. Captains P. Hore and T. Reed shared the fate of
+their colonel. The first-class Order of Merit (a very rare decoration)
+was conferred on Sepoy Zarif Khan. I knew Zarif well.
+
+The 4th Suffolks on the two days 11th and 12th March lost Captain S.
+Garrett, Lieut. H. Row, and twenty-six men killed, while four officers
+and 174 other ranks were wounded. When I first saw the Territorial
+battalions which were sent to the Corps, I wondered how they would get
+on with Indians. After their very first fights, wherever they took
+place, I ceased to wonder. I then knew very well, for there is no one
+the sepoy more quickly likes than a fighting Englishman, and he found
+them in plenty.
+
+The attack of the Sirhind Brigade was made with two battalions in front
+line, 1/4th Gurkhas and 1st Highland Light Infantry, supported by 15th
+Sikhs and 1/1st Gurkhas, the last in reserve. The 4th Liverpools were
+held in hand for any special work.
+
+The H.L.I. swept over the open ground, nor stayed their advance until
+they were in the German trenches after a sharp bayonet duel, capturing
+nearly 200 prisoners. The losses of this battalion at Neuve Chapelle
+were very heavy. Of the officers eight were killed, five wounded, and
+among other ranks there were 240 casualties. Sergeant-Major A. G. House
+and a few N.C.O.’s and men were awarded Distinguished Conduct Medals,
+and they were indeed well earned. I mentioned six officers in my
+despatch, but was unfortunate in not being able to procure any rewards
+to mark their gallantry, although I made every effort to do so. Of these
+Captain W. Stewart had already been awarded the D.S.O. at Givenchy in
+December 1914.
+
+The 4th Gurkhas did not have full opportunity on this occasion of
+showing their mettle, but in the performance of very gallant deeds Major
+D. Young was killed, and Rifleman Wazir Sing Burathoki and Jemadar
+Gangabir Gurung earned the I.O.M. Captain Collins was awarded the D.S.O.
+for conspicuous bravery, when with his company he rushed a German
+trench, accounting for a large number of prisoners, besides many killed.
+
+The 1/1st Gurkhas lost their Adjutant, Captain G. S. Kennedy, and
+suffered a total of seventy casualties.
+
+In the 15th Sikhs an old comrade of mine, Subadar Gajjan Singh, was
+killed.
+
+In writing the story of any action in which one has been in command of a
+part of the attacking troops, it is only natural to try and confine
+criticism to one’s own restricted front; but in order to explain matters
+it is also necessary to refer to those who were co-actors in the drama.
+In this battle there is no sort of doubt that the advance of the Indian
+Corps, after the initial success in rushing our objectives in Neuve
+Chapelle, was severely handicapped by the inability of the Eighth
+British Division of the Fourth Corps to make more rapid progress. All I
+know is that the most gallant attempts to advance of the Brigade on our
+immediate left, after the capture of the ground gained in their first
+assault, proved unavailing; and in consequence, for long hours, running
+even into days, we were unable to push our advantage.
+
+This is not the opinion of one person, but the verdict of every
+Brigadier of the Indian Corps engaged in this part of the battlefield;
+explicit reports which I have in my possession give the exact hours in
+explanation of my statement.
+
+It was a pity it was so, for had the troops on our left been able to
+push on, the First Army might have made a greater success of Neuve
+Chapelle than it turned out to be, and it is well to point out that the
+Indian Corps, during its year in France, did occasionally carry out its
+instructions, but did not always receive the credit in its own Army.
+Read the remarks of First Army attached to the Order of the Day issued
+by the Commander-in-Chief after Neuve Chapelle, and compare it with
+similar Orders of later times. But the Indian Corps had not come from
+the Dominions! Did the words “British soldiers” include Indians? I
+wonder.
+
+It was different with the Commander-in-Chief, who did us the honour of
+specifically mentioning the “Indian Corps” by name in his despatch of
+5th April 1915.
+
+The only comment made to me by the First Army Commander regarding the
+battle was, that if the Brigadier in front of the Bois du Biez had been
+a tactician, he would never have left the wood once he had gained a
+footing in it. Perhaps his vast experience since those early days may
+make him take a more lenient view of our shortcomings in 1915. In any
+case that same Brigadier rose to the rank of Lieutenant-General in
+France.
+
+To resume my story. At 4.40 P.M. on the 12th March General Strickland
+was informed by Walker that there would be another artillery bombardment
+from 5 to 5.15 P.M., at which hour the infantry would again attack.
+
+During this period the O.C. 47th Sikhs reported that his unit then
+consisted of but five British and seven Indian officers, and about 130
+men “as far as he could ascertain”; whilst the Manchesters reported the
+battalion as “very much reduced.”
+
+By 5.45 P.M. on the 12th it was rumoured that the Sirhind Brigade had
+reached the Layes river, and it was enjoined on all units that the
+attack should be carried out “vigorously,” as the British Brigade on our
+left was to assault at the same hour. For various reasons the
+bombardment did not take place, in fact, till later, and at 6.5 P.M. the
+Jalandar and Sirhind Brigades made their attempt to advance. Meantime,
+General Keary, commanding the Lahore Division, had taken over all the
+troops of his Division, and issued orders for the capture of the Bois du
+Biez “at all costs.” Still no advance was made on our left, and after
+covering a very short distance the forward rush was again stayed by the
+deadly oblique and machine-gun fire from the German trenches. Casualties
+were accumulating, and the wearied troops were getting done up after
+their trials of two whole days without rest.
+
+However, I received fresh orders at 7.20 P.M. for an attack by the whole
+of the Lahore Division. Without going into details which would interest
+no one, these orders were found to be impracticable during the hours of
+darkness, over unknown ground, and I most reluctantly felt obliged to
+hold them in abeyance. I feel sure the G.O.C. First Army when he found
+what the situation really was, agreed with my decision. At 10 P.M.
+orders were received to suspend further forward operations and to
+consolidate our gains. The Jalandar Brigade was withdrawn to the Rue de
+Berceaux, where it had already once moved back the previous day.
+
+The battle was fought and won. We had not done all that was hoped for;
+we had not captured the Aubers Ridge (nor did we succeed in doing so
+until three years later), but as far as the Corps was concerned we had
+shown that Indians will face any enemy.
+
+How changed are some of our notions regarding the enemy, and how
+different became our orders as the war went on, from those which
+prevailed before Neuve Chapelle. I recall how, after a conference held
+before the battle, I left with the impression that Army Headquarters
+would shortly, in all probability, be advanced some miles. Places were
+named; the _moral_ of the Germans was placed at a low ebb; and perhaps
+to encourage all ranks, perhaps because the higher authorities really
+believed it, the general impression left on me was that the Hun was on
+the eve of receiving a blow so severe that it would be with difficulty
+he could recover. Second Ypres, Loos, the Somme, Verdun, Amiens, and
+other mighty battles had not then been fought.
+
+As an indication I will quote only one message received by me during the
+battle. It was issued at 3.6 P.M., 12th March, by the First Army:
+
+  Information indicates that enemy in our front are much demoralised.
+  Fourth Corps and Indian Corps must push forward at once regardless of
+  the enemy’s fire, using reserves as may be required. Fifth Cavalry
+  Brigade has been ordered on Piètre. Second Cavalry Division has been
+  ordered up.
+
+How often was that splendid cavalry “ordered up”; but although always
+ready to do or die, the day was still far distant when the sabre and
+lance could be used to destroy the “much demoralised” enemy.
+
+Neuve Chapelle was the biggest battle up to that time in which Indians,
+as a body, had ever taken a share. It marks the beginning of a new era
+in the history of that wondrous land; it proved the solidarity of our
+Empire in the East; it opened new fields to the peoples of Hindustan,
+and it was a living proof of the genius of our race to weld into one
+Imperial whole, people so diverse in colour, race, and creed. Are we on
+the eve of undoing our own great work? Are we, in our desire to grant
+equality to all and every race, rushing towards the goal of an ultimate
+dissolution? In the words of the African proverb I would say,
+
+                    Softly, softly, catchee monkey.
+
+The total casualties of the British Army in the battle amounted to
+nearly 13,000 officers and men; of which the Indian Corps sustained a
+loss in killed of forty-one British and twenty-two Indian officers, 364
+British and 408 Indian other ranks. Wounded, ninety-one British and
+thirty-six Indian officers, 1461 British and 1495 Indian soldiers;
+whilst the total reported as “Missing” numbered 315. When the actual
+numbers engaged are calculated it will be seen that the Indian Corps
+bore its full share of the losses.
+
+The net result of the operations was to advance the line held by the
+Indian Corps by about 1000 yards at its northern extremity, and to
+straighten out the dangerous salient known as Port Arthur—a point which
+had always been a considerable source of anxiety to the various Corps
+who had been responsible for holding it. The losses inflicted on the
+enemy by the Indian Corps amounted to five machine-guns captured, twelve
+officers and 617 men prisoners. Their losses in dead amounted to 2000 on
+the front captured by the Indian Corps. After the battle I viewed the
+ground to our immediate front, from a ruined tower near the trenches,
+and in places it was thick with bodies.
+
+Every Brigadier engaged brought prominently to notice the excellent
+spirit that had prevailed throughout all ranks, and it was a great
+pleasure to me to visit every unit, combatant and non-combatant, that
+had in any degree shared in winning our first Indian offensive victory.
+The delight of the men was very visible, and the toils and hardships of
+the long weary winter were soon effaced.
+
+Of the units engaged, some I have not so far in this book
+particularised. The 41st Dogras was serving its maiden campaign. Raised
+at Jalandar in 1900, by an old brother officer of my own, as the 41st
+(Dogra) Regiment of Bengal Infantry, the battalion received its present
+title in 1903. It was a class regiment, and suffered very heavy losses
+only eight weeks after Neuve Chapelle.
+
+The 107th Pioneers was originally raised in 1788, as the 4th Battalion
+of Bombay Sepoys. In 1900 it was turned into a Pioneer Corps and became
+the 107th Pioneers in 1903. Mysore, Seringapatam, and other famous names
+record its war services.
+
+The 9th Gurkhas was raised in 1817. Till 1894 it bore the name of the
+Bengal Infantry in one shape or form, but in that year became Gurkha
+Rifles, and its present designation dates from 1904, in which year also
+a second battalion was added. Amongst their battle honours are Bhurtpore
+and Sobraon.
+
+The 15th Lancers (Cureton’s Multanis), the Lahore Divisional Cavalry
+regiment, was raised in 1858 by Captain Cureton and was then known as
+the “Multani Regiment of Cavalry,” and received its present designation
+in 1903. It was composed of four squadrons of Musalmans from the Derajat
+and Cis-Indus. The regiment fought in Afghanistan 1878–80.
+
+During the fighting many acts of distinguished bravery besides those I
+have described could be recorded had I space, but a few must be
+mentioned. Naik Khan Zaman of the Lahore Divisional Signalling Company
+was brought to notice for his extraordinary coolness in repairing
+telephone lines under very heavy fire. Lieutenant Steven, 4th Black
+Watch, most gallantly headed a successful charge on a German redoubt. He
+received the Military Cross. Corporal W. Gurdon of the Calcutta
+Volunteer Rifles proved himself a very gallant soldier. He was doing
+duty with the Meerut Signal Company and was awarded the D.C.M. Private
+Duffy of the Highland Light Infantry brought in several wounded under a
+very galling fire, and received the D.C.M.
+
+The Fourth Army Corps, which with the Indian Corps carried out the
+attack on Neuve Chapelle, was then commanded by Lieut.-General Sir Henry
+Rawlinson. Of all the Corps Commanders I knew him best, and working with
+him was a real pleasure. He is so straight and fearless, two unsurpassed
+qualities in a great leader, and such he has indeed proved himself in
+the Great War.
+
+[Illustration: NEUVE CHAPELLE 10^{th} TO 13^{th} MARCH 1915.]
+
+
+
+
+                              CHAPTER XVII
+
+
+Neuve Chapelle will always remain a great name with Indians, for they
+fought right gallantly; they fought as a Corps, with a definite
+objective, and they gained a decided victory over the highly trained
+army of Germany. We were superior in numbers on the actual front
+attacked; we had, it is true, a superiority in guns, and the attack came
+as a complete surprise to the Huns; nevertheless, theirs was at that
+time the most efficient army in the world, flushed with success,
+believing itself invincible, and professing to despise the Indian
+soldier. The German race, no matter what its writers may say in the
+years to come, will, so far from despising, respect the soldiers of
+India, who have established for all time on the sodden plains of
+Flanders and in many other theatres of the Great War a reputation that
+cannot die.
+
+On the 14th March Sir John French sent me the following telegram:
+
+  I have cabled following to Viceroy of India. Begins. “I am glad to be
+  able to inform Your Excellency that the Indian troops under Sir James
+  Willcocks fought with great gallantry and marked success in the
+  capture of Neuve Chapelle and subsequent fighting, which took place on
+  the 10th, 11th, 12th and 13th of this month. The fighting was very
+  severe and the losses heavy, but nothing daunted them; their tenacity,
+  courage, and endurance were admirable and worthy of the best
+  traditions of the soldiers of India. Message ends.” Please make this
+  known to the Corps under your command. Accept yourself, and repeat to
+  all troops, my warm and hearty appreciation of their services and my
+  gratitude for the help they have rendered, which has so much conduced
+  to the success of the operations.
+
+Such a generous tribute to the Indian Corps coming from the great
+Field-Marshal immediately after the battle was equal to a strong
+reinforcement, and his appreciation of my own efforts was not only the
+highest reward I could have received, but determined me to hold fast to
+my command under any circumstances.
+
+On the 15th March I received the following telegram from Lord Hardinge,
+Viceroy of India:
+
+  “I have just received from Field-Marshal Sir John French a telegram
+  informing me of the great gallantry and marked success with which the
+  Indian troops under your command fought in the capture of Neuve
+  Chapelle and subsequent operations which took place on the 10th, 11th,
+  12th, and 13th of this month. Stop.” I shall be glad if you will be so
+  good as to convey to the Indian troops on behalf of myself, the
+  Commander-in-Chief, the Government, and the people of India, our warm
+  admiration of their gallant behaviour and our confidence that they
+  will ever maintain before the enemy the best traditions of the Indian
+  Army. Viceroy.
+
+Naturally all ranks were very pleased, and the Indian officers
+especially so.
+
+During the battle I had ridden into the village of Richebourg St. Vaast,
+and came on a company of my old friends the Guides, just arrived as a
+reinforcement from India. The village was at the time being shelled, but
+our meeting was all the more opportune. I spoke to the men and had a
+handshake with the Indian officers. One of the sepoys, who had once
+served as my orderly in the Peshawar Division, said as I rode down the
+ranks, “General Sahib, if you are in need of an orderly I am with you,
+but I must just see one _pukka larai_ (real fight) first, then I am
+ready to come.” The Connaught Rangers were also in the village, and as I
+passed them they raised a loud yell; it was splendid seeing the gallant
+Irishmen just spoiling for a fight.
+
+On 21st March I visited the trenches in Neuve Chapelle and returned
+_via_ Richebourg. The high tower of the church had always been a great
+landmark for the Corps, and as I passed it I remarked, “I wonder how
+much longer it will stand.” I had not long to wait, as a few moments
+later an 8-inch shell struck it fair, and our well-known landmark
+disappeared.
+
+On the 24th I was riding out to make some inspections, when I came on a
+party of Japanese officers going round the 4th Gurkhas drawn up on the
+side of a road. I watched for some time, and could not but notice the
+similarity of build and stature of the two races. A few days later the
+veteran General Sir Partab Singh came to see me. His visits were always
+most welcome, and his advice _re_ matters connected with the Indians
+most valuable. He always kept a few hog spears, much the same as cavalry
+lances, and used to assure me he would never be happy until he had used
+one on the Boches. His wish was probably gratified when the Jodhpore
+Lancers charged the flying Turks and Germans in Palestine in 1918.
+
+On 28th March I inspected a motor machine-gun battery which had been
+sent to the Corps. It looked smart and workmanlike, and I felt as if
+England was really waking up and meant business in earnest. My thoughts
+wandered away to the very early days of the war, and that night I
+earnestly prayed to God I might be allowed to remain in the field and
+see the day when the British Army would be equipped as well as and even
+better than our enemies; and then, and then, alas! my diary for this day
+notes: “Was on horseback all day.” I can recall every hour of that day,
+for I saw a great many units, and each one gave me signal proof of its
+respect. What more could a General wish?
+
+My horses were my great delight, and were kept fully employed. “Arabi”
+and “Guide” were old Indian friends, and recently I had added a remount.
+He was a fine jumper, and if by any chance I was not using one or all of
+them, my son, who was one of my A.D.C.’s, was always ready to take them
+on, as well as his own. The constant work kept us all fit, and I seldom
+had one sick or sorry.
+
+My brother, who was a retired Colonel in the Indian Medical Service and
+had rejoined for the war, paid me a visit in April. He came on
+sanitation duty, and we visited several of the field hospitals and
+billets together. He had a very wide experience in his profession, and I
+was glad to learn that he considered our sanitary arrangements
+admirable. He made many valuable suggestions, and his short stay did a
+lot to enliven me.
+
+On 9th April I saw the 40th Pathans, just arrived from China. The
+battalion looked splendid. The rain came down in buckets, but I was
+never in happier mood; for here was a whole battalion ready for the fray
+and up to war strength: a rarity in the Corps and enough to rejoice the
+heart. A fortnight later they received their baptism of fire at the
+second battle of Ypres. Colonel Rennick, their commander, fell mortally
+wounded, and his last request was that his orderly might be with him
+when he died. Brave man! his wish was gratified a few hours later. 320
+casualties out of a total strength of 750 made up the debt paid by the
+Pathans in three days’ fighting within a month of their joining the Army
+Corps.
+
+The 40th Pathans were originally raised in 1858, and underwent many
+changes of name and constitution. In 1890 they were named the 40th
+(Baluch) Regiment of Bengal Infantry, and later again designated as
+“Pathan.” The Corps received its present title of “40th Pathans” in
+1903, and was composed of Orakzais, Afridis, Yeusafzais,
+Punjabi-Musalmans, and Dogras.
+
+Six days of peace were spent in England, and on 16th April I was back at
+my headquarters in Lestrem. Sir John French inspected two of our
+Brigades and Divisional troops on the 17th and 19th April, and spoke to
+the men in his usual chivalrous manner. I translated his speeches to all
+ranks, and the men were very pleased. After he had left an Indian
+officer said to me: “The _jangi_ (war) Lord is an _asal_ (real) bahadur.
+We cannot understand what he says, but we can tell what he means; and
+when you translate it we feel as if we had understood all his words as
+he spoke.” Sir John certainly possesses the diction which appeals to
+Indian soldiers, and they always appreciated his visits.
+
+Lieut.-Colonel Merewether, who was replacing Sir Frederick Smith as
+Recording Officer with the Indian Corps, joined us on the 21st April and
+we had a very enjoyable evening. It was sad losing F. E., who had always
+been a most cheery companion, and for whom I had established a high
+regard, but we were fortunate in having had him with us so long, for he
+is a man who will always bear witness to the tenacity of the Indian
+soldiers, and at his hands their reputation can never suffer.
+
+After the battle of Neuve Chapelle the Indian Corps front was assigned
+to the Meerut Division. On 24th March we were moved farther north,
+having Neuve Chapelle on our extreme right, and took over the frontage
+of the 8th British Division; and the Meerut was relieved at the end of
+the month by the Lahore Division.
+
+Prior to this, once again, in order to make the most of our weak Indian
+battalions, the Brigades of both Divisions were readjusted as under:
+
+ MEERUT DIVISION
+
+ GARHWAL BRIGADE.—
+   2nd Leicesters.
+   3rd Londons.
+   2/3rd Gurkhas.
+   2/8th Gurkhas.
+   The Garhwal Rifles (both battalions of the 39th having been
+     amalgamated owing to shortage of men).
+
+ BAREILLY BRIGADE.—
+   2nd Black Watch.
+   4th Black Watch.
+   41st Dogras.
+   58th Rifles.
+   125th Rifles.
+
+ DEHRA DUN BRIGADE.—
+   1st Seaforths.
+   4th Seaforths.
+   2/2nd Gurkhas.
+   1/9th Gurkhas.
+   6th Jats.
+
+ DIVISIONAL TROOPS.—
+   4th Cavalry.
+   107th Pioneers.
+   Sappers and Miners as before.
+
+ LAHORE DIVISION
+
+ SIRHIND BRIGADE.—
+   1st Highland Light Infantry.
+   4th King’s Liverpools.
+   1/1st Gurkhas.
+   1/4th Gurkhas.
+   15th Sikhs.
+
+ JALANDAR BRIGADE.—
+   1st Manchesters.
+   4th Suffolks.
+   40th Pathans.
+   47th Sikhs.
+   59th Rifles.
+
+ FEROZEPORE BRIGADE.—
+   Connaught Rangers (1st and 2nd battalions amalgamated).
+   4th Londons.
+   9th Bhopals.
+   57th Rifles.
+   129th Baluchis.
+
+ DIVISIONAL TROOPS.—
+   15th Lancers.
+   34th Sikh Pioneers.
+   Sappers and Miners as before.
+
+On 28th April I was up in the aid posts of several units then in the
+trenches. The Boche, as was his usual custom, had selected one
+particular spot to shell, and was dropping them at regular intervals of
+time. Naturally I avoided this particular spot, but in passing a short
+distance from it I saw a sepoy carrying a load of trench props. He
+appeared quite oblivious of danger, as he deliberately walked into the
+ruined house that was chiefly receiving the attention of the German
+gunners. As he did so, a cloud of dust and smoke rose, timbers flew into
+the air, and I thought our sepoy had taken his _congé_ from this world.
+I took out my glasses and watched till the atmosphere was clear, when I
+saw my gallant friend, apparently not in the least disconcerted, quietly
+picking up his props, which he presently shouldered again, and went on
+his way. I envied that man his cool contempt of danger.
+
+The Highland Division, commanded by Major-General Bannatine-Allason, was
+posted to the Indian Corps and joined us on the 2nd May. This fine
+Division afterwards became the famous “Fifty-first Highland,” commonly
+referred to as the “Fighting Fifty-first.” My son in the Black Watch was
+with me the day I first inspected them, and two years later was sent to
+them as G.S.O., and shared in their glory at the battles near Rheims,
+where the Division was sent to assist the French during the big German
+push in 1918, and in the final phases of the war.
+
+Allason had been one of my Brigade commanders in the Peshawar Division,
+and it was a great joy getting so fine a unit with us. This Division was
+transferred to the Fifth Army Corps on the 31st May, but once more
+rejoined us in June and remained as one of my Divisions till 24th July.
+Changes of Divisions were of course inevitable, but it was always a blow
+when just as we were getting to know them they were taken away.
+
+In the same way the Eighth Division, which had fought so fiercely on our
+immediate left at Neuve Chapelle, joined the Corps on 1st June, and was
+again transferred, this time to the Third Corps, on the 26th.
+Major-General F. Davies was in command, and I was extremely sorry when
+he was transferred to Gallipoli, where, however, he got his chance and
+took it, as I knew he would do. Likewise the 49th West Riding Division
+(New Army) joined us on 31st May and left us again on 26th June.
+
+The last Division to join the Corps was the Nineteenth (New Army),
+commanded by Major-General Fasken of the Indian Army. They arrived on
+the 24th July—strength, 13,400 bayonets, with their war proportion of
+officers, sabres, and guns. How Great Britain was awaking to realities!
+The Infantry of the entire Indian Army Corps in November 1914 did not
+number more than this one Division; and as for the equipment it was an
+education to look on it. The Nineteenth stayed on with the Corps and
+took part in the battle near Mauquissart in September 1915.
+
+Amongst many notes and stories sent to me I extract a few giving some
+experiences of officers of the Indian Army. On one occasion a medical
+officer was extracting a tooth when a small mine exploded under the
+trench. He and his patient were both blown sky-high, and on his again
+alighting on mother earth he was so dazed that, holding his forceps, he
+ran round in circles and finally into a brother officer’s dug-out. With
+the greatest indignation he demanded: “What do you call this? War?”
+“No,” replied the officer, “a joke.”—Laughter.
+
+An officer, who had a great friend in a Gurkha regiment, could get no
+news of him. One day, whilst kicking a football it went over a low wall;
+he jumped over to fetch it and landed on a grave, the cross on which
+showed it was that of his friend.
+
+During my year in France I nearly always found that the French people
+were not only willing, but glad, to have officers of the Indian Army
+billeted on them. One Vicomte ——, who was at first quite annoyed when he
+was told that British officers of an Indian unit were to be quartered in
+his château, could not do enough for them after a few days’ stay. With
+true French politeness he followed the fortunes of the unit after they
+had left, and frequently sent his card up to the trenches with enquiries
+as to their welfare. Later on he sent a formal request that all British
+officers who came to that neighbourhood might be sent to him.
+
+For cool pluck a story I was told in France of Captain Wardell, 21st
+Punjabis (attached 58th Rifles), is hard to beat. He was one day in the
+trenches, which were being heavily shelled, and the men were getting
+somewhat jumpy under the ordeal. He was writing, when he suddenly
+discovered that his seat consisted of a bunch of fifty bombs. Some of
+the men knew this, but Wardell, in order to set a good example,
+pretended to make light of it and went on writing. Such examples are
+worth a lot in war.
+
+I often recall the story of a sergeant in the Connaught Rangers, who was
+so determined to let the Huns know that that gallant Irish Corps had no
+respect for them, that he crawled up one night close to their trench and
+shouted: “Ye’ll not lie there and die in peace of old age as long as I
+live.” What waste of energy, but what a plucky fellow!
+
+An officer who had been severely wounded in the head, and carried away
+unconscious, woke to find himself in a large hall with Germans, all
+talking. Hearing no English he concluded he was a prisoner and proceeded
+to try and crawl away, when he was relieved to hear in broad Cockney,
+“Where is that officer with the ’ole in ’is ’ed?” The Boches were
+prisoners.
+
+During the battle of Neuve Chapelle a batch of German prisoners, under
+escort of a few Gurkhas and Garhwalis, were suddenly caught by the
+German guns; the prisoners all lay down flat, but the escort, determined
+to set them an example, stood strictly at attention. This is an
+authentic story and a very good sample of legitimate pride and good
+discipline.
+
+An amusing incident occurred during the same battle. Lieut.-Colonel Sir
+F. E. Smith (now Lord Chancellor), our Recording Officer, had pulled up
+his horse by a roadside and was watching some German prisoners pass
+escorted by Indians. Suddenly one of the Boches rushed out of the ranks,
+and going up to F. E. said: “Mr. Smeeth, oh, Mr. Smeeth, I am so glad to
+see you again.” F. E., not recognising him, asked who he was. “Oh, Mr.
+Smeeth, do you not remember you saved me in (naming the law case) in
+London. Well, a few days ago I was sleeping quietly in my house when I
+received the order to come to the war, and before I could realise where
+I was I found myself near this horrible place, and suddenly we were
+fighting, and I saw Indian soldiers right over our trench, and when I
+looked back more Indian soldiers behind us; and I looked along our
+trench and saw all our soldiers throwing away their arms, and so, Mr.
+Smeeth, not wishing to be in any way peculiar, I also threw down my
+arms, and so, Mr. Smeeth, here I am. Oh! save me again.” Lucky fellow to
+have been taken prisoner so early in the war. Saved him a lot of trouble
+and discomfort.
+
+The craze for souvenirs in the early days of the war was remarkable.
+After Neuve Chapelle, German helmets could be had for the asking, but
+shortly after ridiculous prices were being demanded for them. An officer
+of an Indian unit relates how he saw a big British soldier with a
+horribly smashed leg come crawling round the end of the trench on
+threes, with a German helmet hanging from his mouth by its strap. As he
+neared the officer the wounded man yapped at him, “Got my souvenir,
+sir.”
+
+The 39th Garhwal Rifles was a remarkably smart and clean regiment. An
+officer of another Indian battalion told me that the most impressive
+sight he saw at Neuve Chapelle was a dying British officer being carried
+by four Garhwali soldiers through all the turmoil, confusion, and firing
+with a quietness and tenderness that astonished him. He added, “and they
+looked so smart and clean.”
+
+The Indians at this battle were much impressed by the dash and bearing
+of the 3rd Londons. One of them said to me: “What is this they are
+saying, that untrained regiments can fight as well as trained ones. You
+always told us in India that without long and hard training we should be
+of no use in battle. Why is it that this London _paltan_ (regiment) can
+fight so well.” I said, trying to look wise: “They come from London and
+you from Lahore; there lies the difference. Think it out, my friend.”
+
+I know no one who is more susceptible to good example than the Indian
+soldier. At one time we were billeted in the same village with the
+Guards Brigade. In my opinion there is no body of troops in the world to
+beat the Guards at anything. One day I noticed a company of one of my
+Indian battalions being inspected. It was turned out as cleanly as in
+pre-war days, and I said to the Indian officers, “Your men look very
+smart to-day.” They replied, “Yes, but we have been quartered near the
+Guards Brigade, and although we have seen many of your best regiments we
+never saw men so well dressed and drilled, and we are following their
+example.”
+
+I wrote to Lord Cavan who was in command, adding my own testimony, and
+he told me he would let it be known to all ranks.
+
+
+
+
+                             CHAPTER XVIII
+
+
+On the 22nd April 1915 I visited the town of Ypres, as a guest of
+General Alderson, commanding the Canadian Division. From his
+Headquarters I went on to Potijze, and from a tower close by scanned the
+country towards the German lines. From that same tower six days later
+the G.O.C. Lahore Division was (after a forced march northwards to help
+our imperilled line) directing the operations of his Division against
+the first German gas attack. I had long hoped that the Indian Corps
+might be moved north from the slimy dead level flats opposite Neuve
+Chapelle, and as this day I surveyed the rolling country north of
+Wieltje, and on my return journey about St. Eloi, I determined to make a
+request to Sir John French to give us a much-needed change. Had I
+succeeded I feel quite sure all ranks would have been delighted at the
+prospect, more especially the Gurkhas and Pathans. For here were real
+hills, valleys, and woods, and not only pestiferous bogs and almost
+treeless fields; but fate ordained otherwise. We were to remain on in
+our old hateful haunts to the end. At one time the Commander-in-Chief
+actually asked me if I would like a change up towards Nieuport, but it
+came to nothing for some reason.
+
+And yet in a degree my wish was to be gratified, for even as I gazed on
+the German lines the Boche was preparing for an immediate attack, the
+first with his loathsome gas; and whilst I was motoring round this
+attack had begun, over the same ground I had looked across. Next day I
+received orders to hold the Lahore Division in readiness to move, and on
+the following morning General Keary and his troops were _en route_ to
+take part in the second bloody battle of Ypres.
+
+As I look over my diary the names of numerous places, which had become
+as familiar to me as London streets, recur again and again, and when in
+1918 the Huns made their great attack on the Lys and as far as the
+Nieppe forest, there was little need to refer to the map; I felt as if I
+was back in my old haunts, nor could any map have helped me to take in
+the situation, so clear did it all appear. But I was not there. Alack! I
+was home on a month’s leave in 1919 and spent two days in going over all
+the old haunts—two happy, sad days.
+
+Next day I applied to the First Army to be allowed to run north during
+the battle and see my absent Division, but permission was refused. My
+Corps was now entirely split up and I could easily have been spared for
+a few hours, but of course I could not go, and the remarks in my diary
+are not fit for publication.
+
+After a very fatiguing march of thirty-one miles, the Lahore Division
+arrived at Ouderdom on the 25th April. It is as usual not my intention
+to describe the events which led up to this battle. The Germans trusted
+to the use of gas, a new feature in war, to break through our line and
+to capture Ypres. So unexpected was any such method of attack that the
+French Colonial Division, on which the brunt fell, was perforce obliged
+to abandon its front, and in so doing exposed the left flank of the
+Canadian Division on its right. The Canadians drew back their left,
+retiring on St. Julien with extraordinary steadiness and gallantry. The
+Huns meantime rushed over the vacated ground, killing and slaughtering
+the helpless victims of their devilish devices. After heavy fighting and
+attempts at counter-attack, by the evening of 24th April our advanced
+lines had retired to between St. Julien and Fortuin. Notwithstanding
+every effort on our part, the effect of the gas had done its work, but
+there was one thing the Germans had not as usual calculated on, as far
+as the Canadian Division was concerned, and that was that their foe
+consisted of men of the Anglo-Saxon race, and Canadian soldiers cannot
+be defeated by any enemy. The Huns had had their turn, the day was not
+far distant when they would be hoist with their own petard.
+
+By the 25th April the attack had been checked in some degree in the
+vicinity of St. Julien, and the following day brings us to the date on
+which the Lahore Division joined in to help stem the tide. Shortly the
+orders of the Second Army (under which the Division now found itself)
+were, that it was to be used in co-operation with the French, and on
+their right, in an attack in a north or north-east direction from about
+St. Jean. The actual time was to depend on that fixed by the French to
+deliver their attack.
+
+The following extract from a letter from the Chief of Staff, Second
+Army, to Major-General Keary will explain the situation:
+
+  25th April. The Army Commander is determined not to commit your
+  Division to the area east of Ypres until he is sure that the French
+  plans have matured.... You will only be able to make an attack on a
+  front of two Brigades with a Brigade in support.... Sir Horace
+  (Smith-Dorrien) would not wish the Division to press forward unless
+  the French on your left had already done so.
+
+These directions were clear and left no room for doubt and uncertainty.
+The Ypres-Langemarck road was to be the dividing line between the French
+right and the Lahore Division’s left; whilst the Lahore right would be
+in touch with the Fifth Corps to the east.
+
+On the 26th April the Division marched as ordered: two batteries of
+Artillery and the Ferozepore and Sirhind Brigades by the road north of
+Ypres, and the Jalandar Brigade by the railway south of Ypres. A certain
+number of casualties occurred from shell-fire during the march,
+especially in the 40th Pathans, who lost 25 men from a single shell. It
+is on record that in this their first experience of shell-fire the
+Battalion showed no signs of uneasiness, but closed ranks and moved on
+steadily. The head of the Jalandar Brigade reached a position of
+readiness just south of Wieltje at 10.30 A.M. The Ferozepore Brigade,
+finding better cover at La Brique than south-east of St. Jean, went into
+a position of assembly there, arriving about 9.45 A.M. The Sirhind
+Brigade arrived north-west of Potijze about 11 A.M.
+
+It had been arranged that the C.R.A., Fifth Corps, would support the
+advance with all the batteries west of the canal; and as the enemy’s
+defensive line could only be conjectured, two Canadian 18-pounder and
+one howitzer battery, in addition to one howitzer and one 18-pounder
+battery of the Lahore Division, were assigned to the two attacking
+Brigades: a very useful support. The advance of the Lahore Division,
+which was echeloned a little in rear, was ordered for 2 P.M., in order
+to come level with the French, who were to move five minutes later.
+
+On the march to La Brique of the Ferozepore Brigade (General Egerton),
+Captain Acworth, 55th Rifles (the same officer who had assisted the
+1/39th Garhwalis in their night attack on 23rd November 1914), was
+wounded, as also was Lieut.-Colonel Murray, Connaught Rangers—a man who
+was justly proud of his regiment. In the 4th King’s Liverpools 2nd
+Lieutenant Lydden was mortally wounded.
+
+In order to reach a point from which the assault could be delivered the
+Brigades had to cross some 1500 yards of open shell-swept ground. They
+were therefore deployed on an east and west line through Wieltje, the
+right resting on a farm and the left on the Ypres-Langemarck road. The
+Division was to cover 1000 yards of front.
+
+From the position of deployment the Brigades were to advance under cover
+of a bombardment by all the guns available. The order of advance was as
+under:
+
+  Right attack.—Jalandar Brigade. Frontage, 500 yards. 1st Manchesters,
+  40th Pathans, with 47th Sikhs on the left. Second line—59th Rifles,
+  4th Suffolks, following right and left battalions.
+
+  Left attack.—Ferozepore Brigade. 129th Baluchis, 57th Rifles with
+  Connaught Rangers on the left and nearest the French. Behind the
+  Connaughts the 4th Londons were in support, and the 9th Bhopals were
+  in reserve.
+
+The attack started punctually and moved forward unchecked, but losing
+heavily from shell-fire. During the advance the Jalandar Brigade
+inclined to its left, and pressed the left of the Ferozepore Brigade
+across the Langemarck road. After crossing a crest north of the road the
+troops came under a very heavy rifle and machine-gun fire, and there was
+a tendency for units to bunch behind farm buildings or other cover. But
+the line held on, and the Manchesters on the right, together with
+portions of three battalions of the Ferozepore front line (Connaught
+Rangers, 129th Baluchis, 57th Rifles), all reached the close proximity
+of the German trenches about 2.15 P.M.; the 40th Pathans and the 47th
+Sikhs on the left of the Manchesters getting within fifty yards of the
+trenches also.
+
+In the Manchesters Lieutenant G. B. Roberts was mortally wounded. In
+this battalion the casualties were heavy, as indeed was inevitable from
+the nature of the country and the fiery zeal with which they always
+advanced. Before midnight they included Lieut.-Colonel Hitchins, the
+gallant C.O., killed, of whom it may fairly be said, he lived for his
+regiment.
+
+The Victoria Cross was awarded to Corporal Issy Smith for his
+conspicuous bravery in advancing towards the enemy in the face of heavy
+rifle and machine-gun fire to help a severely wounded comrade. He
+managed to carry and drag him in, a distance of 250 yards, under a hail
+of bullets. Not content with this he later assisted in bringing in
+several other wounded men. An Indian officer in telling the story said:
+“Issy Smith has a V.C. face.” Their remarks are sometimes very apposite.
+Several Distinguished Conduct Medals were also won by N.C.O.’s and men.
+
+The Manchesters at Ypres had just under 300 casualties. The casualties
+of the 59th Rifles, in support of the Manchesters, totalled 4 British
+officers and 60 others.
+
+The 40th Pathans advanced rapidly. Lieut.-Colonel Rennick, the C.O., was
+mortally wounded and died the same evening. I had known him for many
+years; his military life was centred in his officers and men. How fast
+the old Indian “Contemptibles” were disappearing!
+
+The story of the 40th Pathans is the story of the oft-repeated bravery
+of the various units composing the Army Corps. I would that I could find
+space to tell them all, it would be a joy to do so, but each battalion,
+battery, and other formation would need a pamphlet to itself. Through
+the leaden tornado officers and men ploughed their way, ever nearing the
+goal; whilst on the right, on the left, and centre were being performed
+deeds which will oft be told in far-off Hindustan. When the historian of
+future Russia describes what the Russian Medal of St. George was awarded
+for in the days of the now defunct Czar, he will have cause to feel that
+it was never better bestowed than on a heroic sepoy, by name Muktiara,
+who, scorning all danger, brought up his machine-gun over 250 yards,
+after all his comrades had been mown down.
+
+Captain Christopher was killed, as also was Major Perkins, when almost
+in the German trenches. Captain Dalmahoy with six wounds fought to the
+very last, and brave Lieutenant Adams, in the attempt to save him, was
+himself badly wounded. Captain Waters was dangerously wounded. Twenty
+British and Indian officers in all were killed and wounded. Subadar
+Jahandad Khan (killed) and Jemadar Lehna Singh were awarded the I.O.M.
+The Pathans recorded a casualty list of 320 of all ranks.
+
+The 47th Sikhs on the left of the 40th once again dyed red the banner of
+the Khalsa. Of 420 bayonets all told who started the fight but 92
+unwounded remained when the carnage of second Ypres was over. Every
+British officer save one, Lieutenant A. E. Drysdale, was killed or
+wounded during the early stages of the battle. Major Talbot, Captains
+Scott and Cook, and Lieutenant Allardice were killed. Drysdale received
+the Military Cross.
+
+The 4th Suffolks, who advanced in rear of the 47th Sikhs, suffered a
+loss during the battle of 3 killed, whilst 6 officers and 20 other ranks
+were wounded and missing.
+
+And whilst the right Brigade was doing its part the Ferozepore Brigade
+on the left was grimly endeavouring to reach the same goal. The 129th
+Baluchis pushed up to within 300 yards of the Hun trenches, with a
+casualty list of 230 of all ranks. Major Hannyngton, the C.O., was
+awarded the D.S.O.; Sepoy Raji Khan gained the I.O.M., and Sepoy Ghulam
+Hussein of the 124th Baluchis (attached) won the I.D.S.M. for bringing
+Major Holbrooke, who was lying wounded, into safety through a heavy fire
+and gas fumes.
+
+The 57th Rifles, under the cheery Major Willans, the centre battalion of
+the Brigade, with the dogged determination of that distinguished Corps,
+reached to within ninety yards of the German defence. Willans was
+wounded during the advance, together with two officers, whilst Major
+Duhan, Captain Mackie, Subadar Badawa Singh, and Jemadar Kirpa Singh
+were killed near the enemy trenches.
+
+Here too fell Captain P. d’A. Banks of the Guides (attached 57th), an
+officer of particular and varied attainments, and one who was marked out
+for distinction. His orderly, Bhan Singh, to whom I was talking four
+days previously, notwithstanding a severe wound he had received, carried
+Banks through a storm of bullets until he fell from overstrain, but some
+mark of his officer he must retain, and being unable to do more, he took
+off his accoutrements and brought them back. Just like the Guides!
+
+  A glorious tale indeed to tell, their children sing to-day.
+  For each recruit the Guides e’er need, full ten are on the way,
+  To join the ranks, to don the drab, to bear the arms of pride,
+  To march behind the Surnai’s wail, or listen to the battle tale,
+  To stand erect at tap of drum, and breathe the air the bagpipes hum,
+                            And say, “I am a Guide.”
+
+Bhan Singh received the I.D.S.M. and later the Russian medal of St.
+George. Willans received a D.S.O., and Lieutenant Deedes (gassed) the
+M.C. Naik Atma Singh gained the I.O.M.
+
+Lieutenant Mein of the 55th Rifles (attached) received a Military Cross
+for his gallant work. This officer throughout the year of my command
+rendered most valuable service. The 55th Coke’s Rifles of the old
+Frontier Force added a still greater laurel to their records on this
+day. A great friend of mine, Jemadar Mir Dast, who had won the I.O.M.
+with me in the Mohmand expedition of 1908, and was now serving with the
+57th Rifles, finding that his British officers were all killed or
+wounded, refused to leave his trench when the gas forced a retirement,
+and there he remained, rallying every one round him and encouraging them
+to hold on. After dark, distinct orders reached him to retire, but he
+only did so slowly, collecting any stray men he could find. In assisting
+to bring in a number of disabled officers he was himself wounded, but
+lived to wear the Victoria Cross. The I.O.M. was conferred on Havildar
+Mangal Singh of the 57th Rifles.
+
+The 57th at Ypres suffered a total of 270 casualties, including 3
+British and 3 Indian officers killed.
+
+The Connaught Rangers, who were on the extreme left, and hence next to
+the French Division (as they had been on the extreme right at Givenchy
+in December 1914), came under a fierce fire as they topped the ridge,
+but pushed on to within 120 yards of the German lines. Corporal Flynn
+gained the Médaille Militaire. Sergeant Coldwell, who had already won
+the D.C.M., was awarded the Russian Cross of St. George, whilst several
+N.C.O.’s and men were gazetted for the Medal of St. George. Fifteen out
+of twenty officers present and 350 out of 900 other ranks were returned
+on the casualty roll; three officers were killed.
+
+I have a vivid recollection of my good friends the Connaught Rangers on
+many occasions during my year of command. Not the least pleasant was one
+at Orleans on the way up to the Flanders front when I had occasion to
+speak to the battalion somewhat roughly regarding a certain matter.
+Having exhausted my wrath, I was leaving the parade when I heard, “Three
+cheers for the ‘Giniral,’” and then followed three such lusty cheers as
+I shall never forget. The French liaison officer who had been waiting on
+his horse a short distance away said to my A.D.C., “I suppose the
+General has been telling them something they like.” Irish soldiers are
+the salt of the earth, and they never resent anything so long as it is
+fair and square.
+
+The 4th Londons, who had followed the Rangers, lost two men killed and
+an officer and ten men wounded.
+
+About this time the Huns turned on asphyxiating gas in great quantities.
+It was of a yellowish colour, and was distinctly seen in large jets
+coming over the German parapet. The gas struck the right of the French
+and the left of the Ferozepore Brigade attack, which gave way. The
+greater part of our line was affected by this retirement, but the
+Manchesters with about 100 Connaught Rangers and parties of other
+Infantry regiments, held on to their trenches. At 2.25 P.M. the Germans
+counter-attacked these detachments, which were forced back some eighty
+yards, where they succeeded in again entrenching themselves. The first
+news received at Divisional Headquarters was a telephone message from
+the Jalandar Brigade that the attack had failed, and that troops were
+falling back everywhere, together with the French. Shortly afterwards
+the Ferozepore Brigade reported that the attack was held up, that the
+centre of the Brigade was well up, but the French were retiring. At 2.35
+P.M., in consequence of these reports, the Sirhind Brigade was ordered
+to move to La Brique to be ready for any emergency in that direction.
+
+When the gas first caught our bewildered troops, totally unprepared for
+such devices, and forced them to retire rapidly, such was the confusion
+amongst units, British, Indian, and French, that an Indian havildar
+shouted out, “_Khabardar, Jehannam pahunche_” (“Look out, we’ve arrived
+in Hell”).
+
+But even so the gates of Hell can be held by brave men, and of such were
+Major Deacon of the Connaughts and Lieutenant Henderson of the
+Manchesters, with many of their own men and small parties of Indians,
+who held out for many hours, unconquerable! Major Deacon as well as
+Captain Ingham of the same regiment won the D.S.O., and Henderson
+received a Military Cross. They were eventually relieved by Captain
+Tarrant and a detachment of the Highland Light Infantry next day, and
+this detachment also held on until itself relieved on the 28th. An
+heroic episode! Tarrant’s name always brings home to me the fact that,
+notwithstanding the earnest endeavour of the higher authorities to do
+justice to all, failure must sometimes occur. He had served with
+distinction at Givenchy and Neuve Chapelle, and at Ypres he paid the
+supreme penalty, dying a glorious death. I had mentioned him in previous
+despatches, and always feel how well he (and many others) had deserved a
+reward.
+
+About 3 P.M., 26th April, General Keary ordered the Sirhind Brigade to
+send up the Highland Light Infantry and 4th Gurkhas to the Jalandar
+Brigade, in order to carry that Brigade forward. Meanwhile the
+Ferozepore Brigade was ordered to hold on as best they could to support
+the movement and if possible to gain ground. At 3.30 P.M. the Ferozepore
+Brigade reported that the French line was restored. This was confirmed
+later by a message from the Second Army, which said that though the
+French attack had failed at first, it was now pressing forward. The
+Ferozepore Brigade was then ordered to push up reinforcements to assist
+the two companies Connaught Rangers who were near the German trenches.
+
+The G.O.C. Jalandar Brigade reported that the shell and rifle fire,
+especially the former, was still so heavy that he considered it would be
+a useless loss of life to push forward the Highland Light Infantry and
+4th Gurkhas, and the orders were cancelled.
+
+News was received after 6 P.M. from the Canadian Division that the
+Northumberland Brigade had taken the trenches in front of St. Julien,
+and that the French had taken Lizerne. The 15th Sikhs and 4th Gurkhas
+were ordered up from the Sirhind Brigade to the Ferozepore Brigade to
+allow of a fresh attack being organised. At 7.45 P.M. these two
+battalions, supported by the 9th Bhopal Infantry, advanced under the
+orders of Lieut.-Colonel Hill, 15th Sikhs, their left resting on the
+Langemarck road. They reached a point about 300 yards in front of old
+British trenches, discovered Major Deacon and his gallant band, and
+established touch with the Manchesters on their right and the French on
+their left; but as the position of the German trenches was still
+uncertain, and as no other troops showed signs of advancing, they halted
+and entrenched themselves.
+
+It is pleasant to record that amongst the D.C.M.’s earned during this
+battle was one given to Sergeant F. Birley of the Madras Volunteer
+Rifles, attached Motor Cycle Corps, for sustained gallantry extending
+over several days.
+
+At 12.30 A.M. on 27th April General Keary ordered the relief of the
+Jalandar Brigade by the Sirhind Brigade in the front line. On the
+completion of this by 3 A.M. the Ferozepore and Jalandar Brigades moved
+back to La Brique, whilst the Sirhind Brigade, assisted by the 34th
+Pioneers and 3rd Sappers and Miners, set to work to strengthen the
+position.
+
+Major W. Maxwell, R.E., received a D.S.O. for his continued gallantry as
+C.O. of the Divisional Signal Company. He was spoken of in terms of the
+very highest praise by all who had observed his work. Four others,
+N.C.O.’s and men (two British and two Indian), received rewards for
+their gallant work with the same company.
+
+On this day none of the exact locations of the German defences were
+known. The Divisional Artillery had not had time to register, nor to
+find good observation stations. In consequence, the artillery fire was
+not sufficiently accurate to subdue the musketry, to the degree
+necessary to enable a successful attack to be carried out over the very
+open ground which was the scene of the contest. The German position ran
+along a ridge at the top of a gentle slope, and the attack was fully
+exposed to a frontal and enfilade fire. In addition it was subjected to
+the unchecked fire of a numerous and powerful Artillery. Under the
+circumstances, and notwithstanding the utmost efforts of the gunners,
+the resistance could not be overcome.
+
+Owing to the difficulty of gaining any information of the enemy
+trenches, it was imperative that reconnaissances should somehow be made
+by night, and whenever daring is necessary the British officer only
+needs the word. The corps of Royal Engineers keeps a large reserve of
+this indispensable article in hand ready for use, and in the persons of
+Captain Kisch and Nosworthy, young in years but by this time experienced
+campaigners, two volunteers were found to undertake this task. It was
+well carried out, under conditions of imminent danger, and a very
+satisfactory report and sketch of a large part of the German front
+trenches was obtained. Kisch was wounded during his reconnaissance, but
+got back safely, and for his services in France and later in Mesopotamia
+was awarded the D.S.O. Nosworthy, who was already suffering from gas
+poison, was severely wounded the following day and well earned the
+Military Cross he received. The information furnished by these two
+officers proved of great assistance in carrying out the operations on
+the following days.
+
+
+
+
+                              CHAPTER XIX
+
+
+At 9.30 A.M., 27th April, a copy of the French Operation Orders was
+received from Second Army. From these it became apparent that the French
+were to continue the offensive both from the west and the south. From
+this latter direction the Moroccan Brigade of Colonel Savy was to
+attack, as before, along the west of the Langemarck road. Arrangements
+for co-operating with this Brigade were therefore put in hand. The
+Artillery bombardment was timed by the French to begin at 12.30 P.M. and
+the assault at 1.15 P.M.
+
+At 11.20 a message was received from the Second Army, giving the
+intentions of the Army commander as regards the action to be taken by
+the Lahore Division. In this it was made clear that the Division was to
+be prepared to take advantage at once of any advance made by the French
+to gain ground; but that it was not to be committed to the attack until
+the advance of the French had assured the safety of its left flank. The
+Artillery of the Fifth Corps and Lahore Division, which bore on the line
+of advance, were to co-operate. The Headquarters of the 27th and
+Canadian Divisional Artillery were in dug-outs close beside that
+occupied by Lahore Division Headquarters at Potijze. The following were
+the dispositions: Sirhind Brigade to attack with their right on an
+oblong farm, and the left along the Langemarck road. 1/4th Gurkhas on
+the right, 1/1st Gurkhas on the left. In support were a part of the
+Highland Light Infantry and the 15th Sikhs and 4th King’s Liverpools.
+The Ferozepore Brigade was to prolong the Sirhind Brigade’s right and to
+move forward under cover of the bombardment, so as to be up in line with
+Sirhind Brigade at 1.15 P.M. 9th Bhopals on the right, 4th Londons on
+the left, in touch with Sirhind’s right. The Connaught Rangers in
+support, with the 57th Rifles and 129th Baluchis in reserve.
+
+As has already been stated, not only were many of these units very weak
+before the battle, but had after the previous day’s losses dwindled to
+shadows of battalions.
+
+At 12.20 P.M., 27th April, the Ferozepore Brigade started and their
+advance was systematically reported. The Sirhind Brigade advanced before
+the time fixed and by 1.15 P.M., when the bombardment ceased, the
+leading battalions of this Brigade had reached the edge of some enclosed
+ground on the slope towards the valley. The heavy enfilade fire caused
+the 1/1st Gurkhas to swing north-north-west to face it. The 4th Gurkhas
+maintained their direction but were held up. At 1.30 P.M. it was
+reported to the Divisional commander that the French were attacking to
+the north-west of an adjoining farm, and though losing heavily were
+continuing to form a firing-line. Our own front line was also reported
+as being checked and suffering heavy loss.
+
+In its advance the Sirhind Brigade had to pass through heavy machine-gun
+and rifle fire, and casualties came fast. Before a party of the 4th
+Gurkhas had reached an old farmhouse, which they tenaciously held, the
+C.O., Major Brodhurst, had been killed, and his Adjutant, Captain
+Hartwell, wounded. Two other officers, Captain E. C. Lentaigne and
+Lieut. C. F. Moore, were also hit. The Gurkhas, however, held on to the
+farm. A Gurkha officer, Jemadar Nain Singh Rana, was amongst the killed.
+
+Meantime, the 1st Gurkhas rushed another farm 250 yards from the enemy
+trench, which was held by a company till dark. The greater part of the
+battalion, however, was held up at some hundred yards farther back. The
+Adjutant, Lieutenant St. George, was mortally wounded, and nearly all
+the other British officers present were wounded. Rifleman Ramkishan
+Thapa won the I.O.M. for a particularly plucky act.
+
+A fire fight now ensued, which continued till 4 P.M., at which time the
+O.C. 4th King’s, seeing that the 4th Gurkhas could make no progress,
+decided to reinforce them with part of his battalion. The King’s
+advanced with great gallantry, and, although suffering severe losses,
+carried the line forward for some distance. A party under Major Beall
+got to within 200 yards of the German trenches.
+
+The advance of the 4th King’s was a very fine feat of arms. Straight
+from home they had joined in the tumult of Neuve Chapelle, and this day
+by their valour, which would take no denial, had already established
+themselves as a veteran battalion. Lieut.-Colonel Allen, the C.O., was
+awarded the C.M.G., and Major Beall the D.S.O. A few N.C.O.’s and men
+won the D.C.M. The casualties, as was to be expected, were very heavy,
+380 of all ranks, including 2nd Lieut. Lloyd (killed), besides eight
+other officers wounded.
+
+The Ferozepore Brigade as it advanced lost heavily from Artillery, and
+later from rifle fire. The attack of this Brigade was also eventually
+checked.
+
+It was at this time that Major Jamieson, 9th Bhopals, of whom I had much
+to say in describing the fight before Neuve Chapelle in the autumn of
+1914, was wounded. He was later killed in Mesopotamia. This battalion
+suffered 120 casualties, including Captain Etlinger, the Adjutant,
+killed. The 9th Bhopals had in India paid me a very special compliment
+by making me a life honorary member of their mess, and I hope I may one
+day again avail myself of the privilege.
+
+The 4th Londons on the left of the Bhopals, keeping touch with the
+advance on both flanks, moved on until the general line of both Brigades
+was assimilated, when like the others they were brought to a halt.
+Captain Saunders was mortally wounded whilst engaged in reinforcing with
+his company. Lieut. Coates was also killed in the extreme front of the
+advance. Two N.C.O.’s who behaved most gallantly were awarded the
+D.C.M., and the M.C. was the reward of 2nd Lieut. Pyper.
+
+The 1st Gurkhas of the Sirhind Brigade established their line beyond
+four heavy French guns, which had been abandoned, and which were thus
+enabled to be withdrawn at night.
+
+An order from the Second Army directing the attack to be pressed
+vigorously was received by the G.O.C. Lahore Division at 2.40 P.M., and
+in order to give weight to this, the Composite Brigade, consisting of
+battalions of the Cornwall Light Infantry, York and Lancasters, West
+Ridings, and Royal Lancasters, but numbering less than 1300 all told,
+was placed at General Keary’s disposal. This Brigade was commanded by
+Colonel Tuson, and left Potijze with orders to push forward and
+establish connection with the Sirhind Brigade. If the position
+permitted, a heavy bombardment was then to be carried out, prior to a
+fresh assault.
+
+At 4.25 P.M., 27th April, a report was received from the Sirhind Brigade
+that their front lines were far enough from the enemy to permit of a
+fresh bombardment. This was accordingly arranged as soon as possible,
+and all guns opened fire. It began at 5.30 P.M., and under its cover the
+Highland Light Infantry (except a detachment who were facing
+north-north-west, 100 yards from the German trenches) and the 15th Sikhs
+pushed forward, but were temporarily checked, as there was nothing
+behind them to give the necessary support.
+
+The Highland Light Infantry, however, moved on, and eventually in order
+to hold its ground, when the French Colonials on the left were once more
+forced back by renewed gas attacks, the battalion entrenched itself as
+best it could and held on to its position. Captain Tarrant, of whom I
+have already written, and his immortal detachment were found still
+occupying their isolated trench only 100 yards from the German line.
+Allied, British, and Indian soldiers had been driven before the terrible
+gas; shells and bullets had swept in tornadoes over them, but nothing
+could discourage that noble band. The brave commander paid for his
+valour with his life, but the Highlands will long re-echo his name and
+treasure the memory of those true sons of Scotland. If posthumous
+rewards cannot be given under present rules, the sooner such rules are
+changed to meet the exigencies of this great war the better. Is it too
+late?
+
+With Tarrant was his Company Sergeant-Major, R. Bell, who, when a party
+of carriers coming up with ammunition were literally swept away by fire,
+went out with a few brave men and returned, to wear the Distinguished
+Conduct Medal he so well merited.
+
+The 15th Sikhs, the other battalion in the front line of the Brigade,
+was met by severe shrapnel fire, whilst the incessant rain of bullets of
+course never varied. Lieut.-Colonel C. A. Vivian was killed. In the
+pages of _The Indian Corps in France_ will be found a story of this
+officer’s gallantry during the very early days of the war, which I can
+supplement by another instance of his keen courage. One night in
+December 1914 he asked to see me and did not wish any one else to be
+present. He then unfolded a plan to disguise himself and wander into the
+German lines. His intention was to gain certain information which he
+knew was badly needed. He felt sure of success and said it was well
+worth risking, and it was only because of the shortage of British
+officers with Indian battalions that he had come to ask permission
+instead of going off on his own. He begged me not to mention the matter
+to any one, which, of course, I only do now that he is no more. I had to
+refuse his unselfish offer, but a few days later his restless spirit
+prompted him to go through the adventure related in the book above
+mentioned.
+
+Sepoy Bakshi Singh during the advance repeatedly performed acts of
+signal bravery and was awarded the I.O.M. Major Carden, the next senior
+officer to Vivian, was killed while endeavouring to save a brother
+officer, Captain A. H. Muir, who had been wounded. The 15th Sikhs during
+the second battle of Ypres suffered a total of 100 casualties.
+
+The commander of the Moroccan Brigade, who was in close touch with the
+G.O.C. Sirhind Brigade, now informed him that he would assault again at
+7 P.M., 28th April. The arrival of the Composite Brigade was expected
+before that time, and arrangements for a combined assault were carried
+out.
+
+The French assault commenced punctually under cover of heavy Artillery
+fire and the Sirhind Brigade moved forward once more. Shortly after, the
+Moroccans were observed streaming to the rear, but observation was
+difficult, owing to the clouds of smoke and asphyxiating gas. Suspecting
+a counter-attack on the left of the Brigade, the 15th Sikhs wheeled
+round to cover the left flank. Two battalions of the Composite Brigade
+were also deployed in the same direction, and the Brigade was then
+ordered to consolidate its position. The Highland Light Infantry and
+15th Sikhs took over the front line, and the two Gurkha battalions and
+the 4th King’s Liverpools were withdrawn to reorganise. The 34th
+Pioneers and Sappers and Miners were sent up to assist and the Composite
+Brigade was withdrawn into reserve. By 9 P.M. our Allies had gone
+forward again and touch had been re-established with the Moroccans. The
+deployment and advance of the Brigade had been carried out in full view
+of the enemy, and during the whole day the troops were subjected to a
+heavy enfilade and Artillery fire. They had behaved with the greatest
+firmness and done all that was possible to attain their object.
+
+The Brigadier brought to special notice the dashing advance of the 4th
+King’s, and the gallantry of the company 1st Highland Light Infantry
+under Captain Tarrant. At noon on 28th April the Division was placed
+under the orders of Plumer’s Force, which had just been formed.
+
+During the 28th and 29th April, various plans for an attack by the
+French were arranged and the rôle of our troops was laid down and
+communicated to Brigadiers, but the attacks did not take place. By this
+time it was known that the German position was a continuous line of
+trenches of great strength with strong points here and there at farms
+and other houses. During the night of 29th April, the Ferozepore and
+Jalandar Brigades were withdrawn to Ouderdom huts under orders from
+Plumer’s Force. No attack took place on the 30th April, but a continuous
+bombardment was carried on, in which the co-operation of the Canadian
+Artillery was specially acknowledged by General Keary.
+
+At 6 P.M. on 30th April Colonel Savy, commanding the Moroccan Brigade,
+was asked to state his intention, and informed the G.O.C. Division that
+his losses had been very heavy and that he could not attack without
+reinforcements. During the early hours of the morning of 1st May a
+message was received from Plumer’s Force giving the substance of a
+communication sent to General Plutz, commanding the French Army of
+Belgium, in which it was explained to him that the Sirhind Brigade, the
+only one available, could be utilised to support the French right in an
+attack on the German trench line on Hill 29, and orders for the
+Artillery were issued to suit the particular form the attack was to
+take, and instructions allotting their objectives were sent to the
+Artillery of the Canadian and Twenty-seventh Divisions, which were to
+co-operate.
+
+A message from Plumer’s Force made it clear that General Plutz
+understood that the Sirhind Brigade would only advance to the attack in
+conjunction with the French, and that their attack would not be
+converging. The Brigadier reported that he would move off twenty minutes
+before the French, so as to bring him level with the latter when the
+assault began. The Artillery was ordered to support this movement with a
+heavy fire, and at 2.50 P.M. the Brigade advanced in the following
+formation:
+
+  Right battalion—1/4th Gurkhas. In support 1st Highland Light Infantry.
+
+  Left battalion—1/1st Gurkhas; with King’s Liverpools in support. The
+  15th Sikhs to hold the advanced trenches.
+
+It is on record that the Gurkhas were so overjoyed at finding themselves
+for once out of a bog that they literally tore over the rolling country
+until within 300 yards of the German lines. An officer who was present,
+and who afterwards went to Gallipoli, wrote to say that when his men saw
+the barren hills there, they shouted, “Hurrah! at last we shall be able
+to shoot on a hillside—no more snipe _jheels_ for us.” Oh! if some one
+who knew what many of our Indian battalions could do (outside of eternal
+mire) had given us a chance in France, even for a short spell, what an
+opportunity it would have been of proving once for all that the hillmen
+of India with British officers cannot be beaten in hilly country no
+matter who the foe. But the depression caused by existence in the same
+fetid morass for fourteen long and blood-stained months, without any
+change, was enough to turn sour the cheeriest mortal that ever
+shouldered a rifle. I make bold to say that no other Corps, Division,
+Brigade, or unit in France was ever kept as long on such a narrow,
+cheerless front as was the Indian Corps, nor, had they been, would they
+have stuck it out any better.
+
+The right battalion, 1/4th Gurkhas, in its rush arrived near the farm,
+the vicinity of which had been the scene of Captain Tarrant’s exploit.
+Here they were joined by their supporting battalion, the Highland Light
+Infantry. In this operation the rapidity of the Gurkha advance served
+them well, as only some fifty casualties were recorded. The Highlanders
+had eighty casualties, including 2nd Lieut. McIntosh of the Indian Army
+attached to the battalion, killed.
+
+The 1st Gurkhas only finished their rush when but 200 yards severed them
+from the German trenches—that fateful “No Man’s Land,” so familiar to
+every soldier, so dreaded by every mother and wife, the Lethean zone
+which alone separated civilisation from modern barbarism; that 200 yards
+which was more difficult to cross than the 600 leagues over which
+Xenophon retreated, or the vast expanses Marco Polo explored. But in the
+ranks of the army of Great Britain’s King the occasion always finds the
+man.
+
+Close by the German front was a trench: Who was in it—friend or foe?
+Havildar Bhakat Sing Rana of the 2/4th Gurkhas, attached to the 1st
+battalion, offered to solve the riddle. With a small chosen band he
+crept out and, cheating death, discovered it was held by our Allies. The
+Indian Order of Merit could not have been better won.
+
+The 1st Gurkhas had about seventy casualties in this attack, and the
+supporting battalion, the 4th King’s Liverpools, added forty-five,
+including Captain Lumsden killed, and Major Beall, who had led so well a
+few days previously, wounded.
+
+I will quote from General Keary’s report, which concisely explains the
+movements of the Brigade:
+
+  The leading battalions, moving rapidly forward, advanced without
+  serious loss, and had passed before the enemy had formed a belt of
+  Artillery fire on the crest of the ridge on our side of the valley,
+  through which it subsequently became impossible to advance. Owing to
+  the German line being better known by this time, and owing to the more
+  detailed instructions as to Artillery support, the hostile rifle fire
+  was more effectively kept down on this day.
+
+  The troops advanced into the front French and British trenches. The
+  ground between them and the German trenches was a glacis slope, and by
+  5 P.M. it became apparent that the wire entanglement in front, some
+  four yards deep, had not been cut.
+
+  At 7 P.M. the officer commanding 4th Moroccan Brigade sent a message
+  to say that he had decided not to attack.
+
+  Accordingly orders were issued to the Sirhind Brigade to withdraw to
+  the huts at Ouderdom. Ends.
+
+During the last four days of the operations the Lahore Divisional
+Artillery was chiefly employed in assisting the French. It earned the
+thanks of the French Commander for the accuracy and effectiveness of its
+fire. General Keary specially brought to notice the great assistance he
+had received from Brigadier-General Burstall and the Staff of the
+Canadian Divisional Artillery; throughout the operations they had
+co-operated with the utmost zeal and cordiality. He also acknowledged
+the great help Brigadier-General Stokes and the Artillery of the
+Twenty-seventh Division had rendered.
+
+Of 16,000 combatants of all arms detached from the Indian Army Corps to
+take part in the second battle of Ypres, over 24 per cent were returned
+as casualties. General Keary, in forwarding his report on the battle,
+wrote:
+
+  In conclusion, I consider that the troops did all that it was humanly
+  possible to do under most trying circumstances. They had to pass along
+  some miles of road and narrow streets under a hail of shell-fire,
+  advance to a position of assembly over open ground and from thence to
+  a position of deployment under the same conditions.
+
+  The Germans had prepared a position which required the most accurate
+  and intense gun fire to reduce it. Owing to the hurried nature of the
+  attack it was impossible to reconnoitre sufficiently to ensure such a
+  fire; nor were the guns registered. During the first two days the
+  Infantry advanced against a position on an open glacis which was
+  virtually unshaken. After the first two days only one Brigade was in
+  action, and its action depended on that of the French, whose right was
+  unable to advance to the attack.
+
+  In spite of all these disabilities the carrying of the position by the
+  French and British was only prevented by the use of asphyxiating
+  gases.
+
+  I think the following regiments deserve special mention for the
+  gallantry shown by them:
+
+                     1st Manchesters.
+                     Connaught Rangers.
+                     1st Highland Light Infantry.
+                     4th King’s (Liverpool Regiment).
+                     47th Sikhs.
+                     57th Rifles.
+                     40th Pathans.
+
+The following letter was received from the Second Army:
+
+                                                            SECOND ARMY.
+
+  G.O.C. LAHORE DIVISION—Having read the very complete and excellent
+  report on the work of the Lahore Division in the heavy fighting near
+  Ypres on the 26th and 27th April 1915, the Commander of the Second
+  Army is confirmed in the views he formed at the time, that the
+  Division had been handled with great skill and determination by
+  Major-General Keary.
+
+  Sir Horace Smith-Dorrien fully realises the disadvantages under which
+  the attack was made, insufficient Artillery preparation on our side
+  and an open glacis-like slope to advance over in the face of
+  overwhelming shell, rifle, and machine-gun fire, and the employment of
+  poisonous gases on the enemy’s side; and that, in spite of these
+  disadvantages, the troops, although only partially successful in
+  wrenching ground from the enemy, effectually prevented his further
+  advance and thus ensured the safety of the town of Ypres.
+
+  Sir Horace, whilst deploring the heavy casualties, wishes to thank the
+  Divisional General, Brigadiers, and Commanding Officers and all ranks
+  of the several Arms employed, for the great service they performed for
+  the Second Army on those eventful two days.
+
+[Illustration: LAHORE DIVISION deployed for attack, April 26. ]
+
+  In this respect he would specially mention the following regiments:
+
+  [The corps named by General Keary are then enumerated.]
+
+             (Sd.) GEO. F. MILNE, Maj.-Gen., G.S., Second Army.
+           _7th May 1915._
+
+General Sir Herbert Plumer also wrote us follows:
+
+  G.O.C. LAHORE DIVISION—Will you please convey to the Brigadiers,
+  Commanding Officers, and all Officers, Non-Commissioned Officers and
+  Men of your Division my thanks for the assistance they have rendered
+  in the recent severe fighting, and my appreciation of the way in which
+  they have carried out the very arduous duties entrusted to them while
+  under my command.
+
+  I deeply regret the very heavy casualties they have suffered.
+
+By 5th May the Lahore Division had rejoined the Corps, and immediately
+proceeded to take its share in the severe fighting round Festubert.
+
+I took the opportunity to see as many units as possible during the short
+interval, and it was a great pleasure to talk with Keary, and many
+others of all ranks, British and Indian. The universal note was
+satisfaction that they had tried to do their duty. General Keary again
+commanded his Division at the battles near Festubert and Mauquissart, in
+May and September 1915, but it was not till he had been in command of a
+Division in Mesopotamia, much later on, that he was given any reward for
+his distinguished services.
+
+
+
+
+                               CHAPTER XX
+
+
+On every occasion the Corps had so far been called on to take part in
+any definite operation, I had felt sure it would acquit itself well, and
+had cause for satisfaction. But by this time the numbers and composition
+of the Indian Infantry units had been so reduced that it became a
+question how to allocate the duties in any offensive movement which
+might be ordered. At the end of March my recommendation for reorganising
+the Army Corps had been approved, and the two Divisions had been
+practically reconstituted. Each of the six Infantry Brigades was now
+composed of one Regular, one Territorial, and three Indian battalions.
+In a later chapter I shall give some figures which will show that,
+notwithstanding a battalion having been added, the strength per Brigade
+was in most cases so far short of war establishment as to amount to a
+nominal figure. But still the orders came for a Division to do this and
+a Brigade something else.
+
+Stern business was before us, and immediately the Lahore Division
+returned from Ypres it again took its place in the old trenches before
+Neuve Chapelle, whilst the Meerut Division got ready for the operations
+about to be undertaken for the capture of the Aubers Ridge and
+neighbouring villages and farms. The fighting for these lasted, as far
+as we were concerned, from the 9th to the 22nd of May, and during this
+period it was almost incessant. One attack succeeded another in
+monotonous sequence; if it was not on a farm it was on a strong point,
+or a distillery, or some position in a map square. Anyhow, it was the
+most unsatisfactory job that fell to our lot in France, and we were not
+alone in this respect, for the Fourth Corps on our left and the First on
+our right, as well as the Canadians, were to expend a great many lives
+and much effort with little gain to any of them.
+
+The French were making an offensive between the right of the British
+line and Arras, and Sir John French, in pursuance of a promise to
+support the Allied Commander-in-Chief, directed the First Army to carry
+out an attack on the German trenches in the neighbourhood of Rouges
+Banes by the Fourth Corps, and between Neuve Chapelle and Givenchy by
+the First and Indian Corps. A reason which we all thoroughly
+appreciated.
+
+What, however, apparently was not appreciated was that we were unlikely
+to find the Germans napping again as we had at Neuve Chapelle in March,
+and that the defences of those days had probably been quadrupled in
+strength. This, in fact, we very soon learned to our cost, and the
+cheery optimism which named Don and other places we were likely to reach
+was about to receive a severe shock. But, after all, this is far better
+than being pessimistic, and even the modern Attila in the very early
+days of the war probably got more out of his Huns by telling them they
+would be in Paris before the autumn leaves had fallen, than he would
+have done by only naming, say, Verdun and Rheims.
+
+The share of the Indian Corps in these operations was to attack between
+the First Corps on our right and the Fourth Corps on our left. Our
+immediate objective was the Ferme du Biez, after which we were to direct
+our advance on Ligny-le-Grand-La Cliqueterie Farm. The Fourth Corps,
+after carrying out its rôle on our left, was also to advance on
+Cliqueterie and effect a junction with the Indian Corps. I remember
+well, in imagination, picturing our Indian soldiers on the Aubers Ridge,
+the huge delight of the Gurkhas and Pathans at being actually high above
+a flat bog, and looking down on something instead of always looking up
+from a fetid trench. When I again visit India to see my friends, many
+will flatly maintain that the war was fought on a dead plain and the
+only mountain near it was the poor little Aubers Ridge.
+
+However, to my story. The Meerut Division was detailed for the attack;
+the Lahore Division to hold the line, and the guns of both Divisions,
+supplemented by others, were to support the attack. The assault was to
+be delivered by the Dehra Dun Brigade, the Bareilly Brigade being in
+support and three battalions of the Garhwal Brigade in reserve. The
+first attempt was carried out on 9th May on a front of 650 yards. The
+objectives were successively:
+
+  (_a_) Enemy’s front and support trenches.
+
+  (_b_) La Tourelle and houses near three named points.
+
+  (_c_) The Distillery, Ferme du Biez, S.W. edge of the Bois du Biez.
+
+  (_d_) Ligny-le-Petit.
+
+  (_e_) Ligny-le-Grand-La Cliqueterie Ferme. The Bois du Biez was to be
+  engaged simultaneously with the advance on Ligny-le-Petit by a special
+  body of troops consisting of the Garhwal Rifles and 2/8th Gurkhas with
+  two trench guns, under the command of Lieut.-Colonel Drake-Brockman,
+  39th Garhwalis.
+
+General Anderson, commanding the Meerut Division, had made every
+preparation. He, his Staff, his Brigadiers, and his Commanding officers
+had each and all studied every possible situation that could be
+imagined, and at dawn I felt that if success did not attend their
+efforts, they certainly deserved it. As I read the Corps and Divisional
+Orders now, I do not believe any better could have been written at the
+time.
+
+All troops were in position as ordered with but trifling casualties and
+the night of 8th-9th May passed quietly. Our own wire had been cut and
+bridges laid as directed. The bombardment commenced punctually at 5 A.M.
+and the enemy’s wire was cut satisfactorily, but many of our rounds were
+reported as falling short.
+
+At the appointed hour, the battalions of the Dehra Dun Brigade, the
+2/2nd Gurkhas, 1/4th Seaforths, 1st Seaforths (6th Jats and 1/9th
+Gurkhas in support) went over the top preparatory to the assault. Even
+with the certainty of being met by an inferno of fire within a few
+seconds, one young officer was heard to ask another if he knew the
+Report Centre of his Brigade, and on his replying that he was not sure,
+a laugh was raised by the questioner saying, “Why, you have often been
+there, it is 96 Piccadilly”; and in fact it was so, but situated for the
+time being in the Rue du Bois.
+
+The morning was bright, and from all appearances the Germans appeared
+quite unaware of our concentration and proposed attack. However,
+immediately the Infantry crossed over the parapet to form up preparatory
+to the assault, heavy machine-gun fire was opened on them from guns
+sited almost on the ground level. The enemy’s Infantry also manned the
+trenches.
+
+The 2nd Gurkhas as they started their rush met a terrific fire, and all
+the officers who had crossed the parapet were shot down. Lieut. Collins
+and Captain C. M. Mullaly were killed at this time, and Captain Kenneth
+Park, a nephew of mine, who had insisted on joining in the battle
+although in very poor health, was mortally wounded. The men from Nepal,
+notwithstanding every effort, were literally cut down and unable to
+advance beyond a ditch in their front.
+
+The 4th Seaforths and 1st Seaforths advanced with their usual bravery
+but met with the same fate and lay for hours under a leaden sheet,
+getting back as best they could after dark. In the 4th Seaforths,
+Lieutenants Tennant, Railton, and Bastian were killed.
+
+Notwithstanding the most gallant efforts to cross the fire-swept ground,
+by 6 A.M. it was definitely known our attack had failed to reach its
+first objective. One company 6th Jats, which had been directed between
+the left of First Corps and our right was practically annihilated, and
+Captain Dudley and Subadar Lekh Ram were killed. The hostile guns, which
+up to now had not done much firing, opened a searching and heavy fire on
+our trenches and the Rue du Bois, in consequence of which the Dehra Dun
+and Bareilly Brigades suffered numerous casualties; the 41st Dogras
+being particularly unfortunate in this respect.
+
+Howitzer fire was accordingly turned on to the German trenches, and
+preparatory arrangements for a fresh assault were commenced. At 6.35
+A.M., the G.O.C. 1st Division on our right informed General Anderson
+that the first assault of that Division had also failed. An hour later
+the 1st Seaforths made a second attempt to assault, but like the first
+this attempt also met with little success, and they too had to lie in
+the open with the other battalions unable to advance or retire. A
+special Howitzer bombardment of enemy trenches was arranged to commence
+at 7.45 A.M. and to last for twenty-five minutes, under cover of which
+it was hoped that the 2nd Gurkhas and 4th Seaforths would be able to
+advance.
+
+The O.C. 4th Seaforths at this time reported that the enemy was being
+reinforced and was of opinion they would counter-attack. The G.O.C.
+Dehra Dun Brigade accordingly sent up two companies 9th Gurkhas to
+assist the 1st Seaforths, who had suffered very heavy losses, and
+ordered the O.C. 9th Gurkhas to support the 4th Seaforths with the
+remainder of his battalion, but owing to the congested state of the
+communication trenches only 200 men were able to move forward. At 8 A.M.
+the First British Division informed the G.O.C. Meerut Division that the
+attack of the 2nd and 3rd Brigades had failed, and that the 1st Brigade
+would hold the line while they were withdrawn.
+
+At 8.20 A.M. I sent an order directing the further attempt at attack by
+the Dehra Dun Brigade fixed for 8.45 A.M. to be stayed, and that another
+assault should be organised to coincide with that of the First Division,
+which could not be ready for another two hours. The assault was
+consequently stopped.
+
+As the attack by the 2nd and 3rd Brigades on our right had failed owing
+to the enemy’s wire not being sufficiently cut, instructions were
+received from the Army commander to recommence operations at 12 noon
+after a further bombardment with H.E. 18-pr., by which it was hoped to
+break down the enemy’s parapets and knock out his machine-guns.
+
+On the urgent representation of the G.O.C. Dehra Dun Brigade, the hour
+for a fresh attack had been altered to 2.40 P.M. on this same date, 9th
+May. The Bareilly Brigade was also warned that it would have to relieve
+the Dehra Dun Brigade, and carry out the next assault. This assault was
+to be delivered by the 2nd Black Watch on the right, 58th Rifles in the
+centre, and 41st Dogras on the left, the 1/4th Black Watch and
+machine-guns of the 125th Rifles being in Brigade reserve. Meanwhile the
+Germans were reported by G.O.C. 1st Group H.A.R. to be strongly
+reinforcing their second line, which appeared to be held in strength.
+
+At 10 A.M. the G.O.C. Seventh British Division reported that the Eighth
+Division on our left was unable to make much headway beyond the front
+line of German trenches owing to fortified posts in rear, which were
+being bombarded afresh. The Garhwal Brigade was placed in support of the
+Bareilly Brigade. The 9th Gurkhas, which so far had not been seriously
+engaged, was ordered to join the Garhwal Brigade, which was short of
+Lieut.-Colonel Drake-Brockman’s detachment. The relief of the Dehra Dun
+by the Bareilly Brigade was commenced and carried out with considerable
+difficulty as the communication trenches were full of dead and wounded,
+and the movement being observed by the enemy, a heavy shell-fire was
+kept up by them. Owing to the destruction of our trenches it was found
+impossible to carry out the fresh attack, even at the altered hour, and
+the First Army directed that both the Meerut and First Divisions should
+assault at 4 P.M.
+
+At 12 noon the G.O.C. Bareilly Brigade reported to General Anderson that
+in the opinion of the G.O.C. Dehra Dun Brigade (the morning attacking
+Brigade) the enemy’s position had been in no way weakened and that the
+machine-gun fire which had caused the check of all efforts of the Dehra
+Dun Brigade was as heavy as ever. He added that the parapets were
+somewhat battered by our artillery, but that this was compensated for by
+the German reinforcements which had since come up; that three of his
+battalions had been exposed to heavy shell-fire, and that he wished the
+above situation to be known before the assault commenced.
+
+On receipt of this report General Anderson considered it advisable to
+inform me, but instructed the G.O.C. Bareilly Brigade that meantime the
+attack would take place as ordered. Whatever the circumstances, I
+considered it imperative to carry out this assault, and sent
+instructions that it was to be pressed at all costs, and the Divisional
+Commander added to this that it was to be carried on into the night if
+necessary. The orders of the First Army were distinct, and the movements
+of the First Division on my right depended on ours. I therefore felt
+bound to do all in my power to comply with the Army orders.
+
+By 4 P.M. the 2nd Black Watch had relieved the 2/2nd Gurkhas on the
+right, the 41st Dogras the 1st Seaforths on the left, and the 58th
+Rifles had taken the place of the 1/4th Seaforths in the centre. The
+1/4th Black Watch was in reserve.
+
+The 1st Seaforths, on this 9th May 1915, had, if possible, beaten all
+their records for dogged valour. Nothing in war could exceed the
+determination to win through displayed by all ranks, and where they
+failed no other Corps could have succeeded. When I received their
+casualty roll I could have wept and felt no sense of weakness: seven
+officers and 130 other ranks killed or missing; ten officers and 350
+other ranks wounded, and mostly within a few short moments.
+
+                Gashed with honourable scars,
+                  Low in glory’s lap they lie;
+                Though they fell, they fell like stars,
+                  Streaming splendours through the sky.
+
+The bombardment commenced punctually at 3.20 P.M., 9th May, and at 3.40
+P.M. the assaulting troops crossed the parapet and formed up prior to
+the assault. Each battalion was formed in two lines, two companies in
+each line. The right battalion (2nd Black Watch) and right company of
+centre battalion (58th Rifles) were met by a heavy, well-directed
+machine-gun and rifle fire from their front, left front, and left flank
+directly they showed over the parapets, and but few men succeeded in
+crossing the ditch to their front, the majority being disabled before
+reaching it. The left company of the 58th Rifles succeeded in advancing
+about 100 yards; but when our guns lifted they were at once exposed to a
+heavy fire and were unable to advance farther. The 41st Dogras on the
+left, in particular, had been exposed to an extremely heavy shelling
+from H.E. and shrapnel, both while getting forward and whilst waiting in
+the front line. In consequence, one company consisted of only
+twenty-eight men. The companies (what remained of them) crossed the
+parapet and aligned themselves with the 58th Rifles; but rifle and
+machine-gun fire brought them to a halt. Further attempts to advance by
+bringing up men from the rear companies did not help them, as in
+crossing the parapet most of them were shot down.
+
+Our artillery bombardment at this stage was quite ineffective and short,
+and the Germans were not appreciably shaken by it. Their infantry was
+lining the parapets from the time we commenced to assemble in front of
+our own trenches, and the situation was for the time being entirely in
+their favour. About 4 P.M. orders were issued for battalions to
+reorganise, and be prepared for a fresh assault if ordered.
+
+A good instance of the _camaraderie_ between British and Indian soldiers
+was shown on this day. A Seaforth Highlander, who was badly wounded in
+the first attack in the morning, was lying out unable to be got in. A
+Dogra sepoy was wounded in the second assault during the afternoon and
+was lying near him. Hearing the Highlander groaning, he dragged himself
+up to him, patted his arm, and said he would stay by him and take him in
+later on. When darkness came on the Dogra dragged himself back and
+reported to his own battalion that he wanted some men to come and bring
+in the wounded Highlander. The officer commanding the company he went to
+said he would see about it and ordered him to get back to the
+dressing-station. He refused to go, as he said he had promised the
+_ghāgra_ (kilted man) to save him, and intended to do that first and
+then go to hospital. The Highlander was rescued.
+
+ Then cease all ye who, in your pride, the creed of others would deride.
+ The Hindu idol; crescent’s sign; the Shinto doctrine, laws divine.
+ Confucius made and Christ decreed, all to one common substance lead,
+ No matter by what faith enthralled; ’tis what men _do_ not what they’re
+    called.
+
+In the ranks of the 2nd Black Watch was a Lance-Corporal, David Finlay
+by name, a fine specimen of a fine Corps. As he topped the parapet a
+shell exploding near him knocked him flat, but quickly recovering
+himself he rushed on with his bombing party of a dozen men, defying
+death. Ten out of his twelve gallant comrades were killed or
+incapacitated before he cried a halt, but then only to add to his
+daring, for seeing a badly wounded man he carried him for 100 yards
+through a whirl of fire and brought him into our own trenches safely.
+David Finlay did not live long to wear the Victoria Cross he was
+awarded. Such brave souls never rest as ordinary men can. He lies ’neath
+the desert sands of Mesopotamia. And of the battalion whose fame he so
+much enhanced, three officers—Lieutenants W. Brownlow, the Hon. K.
+Stewart, and Sinclair—and seventy others gave their lives; whilst the
+total casualties numbered 265, or fifty per cent of the strength which
+fought that day.
+
+The 41st Dogras, who were engaged in their first offensive battle as a
+complete battalion, suffered very heavy losses. Lieut.-Colonel
+Hutchinson, whilst leading a double company, received three wounds, and
+his company officer, Lieutenant Vaughan, was totally disabled. At one
+time the only unwounded officer was a Dogra subadar, Jai Singh (attached
+from 37th Dogras). He behaved splendidly, but was himself twice wounded
+before the share of the battalion in this day of carnage had ended. The
+C.O., Colonel Tribe, received a shell-wound and Major Milne (82nd
+Punjabis), whom I had known well in the Peshawar Division, was severely
+wounded in the advance. In fact the Dogras were almost broken up as a
+unit. Five of the ten British officers present and seven of the Indian
+officers were rendered _hors de combat_; and the battalion suffered in
+all over 400 casualties out of a muster roll of 650. I well know the
+hills and vales from which most of these gallant soldiers came. I can
+hear ethereal voices, wafted on the warm summer breezes as they top the
+ridges of the sub-Himalayan hills, soughing, “Well done, loyal Dogras!”
+
+The 58th Rifles had a total of 250 killed, missing, and wounded,
+including Lieutenant Mackmillan, who died of wounds.
+
+By 5 P.M., 9th May, it was clear from reports received from G.O.C.
+Bareilly Brigade, Artillery observation-officers, and the First British
+Division that all attacks, both of the First and Meerut Divisions had
+failed. After a telephonic conversation with the G.O.C. Meerut Division
+the Garhwal Brigade was ordered to take over the front line from
+Bareilly, and this was finally effected by 1 A.M. midnight of the
+9th-10th May. The failure of the attacks on this day were due to the
+insufficient effect produced by the Artillery bombardment and to the
+great volume of extremely accurate machine-gun fire from front and
+flanks. As regards the insufficient effect of the Artillery bombardment,
+it must be remembered that, after their experience in front of Neuve
+Chapelle on 10th to 13th March, the Germans realised that breastworks of
+exceptional strength were required, and had accordingly devoted their
+energies to the construction of improved parapets of great thickness,
+especially on both sides of the Estaires-La Bassée road, as to the
+safety of which they were anxious. They had also largely increased the
+number of machine-guns employed in their front line, locating them in
+dug-outs heavily strutted with timber, which admitted of the
+machine-guns being fired just above ground level, and ensured the safety
+of the detachments during the bombardment. The light shell of our field
+guns appeared to produce but small results on these improved parapets,
+and even high-explosive shell had only very local effects. A very
+considerable proportion of our H.E. shell also failed to detonate
+satisfactorily. The fire of our 18-pounder guns was accurate enough, as
+proved by the manner in which the enemy’s wire entanglements had been
+cut, but owing to some defect in the construction of the shell there
+were, and continued to be, a very unduly large number of prematures. As
+regards the fire of our howitzers, both those of 4·5-inch and those of
+6·0-inch calibre, the extreme accuracy which we had become accustomed to
+obtain with them had fallen off considerably as the guns became worn by
+the large number of rounds fired. In the various intensive bombardments,
+too, it was reported by the Infantry that a large proportion of our
+shell had fallen short of the enemy’s front line parapets. This was
+largely accounted for by the error of the gun, which at the ranges fired
+at hardly ensured more than twenty-five per cent of shell actually
+hitting the point aimed at.
+
+The endeavour displayed by the Infantry in the various assaults left
+nothing to be desired. The successive attempts to reach the enemy
+trenches were brought to a standstill by the disablement of all but a
+small percentage of the assaulting columns, and by machine-gun and rifle
+fire. This fire started from the moment the first of our men showed
+above our breastworks, and numbers were put out of action within a few
+yards of our own front line. Of those who succeeded, in spite of the
+heaviest losses, in getting out half-way between our lines and the
+Germans, the small number of unwounded men found themselves pinned to
+the ground, unable to advance or retire in face of the enemy’s fire.
+
+The casualties suffered on the 9th and 10th May were heavy, amounting to
+sixty-eight British officers, thirty Indian officers, and a total of all
+ranks, British and Indian, of over 2000, or about thirty-six per cent of
+strength.
+
+On the 10th May General Anderson came to my Headquarters, and I
+communicated to him an order I had received, and which stated that it
+was vitally important not a round of gun ammunition should be wasted. At
+this interview I told him that no attack would take place on the 10th or
+night 10th-11th, but that one might take place on the night 11th-12th.
+That evening the Garhwal Brigade took over some 230 yards’ extra front
+from the British Division on our right in anticipation of the attack.
+The Sirhind Brigade was ordered back from Croix Barbée, and again came
+under the orders of the Lahore Division, while the Dehra Dun Brigade was
+replaced at the disposal of the Meerut Division.
+
+On the morning of 12th May the situation was as follows: the Garhwal
+Brigade held the line, the Bareilly Brigade was in support with
+Headquarters at Lansdowne Post, and the Dehra Dun Brigade in Divisional
+reserve at La Couture and Vieille Chapelle. I informed the G.O.C. Meerut
+Division that his Division, less the Dehra Dun Brigade and with the
+Sirhind Brigade added, would probably attack on a 300 yards’ front on
+the night 13th-14th May, in co-operation with the First Corps on its
+right, the front of attack being between two points designated V 5 and V
+6, well known to us all.
+
+I have since I first wrote this visited (1919) this bit of ground and
+located my friends V 5 and V 6, and I touched my hat not only to the
+brave men who died for us, but also to the German dead who held them so
+tenaciously and died like gentlemen.
+
+At 4 P.M. this day, 12th May, the Meerut Division was ordered to be
+prepared to take over the Rue du Bois front, to Chocolat Menier Corner
+inclusive, during the night. At night I proceeded to Meerut Divisional
+Headquarters and discussed the arrangements for the attack with
+Anderson; but next morning, 13th May, I was informed that the proposed
+night operations were postponed for twenty-four hours, viz. till the
+night 14th-15th May. Orders were therefore issued directing the
+bombardment of the enemy’s position which was to be attacked. It was to
+be deliberate and continuous till the assault was made. This bombardment
+commenced at 12 noon and was maintained till the attack was delivered,
+and it drew in reply a strong continuous fire on the trenches held by
+the Meerut Division.
+
+The general outlines of the operations were as follows:
+
+The First and Indian Corps were to renew the attack and to press
+forwards towards Violaines and Beau Puits, and to establish a defensive
+flank along the La Bassée road on the left, maintaining the right at
+Givenchy. The line to be established in the first instance was the
+general line of the road Festubert-La Quinque Rue-La Tourelle
+cross-roads-Port Arthur, which position was to be consolidated. The
+First Corps was to assault with the Second Division on the right of the
+Meerut Division, and the assault of both Divisions was to be
+simultaneous. The subsequent advance was to be with the object of
+securing the Ferme d’Avoué and certain named roads.
+
+The Seventh Division on our left was to deliver an assault in the early
+hours of the 15th May.
+
+The Meerut Division, less Dehra Dun Brigade and one Brigade R.F.A., with
+the Sirhind Brigade added, was ordered to make the attack of the Indian
+Corps. The assault was to be made against named front-line trenches, all
+details being given. Should the first two objectives be attained, as the
+attack of the Second Division progressed our own was to push on and
+secure the road from Port Arthur to La Tourelle cross-roads inclusive,
+and consolidate itself thereon.
+
+A deliberate Artillery bombardment was to precede the assault and was to
+be maintained for thirty-six hours. Owing, however, to the further
+postponement of the attack for twenty-four hours it was actually
+maintained for sixty hours.
+
+No. 4 Trench howitzer battery was placed at the disposal of the Garhwal
+Brigade for the operations, and this Brigade was detailed to carry out
+the assault on the enemy’s front-line trenches on a two-battalion front.
+
+The Sirhind Brigade was in support of the Garhwal Brigade. The Bareilly
+Brigade was in Divisional reserve at Croix Barbée, and the Dehra Dun
+Brigade was in Corps reserve.
+
+The 4th Indian Cavalry rendezvoused on 15th May in fields and orchards
+between Vieille Chapelle and La Couture. Nos. 3 and 4 Companies Sappers
+and Miners and the 107th Pioneers rendezvoused at St. Vaast on the
+evening of the 14th May. All assaulting troops wore masks soaked in
+solution. These were the early days of gas, and some of the devices to
+ward off this poisonous innovation were grotesque. Fond parents, wives,
+and relations had sent out every form of anti-gas invention. A Hindu
+sepoy best explained what the Indians thought of it all when he said: “I
+believe the British have been converted to our religion and are trying
+to imitate our many Gods. I have already seen many ‘Hunumans,’ and
+‘Ganesh’ will shortly follow.”
+
+At 3.30 P.M. on the 14th May orders were received from First Army
+directing the assault to be delayed for another twenty-four hours, as
+the effect of the bombardment was not considered to have been
+sufficient; the weather also was wet and the ground was soft and
+holding.
+
+The night of the 14th-15th passed without any special incident. At 3.30
+P.M. on the 15th May I sent the following instructions to the G.O.C.
+Meerut Division:
+
+  (_a_) If the night attack succeeds, hold on to V 6 at all costs, even
+  if the Second Division on your right fails.
+
+  (_b_) If the night attack fails, you will not persist in it, unless
+  the Second Division on the right has succeeded, when use every
+  endeavour to connect with its left.
+
+  (_c_) If the attack of both the Meerut and Second Divisions fail, make
+  a fresh attack at 3.15 A.M., to synchronise with that of the Seventh
+  Division; this attack is to be preceded by a fresh bombardment,
+  commencing at 2.45 A.M. and lasting till 3.15 A.M.
+
+  (_d_) If you fail again, re-form and prepare for another attack, which
+  should be preceded by a further bombardment, probably six hours later,
+  but further instructions will be issued as to the hour and class of
+  this bombardment.
+
+At 10.50 P.M., 15th May, all troops were in position. The 2nd Leicesters
+with six machine-guns were to assault with the right in the ditch
+passing through V 5, and were ordered to get into touch with the Second
+Division on their right. The Garhwal Rifles, with six machine-guns, were
+on the left, with their right in touch with the left of the Leicesters.
+The 3rd Londons and two companies 2/3rd Gurkha Rifles were in support of
+the Garhwal Rifles and 2nd Leicesters respectively. The remainder of the
+3rd Gurkha Rifles was in Brigade reserve. The 2/8th Gurkha Rifles were
+holding the line in rear. The units of the Sirhind Brigade were disposed
+as follows:
+
+  1st Highland Light Infantry, and 1/1st Gurkha Rifles in assembly
+  trenches east of Garhwal Brigade Reserve.
+
+  15th Sikhs in trenches east of Lansdowne Post.
+
+  1/4th King’s Liverpools in trenches about Lansdowne Post.
+
+  1/4th Gurkha Rifles in Lansdowne Post.
+
+Immediately the bridges were in position the Leicesters and Garhwal
+Rifles commenced to move out, and by 11.25 P.M. were in position.
+
+The assault started at 11.30 P.M., and at once the German machine-gun
+and rifle fire commenced, while their trenches appeared full of men. The
+enemy front was lit, not only by the ordinary flares but also by bombs
+thrown over the parapet, which burned on the ground. In spite of
+repeated efforts to reach the German trenches, the advance of both
+battalions was brought to a standstill, and each successive attempt was
+similarly stopped.
+
+At 12.30 A.M., 16th May, the G.O.C. Garhwal Brigade reported that the
+Leicesters were held up and that the Garhwal Rifles had been unable to
+get forward more than thirty yards owing to heavy machine-gun fire. At
+this time General Anderson became aware that, though the battalion of
+the British Division on his immediate right had also not succeeded in
+reaching the German trenches, others of the 5th and 6th Infantry
+Brigades had done so. This proved that strong-point V 6 and its vicinity
+assigned to us were, as I had understood all along, one of the most
+formidable obstacles on our whole front. The Leicesters and the Garhwal
+Rifles were accordingly withdrawn and replaced by the 3rd Gurkhas and
+1/3rd Londons, and the G.O.C. Brigade was directed to make a further
+effort at 3.15 A.M.
+
+In the meanwhile touch was maintained with the left of the Second
+Division, and the G.O.C. was informed that the Garhwal Brigade would
+again attack at 3.15 A.M. In reply, he stated that his left would
+simultaneously make another attack. An intense bombardment commenced at
+2.45 A.M., 16th May, and at 3 A.M. the battalions detailed to attack
+were in position with their leading platoons in the firing-trenches. It
+was impossible, owing to the light, to launch the assault from the
+enemy’s side of the ditch, as the troops could not reach that position
+unseen.
+
+At 3.15 A.M. the assault was commenced, but the moment the men showed
+the enemy opened a heavy rifle, machine-gun, and artillery fire. The
+majority of them were shot down as they crossed our parapet, and this
+assault also was entirely held up.
+
+In both advances a certain number of officers and men arrived within a
+few yards of the German wire before they were shot, but none were able
+to reach the parapets. The battalions were now ordered to reorganise,
+and it was decided that no further attempts to break through on this
+front were to be made, but that troops should be pushed in through the
+opening already made on our right.
+
+In these assaults the German machine-guns again succeeded, in spite of
+the previous heavy bombardment by Artillery and bomb-guns, in
+maintaining themselves in their covered positions and in coming into
+immediate action on our assault being launched. Both assaults were thus
+met by heavy fire from the front and from right and left flanks, and
+were brought to a standstill just as those on the 9th May had been.
+
+The casualties, owing to the smaller front attacked, were not so
+numerous as those experienced on the 9th, but they were regrettably
+heavy, namely, twenty-one British officers, five Indian officers, 300
+other British ranks, and 590 other ranks Indian, or about thirty per
+cent of the strength of the Brigade engaged.
+
+In these difficult operations the Garhwal Rifles suffered 150
+casualties, and the Leicesters lost in killed four subalterns, viz.
+Tayler, Brown, Gandy, and Crosse, besides twenty other ranks, and the
+wounded and missing, including five officers, numbered over 200. It is a
+sad tale to tell, this continuous long roll of dead and wounded, but it
+is necessary in order to explain the difficulties we had to encounter
+and the heroism of the troops, British and Indian, who, notwithstanding
+the hopelessness of the task, never hesitated to go manfully forward.
+
+The 3rd Londons suffered over 100 casualties, and the 3rd Gurkhas over
+seventy, including two British officers killed. Lieutenant Nott-Bower
+was shot whilst bravely trying to save a wounded man of the Leicesters
+and a brother officer, Captain Grigg, was hit by a splinter of shell.
+Captain F. Hodgson of the 84th Punjabis, a personal friend, was another
+gallant soul who passed away in honour this day.
+
+By 4.30 A.M., 16th May, the 6th British Brigade had taken the Orchard
+and the 5th Brigade had been able to continue its advance, but the
+battalion on our immediate right had again been unable to get on, as its
+flank was exposed. The G.O.C. Bareilly Brigade was now directed to be
+prepared to take over the front held by the Garhwal Brigade. The Army
+commander had meantime decided to form a flank where the left of the
+Second Division had got through, and I received orders to hold our
+trenches as a defensive front.
+
+At 8 A.M., 16th May, the situation was as follows:
+
+Garhwal Brigade was holding the line as a defensive front. The Meerut,
+Lahore, and Heavy Artillery were shelling the area V 6 and other
+re-entrant objectives. The Bareilly Brigade was _en route_ to Lansdowne
+Post. The Sirhind Brigade and 107th Pioneers were under orders of the
+G.O.C. Second Division. Both companies Sappers and Miners and 125th
+Rifles were at St. Vaast and Croix Barbée. 4th Indian Cavalry was in its
+rendezvous at Vieille Chapelle; whilst the left battalion of the Second
+Division, which could not advance, was still holding its old front line
+in continuation of our right.
+
+At 11.30 P.M. the Bareilly Brigade relieved the Garhwal Brigade on the
+front line, with Headquarters at Lansdowne Post.
+
+Before dawn on 17th May I received First Army Operation orders, which
+directed the Indian Corps to remain in occupation of its line.
+
+At 10 A.M. on 17th May, after a telephonic conversation with General
+Anderson, it was arranged that we should seize any opportunity of
+advancing into the enemy trenches. The Sirhind Brigade was again placed
+at my disposal, for the purpose of ensuring touch being kept with the
+left of Second Division in any advance which the latter might make.
+
+At 11 A.M. the First Army directed that the duty of gradually
+establishing a defensive flank on the left as the attack proceeded, was
+assigned to the Indian Corps, and that as the attack of the Second
+Division progressed we were to gradually extend to the right and relieve
+troops of the Second Division as opportunity offered. The Bareilly and
+Sirhind Brigades were detailed for this duty.
+
+At 3.30 A.M. on 18th May the Germans attempted an attack on one company
+of the 15th Sikhs, but were bombed and driven back. During the progress
+of reliefs of certain battalions of the British Brigade on our right the
+1st Highland Light Infantry had five officers and seventy other ranks
+made casualties, including Lieutenant H. S. Davidson killed. It is
+interesting to note here that the 1st battalion which belonged to the
+Indian Corps actually relieved their own 2nd battalion which belonged to
+the British Brigade fighting by our side. A chance meeting under such
+conditions is rare, even under the varied circumstances in which the
+British Army serves.
+
+This 18th day of May was to witness a deed of heroism which for
+sustained gallantry can surely not be surpassed. A British officer and
+ten men of the 15th Sikhs were those who added a brilliant page to the
+history of the Indian Army. Of the ten one Lance-Naik Mangal Singh and
+three sepoys belonged to the battalion, whilst four of the others were
+attached from the 19th Punjabis and two from the 45th Sikhs.
+
+An isolated trench was held by a company of the 15th Sikhs, opposed to
+an ever-increasing number of the enemy, who showed signs of an immediate
+attack. Having expended all his bombs, the officer in command was in
+urgent need of more, and Lieutenant J. Smyth offered to make the attempt
+over the 250 yards which intervened. Ten Sikhs volunteered to accompany
+him, carrying a hundred bombs in boxes between them. Moving for sixty
+yards under cover, the party diverged, and at once came under heavy
+fire. Crawling over dead and wounded, through such cover as battered
+ditches and trenches could afford, they advanced under a galling and
+aimed fire. Man after man was shot down, and by the time Smyth had got
+to within thirty yards of his objective there were only three others
+besides himself unwounded, but the precious boxes were still intact. The
+Germans had seen and understood the object of this movement, and the
+ground here was swept by a tornado of bullets, and to carry the boxes
+any farther was absolutely impossible. Breaking them open, Smyth
+distributed as many bombs as possible between the survivors. One of the
+three gallant Sikhs was at the same time killed; and this splendid young
+officer, with now but two others—a Naik and a sepoy—crawling on through
+mire and water, reached their goal. Smyth, who is one of the most
+modest, as he certainly is one of the bravest, of men, received the
+Victoria Cross, and the Naik the Indian Order of Merit, whilst the
+Indian Distinguished Service Medal was given to all who lived of that
+glorious band. The Gurus of the Khalsa could have wished for no greater
+proof of the right of the Sikh to style himself a Singh (lion).
+
+On 18th May orders were received for the Indian Corps to attack the
+Ferme du Bois at the same time as attacks were delivered by the Seventh
+Division and the Guards Brigade more to the south.
+
+The outlines of the operation were as follows: Meerut Division,
+reinforced by Sirhind Brigade, was to attack the Ferme du Bois at 4.30
+P.M., in conjunction with an attack by the Guards Brigade on Cour
+d’Avoué, with the intention of obtaining possession of the Ferme du Bois
+and of three trenches up to the La Tourelle-Quinque Rue road. Touch was
+to be obtained with the Guards at a point marked Q 12.
+
+The Artillery bombardment commenced at 2 P.M. The Sirhind Brigade was
+directed on the Ferme du Bois and certain other points, and after
+establishing itself at the Ferme, was to push forward in conjunction
+with the progress of the attack by the Guards Brigade. The Bareilly
+Brigade was to assist this attack by fire. The orders of the Sirhind
+Brigade directed the bombing parties to be supported by half a company
+1st Highland Light Infantry; and as the attack progressed the 4th King’s
+had orders as to the part to be played by them.
+
+At 4.20 P.M., 18th May, the Sirhind Brigade reported that, owing to the
+heavy German Artillery fire, the bombing parties and troops intended for
+the attack were being held up in their original trenches, and shortly
+after communication with the front became very difficult owing to all
+wires being cut.
+
+By 5.40 P.M., 18th May, it was ascertained that the Guards Brigade were
+getting forward by short rushes, and the G.O.C. Sirhind Brigade was
+directed to use every possible endeavour to try and get his own attack
+forward also.
+
+At 6 P.M. he reported that the bombing parties had made three attempts
+to cross, but had so far failed. As the attack appeared quite unable to
+advance, I telephoned that if it could not attain its object by day it
+must do so by night, and further Artillery support was promised.
+
+As the troops of the Second Division on our right were being relieved
+during the night 18th-19th May, I sent instructions that no attack
+should be made till this relief was completed, but added that it must
+then be made.
+
+At 10 P.M. General Walker, V.C., in command of the Sirhind Brigade,
+represented that he considered the German position round the Ferme du
+Bois was such that the success of an attack was very doubtful, and that
+the probable loss of life would be great until our present position
+could be consolidated, and a front from which to advance was assured.
+While again reminding the Division that it was most desirable the attack
+should be made, I left it to the judgement of General Walker, an
+experienced officer, on the spot, to decide.
+
+At 11.10 P.M. it was definitely decided that the attack should not be
+made. Throughout the night the Sirhind Brigade was in close touch with
+the Germans to its front.
+
+The 15th Sikhs had been undergoing many vicissitudes during all the
+confused fighting of the past days, and as already related they had
+given a fine example of the stuff of which the Khalsa is made. Attached
+to the battalion was Captain F. C. Waterfield, 45th Sikhs, whom I had
+known for years. This promising officer was killed. His own regiment of
+Rattray’s Sikhs was the one Corps of the Indian Army which in my young
+days I had most admired and had served alongside in Afghanistan. It was
+always a fine battalion, and has on the plains of Mesopotamia added
+still more to its reputation. As I said earlier in this book, if any
+Sikh battalions are to remain as Class Corps, none is more worthy of
+this honour than Rattray’s Sikhs.
+
+On the 19th May the 15th Sikhs lost the services of two officers,
+Captain Crozier and Lieutenant Thomson.
+
+At dawn on 19th May I received orders to the effect that the Second and
+Seventh Divisions were consolidating their gains and that operations
+would continue on that day. The Artillery of the Indian Corps was to
+assist by firing on the Ferme du Bois and certain named communication
+trenches.
+
+At 10.5 A.M. the G.O.C. Sirhind Brigade reported that owing to rain the
+trenches were full of water and the parapets much damaged, and that in
+consequence of reliefs of Second Division his men had been on the move
+all night, and that his casualties during the past twenty-four hours had
+been severe. He added that his battalions in the front line were
+somewhat shaken, and he considered it essential to relieve the 15th
+Sikhs by the 1st Gurkhas that night, as they were now reduced to about
+250 men. He also recommended that the King’s should be relieved, and
+stated that he hardly thought an attack could be got out of his men that
+night.
+
+At 6 P.M. the Germans made another attempt to bomb the left flank of
+Sirhind Brigade, but this attack was stopped. On the top of all this
+orders were received from the First Army that the Indian Corps was, at
+all costs, to capture certain named trenches and points by the morning
+of 22nd May. During the night 19th-20th the Garhwal Brigade relieved
+Bareilly Brigade, and certain interbattalion reliefs desired by G.O.C.
+Sirhind Brigade were also carried out. The situation remained normal
+during the night.
+
+On the morning of the 20th May I visited General Anderson’s Headquarters
+and discussed the operations for the capture of the Ferme du Bois which
+had been ordered by First Army. This was to co-ordinate with the general
+plan, viz. that the Canadian and Highland Divisions should work
+southwards and secure the group of houses south of the Ferme Cour
+d’Avoué, and that the Indian Corps was to carry on active hostilities
+continuously, with a view to harassing the enemy and wearing down his
+resistance.
+
+The orders issued by the Meerut Division were to the effect that the
+Sirhind Brigade as a first objective was to secure named localities
+about the Ferme du Bois before the morning of 22nd May, and that every
+endeavour was to be made to carry out this order. The G.O.C. Sirhind
+Brigade accordingly arranged that the 1st Gurkhas should establish
+themselves in a named trench overnight, and that patrols were to push on
+to the Ferme du Bois. Special patrols were also to be sent out to
+ascertain the nature of obstacles parallel to our front; forming-up
+trenches were to be dug for the assaulting battalions, and the 4th
+King’s were to be relieved.
+
+During the night a thorough reconnaissance of the position was carried
+out and a picquet was established by the Sirhind Brigade 200 yards west
+of the Ferme du Bois. Operation orders were telephoned to the Meerut
+Division. The arrangements were as follows:
+
+  General Alderson’s force (Canadians, etc.) was to co-operate by
+  carrying out an intensive bombardment on Cour d’Avoué on 22nd May.
+
+  The Garhwal Brigade was to detail a bombing party, supported by one
+  company of infantry, and support the attack by bombing along trench V
+  1 to V 2 with a view to establishing themselves there. This party was
+  not to commence operations until ten minutes after the Sirhind Brigade
+  attack had started, unless the enemy opened fire on our attacking
+  troops, in which case it was to act at once.
+
+  A detailed artillery bombardment, which commenced at 1 P.M. on the
+  21st and was to continue till 5 A.M. on the 22nd, was arranged, on
+  trenches and area in and near the localities to be attacked, and to
+  form barrages to prevent arrival of reinforcements.
+
+  The Sirhind Brigade was to attack at 1 A.M. on 22nd May in the
+  following formation:
+
+  On the left the Highland Light Infantry had as objectives two named
+  trenches. In the centre were the 1st Gurkhas, and on the right the 4th
+  Gurkhas.
+
+  The 4th King’s were in support, and 15th Sikhs in reserve.
+
+All columns were in position correctly, and the attacks were launched at
+1 A.M. as arranged, and advanced without at first being fired on. The
+right attack was checked by a ditch about twenty yards from the enemy’s
+trenches, and here came under rifle and machine-gun fire from the
+trenches in front, while the rear and right rear were also heavily fired
+on; the south-east corner of the Ferme du Bois Orchard, in particular,
+was under a severe fire, presumably from Cour d’Avoué. This ditch was
+about six feet deep with three feet of water in it, and the ground
+between it and the enemy’s trenches was wired. At this obstacle the
+leading company of the 4th Gurkhas was checked, but Major Moule and
+Captain Robinson with a detachment broke through the wire and were soon
+at the German trenches. They had nobly carried out their task and never
+returned to tell the tale. The battalion had 100 casualties.
+
+Lieutenant Ballinger, 4th King’s, commanding the two machine-guns of his
+battalion, had been detailed to follow the 4th Gurkhas. In his haste to
+join in the fight he moved on sooner than his instructions had allowed,
+and he and many of his men were killed close by the wire adjoining the
+German trench—another brave set of Englishmen who died as so many others
+did in the over-zealous discharge of duty.
+
+The attack did not progress beyond this ditch, which perhaps seemed a
+greater obstacle in the night than it really was. The only remaining
+British officer with the attacking companies returned at 1.50 A.M. to
+take up reinforcements, but at 2.20 A.M., the senior officers with the
+three attacking columns having consulted, decided that as the attack was
+held up all along, it was inadvisable to send up more troops, and the
+attackers were ordered to withdraw.
+
+The centre attack reached the Ferme du Bois with but little loss, owing
+to the protection afforded by the farm and ridge. A ditch was reached,
+and the assault at once came under heavy fire from the front and right
+flank. The leading company of the 1st Gurkhas, reinforced by a second,
+assaulted and captured a line of trench some thirty yards beyond the
+ditch. This trench had been covered by wire which had been cut by our
+artillery, whose support had been most effective. About fifteen Germans
+were killed here and the rest retired to a second trench twenty yards in
+rear. By this time all the British officers with the attacking companies
+had been killed or wounded, and Subadar Jit Sing Gurung, 1st Gurkhas,
+assumed command but was shortly afterwards ordered to retire, an order
+he carried out with coolness and judgement.
+
+Lieutenant Heyland was killed while endeavouring to alter the
+configuration of a captured trench in which his men were being mown
+down. Three other British officers shared the same fate, Lieutenants
+Fry, Herbert, and Gamble all bravely seconding his efforts. This
+battalion paid dearly for its short but fierce fight, the total
+casualties amounting to 120. Subadar Jit Sing Gurung was awarded the
+Indian Order of Merit, and Captain Mellis earned the Military Cross.
+
+The advance of the Highland Light Infantry on the left of the combined
+attacks was also held up by the ditch and by machine-gun fire taking the
+ditch in enfilade from the right and in the rear from the Cour d’Avoué.
+This battalion was faced by the impossible, but with its proven valour
+did all that could be done under the conditions, and in the attempt to
+carry out its task paid with a loss of over 120 of all ranks, including
+Lieut. J. Agnew killed, four officers wounded, and one wounded and
+missing, Lieut. B. Ivy.
+
+Communication with the Sirhind Brigade Headquarters was interrupted till
+3 A.M., when from all reports that he could receive, the G.O.C. decided
+that a second attack was impracticable. He directed the original
+dispositions to be resumed and the trenches to be held, up to where they
+had been barricaded, and this order was carried out.
+
+In telling the story of incessant attacks or defensive actions in those
+days the infantry soldier naturally looms large, whilst the less
+conspicuous units sometimes escape notice. The corps of Indian Sappers
+and Miners has furnished unlimited material for tales of daring, and on
+this 22nd day of May 1915 a chivalrous gentleman, Captain Francis Douie
+of the Royal Engineers, and his equally gallant orderly, Jiwa Khan of
+No. 3 Company, 1st Sappers and Miners, did what one is proud to record.
+In broad daylight they noticed a wounded man lying only eighty yards
+from a German trench from which proceeded a heavy rifle fire, whilst our
+own guns were shelling the self-same trench: but for such men death has
+no terrors. They were soon over the parapet, and by sheer pluck and luck
+combined reached and brought in their helpless comrade. Jiwa Khan may
+well be proud of the Indian Order of Merit he wears, and Captain Douie
+of the D.S.O. he that day added to the Military Cross he had already
+won. I may add that it was only after very searching inquiry I was
+enabled to get full details of these acts of bravery, as apparently both
+actors appeared to be unconscious of having done anything beyond their
+ordinary duty.
+
+The attack failed owing to excessive casualties in British officers of
+the attacking companies when these companies were held up. Of those with
+the assault all became casualties except two subalterns. Also the
+hindrance of a deep ditch in front of the objective under close rifle
+and machine-gun fire was a very serious obstacle at night, and broke the
+momentum of the advance. Issue from it would have involved facing
+frontal rifle fire at very close range, while men in it were taken in
+enfilade and reverse by machine-guns from south-east of Ferme du Bois
+and from Cour d’Avoué. The fact that no simultaneous attack was being
+made on the Cour d’Avoué left the enemy in that direction at liberty to
+concentrate his fire on our assault at close ranges. Reconnaissance had
+been unable to ascertain with accuracy where the German trenches and
+machine-guns were located. Owing to the fact that the advance to the
+point of attack was carried out deliberately and in complete silence, no
+fire had opened on it until thirty-five minutes after the start, and the
+officer commanding the party which was to bomb along the trench in
+support of the attack, hearing nothing more than general heavy firing,
+was in doubt whether the attack had actually started. Inquiry from the
+nearest officer of the neighbouring battalion elicited the reply that it
+had not done so, and he accordingly delayed starting his operations so
+as to synchronise the two attacks.
+
+It was now broad daylight and, of course, futile to order this attack to
+recommence. The officers commanding units on the spot decided that with
+the situation as it was known to them any further attempt, while the
+enemy was in undisturbed occupation of the vicinity of Cour d’Avoué,
+offered no chance of success, and would only have led to greatly
+enhanced losses, and that withdrawal before it became too late was the
+best course to pursue. It would, perhaps, have been better to have
+ordered the attack at an earlier hour of the night, even though the
+Germans would probably have been found more on the alert than they were.
+The casualties in this assault were heavy: nine companies were engaged,
+in which sixteen British officers, two Indian officers, 137 British
+other ranks, and 173 Indian other ranks were returned as casualties.
+
+Although the British Division on our right had, like ourselves, been
+unable to make any advance during the early days of these prolonged
+attacks, there is no doubt that once they got a forward move on, they
+were severely handicapped by the inability of the Indian Corps to keep
+up with them, and the left battalion of that Division in consequence
+could not keep in touch with those farther to the right. The situation,
+in fact, closely resembled that of our left Brigade at Neuve Chapelle,
+where we originally reached as far as the Bois du Biez but were obliged
+to again move back owing to the British Brigade of the Eighth Division
+on our immediate left finding it impossible to overcome the German
+defence to its front.
+
+In the case now under review, we did all in our power to keep up with
+the advance, but the strong point V 6 baffled our efforts. It might
+possibly have been better if the dividing line between the British and
+Indian Corps had not run just past this redoubt, but that is a matter of
+opinion only. Be that as it may, it must be owned that notwithstanding
+many gallant attempts we could not get on at all, and thus hampered the
+later attacks of the British Division after it had captured its first
+objective.
+
+
+
+
+                              CHAPTER XXI
+
+
+If for no other reason than for the sake of being alive to read the
+monumental history of Armageddon, I wish I were young again. How atomic
+appears one’s own humble share in the great conflict. To Britishers who
+looked on manœuvres at Aldershot or Salisbury Plain as something to
+record, as Napoleonic military feats of arms which were an insurance
+against all aggression, how different do matters now appear. “The
+Contemptible Little Army” of those days is no more, but even so, it will
+ever remain the lodestar for the armies to come, and the historian of
+the five years’ clash of the world’s arms will have material to work on
+such as never fell to the lot of man. What an opportunity for still
+closer welding together the divers races and peoples that combine to
+make the Empire of Great Britain.
+
+I will here cease for a while recording facts, and deal with matters
+which are of interest to those who look on the Indian Corps (minute as
+it was in comparison) as something else besides mere congeries of
+soldiers to feed the guns. There are some details which may not prove
+uninteresting to the student of psychology.
+
+By the end of May it was plain that the Indians needed a complete rest
+and sorting out, if they were to continue as a Corps. The losses in
+France after the May fighting had totalled up to:
+
+                                  Killed. Wounded. Missing.
+             British Officers         213      501       58
+             Indian Officers           88      260       53
+             Other Units, British   1,376    6,073    1,724
+             Other Units, Indian    1,943   10,650    2,504
+                                    —————   ——————    —————
+                                    3,620   17,484    4,321
+
+In addition, 450 Indians had died from various causes. (Taken from _The
+Indian Corps in France_.)
+
+The above included the Territorial battalions forming part of the Corps,
+but not the losses of Divisions or Brigades temporarily attached.
+
+In my opinion it was useless to retain two Divisions in name without the
+substance, and I recommended that one strong Division with Brigades
+averaging 4000 rifles each should be formed, the weakest and some other
+named Indian battalions being turned into a Reserve Brigade from which
+casualties could be replaced. Also, should reinforcements prove larger
+than I anticipated, complete battalions could replace others, and thus
+give all an opportunity of sharing in the fighting. The Highland
+Division had just been allotted to us also, and the two combined
+Divisions would have formed a fine Army Corps.
+
+I explained that as matters then stood the British battalions were doing
+more than their share of work in the various fights. The quality of our
+Indian troops had deteriorated, as we received drafts of all sorts and
+kinds, and the old and tried British and Indian officers had been
+reduced to a minimum; but with that spirit that animates the sons of
+Britain, the British units, without complaint, continued to give of
+their best (and it was of the very best). Not that I did not
+occasionally receive hints from the officers of both British and Indian
+regiments that this process could not be indefinitely continued, and
+they had good reason too; and although I mostly kept my counsel I never
+failed to impress strongly on those in higher authority, that some
+drastic change was absolutely necessary.
+
+I recommended three Indian battalions being transferred from France, and
+gave my reasons in full. The two Divisional Commanders were in complete
+accord with me in these suggestions, and as a proof that they were
+necessary I will give a few instances of the composition of units, which
+those who know the Indian Army will appreciate.
+
+The 57th Rifles (one of the best Corps in India) was at this time made
+up from six different units—total strength 446; the 129th Baluchis, of
+seven different units—total strength 263 rifles. The 9th Bhopals
+consisted of men from eleven different units—strength 409. I recommended
+that the 57th and 59th Rifles should be combined, the total strength of
+the latter then being 271 rifles with seven officers all told.
+
+The 15th Sikhs, with a total strength of only 250, was suggested for
+combination with the 47th Sikhs; the two battalions would then have
+numbered 701. Think of it, after over eight months of war. The 1st
+Gurkhas had only three Regular officers; the 4th Gurkhas only four. In
+the 6th Jats only 160 of the original battalion remained.
+
+The two battalions of the 39th Garhwal Rifles had already been
+amalgamated. They had both done most gallant service and proved
+themselves to be second to none in India. This combined corps was now
+short of ten Indian officers and 64 N.C.O.’s. The C.O. reported that he
+had “only four N.C.O.’s fit for promotion,” and “hardly a single
+rifleman whose education would enable him to keep a company roll!” What
+would some of our Solomons who came to judgement on the Indian Corps
+have said to this, if it had been possible to find similar conditions in
+two combined British battalions?
+
+On 26th May the First Army informed me that my recommendations had met
+with the approval both of the G.O.C. and the Commander-in-Chief. Some
+alterations regarding Staff officers and others had been made, but
+amongst them was one, that the appointment of Officer for Press Work
+(Lieut.-Colonel Merewether) might be abolished when the Indian element
+was reduced. Now if there was one person who should certainly not be got
+rid of, it was this officer. India had long enough been kept in the dark
+regarding the doings of her soldiers, and to have abolished him would
+not only have finally severed all connection with that country, as far
+as news was concerned, but would have made it impossible to compile any
+detailed history of the Corps for the benefit of future generations. I
+strongly protested against this on behalf of the Army and people of
+India, and pointed out that after the loyalty shown, that country would
+never forgive us if any such radical step was taken. India, in point of
+fact, during the war sent to France alone 86,300 combatants and 48,500
+non-combatants; whilst the numbers of both sent to all theatres of war
+totalled one million and forty thousand men. Nothing came of it, as Lord
+Kitchener was then arranging to replace several of the battalions by
+others from Egypt and elsewhere, and had telegraphed to the Government
+of India regarding this. Finally, before any great changes could be
+made, the Indian Army Corps had left France.
+
+There is no need to string out many other modifications I proposed, and
+some I carried out, in the various Brigades. From this time till I left
+the Corps it was one continuous effort to keep things going. It was
+necessary to carry out tasks with the best grace we could muster, and at
+the same time try and satisfy the powers that were.
+
+I began this chapter with a remark that a student of psychology might
+find something of interest in it. Put yourself in the place of a sepoy,
+say of the 9th Bhopal Infantry. He had been brought up in a regiment
+composed of four classes of Indians: Sikhs, Rajputs, Brahmins, and
+Musalmans. He had been bred to the idea that his regiment was his
+military home and that it was the best in the army. He had understood
+that no man could be compulsorily transferred to another corps. He had
+firmly believed that our Army was not only the best trained but best
+equipped in the world, and he trusted his British officers as only
+Indians can trust them, _i.e._ absolutely, implicitly. Any recruit or
+trained soldier who joined his battalion he knew came there of his own
+free will, and he could not for a moment imagine that all sorts and
+conditions of men, out of all sorts of outlandish districts from Cape
+Comorin to Peshawar and from Quetta to Assam, talking different dialects
+and with entirely different ideals, might one fine morning arrive with
+shoulder badges denoting anything from police to Raj troops, and claim,
+not only acquaintance, but close comradeship with him as one of the 9th
+Bhopals.
+
+And yet, dumped down in the heart of Europe mid ice and snow, shot,
+mangled, and torn day after day, many of these things, of which he was
+so sanguine, were suddenly directly reversed. His old battalion and his
+officers still stood to him in the same relation, but he awoke to the
+truth that ours was by no means the best equipped Army for war; far from
+it. The exigencies of the time had shattered his dream. All kinds of
+strangers entered the ranks almost daily; all kinds of officers who did
+not understand him took command of his company. The promotion he had
+looked for in his battalion was going to outsiders; his own officers
+were being wiped out week by week, and his periods of leave home were
+_nil_.
+
+He was indeed a derelict! but he still stood in his trench, his rifle
+ready and his loyalty unimpaired. Only one belief had not been
+shattered, and that was, that his family would regularly receive the
+small dole that was his due, and that if he died this would still
+continue. In this knowledge lay his contentment.
+
+Is there not material here to ponder, for those who issued battle orders
+as if the whole Army was of Anglo-Saxon blood?
+
+ Man is not cast in common mould; as iron is to unwrought gold,
+ So is one man, ne’er mind his faith, distinct as love is far from hate,
+ From all his fellow-men.
+
+It was Lord Kitchener who wisely made the appointment of “Recording
+Officer with the Indian Corps,” and it must have been he who refused to
+consider his abolition under any circumstances.
+
+On 2nd May, as on numerous other occasions, I had spent the whole day in
+the trenches. There alone could one understand the real life the men
+lived, and appreciate what they were doing. Besides, a big attack was
+pending, and a thorough survey of the ground to our front was necessary.
+The particular battalions I saw in the most advanced line this day were
+the 9th Gurkhas and 6th Jats. I chatted freely with the men and was
+struck by their eagerness to ask questions. One _jawan_ of the Jats
+said: “We have been arguing as to whether there is a hill in this
+country: why, we had one even in my own village near Hissar (it was
+probably an old disused brick kiln), but although the troops who fought
+near Ypres in April tell me that they saw hills and valleys, I can
+scarcely believe it.” I told him there were plenty of high mountains on
+some parts of the Allied front. He said: “Then send us for a motor bus
+trip, and if it turns out to be so, I will give a banquet to my company
+when we again get a rest.” Another young Jat quickly added: “You are too
+generous. You need not trouble about the banquet, for that time will
+never arrive.” This raised a general laugh, and as I passed on I said:
+“You see we cannot spare the 6th Jats because the Germans are afraid to
+attack as long as you are up in the front trenches.” “Well said, General
+Sahib! now we understand,” came from several men.
+
+The G.O.C. First Army was a very frequent visitor to our Corps
+Headquarters. I see in my diary over and over again how often he came to
+see me and discussed operations past or future. This was a great help in
+carrying them out, and his intimate knowledge of the maps showing our
+trenches, defensive posts, and situation generally, was quite
+astonishing. It was only one of his many fronts, but you had to be
+pretty quick with him, and I do not doubt that he knew as much of the
+front he was eventually responsible for as he did of our own short line.
+He has since made a world-wide name as a soldier. I wonder if he
+sometimes recalls the days when the Corps yclept “Indian” was under his
+command.
+
+In my diary of 10th May, the day after our severe fighting at Festubert,
+there is an entry, “Nice letter from Viceroy.” As I have often said
+before in this book, Lord Hardinge never failed to write fully regarding
+the Indian Army. I have a big file of his letters, which as I re-read
+them show plainly that no man could possibly have done more to help the
+Corps in France.
+
+On the 2nd June I inspected a company of the Hazaras of the 106th
+Pioneers, who had just arrived as a reinforcement for the 107th
+Pioneers. It was worth a lot to see these honest-looking men, for simple
+faith in the Government they served was written on their faces. A
+havildar whom I asked what he thought of the country said, “Every
+country to which the Government sends us is good.” A somewhat Oriental
+reply, but he looked as if he meant what he said, though he was probably
+wondering where he really was.
+
+On the 7th and 8th June I saw the 69th and 89th Punjabis, just arrived
+from the East to replace corps leaving France. The last time I had seen
+the 69th was on the Malakand Pass on the road to Chitral; it was a
+different scene now, although the ugly village they were billeted in
+bore the somewhat ridiculous name of “Paradise.” They had justified
+their regimental motto, “By sea and land,” and they rendered good
+service in Flanders. This battalion was originally raised in 1764 at
+Madura as the 10th Battalion of Coast Sepoys, and after undergoing many
+changes in name and constitution, received its present designation in
+1903. Ill fortune attended their arrival, for the day following, both
+the Second in Command, Major Copeland, and the Adjutant, Lieut. J. R.
+Dill, who had gone up to visit the trenches, were killed by a shell.
+Dill was a brother of Captain R. F. Dill, 129th Baluchis, who had
+behaved with such distinguished gallantry at the first battle of Ypres,
+and received one of the first D.S.O.’s awarded to the Indian Army in
+this war. They were sons of the Very Reverend Dr. Marcus Dill of Alloway
+Manse, Ayr, who sent four sons to the war.
+
+The 69th bears on its colours the battle honours, amongst others, of
+Mysore, Ava, and Pegu.
+
+The 89th Punjabis was raised in 1798 as the 3rd Battalion of Madras
+Native Infantry, and like the 69th underwent many changes of
+constitution until 1903, when it received its present title. The
+battalion served in six different theatres of the Great War. One Naik
+Shahmad Khan won the Victoria Cross in Mesopotamia.
+
+Another battalion which joined the Corps later on was the 33rd Punjabis.
+They were raised during the Indian Mutiny of 1857 as the “Allahabad
+Levy,” and received various designations as Bengal Infantry. In 1903 it
+became the 33rd Punjabis. On its colours is shown “Burma, 1885–87.”
+
+On the 22nd June I visited the trenches and spent the night there with
+the 57th Rifles. How quickly one realises in the darkness the chances of
+being knocked out. Even though nothing unusual occurred, so many bullets
+were flying about, ricochetting on every side, clattering on the tin
+roof of the dug-out, etc., that it was made plain at any moment any man
+might meet his end. And the men took it so much as a matter of fact and
+appeared so unconcerned. It was only the experience hundreds of
+thousands were going through every night, but it may be of some interest
+to write what I, as one humble individual of that great host, myself
+went through, for it just describes what occurred every day, more or
+less. Towards dusk it began to rain, and seeing a young officer who had
+to proceed to Divisional Headquarters on duty, starting without a
+waterproof, I offered him mine. The La Bassée-Estaires road was his
+shortest way, and although this was always kept under fire by the
+Germans, it was still a fairly possible bicycle route if you did not
+mind an occasional toss into a shell-hole, and was used by everybody who
+had urgent business. The officer returned before dawn, and in handing me
+back my coat said, “General, I am so sorry I have damaged it,” and on
+examination I found two bullet-hole marks. Small thing, no doubt, but it
+showed the kind of life those lived who spent their nights on that
+Godforsaken road.
+
+As the evening wore on a ration party assembled outside the C.O.’s
+dug-out, where I was then standing. Just as they were collected, a
+machine-gun, evidently fired on the signal of some watcher, pumped a
+shower of lead into them; no one was hit, but in an instant that ration
+party had disappeared. Evidently it was unsafe to show a head anywhere.
+
+About midnight I lay down for an hour’s sleep as I hoped, but hardly had
+I closed my eyes than a huge rat walked over my face. I jumped as if
+shot, with the result that I knocked my head against the supporting
+timber and remembered it for some days. I was fast appreciating the
+luxuries enjoyed by those millions of brave men who spent, not one, but
+hundreds of nights in this kind of inferno. But my experiences were by
+no means ended; the most interesting was to come.
+
+After a night in which I saw much of my old comrades of the 57th Rifles,
+I proceeded at dawn to return to my headquarters, and remembering my
+steel-bound leg, I took the La Bassée-Estaires road, instead of the
+longer route by a communication trench. Not being one of those who do
+not mind bullets whizzing about, I soon had cause to regret it, for the
+Germans had apparently chosen the self-same hour to search this road
+with a machine-gun. My orderly, Birbal, a Naik in the 69th Punjabis and
+a very old friend of mine, was with me, and as we moved along for over
+1000 yards we were under a most unpleasant fire which swept past us in
+gusts. Birbal evidently thought “out of sight out of danger,” for he
+insisted on opening his greatcoat wide and remaining on my weather side.
+I ordered him to cease his folly, but, brave fellow, he replied, “They
+will never see you as long as I keep this open.” None of the party of
+four of us either had the time or inclination to argue, and our pace, to
+say the least of it, was exceedingly rapid, and Birbal had his way.
+
+At last we reached the waiting motor-car and were soon out of
+machine-gun range; but as we spun along towards Headquarters, I could
+not but realise how strange must have been the feelings of thousands of
+Indians who underwent similar experiences daily and did it only because
+they had sworn loyalty to England’s King. I also reflected for the
+hundredth time, how safe, ordinarily speaking, was the lot of a Corps
+Commander in comparison with those brave juniors who really won the war.
+
+Sir John French, by his actions at different times during our year in
+France, proved his strong sympathy, even in trivial matters, with
+soldiers as a class. He could say a thing just in the right way to win
+the regard of all ranks. When he found that one of our few periods of
+rest behind the firing-line coincided with the Mahomedan Ramazan, he
+immediately let me know that he was very pleased our men had this
+opportunity of observing a religious duty. In the same way, when I was
+gazetted G.C.M.G., the Commander-in-Chief did not fail to write and
+congratulate me. I hope, should the great Field-Marshal ever come across
+this book, he will believe that whatever I may have said in no way
+reduces the very high esteem in which I bear him. The Indian Corps owes
+him a debt of gratitude for his remarks in his book, “1914.”
+
+Several French Generals also frequently sent their congratulations and
+best wishes to me and the Indian Corps. The _camaraderie_ between the
+French and the Indians will ever remain a precious remembrance.
+
+
+
+
+                              CHAPTER XXII
+
+
+From the finish of the battle of Festubert until the Indian Corps took
+part in the subsidiary attack in front of Mauquissart on the opening day
+of the battle of Loos in September 1915, was for us what was called in
+France a quiet time. No big attack was undertaken and no special
+features marked this period. The troops, however, had plenty of hard
+work, and a few incidents are worth recording. Some of our old
+battalions left us, and a few others arrived from Egypt, etc. Among the
+departures were the 15th Sikhs, 6th Jats, 9th Bhopals, 41st Dogras, and
+125th Rifles. I was sorry to miss the old numbers, but after being
+refitted, brought up to strength, and re-equipped, they again joined one
+or other of our numerous forces operating in the many theatres of war,
+and shared in the toils and triumphs of Great Britain’s armies.
+
+After the Indian Corps had left France, I wrote, as part of a story for
+a magazine, a tale of one Naik Ayub Khan of the 124th, attached to the
+129th Baluchis. This was not allowed to be printed by the Censor, but
+all the same long before the war ended it appeared in full in _The
+Indian Corps in France_. I suppose if the Germans had found out that it
+was written by a former Commander of the Indian Corps it might have
+altered the whole course of events in Europe, so I presume it was that
+Solomonic Censor (and not Marshal Foch) who ended the war!
+
+Here is the story, and I will give it in his own words:
+
+  “At 10 P.M. on 21st June I started with one other man to patrol the
+  ground in front of our own trenches. The grass for about 100 yards
+  this side of the German trenches has been cut. Their wire is about
+  fifteen yards wide, and is composed of high wire entanglements (3 feet
+  to 3 feet 6 inches high) outside, and _chevaux de frise_ inside. It
+  commences about five yards outside the German trenches.
+
+  I arrived at the ditch on the left of the road close to the barricade
+  on the road near Point 63 one hour before dawn. I waited until it was
+  light, and till the Germans stood to arms, and then stood up and held
+  up my hands, saying, “Germany, I am an Indian Musalman.” The Germans
+  immediately called an officer, who signalled to me to put down my
+  rifle by the barricade. I then gave up my bayonet and ammunition and
+  climbed over the barricade. The time was about 2 to 2.30 A.M.
+
+  There were many Germans in the trench, all wearing the number “15” on
+  their shoulders. They wore grey uniform and soft forage caps, with a
+  stiff and black shining band, apparently made of the same material as
+  the German helmet. They had no pack on their backs, only a belt with
+  several ammunition pouches and a bayonet.
+
+  The trench was very deep and strong, and is revetted entirely with
+  boards held up with stakes. The floor of the trench is boarded and is
+  kept dry by means of pumps.
+
+  Traverses are frequent, I cannot say at what intervals, but about six
+  to eight men between each traverse. Dug-outs are well built and
+  covered with sandbags. Some have doors and windows; these probably
+  belong to the officers.
+
+  The parapet is very strong. There are a few loopholes in it for
+  sentries and (perhaps) snipers, but in the case of attack the men
+  would, I think, all fire over the top of the parapet (probably
+  standing) on steps or sandbags. The German trenches appear to be
+  considerably stronger and better built than ours.
+
+  About five yards behind their front trench and parallel to it runs a
+  communication trench, connected with the firing-line in every
+  traverse. It is dry and in good condition and I was taken along part
+  of it.
+
+  Until the sun rose I stayed with the officer who called me in, and
+  then he took me along the trench to a senior officer about 500 yards
+  towards the German right.
+
+  During my walk through the trenches I saw some iron loopholes,
+  probably for day sentries, also some wooden loopholes which may be
+  used at night. There are more men in the German front-line trenches
+  than in ours, perhaps in the proportion of three to two.
+
+  The senior officer had a shoulder-strap covered with silver braid, and
+  the number “15”: I could see no other marks. I was sent off in charge
+  of one N.C.O. and two soldiers. I was treated well and the men in the
+  trenches gave me cigarettes.
+
+  The support trench was about 100 yards behind the firing-line. There
+  were no dug-outs, and the trench was absolutely unoccupied. I saw no
+  third line of trenches.
+
+  The course I followed seems to have been _via_ (here he described it
+  in detail). I then entered a wood, and went through it by a _kacha_
+  road. (He emerged at Point 72 or 73, and turned sharp to the left,
+  going for about 200–300 yards with the wood on his left.) I was then
+  taken to the second of two houses on the right, quite close to the
+  turning. The first of these houses is half destroyed and is used as a
+  telegraph and telephone office. A trolley line runs along behind the
+  wood and turns to the right by these two bungalows.
+
+  I was taken into the second house and saw two officers. The younger
+  had no coat on; the senior, who saluted me (mark the salute) and gave
+  me cigarettes, had silver braid on his shoulder and a brass crown and
+  a number which I cannot remember. I think they must have been the C.O.
+  and Adjutant.
+
+  I stayed there only about five minutes.
+
+  I started off along the trolley line, which continued till it reached
+  a main road, probably the Aubers road. (From here the description is
+  vague. Apparently he went past the factory west of Illies church, on
+  to the main La Bassée-Lille road, and thence to Wicres.)
+
+  After crossing a railway line, some five minutes afterwards we came to
+  a small village, well built and with only a few houses damaged. There
+  were French women and children in the village. I passed straight
+  through the village, seeing on the right an unmetalled road on which
+  were horse-drawn artillery wagons. I was taken to a house amidst trees
+  in the fork of two main roads.
+
+  An officer who spoke a little Hindustani and had been in India came
+  out with a senior officer (whom I took to be a General), white-haired
+  and with a grey moustache, whose shoulder-strap carried thick silver
+  braid as thick as my finger. The Interpreter brought a map and asked
+  me what trenches I knew. I told him that I could not read.
+
+  He asked me why the —— Regiment had left. I said they had been engaged
+  for a long time and had lost heavily. Other questions and answers were
+  as follows:
+
+  _Question._—Were you in the attack at Ypres?
+
+  _Answer._—Yes.
+
+  _Q._—How many men did your Brigade lose?
+
+  _A._—About 300 killed and 200 wounded.
+
+  _Q._—Is your Brigade very weak now?
+
+  _A._—No, a new battalion of 1100 rifles has just arrived.
+
+  _Q._—What is this battalion?
+
+  _A._—The 89th Punjabis. (The Interpreter then produced a book and
+  wrote this down.)
+
+  _Q._—Have the 124th (Ayub Khan’s proper battalion) come to this
+  country? It is not in my book. (He saw an old shoulder badge of the
+  124th in my pocket.)
+
+  _A._—No. When the 129th had lost 300 men, 400 more came from the 124th
+  to bring them up to strength. When we returned from Belgium drafts
+  arrived from other regiments. We are now 100 under strength but there
+  is a draft of 600 men waiting for us (a good lie) when we are relieved
+  from the trenches. I told him that the present strength of our
+  companies is about ninety men. (Indian battalions formerly had eight
+  companies.)
+
+  _Q._—Do you have plenty of rifle ammunition?
+
+  _A._—Each sentry is given a box and can fire what he likes.
+
+  _Q._—Have the guns plenty of ammunition?
+
+  _A._—Each battery has a dug-out full of ammunition, and they can fire
+  what they like. (Good lie!)
+
+  _Q._—What rations do you get?
+
+  _A._—In the morning, tea, milk, and biscuits. In the evening, meat,
+  bread, and vegetables.
+
+  _Q._—Do you get pay?
+
+  _A._—We are fed and clothed and get soap from Government. We get ten
+  francs monthly in the field, and the rest accumulates at the depot.
+
+  _Q._—Why did you, a non-commissioned officer, desert?
+
+  _A._—My section is tired of the war, but dare not come over in case
+  they get fired on. We discussed the matter and I decided to go alone
+  and arrange for the others to come over. There are fifteen men in my
+  section who want to desert, and I can find five more in the battalion.
+
+  The senior officer then said that, if I would come over to the
+  Germans, I should get very good pay, and that he would give me Rs. 300
+  if I brought over twenty men.
+
+  These questions were asked at about 12 noon on the 22nd.
+
+  I was then sent to sit in an orchard. They brought me milk and bread
+  on three occasions. A number of soldiers came to look at me. I saw
+  about eight men with the number “55” on their shoulder-strap, and
+  about ten men with the number “13.”
+
+  I sat in the orchard until 9 P.M. with some German soldiers. They all
+  had a crown on their shoulder-straps and another mark I could not
+  understand. They wore an ordinary black German helmet, with a black
+  board on the top, raised up a little. One man took the grey cover off
+  and showed me his helmet. It had a big white badge in front.
+  (N.B.—This appears to be the 16th Uhlans.)
+
+  At about 9 P.M. the Interpreter, one of the officers, and I returned
+  to the trenches in a motor-car. The officers in the trenches did not
+  want to let me go. However, it was arranged that at dawn I should
+  bring over the twenty men and call out my own name. The men were to
+  bring rifles with them but leave them in the grass. I then left the
+  German trench and arrived back in our own trenches about midnight the
+  22nd-23rd instant.
+
+  I brought back my rifle, belt, and bandolier. They took my ammunition
+  and bayonet.
+
+  As regards the distance of the place of interrogation from the German
+  trenches I cannot remember, but was walking for about two hours on the
+  morning of the 22nd. My motor-car ride the same evening was about five
+  or six miles.” Ends.
+
+The story is a remarkable one and its general correctness was proved by
+subsequent events. Ayub Khan carried his life in his hand, for had his
+actions caused one doubt of any kind among his captors he would
+assuredly have been shot. One spot indicated by him as an ammunition
+dump was subjected to a heavy fire two days later and a very
+considerable explosion occurred which we at the time attributed solely
+to the information gained. The Hun was notified by unmistakable signs
+that the naik’s treachery had been discovered and rewarded, as such
+conduct in war should be.
+
+Meantime I had the pleasure of presenting Ayub Khan with a larger sum of
+money than he had been promised by the Germans, promoting him to a
+higher grade of N.C.O., and getting him the Indian Order of Merit.
+Promotion to the commissioned rank of jemadar soon followed his other
+rewards.
+
+Towards the end of June 1915 I wrote to G.H.Q. through the First Army on
+the subject of the depots, convalescent camps, and drafts at Marseilles.
+I have before me reports of a Committee of experienced senior officers,
+also separate reports of other officers concerned. Those who only judge
+Army Corps by the number of rifles and guns available might receive a
+shock on reading these documents, and incidentally gather therefrom some
+of the difficulties that had to be faced by the Commander of the Indian
+Corps in France. The truth is that Marseilles proved to be the most
+unsuitable place that could have been selected as the Indian Base. When
+we first arrived it was intended to move it farther north, Havre or
+elsewhere, as soon as the main body of the Corps had reached the front;
+but once established, Marseilles remained our Base to the end. Its
+geographical position and the shortage of shipping, of course, had much
+to say to this.
+
+The Committee did not shirk responsibility. On the contrary, its report
+is a document that should be valuable to those who may ever again be
+called on to select bases in Europe for Indian troops, and assist them
+to avoid the stupid blunders that were made and the chaotic conditions
+that prevailed. The Commandant, Colonel G. F. Tinley, did all a man
+could do. He worked all and every day, but he could not refashion a
+rotten system nor cleanse the Augean stable. Some of the reservists and
+drafts that were sent from India were a humiliation to our name. Some of
+the officers who passed them as fit should have been removed from the
+Army.
+
+For what did it all mean? Merely this, that from reasons either of
+laziness or stupidity they did not hesitate to send men marked as fit
+for service in the field who were absolutely unfit, and who they must
+have known were unfit. They themselves were safe enough in India; if
+anything went wrong, well! their comrades in France and not they would
+suffer. As I look back on it all I cannot but hope that in most cases it
+was only ignorance, but of what use are such officers in the Indian
+Army?
+
+It is difficult to write calmly on such a subject, for on 15th July I
+myself went down to Marseilles and remained there four days. I saw all
+that was being done, inspected every hospital, depot, and draft, and
+returned to Flanders, only realising fully for the first time that the
+authorities in India knew as much about the requirements of a European
+war as I did about a Zeppelin.
+
+Talk of the mentality of the East: I truly learned more of it in those
+four days in Marseilles than I had in a lifetime. The mind of India was
+laid bare. The ignorance of the West, when endeavouring to understand
+the viewpoint of the East, suddenly stood naked before me. I thought I
+knew something of Indians; I left Marseilles knowing a little more, but
+still very far from all.
+
+A few details may amuse the reader; they certainly afford material for
+amusement, though little comfort was it at that time. I will quote from
+the official reports. One lot of reservists was classed as “utterly
+valueless.” Of nineteen men of one regiment “three are fit for service.”
+Another small draft was classed together as “particularly poor,” of
+another out of thirty-five men sent “ten are plague convalescents who
+have not even yet recovered their full vigour.” One boy was referred to
+as fourteen years of age, and another as a “mere child.” Of a draft of
+sixty-seven reservists nine were of “indifferent physique” and
+fifty-eight “unfit.” India appeared anxious to fill up sorely needed
+shipping with trash of this sort. One draft of thirty Hindus was sent
+for the 129th Baluchis, a Class Mahomedan regiment that had not had a
+Hindu in it for thirty years, and of the thirty, twenty-two were
+pronounced unfit on arrival at Marseilles.
+
+Finally this particular Committee closed its proceedings with the
+remark: “Of 212 men inspected only five or six—who (also) are
+temporarily unfit—are suitable for service in France.”
+
+G.H.Q. was shouting to us, “Promite vires,” on the battle front, but we
+were fast reaching the Ultima Thule of our resources in the rear.
+
+Attached to the Indian Corps was Captain P. J. G. Pipon of the Indian
+Civil Service. He had volunteered for active service and in addition to
+his military duties did much work of a political nature. His assistance
+in all matters connected with religion, interior economy, etc., always
+proved most valuable, and his inquiries at Marseilles unearthed many
+details which make strange reading. He received the Military Cross and
+C.I.E. for his services in the war. My Indian A.D.C., Risaldar Khwaja
+Mahomed Khan, I.D.S.M., accompanied him on one occasion, and then, as
+always, rendered invaluable service. Of course in the doing of this he
+made many enemies, and those who understand the East will know what this
+means. His loyalty and zeal deserve strong recognition, and I feel
+certain that should the Viceroy or Commander-in-Chief ever hear of these
+remarks they would not fail to inquire, and would assuredly see that
+this distinguished Indian officer was honoured by those who owe him a
+debt of gratitude. Captain E. B. Howell (I.C.S.), Censor with the Indian
+troops, rendered valuable service and received a C.I.E.
+
+In March 1915 I had recommended to G.H.Q. that wounded Indians should
+not be sent back to the front, and the Adjutant-General had issued
+orders to this effect. They still continued, however, to be sent, and in
+May the G.O.C. First Army himself made similar recommendations, to which
+the A.G. replied that only those who volunteered would be returned. It
+was a great mistake keeping wounded men at Marseilles. They did little
+good and much harm, and they should either have been kept in England or
+returned to India. It was folly to mix them up with fresh drafts, who
+were not cheered on first arrival by meeting a lot of bandaged men. The
+Indian is not built that way.
+
+However, it was eventually decided that all recovered wounded, as well
+as sick, should as soon as pronounced fit be sent back to the front. On
+this I made fresh recommendations for forming a working battalion behind
+our lines, which could be utilised, at any rate for military working
+parties. This project had taken shape before I left France. It was
+indeed the only way out of the difficulty, and served as a means of
+partially clearing that focus of discontent, Marseilles.
+
+On 2nd July I attended the regimental sports of the 4th Cavalry. A big
+French crowd had gathered, and the proceedings recalled many happy days
+in India. The tent-pegging was quite good, and the jumping showed that
+the horses were in good fettle and well trained.
+
+The 4th Cavalry, the Divisional Cavalry Regiment of the Meerut Division,
+was originally raised in 1838 as the “Cavalry Regiment of the Oudh
+Auxiliary Force,” and received its present title in 1904. It was granted
+an honorary standard for service in Scinde in 1844, and served in
+Afghanistan (1879–80).
+
+On 8th July Lord Kitchener visited us. He told me the Indians were to
+have a rest and also said very decidedly that he meant to keep them in
+France to the end of the war. He informed me that they would be formed
+into ONE Division, and not kept as two, which was the opposite of what
+he had sturdily maintained when I last saw him, so I presume the
+pressure brought to bear on him had been too much even for his
+determination. The G.O.C. First Army also informed me that the Indians
+were to have three weeks’ rest, and that the British battalions were to
+be formed into two Brigades and have a third added whilst the Indians’
+rest lasted. By the 16th July this reorganisation had been completed,
+but was of short duration, as only a week later we were again ordered to
+change our front, and 3000 rifles of those in rest were sent to the
+Lahore Division, which had been detailed to hold the line whilst all the
+Indian units had been temporarily turned into the Meerut Division. Lord
+Kitchener on this visit was in peculiarly happy vein and made light of
+all his difficulties.
+
+On 11th July the pipers of the 40th Pathans played in the square of the
+village where our Headquarters was located and a large crowd of French
+people gathered to listen. It was a very cheerful sight, and an old
+Frenchman who was bent double came up to me and said, “Your Indians are
+just like the British, you are a wonderful race of people.”
+
+My own old battalion, the 1st Leinsters, was at this time quartered at
+Armentières not far from us, and I went over to see them. Unfortunately
+I had selected the 14th July for my visit, not remembering that it was a
+great date in France, and that, in consequence, the Boches would
+certainly select it as a special day of hate. Before I reached the town
+this was forcibly brought home to me by the heavy shelling it was being
+subjected to. However, I had fixed an hour and I knew the battalion
+would be on parade waiting for me, shells or no shells. With some
+difficulty I wended my way in a motor-car by back streets full of
+debris, and arrived in time. I carried out a formal inspection while the
+big shells were falling in the Square quite close by; but the men were
+in high spirits, and I believe had a shell burst in our midst, not a
+Leinster would have budged even to pick up his comrade. I could not but
+compare it with the very last occasion on which I had met my old Corps
+in India and had the high honour of presenting it with new colours, a
+distinction that does not often fall to the lot of an ordinary officer.
+
+We had lunch to the accompaniment of a chorus of projectiles, and I left
+after the Hun had poured out the vials of his wrath. The Irishmen looked
+grand. Would that we could enrol many Army Corps of such fine soldiers.
+
+On 18th July Sir John Hewett, late Lieutenant-Governor of the United
+Provinces of Agra and Oudh, paid us a visit. He came on duty in
+connection with the “Indian Soldiers’ Fund,” for which he had done so
+much and which I have written of elsewhere. Sir John was one of the
+greatest of modern India’s Proconsuls—a man full of saving common sense,
+strong in character, quick in decision, just in dealing, such an one, in
+fact, as Indians respect and love, and his visit was much appreciated by
+us.
+
+Towards the end of July we received a very fine draft of 900 men from
+India. I saw them on parade and was very pleased with their physique and
+general appearance. They were nearly all highly trained and keen to see
+fighting, and I saw that the authorities had at last begun to realise
+that what we needed were soldiers and not useless reservists.
+
+Hudson, by this time promoted Major-General, my Chief of Staff, left us
+to command the Eighth British Division. I was truly sorry to lose so
+excellent a Staff officer and so good a friend. His knowledge and advice
+had been invaluable from the day we landed in France. Captain Langhorne,
+R.A., also rejoined his own Army, and I felt his loss much. Hudson was
+succeeded by Brigadier-General Charles, R.E., and Captain Forbes, 57th
+Rifles, relieved Langhorne.
+
+It is of interest to record that at the beginning of July the casualties
+of the Indian Corps had reached a total of over 26,000, exclusive of
+nearly 500 other deaths among the Indians.
+
+
+
+
+                             CHAPTER XXIII
+
+
+During July very few interesting events had occurred in the Corps, and
+although there is nothing spectacular to record, it was just such
+incidents that kept up the spirits of the men and gave opportunities for
+individual distinction combined with very useful work. Of such was a
+reconnaissance made by Captain Roe, 4th Gurkhas. Starting by daylight,
+this gallant officer, accompanied by Lieut. C. C. Manson of the Indian
+Army Reserve of Officers attached to the battalion, and his acting
+Subadar-Major, Senbir Gurung, spent five hours reconnoitring the enemy
+trenches from “No Man’s Land.” In the doing of this they all ran very
+considerable risks, but certain information was much needed and they did
+not hesitate to run every risk to gain it. I will not go into the
+details: suffice it to say they not only discovered and sketched many
+German traps, trenches fitted with armoured loopholes, dummy
+machine-guns, barricades, and other unpleasant accessories of trench
+warfare, but killed a German officer and another man, and returned with
+their information and a useful sketch.
+
+Not content with this the same trio, accompanied now by eighteen
+N.C.O.’s and men, sallied out on 4th July and in three groups repeated
+the performance on a larger scale. Covering parties were told off and
+other necessary preparations made. Roe and his group were subjected to a
+sharp bombing which temporarily knocked them out, but quickly regaining
+their feet they outmatched the Huns in the bombing game, killing five of
+them. Senbir was very severely wounded, but refused to be moved and
+continued to exercise his command. Manson here got his chance, and with
+his covering party just caught the Germans at the moment they were
+gaining a decided advantage. They were utterly surprised and as they
+very hurriedly retired a fortunate shell from one of our field batteries
+which was assisting the operation burst over them. This ended all
+opposition and the grand little Gurkhas returned full of themselves.
+
+Roe received the D.S.O., Manson the Military Cross, and Senbir Gurung
+the Indian Order of Merit. Others who were awarded the I.D.S.M. will be
+found in the Appendix.
+
+The Bishop of Nagpore visited us towards the end of July and accompanied
+me to several of our advanced posts and batteries. He gave us a very
+impressive service in the French schoolroom of the town, and we were
+glad indeed to have had one of our Indian Bishops in our midst. In this
+Corps we of course had less Christian chaplains than was naturally the
+case with others, but those we had have left a splendid record of
+devotion and will ever be remembered by all who served with them.
+Witness one name alone, Ronald Irwin, Indian Ecclesiastical Department,
+Chaplain of the Leicesters, who during the war won the D.S.O. and M.C.
+with bar.
+
+I had a very pleasant duty to perform during July when on comparing
+statistics of all Brigades in the Corps I was able to report to First
+Army that for the two previous months the 1st and 2nd Battalions of the
+Connaught Rangers, who as I said before had been amalgamated into one
+unit, had not a single court-martial, and showed the lowest average of
+sick (1·37) amongst the British troops of the original Army Corps. All
+of these battalions could not be beaten in the Army, but it always
+rejoices me to see Irishmen setting the example, and they generally will
+set it if they are taken in the right way.
+
+Sir John French, with that soldierly instinct he possesses in so high a
+degree, at once directed that an expression of his appreciation of the
+efforts of the C.O. and all other ranks of the Connaughts to raise the
+Corps to such a high state of discipline was to be conveyed to the
+battalion.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+[Illustration]
+
+Major-General Lambton, the Military Secretary at G.H.Q., had a difficult
+task. Considering the numerous details he had to deal with and the
+difficulty of following the ramifications of promotions and rewards in
+the Indian Corps, it was wonderful how successfully he managed. His
+fairness in apportioning them, and his desire to do justice to the
+Indians, were very apparent. In comparing the awards with those of other
+Indian Expeditionary forces, up to the time I left France, I think we
+perhaps suffered in proportion to our numbers and the conditions we
+lived in. There can be no question as to which force of Indians had the
+hardest task and the most trying conditions to contend with during the
+first months of the war, but the number of rewards for Indians were in
+some cases less than their more fortunate comrades received in other
+theatres. Writing of rewards I may add that Lieut.-General Sir Charles
+Anderson, who commanded the Meerut Division for eleven months and
+succeeded me in command of the Indian Corps, was perhaps the only Corps
+Commander who never received a French decoration. He later commanded a
+British Army Corps for many months, but he is still without anything to
+show that he served in France.
+
+Lieut.-Colonel S. Barry of the Northamptonshire Regiment, A.D.C. to the
+Commander-in-Chief, was an officer who invariably exercised a tact that
+made visits to G.H.Q. a pleasure whenever he was on duty.
+
+General Macready, Adjutant-General, G.H.Q., was always most anxious to
+help the Indian Corps, and we owe him a debt of gratitude for many
+actions taken by him to keep our house in order.
+
+It will interest those who sympathise with the complications of this
+command to glance at the accompanying short extract from our “Summary of
+News,” 1st to 5th June 1915. It was taken haphazard from many in my
+possession. In order to convey to the Indians some idea of what was
+going on in all theatres of war it was of course necessary to publish
+such news in their own language. This meant, first, translation of the
+ordinary summary issued to the Army into Hindustani, and then the local
+presentation of it in the Persian and the Hindi character. It was all
+done rapidly and regularly, with a result that the sepoy in the trenches
+was enabled to learn frequently what his comrades and the Allied Armies
+were doing. Without it he would have known nothing of either.
+
+  _Summary of News, 1st June to 5th June 1915._
+
+  WESTERN THEATRE
+
+  _British Front._—The British troops have captured the Château of
+  Hooge, about 2–1/2 miles from Ypres on the Menin road.
+
+  On the night of the 4th-5th June the British on the right of the
+  Indian Corps captured forty-eight German prisoners of the 56th
+  Regiment, Seventh Corps. These are mostly men between thirty-five and
+  forty years of age, who have only recently been called up for service.
+  From their statements it appears that in this neighbourhood the enemy
+  has at present no apparatus for asphyxiating gas.
+
+  _French Front._—The French continue to advance near Notre Dame de
+  Lorette and Souchez, fifteen to twenty miles south of the Indian
+  Corps. On the 31st May they captured the front German trenches of the
+  large work known as the “Labyrinth,” taking four officers and 146 men.
+  The “Labyrinth” was composed of subterranean chambers believed by the
+  enemy to be impregnable. The French also captured the Souchez Sugar
+  Factory, a large and strongly defended building. During the night the
+  Germans recaptured it, but were driven out again by our Allies at
+  daybreak on the 1st June. During this battle the French captured over
+  800 prisoners, including nine officers, fifty N.C.O.’s and two
+  machine-guns. They are now in firm possession of the building and of
+  the trenches all round it.
+
+  The following particulars of the results of the fighting in this
+  neighbourhood are issued officially by the French authorities:
+
+  “Between the 9th May and 1st June 3100 German prisoners, including
+  sixty-four officers, were captured, and 2600 German corpses buried,
+  all by one French Division.” This probably represents a loss of at
+  least 10,000 killed, wounded, and prisoners. “The losses of this
+  French Division were about 3200 in all, of which two-thirds were only
+  slightly wounded.” Ends.
+
+A month before I left France Lieutenant E. Bullard, of the Indian Postal
+Service, attached to the Corps, was killed by a shell whilst in his
+motor-car on duty well behind the advanced posts. Poor lad, he had done
+excellent service, and this will readily be understood when it is
+remembered that he was responsible for the distribution of letters,
+packages, post cards, and a hundred forms of correspondence and gifts
+written in innumerable dialects or wrapped in the most impossible
+covers, and despatched in a manner that no Westerner can conceive.
+Notwithstanding this, like other exceptional matters, there was always
+an officer ready and capable of carrying them out. Indian training in
+this respect is difficult to beat.
+
+[Illustration: TRENCHES. INDIAN CORPS. 27–8–1915.]
+
+During August a company of Bhutias from the Darjeeling district of
+Bengal joined us for ambulance work. Great Britain was indeed gathering
+her hosts from all parts of the world. I inspected them and never
+remember to have seen a more cheery detachment. They were accommodated
+in tents and plainly showed that they had come to enjoy the show, for
+they had no hesitation in calling the war a regular _tamasha_ (sport,
+fun). They changed their mind as to the _tamasha_ part of it, but were
+always in good spirits.
+
+The 12th August was a proud day for me, for I had the honour of
+receiving from His Majesty’s hands the G.C.M.G. he had been pleased to
+confer on me, and at the same time my son in the Black Watch was
+honoured by receiving the Military Cross. The King was kind enough to
+tell the boy that he was glad to see both father and son together, and
+after the Investiture I was summoned to an interview, when His Majesty
+told me he had heard good reports of the Corps and directed me to convey
+to the officers, N.C.O.’s, and men his good wishes. Of course this was
+speedily done, and little did I then realise that only three weeks later
+I was to leave my beloved Army Corps and field service for ever.
+
+I again saw Lord Kitchener and he asked me if I had any objection to
+releasing a thousand Gurkhas from the Corps for service in Gallipoli. He
+wished four companies to be taken from four different battalions, but I
+suggested one whole battalion being sent and made up to a thousand rank
+and file. He agreed to this and I selected the 4th Gurkhas. It was a
+blow losing them, but necessity demanded it, I suppose.
+
+Only a week later Lord Kitchener again visited us in France and saw all
+Corps Commanders of the First Army at St. Venant. On this occasion he
+informed me that it had been suggested to him to relieve the Indians,
+but he was determined they should stay on in France, and he said he was
+arranging reliefs of units.
+
+For few perhaps in the British Forces in France has the 3rd September
+1915 any special significance, but for me, without any kind of immediate
+warning, it was the last day of soldiering. For thirty-seven years the
+thought of suddenly ending my career had never entered my head, and I
+still hoped that if my Corps could be transferred to Egypt, Mesopotamia,
+or anywhere from France, I should have the satisfaction of seeing the
+war through. If we remained on in France, I knew it was only a matter of
+time when I should be forced myself to ask for a move. However, we were
+on the eve of the great attack at Loos; the Indian Corps was in as good
+fettle as was then possible; every kind of preparation was in process of
+completion for the attack; and as far as I was concerned there was no
+immediate reason for any foreboding of evil. We had just received some
+excellent drafts from India and everything seemed to be going well.
+
+But it is the unexpected that often happens in war, and in justice to
+myself and the Indians then in France, I say plainly that at a time of
+comparatively profound calm on the battle front, I was for very good
+reasons obliged to suggest to the G.O.C. First Army that as my services
+apparently no longer met with his approval I considered it best for the
+Army that I might be relieved of my command.
+
+The war is over, I am only one humble individual, my staying or leaving
+could have no bearing on events, but justice is a thing we expect in our
+Army.
+
+On the 2nd September 1915, with my old and valued friend, Colonel Sir
+Frederick Lugard, Governor-General of Nigeria, who was home on leave and
+paying a short visit to France, I went round almost the whole of our
+front trenches. It was a murky day and nothing beyond the usual shelling
+and firing was happening, but the Indians were glad to see me, as usual.
+
+One section was held by Pathans, and some of them were singing to a
+_sitar_ (guitar). My knowledge of Pashtu is limited, but I had years ago
+learned their favourite song, “Zakhmi Dil” (The Wounded Heart), so I
+joined in and gave them a verse. Men from other parts of the trenches
+came running over, and presently to dance and music we were having an
+improvised concert. I did not know it was to be my last with my brave
+comrades of many campaigns.
+
+After a long day’s tramp, and having personally inspected the various
+new trench positions for guns which were to be brought up to the very
+front, etc., we got home late, and for some reason I was in particularly
+good spirits. Loos was about to be fought, and the Indian Corps had been
+detailed to make a subsidiary attack from near Mauquissart and we had
+been preparing everything for many days.
+
+Early on the 3rd September there was a conference of the First Army at
+Hinges Château; it was the first Headquarters I had been in when I took
+over our front in October 1914, and I found myself back in the old
+familiar room and seated at the same spot where we had begun our great
+adventure. How much had passed since those early days; how few of my old
+comrades of the Staff, or indeed of any kind, still remained with us!
+
+My thoughts could interest nobody but myself, but to me as I look back
+they were the last I should ever reflect, as a fighting soldier; for
+within an hour I was no longer Commander of the Indian Corps. Discipline
+is the marrow of an army; silence, when it is imperative that one should
+uphold the authority which the King has placed over us, is sometimes
+hard to endure.
+
+An hour later, on my way back to my Headquarters, I told my Staff
+officer that I had seen the Army Commander and my end had come. He was
+not surprised; who that was present could be? Only twenty days
+previously I had had the honour of receiving the G.C.M.G. at the hands
+of His Majesty, and had been summoned afterwards to his presence, as I
+have already told, when he graciously congratulated me and praised the
+work of the Indian Corps, and within three weeks I was forced to leave
+the Corps in which I had served with a loyalty that no man could exceed.
+_Nemo repente fit turpissimus._
+
+I had gone to the Conference in high spirits; I was leaving it, little
+caring whither I went. I should have to depart before even I could shake
+the hand of many brave Indians, officers and men, my lifelong friends. I
+felt I must perforce go without saying a word, lest any spark of
+ill-feeling should be revealed. The enemy was before us; individuals had
+to go under, rightly or wrongly, but, above all, no Indian soldier
+should know from me that his commander was leaving for such a reason.
+They would, of course, not understand it, and so I knew the bitter pill
+must be swallowed. I had long foreseen what must come; that it came with
+a greater suddenness than even I had imagined possible is another story.
+
+In my Diary under 5th September I find:
+
+  This day last year I was appointed to command the Indian Corps and the
+  self-same day a year later I got my orders to go. The only order in
+  fact I have received is, that I may proceed on leave, and that was
+  given me verbally by the Military Secretary. It is war time and so I
+  must hold my peace for the foe is at the gates, but if this is justice
+  then chivalry has indeed departed.
+
+From that day to this I have never received any orders. ARGUMENTUM
+BACULINUM.
+
+Even the India Office was not informed, and my own intimation some days
+later, that I had left, was the first they heard of the fact. Would this
+have been possible in any other Army Corps?
+
+Lord Kitchener saw me on 16th September, or ten days after my return,
+and informed me that he had heard verbally, but had no official report
+and had telegraphed for it.
+
+I was the third senior officer in France; what must have been the fate
+of many junior to me?
+
+Had Lord Kitchener lived, I think I may safely say I should not have
+been cast on the scrap-heap; with his death vanished the last hope of
+re-employment in the war, and what other employment was worth having?
+
+I have a sufficient sense of discipline to refrain from further probing
+this story. I am still on the “Active List” of the Army and it is my
+duty to hold my peace; but I retain the right to tell my own tale when I
+am no longer employed, and I shall then do so. Even had I been totally
+deficient in “initiative and tactical skill,” there are ways of doing
+things. I had during my thirty-seven years’ soldiering served in
+fourteen campaigns; had received the Freedom of the City of London and a
+sword of honour, and the unique distinction of being mentioned by name
+in King Edward’s first Speech from the Throne. Had I not the right to
+expect ordinary courtesy?—but I belonged to the Indian Corps!—that
+explains much.
+
+The story of my own share in the work of the Corps in France is
+finished. I have endeavoured faithfully to record, to the best of my
+ability, the brave doings of brave men, British and Indian. I have tried
+to repay in some small measure the heavy debt I owe to them, but
+especially to the soldiers of India, my faithful friends and comrades in
+many campaigns, through whose loyalty, courage, and devotion I have
+risen from Subaltern to General. The memories of the long years spent in
+India are, at least, a possession of which I cannot be deprived.
+
+            Ille terrarum mihi praeter omnes angulus ridet.
+
+The following numbers of casualties, up to within a week of the date I
+left France, will give some idea of the part played by the Army Corps in
+the fighting and of the debt which England owes to her own sons and
+brothers from overseas; but still more to those chivalrous men,
+Mahomedans and Hindus, for they came from a sense of loyalty to their
+King-Emperor alone, although they had no personal bias in the quarrel,
+except to uphold Great Britain’s righteous cause.
+
+                       British    officers    850
+                       „       other ranks 10,300
+                       Indian     officers    420
+                       „       other ranks 17,230
+                                           ——————
+                       Total               28,800
+
+
+
+
+                              CHAPTER XXIV
+
+
+My own part in the Great War ended early in September 1915, and the
+share taken by the Indian Corps as part of the Army which attacked at
+and north of Loos (prior to its final departure from France) can only be
+told as I have gathered it from records and letters received by me; but
+my information is derived from the most authentic sources and may be
+taken as absolutely correct. I should not consider this book complete
+without giving in some detail an account of the last, but by no means
+the least, of the fights waged by the Indians in Flanders. More
+especially do I deem it an honour to do this, as the command had
+devolved, on my own recommendation, on my friend, Lieut.-General Sir
+Charles Anderson, K.C.B., one of the most earnest fighting soldiers.
+
+Moreover, certain Indian battalions took part in it which had joined
+just prior to, or immediately after, my departure. Like every other unit
+of the Corps, I had known and served with them in India, and it is a
+source of pleasure to record, as far as I can in a bald statement of
+facts, the part they played in the closing scenes of the drama of the
+soldiers of Hindustan. I had been partly instrumental in making the
+preliminary preparations for this battle, and therefore am in a position
+to understand thoroughly what occurred.
+
+The events as they actually took place have convinced those who knew
+what was being done that the task assigned to the Indian Corps was,
+under the circumstances, a hopeless one, unless the wind and weather
+were both favourable for the use of gas, of which we understood but
+little at that time.
+
+I had originally selected as the objective of the Corps the very same
+front it finally attacked, and had laid my plans before the Army
+Commander. A German deserter had, however, come in and stated that his
+own side was preparing a gas attack on the self-same front, and I had
+been ordered to select another portion of the German line on which to
+direct our assault. Later, a heavy fire had been kept up to detect if
+possible whether there was any collection of gas cylinders or apparatus
+in the vicinity; the deserter’s report had been found to be untrue and I
+had been ordered to hold to my original plan again; but as the operation
+depended mainly on the successful use of gas, I had made certain
+suggestions in case of a failure of cylinders, or an ill turn of luck in
+wind and weather at the last moment.
+
+Those who may read this story will at least see that my ideas were not
+only not groundless, but that, as I had deemed possible, the supply of
+gas was eventually merely a trifle of what had been planned—160
+cylinders instead of the 1100 calculated—and of the 160 in the trenches
+only 30 could be discharged before the wind veered. The gas, moreover,
+had no effect on the enemy, as was proved after our first advance,
+whilst it very seriously hampered our own troops.
+
+The end of a year of trench warfare, and the deterioration of Indian
+units as compared with our original battalions, was not the time to call
+on them to carry out such an attack, unless they were to be amply
+supported by guns, and of these I was very short. Given these and
+favourable conditions for the use of gas, much might have been done
+which the shortage of the former and handicap (as it turned out) of the
+latter made an impossible task. It is true that the push was only a
+subsidiary one, and designed to hold the enemy in its front and thus
+prevent him from sending assistance farther south; but distinct
+objectives had been assigned; and, even so, there is reason in all
+things, and in my opinion, as originally designed and as we were
+supposed to carry it out, there was not the slightest chance of our
+gaining our objective or retaining it if gained, whilst there was the
+certainty of very heavy losses amongst men who had already cheerfully
+made immense sacrifices for Great Britain.
+
+I will not enter into the operations of the British Army as a whole;
+suffice it to say that the First Army assumed the offensive on September
+the 25th, and the orders for the attack of the Indian Corps, amongst
+others, were based on the following instructions:
+
+  The Army Corps south of the La Bassée Canal were to advance eastward
+  to the line Pont-à-Vendin-Bauvin. The Corps north of the Canal were to
+  engage the enemy vigorously and to prevent him from withdrawing troops
+  for a counter-attack. Wherever the enemy gave ground he was to be
+  followed up with the greatest energy.
+
+  The Second Division was to assault the enemy’s trenches at Givenchy
+  and to attack Canteleux; the Third Corps to assault the enemy’s line
+  near Bridoux with a view to eventually effecting a junction on the
+  Aubers Ridge with the Indian Corps.
+
+  The Indian Corps was to capture the enemy’s trenches in the vicinity
+  of the Moulin du Piètre and to take advantage of any weakening of the
+  enemy on its front, so as to secure the high ground about Haut
+  Pommereau and La Cliqueterie Ferme. The attack was to be made by the
+  Meerut Division, then commanded by Major-General Jacob, promoted from
+  Brigadier Dehra Dun Brigade. The first objective was to secure and
+  consolidate a line of a road which ran through Mauquissart to an enemy
+  salient. Every opportunity was to be seized of pushing farther forward
+  to gain the high ground about La Cliqueterie Ferme.
+
+
+  Detailed orders were also issued for the Lahore and Nineteenth
+  Divisions.
+
+  In the event of the enemy showing signs of weakening, the Lahore
+  Division was to attack and capture the Bois du Biez. Similarly, the
+  Nineteenth Division was to be prepared to extend any success gained by
+  the Second Division by advancing against the southern end of the Rue
+  d’Ouvert. The Artillery bombardment was ordered to commence on
+  September 21st, and continue day and night under instructions issued.
+
+  If the wind was favourable the attacks of the Second Division and of
+  the Meerut Division were to be preceded by gas and smoke. The Lahore
+  and Nineteenth Divisions were to assist with smoke barrages.
+
+  The Lahore Division was directed to put up a smoke barrage on the
+  southern flank of the Meerut Division.
+
+  The Meerut Division was to arrange a similar barrage on its northern
+  flank.
+
+  A mine was to be exploded under a designated enemy salient two minutes
+  before gas was turned on.
+
+  The attack was to be preceded by a four days’ deliberate bombardment
+  by the Meerut Divisional Artillery, reinforced by No. 4 Group, H.A.R.,
+  one Brigade R.F.A., from Lahore Division, one 3-pr. Hotchkiss gun on
+  trailer, and an armoured train. The assault was to be supported by the
+  above Artillery, and was to be carried out by the Garhwal Brigade on
+  the right, with the Bareilly Brigade on the left; the Dehra Dun
+  Brigade in Divisional reserve.
+
+  The troops were to be formed up by midnight 24th-25th September.
+
+    _Garhwal Brigade._—Three assaulting battalions (3rd Gurkha Rifles on
+      the right, Leicesters in the centre, and 8th Gurkha Rifles on the
+      left) from Sunken Street to sixty yards north of South Moated
+      Grange Street.
+
+      One battalion (1/3rd Londons) on the front line from Duck’s Bill
+        to Sunken Street.
+
+      Garhwal Rifles in the Home Counties Trench.
+
+    _Bareilly Brigade._—Three assaulting battalions (1/4th Black Watch
+      on the right, 69th Punjabis in the centre, and 2nd Black Watch on
+      the left) from sixty yards north of South Moated Grange Street to
+      Winchester Street.
+
+      The 33rd Punjabis were in the Home Counties Trench, etc.
+
+      The 58th Rifles were in Tilleloy trench.
+
+    _Dehra Dun Brigade._—In Divisional reserve.
+
+      One battalion (2nd Gurkha Rifles) south of Moated Grange Street.
+
+      The 1st Seaforths north of Moated Grange Street.
+
+      1/4th Seaforths in Rouge Croix East Post, etc.
+
+      The 9th Gurkhas in Min and Rugby Posts and in Bacquerot Street.
+
+      The 93rd Burma Infantry in Carter’s Post.
+
+  Owing to the uncertainty whether atmospheric conditions would admit of
+  gas being used, two programmes for the assault were drawn up.
+
+  _Programme “A.”_—To be followed if gas and smoke were to be employed.
+
+  _Programme “B.”_—To be followed if gas and smoke were not to be
+  employed.
+
+  In both programmes the first objective of all assaulting battalions
+  was the enemy’s front and support lines.
+
+  As soon as the assault began, troops were to move up to replace those
+  who had gone forward, the Divisional reserve going to Home Counties
+  Trench, etc. This reserve was not to move farther forward without the
+  orders of the Division.
+
+  Three companies 34th Pioneers and half of the 20th Company Sappers and
+  Miners were placed at the disposal of Meerut Division for the first
+  day of the operations.
+
+  Our wire entanglement was cleared by the assaulting Brigades during
+  the days prior to the attack, the outer fringe being left till the
+  night of the 24th-25th September.
+
+  Each man of the attacking Infantry carried two sandbags and two gas
+  helmets.
+
+  The Lahore Division on the right and the Twentieth British Division on
+  the left were to cover the flanks of our advance by fire, and after
+  the front trenches were taken these Divisions were to send troops to
+  hold the trenches opposite their respective fronts, and so protect our
+  flanks in the advance beyond the German support line.
+
+The deliberate Artillery bombardment commenced on the 21st September,
+and the results proved generally satisfactory. By the evening of the
+24th the enemy’s wire entanglements in front of their front line were
+reported to have been cut, with the exceptions where this could not be
+done owing to trees. This bombardment was accompanied by rifle,
+rifle-grenade, machine-gun, and trench-mortar fire from the front line,
+and by indirect machine-gun fire from points in rear of the front line.
+This fire was kept up day and night in order to prevent the enemy
+effecting any repairs. There was not much retaliation on the part of the
+Germans during the period of bombardment, and what there was did little
+damage and caused few casualties.
+
+Special instructions were issued to the Dehra Dun Brigade, which was in
+Divisional reserve. The object aimed at was to ensure this Brigade being
+concentrated and ready to move quickly in any direction required.
+
+From 6 P.M., 23rd September, when the Brigades commenced to move to
+their positions of assembly, the weather became wet and inclement. This
+made the trenches difficult, and by the evening of the 25th September a
+foot of water was standing in many of them.
+
+Part of the Brigades got into position during the day of the 24th. The
+smoke and gas detachments were in their places by 6 P.M., and all troops
+were in their positions of assembly before midnight.
+
+At 10.15 P.M. orders were received by the Meerut Division that Programme
+“A” was to be followed, _i.e._ the employment of gas and smoke.
+
+During the night the wind was changeable, veering round from south to
+south-west.
+
+About 4.40 A.M., 25th September, an enemy bomb burst in the Duck’s Bill,
+smashing two gas cylinders, and the officer in charge of the operations
+there and several of his detachment were gassed. A considerable number
+of men of the 1/3rd Londons, who formed the garrison of the Duck’s Bill,
+were also incapacitated.
+
+The mine exploded to time, and it was ascertained later that the crater
+formed was 92 feet across. The charge was one ton of gun-cotton.
+
+At 5.50 A.M. the gas should have commenced, but at that hour it was
+practically calm, and what wind there was made it unsafe to let it off
+in certain bays. In these bays the men of the detachments, on their own
+initiative, did not turn it on. Soon after the first cocks were turned
+on, a gust of wind from the south-east turned the gas into our own
+trenches. All gas was immediately turned off, the detachments doing this
+on their own initiative, but considerable quantities entered our own
+trenches and caused many casualties in the 2nd Black Watch on the
+leeward of our front.
+
+The intensive bombardment commenced at 5.50 A.M. and was satisfactory,
+the field guns and the Hotchkiss gun in the front parapet participating.
+
+The Infantry began to cross the parapet just before the assault, under
+cover of the smoke and of the Artillery bombardment, the Artillery
+lifting 100 yards and increasing their rate of fire, so as to conceal
+the increase of range and prevent the enemy realising that the assault
+was about to commence. This, combined with the smoke, had the desired
+effect, as the enemy was not expecting the assault at the moment it was
+delivered, and there was practically no hostile fire while the
+assaulting troops crossed the ground between the two front lines.
+
+At 6 A.M. the assault commenced. Dense clouds of smoke, the result of
+the barrage on the right or south flank, travelling in a north-easterly
+direction made observation difficult, and caused some confusion and
+mistakes in direction. The Garhwal Brigade got up to the German wire,
+which was found to be impassable opposite the 3rd Gurkha Rifles and the
+right of the Leicesters. There the lanes cut by our Artillery had been
+filled up during the night with rolls of French wire. This stopped the
+assault sufficiently to give the enemy time to man his parapets and
+prevent these troops making good the attack. The left of the Leicesters
+and the 2/8th Gurkhas, however, found the wire destroyed and penetrated
+into the enemy’s line.
+
+In front of the Bareilly Brigade the wire had been destroyed by our
+Artillery and all three battalions got into the enemy’s trenches with
+slight opposition. On the left, the Black Watch had to go through our
+own gas, which the wind had not been strong enough to disperse, and
+suffered more casualties. This battalion was not free from the vapour
+until it got into the enemy’s lines. The smoke clouds, which the
+calmness and dampness of the day had turned into thick fog, prevented
+observation and hid guiding landmarks, and considerable intermingling of
+units occurred after the assault. Communication also was difficult, as
+the lines laid in advance of our front parapet by the assaulting
+Infantry and the R.A. officers accompanying them were continually being
+cut. This was especially the case with the Infantry communications, and
+the earliest information was obtained from Artillery Observation
+officers, which proved generally reliable.
+
+Writing as I am for the first time of a battle when I was not in command
+of my Corps, I am tempted to describe from reports the gallantry of
+units and individuals well known to me, but I will refrain, and refer
+the reader to that interesting book, _The Indian Corps in France_,
+wherein he will find recorded the deeds of officers and men who on this
+day, although unsuccessful in completing the impossible task assigned to
+them, added brilliant pages to their regimental records.
+
+The names of such officers as Colonel Brakspear, Lieutenants
+Bagot-Chester, Tyson, and Wood, of the 2/3rd Gurkhas, form a roll of
+honour not to be forgotten, and greatest of all in that fine battalion
+stands out Rifleman Kulbir Thapa, who on this day added the fifth and
+last Victoria Cross won in France by the men from Hindustan.
+
+                        Palmam qui meruit ferat.
+
+And what of the 8th Gurkhas who had begun the war on that bleak 30th day
+of October 1914 before Festubert? The old battalion had practically
+disappeared, but although no longer the Corps that had suffered so
+terribly in those early days, it was determined to leave its mark deep
+cut on the soil of Flanders. Colonel Morris, the C.O., already severely
+wounded nearly a year previously, paid with his life. Add to his the
+names of Lieutenant Ryall of his own battalion and of the following
+attached officers: Lieutenants Taylor (1st Brahmins), Inglis, and
+Meldrum, of the Indian Army Reserve of officers, all of whom were
+killed, as well as four others wounded and eight Indian officers and 460
+rank and file killed, wounded, and missing, and one may well pronounce
+that the 8th Gurkhas indeed did their duty and found their Valhalla.
+
+I had left France; I knew of the “mentions in despatches,” but I
+searched in vain for any rewards given to the British officers of this
+and many other Indian battalions who fought round Mauquissart on that
+day.
+
+The 2nd Leicesters, as they had ever done, fought with the stubborn
+pride of race they had so often displayed; no need to say more. Over
+seventy were killed, including Captain Romilly, of whom I told at Neuve
+Chapelle, and Lieutenant Browne. Here, too, fell a good soldier, of that
+brave but merciful band the Royal Army Medical Corps, Captain Deane,
+attached for duty. He had already earned the Military Cross, and died as
+he had lived, “going about doing good.” I hope I shall not be accused of
+aiding our next enemy when I give them my advice, viz. “Keep out of the
+way of the Leicesters.”
+
+Second Lieutenant Gedge of the 3rd Londons, one of the battalions in
+Brigade reserve, was killed. Another of these units, the Garhwal Rifles,
+had seventy casualties. The Garhwalis had established a grand
+reputation, but were by this time unrecognisable in their old form, and
+in finally passing out of this record I can say without fear of
+contradiction that they left a name which will be held in high esteem by
+all who ever knew them in France, and not least by the Germans. The last
+name mentioned to me after the Indians had left France was that of
+Lieutenant Rama Jodha Jang, who behaved right well on this day and was
+awarded the Military Cross.
+
+By 6.30 A.M. our Infantry were reported to have penetrated into the
+enemy’s position as far as the support line all along the front
+attacked; the Germans were reported to be surrendering freely, and there
+was little hostile Infantry or Artillery fire.
+
+Shortly after, the Twentieth British Division informed Meerut Division
+that the Sixtieth Brigade had been ordered to advance at once to protect
+the left flank of the Indian attack.
+
+From all indications it appeared now as if we had captured the German
+front and support trenches along the whole of the front attacked, and
+that the left of the Bareilly Brigade was pushing forward towards the
+German second line, but subsequently it was found that the situation was
+actually as follows:
+
+On the right the Garhwal Brigade was held up by wire, but the 8th
+Gurkhas and one company Leicesters on the left had penetrated the German
+position.
+
+Of the Bareilly Brigade, the 1/4th Black Watch had gone through the
+enemy’s front system and had moved forward considerably beyond the line
+assigned to them as their first objective, and were digging themselves
+in opposite the enemy second line. The 69th Punjabis were pressing
+forward mixed up with the 58th Rifles and the 2nd Black Watch. One
+company, together with one from each of the 58th Rifles and 33rd
+Punjabis, were consolidating the position gained. The Black Watch, less
+two companies, which were blocking the trenches to the north, were
+advancing against the German second line of trenches, about the Moulin
+du Piètre. The 58th Rifles were pressing forward with the Black Watch
+and 69th Punjabis. The 33rd Punjabis were in our proper front line. The
+Garhwal Rifles had been delayed in their advance to our front line owing
+to congestion in the trenches, caused principally by the number of men
+suffering from the effects of our gas, and were still in their original
+position. Lastly, the Dehra Dun Brigade had commenced to concentrate
+forward.
+
+The enemy’s guns were active at this hour, and there was much
+intermixture of units, loss of direction, and confusion.
+
+The consolidation of the captured trenches was not sufficiently
+considered, in the anxiety of all ranks to take advantage of the
+weakness of the opposition where we had penetrated the position. The
+Bareilly Brigade had passed over its first objective, and the flanks
+were dangerously exposed, especially as the attack of the Garhwal
+Brigade on its right had been held up. The natural anxiety to press our
+advantage led the 58th Rifles to advance on its own initiative, but I
+will later on more fully refer to this incident.
+
+By 8 A.M. the Divisional Commander had learned that the Garhwal Brigade
+had been unable to enter the enemy’s front trenches, and the following
+was the situation:
+
+In this Brigade there was no correct information of the 3rd Gurkhas. The
+Leicesters were held up by wire, but one company had penetrated the
+German line and half of the 8th Gurkhas were in the German trenches. The
+other half had lost direction and were intermingled with the right of
+the Bareilly Brigade.
+
+The Bareilly Brigade was making rapid progress. The 69th Punjabis and
+4th Black Watch had taken the German first-line and support trenches. On
+the left of the attack the 2nd Black Watch had passed all the advanced
+trenches and were moving on the Moulin du Piètre. In support of this
+battalion the 58th Rifles were also moving forward. In fact, the entire
+Brigade had advanced so rapidly that their position was not fully
+realised. Unfortunately, the captured support line was not consolidated,
+owing to the companies detailed for this work having joined in the
+general advance and left the work uncompleted. Except in officers,
+however, the casualties so far had not been heavy.
+
+Shortly after this hour it was reported that the enemy was massing in
+front of the Black Watch, and our guns were immediately turned on to the
+Moulin du Piètre. At the same time two companies of the 33rd Punjabis
+were moved forward to support the 69th Punjabis, and six machine-guns
+were sent to support the Black Watch and 58th Rifles in the mine
+salient.
+
+At 8.15 A.M. this same day, 25th September, the Dehra Dun Brigade was
+ordered to move up one battalion in close support of the Garhwal
+Brigade. This battalion was to remain under the orders of the Dehra Dun
+Brigade.
+
+About 9 A.M. the Corps Commander directed the Dehra Dun Brigade to be
+pushed through the gap made in the German line and attack towards the
+high ground between Haut Pommereau and La Cliqueterie Ferme. Half an
+hour later five field batteries from rearward positions commenced to
+move forward to the east of the Rue du Bacquerot, and at the same time
+the Bareilly Brigade confirmed the report that the Black Watch and the
+58th Rifles had captured portions of the German second line but that the
+enemy still held the Moulin du Piètre. Casualties were reported as
+slight, and the O.C. 58th Rifles was of opinion that the Haut Pommereau
+Ridge could be won if fresh units were pushed through.
+
+By 9 A.M. the Pioneers had commenced work on communication trenches
+under considerable machine-gun and rifle fire. Before this work had to
+be discontinued about 100 yards of fire trench had been completed. The
+party at work on No. 2 trench also suffered considerably from hostile
+fire and hand-grenades, but it had completed about 130 yards of
+traversed trench before it had to retire. No work was possible on two
+other communication trenches; whilst the party on No. 4 trench continued
+work till 1.15 P.M. under constant fire.
+
+The Garhwal Rifles could not carry out the fresh attack as planned for
+them, as they were unable to get forward out of the communication
+trenches, which had become very congested in their neighbourhood.
+
+The general situation of the Bareilly Brigade remained as before. The
+few officers left were endeavouring to reorganise the units and to guard
+their flanks. On the right flank the 4th Black Watch were being
+echeloned back towards the left of the Garhwal Brigade in order to
+protect the right flank of the Bareilly Brigade.
+
+Major Wauchope, commanding the 2nd Black Watch, made over to the 12th
+Rifle Brigade of the 60th British Brigade on our left the trenches which
+the two companies of the Black Watch had been consolidating, and
+arranged for the party to extend along a ditch to join up with the 58th
+Rifles. The remainder of the Bareilly Brigade gradually collected in the
+German second line, where there seem to have been great congestion and
+heavy losses, owing to the dense target offered to the enemy. It is
+impossible to establish the hour at which these various actions took
+place, as most of the officers responsible for them were killed or
+wounded.
+
+Captain Hewett of the 41st Dogras, on the Staff of the Bareilly Brigade,
+was killed during the fighting. Like nearly every officer of the Indian
+Army who served on the Staff in France, he had won his own way by sheer
+merit.
+
+But now a change came over the hitherto successful operations. After
+mid-day, Artillery Observation officers reported that a good many men
+were to be seen coming back, and being rallied in an old German trench;
+and by 1 P.M. all our troops had fallen back to their original line.
+
+The enemy’s counter-attacks had developed at about 11.30 A.M. and were
+pressed home strongly and methodically against the front and both
+flanks. The front was able to hold its ground without difficulty, but on
+the flanks the enemy established a decided ascendancy in bombing. On our
+right flank the Germans outlasted our various parties with their
+grenade-throwing, and successively obtained the mastery of one point
+after another. The blocking of the trenches was ineffective after our
+supply of bombs was finished, and, although the men made a series of
+stands during the retirement, they were unable to maintain any position
+for long, as the Germans came bombing up from trenches on either flank.
+
+On our left the Rifle Brigade (British Division) was unable to hold the
+“blocks” made by the 2nd Black Watch, as their supply of bombs also ran
+short very quickly.
+
+With both flanks turned, the whole of the Bareilly Brigade had to fall
+back.
+
+In the rapidity of their advance our troops had not systematically
+searched the enemy front-line dug-outs, and a considerable number of
+Germans remained in them and fired into the backs of our men, evidently
+singling out officers in particular, as the loss in officers was very
+heavy.
+
+When it was established that the Bareilly Brigade had fallen back, the
+attack by the Dehra Dun Brigade, which was to have been directed against
+Haut Pommereau, was cancelled, and that Brigade was ordered to gain
+touch with the troops who were believed to be still holding out in the
+German trenches. Accordingly, the G.O.C. Bareilly and Dehra Dun Brigades
+proceeded to Winchester Road to discover whether the report was true,
+and to determine the best line on which the Dehra Dun Brigade should
+carry out its advance. One company of the 2nd Gurkhas and two companies
+of the Garhwal Rifles which attempted to cross to the German line were
+driven back by heavy fire from all parts of that line, and this showed
+that the German front line was held in strength, and that none of our
+troops were now holding any part of it.
+
+At 4.45 P.M. the G.O.C. Indian Corps issued definite orders cancelling
+the attack being organised by the Dehra Dun Brigade. The fighting along
+our front practically ceased, and for the last time the Indian Corps had
+borne its share in one of the many fierce battles on the Western Front.
+
+As I said before, I am writing this chapter from reports and letters in
+my possession, and hence it is not the same thing as describing events
+in which one has borne a part, but in many instances the records of
+battalions and even individuals have become almost public property, and
+of such I feel I may justly give some account.
+
+The 2nd Battalion of the Black Watch was well known to me and had served
+under my orders as a Brigadier, Divisional and Army Commander in India
+and for a year during the war. I was well acquainted with the Commanding
+Officer, Colonel Harvey, who was now in command of the Dehra Dun
+Brigade. The actual Commander on this day was Major Wauchope, D.S.O.,
+who had served with them for years, and who afterwards commanded a
+Brigade in Mesopotamia. Where Wauchope rules all is well, and on the
+25th September he and his Highlanders well sustained the name of that
+famous corps before Mauquissart.
+
+Many had been disabled at the very commencement of the attack by our own
+gas, but the spirit which never acknowledges difficulties permeated all
+ranks, and the Royal Highlanders, as they had done from Seringapatam to
+Waterloo, and from the Alma to Lucknow and Tel-el-Kebir, sweeping away
+all opposition, were almost into the Moulin du Piètre before they
+realised that they had not only gained their objective but were far (too
+far) beyond it. Not finding the necessary support to enable them to
+advance, the Battalion held on to its gains, but eventually had to
+retire. Bombed, mangled, and attacked on both flanks they moved back,
+but only over the bodies of their comrades did the Huns advance; only
+after paying a heavy toll could the enemy regain his ground, and only
+after desperate fighting would the Scots quit each yard of trench. It
+had to be done, but the name Moulin du Piètre is worthy to be added to
+the other twenty-eight borne on the colours which commemorate gallant
+deeds performed from Guadeloupe, 1759, to Paardeberg 140 years later.
+The losses suffered amounted to 360 killed, wounded, and missing,
+including sixteen officers out of the twenty with which the Battalion
+went into battle, and of these five were killed, viz. Captain Denison, a
+young officer of quite exceptional promise; Lieutenants Sotheby,
+Henderson, Balfour-Melville, and MacLeod.
+
+The halo of the 2nd Battalion had also encircled its sister Battalion of
+the Brigade, viz. the 4th Black Watch—Territorials to start with, but
+veterans in September 1915. I can see the C.O., Lieut.-Colonel Walker,
+leading on his men, for this he literally did. Major Tosh was near him
+and fell; a sergeant quickly tried to save him, but in vain. The bayonet
+avenged his and many other losses, and the 4th Black Watch, like the 2nd
+Battalion, looking only forward, pushed on regardless of all but the
+Mill before them. Dearly they paid, but the glory they won will
+assuredly live when the Moulin du Piètre will remain only a spot marked
+on old maps of the Great War. The Commander, Lieut.-Colonel Walker, his
+Second in Command, and a young officer, 2nd Lieut. Anderson, were
+killed, seventeen other officers were reported as wounded or missing, or
+a total of twenty out of twenty-one officers present that day; and 420
+other ranks completed the casualty roll.
+
+Like the Highlanders, the 69th Punjabis never stayed their rush till the
+prize, the Moulin, was almost within their grasp, but they too were to
+earn renown alone. When the fate of war overtook the others, the 69th
+also retired fighting. The Commander, Major Stansfeld (attached from the
+74th Punjabis), was killed, and Captain Nelson, Lieutenants Moberly and
+Fraser also gave their lives; whilst three Indian officers and seventy
+others were killed or missing. Amongst the wounded were four British and
+six Indian officers and 260 others, or a total of over 50 per cent of
+strength present.
+
+Captain Nelson was attached from the 3rd Brahmins. We had spent three
+very good days together shooting and fishing on the Ganges Canal
+eighteen months previously, and I had been much struck by his keenness
+and zeal in whatever he put his hand to. Major Bingham behaved with
+great coolness throughout this day, but I could find no record of
+rewards for the officers.
+
+
+Of my good friend, Colonel Davidson-Houston, 58th Rifles (Frontier
+Force), I have written elsewhere. His battalion, in support of the Black
+Watch, cared for naught, like its comrades, save the fatal Moulin. On
+that all eyes were bent, and it must be won at any cost. The
+oft-repeated injunctions of the First Army to push on regardless of side
+issues had burnt into the souls of men who had for a whole year tasted
+the fruits of success and failure in varying degrees.
+
+The 58th pushed on, and a part found themselves close up to the Mill;
+the remainder met with the same counter-attacks as the rest of the
+advance; they held on to their gains and consolidated as much as
+possible, but eventually were forced to retire to our own original line.
+Amongst the killed or missing were Colonel Davidson-Houston, Captains
+Flagg, Harcourt, McKenzie, and Lieutenants Nicolls, Deane-Spread (Indian
+Army Reserve of Officers, attached), and Milligan. Captain C. G. Wardell
+(21st Punjabis, attached) was severely wounded. Five Indian officers and
+240 other ranks completed the roll of casualties.
+
+As an example of the inferno through which the troops went on this day,
+I will instance the doings of Captain Wardell above mentioned. At the
+very start he was knocked over by the explosion of a shell close by;
+almost immediately a bullet smashed his water-bottle and a second one
+cut away the straps. In moving up to form a defensive flank in the
+second German line captured trenches he lost a good many men getting
+through uncut wire. Units in the front line were by this time
+indescribably mixed up; there were too many men, and very few officers
+left. An hour later a bullet cut the strap of his field-glasses and
+another smashed the glasses in his hand. A third passed through his
+lung, injuring several ribs and emerging through his coat pocket, but
+such was the situation that each and every British officer must perforce
+fight on, so a fresh pair of glasses was got, and whilst he was
+observing as best he could another bullet passed through his shoulder.
+Bleeding and sorely hurt as he was, I have been told on good authority
+that this brave officer remained with his command until sent back on a
+stretcher by his Colonel.
+
+I looked for any rewards to British officers of this battalion, but I
+could find none.
+
+
+The last of the Indian battalions to join the Corps in France, and the
+last of which I shall write here, was the 33rd Punjabis. They had
+arrived the very day after I left, and were not long before, in their
+reconstituted form, they too had received their baptism of fire. The
+same goal was theirs, the same vicinity of the Moulin was to be the last
+resting-place of many of the men from the land of the Five Rivers, and
+as their comrades had fought, so now did they share in the glory and
+carnage of the strife.
+
+As a Captain and Staff-Officer at Delhi I had been present when the old
+33rd Regiment of “Bengal Infantry” was mustered out, and the “33rd
+Punjabi Mahomedans” took their place. I had again seen them at Delhi,
+when commanding the Northern Army, and I only missed them by a day in
+Flanders. They may rest content in the knowledge that although the last
+to join the Corps they were not the least in the share they took on 25th
+September 1915, before Mauquissart, and to this fact their long list of
+casualties attests. Killed and missing—Major Kelly, Captains Price and
+MacCall, Lieutenant Grasett (attached from 28th Punjabis). The
+Commanding Officer, Colonel Ridgway, and Captain Vincent were wounded.
+Five Indian officers were also killed or missing and three were wounded,
+a total of fourteen officers all told. Of other ranks eighty-seven were
+killed or missing and 160 wounded. The senior Indian officer,
+Subadar-Major Bahadur Khan, and the senior Jemadar, Akbar Ali, were
+among the killed.
+
+General Jacob in his report on these operations made the following
+remarks, which explain some of the reasons for the failure of the Indian
+Corps to retain the ground it had won. He says:
+
+  It was unfortunate that the wind, changing at the last moment, blew
+  the gas back on to our own trenches, ... men under the influence of
+  gas seemed to lose all sense of direction, and some are said to have
+  charged down between the German and our own front lines until stopped
+  by the Duck’s Bill.
+
+After highly praising the keenness, spirit, _élan_, and dash shown by
+all units, he adds:
+
+  The charge made by the 2/8th Gurkhas and the 2nd Leicesters of the
+  Garhwal Brigade and by the 2nd Black Watch, 69th Punjabis, and 1/4th
+  Black Watch of the Bareilly Brigade could not have been finer.
+
+He explains how some of the attacking battalions in their eagerness to
+move on exceeded the limits of ordinary prudence and went too far, with
+the result that they were cut off and many valuable lives lost, and
+attributes the immediate success of the German counter-attack largely to
+their superiority in bombs and to our own supply entirely running out.
+
+Regarding the action of the 58th Rifles; from the information now
+available, it would appear that the opinions formed by both the
+Divisional and Brigade Commanders at the time are quite open to
+explanation. These officers considered that the advance of the 58th was
+premature, but in _The Indian Corps in France_, on page 451 (second
+edition), is given Brigadier-General Wauchope’s (then a Major in the 2nd
+Black Watch) opinion, and I have no doubt that both Generals Jacob and
+Norie agree with it.
+
+In any case, it is to all of us who knew Colonel Davidson-Houston, the
+Commander of the 58th Vaughan’s Rifles, a certainty, that in giving his
+orders for the battalion to advance, he acted either on some information
+which we shall never know, or because he considered it imperative he
+should do so, even if contrary to his instructions. Such faults, if
+faults they be, are a credit to those who will take the responsibility,
+and I can well imagine my friend as he took it on this day. He was a
+C.O. so devoted to the men he commanded and so absorbed in his regiment
+that more than once his actions were misunderstood whilst in France. On
+one occasion it was my good fortune to stand by him, when some very high
+personages differed from us both on a question of vital interest to the
+Indians. We went to, and left the stormy meeting together, and somehow I
+felt we had “learned them” something they did not know before.
+Davidson-Houston was indeed “a veray parfit gentil Knight.” His
+character partook of manly physical bravery, tempered with a fine
+discretion when he had to consider others. He never asked any man to do
+what he was not ready to do himself if necessary.
+
+Both the Corps and Divisional Commanders mentioned in terms of high
+praise the work and devotion to duty of the Technical troops, the
+Pioneers, and Sappers and Miners. The medical branch of the Corps
+received the credit which all ranks had well earned, as did the Staff,
+each and every one of whom was known to me.
+
+It was pleasant to read in the report on this battle mention made for
+the first time in France, by the Army Commander, of the “Indian Corps”
+by name.
+
+Shortly after this battle, rumours were rife, that the Corps would not
+remain another winter in France, and before the end of November the
+entire Indian personnel had left this theatre of war.
+
+[Illustration: Mauquissart.]
+
+
+
+
+                               CONCLUSION
+
+
+Thus ended for the sepoy the “Great Adventure” on the plains of
+Flanders. What memories it brings back! what future possibilities it has
+in store! Some of them may arise sooner than the most imaginative can
+foreshadow.
+
+I have throughout this book endeavoured to do full justice to the Indian
+Army, both to its British officers and all Indian ranks, but I venture
+to offer one final word of advice to those in whose hands may lie the
+future destinies of that Army. This advice has at least one merit, it is
+based on a very wide and lifelong experience of India, its people, its
+Provinces, its Frontiers in every direction, and, above all, of its
+Army.
+
+It is this. Whatever you do as regards the inhabitants of India,
+whatever form of Government they may eventually possess, so long as the
+Union Jack floats over Hindustan do not reduce the present status of the
+British officer. You will find Indians as brave, loyal gentlemen and
+splendid comrades, and hence you may find it difficult to refuse
+equality of command; but you must make this a cardinal principle, for no
+argument decked in rhetoric will alter the fact, that you can NEVER
+replace the British officer in the Indian Army.
+
+
+
+
+                                EPILOGUE
+
+
+In 1919 I was home on short leave, and it happened that the Indian
+Contingent was in London for the Peace celebrations. I was a spectator
+when they marched to Buckingham Palace to be reviewed by their beloved
+King-Emperor, and as they passed on their return from the Palace,
+although I was in plain clothes, some of the Indian officers and men
+recognised me amongst the crowd. One of them shouted the Sikh war-cry of
+“FATEH,” and a number ran out of the marching ranks, saying, “Here is
+our General.” It was a very short greeting, but it was none the less
+both moving and splendid.
+
+A few days later I visited their Camp at Hampton Court. I will not
+attempt to describe what took place, but when I left in my motor-car,
+this at least I clearly knew, that those faithful comrades would never
+forget their old Commander. It is my final and highest reward.
+
+
+
+
+                                APPENDIX
+
+
+  PROMOTIONS AND REWARDS OF OFFICERS, NON-COMMISSIONED OFFICERS, AND MEN
+    OF THE INDIAN ARMY AND DEPARTMENTS WHO SERVED WITH THE ARMY CORPS OR
+    OTHER INDIAN TROOPS OR BRITISH UNITS IN FRANCE PRIOR TO 1916, AND
+    WERE GAZETTED BEFORE 20TH FEBRUARY 1916.
+
+      _Extracted from Official Lists, “London” and “Indian” Gazettes,
+                                   etc._
+
+
+                              =Victoria Cross=
+
+  Sepoy KHUDADAD KHAN, 129th Baluchis (severely wounded).
+
+  Naik DARWAN SING NEGI, 1/39th Garhwal Rifles (severely wounded).
+
+  Lieutenant F. A. DE PASS, 34th Poona Horse (killed).
+
+  Lance-Corporal DAVID FINLAY, 2nd Black Watch (killed).
+
+  Rifleman GOBAR SING NEGI, 2/39th Garhwal Rifles (killed).
+
+  Private WILLIAM BUCKINGHAM, 2nd Leicestershire Regiment (killed).
+
+  Rifleman KULBIR THAPA, 2/3rd Gurkha Rifles.
+
+  Lieutenant J. G. SMYTH, 15th Sikhs.
+
+  Subadar MIR DAST, I.O.M., 55th Coke’s Rifles (F.F.), attached 57th
+    Rifles (F.F.) (wounded).
+
+  Corporal ISSY SMITH, 1st Manchester Regiment.
+
+  Lieutenant W. A. M‘CRAE BRUCE, 59th Scinde Rifles (F.F.) (killed).
+
+
+                                   STAFF
+
+                       _Knight Commander of the Bath_
+
+  Lieut.-General H. B. B. Watkis, C.B., Indian Army.
+
+                          _Companion of the Bath_
+
+  Colonel (temporary Brigadier-General) F. W. G. Wadeson, Indian Army.
+
+  Colonel (temporary Brigadier-General) C. W. Jacob, Indian Army.
+
+  Colonel (temporary Brigadier-General) A. S. C. Cobbe, V.C., D.S.O.,
+    A.D.C., 32nd Pioneers.
+
+  Lieut.-Colonel (temporary Brigadier-General) G. de S. Barrow, 35th
+    Horse.
+
+  Colonel R. H. Ewart, C.I.E., D.S.O., A.D.C., Supply and Transport
+    Corps.
+
+  Lieut.-Colonel J. S. M. Shea, D.S.O., 35th Horse.
+
+  Major-General C. P. W. Pirie, I.A.
+
+  Colonel (temporary Brigadier-General) C. A. Fowler, D.S.O., I.A.
+
+  Colonel (temporary Brigadier-General) W. H. Fasken, I.A.
+
+                 _Companion of St. Michael and St. George_
+
+  Lieut.-Colonel J. P. C. Hennessy, Supply and Transport Corps.
+
+  Lieut.-Colonel H. A. P. Lindsay, Supply and Transport Corps.
+
+  Lieut.-Colonel C. H. G. Moore, D.S.O., Supply and Transport Corps.
+
+  Major (temporary Lieut.-Colonel) H. E. Rhys Pryce, 18th Infantry.
+
+  Lieut.-Colonel (temporary Colonel) G. S. Sheppard, Military Accounts
+    Department.
+
+  Major and Brevet Lieut.-Colonel H. C. Holman, D.S.O., 16th Cavalry.
+
+  Colonel F. C. Muspratt, I.A.
+
+                       _Distinguished Service Order_
+
+  Major H. B. D. Baird, 12th Cavalry.
+
+  Major R. C. W. Lukin, 9th Horse.
+
+  Major J. H. K. Stewart, 39th Garhwalis.
+
+  Major A. Strong, 10th Lancers.
+
+  Major (temporary Lieut.-Colonel) L. R. Vaughan, 7th Gurkha Rifles.
+
+  Captain J. P. Villiers-Stuart, 55th Rifles.
+
+  Major G. D. Bruce, 61st K.G.O. Pioneers.
+
+  Major W. F. S. Casson, 27th Light Cavalry.
+
+  Major C. J. B. Hay, Q.V.O. Corps of Guides (F.F.).
+
+  Major F. S. Keen, 45th Rattray’s Sikhs.
+
+  Captain D. G. Robinson, 40th Punjabis.
+
+                              _Military Cross_
+
+  Captain B. de L. Brock, 126th Baluchistan Infantry.
+
+  Captain M. A. Hamer, 129th Baluchis.
+
+  Captain H. L. Watkis, 31st Punjabis.
+
+  Captain R. G. Alexander, 11th K.E.O. Lancers.
+
+  Captain H. L. Dyce, 9th Hudson’s Horse.
+
+  Captain E. St. C. Gray, 34th Poona Horse.
+
+  Captain E. D. Raymond, 30th Lancers.
+
+  Captain H. R. B. Reed, 39th Garhwal Rifles.
+
+  Captain H. L. Scott, 1/1st Gurkha Rifles.
+
+  Captain S. R. Shirley, 54th Sikhs (F.F.).
+
+  Captain W. L. O. Twiss, 9th Gurkha Rifles.
+
+  Lieutenant O. Gough, 12th Cavalry.
+
+    _Order of British India, 1st Class, with title of “Sardar Bahadur”_
+
+  Risaldar Khwaja Muhammad Khan, I.D.S.M., A.D.C., Queen’s Own Corps of
+    Guides.
+
+        _French Order of the Legion of Honour, Croix de Commandeur_
+
+  Lieut.-General Sir E. Locke Elliot, K.C.B., D.S.O. (retired), I.A.
+
+          _Russian Order of St. Vladimir, 4th Class, with Swords_
+
+  Colonel (temporary Brigadier-General) C. W. Jacob, C.B., Indian Army.
+
+                              _Major-General_
+
+  Colonel (temporary Brigadier-General) H. Hudson, C.B., C.I.E., Indian
+    Army.
+
+  Colonel (temporary Brigadier-General) C. W. Jacob, C.B., I.A.
+
+  Colonel (temporary Brigadier-General) W. G. Walker, V.C., C.B., I.A.
+
+                              _Brevet Colonel_
+
+  Lieut.-Colonel (temporary Brigadier-General) W. B. James, C.I.E.,
+    M.V.O., 21st Cavalry.
+
+  Lieut.-Colonel (temporary Brigadier-General) H. J. M. Macandrew,
+    D.S.O., 5th Cavalry.
+
+  Lieut.-Colonel (temporary Brigadier-General) W. M. Southey, C.M.G.,
+    129th Baluchis.
+
+  Lieut.-Colonel R. E. Vaughan, D.S.O., Supply and Transport Corps.
+
+  Major and Brevet Lieut.-Colonel A. Skeen, 24th Punjabis.
+
+  Major and Brevet Lieut.-Colonel H. C. Holman, C.M.G., D.S.O., 16th
+    Cavalry.
+
+  Lieut.-Colonel (temporary Brigadier-General) J. S. M. Shea, C.B.,
+    D.S.O., 35th Scinde Horse.
+
+                        _Brevet Lieutenant-Colonel_
+
+  Major A. G. Stuart, 40th Pathans.
+
+  Major H. L. Tomkins, D.S.O., 28th Punjabis.
+
+  Major A. W. Peck, 25th Cavalry.
+
+  Major J. A. Longridge, 43rd Erinpura Regiment.
+
+  Major (temporary Lieut.-Colonel) C. A. C. Godwin, 23rd Cavalry (F.F.).
+
+  Major (temporary Lieut.-Colonel) C. C. Newnham, 6th K.E.O. Cavalry.
+
+                               _Brevet Major_
+
+  Captain H. R. A. Hunt, 25th Punjabis.
+
+
+                                  CAVALRY
+
+                                4TH CAVALRY
+
+                 _Companion of St. Michael and St. George_
+
+  Lieut.-Colonel H. G. Stainforth.
+
+                              _Military Cross_
+
+  Captain G. Howson.
+
+        _Order of British India, 2nd Class, with title of “Bahadur”_
+
+  Risaldar-Major Awal Khan.
+
+  Risaldar Saddha Singh.
+
+                    _Indian Distinguished Service Medal_
+
+  Ressaidar Udmi Ram.
+
+  No. 333 Dafadar Karam Singh.
+
+                  _Russian Medal of St. George, 1st Class_
+
+  No. 2210 Dafadar Amanatullah Khan.
+
+                         _Honorary Rank of Jemadar_
+
+  No. 322 Dafadar and Head Salutri Lachman Singh.
+
+                             9TH HODSON’S HORSE
+
+                              _Military Cross_
+
+  Captain F. H. M. Moody (13th Lancers, attached).
+
+                     _Indian Order of Merit, 2nd Class_
+
+  No. 2889 Lance-Dafadar Jit Singh (11th King Edward’s Own Lancers,
+    attached).
+
+  2614 Acting Lance-Dafadar Ganga Singh (11th K.E.O. Lancers attached).
+
+                       11TH KING EDWARD’S OWN LANCERS
+
+                              _Military Cross_
+
+  Lieutenant R. V. Sherston (attached 4th Queen’s Own Hussars).
+
+  Lieutenant (temporary Captain) H. G. A. Fellowes (attached 1st
+    Battalion Prince Albert’s Somerset Light Infantry).
+
+                      13TH DUKE OF CONNAUGHT’S LANCERS
+
+                              _Military Cross_
+
+  Lieutenant D. Pott.
+
+                     15TH LANCERS (CURETON’S MULTANIS)
+
+                              _Military Cross_
+
+  Captain A. C. K. S. Clarke.
+
+                     _Indian Order of Merit, 2nd Class_
+
+  Jemadar Malik Mihr Khan.
+
+                    _Indian Distinguished Service Medal_
+
+  No. 346 Dafadar Ibrahim Khan.
+
+  No. 2176 Lance-Dafadar Alladad Khan.
+
+                             20TH DECCAN HORSE
+
+                       _Distinguished Service Order_
+
+  Captain A. C. Ross.
+
+                              _Military Cross_
+
+  Lieutenant G. F. Tinley.
+
+                     _Indian Order of Merit, 2nd Class_
+
+  No. 295 Dafadar Sardar Singh.
+
+  No. 255 Dafadar Shankar Rao.
+
+                    _Indian Distinguished Service Medal_
+
+  No. 830 Sowar Gokul Singh.
+
+                       25TH CAVALRY (FRONTIER FORCE)
+
+                              _Military Cross_
+
+  Lieutenant J. Nethersole (attached 2nd Life Guards).
+
+                             28TH LIGHT CAVALRY
+
+                       _Distinguished Service Order_
+
+  Captain A. Marshall (attached Royal Flying Corps).
+
+                        29TH LANCERS (DECCAN HORSE)
+
+                     _Indian Order of Merit, 2nd Class_
+
+  Jemadar Hayat Ali Beg.
+
+                    31ST DUKE OF CONNAUGHT’S OWN LANCERS
+
+          _Russian Order of St. Stanislas, 3rd Class, with Swords_
+
+  Major A. F. C. Williams, D.S.O.
+
+                34TH PRINCE ALBERT VICTOR’S OWN POONA HORSE
+
+                              =Victoria Cross=
+
+  Lieutenant F. A. de Pass (killed in action).
+
+                     _Indian Order of Merit, 2nd Class_
+
+  No. 2743 Sowar Madhu.
+
+                    _Indian Distinguished Service Medal_
+
+  Ressaidar Badan Singh.
+
+  No. 3027 Sowar Abdulla Khan.
+
+  No. 3250 Sowar Fateh Khan.
+
+  No. 3154 Sowar Firman Shah.
+
+           _Russian Cross of the Order of St. George, 4th Class_
+
+  No. 2085 Kot-Dafadar (now Jemadar) Abdul Ghafur Khan.
+
+                          39TH CENTRAL INDIA HORSE
+
+                              _Military Cross_
+
+  Captain W. A. K. F. Fraser (attached 16th Lancers).
+
+                           ROYAL FIELD ARTILLERY
+
+                    _Indian Distinguished Conduct Medal_
+
+  No. 4079 Naik Ilm Din, 5th Brigade, Ammunition Column.
+
+  No. 9483 Driver Fateh Khan, 18th Brigade, Ammunition Column.
+
+                             SAPPERS AND MINERS
+
+                       _Distinguished Service Order_
+
+  Captain A. J. G. Bird, R.E., No. 4 Company, 1st Sappers and Miners.
+
+  Captain F. M‘C. Douie, R.E., No. 3 Company, 1st (K.G.O.) Sappers and
+    Miners.
+
+  Captain F. H. Kisch, R.E., 3rd Sappers and Miners.
+
+  Captain J. C. Wickham, R.E., 2nd Sappers and Miners.
+
+              _Distinguished Service Order and Military Cross_
+
+  Lieutenant F. M‘C. Douie, R.E., 3rd Company Sappers and Miners.
+
+                              _Military Cross_
+
+  Captain E. H. Kelly, R.E., 1st Sappers and Miners.
+
+  Captain E. F. J. Hill, R.E., 1st Sappers and Miners.
+
+  Captain P. C. S. Hobart, R.E., 1st Sappers and Miners.
+
+  Captain F. P. Nosworthy, R.E., 3rd Sappers and Miners.
+
+  Captain E. K. Squires, R.E., No. 21 Company, 3rd Sappers and Miners.
+
+  Lieutenant F. E. Buller, R.E., 3rd Sappers and Miners.
+
+  Subadar Malla Singh, R.E., 3rd Sappers and Miners.
+
+  Subadar Gaurishankar Dube, 1st Sappers and Miners.
+
+  Lieutenant H. W. R. Hamilton, R.E., 3rd Sappers and Miners.
+
+  Lieutenant A. Mason, R.E., 3rd Sappers and Miners.
+
+  Second Lieutenant H. M. Hance (I.A.R.O.), 176th Mining Company, R.E.
+
+        _Order of British India, 2nd Class, with title of “Bahadur”_
+
+  Subadar Sundar Singh, 1st Sappers and Miners.
+
+  Subadar Gaurishankar Dube, 1st Sappers and Miners.
+
+  Subadar Ganpat Mahadeo, 3rd Sappers and Miners.
+
+  Subadar Ismail Khan, 3rd Sappers and Miners.
+
+  Jemadar Sada Singh, 1st Sappers and Miners.
+
+                     _Indian Order of Merit, 2nd Class_
+
+  Subadar Malla Singh, 3rd Sappers and Miners.
+
+  Jemadar Ram Rup Singh, No. 3 Company, 1st Sappers and Miners.
+
+  No. 2479 Havildar Muhammad Khan, No. 20 Company, 3rd Sappers and
+    Miners.
+
+  No. 3795 Sapper Dalip Singh, No. 20 Company, 3rd Sappers and Miners.
+
+  No. 2192 Sapper Shaikh Abdul Rahman, 1st Sappers and Miners.
+
+  No. 1694 Sapper Jiwa Khan, 1st Sappers and Miners.
+
+  Jemadar Uttam Singh, 20th Company, 3rd Sappers and Miners.
+
+  Jemadar Liyakat Ali, 21st Company, 3rd Sappers and Miners.
+
+  No. 3144 Driver Havildar Muhammad Baksh, 21st Company, 3rd Sappers and
+    Miners.
+
+  No. 3108 Naik Gurmukh Singh, 21st Company, 3rd Sappers and Miners.
+
+                    _Indian Distinguished Service Medal_
+
+  Subadar Sundar Singh, No. 4 Company, 1st Sappers and Miners.
+
+  Jemadar Abdul Aziz, 1st Sappers and Miners.
+
+  Jemadar Mehar Baksh, 1st Sappers and Miners.
+
+  Jemadar Niamutullah, No. 4 Company, 1st Sappers and Miners.
+
+  Jemadar Gangacharan Dikshit, 3rd Sappers and Miners (deceased).
+
+  Jemadar Ismail Khan, 3rd Sappers and Miners.
+
+  Jemadar Nur Alam, 20th Company, 3rd Sappers and Miners.
+
+  Colour-Havildar Chagatta, I.O.M., 1st Sappers and Miners.
+
+  No. 322 Havildar Sucha Singh, 1st Sappers and Miners.
+
+  No. 3144 Driver Havildar Mahamed Baksh, 21st Company, 3rd Sappers and
+    Miners.
+
+  Sapper Suba Singh, 1st Sappers and Miners.
+
+  Jemadar Ali Bahadur, No. 20 Company, 3rd Sappers and Miners.
+
+  Jemadar Data Din Badhai, No. 21 Company, 3rd Sappers and Miners.
+
+  No. 4052 Sapper Indar Singh, 20th Company, 3rd Sappers and Miners.
+
+  No. 708 Sapper Basant Singh, No. 2 Field Squadron.
+
+  No. 312 Havildar Basant Singh, No. 4 Company, 1st (K.G.O.) Sappers and
+    Miners.
+
+  No. 1910 Lance-Naik Hari Singh, No. 4 Company, 1st (K.G.O.) Sappers
+    and Miners.
+
+  Subadar Fazl Shah, No. 3 Company, 1st Sappers and Miners.
+
+  No. 859 Naik Magh Singh, No. 4 Company, 1st Sappers and Miners.
+
+  No. 1029 Lance-Naik Bhawani Dutt, No. 3 Company, 1st Sappers and
+    Miners.
+
+  No. 3348 Havildar Maraoti Jadhao, 21st Company, 3rd Sappers and
+    Miners.
+
+  No. 2720 Naik Harnam Singh, 20th Company, 3rd Sappers and Miners.
+
+  No. 2869 Lance-Naik Shaikh Ramzan, 21st Company, 3rd Sappers and
+    Miners.
+
+  No. 3450 Sapper Saleh Muhammad, 21st Company, 3rd Sappers and Miners.
+
+           _Russian Cross of the Order of St. George, 4th Class_
+
+  Jemadar Chagatta, I.O.M., 1st Sappers and Miners.
+
+  Subadar Ismail Khan, 3rd Sappers and Miners.
+
+  No. 3795 Naik Dalip Singh, 3rd Sappers and Miners.
+
+                  _Russian Medal of St. George, 2nd Class_
+
+  No. 1007 Havildar Nowsher Khan, 1st Sappers and Miners.
+
+                  _Russian Medal of St. George, 3rd Class_
+
+  No. 1773 Sapper Channan Singh, 1st Sappers and Miners.
+
+                      SPECIAL PROMOTIONS IN THE FIELD
+
+                              _To be Havildar_
+
+  No. 2779 Naik Liyakat Ali, 3rd Sappers and Miners.
+
+                                _To be Naik_
+
+  No. 3056 Lance-Naik Fazl Din, 3rd Sappers and Miners.
+
+  No. 3132 Lance-Naik Narayan Ranowde, 3rd Sappers and Miners.
+
+  No. 3134 Lance-Naik Bhan Ranowde, 3rd Sappers and Miners.
+
+                              SIGNAL COMPANIES
+
+                       _Distinguished Service Order_
+
+  Major W. F. Maxwell, R.E., Lahore Divisional Signal Company.
+
+  Captain C. J. Torrie, 30th Punjabis, 35th Signal Company.
+
+  Major H. S. E. Franklin, 15th Sikhs, 31st Divisional Signal Company.
+
+                              _Military Cross_
+
+  Lieutenant F. C. de Butts, 55th Rifles, 31st Divisional Signal
+    Company.
+
+        _Order of British India, 2nd Class, with title of “Bahadur”_
+
+  Subadar Qasim Ali, 31st Divisional Signal Company.
+
+                     _Indian Order of Merit, 2nd Class_
+
+  Jemadar Alah Rakkha Khan, Lahore Divisional Signal Company.
+
+                    _Indian Distinguished Service Medal_
+
+  No. 91 Sapper Bawani Singh, Lahore Signal Company.
+
+  No. 13 Naik Bari Sher, 62nd Punjabis, Meerut Signal Company.
+
+  No. 44 Naik Khan Zaman, Lahore Signal Company.
+
+  No. 23 Lance-Naik Mushtak Husain, Lahore Signal Company.
+
+  No. 45 Sapper Ghulam Ayud Din, Lahore Signal Company.
+
+  No. 1209 Naik Imam Shah, 62nd Punjabis, Meerut Signal Company.
+
+  No. 2616 Sepoy Mihan Singh, 93rd Burma Infantry, Meerut Signal
+    Company.
+
+  No. 42 Sapper Jai Singh, “A” Section, Indian Signal Company.
+
+  No. 4204 Sapper Changa, “C” Section, Lahore Divisional Signal Company.
+
+  No. 7 Sapper Gujar Singh, “C” Section, Lahore Divisional Signal
+    Company.
+
+  Dafadar Mangal Singh, 33rd Light Cavalry (attached Meerut Signal
+    Company).
+
+  No. 1776 Sepoy Bhagat Singh, 90th Punjabis (attached Meerut Signal
+    Company).
+
+  No. 2636 Sepoy Sucha Singh, 92nd Punjabis (attached Meerut Signal
+    Company).
+
+  No. 3475 Sepoy Jetta Singh, 107th Pioneers (attached Meerut Signal
+    Company).
+
+                                  INFANTRY
+
+                           6TH JAT LIGHT INFANTRY
+
+                          _Companion of the Bath_
+
+  Lieut.-Colonel H. J. Roche.
+
+                       _Distinguished Service Order_
+
+  Major P. H. Dundas.
+
+  Captain R. C. Ross.
+
+                              _Military Cross_
+
+  Lieutenant C. J. Cockburn.
+
+  Captain J. de la H. Gordon.
+
+  Captain A. B. Macpherson.
+
+  Jemadar Incha Ram.
+
+  Jemadar Lakhi Ram.
+
+        _Order of British India, 2nd Class, with title of “Bahadur”_
+
+  Subadar Shib Lal.
+
+  Subadar Inchha Ram.
+
+                     _Indian Order of Merit, 2nd Class_
+
+  No. 1821 Havildar Jai Lal.
+
+                    _Indian Distinguished Service Medal_
+
+  Subadar Parshadi Singh (118th Infantry, attached).
+
+  Jemadar Lakhi Ram.
+
+  No. 1548 Havildar Badlu.
+
+  No. 3426 Sepoy Risal.
+
+  No. 1696 Havildar Harpul.
+
+  No. 2685 Lance-Naik Maru.
+
+  No. 1004 Sepoy Bagmal.
+
+  No. 1574 Havildar Mula.
+
+  No. 2960 Sepoy Rambhagat.
+
+  Subadar Ratna.
+
+  No. 1757 Havildar Har Lal.
+
+  No. 2822 Naik Hardwari.
+
+  No. 3106 Bugler Bhup Singh.
+
+  No. 3415 Sepoy Lehri.
+
+           _Russian Cross of the Order of St. George, 4th Class_
+
+  No. 2693 Havildar Debi Sahai.
+
+                            9TH BHOPAL INFANTRY
+
+                              _Military Cross_
+
+  Captain G. D. Martin.
+
+                    _Indian Distinguished Service Medal_
+
+  Subadar-Major Bhure Singh.
+
+  No. 2206 Havildar Amur Singh.
+
+  No. 2069 Sepoy Abdul Latif.
+
+  No. 2867 Naik Angad Pande.
+
+                  _Russian Medal of St. George, 2nd Class_
+
+  Subadar Nazir Khan.
+
+                               _Brevet Major_
+
+  Captain C. H. Jardine (96th Berar Infantry, attached).
+
+                            15TH LUDHIANA SIKHS
+
+                              =Victoria Cross=
+
+  Lieutenant J. G. Smyth.
+
+                       _Distinguished Service Order_
+
+  Captain J. A. S. Daniell (14th Sikhs, attached).
+
+  Major H. S. E. Franklin.
+
+                              _Military Cross_
+
+  Lieutenant A. E. Barstow.
+
+  Captain R. J. MacBrayne.
+
+  Jemadar Bir Singh.
+
+                     _Indian Order of Merit, 2nd Class_
+
+  No. 4011 Havildar Bishan Singh.
+
+  No. 698 Sepoy Bakshi Singh.
+
+  No. 529 Sepoy Tilok Singh.
+
+  No. 131 Lance-Naik Mangal Singh.
+
+  No. 4727 Havildar Mahan Singh.
+
+                    _Indian Distinguished Service Medal_
+
+  Jemadar Wazir Singh (died of wounds).
+
+  Jemadar Bir Singh.
+
+  No. 4576 Naik Bishn Singh.
+
+  No. 702 Sepoy Lal Singh.
+
+  No. 638 Sepoy Sucha Singh.
+
+  No. 962 Sepoy Sapuran Singh.
+
+  No. 1255 Sepoy Sarain Singh (19th Punjabis, attached).
+
+  No. 1036 Sepoy Fateh Singh (45th Sikhs, attached).
+
+  No. 1001 Sepoy Ujagar Singh (45th Sikhs, attached).
+
+  No. 1249 Sepoy Sundar Singh (19th Punjabis, attached).
+
+  No. 1339 Sepoy Ganda Singh (19th Punjabis, attached).
+
+  No. 1360 Sepoy Harnam Singh (19th Punjabis, attached).
+
+  No. 4474 Lance-Naik Kesar Singh.
+
+  No. 53 Lance-Naik Bhagwan Singh.
+
+  No. 219 Sepoy Diwan Singh.
+
+  No. 435 Sepoy Dan Singh.
+
+  No. 4095 Sepoy Lal Singh.
+
+                  _Russian Order of St. George, 4th Class_
+
+  Lieutenant J. G. Smyth, V.C.
+
+                  _Russian Medal of St. George, 1st Class_
+
+  No. 4727 Havildar Mahan Singh.
+
+                              _Brevet Colonel_
+
+  Lieut.-Colonel J. Hill, D.S.O.
+
+                        _Brevet Lieutenant-Colonel_
+
+  Major C. A. Vivian (killed in action).
+
+                               26TH PUNJABIS
+
+
+                       _Distinguished Service Order_
+
+  Captain (temporary Major) G. O. Turnbull (attached 6th Service
+    Battalion Royal Scots Fusiliers).
+
+                               29TH PUNJABIS
+
+                               _Brevet Major_
+
+  Captain (temporary Major) S. D. Massy (attached Royal Flying Corps).
+
+                               30TH PUNJABIS
+
+        _Order of British India, 2nd Class, with title of “Bahadur”_
+
+  Subadar Diwan Singh.
+
+                             34TH SIKH PIONEERS
+
+                 _Companion of St. Michael and St. George_
+
+  Lieut.-Colonel E. H. S. Cullen, M.V.O., D.S.O.
+
+                              _Military Cross_
+
+  Captain C. E. Hunt.
+
+  Captain G. F. J. Paterson.
+
+  Subadar Sant Singh.
+
+        _Order of British India, 2nd Class, with title of “Bahadur”_
+
+  Subadar Natha Singh (II.), I.O.M.
+
+                     _Indian Order of Merit, 2nd Class_
+
+  Subadar Natha Singh (II.).
+
+  No. 1871 Havildar Nikka Singh.
+
+  No. 1148 Havildar Pala Singh.
+
+  No. 4563 Sepoy Mastan Singh.
+
+  No. 2775 Lance-Naik Tota Singh.
+
+  No. 2071 Naik Bir Singh.
+
+  Subadar-Major Jwala Singh, “Sardar Bahadur.”
+
+  No. 1907 Naik Guja Singh.
+
+  Jemadar Kharak Singh (32nd Sikh Pioneers, attached).
+
+  No. 3623 Havildar Mangal Singh (32nd Sikh Pioneers, attached).
+
+  Jemadar Maingha Singh (12th Pioneers, attached).
+
+                    _Indian Distinguished Service Medal_
+
+  Subadar Sher Singh.
+
+  Subadar Wasawa Singh (32nd Pioneers, attached).
+
+  No. 1452 Havildar Narayan Singh.
+
+  No. 2578 Sepoy Ishar Singh.
+
+  No. 3063 Sepoy Sant Singh.
+
+  No. 3013 Sepoy Gopal Singh.
+
+  No. 2398 Sepoy Katha Singh.
+
+  No. 1576 Havildar Prem Singh.
+
+                  _Russian Medal of St. George, 3rd Class_
+
+  No. 4563 Sepoy Mastan Singh (32nd Pioneers, attached).
+
+                  _Russian Medal of St. George, 4th Class_
+
+  No. 1804 Lance-Naik Teja Singh (12th Pioneers, attached).
+
+                        _Brevet Lieutenant-Colonel_
+
+  Major E. N. Heale (121st Pioneers, attached).
+
+                     1ST BATTALION 39TH GARHWAL RIFLES
+
+                              =Victoria Cross=
+
+  No. 1909 Naik Darwan Sing Negi.
+
+                              _Military Cross_
+
+  Captain F. G. E. Lumb.
+
+  Captain J. T. H. Lane.
+
+  Lieutenant A. H. Mankelow (killed in action).
+
+  Second Lieutenant Rama Jodha Jang Bahadur (Indian Native Land Forces,
+    attached).
+
+  Subadar Dhan Sing Negi.
+
+  Subadar Bishan Sing Rawat.
+
+        _Order of British India, 2nd Class, with title of “Bahadur”_
+
+  Subadar Jagat Sing Rawat, I.O.M.
+
+  Subadar Baij Sing Rawat.
+
+  Subadar Bije Sing Kandari.
+
+                     _Indian Order of Merit, 2nd Class_
+
+  Jemadar Prem Sing Negi (killed in action).
+
+  No. 1810 Havildar Alam Sing Negi.
+
+  No. 2408 Lance-Naik Sankaru Gusain.
+
+  No. 2605 Lance-Naik Kiyali Gusain.
+
+  No. 1674 Rifleman Kalamu Bisht.
+
+  No. 2172 Rifleman Ghantu Rawat.
+
+  No. 1715 Rifleman Dhan Sing Negi.
+
+  No. 2417 Rifleman Partab Rana.
+
+  No. 2480 Rifleman Banchu Negi.
+
+  No. 2285 Rifleman Jawarihu Negi.
+
+  No. 4423 Sepoy Beli Ram (30th Punjabis, attached).
+
+                    _Indian Distinguished Service Medal_
+
+  Subadar Kedar Sing Rawat.
+
+  Subadar Dan Sing Negi.
+
+  Jemadar Goman Sing Negi.
+
+  No. 1321 Lance-Naik Dangwa Ramola.
+
+  No. 1085 Rifleman Raichand Negi.
+
+  No. 1760 Rifleman Kutalu Bisht.
+
+  No. 2854 Rifleman Keshi Bisht.
+
+  No. 2697 Bugler Bhola Bisht.
+
+           _Russian Cross of the Order of St. George, 4th Class_
+
+  No. 1729 Havildar Padam Sing Rawat.
+
+                  _Russian Medal of St. George, 4th Class_
+
+  No. 2103 Lance-Naik Jit Sing Negi.
+
+                              _Brevet Colonel_
+
+  Lieut.-Colonel E. R. Swiney.
+
+                     2ND BATTALION 39TH GARHWAL RIFLES
+
+                              =Victoria Cross=
+
+  No. 1685 Rifleman Gobar Sing Negi (deceased).
+
+                 _Companion of St. Michael and St. George_
+
+  Lieut.-Colonel D. H. Drake-Brockman.
+
+                       _Distinguished Service Order_
+
+  Captain G. W. Burton (killed in action).
+
+                              _Military Cross_
+
+  Subadar Nain Sing Chinwarh.
+
+  Jemadar Pancham Sing Mahar.
+
+  Jemadar Sangram Sing Negi.
+
+        _Order of British India, 2nd Class, with title of “Bahadur”_
+
+  Subadar Nain Sing Chinwar.
+
+  Subadar Makhar Sing Kawar.
+
+                     _Indian Order of Merit, 2nd Class_
+
+  No. 762 Havildar Butha Sing Negi.
+
+  No. 463 Naik Baktwar Sing Bisht.
+
+  No. 1283 Naik Jaman Sing Bisht.
+
+  No. 541 Rifleman Madan Sing Rawat.
+
+  No. 1342 Rifleman Ganesh Sing Sajwan.
+
+                    _Indian Distinguished Service Medal_
+
+  Jemadar Lachman Sing Rawat.
+
+  No. 617 Havildar Bir Sing Danu.
+
+  No. —— Havildar Ranjir Sing Pandir.
+
+  No. —— Havildar Diwan Sing Padhujar.
+
+  No. 1480 Naik Kedar Sing Mahar.
+
+  No. 289 Rifleman Kesar Sing Rana.
+
+  No. 870 Rifleman Nain Sing Rawat.
+
+  No. 1598 Rifleman Chandar Sing Negi.
+
+  No. 1465 Rifleman Gopal Sing Pharswan.
+
+                  _Russian Medal of St. George, 3rd Class_
+
+  No. 1211 Rifleman Man Sing Bisht.
+
+                  _Russian Medal of St. George, 4th Class_
+
+  No. 1448 Rifleman Karam Sing Rithal.
+
+                                40TH PATHANS
+
+                              _Military Cross_
+
+  Lieutenant F. C. G. Campbell.
+
+  Lieutenant F. L. R. Munn (46th Punjabis, attached).
+
+                     _Indian Order of Merit, 2nd Class_
+
+  Jemadar Lehna Singh.
+
+  Subadar Jahandad Khan, “Bahadur.”
+
+  No. 4551 Havildar Abas Khan.
+
+                    _Indian Distinguished Service Medal_
+
+  No. 3435 Sepoy Haidar Ali.
+
+  No. 3362 Colour-Havildar Shiraz.
+
+                  _Russian Medal of St. George, 4th Class_
+
+  No. 3893 Sepoy Muktiara.
+
+                                41ST DOGRAS
+
+                 _Companion of St. Michael and St. George_
+
+  Lieut.-Colonel C. W. Tribe.
+
+                       _Distinguished Service Order_
+
+  Lieut.-Colonel H. W. Cruddas.
+
+  Major and Brevet Lieut.-Colonel C. A. R. Hutchinson.
+
+                              _Military Cross_
+
+  Captain W. E. Fleming.
+
+  Lieutenant E. L. E. Lindop.
+
+  Captain R. M. F. Patrick (42nd Deoli Regiment, attached).
+
+  Captain R. M. Brind (37th Dogras, attached).
+
+        _Order of British India, 2nd Class, with title of “Bahadur”_
+
+  Subadar Mehar Singh.
+
+  Subadar Sundar Singh.
+
+                     _Indian Order of Merit, 2nd Class_
+
+  No. 1011 Havildar Gujar Singh (38th Dogras, attached).
+
+                    _Indian Distinguished Service Medal_
+
+  No. 409 Havildar Saudagar Singh.
+
+  No. 1090 Lance-Naik Jamit Singh.
+
+  No. 306 Sepoy Sidhu.
+
+  Subadar Mehar Singh, “Bahadur.”
+
+  Jemadar Gujar Singh, I.O.M.
+
+  No. 547 Naik Surjan Singh.
+
+  No. 1389 Lance-Naik Dhiyan Singh.
+
+  No. 4902 Sepoy Albel Singh (29th Punjabis, attached).
+
+  No. 2061 Sepoy Thakur Diyal.
+
+           _Russian Cross of the Order of St. George, 3rd Class_
+
+  Subadar Jai Singh.
+
+                  _Russian Medal of St. George, 4th Class_
+
+  No. 1033 Lance-Naik Devi Singh.
+
+                                 47TH SIKHS
+
+                 _Companion of St. Michael and St. George_
+
+  Lieut.-Colonel O. G. Gunning (35th Sikhs, attached).
+
+                              _Military Cross_
+
+  Captain A. M. Brown (killed in action).
+
+  Lieutenant G. S. Brunskill.
+
+  Lieutenant A. E. Drysdale.
+
+  Captain S. B. Combe.
+
+  Captain R. F. Francis.
+
+  Captain W. H. Ralston.
+
+  Subadar Thakur Singh.
+
+        _Order of British India, 2nd Class, with title of “Bahadur”_
+
+  Subadar Saudagar Singh.
+
+                     _Indian Order of Merit, 2nd Class_
+
+  Subadar Bakshi Singh.
+
+  Subadar Harnam Singh (killed in action).
+
+  Jemadar Sucha Singh.
+
+  No. 231 Havildar (now Jemadar) Narain Singh.
+
+  No. 337 Havildar Lachman Singh.
+
+  No. 514 Havildar Gajjan Singh.
+
+  No. 2270 Sepoy Rur Singh.
+
+  No. 2277 Sepoy Bhagwan Singh (36th Sikhs, attached).
+
+  No. 2103 Havildar Bir Singh (35th Sikhs, attached).
+
+  No. 2479 Lance-Havildar Lal Singh (35th Sikhs, attached).
+
+  Subadar Mota Singh (killed in action).
+
+                    _Indian Distinguished Service Medal_
+
+  No. 355 Naik Jagat Singh.
+
+  No. 1336 Naik Mota Singh.
+
+  No. 1189 Naik Mit Singh.
+
+  No. 1791 Sepoy Waryam Singh.
+
+  No. 3201 Sepoy Asa Singh (35th Sikhs, attached).
+
+  No. 228 Havildar Bhola Singh.
+
+  No. 1410 Sepoy Kesar Singh.
+
+  No. 2266 Sepoy Buta Singh.
+
+  No. 482 Havildar Bhagat Singh.
+
+  No. 1308 Sepoy Kehr Singh.
+
+  No. 337 Havildar Lachman Singh.
+
+  No. 2116 Naik Kishen Singh.
+
+  No. 2882 Havildar Mula Singh (35th Sikhs, attached).
+
+           _Russian Cross of the Order of St. George, 3rd Class_
+
+  No. 337 Havildar Lachman Singh.
+
+           _Russian Cross of the Order of St. George, 4th Class_
+
+  Jemadar Mota Singh.
+
+                              _Brevet Colonel_
+
+  Lieut.-Colonel H. L. Richardson.
+
+                        _Brevet Lieutenant-Colonel_
+
+  Major S. R. Davidson.
+
+                       SPECIAL PROMOTION IN THE FIELD
+
+                              _To be Havildar_
+
+  Naik Bhagat Singh.
+
+                   57TH (WILDE’S) RIFLES (FRONTIER FORCE)
+
+
+                              =Victoria Cross=
+
+  Jemadar Mir Dast, I.O.M. (55th Coke’s Rifles, F.F., attached).
+
+                 _Companion of St. Michael and St. George_
+
+  Lieut.-Colonel F. W. B. Gray, D.S.O.
+
+                       _Distinguished Service Order_
+
+  Major T. J. Willans.
+
+                              _Military Cross_
+
+  Captain D. H. Acworth (55th Rifles, attached).
+
+  Lieutenant E. K. Fowler.
+
+  Lieutenant D. B. Mein (55th Rifles, attached).
+
+  Lieutenant D. Bainbridge.
+
+  Lieutenant R. B. Deedes (31st Punjabis, attached).
+
+  Subadar Arsla Khan, I.O.M.
+
+        _Order of British India, 2nd Class, with title of “Bahadur”_
+
+  Subadar Arsla Khan, I.O.M.
+
+  Subadar Imam Ali.
+
+                     _Indian Order of Merit, 2nd Class_
+
+  Jemadar Mangal Singh.
+
+  No. 2584 Havildar Yakub Khan.
+
+  No. 2630 Havildar Ganga.
+
+  No. 2718 Lance-Naik Said Akbar.
+
+  No. 2554 Lance-Naik Lalak.
+
+  No. 3576 Sepoy Daulat Khan.
+
+  No. 1695 Sepoy Usman Khan (55th Rifles, attached).
+
+  No. 2609 Naik Atma Singh.
+
+  No. 2632 Sepoy Palla Ram.
+
+                    _Indian Distinguished Service Medal_
+
+  Subadar Fateh Jang (died of wounds).
+
+  No. 1991 Havildar (now Jemadar) Bur Singh.
+
+  No. 2595 Havildar Karim Khan.
+
+  No. 2583 Naik Narayan.
+
+  No. 2760 Naik Sahib Sher.
+
+  No. 2063 Naik Sohan Singh.
+
+  No. 2589 Sepoy Bahadur Khan.
+
+  No. 2702 Sepoy Ram Saran.
+
+  No. 3484 Sepoy Alvas Khan.
+
+  No. 2108 Sepoy Mir Badshah.
+
+  No. 3119 Sepoy Mir Badshah.
+
+  No. 3223 Sepoy Mir Baz.
+
+  No. 2625 Sepoy Mehr Khan (55th Rifles, attached).
+
+  No. 2540 Havildar Sar Mast.
+
+  No. 5510 Sepoy Bhan Singh (Q.O. Corps of Guides, attached).
+
+           _Russian Cross of the Order of St. George, 3rd Class_
+
+  Subadar Mir Dast, V.C., I.O.M. (55th Rifles, attached).
+
+           _Russian Cross of the Order of St. George, 4th Class_
+
+  No. 2630 Havildar Ganga.
+
+                  _Russian Medal of St. George, 3rd Class_
+
+  No. 5510 Sepoy Bhan Singh (Q.O. Corps of Guides, attached).
+
+                  _Russian Medal of St. George, 4th Class_
+
+  No. 3361 Sepoy Sahib Jan.
+
+                             SPECIAL PROMOTION
+
+                                _To be Naik_
+
+  No. 3028 Lance-Naik Gul Hasham.
+
+                  58TH (VAUGHAN’S) RIFLES (FRONTIER FORCE)
+
+                       _Distinguished Service Order_
+
+  Major C. E. D. Davidson-Houston (killed in action).
+
+  Major A. G. Thomson.
+
+                              _Military Cross_
+
+  Captain G. S. Bull.
+
+  Jemadar Indar Singh.
+
+  Jemadar Hawinda.
+
+        _Order of British India, 2nd Class, with title of “Bahadur”_
+
+  Subadar Abdul Ali.
+
+  Subadar Raj Talab.
+
+                     _Indian Order of Merit, 1st Class_
+
+  Subadar Suhel Singh.
+
+                     _Indian Order of Merit, 2nd Class_
+
+  Jemadar Harchand Singh.
+
+  Jemadar Suhel Singh.
+
+  Jemadar Muhammad Arabi.
+
+  No. 1811 Havildar Karam Singh.
+
+  No. 1848 Havildar Roshan Khan.
+
+  No. 3572 Havildar Saidak.
+
+  No. 3032 Lance-Naik Lal Badshah.
+
+  No. 2834 Lance-Naik Sher Khan.
+
+  No. 2742 Sepoy Isar Singh.
+
+  No. 1925 Havildar Santa Singh.
+
+  No. 2830 Naik Kashmir Singh.
+
+  No. 3131 Lance-Naik Phangan Singh.
+
+                    _Indian Distinguished Service Medal_
+
+  Subadar Raj Talab.
+
+  Subadar Phuman Singh (died of wounds).
+
+  Jemadar Indar Singh.
+
+  No. 2008 Havildar (now Jemadar) Hawinda.
+
+  No. 2763 Havildar Arjun.
+
+  No. 3136 Havildar Sarfaraz.
+
+  No. 2164 Havildar Sundar Singh.
+
+  No. 3212 Havildar Lashkar.
+
+  No. 2198 Havildar Fazl Dad.
+
+  No. 2758 Naik Dewa Singh.
+
+  No. 2634 Naik Zargun Shah.
+
+  No. 3404 Naik Baidullah.
+
+  No. 3066 Naik Sardar.
+
+  No. 3080 Naik Zar Baz.
+
+  No. 3567 Lance-Naik Said Asghar.
+
+  No. 3374 Sepoy Dewa Singh.
+
+  No. 3133 Sepoy Maluk Singh.
+
+           _Russian Cross of the Order of St. George, 4th Class_
+
+  No. 3080 Naik Zar Baz.
+
+                  _Russian Medal of St. George, 3rd Class_
+
+  No. 3457 Naik Safirullah.
+
+                  _Russian Medal of St. George, 4th Class_
+
+  No. 3156 Sepoy Banta Singh.
+
+                    59TH SCINDE RIFLES (FRONTIER FORCE)
+
+                              _Military Cross_
+
+  Lieutenant J. A. M. Scobie.
+
+  Captain R. D. Inskip.
+
+  Subadar Parbat Chand.
+
+    _Order of British India, 1st Class, with title of “Sardar Bahadur”_
+
+  Subadar-Major Nasir Khan.
+
+                     _Indian Order of Merit, 1st Class_
+
+  No. 27 Sepoy Zarif Khan.
+
+                     _Indian Order of Merit, 2nd Class_
+
+  No. 3063 Havildar Abdul Wahab.
+
+  No. 3191 Havildar Dost Muhammad.
+
+  No. 3638 Havildar Muhammad Jan.
+
+  No. 3663 Havildar Muzaffar Khan.
+
+  No. 3705 Lance-Naik Buta Singh.
+
+  No. 3902 Lance-Naik Biaz Gul.
+
+  No. 27 Sepoy Zarif Khan.
+
+  Subadar-Major Nasir Khan, “Sardar Bahadur.”
+
+                    _Indian Distinguished Service Medal_
+
+  Subadar-Major Muhammad Khan.
+
+  Jemadar Zaman Ali.
+
+  No. 4264 Havildar Niaz Gul.
+
+  No. 3529 Naik Amir Ali.
+
+  No. 3581 Naik Ghammai Khan.
+
+  No. 2520–1/2 Lance-Naik Chur Khan (52nd Sikhs, F.F., attached).
+
+  No. 4845 Sepoy Akbar Khan.
+
+  No. 4731 Sepoy Lal Khan.
+
+  Subadar Bishan Singh.
+
+  Jemadar Mangal Singh (52nd Sikhs, F.F., attached).
+
+                  _Russian Medal of St. George, 1st Class_
+
+  Subadar-Major Nasir Khan.
+
+                  _Russian Medal of St. George, 2nd Class_
+
+  No. 3063 Havildar Abdul Wahab, I.O.M.
+
+                  _Russian Medal of St. George, 4th Class_
+
+  No. 3890 Sepoy (Ward Orderly) Sadardin (attached 112th Indian Field
+    Ambulance).
+
+                        _Brevet Lieutenant-Colonel_
+
+  Major (temporary Lieut.-Colonel) T. L. Leeds.
+
+                               _Brevet Major_
+
+  Captain B. E. Anderson.
+
+                               89TH PUNJABIS
+
+                              _Military Cross_
+
+  Captain R. F. D. Burnett (42nd Deoli Regiment, attached).
+
+                     _Indian Order of Merit, 2nd Class_
+
+  No. 2316 Sepoy Indar Singh.
+
+  No. 3275 Sepoy Suleiman.
+
+  No. 1088 Colour-Havildar Hira Tiwari.
+
+                    _Indian Distinguished Service Medal_
+
+  No. 1528 Havildar Harnam Singh.
+
+  No. 2352 Naik Muhammad Sadik.
+
+  No. 2029 Naik Ramji Misr.
+
+  No. 1485 Naik Karam Dad.
+
+  No. 2102 Sepoy Muhammad Khan.
+
+                               107TH PIONEERS
+
+                 _Companion of St. Michael and St. George_
+
+  Lieut.-Colonel N. M. C. Stevens.
+
+                       _Distinguished Service Order_
+
+  Captain A. T. Sheringham (121st Pioneers, attached).
+
+                              _Military Cross_
+
+  Captain E. B. Mangin.
+
+  Lieutenant F. H. F. Hornor.
+
+  Lieutenant B. H. Wallis.
+
+        _Order of British India, 2nd Class, with title of “Bahadur”_
+
+  Subadar-Major Labh Singh.
+
+  Subadar Hashmat Dad Khan.
+
+                     _Indian Order of Merit, 2nd Class_
+
+  Subadar Khan Zaman.
+
+  No. 4050 Bugler Nathu Singh.
+
+                    _Indian Distinguished Service Medal_
+
+  Subadar Labh Singh.
+
+  Subadar Hashmat Dad Khan.
+
+  No. 3417 Havildar Bhagat Singh.
+
+  No. 2980 Naik Achar Singh.
+
+  No. 3991 Sepoy Phaga Singh.
+
+  Subadar Fateh Muhammad Khan.
+
+  No. 1027 Havildar Dal Khan (121st Pioneers, attached).
+
+           _Russian Cross of the Order of St. George, 4th Class_
+
+  No. 2762 Sepoy Sundar Singh.
+
+                          125TH (NAPIER’S) RIFLES
+
+                              _Military Cross_
+
+  Captain W. F. Odell (123rd Rifles, attached).
+
+        _Order of British India, 2nd Class, with title of “Bahadur”_
+
+  Subadar-Major Umar Din.
+
+                    _Indian Distinguished Service Medal_
+
+  No. 2602 Sepoy Gul Sher.
+
+                  129TH (DUKE OF CONNAUGHT’S OWN) BALUCHIS
+
+                              =Victoria Cross=
+
+  No. 4050 Sepoy Khudadad.
+
+                 _Companion of St. Michael and St. George_
+
+  Lieut.-Colonel W. M. Southey.
+
+                       _Distinguished Service Order_
+
+  Major J. A. Hannyngton, C.M.G.
+
+  Captain R. F. Dill (killed in action).
+
+  Major H. Hulseberg (127th Baluch Light Infantry, attached).
+
+                              _Military Cross_
+
+  Lieutenant F. M. Griffith-Griffin.
+
+  Lieutenant H. V. Lewis.
+
+  Captain C. M. Thornhill (24th Punjabis, attached).
+
+  Subadar Zaman Khan.
+
+        _Order of British India, 2nd Class, with title of “Bahadur”_
+
+  Subadar Zaman Khan.
+
+  Subadar Makmad Azam, I.O.M.
+
+                     _Indian Order of Merit, 2nd Class_
+
+  Subadar Makmad Azam.
+
+  Jemadar Mir Badshah.
+
+  Jemadar Ayub Khan (124th Baluchis, attached).
+
+  No. 4280 Naik Sar Nir.
+
+  No. 118 Lance-Naik Nek Amal.
+
+  No. 3814 Lance-Naik Hobab Gul.
+
+  No. 453 Sepoy Sahib Jan.
+
+  No. 250 Sepoy Saiday Khan.
+
+  No. 4333 Sepoy Redi Gul.
+
+  No. 2524 Colour-Havildar Ghulam Muhammad.
+
+  No. 471 Sepoy Raji Khan.
+
+  No. 3836 Havildar Fateh Haidar.
+
+                    _Indian Distinguished Service Medal_
+
+  No. 2268 Havildar Nur Khan.
+
+  No. 105 Sepoy Kassib.
+
+  No. 2813 Sepoy Lal Sher.
+
+  No. 3600 Sepoy Lafar Khan.
+
+  No. 4182 Sepoy Said Ahmad.
+
+  No. 2102 Sepoy Aulia Khan.
+
+  No. 4267 Sepoy Mehrab Gul.
+
+  No. 4231 Sepoy Ghulam Hussein (124th Baluchistan Infantry, attached).
+
+  No. 4305 Sepoy Mistakin.
+
+  No. 246 Sepoy Dad Khan (127th Baluchis, attached).
+
+           _Russian Cross of the Order of St. George, 4th Class_
+
+  No. 118 Sepoy Nek Amal, I.O.M.
+
+                  _Russian Medal of St. George, 1st Class_
+
+  No. 4355 Havildar Wasim Khan.
+
+                  _Russian Medal of St. George, 4th Class_
+
+  No. 3836 Sepoy Fateh Haidar.
+
+                       SPECIAL PROMOTION IN THE FIELD
+
+                                _To be Naik_
+
+  No. 3640 Lance-Naik Ayub Khan (124th Baluchis, attached).
+
+             1ST BATTALION 1ST KING GEORGE’S OWN GURKHA RIFLES
+
+                 _Companion of St. Michael and St. George_
+
+  Lieut.-Colonel W. C. Anderson.
+
+                              _Military Cross_
+
+  Captain A. R. Mellis (Indian Army Reserve of Officers, attached).
+
+                     _Indian Order of Merit, 2nd Class_
+
+  Jemadar Sasidhar Thapa.
+
+  No. 1843 Naik Ramkishan Thapa.
+
+  No. 2205 Rifleman Balbir Thapa.
+
+  No. 2719 Rifleman Jitman Thapa.
+
+  Subadar Jit Sing Gurung (2nd Battalion 3rd Gurkha Rifles, attached).
+
+  Subadar Autbir Thapa (2nd Battalion 4th Gurkha Rifles, attached).
+
+  Jemadar Kharakbir Thapa (2nd Battalion 4th Gurkha Rifles, attached).
+
+                    _Indian Distinguished Service Medal_
+
+  No. 2814 Rifleman Baliram Thapa.
+
+  No. 2515 Rifleman Kansi Gurung.
+
+  No. 2734 Rifleman Khamba Sing Gurung.
+
+  No. 2397 Rifleman Phalman Gurung.
+
+  No. 1946 Rifleman Lalbir Thapa.
+
+  No. 2650 Rifleman Chitabir Thapa.
+
+           _Russian Cross of the Order of St. George, 4th Class_
+
+  Subadar Puran Sing Gurung.
+
+  No. 2719 Rifleman Jitman Thapa, I.O.M.
+
+                  _Russian Medal of St. George, 3rd Class_
+
+  No. 2205 Rifleman Balbir Thapa.
+
+             2ND BATTALION 2ND KING EDWARD’S OWN GURKHA RIFLES
+
+                       _Distinguished Service Order_
+
+  Major D. M. Watt.
+
+  Major F. H. Norie (Indian Army retired, attached).
+
+                              _Military Cross_
+
+  Captain A. D. Smith (1st Battalion 2nd Gurkha Rifles, attached).
+
+  Lieutenant E. J. Corse-Scott.
+
+  Lieutenant G. A. P. Scoones.
+
+  Subadar Kharak Sing Rana.
+
+        _Order of British India, 2nd Class, with title of “Bahadur”_
+
+  Subadar-Major Fateh Sing Newar.
+
+  Subadar Sarabjit Gurung, I.O.M. (1st Battalion, attached).
+
+                     _Indian Order of Merit, 2nd Class_
+
+  Subadar Dan Sing Lama.
+
+  Jemadar Arjun Rana.
+
+  No. 1618 Naik Padamdhoj Gurung.
+
+  No. 1959 Rifleman Bhagat Bahadur Gurung.
+
+  No. 2265 Rifleman Tula Gurung.
+
+  No. 2515 Rifleman Hastobir Roka.
+
+  No. 3266 Rifleman Jagtea Pun.
+
+  No. 4024 Rifleman Manjit Gurung.
+
+  No. 2447 Rifleman Partiman Gurung.
+
+  No. 1599 Rifleman Ujir Sing Gurung.
+
+  No. 1597 Naik Bum Bahadur Gurung.
+
+  No. 2693 Rifleman Anarupe Rana.
+
+                    _Indian Distinguished Service Medal_
+
+  No. 1222 Havildar Ran Patti Gurung.
+
+  No. 1280 Havildar Judhia Sarki.
+
+  No. 1432 Havildar Janglai Gurung.
+
+  No. 1628 Havildar Bag Sing Thapa.
+
+  No. 1473 Naik Ramparshad Thapa.
+
+  No. 1517 Naik Bhimbahadur Thapa.
+
+  No. 1679 Naik Gamer Sing Bura.
+
+  No. 1593 Naik Patiram Thapa.
+
+  No. 2153 Lance-Naik Sher Sing Ghale.
+
+  No. 2392 Lance-Naik Amar Sing Pun.
+
+  No. 2618 Rifleman Kalu Gurung.
+
+           _Russian Cross of the Order of St. George, 4th Class_
+
+  No. 3184 Havildar Sarabjit Gurung.
+
+                              _Brevet Colonel_
+
+  Lieut.-Colonel C. E. de M. Norie, D.S.O.
+
+                        _Brevet Lieutenant-Colonel_
+
+  Major S. B. Boileau (1st Battalion 2nd Gurkha Rifles, attached).
+
+           2ND BATTALION 3RD QUEEN ALEXANDRA’S OWN GURKHA RIFLES
+
+                              =Victoria Cross=
+
+  No. 2129 Rifleman Kulbir Thapa.
+
+                          _Companion of the Bath_
+
+  Lieut.-Colonel V. A. Ormsby.
+
+                       _Distinguished Service Order_
+
+  Captain J. T. Lodwick.
+
+                              _Military Cross_
+
+  Lieutenant H. C. F. McSwiney.
+
+        _Order of British India, 2nd Class, with title of “Bahadur”_
+
+  Subadar-Major Gambhir Sing Gurung.
+
+  Subadar Kharak Bahadur Thapa.
+
+                     _Indian Order of Merit, 2nd Class_
+
+  Subadar-Major Gambhir Sing Gurung.
+
+  Subadar Bhim Sing Thapa.
+
+  Jemadar Harak Bahadur Thapa (deceased).
+
+  No. 1569 Havildar Bahadur Thapa.
+
+  No. 1805 Lance-Naik Hark Sing Gharti.
+
+  No. 1757 Lance-Naik Jhaman Sing Thapa.
+
+  No. 1749 Rifleman Gane Gurung.
+
+  No. 2252 Bugler Kharak Bahadur Alc.
+
+                    _Indian Distinguished Service Medal_
+
+  Subadar Baru Sing Thapa.
+
+  Jemadar Puran Sing Thapa.
+
+  No. 1313 Havildar Motilal Gurung.
+
+  No. 2118 Rifleman Ganpati Thapa.
+
+           _Russian Cross of the Order of St. George, 4th Class_
+
+  Subadar Dalkesar Gurung.
+
+                  _Russian Medal of St. George, 2nd Class_
+
+  No. 1760 Naik Rupdan Pun.
+
+                  _Russian Medal of St. George, 3rd Class_
+
+  No. 3530 Rifleman Kharkbir Pun.
+
+                      1ST BATTALION 4TH GURKHA RIFLES
+
+                       _Distinguished Service Order_
+
+  Captain L. P. Collins.
+
+  Captain A. T. Cramer-Roberts.
+
+  Captain C. D. Roe.
+
+                              _Military Cross_
+
+  Lieutenant C. F. F. Moore (123rd Outram’s Rifles, attached).
+
+  Second Lieutenant C. C. E. Manson (I.A.R.O., attached).
+
+        _Order of British India, 2nd Class, with title of “Bahadur”_
+
+  Subadar Senbir Gurung (2nd Battalion, attached).
+
+                     _Indian Order of Merit, 2nd Class_
+
+  Subadar Senbir Gurung.
+
+  Jemadar Gangabir Gurung.
+
+  No. 4252 Naik Diwan Sing Gurung.
+
+  No. 4015 Rifleman Khamba Sing Gurung.
+
+  No. 4509 Rifleman Parbir Gurung.
+
+  No. 4578 Rifleman Wazir Singh Burathoki.
+
+  No. 1840 Havildar Bhakat Sing Rana (2nd Battalion 4th Gurkha Rifles,
+    attached).
+
+  No. 2417 Rifleman Bhandoj Rai.
+
+                    _Indian Distinguished Service Medal_
+
+  No. 4203 Rifleman Deotinarain Newar.
+
+  No. 3994 Rifleman Patiram Kunwar.
+
+  No. 798 Lance-Naik Asbir Rana.
+
+  No. 4945 Lance-Naik Lachman Gurung.
+
+  No. 1074 Rifleman Garbha Sing Gurung.
+
+                  _Russian Medal of St. George, 3rd Class_
+
+  No. 4578 Rifleman Wazir Sing Burathoki.
+
+                      2ND BATTALION 8TH GURKHA RIFLES
+
+                       _Distinguished Service Order_
+
+  Captain G. C. Buckland.
+
+        _Order of British India, 2nd Class, with title of “Bahadur”_
+
+  Subadar Shamsher Gurung.
+
+                     _Indian Order of Merit, 2nd Class_
+
+  No. 3110 Havildar Hari Parshad Thapa.
+
+  Subadar Sarabjit Gurung.
+
+  No. 1632 Rifleman Narbahadur Gurung (Naga Hills Military Police
+    Battalion, attached).
+
+  No. 1348 Rifleman Budhiman Thapa (Chin Hills Military Police
+    Battalion, attached).
+
+                  _Russian Medal of St. George, 4th Class_
+
+  No. 4078 Rifleman Dhamraj Thapa.
+
+                      1ST BATTALION 9TH GURKHA RIFLES
+
+                          _Companion of the Bath_
+
+  Lieut.-Colonel G. T. Widdicombe.
+
+                              _Military Cross_
+
+  Captain J. R. L. Heyland (killed in action).
+
+  Captain G. D. Pike.
+
+  Lieutenant L. C. C. Rogers (1st Battalion 7th Gurkha Rifles, attached;
+    died of wounds).
+
+  Lieutenant R. G. H. Murray.
+
+  Subadar Haridhoj Khattri.
+
+  Subadar Bakht Bahadur Adhikari.
+
+        _Order of British India, 2nd Class, with title of “Bahadur”_
+
+  Subadar Balbahadar Khattri.
+
+  Subadar Chandrabir Thapa.
+
+                     _Indian Order of Merit, 2nd Class_
+
+  Subadar Mehar Sing Khattri.
+
+  Jemadar Shibdhoj Mal.
+
+  No. 2016 Lance-Naik Jhaman Sing Khattri (2nd Battalion, attached).
+
+  No. 2721 Rifleman Panchbir Mal (2nd Battalion, attached).
+
+  No. 2589 Rifleman Tika Ram Kunwar.
+
+                    _Indian Distinguished Service Medal_
+
+  Subadar Chandrabir Thapa.
+
+  Subadar Haridhoj Khattri.
+
+  Jemadar Damodhar Khattri.
+
+  No. 1922 Havildar Gambhir Sing Bohra.
+
+  No. 1515 Havildar Lalit Bahadur Mal.
+
+  No. 2017 Naik Kharak Bahadur Basnet.
+
+  No. 2027 Naik Kulman Khattri.
+
+  No. 2096 Lance-Naik Jowar Sing Khattri.
+
+  No. 2118 Lance-Naik Samar Bahadur Mal.
+
+  No. 2814 Lance-Naik Sirikisan Khattri.
+
+  No. 2772 Rifleman Manbahadur Sahi.
+
+  No. 2799 Rifleman Kharak Bahadur Bhandari.
+
+  No. 2588 Rifleman Dhan Bahadur.
+
+  No. 2492 Rifleman Gajbir Bisht.
+
+  No. 2885 Rifleman Balbahadur Khattri.
+
+  No. 3055 Rifleman Ranbahadur Sahi.
+
+  No. 3075 Rifleman Dinbahadur Kunwar.
+
+           _Russian Cross of the Order of St. George, 4th Class_
+
+  Subadar Bakht Bahadur Adhikari.
+
+                  _Russian Medal of St. George, 3rd Class_
+
+  No. 2589 Rifleman Tika Ram Kunwar.
+
+                       SPECIAL PROMOTION IN THE FIELD
+
+                              _To be Havildar_
+
+  No. 2721 Rifleman Panchbir Mal, 2nd Battalion 9th Gurkha Rifles
+    (attached to 1st Battalion).
+
+                        UNATTACHED LIST, INDIAN ARMY
+
+                              _Military Cross_
+
+  Second Lieutenant A. C. Curtis (attached 1st Bedfordshire Regiment).
+
+  Second Lieutenant C. S. Searle (attached 1st Royal Berkshire
+    Regiment).
+
+  Second Lieutenant (temporary Lieutenant) A. F. Logan (attached 2nd
+    Battalion Bedfordshire Regiment).
+
+  Lieutenant (temporary Captain) T. Layng (attached Durham Light
+    Infantry).
+
+  Second Lieutenant (temporary Lieutenant) C. H. H. Eales (attached 2nd
+    Battalion Royal Irish Rifles).
+
+  Second Lieutenant (temporary Lieutenant) F. Powell (attached
+    Bedfordshire Regiment).
+
+                              MEDICAL SERVICES
+
+                          _Companion of the Bath_
+
+  Colonel B. B. Grayfoot, M.D., I.M.S.
+
+                 _Companion of St. Michael and St. George_
+
+  Lieut.-Colonel C. H. Bowle-Evans, M.B., I.M.S. (attached 8th Gurkha
+    Rifles).
+
+  Lieut.-Colonel F. Wall, I.M.S. (attached 3rd Gurkha Rifles).
+
+  Major H. M. Cruddas, I.M.S.
+
+  Lieut.-Colonel J. A. Hamilton, M.B., F.R.C.S.
+
+  Major W. W. Jeudwine, M.D.
+
+                       _Distinguished Service Order_
+
+  Captain J. Taylor (attached 1st Battalion 89th Garhwal Rifles).
+
+  Major G. C. L. Kerans, I.M.S.
+
+  Major R. A. Needham, M.B.
+
+                              _Military Cross_
+
+  Captain Kunwar Indarjit Singh (attached 57th Rifles; killed in
+    action).
+
+  Captain J. S. O’Neill, M.B., I.M.S.
+
+  Third Class Assistant Surgeon F. B. A. Braganza, Indian Subordinate
+    Medical Department.
+
+  Assistant Surgeon E. B. Messinier, Indian Subordinate Medical
+    Department.
+
+  No. 298 Second Class Sub-Assistant Surgeon Ram Krishna Ganpat Shinde
+    (attached 1st Battalion 39th Garhwal Rifles).
+
+  Captain H. S. C. Cormack, M.B., F.R.C.S., I.M.S.
+
+  Captain C. A. Wood, M.B., I.M.S.
+
+  First Class Assistant Surgeon W. J. S. Maine, I.S.M.D.
+
+  Third Class Assistant Surgeon E. H. Boilard, I.S.M.D.
+
+                       _Distinguished Conduct Medal_
+
+  Third Class Assistant Surgeon K. P. Elloy, Indian Subordinate Medical
+    Department, No. 7 British Field Ambulance.
+
+                  _Royal Red Cross Decoration, 1st Class_
+
+  Miss H. A. M. Rait, Queen Alexandra’s Military Nursing Service for
+    India.
+
+  Miss P. F. Watt, Queen Alexandra’s Military Nursing Service for India.
+
+                  _Royal Red Cross Decoration, 2nd Class_
+
+  Miss M. D. Knapp, Queen Alexandra’s Military Nursing Service for
+    India.
+
+                     _Indian Order of Merit, 2nd Class_
+
+  No. 1116 First Class Sub-Assistant Surgeon Nagindar Singh, Indian
+    Subordinate Medical Department.
+
+  No. 128 Field Ambulance, No. 1124 First Class Sub-Assistant Surgeon
+    Maula Baksh.
+
+  No. 111 Field Ambulance, No. 988 First Class Sub-Assistant Surgeon Tek
+    Chand.
+
+  Third Class Sub-Assistant Surgeon G. K. R. Rane (attached 21st Company
+    3rd Sappers and Miners).
+
+  Sub-Assistant Surgeon Harnam Singh (attached 34th Sikh Pioneers).
+
+  Senior Sub-Assistant Surgeon Pandit Shankar Das (attached 47th Sikhs).
+
+  No. 111 Field Ambulance, No. 2421 Stretcher-bearer Jaganaut.
+
+  No. 8 Company Army Bearer Corps, No. 8001 Havildar Bihari.
+
+  No. 862 First Class Sub-Assistant Surgeon Ram Singh, I.S.M.D.
+    (attached 1/4th Gurkha Rifles).
+
+  No. 1230 Second Class Sub-Assistant Surgeon Pargan Singh, I.S.M.D.
+    (attached 6th Jat Light Infantry).
+
+                    _Indian Distinguished Service Medal_
+
+  No. 7 Company Army Bearer Corps, No. 7032 Lance-Naik Surjoo.
+
+  No. 8 Company Army Bearer Corps, No. 8316 Bearer Ram Sabatu.
+
+  No. 8 Company Army Bearer Corps, No. 937 First Class Sub-Assistant
+    Surgeon Muhammad Umar.
+
+  No. 8 Company Army Bearer Corps, No. 3039 Naik Achroo.
+
+  112th Indian Field Ambulance, First Class Senior Sub-Assistant Surgeon
+    Gaure Shankar.
+
+  129th Indian Field Ambulance, No. 1171 2nd Class Sub-Assistant Surgeon
+    Zafar Husain.
+
+  112th Indian Field Ambulance, No. 4009 Naik Wadhawa.
+
+  19th British Field Ambulance Army Bearer Corps, No. 7017 Naik
+    Khushali.
+
+  20th British Field Ambulance Army Bearer Corps, No. 11018 Lance-Naik
+    Surjoo.
+
+  1st Class Sub-Assistant Surgeon Narayan Parshad Sukal, 112th Field
+    Ambulance.
+
+  2nd Class Senior Sub-Assistant Surgeon Mahadeo Parshad, attached 1st
+    Battalion 1st Gurkha Rifles.
+
+  No. 8037 Lance-Naik Mangli, No. 8 Company, 113th Field Ambulance.
+
+  No. 772, 1st Class Sub-Assistant Surgeon Pohlo Ram, I.S.M.D. (attached
+    1/9th Gurkha Rifles).
+
+  No. 1246, 2nd Class Sub-Assistant Surgeon Kishan Singh, I.S.M.D.
+    (attached 113th Indian Field Ambulance).
+
+  No. 1360, 3rd Class Sub-Assistant Surgeon Mathura Parshad Sarswit,
+    I.S.M.D. (attached 57th Wilde’s Rifles (F.F.)).
+
+  No. 3000 Havildar Nikka, No. 7 British Field Ambulance (Army Bearer
+    Corps).
+
+  No. 7034 Lance-Naik Kundan, No. 19 British Field Ambulance (Army
+    Bearer Corps).
+
+  No. 7052 Bearer Bhujjoo, No. 19 British Field Ambulance (Army Bearer
+    Corps).
+
+  No. 7455 Bearer Mulloo, No. 19 British Field Ambulance (Army Bearer
+    Corps).
+
+  No. 7339 Bearer Narian, No. 19 British Field Ambulance (Army Bearer
+    Corps).
+
+  No. 4349 Bearer Madan Singh, No. 112 Indian Field Ambulance (Army
+    Bearer Corps).
+
+  No. 4397 Bearer Mastan Singh, No. 112 Indian Field Ambulance (Army
+    Bearer Corps).
+
+  No. 7074 Lance-Naik Ram Charan, No. 128 Indian Field Ambulance (Army
+    Bearer Corps).
+
+  No. 7204 Bearer Beni, No. 128 Indian Field Ambulance (Army Bearer
+    Corps).
+
+  No. 7259 Bearer Chabi, No. 128 Indian Field Ambulance (Army Bearer
+    Corps).
+
+           _Russian Cross of the Order of St. George, 4th Class_
+
+  3rd Class Assistant Surgeon K. P. Elloy, I.S.M.D., No. 7 British Field
+    Ambulance.
+
+                  _Russian Medal of St. George, 2nd Class_
+
+  3rd Class Sub-Assistant Surgeon Gopinath Agarwal, 128th Indian Field
+    Ambulance.
+
+                              _Brevet Colonel_
+
+  Lieut.-Colonel W. W. White, M.D., I.M.S.
+
+  Lieut.-Colonel A. H. Moorhead, M.B., I.M.S.
+
+                          _Brevet Lieut.-Colonel_
+
+  Major H. Boulton, M.B., I.M.S.
+
+  Major G. Browse, M.B., I.M.S.
+
+        _Senior Assistant Surgeon with Honorary Rank of Lieutenant_
+
+  1st Class Assistant Surgeon W. J. S. Maine, I.S.M.D.
+
+                       _3rd Class Assistant Surgeon_
+
+  4th Class Assistant Surgeon E. R. Hill, I.S.M.D.
+
+                          _French Croix de Guerre_
+
+  7204 Bearer Beni, 128th Field Ambulance.
+
+                         SUPPLY AND TRANSPORT CORPS
+
+                       _Distinguished Service Order_
+
+  Major A. K. Heyland.
+
+        _Order of British India, 2nd Class, with title of “Bahadur”_
+
+  Ressaidar Amir Khan, 2nd Mule Corps.
+
+                     _Indian Order of Merit, 2nd Class_
+
+  31st Mule Corps, No. 1357 Driver Sayad Abdulla.
+
+                    _Indian Distinguished Service Medal_
+
+  11th Mule Corps, No. 904 Naik Miram Baksh.
+
+  11th Mule Corps, No. 831 Naik Painda Khan.
+
+  11th Mule Corps, No. 1526 Lance-Naik Rafiuddin.
+
+  11th Mule Corps, No. 605 Driver Chedu Beg.
+
+  11th Mule Corps, No. 1315 Driver Fakir Muhammad.
+
+  11th Mule Corps, No. 986 Driver Shubrati.
+
+  No. 1406 Driver Abdullah Shah, 2nd Mule Corps.
+
+  No. 182 Kot-Dafadar Fetch Khan, 9th Mule Corps.
+
+  No. 82 Kot-Dafadar Bahawal Din, 9th Mule Corps.
+
+  No. 694 Naik Khan Gul, 9th Mule Corps.
+
+  No. 843 Naik Mahomed Khan, 9th Mule Corps.
+
+  No. 862 Driver Rup Singh, 27th Mule Corps.
+
+  No. 319 Lance-Naik Sundar Singh, 38th Mule Corps.
+
+                          _Brevet Lieut.-Colonel_
+
+  Major W. F. Smith, Meerut Divisional Train.
+
+  Major W. N. Lushington.
+
+                              _Honorary Major_
+
+  Commissary and Honorary Captain E. J. Goodhall.
+
+                         INDIAN ORDNANCE DEPARTMENT
+
+                              _Military Cross_
+
+  Sub-Conductor J. L. N. M‘Dougall.
+
+                       _Distinguished Conduct Medal_
+
+  Sub-Conductor E. V. Johnson.
+
+                             REMOUNT DEPARTMENT
+
+                 _Companion of St. Michael and St. George_
+
+  Lieut.-Colonel C. F. Templer, I.A.
+
+                         INDIAN MISCELLANEOUS LIST
+
+          _Assistant Commissary with Honorary Rank of Lieutenant_
+
+  Sub-Conductor W. Forsyth.
+
+  Sub-Conductor F. C. Marks.
+
+  Sub-Conductor C. G. Jackson.
+
+                           INDIAN VOLUNTEER CORPS
+
+                       _Distinguished Conduct Medal_
+
+  Corporal W. Gurdon, Calcutta Volunteer Rifles.
+
+  Sergeant F. Birley, Madras Volunteer Rifles.
+
+                          MILITARY WORKS SERVICES
+
+                       _Distinguished Conduct Medal_
+
+  Sub-Conductor P. J. Fitzpatrick.
+
+                            ROYAL INDIAN MARINE
+
+                 _Companion of St. Michael and St. George_
+
+  Commander (retired) G. E. Holland, C.I.E., D.S.O. (temporary Colonel
+    R.E.).
+
+                                SPECIAL LIST
+
+                      _Companion of the Indian Empire_
+
+  Temporary Captain P. J. G. Pipon, I.C.S.
+
+  Temporary Captain E. B. Howell (Indian Civil Service), Censor of
+    Indian Mails with the Indian Expeditionary Force in France.
+
+                              _Military Cross_
+
+  Rev. R. J. B. Irwin, M.A., Indian Ecclesiastical Department.
+
+  Temporary Captain P. J. G. Pipon, I.C.S.
+
+  Temporary Lieutenant A. H. Parker (Indian Civil Service), Punjab
+    Volunteer Rifles (attached Royal Flying Corps).
+
+
+
+
+                               INDEX[10]
+
+
+ Abdulla, No. 1357 Driver Sayad, I.O.M., 381
+
+ Adair, Capt. W. F., 44
+
+ Adams, Lieut., 250
+
+ Adhikari, Subadar Bakht Bahadur, M.C., Russian Cross of the Order of
+    St. George, 4th Class, 376, 377
+
+ Afghan War (1880), 11, 87
+
+ Afghanistan, 1, 3, 9, 72, 87, 113, 312
+
+ Afghans, 16
+
+ Africa, East, 52, 109
+   North, 98
+   South, 28, 53, 92, 94
+   West, 1, 180
+
+ Afridi Hills, 20
+
+ Afridis, 16, 214, 238
+
+ Agarwal, 3rd Class Sub-Assist. Surgeon Gopinath, Russian Medal of St.
+    George, 2nd Class, 380
+
+ Agnew, Lieut. J., 291
+
+ Agra, 94, 101
+
+ Ahmad, No. 4182 Sepoy Said, I.D.S.M., 43, 371
+
+ Aisne River, 28, 24, 32
+
+ Akbar, No. 2718 Lance-Naik Said, I.O.M., 365
+
+ Alam, Jemadar Nur, I.D.S.M., 354
+
+ Aldershot, 294
+
+ Alderson, General, 245, 280
+
+ Ale, No. 2252 Bugler Kharak Bahadur, I.O.M., 374
+
+ Alexander, Capt. R. D., 100
+
+ Alexander, Capt. R. G., M.C., 349
+
+ Alexandra’s (Queen) Own Gurkha Rifles, 3rd, 110
+
+ Ali, Subadar Abdul, Bahadur, 367
+
+ Ali, Jemadar Akbar, 341
+
+ Ali, No. 3529 Naik Amir, I.D.S.M., 368
+
+ Ali, Jemadar Bahadur, I.D.S.M., 354
+
+ Ali, No. 3435 Sepoy Haidar, I.D.S.M., 362
+
+ Ali, No. 2770 Naik Liyakat, afterwards Havildar, 355
+
+ Ali, Jemadar Liyakat, I.O.M., 353
+
+ Ali, Jemadar Mardan, 169
+
+ Ali, Risaldar Mir Hidayat, 175
+
+ Ali Musjid, 164
+
+ Ali, Subadar Qasim, Bahadur, 355
+
+ Ali, Jemadar Zaman, I.D.S.M., 368
+
+ Aliwal, 87, 164
+
+ “Allahabad Levy,” 300
+
+ Allardice, Lieut., 250
+
+ Allen, Lieut.-Col., 259
+
+ Almond, Lieut., 70
+
+ Amal, No. 118 Lance-Naik Nek, I.O.M., Russian Cross of the Order of St.
+    George, 4th Class, 371
+
+ Ambala Cavalry Brigade, 176
+
+ Amiens, 232
+
+ Ammunition Columns, 19, 20
+
+ Anderson, Lieut.-Col., 72
+
+ Anderson, Lieut., 155–6, 339
+
+ Anderson, Capt. B. E., afterwards Brevet Major, 157, 369
+
+ Anderson, Lieut.-General Sir C. A., C.B., 19, 52, 68, 85, 105, 121,
+    123, 151, 159, 165, 167, 175, 176, 206, 226, 270, 271, 273, 278,
+    279, 282, 284, 288, 317, 325
+
+ Anderson, Lieut.-Col. W. C., C.M.G., 372
+
+ Apthorpe, Capt. E. H., 126
+
+ Arabi, Jemadar Muhammad, I.O.M., 367
+
+ Arjun, No. 2763 Havildar, I.D.S.M., 367
+
+ Armentières, 313
+
+ Army Corps, British, 1st, 39, 166–7, 172–4, 209, 279
+   3rd, 241
+   4th, 232, 234, 268, 269
+   5th, 241
+
+ Army Service Corps, 99
+
+ Arras, 269
+
+ Asghar, No. 3567 Lance-Naik Said, I.D.S.M., 367
+
+ Ashanti, 1, 90, 161, 194
+
+ Asia, 29
+
+ Assam, 297
+
+ Assaye, 216
+
+ Atal, Major P., 133
+
+ Atkinson, Lieut. J. G., 157
+
+ Aubers Ridge, 60, 81, 202, 203, 210, 231, 267, 269, 306, 327
+
+ Ava, 300
+
+ Avoué, Ferme d’, 279
+
+ Azam, Subadar Makmad Bahadur, I.O.M., 371
+
+ Aziz, Jemadar Abdul, I.D.S.M., 112, 354
+
+
+ Bacquerot, Rue du, 335
+
+ Badhai, Jemadar Data Din, I.D.S.M., 354
+
+ Badlu, No. 1548 Havildar, I.D.S.M., 113, 357
+
+ Badshah, No. 3032 Lance-Naik Lal, I.O.M., 367
+
+ Badshah, Jemadar Mir, I.O.M., 371
+
+ Badshah, No. 3119 Sepoy Mir, I.D.S.M., 366
+
+ Badshah, No. 2108 Sepoy Mir, I.D.S.M., 366
+
+ Bagmal, No. 1004 Sepoy, I.D.S.M., 357
+
+ Bagot-Chester, Lieut., 332
+
+ Baidullah, No. 3404 Naik, I.D.S.M., 367
+
+ Bainbridge, Lieut. D., M.C., 365
+
+ Baird, Major, H. B. D., D.S.O., 348
+
+ Baksh, No. 1124 1st Class Sub-Assist. Surgeon Maula, I.O.M., 379
+
+ Baksh, Jemadar Mehar, I.D.S.M., 354
+
+ Baksh, No. 904 Naik Miram, I.D.S.M., 331
+
+ Baksh, No. 3144 Driver Havildar Muhammad, I.O.M., I.D.S.M., 354
+
+ Baldwin, Capt. H. L., 127
+
+ Balfour-Melville, Lieut., 338
+
+ Ballinger, Lieut., 290
+
+ Baluchis, 129th, 18, 33, 34, 35, 36, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45,
+    46, 120, 122, 123, 126, 133, 144, 145, 146, 154, 156, 157, 164, 170,
+    206, 240, 248, 249, 250, 258, 295, 300, 304, 310
+   124th, 251, 304
+
+ Bamberger, Capt. C. D., R.E., 152
+
+ Banks, Capt. P. d’A., 251
+
+ Bannatine-Allason, Major-General, 241
+
+ Bareilly Brigade, 19, 22, 53, 75, 76, 95, 103, 120, 205, 206, 209, 218,
+    221, 224, 239, 270, 276, 277, 280, 283, 284, 286, 288, 328, 331,
+    333, 341
+
+ Barlow, Major, 76
+
+ Barr, Corporal A., 162
+
+ Barrow, Lieut.-Col. (temp. Brig.-General) G. de S., C.B., 343
+
+ Barry, Lieut. D., 161
+
+ Barry, Lieut.-Col. S., 317
+
+ Barstow, Lieut. A. E., M.C., 358
+
+ Barton, Capt. F., 85
+
+ Barwell, Major, E. E., 87
+
+ Basnet, No. 2017 Naik Kharak Bahadur, I.D.S.M., 376
+
+ Bassée, La, 24, 44, 48, 49, 60, 103, 107, 139, 143, 149, 164, 201, 202,
+    204, 210, 211, 215, 218, 277, 279, 301, 302, 306, 327
+
+ Bastian, Lieut., 271
+
+ Bauvin, 327
+
+ Bavarian Reserve Division, 6th, 225
+   Regiments, 16th and 21st, 227
+
+ Baz, No. 3223 Sepoy Mir, I.D.S.M., 366
+
+ Baz, No. 3030 Naik Zar, I.D.S.M., Russian Cross of the Order of St.
+    George, 4th Class, 367
+
+ Beall, Major, 259, 264
+
+ Beau Puits, 279
+
+ Beauchamp-Duff, Capt., 92
+
+ Becher, Major, H. S., 85
+
+ Bedford Regiment, 78
+
+ Beg, No. 605 Driver Chedu, I.D.S.M., 381
+
+ Beg, Jemadar Hayat Ali, I.O.M., 352
+
+ Beg, Capt. Shah Mirza, 22
+
+ Belgium, 307
+
+ Bell, Capt. M. A. R., 169
+
+ Bell, Serjeant-Major R., 260–61
+
+ Bengal, 319
+
+ Bengal Infantry, 233, 234, 239, 300, 341
+
+ Beni, No. 7204 Bearer, I.D.S.M., French Croix de Guerre, 380, 381
+
+ Bennett, Capt. H., 110
+
+ Berceaux, Rue des, 218, 224, 231
+
+ Bethune, 60, 74, 139, 143, 149
+
+ Bhandari, No. 2799 Rifleman Kharak Bahadur, I.D.S.M., 377
+
+ Bhopal Infantry, 9th, 18, 66–8, 71, 72, 103, 120–23, 125, 126, 164,
+    170, 173, 200, 240, 248, 254, 258, 259, 296, 297, 304
+
+ Bhujjoo, No. 7052 Bearer, I.D.S.M., 380
+
+ Bhurtpore, 87, 164, 284
+
+ Bhutias, 319
+
+ Biez, Ferme du, 269, 270
+
+ Bihari, No. 8001 Havildar, I.O.M., 379
+
+ Bingham, Major, 330
+
+ Birbal, Naik, 302
+
+ Bird, Capt. A. J. G., D.S.O., 352
+
+ Birley, Sergeant F., D.C.M., 255, 382
+
+ Bisht, No. 463 Naik Baktwar Sing, I.O.M., 362
+
+ Bisht, No. 2697 Bugler Bhola, I.D.S.M., 361
+
+ Bisht, No. 2492 Rifleman Gajbir, I.D.S.M., 110, 377
+
+ Bisht, No. 1283, Naik Jaman Sing, I.O.M., 210, 362
+
+ Bisht, No. 1674 Rifleman Kalamu, I.O.M., 360
+
+ Bisht, No. 2854 Rifleman Keshi, I.D.S.M., 361
+
+ Bisht, No. 1760 Rifleman Kutalu, I.D.S.M., 361
+
+ Bisht, No. 1211 Rifleman Man Sing, Russian Medal of St. George, 3rd
+    Class, 362
+
+ Black, Capt. W., 78–9
+
+ Black Watch Regiment, 2nd, 19, 55, 94, 120, 122–3, 126–9, 160, 165–167,
+    169, 206, 213, 222, 225, 239, 241, 272, 274–5, 330–31, 334–9, 341–2
+   4th, 222, 234, 239, 272, 274, 328, 333–4, 336, 339, 341
+
+ Blackader, Brig.-General, 150, 152, 206, 209, 225
+
+ Bliss, Major C., 162, 163
+
+ Bohra, No. 1922 Havildar Gambhir Sing, I.D.S.M., 376
+
+ Bohra, Subadar-Major Man Singh, 85
+
+ Boilard, 3rd Class Assist. Surgeon E. H., M.C., 378
+
+ Boileau, Major S. B., afterwards Brevet Lieut.-Col., 159, 223, 374
+
+ Bois du Biez, 80, 203, 204, 215, 216, 220, 226, 227, 230, 231, 270,
+    298, 327
+
+ Bois, Ferme du, 286, 287, 288, 289, 290, 292
+
+ Bois, Rue du, 149, 211, 219, 221, 224, 271, 279
+
+ Bombay, 4, 100
+
+ Bombay Sepoys, 233
+
+ Boulogne, 48
+
+ Boulton, Major H. M. B., afterwards Brevet Lieut.-Col., 380
+
+ Boyd, Private, 127
+
+ Bowes, Brig.-General, 85, 89, 90
+
+ Bowle-Evans, Lieut.-Col. C. H., C.M.G., 97, 377
+
+ Braganza, 3rd Class Assist. Surgeon F. B. A., M.C., 378
+
+ Brahmin Regiment, 1st, 332 3rd, 330
+
+ Brahmins, 72, 297
+
+ Brakes, Lance-Corporal, 152
+
+ Brakspear, Lieut.-Col. W. K., 108, 109, 110, 332
+
+ Bridoux, 327
+
+ Brigade (British), 2nd, 168
+   5th, 283
+   6th, 283
+   7th, 65
+   8th, 85, 89, 90
+   9th, 65
+   60th, 333, 336
+
+ Brind, Capt. R. M., M.C., 368
+
+ Brique, La, 247, 248, 253, 255
+
+ Brisbane, Colour-Sergeant, 161
+
+ Brock, Capt. B. de L., M.C., 349
+
+ Brodhurst, Major, 258
+
+ Brown, Lieut., 283
+
+ Brown, Capt. A. M., M.C., 228, 368
+
+ Browne, Lieut., 332
+
+ Browne, Major H. E., 66
+
+ Browning, Lieut. C. S., 144, 145
+
+ Brownlow, Lieut. W., 276
+
+ Browse, Major G., M.B., afterwards Brevet Lieut.-Col., 97, 380
+
+ Bruce, Major, 184
+
+ Bruce, Major G. D., D.S.O., 348
+
+ Bruce, Lieut. W. A. M‘Crae, V.C., 347
+
+ Brunker, Major-General J. M. S., 19, 51, 148, 175
+
+ Brunskill, Lieut. G. S., M.C., 88, 364
+
+ Bryce, Lieut. S., 171
+
+ Buckingham, Private William, V.C., 152, 212, 347
+
+ Buckland, Capt. G. C., D.S.O., 77, 375
+
+ Bull, Capt. G. S., M.C., 127, 129, 366
+
+ Bullard, Lieut. E., 318–19
+
+ Buller, Lieut. F. E., R.E., M.C., 140, 353
+
+ Buner Hills, 22
+
+ Bura, No. 1679 Naik Gamer Sing, I.D.S.M., 373
+
+ Burathoki, No. 4578 Rifleman Bhakat Sing, I.O.M., Russian Medal of St.
+    George, 3rd Class, 375
+
+ Burathoki, Rifleman Wazir Sing, 229
+
+ Burke, Capt. T., 157
+
+ Burmah, 1, 53, 79, 164, 300
+
+ Burma Infantry, 93rd, 328
+
+ Burnett, Capt. R. F. D., M.C., 369
+
+ Burstall, Brig.-General, 265
+
+ Burton, Capt. G. W., D.S.O., 361
+
+ Butts, Lieut. F. C. de, M.C., 355
+
+
+ Calais, 48
+
+ Calcutta, 101
+
+ Calcutta Volunteer Rifles, 234
+
+ Callaghan, Capt. G. F., 126
+
+ Calonne, 205, 208, 218
+
+ Camberley, 50
+
+ Cameron, Capt. W., 162
+
+ Cameron Highlanders, 135, 172
+
+ Cammell, Lieut. G. A. (R.F.A.), 213
+
+ Campbell, Colin, 28
+
+ Campbell, Lieut. F. C. G., M.C., 362
+
+ Canadian Division, 203, 245, 246, 254, 257, 269, 288, 289
+   Royal Artillery, 248, 262, 263, 265
+
+ Canteloux, 327
+
+ Carden, Major, 201
+
+ Carmichael, Corporal J., 162
+
+ Carnegy, Major-General P. M., C.B., 10, 51, 163, 170, 171, 175
+
+ Carter’s Post, 328
+
+ Cassels, Major K., 77, 133, 134
+
+ Casson, Major W. F. S., D.S.O., 348
+
+ Cauteau, Colonel, 175
+
+ Cavalry Division, 1st, 33
+   Division, 2nd, 33, 34, 232
+   Division, 4th, 20, 240
+   Brigade, 3rd, 36
+   Brigade, 4th, 36, 38, 111
+   Brigade, 5th, 36
+   Brigade, 6th, 232
+
+ Ceylon, 42
+
+ Chabi, No. 7259 Bearer, I.D.S.M., 380
+
+ Chagatta, Colour-Havildar, I.O.M., I.D.S.M., Russian Cross of the Order
+    of St. George, 4th Class, 112, 212, 354, 355
+
+ Chakdara, 11
+
+ Chakwal, 43
+
+ Chand, Subadar Parbat, M.C., 368
+
+ Chand, No. 988 1st Class Sub-Assist. Surgeon Tek, I.O.M., 379
+
+ Changa, No. 4204 Sapper, I.D.S.M., 356
+
+ Chapelle St. Roch, 150
+
+ Charan, No. 7074 Lance-Naik Ram, I.D.S.M., 380
+
+ Charles, Brig.-General (R.E.), 314
+
+ Charles, Major J. R., 49
+
+ Chenwar, Subadar Nain Sing Bahadur, 361
+
+ _Chevaux de frise_, 208
+
+ Chillianwala, 216
+
+ China, 34, 63, 113, 164, 238
+
+ Chindwin, 1
+
+ Chinwarh, Subadar Nain Sing, M.C., 361
+
+ Chitral, 11, 63, 300
+
+ Chocolat Menier Corner, 201, 204, 279
+
+ Christopher, Capt., 250
+
+ Churchill, the Rt. Hon. Winston, 103, 194
+
+ Cis-Indus, 234
+
+ Cix Marmuse, La, 205
+
+ Clarke, Capt. A. C. K. S., M.C., 351
+
+ Clarke, Lieut. I. H., 37
+
+ Clarke, Capt. R. J., 213
+
+ Cliqueterie, La, Farm, 203, 209, 270, 327, 335
+
+ Coast Sepoys, 10th Battalion of, 300
+
+ Coates, Lieut., 259
+
+ Cobbe, Col. (temp. Brig.-General), A.S.C., V.C., D.S.O., C.B., 50, 348
+
+ Cockburn, Lieut. C. J., M.C., 134, 356
+
+ Coffin, Lieut.-Col. C., 53
+
+ Coldwell, Sergeant, 254
+
+ Collins, Capt. L. P., D.S.O., 229, 375
+
+ Collins, Lieut., 271
+
+ Combe, Capt. S. B., M.C., 364
+
+ Comorin, Cape, 297
+
+ Connaught, Duke of, 39 Prince Arthur of, 116
+
+ Connaught Rangers, 1st and 2nd, 2, 33, 34, 55, 83, 85, 86, 90, 107,
+    120, 121, 122, 125, 126, 130, 133, 144, 149, 164, 170, 178, 200,
+    236, 240, 242, 248, 249, 252, 253, 254, 258, 266, 316
+   1st, 18, 89
+
+ Conneau, General, 61
+
+ Connell, Lieut. S. D., 140
+
+ Cook, Capt., 250
+
+ Cook, Private C., 135
+
+ Copeland, Major, 300
+
+ Cormack, Capt. H. S. C., M.B., F.R.C.S., M.C., 378
+
+ Cornwall Light Infantry, 260
+
+ Corps d’Armée, XXIst, 106, 141, 164, 170
+
+ Corse-Scott, Lieut. E. J., M.C., 373
+
+ Cour d’Avoué, 280, 288, 289, 290, 291, 292, 293
+
+ Couture, La, 122, 154, 205, 208, 215, 218, 224, 278, 280
+
+ Crackett, Private J., 171
+
+ Craig, Lieut. J. M., 78
+
+ Cramer-Roberts, Capt. A. T., D.S.O., 155–6, 375
+
+ Creagh, Sir O’Moore, 11, 12, 14
+
+ Creagh, Capt. L., 172
+
+ Crescent, the, 224
+
+ Crewe, Lord, 193
+
+ Crisp, Private, 152
+
+ Croix Barbée, 278, 280, 284
+
+ Crosse, Lieut., 283
+
+ Crozier, Capt., 287
+
+ Cruddas, Major H. M., C.M.G., 378
+
+ Cruddas, Lieut.-Col. H. W., D.S.O., 363
+
+ Cullen, Lieut.-Col. E. H. S., M.V.O., D.S.O., C.M.G., 63, 359
+
+ Cureton, Capt., 234
+
+ Curtis, 2nd Lieut. A. C., M.C., 377
+
+ Curzon, Lord, of Kedleston, 101
+
+ Cuthbert, Major, 221
+
+
+ Dad, No. 2198 Havildar Fazl, I.D.S.M., 367
+
+ Dad, No. 1485 Naik Karam, I.D.S.M., 369
+
+ Dalmahoy, Capt., 250
+
+ Daniell, Capt. J. A. S., D.S.O., 357
+
+ Danu, No. 617 Havildar Bir Sing, I.D.S.M., 362
+
+ Danu, Jemadar Khushal Singh, 95
+
+ Darjeeling, 319
+
+ Das, Senior Sub-Assist. Surgeon Pandit Shankar, I.O.M., 379
+
+ Dast, Jemadar Mir, I.O.M., V.C., 251, 365
+
+ Dast, Subadar Mir, V.C., I.O.M., Russian Cross of the Order of St.
+    George, 3rd Class, 347, 366
+
+ Davidson, Capt., 77
+
+ Davidson, Lieut. H. S., 285
+
+ Davidson, Major S. R., afterwards Brevet Lieut.-Col., 66, 69, 70, 365
+
+ Davidson-Houston, Major C. E. D., D.S.O., 79, 127, 339, 340, 342, 366
+
+ Davies, Major-General F., 241
+
+ Davis, Capt., 134
+
+ Deacon, Major, 253, 254
+
+ Deane, Capt., 332–3
+
+ Deane-Spread, Lieut., 340
+
+ Deccan Horse, 20th, 20, 171, 174, 175
+   Plains, 29
+
+ Deedes, Lieut. R. B., M.C., 251, 365
+
+ Dehra Dun Brigade, 19, 22, 53, 75, 149, 150, 151, 158, 160, 165, 166,
+    167, 205, 209, 214, 215, 216, 217, 218, 220, 221, 223, 224, 239,
+    270, 271, 272, 273, 278, 279, 280, 327, 328, 329, 334, 335, 337, 338
+
+ Delhi, 6, 8, 14, 15, 23, 33, 46, 51, 87, 110, 216, 227, 341
+
+ Denison, Capt., 338
+
+ Derajat, 284
+
+ Devon Regiment, 76
+
+ Dhan, No. 2588 Rifleman, Bahadur, I.D.S.M., 377
+
+ Diejal, No. 2061 Sepoy Thakur, I.D.S.M., 363
+
+ Dikshit, Jemadar Gangacharan, I.D.S.M., 354
+
+ Dill, Lieut. J. R., 300
+
+ Dill, Very Rev. Dr. Marcus, 300
+
+ Dill, Capt. R. F., D.S.O., 43, 46, 300, 370
+
+ Din, Ahmed, 40, 41
+
+ Din, No. 82 Kot-Dafadar Bahawal, I.D.S.M., 381
+
+ Din, No. 3056 Lance-Naik, afterwards Naik, Fazl, 355
+
+ Din, No. 45 Sapper Ghulam Ayud, I.D.S.M., 356
+
+ Din, No. 4079 Naik Ilm, I.D.S.M., 352
+
+ Din, Subadar-Major Umar Din, Bahadur, 370
+
+ Distillery, the, 270
+
+ Divisions (British), 1st, 163, 274, 276
+   2nd, 279–81, 284, 287–8
+   7th, 273, 279, 281, 286–7
+   8th, 107, 122, 210, 216, 218, 226, 227, 228, 230, 239, 241, 273, 293,
+      314
+   19th, 241, 327
+   20th, 329, 333
+   27th (Artillery of), 263, 265 (and _see_ Cavalry)
+   (French) 58th, 170
+
+ Dixit, Ganga Charn, 70
+
+ Dogras, 7, 34, 56, 63, 79, 239
+   37th Regiment, 276
+   41st Regiment, 19, 120, 160, 166, 206, 225, 233, 239, 271, 272, 274,
+      276, 304, 336
+
+ Don, 269
+
+ Dorset Regiment, 33
+
+ Douie, Lieut. F. M‘C., D.S.O., M.C., 291–2, 353
+
+ Dover, 29
+
+ Doyle, Sir Arthur Conan, _The British Campaign in France and Flanders,
+    1914_, 154
+
+ Dragoon Guards, 7th, 20, 84, 135, 170, 171
+
+ Drake-Brockman, Lieut.-Col. D. H., C.M.G., 95, 210, 270, 273, 361
+
+ Drummond, Major E. G., 108, 109, 110
+
+ Drysdale, Lieut. A. E., M.C., 250, 364
+
+ Dube, Subadar Gaurishankar, Bahadur, M.C., 353
+
+ Duck’s Bill, 328, 330, 341
+
+ Dudley, Capt., 134, 271
+
+ Duffus, Lieut.-Col. E. J., 122
+
+ Duffy, Private, 234
+
+ Duhan, Major, 251
+
+ Dun, Naik Rupdhan, 110
+
+ Dundas, Major, 151, 152
+
+ Dundas, Major P. H., D.S.O., 111, 112, 134, 356
+
+ Dutt, No. 1029 Lance-Naik Bhawani, I.D.S.M., 354
+
+ Dyce, Capt. H. L., M.C., 349
+
+
+ Eales, 2nd Lieut. (temp. Lieut.), C. H. H., M.C., 377
+
+ Edward VII., King of England, 323
+
+ Edward, H.R.H. Prince of Wales, 116
+
+ Edwards, 182
+
+ Egerton, Brig.-General R. M., C.B., 18, 51, 121, 122, 123, 127, 130,
+    135, 175, 206, 248
+
+ Egypt, 20, 28, 39, 51, 52, 63, 65, 73, 96, 100, 138, 143, 164, 185,
+    195, 197, 198, 297, 304, 320
+
+ Elliot, Lieut.-General Sir E. Locke, K.C.B., D.S.O., French Legion of
+    Honour, Croix de Commandeur, 349
+
+ Eliott-Lockhart, Lieut.-Col., 228
+
+ Elliott, Major R. W., 134
+
+ Elloy, 3rd Class Assistant Surgeon K. P., D.C.M., Russian Cross of the
+    Order of St. George, 4th Class, 378, 380
+
+ England, 4, 17, 25, 45, 48, 100, 101, 106, 137, 153, 182, 183, 184,
+    192, 193, 194, 196, 237, 238, 311, 323
+
+ Essars, 122
+
+ Essex Regiment, 33
+
+ Estaires, 106, 107, 201, 204, 211, 277, 301, 302
+
+ Etlinger, Capt., 259
+
+ Ewart, Colonel R. H., D.S.O., C.B., 97, 348
+
+ Eyre, Capt. K. G., 133
+
+
+ Fasken, Colonel (temp. Brig.-General) W. H., C.B., 241, 348
+
+ Fellowes, Lieut. (temp. Capt.) H. G. A., M.C., 351
+
+ Fenner, Colonel C., 62
+
+ Ferozepore Brigade, 18, 21, 33, 51, 60, 61, 65, 73, 89, 120, 121, 134,
+    144, 149, 150, 154, 163, 164, 170, 175, 205, 206, 208, 218, 221,
+    224, 240, 247, 248, 249, 250, 253, 254, 255, 257, 258, 259, 262
+
+ Ferronays, Capt. de la, 32
+
+ Festubert, 22, 39, 52, 57, 75, 119, 120, 137, 149, 163, 168, 211, 267,
+    279, 299, 304, 332
+
+ Finlay, Lance-Corporal David, V.C., 275–6, 347
+
+ Fitzgerald, Colonel, 194
+
+ Fitzmaurice, Lieut., 70
+
+ Fitzpatrick, Sub-Conductor P. J., D.C.M., 382
+
+ Flagg, Capt., 340
+
+ Flanders, 1, 5, 7, 20, 21, 23, 24, 27, 29, 46, 48, 56, 77, 80, 82, 85,
+    96, 137, 183, 185, 190, 235, 252, 300, 310, 325, 332, 341, 344
+
+ Fleming, Capt. W. E., M.C., 363
+
+ Flynn, Corporal, 252
+
+ Foch, Marshal, 304
+
+ Forbes, Capt., 36, 38, 314
+
+ Forrester, Capt. R. E., 95
+
+ Forster, Sergeant P., 132
+
+ Forsyth, Sub-Conductor W. (afterwards Assist. Commissary and Hon.
+    Lieut.), 382
+
+ Fortuin, 246
+
+ Fosse-Calonne, 141
+
+ Fowler, Colonel (temp. Brig.-General), D.S.O., C.B., 348
+
+ Fowler, Lieut. E. K., M.C., 38, 46, 365
+
+ France, 2, 4, 5, 9, 10, 14, 15, 16, 18, 20, 22, 23, 25, 26, 27, 28, 31,
+    32, 34, 41, 49, 52, 53, 55, 56, 63, 67, 72, 75, 79, 82, 91, 93, 94,
+    96, 99, 100, 104, 106, 110, 111, 119, 138, 140, 142, 148, 169, 174,
+    177, 178, 182, 183, 185, 186, 189, 190, 192, 193, 194, 195, 196,
+    197, 198, 200, 209, 218, 221, 222, 227, 230, 255, 263, 264, 268,
+    294, 295, 297, 299, 300, 302, 304, 309, 310, 311, 312, 313, 314,
+    317, 318, 320, 321, 323, 325, 332, 333, 336, 340, 342, 343
+
+ Francis, Capt. R. F., M.C., 364
+
+ Franklin, Capt., 74
+
+ Franklin, Major H. S. E., D.S.O., 355, 357
+
+ Franks, Brig.-General (R.A.), 204
+
+ Fraser, Lieut., 339
+
+ Fraser, Capt. W. A. K. F., M.C., 352
+
+ French, Sir John, 7, 24, 30, 45, 50, 63, 65, 71, 72, 73, 75, 85, 103,
+    104, 136, 138, 143, 176, 184, 185, 188, 193, 200, 235, 236, 238,
+    245, 269, 302, 316
+   “1914” quoted, 177;
+   ref., 303
+
+ French Colonial Division, 246, 260
+   Territorials, 142nd, 171, 175, 176
+
+ Frontier Expeditions (1908), 10
+
+ Fry, Lieut., 291
+
+ Fyzabad, 72
+
+
+ Ganga, No. 2630 Havildar, I.O.M., Russian Cross of the Order of St.
+    George, 4th Class, 45, 365, 366
+
+ Gaisford, Lieut. L., 127
+
+ Gallipoli, 23, 51, 99, 241, 263, 319
+
+ Gambhir, Subadar-Major, 211
+
+ Gamble, Lieut., 291
+
+ Gandy, Lieut., 283
+
+ Ganges River, 3, 23, 29
+   Canal, 339
+
+ Gapaard, 33, 34, 35
+
+ Gardiner, Major (R.E.), 155
+
+ Garhwal Brigade, 19, 53, 95, 108, 121, 122, 149, 150, 158, 165, 166,
+    169, 205, 206, 209, 210, 214, 218, 219, 224, 225, 239, 270, 273,
+    277, 278, 280–84, 288, 289, 328, 331, 333–6, 341
+   Rifles, 39th, 1st and 2nd Batt., 19, 57, 75, 95, 108, 121, 123, 124,
+      129–32, 134, 136, 206, 210–215, 219, 220, 222, 225, 239, 244, 248,
+      270, 281–3, 296, 328, 333, 334, 336, 337
+
+ Garhwalis, 7, 57
+
+ Garrett, Capt. S., 228
+
+ Gedge, 2nd Lieut., 333
+
+ George V., King of England, 14, 46, 141, 193, 319
+
+ George, the Rt. Hon. David Lloyd, 193
+
+ George, Lieut. F., 89, 90
+
+ Germany, 235
+
+ Ghale, Jemadar Bahadur, 84
+
+ Ghale, No. 2153 Lance-Naik Sher Sing, I.D.S.M., 373
+
+ Gharti, Lance-Naik Harak Sing, I.O.M., 211, 374
+
+ Gharti, Rifleman Thaman, 152
+
+ Ghazis, the, 157
+
+ Ghazni (1839), 87, 113
+
+ Gilchrist, Capt. R. C., 157
+
+ Givenchy, 22, 39, 43, 47, 50, 51, 52, 60, 75, 82, 103, 119, 139, 143,
+    144, 149, 155, 162, 163, 164, 170, 171, 172, 173, 177, 179, 186,
+    188, 201, 203, 229, 253, 254, 269, 279, 327
+
+ Godwin, Major (temp. Lieut.-Col.), afterwards Brevet Lieut.-Col., C. A.
+    C., 350
+
+ Goodhall, Commissary and Hon. Capt., afterwards Hon. Major, 381
+
+ Gordon, Major H., 133
+
+ Gordon, Capt. J. de la H., M.C., 356
+
+ Gordon, Lieut.-Col. J. L., 64
+
+ Gordon, Lieut.-Col. L. A., 53, 210, 219
+
+ Gordon, Colonel L. F. G., 53
+
+ Gordon, Capt. R. S., 37
+
+ Gordon, Lieut. S., 128
+
+ Gordon Highlanders, 53
+
+ Gorre, 120, 121
+
+ Gorrie, Lance-Corporal, 129
+
+ Gough, Lieut. O., M.C., 349
+
+ Govind, Guru, 20
+
+ Grant, Colonel, 135, 171
+
+ Grant, Major, 46
+
+ Grant, Capt. H., 132
+
+ Grasett, Lieut., 341
+
+ Gray, Capt. E. St. C., M.C., 349
+
+ Gray, Lieut.-Colonel F. W. B., C.M.G., 34, 38, 365
+
+ Grayfoot, Colonel B. B., M.D., C.B., 97, 377
+
+ Grey, Lance-Corporal G., 132
+
+ Griffith-Griffin, Lieut. F. M., M.C., 371
+
+ Grigg, Capt., 283
+
+ Guadeloupe, 338
+
+ Guards Brigade, 286
+
+ Guides, 57–8, 228, 236, 251
+
+ Guides Cavalry, 22
+
+ Gul, No. 3902 Lance-Naik Biaz, I.O.M., 368
+
+ Gul, No. 3814 Lance-Naik Hobab, I.O.M., 43, 371
+
+ Gul, No. 694 Naik Khan, I.D.S.M., 381
+
+ Gul, No. 4267 Sepoy Mehrab, I.D.S.M., 371
+
+ Gul, No. 4264 Havildar Niaz, I.D.S.M., 368
+
+ Gul, No. 4333 Sepoy Redi, I.O.M., 43, 371
+
+ Gunning, Lieut.-Col. O. G., C.M.G., 363
+
+ Gurdon, Corporal W., D.C.M., 234, 382
+
+ Gurkha Light Infantry, 43rd, 79
+
+ Gurkhas, 2, 7, 30, 56–8, 85, 86, 92, 96, 245, 269, 319
+   1st (1st Batt.), 19, 79, 157, 162–4, 169, 174, 205, 226, 229, 240,
+      257–9, 263, 264, 281, 288–90, 296
+   2nd (2nd Batt.), 19, 82–6, 90–92, 108, 150, 158–60, 165–6, 169, 206,
+      216, 218, 220, 223, 238, 270–72, 274, 328, 337
+   3rd (2nd Batt.), 19, 108, 110, 121–122, 150–52, 206, 210, 211, 219,
+      225, 238, 281–3, 328, 331–2, 334
+   4th (1st Batt.), 19, 154–7, 161, 162, 164, 174, 205, 226, 229, 237,
+      240, 254, 257, 258, 263, 264, 281, 289, 290, 296, 315, 320
+   6th, 134
+   7th, 134
+   8th (2nd Batt.), 19, 75–9, 120–24, 129, 133–5, 163, 171, 175, 206,
+      217, 218, 225, 238, 270, 281, 328, 331–3, 341
+   9th (1st Batt.), 19, 84, 159, 169, 206, 217, 220, 221, 223, 234, 238,
+      270, 272, 273, 298
+
+ Gurung, No. 1959 Rifleman Bhagat Bahadur, I.O.M., 373
+
+ Gurung, No. 1597 Naik Bum Bahadur, I.O.M., 373
+
+ Gurung, Subadar Dalkesar, Russian Cross of the Order of St. George, 4th
+    Class, 109, 110, 374
+
+ Gurung, Naik Dharmraj, 156
+
+ Gurung, No. 4252 Naik Diwan Sing, I.O.M., 375
+
+ Gurung, Subadar Durga, 156
+
+ Gurung, Subadar-Major Gambhir Sing, Bahadur, I.O.M., 374
+
+ Gurung, No. 1749 Rifleman Gane, I.O.M., 374
+
+ Gurung, Jemadar Gangabir, I.O.M., 229, 375
+
+ Gurung, No. 1074 Rifleman Garbha Sing, I.D.S.M., 375
+
+ Gurung, No. 1432 Havildar Janglai, I.D.S.M., 373
+
+ Gurung, Subadar Jit Sing, I.O.M., 290–91, 372
+
+ Gurung, No. 2618 Rifleman Kalu, I.D.S.M., 373
+
+ Gurung, No. 2515 Rifleman Kansi, I.D.S.M., 372
+
+ Gurung, No. 2734 Rifleman Khamba Sing, I.D.S.M., 372
+
+ Gurung, No. 4015 Rifleman Khamba Sing, I.O.M., 375
+
+ Gurung, Jemadar Kharak Bahadur, 84
+
+ Gurung, No. 4945 Lance-Naik Lachman, I.D.S.M., 375
+
+ Gurung, No. 4024 Rifleman Manjit, I.O.M., 218, 373
+
+ Gurung, No. 1313 Havildar Motilal, I.D.S.M., 374
+
+ Gurung, No. 1632 Rifleman Narbahadur, I.O.M., 376
+
+ Gurung, No. 1618 Naik Padamdhoj, I.O.M., 86, 373
+
+ Gurung, No. 4509 Rifleman Parbir, I.O.M., 375
+
+ Gurung, No. 2447 Rifleman Partiman, I.O.M., 218, 373
+
+ Gurung, No. 2397 Rifleman Phalman, I.D.S.M., 372
+
+ Gurung, Subadar Puran Sing, Russian Cross of the Order of St. George,
+    4th Class, 372
+
+ Gurung, No. 1222 Havildar Ran Patti, I.D.S.M., 373
+
+ Gurung, No. 3184 Havildar Sarabjit, Russian Cross of the Order of St.
+    George, 4th Class, 373
+
+ Gurung, Subadar Sarabjit, I.O.M., Bahadur, 373
+
+ Gurung, Subadar Sarabjit, I.O.M., 375
+
+ Gurung, Subadar Senbir, Bahadur, I.O.M., 316, 375
+
+ Gurung, Subadar Shamsher, Bahadur, 375
+
+ Gurung, Sing, 211
+
+ Gurung, Jemadar Suba Singh, 84
+
+ Gurung, Subadar Tekhbahadur, 85
+
+ Gurung, Jemadar Tirthe, 84
+
+ Gurung, No. 2265 Rifleman Tula, I.O.M., 373
+
+ Gurung, No. 1599 Rifleman Ujir Sing, I.O.M., 218, 373
+
+ Gusain, No. 2605 Lance-Naik Kiyali, I.O.M., 360
+
+ Gusain, No. 2408 Lance-Naik Sankaru, I.O.M., 360
+
+ Guthrie-Smith, Lieut. R., 162
+
+
+ Hack, Capt. C., 89, 90
+
+ Haidar, No. 3836 Havildar Fateh, I.O.M., Russian Medal of St. George,
+    1st Class, 371, 372
+
+ Haig, Sir Douglas, 178
+
+ Hale, Mr., 94
+
+ “Hale’s” hand-grenades, 93
+
+ Hamer, Capt. M. A., M.C., 349
+
+ Hamid, Jemadar, I.D.S.M., 367
+
+ Hamilton, Lieut. H. W. R., M.C., 353
+
+ Hamilton, Lieut.-Col. J. A., M.B., F.R.C.S., C.M.G., 97, 378
+
+ Hamilton, Major W., 133
+
+ Hampe-Vincent, Capt., 35
+
+ Hamza Kot, 22
+
+ Hance, 2nd Lieut. H. M., M.C., 353
+
+ Hannyngton, Major J. A., C.M.G., D.S.O., 42, 251, 370
+
+ Harcourt, Capt., 340
+
+ Hardinge, Lord, and the Indian Army, 15, 16, 235, 236, 299
+
+ Hardinge, Lady, of Penshurst, 101
+
+ Hardwari, No. 2822 Naik, I.D.S.M., 357
+
+ Harpul, No. 1696 Havildar, I.D.S.M., 357
+
+ Hartwell, Capt., 258
+
+ Hartwell, Capt. B., 76
+
+ Harvey, Colonel, 338
+
+ Harvey, Major J., 128
+
+ Hasham, No. 3028 Lance-Naik Gul, afterwards Naik, 366
+
+ Haut Pommereau, 327, 335, 337
+
+ Havelock, 28
+
+ Havre, 309
+
+ Hawinda, Jemadar, M.C., 128, 366
+
+ Hawinda, No. 2008 Havildar, afterwards Jemadar, I.D.S.M., 367
+
+ Hay, Major C. J. B., D.S.O., 348
+
+ Hayes-Sadler, Lieut. E., 71, 76
+
+ Heall, Major E. N., afterwards Brevet Lieut.-Col., 360
+
+ Heavy Battery, 109th, 19
+   110th, 20
+
+ Henderson, Lieut., 253
+
+ Henderson, Lieut., 338
+
+ Hennessy, Lieut.-Col. J. P. C., C.M.G., 97, 348
+
+ Herbert, Lieut., 291
+
+ Hewett, Sir John, 101, 313
+
+ Hewett, Capt., 336
+
+ Hewitt, Lieut., 86
+
+ Heyland, Lieut., 291
+
+ Heyland, Major A. K., D.S.O., 381
+
+ Heyland, Capt. J. R. L., M.C., 376
+
+ Highland Division, “Fighting Fifty-first,” 241
+
+ Highland Light Infantry, 1st, 19, 56, 205, 226, 229, 262, 263, 265,
+    281, 284, 286
+   2nd, 154–6, 161–4, 174, 234, 240, 253–4, 257, 260, 262, 264, 285, 291
+
+ Hill, Capt. E. F. J., M.C., 353
+
+ Hill, 4th Class Assist. Surgeon E. R., afterwards 3rd Class, 381
+
+ Hill, Major Hugh, 51
+
+ Hill, John, 63
+
+ Hill, Lieut.-Col. J., D.S.O., afterwards Brevet Colonel, 254, 358
+
+ Hill 29, 263
+
+ Himalayas, 25, 30, 113, 132
+
+ Hinges, 74, 104, 141, 172
+   Château, 321
+
+ Hissar, 298
+
+ Hitchins, Lieut.-Col., 249
+
+ Hobart, Capt. P. C. S., M.C., 212, 353
+
+ Hodgson, Capt. F., 283
+
+ Hodson, 182
+
+ Hodson, Colonel G., 51
+
+ Holbrooke, Major, 251
+
+ Holland, Commander (retired) G. E., C.I.E., D.S.O. (temp. Colonel,
+    R.E.), C.M.G., 382
+
+ Hollebeke, 39, 143
+
+ Holman, Major and Brevet Colonel (afterwards Brevet Col.) H. C.,
+    D.S.O., C.M.G., 348, 350
+
+ Home Counties Trench, 328, 329
+
+ Hore, Capt. P., 228
+
+ Hornor, Lieut. F. H. F., M.C., 369
+
+ House, Sergeant-Major A. G., 229
+
+ Howell (temp. Capt.), E. B., C.I.E., 311, 382
+
+ Howson, Capt. G., M.C., 350
+
+ Hudson, General Sir John, 49
+
+ Hudson, Col. (temp. Brig.-General), afterwards Major-General H., C.B.,
+    49, 313–14, 349
+
+ Hulseberg, Major H., D.S.O., 370
+
+ Humayun’s tomb, 51
+
+ Hume, Lieut. J., 133
+
+ Humphreys, Major G. G. P., 44
+
+ Hunt, Capt. C. E., M.C., 359
+
+ Hunt, Capt., afterwards Brevet Major, H. R. A., 350
+
+ Husain, No. 23 Lance-Naik Mushtak, I.D.S.M., 356
+
+ Husain, No. 1171 2nd Class Sub-Assist. Surgeon Zafar, I.D.S.M., 379
+
+ Hussars, 3rd, 38
+
+ Hussein, No. 4231 Sepoy Ghulam, I.D.S.M., 251, 371
+
+ Hutchinson, Major and Brevet Lieut.-Col. C. A. R., D.S.O., 276, 363
+
+
+ Illies, 306
+
+ India, Army of, 2–17, 55;
+   Field Artillery of, 26–7;
+   class system in, 57–8;
+   Corps in France, methods of supply, 96–102, 115, 117;
+   strength of units, 138–9;
+   casualties, 294–5, 314, 324;
+   proposed changes in, 295–7;
+   the Indian soldier’s viewpoint, 297 _seq._;
+   reservists, 309–10;
+   work of, 326 _seq._
+
+ Indian Cavalry Corps, 20
+   4th, 166, 167, 206, 280, 284, 312
+
+ _Indian Corps in France_, 304, 332, 342
+
+ Indian Lancers, 2nd, 185
+   15th, 63
+
+ Indian Signalling Company, 74
+
+ Indus River, 3, 25
+
+ Infantry Brigade (British), 5th, 32, 282
+   6th, 282
+   8th, 61
+   19th, 61
+
+ Ingham, Capt., 253
+
+ Inglis, Lieut., 332
+
+ Inglis, Capt. J., 156, 225
+
+ Innes, Lieut. I., 85
+
+ Inniskilling Dragoons, 6th, 50
+
+ Inskip, Capt. R. D., M.C., 368
+
+ Irriwaddy, 1, 53
+
+ Irvine, Capt. G., 72
+
+ Irwin, Rev. R. J. B., M.C., 316, 382
+
+ Ivy, Lieut. B., 291
+
+
+ Jackson, Sub-Conductor C. G., afterwards Assist. Commissary and Hon.
+    Lieut., 382
+
+ Jacob, Col. (temp. Brig.-General), afterwards Major-General C. W.,
+    C.B., Russian Order of St. Vladimir, 4th Class with swords, 53, 209,
+    217, 218, 220, 223, 327, 341, 342, 348, 349
+
+ Jadhao, No. 3348 Havildar Maraoti, I.D.S.M., 354
+
+ Jaganaut, No. 2421 Stretcher-Bearer, I.O.M., 379
+
+ Jailal, Havildar, 113
+
+ Jalandar, 233
+
+ Jalandar Brigade, 19, 51, 61, 63, 65, 75, 103, 154, 163, 175, 205, 206,
+    215, 216, 218, 220, 223, 224, 226, 228, 231, 240, 247, 248, 249,
+    253, 254, 255, 262
+
+ James, Lieut.-Col. (temporary Brig.-General), afterwards Brevet Col. W.
+    B., C.I.E., M.V.O., 349
+
+ Jamieson, Major G. A., 68, 71, 259
+
+ Jan, Sepoy Abdullah, 145–6
+
+ Jan, No. 5510 Sepoy Bhan, Russian Medal of St. George, 4th Class, 366
+
+ Jan, No. 3638 Havildar Muhammad, I.O.M., 368
+
+ Jan, No. 453 Sepoy Sahib, I.O.M., 371
+
+ Jang, Subadar Fateh, I.D.S.M., 366
+
+ Jang, 2nd Lieut., Rama Jodha, Bahadur, M.C., 333, 360
+
+ Jardine, Capt. C. H., afterwards Brevet Major, 357
+
+ Jat Light Infantry, 6th, 19, 84, 111, 112, 113, 120, 122, 123, 124,
+    134, 150, 158, 165, 166, 169, 206, 239, 270, 271, 296, 298, 299, 304
+
+ Jats, 7, 57
+
+ Jefferson, Thomas, quoted, 208
+
+ Jeudwine, Major W. W., M.D., C.M.G., 378
+
+ Jhelum River, 43
+
+ Joan of Arc, 25
+
+ Jodhpore, Maharaja of, 21
+   Prince of, 106
+
+ Jodhpore Imperial Service Lancers, 20, 22, 27, 73, 116, 163, 171, 237
+
+ Joffre, Marshal, 20
+
+ Johnson, Brigadier C. E., 53, 85
+
+ Johnson, Sub-Conductor E. V., D.C.M., 381
+
+ Johnson, Brig.-General F. E., 51
+
+ Jones, Capt. L. J., 72
+
+ Joubert, General, 122
+
+
+ Kabartir, 132
+
+ Kabul, 53, 87, 113, 164
+
+ Kaimkhanis, 87
+
+ Kam Dakka, 11
+
+ Kandari, Subadar Bije Sing, Bahadur, 360
+
+ Karachi, 4
+
+ Kashi, 23
+
+ Kassib, No. 105 Sepoy, I.D.S.M., 43, 371
+
+ Kawar, Subadar Makhar Sing, Bahadur, 361
+
+ Keary, Major-General H. D’U., C.B., D.S.O., 19, 53, 108, 166, 205, 226,
+    231, 246, 247, 254, 255, 260, 262, 264, 265, 266, 267
+
+ Keen, Major F. S., D.S.O., 348
+
+ Kelly, Major, 341
+
+ Kelly, Capt. E. H., M.C., 111, 112, 132, 353
+
+ Kelly, Lieut.-Col. G., 125
+
+ Kelly, Lance-Corporal T., 89
+
+ Kemmel, 38
+
+ Kennedy, Sergeant-Major, 127, 129
+
+ Kennedy, Capt. G. S., 229
+
+ Kenny, Capt., 213
+
+ Kerans, Major G. C. L., D.S.O., 378
+
+ Kerr, Lieut., 157
+
+ Khalsa, 250, 286, 287
+
+ Khan, No. 4551 Havildar Abas, I.O.M., 362
+
+ Khan, No. 2085 Kot-Dafadar, afterwards Jemadar, Abdul Ghafur, Russian
+    Cross of the Order of St. George, 4th Class, 352
+
+ Khan, No. 3027 Sowar Abdullah, I.D.S.M., 135, 352
+
+ Khan, Subadar Adam, 41, 145
+
+ Khan, Sepoy Afsar, 43
+
+ Khan, No. 4845 Sepoy Akbar, I.D.S.M., 368
+
+ Khan, Jemadar Alah Rakkha, I.O.M., 355
+
+ Khan, No. 2176 Lance-Dafadar Alladad, I.D.S.M., 351
+
+ Khan, No. 3480 Sepoy Alvas, I.D.S.M., 366
+
+ Khan, No. 2210 Dafadar Amanatullah, Russian Medal of St. George, 1st
+    Class, 350
+
+ Khan, Ressaidar Amir, Bahadur, 381
+
+ Khan, Subadar Arsla, Bahadur, I.O.M., M.C., 37, 38, 173, 365
+
+ Khan, No. 2102 Sepoy Aulia, I.D.S.M., 371
+
+ Khan, Risaldar-Major Awal, Bahadur, 350
+
+ Khan, Jemadar Ayub, I.O.M., 371
+
+ Khan, No. 3640 Lance-Naik Ayub, afterwards Naik, 304–9, 372
+
+ Khan, Subadar-Major Bahadur, 341
+
+ Khan, No. 2589 Sepoy Bahadur, I.D.S.M., 366
+
+ Khan, No. 246 Sepoy Dad, I.D.S.M., 371
+
+ Khan, No. 1027 Havildar Dal, I.D.S.M., 370
+
+ Khan, No. 3576 Sepoy Daulat, I.O.M., 365
+
+ Khan, No. 9483 Driver Fateh, I.D.S.M., 352
+
+ Khan, No. 182 Kot-Dafadar Fateh, I.D.S.M., 381
+
+ Khan, No. 3250 Sowar Fateh, I.D.S.M., 135, 352
+
+ Khan, Subadar Fateh Muhammad, I.D.S.M., 370
+
+ Khan, No. 3581 Naik Ghammai, I.D.S.M., 368
+
+ Khan, Subadar Hashmat Dad, Bahadur, I.D.S.M., 134, 370
+
+ Khan, No. 346 Dafadar Ibrahim, I.D.S.M., 351
+
+ Khan, Subadar Ismail, Bahadur, I.D.S.M., Russian Cross of the Order of
+    St. George, 3rd Class, 70, 353, 354
+
+ Khan, Subadar Jahandad, Bahadur, I.O.M., 250, 362
+
+ Khan, No. 1694 Sapper Jiwa, I.O.M., 291–2, 353
+
+ Khan, No. 2595 Havildar Karim, I.D.S.M., 366
+
+ Khan, Sepoy Khudadad, V.C., 347
+
+ Khan, Risaldar Khwaja Mahomed, Sirdar Bahadur, I.D.S.M., 22, 208, 311,
+    349
+
+ Khan, No. 3600 Sepoy Lafar, I.D.S.M., 371
+
+ Khan, No. 4731 Sepoy Lal, I.D.S.M., 368
+
+ Khan, No. 843 Naik Mahomed, I.D.S.M., 381
+
+ Khan, Jemadar Malik Mihi, I.O.M., 351
+
+ Khan, Lieut. Malik Mumtaz Mahomet, 22
+
+ Khan, No. 3663 Havildar Muzaffar, I.O.M., 368
+
+ Khan, No. 2625 Sepoy Mehr, I.D.S.M., 366
+
+ Khan, Subadar-Major Muhammad, I.D.S.M., 368
+
+ Khan, No. 2479 Havildar Muhammad, I.O.M., 353
+
+ Khan, No. 2102 Sepoy Muhammad, I.D.S.M., 369
+
+ Khan, Subadar-Major Nasir, Sardar Bahadur, I.O.M., Russian Medal of St.
+    George, 1st Class, 368, 369
+
+ Khan, Subadar Nazir, Russian Medal of St. George, 2nd Class, 357
+
+ Khan, No. 1007 Havildar Nowsher, Russian Medal of St. George, 2nd
+    Class, 355
+
+ Khan, No. 2268 Havildar Nur, I.D.S.M., 371
+
+ Khan, No. 831 Naik Painda, I.D.S.M., 381
+
+ Khan, No. 471 Sepoy Raji, I.O.M., 251, 371
+
+ Khan, No. 1848 Havildar Roshan, I.O.M., 367
+
+ Khan, Havildar Sobat, 45
+
+ Khan, No. 250 Sepoy Saiday, I.O.M., 371
+
+ Khan, Naik Shahmad, 300
+
+ Khan, No. 2834 Lance-Naik Sher, I.O.M., 367
+
+ Khan, No. 1695 Sepoy Usman, I.O.M., 34, 365
+
+ Khan, No. 4355 Havildar Wasim, Russian Medal of St. George, 1st Class,
+    371
+
+ Khan, No. 2584 Havildar Yakub, I.O.M., 365
+
+ Khan, Subadar Zaman, Bahadur, M.C., 45, 371
+
+ Khan, No. 27 Sepoy Zarif, I.O.M., 229, 368
+
+ Khans, 16
+
+ Khattri, No. 2885 Rifleman Balbahadur, I.D.S.M., 377
+
+ Khattri, Subadar Balbahadar, Bahadur, 376
+
+ Khattri, Jemadar Damodhar, I.D.S.M., 376
+
+ Khattri, Subadar Haridhoj, M.C., I.D.S.M., 376
+
+ Khattri, No. 2016 Lance-Naik Jhaman Sing, I.O.M., 110, 376
+
+ Khattri, No. 2096 Lance-Naik Jowar Sing, I.D.S.M., 376
+
+ Khattri, No. 2027 Naik Kulman, I.D.S.M., 376
+
+ Khattri, Subadar Mehar Sing, I.O.M., 217, 376
+
+ Khattri, No. 2314 Lance-Naik Sirikisan, I.D.S.M., 377
+
+ Khudadad, No. 4050 Sepoy, V.C., 43, 46, 370
+
+ Khushali, No. 7017 Naik, I.D.S.M., 379
+
+ Khyber, 11
+
+ Khyber Rifles, 16
+
+ Kirkaldy, 2nd Lieut. C. H., 214
+
+ Kisch, Lieut. (R.E.), 157
+
+ Kisch, Capt. F. H., D.S.O., 255, 256, 353
+
+ Kitchener, Lord, and the Indian Army, 3, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 15, 22, 25,
+    28, 45, 54, 182, 185, 186, 194, 195, 198, 199, 297, 298, 312, 319,
+    320, 322, 323
+
+ Klein Hollebeke, 39
+
+ Knapp, Miss M. D., Royal Red Cross Decoration, 2nd Class, 376
+
+ Knatchbull, Major, 152
+
+ Kumaon, 110
+
+ Kumassi, 1
+
+ Kundan, No. 7034 Lance-Naik, I.D.S.M., 380
+
+ Kunwar, No. 3075 Rifleman Dinbahadur, I.D.S.M., 377
+
+ Kunwar, No. 3994 Rifleman Partiram, I.D.S.M., 375
+
+ Kunwar, No. 2589 Rifleman Tika Ram, I.O.M., Russian Medal of St.
+    George, 3rd Class, 376
+
+ Kushab, 87
+
+
+ Lahore, 244
+
+ Lahore Division, 18–20, 24, 27, 33, 46, 49, 53, 60, 65, 67, 75, 105,
+    106, 110, 120, 121, 143, 149, 150, 153, 154, 157, 160, 164, 165,
+    166, 168, 170, 173, 174, 175, 177, 179, 204, 205, 208, 218, 221,
+    224, 226, 231, 239, 245, 246, 247, 248, 257, 260, 266, 267, 268,
+    269, 278, 284, 312, 327, 328, 329
+   Division Artillery, 265
+   Division, Signalling Company, 234
+
+ Laing, Capt., 169
+
+ Lal, No. 1757 Havildar Har, I.D.S.M., 357
+
+ Lal, No. 1821 Havildar Jai, I.O.M., 356
+
+ Lal, Subadar Shib, Bahadur, 356
+
+ Lalak, No. 2554 Lance-Naik, I.O.M., 365
+
+ Lama, Subadar Dan Sing, I.O.M., 373
+
+ Lambton, Major-General, 316–17
+
+ Lancashire (Royal) Regiment, 66, 260
+   (Loyal North) Regiment, 167
+
+ Lancers, 15th (Cureton’s Multani), 19, 65, 206, 234, 240
+
+ Lane, Capt. J. H. T., M.C., 181, 360
+
+ Langemarck, 247, 248, 249, 254, 257
+
+ Langhorne, Capt. A. P. Y., 54, 55, 314
+
+ Lansdowne Post, 278, 281, 284
+
+ Lashkar, No. 3212 Havildar, I.D.S.M., 367
+
+ Latif, No. 2069 Sepoy Abdul, I.D.S.M., 357
+
+ Laventie, 60
+
+ Layes, Des, river, 203, 212, 216–18, 230
+
+ Layng, Lieut. (temp. Capt.) T., M.C., 377
+
+ Lee, Capt. H. N., 157
+
+ Leeds, Major (temp. Lieut.-Col.), afterwards Brevet Lieut.-Col., 369
+
+ Lehri, No. 3415 Sepoy, I.D.S.M., 357
+
+ Leicester Regiment, 2nd, 19, 55, 121, 123, 124, 132, 133, 134, 150,
+    151, 152, 206, 209, 210, 211, 212, 213, 215, 219, 222, 239, 281,
+    282, 283, 328, 331, 332, 333, 334, 341
+
+ Leinster Regiment, 1st Battalion, 2, 313, 316
+
+ Lentaigne, Capt. E. C., 258
+
+ Lempriere, Colonel H., 171
+
+ Lestrem, 205, 221, 224, 238
+
+ Lewis, Lieut. H. V., M.C., 41–3, 371
+
+ Ligny-le-Grand, 202, 269, 270
+
+ Ligny-le-Petit, 270
+
+ Lille, 60, 306
+
+ Lillers, 178, 180
+
+ Lincoln Regiment, 66
+
+ Lind, Capt. A. G., 127
+
+ Lindop, Lieut. E. L. E., M.C., 363
+
+ Lindsay, Lieut.-Col. H. A. P., C.M.G., 97, 348
+
+ Liptrott, Lieut., 112
+
+ Liverpool Regiment (King’s), 4th, 205, 229, 240, 248, 257, 258, 259,
+    262, 263, 264, 266, 281, 286, 288, 289, 290
+
+ Lizerne, 254
+
+ Lloyd, Lieut., 259
+
+ Lobes, Les, 208
+
+ Locke-Elliott, Lieut.-General Sir, 53, 54
+
+ Locon, 105, 141
+
+ Lodwick, Capt. J. T., D.S.O., 152, 225, 374
+
+ Logan, 2nd Lieut. (temp. Lieut.) A. F., M.C., 377
+
+ Loire River, 26
+
+ London, 74, 198, 244, 246
+
+ _London Gazette_ (Sept. 14, 1919), 157 _n._
+
+ London Regiment, 4th (Territorials), 206, 225, 240, 248, 252, 259
+   3rd (Territorials), 206, 210, 211, 214, 215, 239, 244, 281, 282, 283,
+      328, 330, 333
+
+ Longridge, Major J. A., afterwards Brevet Lieut.-Col., 49, 350
+
+ Loos, 52, 77, 218, 232, 304, 320, 321, 325
+
+ Loring, Major C., 175
+
+ Lucas, Lieut., 85
+
+ Lucknow, 33, 51, 216, 338
+
+ “Ludhiana,” 63
+
+ Lugard, Colonel Sir Frederick, 320
+
+ Lukin, Major R. C. W., D.S.O., 348
+
+ Lumb, Capt. F. G. E., M.C., 130, 131, 360
+
+ Lushington, Major W. N., afterwards Brevet Lieut.-Col., 381
+
+ Lydden, 2nd Lieut., 248
+
+ Lys, 246
+
+
+ Macandrew, Lieut.-Col. (temp. Brig.-General), afterwards Brevet Col.,
+    H. J. M., D.S.O., 349
+
+ Macandrew, 2nd Lieut. I., 92
+
+ Macandrew, Lieut. I. M., 169
+
+ Macbean, Major-General F., C.V.O., C.B., 19, 53, 76, 120, 121, 122,
+    135, 163, 170
+
+ MacBrayne, Capt. R. J., M.C., 358
+
+ MacCall, Capt., 341
+
+ McCleverty, Capt. G., 86
+
+ M‘Cleverty, Capt. R. J., 66, 69
+
+ McClintock, Major A. L., 94
+
+ McCrae-Bruce, Lieut. W. A., 157
+
+ M‘Dougall, Sub-Conductor J. L. N., M.C., 381
+
+ McEwan, Capt. J. S., 175
+
+ MacFarlane, Lieut.-Col., 154, 221
+
+ McIntosh, 2nd Lieut., 264
+
+ M‘Intosh, Private, 127
+
+ Mackain, Capt., 125
+
+ McKenzie, Capt., 340
+
+ Mackenzie, Capt. C. A., 175
+
+ MacKenzie, Lieut. D., 107
+
+ Mackie, Capt., 251
+
+ Mackmillan, Lieut., 276
+
+ McLaughlin, Capt., 134
+
+ MacLean, Lieut., 77
+
+ McLeod, Sir C., 101
+
+ MacLeod, Lieut., 338
+
+ McMicking, Lieut. N., 129
+
+ McNeill, Chaplain Rev., 92
+
+ Macpherson, Capt. A. B., M.C., 356
+
+ Macpherson, Lieut. D. S., 134
+
+ Macpherson, Major N., 85
+
+ Macready, General, 317
+
+ McSwiney, Lieut. H. C. F., M.C., 108–10, 374
+
+ MacTier, Major, 213
+
+ Madhu, No. 2743 Sowar, I.O.M., 86, 352
+
+ Madras, 94
+
+ Madras Native Infantry, 3rd Batt., 300
+   Sappers and Miners, 7, 9
+   Volunteer Rifles, 255
+
+ Madura, 300
+
+ Mahadeo, Subadar Ganpat, Bahadur, 71, 353
+
+ Mahar, No. 1480 Naik Kedar Sing, I.D.S.M., 362
+
+ Mahar, Jemadar Pancham Sing, M.C., 361
+
+ Maharajpore, 113
+
+ Mahomed, Havildar Dost, 157
+
+ Mahomed, Colour-Havildar Ghulam, 43
+
+ Mahsuds, 39, 146
+
+ Maine, 1st Class Assist. Surgeon W. J. S., afterwards Assistant Surgeon
+    Lieut., M.C., 378, 380
+
+ Maistre, General, 32, 106, 141, 176
+
+ Mal, No. 1515 Havildar Lalit, Bahadur, I.D.S.M., 376
+
+ Mal, No. 2721 Rifleman Panchbir, afterwards Havildar, I.O.M., 376, 377
+
+ Mal, No. 2118 Lance-Naik Samar Bahadur, I.D.S.M., 376
+
+ Mal, Jemadar Shibdhoj, I.O.M., 220, 376
+
+ Malakand Pass, 11, 300
+
+ Malaun, 110, 164
+
+ Maliks, 11, 16
+
+ Malony, Lieut., 37
+
+ Manchesters, 1st, 19, 55, 61, 63, 65, 108, 140, 170, 171, 172, 173,
+    175, 206, 216, 224, 226, 228, 231, 240, 248, 249, 253, 254, 266
+
+ Mangin, Capt. E. B., M.C., 184, 369
+
+ Mangli, No. 8037 Lance-Naik, I.D.S.M., 379
+
+ Manipore, 46
+
+ Mankelow, Lieut. A. H., M.C., 225, 360
+
+ Mann, Lieut. R. L., 171
+
+ Mansel, Capt. J. L., 171
+
+ Manson, 2nd Lieut. C. C. E., M.C., 315–16, 375
+
+ Marais, 171
+
+ Mardan, 58
+
+ Marks, Sub-Conductor F. C., afterwards Assist. Commissary and Hon.
+    Lieut., 382
+
+ Marne River, 33, 202
+
+ Marseilles, 3, 4, 10, 20, 22, 23, 25, 32, 54, 62, 100, 309–12
+
+ Marshall, Capt. A., D.S.O., 352
+
+ Martin, Capt. G. D., M.C., 357
+
+ Maru, No. 2685 Lance-Naik, I.D.S.M., 357
+
+ Mason, Lieut. A., M.C., 353
+
+ Massy, Capt. (temp. Major), afterwards Brevet Major, S. D., 359
+
+ Masters, Capt. A., 125
+
+ Maud’huy, General de, 92, 106, 116, 140, 176
+
+ Mauquissart, 60, 75, 79, 119, 218, 241, 267, 304, 321, 327, 332, 338,
+    341
+
+ Maxwell, Colonel, 53
+
+ Maxwell, Lieut. C., 134
+
+ Maxwell, Major W. F., D.S.O., 255, 355
+
+ Mazbi Sikhs, 57, 68
+
+ Meanee, 33
+
+ Mediterranean, 95, 100
+   Eastern, 34
+
+ Meeanee, 87, 164
+
+ Meerut Division, 19–20, 52, 53, 65, 73, 75, 85, 92, 105, 120, 121, 149,
+    150, 151, 152, 158, 160, 163, 164, 165, 166, 167, 168, 170, 173,
+    204, 205, 206, 216, 218, 221, 224, 226, 239, 268, 269, 270, 272,
+    273, 277, 278, 279, 281, 284, 288, 289, 312, 317, 327, 328, 329,
+    330, 333
+   Signal Company, 234
+
+ Mein, Lieut. D. B., M.C., 251, 365
+
+ Meldrum, Lieut., 332
+
+ Mellis, Capt. A. R., M.C., 291, 372
+
+ Melrose, Lance-Corporal, 129
+
+ Mercer, Brig.-General, 49
+
+ Merewether, Lieut.-Col. J. W. B., _The Indian Corps in France_, 55,
+    239, 296
+
+ Merville, 31, 64, 100
+
+ Mesopotamia, 28, 51, 52, 58, 68, 72, 128, 199, 255, 259, 267, 276, 300,
+    320, 338
+
+ Messines, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 89, 91
+
+ Messinier, Assist. Surgeon E. B., M.C., 378
+
+ Mexico, 23
+
+ Middlesex Regiment, 89
+
+ Milligan, Lieut., 340
+
+ Milligan, Lieut. J., 128
+
+ Milne, Major, 276
+
+ Milne, Major-General Geo. F., 267
+
+ Min Post, 328
+
+ Minto, Lord, 10, 11
+
+ Minto, Lady, 11
+
+ Mir, Naik Sar, 48
+
+ Misr, No. 2029 Naik Ramji, I.D.S.M., 369
+
+ Mistakin, No. 4305 Sepoy, I.D.S.M., 371
+
+ Moated Grange Street, 328
+
+ Moberly, Lieut., 339
+
+ Mohmand Expedition, 9, 252
+
+ Mohmands, 39, 40
+
+ Molloy, Major G., 86
+
+ Morney, Capt. H., 163
+
+ Money, Capt., 145
+
+ Mons, 25, 27, 32, 77, 161, 178, 202
+
+ Moodkee, 216
+
+ Moody, Capt. F. H. M., M.C., 350
+
+ Moore, Thomas, quotation from, 109
+
+ Moore, Capt., 184
+
+ Moore, Capt., 215
+
+ Moore, Lieut. C. F. F., M.C., 258, 375
+
+ Moore, Lieut.-Col. C. H. G., D.S.O., C.M.G., 97, 348
+
+ Moorhead, Lieut.-Col. A. H., M.B., afterwards Brevet Col., 97, 380
+
+ Morant, Mrs., 101
+
+ Moroccan Brigade, 257, 261, 262
+   4th, 265
+
+ Morris, Colonel, 76, 332
+
+ Morris, Lieut. E., 108
+
+ Motor Cycle Corps, 255
+
+ Moule, Major, 290
+
+ Moulin du Piètre, 327, 334, 335, 338, 339, 340, 341
+
+ Moutray, Lieut. A. G., 108
+
+ Muhammad, No. 3191 Havildar Dost, I.O.M., 368
+
+ Muhammad, No. 1815 Driver Fakir, I.D.S.M., 381
+
+ Muhammad, No. 2524 Colour-Havildar Ghulam, I.O.M., 371
+
+ Muhammad, No. 3450 Sapper Saleh, I.D.S.M., 354
+
+ Muir, Capt. A. H., 261
+
+ Muktiara, No. 3893 Sepoy, Russian Medal of St. George, 4th Class, 362
+
+ Mula, No. 1574 Havildar, I.D.S.M., 357
+
+ Mullaly, Capt. C. M., 271
+
+ Mullaly, Lieut. J. C., 68, 72
+
+ Mulloo, No. 7455 Bearer, I.D.S.M., 380
+
+ Munipoor, 1
+
+ Munn, Lieut. F. L. R., M.C., 302
+
+ Murray, Lieut.-Col., 248
+
+ Murray, Major, 33
+
+ Murray, Capt. K. D., 64
+
+ Murray, Capt. Owen J. E., 213
+
+ Murray, Capt. R., 214
+
+ Murray, Lieut. R. G. H., M.C., 217, 376
+
+ Murray, Major T. F., 162
+
+ Murree, 1
+
+ Musalmans, 72, 234, 297
+
+ Muspratt, Colonel F. C., C.M.G., 348
+
+ Mysore, 92, 233, 300
+
+
+ Nagpore, Bishop of, 316
+
+ Nanton, Colonel H. C., afterwards Brig.-General, 204
+
+ Napier, 164
+
+ Narayan, Lieut. Maharaja Kumar Hitandra, of Kuch Behar, 22
+
+ Narayan, No. 2583 Naik, I.D.S.M., 366
+
+ Narian, No. 7330 Bearer, I.D.S.M., 380
+
+ Neale, Major E. B. afterwards Brevet Lieut.-Col., 360
+
+ Needham, Major R. A., D.S.O., 378
+
+ Negi, No. 1810 Havildar Alam Sing, I.O.M., 182, 360
+
+ Negi, No. 2480 Rifleman Banchu, I.O.M., 361
+
+ Negi, Havildar Buta Sing, 210
+
+ Negi, No. 762 Havildar Butha Sing, I.O.M., 362
+
+ Negi, No. 1598 Rifleman Chandar Sing, I.D.S.M., 362
+
+ Negi, Subadar Dan Sing, I.D.S.M., 361
+
+ Negi, No. 1909 Naik Darwan Sing, V.C., 132, 211, 347, 360
+
+ Negi, Subadar Dhan Sing, M.C., 131, 360
+
+ Negi, No. 1715 Rifleman Dhan Sing, I.O.M., 360
+
+ Negi, Jemadar Ghantu Sing, 211
+
+ Negi, No. 1085 Rifleman Gobar Sing, V.C., 210, 347, 361
+
+ Negi, Jemadar Goman Sing, I.D.S.M., 361
+
+ Negi, No. 2285 Rifleman Jawarihu, I.O.M., 361
+
+ Negi, No. 2103 Lance-Naik Jit Sing, Russian Medal of St. George, 4th
+    Class, 361
+
+ Negi, Jemadar Prem Sing, I.O.M., 300
+
+ Negi, No. 1085 Rifleman Raichand, I.D.S.M., 361
+
+ Negi, Jemadar Sangram Sing, M.C., 361
+
+ Nelson, Capt., 339
+
+ Nepal, 3, 30, 56, 76, 85, 96, 187, 271
+
+ Nethersole, Lieut. J., M.C., 351
+
+ Neuve Chapelle, 3, 22, 46, 49, 52, 54, 57, 60, 63, 64, 65, 67, 68, 69,
+    70, 71, 75, 82, 91, 95, 119, 150, 180, 188, 189, 195, 196, 200, 201,
+    202, 203, 209, 210, 211, 215, 216, 218, 220, 222, 223, 224, 226,
+    229, 230, 232, 233, 234, 235, 236, 239, 241, 243, 244, 245, 254,
+    259, 268, 269, 277, 293, 332
+
+ Newar, No. 4203 Rifleman Deotinarain, I.D.S.M., 375
+
+ Newar, Subadar-Major Fateh Sing, Bahadur, 84, 378
+
+ Newnham, Major (temp. Lieut.-Col.), afterwards Brevet Lieut.-Col., C.
+    C., 350
+
+ Niamutullah, Jemadar, I.D.S.M., 354
+
+ Nicholson, John, 28, 182
+
+ Nicolay, Major B. A., 155, 156
+
+ Nicolay, Major H., 217
+
+ Nicolls, Lieut., 340
+
+ Nieppe Forest, 246
+
+ Nieuport, 116, 245
+
+ Nijni Novgorod Fair, 26
+
+ Nikka, No. 3000 Havildar, I.D.S.M., 380
+
+ Nir, No. 4280 Naik Sar, I.O.M., 371
+
+ Norfolk Regiment, 78
+
+ Norie, Lieut.-Col. C. E. de M., D.S.O., afterwards Brevet Col., 84–6,
+    342, 378
+
+ Norie, Major F. H., D.S.O., 372
+
+ Norman, Lieut. S., 172
+
+ Northamptonshire Regiment, 167, 317
+
+ Northumberland Brigade, 254
+
+ Nosworthy, Lieut., 76
+
+ Nosworthy, Capt. J. P., M.C., 255, 353
+
+ Nott-Bower, Lieut., 283
+
+
+ Odell, Capt. W. F., M.C., 370
+
+ O’Neill, Capt. J. S., M.C., 378
+
+ Oost Taverne, 34
+
+ Orakzais, 238
+
+ Orchard, the, 149, 150, 151, 152, 158, 167, 169, 224, 283
+
+ Orleans, 4, 17, 20, 25, 26, 27, 180, 252
+
+ Ormsby, Lieut.-Col. V. A., C.B., 110, 210, 211, 219, 374
+
+ Orton, Capt. S., 130, 131
+
+ Ouderdom, 246, 262, 265
+
+ Oudh, 101
+
+ Oudh Auxiliary Force, Cavalry Regiment of the, 312
+
+ Ouseley, Colonel, 53
+
+ Outram, General, 182
+
+ Ouvert, Rue d’, 327
+
+ Ovens, Lieut. J., 89
+
+
+ Paardeberg, 338
+
+ Padday, Capt. W. H., 175
+
+ Padhujar, Havildar Diwan Sing, I.D.S.M., 362
+
+ Palestine, 199, 237
+
+ Pande, No. 2867 Naik Angad, I.D.S.M., 357
+
+ Pandir, Havildar Ranjir Sing, I.D.S.M., 362
+
+ Paris, 23, 269
+
+ Paris, Capt., 71
+
+ Park, Capt. Kenneth, 271
+
+ Parker, temp. Lieut. A. H., M.C., 382
+
+ Parshad, 2nd Class Sen. Sub-Assist. Surgeon Mahadeo, I.D.S.M., 379
+
+ Pass, Lieut. F. A. de, V.C., 134–5, 347, 352
+
+ Paterson, Capt. G. F. J., M.C., 359
+
+ Pathans, 7, 10, 34, 39, 57, 62, 79, 245, 269, 321
+   40th, 238, 240, 247–50, 266, 312
+
+ Patrick, Capt. R. M. F., M.C., 363
+
+ Payne, Capt., 33, 89, 90
+
+ Peck, Major, afterwards Brevet Lieut.-Col., A. W., 50, 350
+
+ Pegu, 300
+
+ Peishwa, 164
+
+ Peploe, Lieut., 134
+
+ Perkins, Major, 250
+
+ _Persia_, 39
+
+ Persia, s.s., 95
+
+ Peru, 23
+
+ Peshawar, 41, 74, 230, 297
+
+ Peshawar Division, 12, 93, 241, 270
+
+ Pharswan, No. 1465 Rifleman Gopal Sing, I.D.S.M., 362
+
+ Phillips, Major E. H., 90
+
+ Picquet House, 165, 166, 167
+
+ Piètre, 232
+
+ Pike, Capt. G. D., M.C., 376
+
+ Pindar River, 132
+
+ Pioneers, 106th, 299
+   107th, 20, 27, 78, 111, 120, 121, 122, 123, 124, 131, 132, 134, 150,
+      166, 167, 206, 233, 240, 284, 299, 342
+
+ Pipon, temp. Capt. P. J. G., C.I.E., M.C., 311, 382
+
+ Pirie, Major-General C. P. W., C.B., 348
+
+ Pitts-Tucker, Lieut. C., 162
+
+ Plumer, General Sir Herbert, 267
+
+ Plumer’s Force, 202, 263
+
+ Plutz, General, 263
+
+ Polo, Marco, 264
+
+ Pont-à-Vendin, 327
+
+ Pont Logy, 82
+
+ Poona Horse, 84th, 20, 84, 86, 87, 134, 135, 171, 175
+
+ Port Arthur, 204, 210, 214, 218, 219, 222, 224, 233, 279, 280
+
+ Potijze, 245, 257, 260
+
+ Pott, Lieut. D., M.C., 351
+
+ Potter, Major H. W., 42, 144, 145
+
+ Potts, Colonel, 53
+
+ Powell, 2nd Lieut, (temp. Lieut.) F., M.C., 377
+
+ Price, Capt., 341
+
+ Primrose, Capt. the Hon. Neil, 54, 193
+
+ Pringle, Capt., 155
+
+ Probyn, Sir Dighton, 191
+
+ Pryce, Major (temp. Lieut.-Col.) H. E. Rhys, C.M.G., 348
+
+ Pun, No. 2392 Lance-Naik Amar Sing, I.D.S.M., 373
+
+ Pun, No. 3266 Rifleman Jagtea, I.O.M., 218, 373
+
+ Pun, No. 3530 Rifleman Kharkbir, Russian Medal of St. George, 3rd
+    Class, 374
+
+ Pun, No. 1760 Naik Rupdan, Russian Medal of St. George, 2nd Class, 374
+
+ Punjab, 1, 12, 63, 110
+
+ Punjabi Infantry, 5th, 79
+   Mahomedans, 7, 57
+   Musalmans, 34, 39, 63, 79, 87, 238
+   Regiment, 19th, 285
+   Regiment, 21st, 242
+   Regiment, 28th, 77
+   Regiment, 33rd, 300, 328, 334, 335, 340, 341
+   Regiment, 69th, 300, 302, 333, 334, 335, 339, 341
+   Regiment, 74th, 339
+   Regiment, 82nd, 276
+   Regiment, 84th, 283
+   Regiment, 89th, 300, 307
+
+ Pyper, 2nd Lieut., 259
+
+
+ Quetta, 297
+   Indian Staff College at, 12
+
+ Quinque, La, Rue, 149, 165, 279, 286
+
+
+ Rafiuddin, No. 1526 Lance-Naik, I.D.S.M., 381
+
+ Rahman, No. 2192 Sapper Shaikh Abdul, I.O.M., 212, 353
+
+ Rai, No. 2417 Rifleman Bhandoj, I.O.M., 375
+
+ Railton, Lieut., 271
+
+ Rait, Miss H. A. M., Royal Red Cross Decoration, 1st Class, 378
+
+ Rait-Kerr, Lieut., 71
+
+ Rajputs, 7, 72, 297
+
+ Ralston, Capt. W. H., M.C., 364
+
+ Ram, No. 4423 Sepoy Beli, I.O.M., 361
+
+ Ram, Jemadar Incha, M.C., 118, 356
+
+ Ram, Subadar Inchha, Bahadur, 356
+
+ Ram, Jemadar Lakhi, M.C., I.D.S.M., 356, 357
+
+ Ram, Subadar Lekh, 271
+
+ Ram, No. 2632 Sepoy Palla, I.O.M., 365
+
+ Ram, No. 772 1st Class Sub-Assist. Surgeon Pohlo, I.D.S.M., 379
+
+ Ram, Ressaidar Udmi, I.D.S.M., 350
+
+ Rambhagat, No. 2960 Sepoy, I.D.S.M., 357
+
+ Ramdasia, 63
+
+ Ramzan, No. 2869 Lance-Naik Shaikh, I.D.S.M., 354
+
+ Rana, No. 2698 Rifleman Anarupe, I.O.M., 378
+
+ Rana, Jemadar Arjun, I.O.M., 378
+
+ Rana, No. 798 Lance-Naik Asbir, I.D.S.M., 375
+
+ Rana, No. 1840 Havildar Bhakat Sing, I.O.M., 264, 375
+
+ Rana, Subadar Dalbahadur, 84
+
+ Rana, No. 289 Rifleman Kesar Sing, I.D.S.M., 362
+
+ Rana, Subadar Kharak Sing, M.C., 378
+
+ Rana, Jemadar Nain Sing, 258
+
+ Rana, No. 2417 Rifleman Partab, I.O.M., 361
+
+ Rane, 3rd Class Sub-Assist. Surgeon, G. R. R., I.O.M., 379
+
+ Ranowde, No. 3134 Lance-Naik Bhan, afterwards Naik, 355
+
+ Ranowde, No. 3132 Lance-Naik Narayan, afterwards Naik, 355
+
+ Rao, No. 255 Dafadar Shankar, I.O.M., 175, 351
+
+ Rathore Rajputs, 87
+
+ Ratna, Subadar, I.D.S.M., 357
+
+ Ravenshaw, Lieut.-Col. H., 33, 89, 108
+
+ Rawat, Subadar Baij Sing, Bahadur, 360
+
+ Rawat, Subadar Bishan Sing, M.C., 360
+
+ Rawat, Jemadar Daulat, 181
+
+ Rawat, No. 2172 Rifleman Ghantu, I.O.M., 360
+
+ Rawat, Gopal Singh, 85
+
+ Rawat, Subadar Jagat Sing, Bahadur, 181, 360
+
+ Rawat, Subadar Kedar Sing, I.D.S.M., 214, 361
+
+ Rawat, Jemadar Lachman Sing, I.D.S.M., 362
+
+ Rawat, No. 541 Rifleman Madan Sing, I.O.M., 362
+
+ Rawat, No. 870 Rifleman Nain Sing, I.D.S.M., 362
+
+ Rawat, No. 1729 Havildar Padam Sing, Russian Order of St. George, 4th
+    Class, 361
+
+ Rawlinson, Lieut.-Gen. Sir Henry, 284
+
+ Rawlinson’s 14th Corps, 201, 203
+
+ Raymond, Capt. E. D., M.C., 349
+
+ Reardon, Lieut., 38
+
+ Red Cross Association, 100
+
+ Reed, Capt. H. R. B., M.C., 349
+
+ Reed, Capt. T., 228
+
+ Reid, Lieut. J., 83, 85
+
+ Reilly, Lieut. R. A., 128
+
+ Rennick, Lieut.-Col., 238, 249
+
+ Rheims, 241, 289
+
+ Richardson, Lieut.-Col. H. L., afterwards Brevet Col., 365
+
+ Richardson, Captain J. S., 70
+
+ Richebourg l’Avoué, 75
+
+ Richebourg St. Vaast, 205, 215, 221, 238
+
+ Ridgway, Colonel, 341
+
+ Rifle Brigade (British), 12th, 336
+
+ Rifles, 55th (Coke’s), 34, 130, 131, 248, 251
+   57th (Wilde’s, Frontier Force), 19, 33–6, 39, 44, 48, 78, 120, 122,
+      126, 129–31, 133, 144, 164, 170, 173, 206, 240, 248–9, 251–2, 258,
+      288, 295–6, 300–302, 314
+   58th (Vaughan’s, Frontier Force), 79, 120–23, 128–9, 160, 165,
+      167–169, 176, 208, 239, 242
+   59th (Frontier Force), 19, 61–2, 64, 154, 156–7, 171, 206, 226–8,
+      240, 248–9, 298
+   125th (Napier’s), 19, 162, 164, 165, 205–6, 239, 272, 284, 304
+
+ Risal, No. 3426 Sepoy, I.D.S.M., 118, 357
+
+ Ritchie, Lieut.-Col., 169, 219
+
+ Rithal, No. 1448 Rifleman Karam Sing, Russian Medal of St. George, 4th
+    Class, 362
+
+ Robecq, 205
+
+ Roberts, Field-Marshal Lord, 1, 28, 48, 103–6
+   and the Indian Army, 8, 182, 183, 188
+
+ Roberts, Lieut. G. B., 249
+
+ Robertson, General, 192
+
+ Robertson-Glasgow, Capt. A. W., 110
+
+ Robinson, Capt., 290
+
+ Robinson, Capt. D. G., D.S.O., 348
+
+ Robson, Lieut. R. E., 123–30, 131, 132, 148
+
+ Roche, Lieut.-Col. H. J., C.B., 113, 166, 356
+
+ Roe, Capt. C. D., D.S.O., 315–16, 375
+
+ Rogers, Lieut. L. C. C., M.C., 376
+
+ Rohde, Lieut., 70
+
+ Roka, No. 2515 Rifleman Hastobir, I.O.M., 218, 373
+
+ Romilly, Captain, 150, 152, 212, 213, 332
+
+ Romola, No. 1321 Lance-Naik Dangwa, I.D.S.M., 361
+
+ Ronaldson, Colonel, 154–5
+
+ Roomes trench, 224
+
+ Roos-Keppel, Colonel Sir George, 16, 17
+
+ Ross, Major, 85
+
+ Ross, Capt. Alan, 174, 175
+
+ Ross, Capt. A. C., D.S.O., 351
+
+ Ross, Capt. R. C., D.S.O., 356
+
+ Roubaix, 225
+
+ Rouge Croix, 67
+
+ Rouge Croix East Post, 328
+
+ Rouges Bancs, 75, 260
+
+ Row, Lieut. H., 228
+
+ Royal Field Artillery, 5th, 11th, and 18th Brigades, 19, 224
+   4th, 9th, and 13th Brigades, 20
+   9th, 28th Battery, 90
+
+ Royal Horse Artillery, N Battery, 20
+
+ Royal Scots Fusiliers, 84, 89
+
+ Royal Scots Regiment, the, 68
+
+ Rugby Post, 328
+
+ Rundall, Colonel, 158
+
+ Rundall, Capt. A. M., 162
+
+ Rundall, Lieut. L. B., 157–8
+
+ Rustam, 114
+
+ Ryall, Lieut., 332
+
+
+ Sabatu, No. 8910 Bearer Ram, I.D.S.M., 379
+
+ Sadardin, No. 3890 Sepoy, Russian Medal of St. George, 4th Class, 369
+
+ Sadik, No. 2352 Naik Muhammad, I.D.S.M., 369
+
+ Safirullah, No. 3457 Naik, Russian Medal of St. George, 3rd Class, 308
+
+ Sahai, No. 2093 Havildar Debi, Russian Cross of the Order of St.
+    George, 4th Class, 357
+
+ Sahi, No. 2772 Rifleman Manbahadur, I.D.S.M., 377
+
+ Sahi, No. 3055 Rifleman Ranbahadur, I.D.S.M., 377
+
+ Saidak, No. 3572 Havildar, I.O.M., 367
+
+ St. Clair, Capt. the Hon., 150
+
+ St. Eloi, 245
+
+ St. George, Lieut., 258
+
+ St. Jean, 247, 248
+
+ St. Julien, 246, 247, 254
+
+ St. Omer, 20
+
+ St. Pol, 116
+
+ St. Vaast, 280, 284
+
+ St. Venant, 100, 320
+
+ Sajwan, No. 1342 Rifleman Ganesh Sing, I.O.M., 95, 362
+
+ Saki, Ran Bahadur, 110
+
+ Salisbury, 75, 204
+
+ Salles, Capitaine, 176
+
+ Sandhurst, 1
+
+ Sangster, Major, 185
+
+ Sappers and Miners, 20th and 21st Companies, 19, 27, 61, 65, 67, 68,
+    69, 70, 71, 94, 108, 116, 206, 240, 284, 291–2, 329, 342
+   3rd and 4th Companies, 20, 27, 65, 111, 112, 116, 132, 206, 240, 255,
+      262, 280, 284, 291–2, 342
+
+ Saran, No. 2702 Sepoy Ram, I.D.S.M., 366
+
+ Sardar, No. 3866 Naik, I.D.S.M., 367
+
+ Sarfaraz, No. 3136 Havildar, I.D.S.M., 367
+
+ Sarki, No. 1280 Havildar Judhia, I.D.S.M., 378
+
+ Sarewit, No. 1360 3rd Class Sub-Assist. Surgeon Mathura Parshad,
+    I.D.S.M., 380
+
+ Saunders, Capt., 259
+
+ Savy, Colonel, 257, 261, 262
+
+ Scale, Capt., 157
+
+ Scinde, 312
+
+ Scinde Camel Corps, 62, 63
+
+ Scobie, Lieut. J. A. M., M.C., 157, 368
+
+ Scoones, Lieut. G. A. P., M.C., 373
+
+ Scott, Capt., 250
+
+ Scott, Brig.-General A. B., 53, 204
+
+ Scott, Capt. H. L., M.C., 349
+
+ Scott, Capt. W. F., 64
+
+ Seaforth Highlanders, 1st, 19, 55, 92, 107, 140, 206, 214, 215, 218,
+    219, 230, 270, 271, 272, 274, 328
+   4th, 153, 154, 158, 159, 160, 165, 166, 167, 168, 169, 176, 206, 217,
+      221, 230, 270, 271, 272, 274, 328
+
+ Searle, 2nd Lieut. C. S., M.C., 377
+
+ Sebastopol, 92
+
+ Secunderabad Cavalry Brigade, 20, 22, 27, 72, 73, 82, 106, 116, 119,
+    120, 122, 134, 138, 159, 163, 170, 174, 175
+
+ Seine River, 23
+
+ Sempill, Major the Hon. Forbes, 215
+
+ Seringapatam, 216, 233, 338
+
+ Seton-Browne, 2nd Lieut. M., 132
+
+ Shah, No. 1406 Driver Abdullah, I.D.S.M., 381
+
+ Shah, Subadar Fazl, I.D.S.M., 354
+
+ Shah, No. 3154 Sowar Firman, I.D.S.M., 135, 352
+
+ Shah, No. 1209 Naik Imam, I.D.S.M., 356
+
+ Shah, No. 2634 Naik Zargun, I.D.S.M., 367
+
+ Shankar, 1st Class Sub-Assist. Surgeon Game, I.D.S.M., 379
+
+ Shea, Lieut.-Col., afterwards Brevet Col., J. S. M., D.S.O., C.B., 348,
+    350
+
+ Sheppard, Lieut.-Col. (temp. Col.), G. S., C.M.G., 246
+
+ Sher, No. 13 Naik Bari, I.D.S.M., 355
+
+ Sher, No. 2602 Sepoy Gul, I.D.S.M., 318
+
+ Sher, No. 2813 Sepoy Lal, I.D.S.M., 49, 371
+
+ Sher, No. 2760 Naik Sahab, I.D.S.M., 366
+
+ Sheringham, Capt. A. T., D.S.O., 369
+
+ Sherston, Lieut. R. V., M.C., 351
+
+ Shinde, No. 298 2nd Class Sub-Assist. Surgeon Ram Krishna Ganpat, M.C.,
+    378
+
+ Shiraz, No. 3362 Colour-Havildar, I.D.S.M., 362
+
+ Shubrati, No. 986 Driver, I.D.S.M., 381
+
+ Sialkote, 70
+
+ Sialkote Cavalry Brigade, 176
+
+ Sidhu, No. 306 Sepoy, I.D.S.M., 363
+
+ Signal Company, 19, 20
+
+ Sikhs, 2, 7, 15, 34, 38, 56–7, 63, 65, 72, 79, 297
+   9th, 68
+   15th, 19, 61, 63–5, 91, 144–5, 205, 226, 229, 240, 254, 257, 260–63,
+      281, 284–5, 287–9, 296, 304
+   34th (Pioneers), 19, 61, 63–5, 120–122, 124–6, 133, 145, 205–6, 240,
+      255, 262, 329
+   45th, 285, 287
+   47th, 19, 61–70, 88, 162–3, 171, 175, 206, 216, 226, 228, 231, 240,
+      248–50, 266, 296
+   54th, 169
+   Rattray’s, 287
+
+ Simla, 6, 18
+
+ Sinclair, Lieut., 276
+
+ Singh, Colonel Sir Ganga, Bahadur, Maharajah of Bikanir, 21, 106
+
+ Singh, Major Sir Madan, Bahadur, Maharaja Dhiraj of Kishengarh, 21
+
+ Singh, Lieut.-General Sir Partab, Bahadur, 21, 87, 106, 237
+
+ Singh, Lieut. Maharaja Kumar Gopal Saran Narain, of Tikari, 22
+
+ Singh, Lieut. Raj-Kumar Hira of Panna, 22
+
+ Singh, No. 2980 Naik Achar, I.D.S.M., 370
+
+ Singh, No. 4902 Sepoy Albel, I.D.S.M., 363
+
+ Singh, No. 2206 Havildar Amar, I.D.S.M., 357
+
+ Singh, No. 8201 Sepoy Asa, I.D.S.M., 364
+
+ Singh, No. 2609 Naik Atma, I.O.M., 251, 365
+
+ Singh, Ressaidar Badan, I.D.S.M., 352
+
+ Singh, Subadar Badawa, 251
+
+ Singh, Subadar Bakshi, I.O.M., 364
+
+ Singh, No. 698 Sepoy Bakshi, I.O.M., 261, 358
+
+ Singh, No. 3156 Sepoy Banta, Russian Medal of St. George, 4th Class,
+    368
+
+ Singh, No. 312 Havildar Basant, I.D.S.M., 354
+
+ Singh, No. 708 Sapper Basant, I.D.S.M., 354
+
+ Singh, No. 91 Sapper Bawani, I.D.S.M., 355
+
+ Singh, No. 3417 Havildar Bhagat, I.D.S.M., 370
+
+ Singh, No. 482 Havildar Bhagat, I.D.S.M., 364
+
+ Singh, No. 1776 Sepoy Bhagat, I.D.S.M., 356
+
+ Singh, Naik Bhagat, afterwards Havildar, 365
+
+ Singh, No. 53, Lance-Naik Bhagwan, I.D.S.M., 358
+
+ Singh, No. 2277 Sepoy Bhagwan, I.O.M., 364
+
+ Singh, No. 5510 Sepoy Bhan, I.D.S.M., Russian Medal of St. George, 3rd
+    Class, 25, 366
+
+ Singh, No. 228 Havildar Bhola, I.D.S.M., 364
+
+ Singh, No. 3106 Bugler Bhup, I.D.S.M., 357
+
+ Singh, Subadar-Major Bhure, I.D.S.M., 357
+
+ Singh, No. 2103 Havildar Bir, I.O.M., 364
+
+ Singh, Jemadar Bir, M.C., I.D.S.M., 358
+
+ Singh, No. 2071 Naik Bir, I.O.M., 359
+
+ Singh, Subadar Bishan, I.D.S.M., 368
+
+ Singh, No. 4011 Havildar Bishan, I.O.M., 358
+
+ Singh, No. 4576 Naik Bishn, I.D.S.M., 358
+
+ Singh, No. 1991 Havildar, afterwards Jemadar, Bur, I.D.S.M., 366
+
+ Singh, No. 3705 Lance-Naik Buta, I.O.M., 368
+
+ Singh, No. 2266 Sepoy Buta, I.D.S.M., 364
+
+ Singh, No. 1773 Sapper Channan, Russian Medal of St. George, 3rd Class,
+    355
+
+ Singh, Subadar Chet, 85
+
+ Singh, No. 3795 Sapper Dalip, I.O.M., Russian Cross of the Order of St.
+    George, 4th Class, 353, 355
+
+ Singh, No. 435 Sepoy Dan, I.D.S.M., 358
+
+ Singh, No. 1033 Lance-Naik Devi, Russian Medal of St. George, 4th
+    Class, 363
+
+ Singh, No. 2758 Naik Dewa, I.D.S.M., 367
+
+ Singh, No. 3374 Sepoy Dewa, I.D.S.M., 367
+
+ Singh, No. 1389 Lance-Naik Dhiyan, I.D.S.M., 363
+
+ Singh, Subadar Diwan, Bahadur, 359
+
+ Singh, No. 219 Sepoy Diwan, I.D.S.M., 358
+
+ Singh, No. 1036 Sepoy Fateh, I.D.S.M., 358
+
+ Singh, No. 514 Havildar Gajjan, I.O.M., 228–9, 364
+
+ Singh, No. 1339 Sepoy Ganda, I.D.S.M., 358
+
+ Singh, No. 2614 Acting Lance-Dafadar Ganga, I.O.M., 351
+
+ Singh, No. 830 Sowar Gokul, I.D.S.M., 351
+
+ Singh, No. 3013 Sepoy Gopal, I.D.S.M., 360
+
+ Singh, No. 1907 Naik Guja, I.O.M., 359
+
+ Singh, Jemadar Gujar, I.O.M., I.D.S.M., 363
+
+ Singh, No. 1011 Havildar Gujar, I.O.M., 363
+
+ Singh, No. 7 Sapper Gujar, I.D.S.M., 356
+
+ Singh, No. 3108 Naik Gurmukh, I.O.M., 354
+
+ Singh, Jemadar Harchand, I.O.M., 367
+
+ Singh, No. 1910 Lance-Naik Hari, 354
+
+ Singh, Subadar Harnam, I.O.M., 228, 364
+
+ Singh, Sub-Assist. Surgeon Harnam, I.O.M., 125, 379
+
+ Singh, No. 2720 Naik Harnam, I.D.S.M., 354
+
+ Singh, No. 1528 Havildar Harnam, I.D.S.M., 369
+
+ Singh, No. 1360 Sepoy Harnam, I.D.S.M., 358
+
+ Singh, Capt. Indajit, 133
+
+ Singh, Havildar Indar, 128
+
+ Singh, Jemadar Indar, M.C., I.D.S.M., 365, 366
+
+ Singh, No. 4052 Sapper Indar, I.D.S.M., 354
+
+ Singh, No. 2316 Sepoy Indar, I.O.M., 369
+
+ Singh, Capt. Kunwar Indarjit, M.C., 378
+
+ Singh, No. 2742 Sepoy Isar, I.O.M., 125, 367
+
+ Singh, No. 2578 Sepoy Ishar, I.D.S.M., 360
+
+ Singh, No. 355 Naik Jagat, I.D.S.M., 364
+
+ Singh, Subadar Jai, I.D.S.M., Russian Cross of the Order of St. George,
+    3rd Class, 276, 363
+
+ Singh, No. 42 Sapper Jai, I.D.S.M., 356
+
+ Singh, No. 1090 Lance-Naik Jamit, I.D.S.M., 363
+
+ Singh, No. 3475 Sepoy Jetta, I.D.S.M., 356
+
+ Singh, Risaldar-Major Jharmal, 175
+
+ Singh, No. 2889 Lance-Dafadar Jit, I.O.M., 351
+
+ Singh, Subadar-Major Jwala, Sardar Bahadur, I.O.M., 359
+
+ Singh, Jemadar Kapur, 38
+
+ Singh, No. 1811 Havildar Karam, I.O.M., 79, 367
+
+ Singh, No. 333 Dafadar Karam, I.D.S.M., 350
+
+ Singh, No. 2830 Naik Kashmir, I.O.M., 367
+
+ Singh, No. 2398 Sepoy Katha, I.D.S.M., 360
+
+ Singh, No. 1308 Sepoy Kehr, I.D.S.M., 364
+
+ Singh, No. 4474 Lance-Naik Kesar, I.D.S.M., 358
+
+ Singh, No. 1410 Sepoy Kesar, I.D.S.M., 364
+
+ Singh, Jemadar Kharak, I.O.M., 359
+
+ Singh, Jemadar Kirpa, 251
+
+ Singh, No. 1246, 2nd Class Sub-Assist. Surgeon Kishan, I.D.S.M., 380
+
+ Singh, No. 2116 Naik Kishen, I.D.S.M., 364
+
+ Singh, Subadar-Major Labh, Bahadur, 370
+
+ Singh, Subadar Labh, I.D.S.M., 134, 370
+
+ Singh, No. 337 Havildar Lachman, I.D.S.M., I.O.M., Russian Cross of the
+    Order of St. George, 3rd Class, 364
+
+ Singh, No. 322 Dafadar and Head Salutri Lachman, afterwards Jemadar,
+    350
+
+ Singh, No. 2479 Lance-Havildar Lal, I.O.M., 364
+
+ Singh, No. 702 Sepoy Lal, I.D.S.M., 358
+
+ Singh, No. 4095 Sepoy Lal, I.D.S.M., 358
+
+ Singh, Jemadar Lehna, I.O.M., 250, 362
+
+ Singh, No. 4349 Bearer Madan, I.D.S.M., 380
+
+ Singh, No. 859 Naik Magh, I.D.S.M., 354
+
+ Singh, No. 4727 Havildar Mahan, I.O.M., Russian Medal of St. George,
+    1st Class, 358
+
+ Singh, Subadar Malla, M.C., I.O.M., 71, 353
+
+ Singh, No. 3133 Sepoy Maluk, I.D.S.M., 367
+
+ Singh, Dafadar Mangal, I.D.S.M., 356
+
+ Singh, Jemadar Mangal, I.D.S.M., 368
+
+ Singh, Jemadar Mangal, I.O.M., 157, 365
+
+ Singh, No. 3623 Havildar Mangal, I.O.M., 252, 359
+
+ Singh, No. 131 Lance-Naik Mangal, I.O.M., 285, 358
+
+ Singh, Jemadar Maingha, I.O.M., 359
+
+ Singh, No. 4397 Bearer Mastan, I.D.S.M., 380
+
+ Singh, No. 4563 Sepoy Mastan, I.O.M., Russian Medal of St. George, 3rd
+    Class, 359, 360
+
+ Singh, Subadar Mehar, Bahadur, I.D.S.M., 363
+
+ Singh, No. 2616 Sepoy Mihan, I.D.S.M., 356
+
+ Singh, No. 1189 Naik Mit, I.D.S.M., 364
+
+ Singh, Subadar Mota, I.O.M., 364
+
+ Singh, Jemadar Mota, Russian Cross of the Order of St. George, 4th
+    Class, 364
+
+ Singh, No. 1336 Naik Mota, I.D.S.M., 364
+
+ Singh, No. 2882 Havildar Mula, I.D.S.M., 364
+
+ Singh, No. 1116 1st Class Sub-Assist. Surgeon Nagindar, I.O.M., 378
+
+ Singh, No. 231 Havildar, afterwards Jemadar, Narain, I.O.M., 364
+
+ Singh, No. 1452 Havildar Narayan, I.D.S.M., 360
+
+ Singh, Subadar Natha, I.O.M., Bahadur, 64, 125, 359
+
+ Singh, No. 1871 Havildar Nikka, I.O.M., 125, 359
+
+ Singh, No. 1148 Havildar Pala, I.O.M., 125, 359
+
+ Singh, No. 1230 2nd Class Sub-Assist. Surgeon Pargan, I.O.M., 379
+
+ Singh, Subadar Parshada, I.D.S.M., 357
+
+ Singh, No. 3991 Sepoy Phaga, I.D.S.M., 370
+
+ Singh, No. 3131 Lance-Naik Phangan, I.O.M., 367
+
+ Singh, Subadar Phuman, I.D.S.M., 367
+
+ Singh, No. 1576 Havildar Prem, I.D.S.M., 360
+
+ Singh, Subadar Ram, 125
+
+ Singh, No. 862 1st Class Sub-Assist. Surgeon Ram, I.O.M., 379
+
+ Singh, Jemadar Ram Rup, I.O.M., 353
+
+ Singh, No. 862 Driver Rup, I.D.S.M., 381
+
+ Singh, No. 2270 Sepoy Rur, I.O.M., 228, 364
+
+ Singh, Jemadar Sada Bahadur, 353
+
+ Singh, Risaldar Saddha Bahadur, 350
+
+ Singh, Subadar Sant, M.C., 359
+
+ Singh, No. 3063 Sepoy Sant, I.D.S.M., 360
+
+ Singh, No. 1025 Havildar Santa, I.O.M., 367
+
+ Singh, No. 962 Sepoy Sapuran, I.D.S.M., 358
+
+ Singh, No. 1255 Sepoy Sarain, I.D.S.M., 358
+
+ Singh, No. 295 Dafadar Sardar, I.O.M., 175, 351
+
+ Singh, No. 409 Havildar Saudagar, I.D.S.M., 363
+
+ Singh, Subadar Saudagar, Bahadur, 364
+
+ Singh, Subadar Sher, I.D.S.M., 359
+
+ Singh, No. 2063 Naik Sohan, I.D.S.M., 366
+
+ Singh, Sapper Suba, I.D.S.M., 354
+
+ Singh, Jemadar Sucha, I.O.M., 364
+
+ Singh, No. 322 Havildar Sucha, I.D.S.M., 354
+
+ Singh, No. 638 Sepoy Sucha, I.D.S.M., 358
+
+ Singh, No. 2636 Sepoy Sucha, I.D.S.M., 356
+
+ Singh, Subadar Suhel, I.O.M., 367
+
+ Singh, Jemadar Suhel, I.O.M., 367
+
+ Singh, Subadar Sundar, I.D.S.M., 354
+
+ Singh, Subadar Sundar, Bahadur, 353
+
+ Singh, Subadar Sundar, Bahadur, 368
+
+ Singh, Jemadar Sundar, 125
+
+ Singh, No. 2164 Havildar Sundar, I.D.S.M., 367
+
+ Singh, No. 319 Lance-Naik Sundar, I.D.S.M., 381
+
+ Singh, No. 1249 Sepoy Sundar, I.D.S.M., 358
+
+ Singh, No. 2762 Sepoy Sundar, Russian Cross of the Order of St. George,
+    4th Class, 370
+
+ Singh, No. 547 Naik Surjan, I.D.S.M., 363
+
+ Singh, Sepoy Tawand, 88
+
+ Singh, No. 1804 Lance-Naik Teja Singh, Russian Medal of St. George, 4th
+    Class, 360
+
+ Singh, Subadar Thakur, M.C., 364
+
+ Singh, No. 529 Sepoy Tilok, I.O.M., 358
+
+ Singh, No. 2775 Lance-Naik Tota, I.O.M., 125, 359
+
+ Singh, No. 1001 Sepoy Ujagar, I.D.S.M., 358
+
+ Singh, Jemadar Uttam, I.O.M., 353
+
+ Singh, No. 1791 Sepoy Waryam, I.D.S.M., 364
+
+ Singh, Subadar Wasawa, I.D.S.M., 389
+
+ Singh, Jemadar Wazir, I.D.S.M., 358
+
+ Sirhind Brigade, 19, 20, 51, 61, 65, 78, 96, 138, 143, 149, 150, 154,
+    158, 159, 160, 161, 162, 164, 165, 166, 170, 174, 175, 205, 215,
+    218, 221, 224, 226, 229, 231, 240, 247, 248, 253, 254, 255, 257,
+    258, 259, 260, 261, 263, 265, 278, 279, 280, 281, 284, 286, 287,
+    288, 289, 291
+
+ Skeen, Major and Brevet Lieut.-Col., afterwards Brevet Col., A., 349
+
+ Smith, Capt. A. D., M.C., 373
+
+ Smith, Capt. Dallas, 217
+
+ Smith, Major the Hon. F. E., K.C., M.P., afterwards Lieut.-Col.,
+    afterwards Lord Birkenhead, 54, 55, 239, 243
+
+ Smith, Corporal Issy, V.C., 249, 347
+
+ Smith, Major W. F., afterwards Brevet Lieut.-Col., 381
+
+ Smith-Dorrien, General Sir Horace, 53, 60, 69, 74, 75, 78, 138, 178,
+    247, 266
+
+ Smyth, Lieut. J. G., V.C., Russian Order of St. George, 4th Class,
+    285–6, 347, 357, 358
+
+ Snelling, Sergeant R., 171
+
+ Sobraon, 87, 118, 234
+
+ Somaliland, 50, 226
+
+ Somme River, 212, 232
+
+ Soneput, 12
+
+ Sotheby, Lieut., 338
+
+ Soudan, 1, 180
+
+ Southey, Lieut.-Col, (temp. Brig.-General), afterwards Brevet Col., W.
+    M., C.M.G., 39, 41, 42, 45, 122, 123, 126, 129, 206, 209, 349, 370
+
+ Sparrow, Capt., 213
+
+ Squires, Capt. E. K., M.C., 353
+
+ Stack, Capt. E., 76
+
+ Stainforth, Lieut.-Col. H. G., C.M.G., 350
+
+ Stansfield, Major, 339
+
+ Steele, Major St. G., 54
+
+ Steven, Lieut., 234
+
+ Stevens, Lieut.-Col. N. M. C., C.M.G., 369
+
+ Stewart, Private, 127
+
+ Stewart, Major J. H. K., D.S.O., 348
+
+ Stewart, Lieut, the Hon. K., 276
+
+ Stewart, Capt. W., D.S.O., 185, 220
+
+ Stewart, Lieut. W., 163
+
+ Stokes, Brig.-General, 265
+
+ Strickland, Colonel, afterwards Brigadier· General, 170, 171, 175, 206,
+    224, 227, 230
+
+ Strong, Major A., D.S.O., 348
+
+ Stuart, Major, afterwards Brevet Lieut.-Col., A. G., 350
+
+ Sturdee, Lieut., 86
+
+ Suffolk Regiment, 4th, 153, 170, 171, 206, 220, 228, 240, 248, 250
+
+ Sukal, 1st Class Sub-Assist. Surgeon Narayan Parshad, I.D.S.M., 379
+
+ Suleiman, No. 3275 Sepoy, I.O.M., 369
+
+ _Summary of News Extract_, 1st-5th June 1915, 318
+
+ Sunken Street, 328
+
+ Surjoo, No. 7032 Lance-Naik, I.D.S.M., 379
+
+ Surjoo, No. 11018 Lance-Naik, I.D.S.M., 379
+
+ Sussex, (Royal) Regiment, 167
+
+ Sutherland, Sergeant, 152
+
+ Swan, Private, 129
+
+ Swanston, Lieut.-Col. C. O., 86
+
+ Swifte, Major, 38
+
+ Swiney, Lieut.-Col. E. R., afterwards Brevet Col., 95, 123, 129–32,
+    210, 213, 215, 361
+
+ Sydenham, Lady, 101
+
+
+ Talab, Subadar Raj, D.S.O., I.D.S.M., 367
+
+ Talbot, Major, 250
+
+ Tarrant, Capt., 253, 260, 262, 264
+
+ Tayler, Lieut., 283
+
+ Taylor, Lieut., 332
+
+ Taylor, Major G. H., 95, 108, 110
+
+ Taylor, Capt. J., D.S.O., 215, 378
+
+ Tel-el-Kebir, 338
+
+ Templer, Lieut.-Col. C. F., C.M.G., 382
+
+ Tennant, Lieut., 271
+
+ Tennyson, Alfred Lord, quoted, 105
+
+ Territorial Battalion, 142nd, 144
+
+ Thapa, Subadar Autbir, I.O.M., 372
+
+ Thapa, No. 1628 Havildar Bag Sing, I.D.S.M., 373
+
+ Thapa, Havildar Bahadur, I.O.M., 110, 211, 374
+
+ Thapa, No. 2205 Rifleman Balbir, I.O.M., Russian Medal of St. George,
+    3rd Class, 372
+
+ Thapa, No. 2814 Rifleman Baliram, I.D.S.M., 372
+
+ Thapa, Subadar Bara Sing, I.D.S.M., 374
+
+ Thapa, Subadar Bhim Sing, I.O.M., 211, 374
+
+ Thapa, No. 1517 Naik Bhimbahadur, I.D.S.M., 373
+
+ Thapa, No. 1348 Rifleman Budhiman, I.O.M., 376
+
+ Thapa, Subadar Chandrabir, Bahadur, I.D.S.M., 376
+
+ Thapa, No. 2650 Rifleman Chitabir, I.D.S.M., 372
+
+ Thapa, No. 4078 Rifleman Dhamraj, Russian Medal of St. George, 4th
+    Class, 376
+
+ Thapa, No. 2118 Rifleman Ganpati, I.D.S.M., 110, 374
+
+ Thapa, Havildar Hara Sing, 156
+
+ Thapa, Jemadar Harak Bahadur, I.O.M., 374
+
+ Thapa, No. 3110 Havildar Hari Parshad, I.O.M., 375
+
+ Thapa, Rifleman Jangia, 156
+
+ Thapa, No. 1757 Lance-Naik Jhaman Sing, I.O.M., 374
+
+ Thapa, No. 2719 Rifleman Jilman, I.O.M., Russian Cross of the Order of
+    St. George, 4th Class, 372
+
+ Thapa, Lance-Naik Kabiram, 110
+
+ Thapa, Subadar Kharak Bahadur, Bahadur, 374
+
+ Thapa, Jemadar Kharakbir, I.O.M., 372
+
+ Thapa, No. 2129 Rifleman Kulbir, V.C., 332, 347
+
+ Thapa, Jemadar Lachman Sing, 174
+
+ Thapa, No. 1946 Rifleman Lalbir, I.D.S.M., 372
+
+ Thapa, No. 1593 Naik Patiram, I.D.S.M., 373
+
+ Thapa, Jemadar Puran Sing, I.D.S.M., 374
+
+ Thapa, No. 1843 Naik Ramkishan, I.O.M., 258, 374
+
+ Thapa, No. 1473 Naik Ramparshad, I.D.S.M., 373
+
+ Thapa, Jemadar Sasidhar, I.O.M., 374
+
+ Thobal, 46
+
+ Thompson, Corporal N., 213
+
+ Thomson, Lieut., 287
+
+ Thomson, Major A. G., D.S.O., 127, 366
+
+ Thornhill, Capt. C. M., M.C., 371
+
+ Tillard, Major A., 211
+
+ Tilleloy, Trench, 328
+
+ Timour, 29, 37
+
+ Tinley, Colonel G. F., 309
+
+ Tinley, Lieut. G. F., M.C., 351
+
+ Tirah, 53, 63, 85, 87, 110, 164, 216
+
+ Tiwana, Capt. the Hon. Malik Sir Umar Hayat Khan, 21
+
+ Tiwari, No. 1088 Colour-Havildar Hira, I.O.M., 369
+
+ Tombe Willot, La, 208
+
+ Tomkins, Major, afterwards Brevet Col., H. L., 50, 77, 350
+
+ Tooley, Lieut., 152
+
+ Torrie, Capt. C. J., D.S.O., 355
+
+ Tosh, Major, 339
+
+ Touquet, le, 143
+
+ Tourelle, La, 270, 279, 280, 286
+
+ Touret, Le, 166
+
+ Trail, Capt. W. S., 46
+
+ Treherne, Surgeon-General, 50, 204
+
+ Tribe, Lieut.-Col. C. W., C.M.G., 276, 363
+
+ Tulloch, Lieut. D., 80, 90
+
+ Turnbull, Capt., 134
+
+ Turnbull, Capt. (temp. Major) G. O., D.S.O., 359
+
+ Tuson, Colonel, 260
+
+ Twining, Lieut.-Col. P., 53
+
+ Twiss, Major W. L., 50
+
+ Twiss, Capt. W. L. O., M.C., 349
+
+ Tyler, Colonel, 53
+
+ Tyson, Lieut., 332
+
+
+ Uhlans, 16th, 308
+
+ Umar, No. 937 1st Class Sub-Assist. Surgeon Muhammad, I.D.S.M., 379
+
+ Ussher, Capt., 145
+
+
+ Vaughan, Lieut., 276
+
+ Vaughan, Major (temp. Lieut.-Col.) L. R., D.S.O., 348
+
+ Vaughan, Lieut.-Col., afterwards Brevet Col., R. E., D.S.O., 97, 349
+
+ Vaughan-Sawyer, Capt. G. H., 64
+
+ Venour, Colonel W. E., 78, 79
+
+ Venters, Private, 127
+
+ Verdun, 232, 269
+
+ Vermelle, 142–3
+
+ Vieille Chapelle, 67, 153, 205, 208, 215, 218, 224, 278, 280, 284
+
+ Villiers-Stuart, Capt. J. P., D.S.O., 348
+
+ Vincent, Capt., 341
+
+ Vincent, Major Barclay, 50
+
+ Violaines, 279
+
+ Vivian, Major C. A., afterwards Brevet Lieut.-Col., 261, 358
+
+
+ Wade, Lieut. H., 72
+
+ Wadeson, Col. (temp. Brig.-General) F. W. G., C.B., 20, 106, 171
+
+ Wadhawa, No. 4009 Naik, I.D.S.M., 379
+
+ Wahab, No. 3063 Havildar Abdul, I.O.M., Russian Medal of St. George,
+    2nd Class, 157, 368, 369
+
+ Wake, Major, 76
+
+ Walcott, Lieut. J. H., 85
+
+ Walker, Col. (temp. Brig.-General), afterwards Major-General, W. G.,
+    V.C., C.B., 205, 226, 230, 287, 349
+
+ Walker, Lieut.-Col., 339
+
+ Wall, Lieut.-Col. F., C.M.G., 97, 378
+
+ Wallis, Lieut. B. H., M.C., 134, 369
+
+ War Office, the, and the Indian Army, 13, 14
+
+ Wardell, Capt. C. G., 242, 340
+
+ Wardell, Major W. H., 130, 131
+
+ Warneton, 143
+
+ Waterfield, Capt. F. C., 287
+
+ Waterloo, 29, 338
+
+ Waters, Capt., 250
+
+ Watkis, Lieut.-General H. B. B., K.C.B., 18, 50, 64, 106, 149, 154,
+    162, 163, 170, 171, 175, 177, 179, 347
+
+ Watkis, Capt. H. L., M.C., 349
+
+ Watt, Major D., D.S.O., 159, 217, 372
+
+ Watt, Miss P. F., Royal Red Cross Decoration, 1st Class, 378
+
+ Wauchope, Major A. G., afterwards Brig.-General, 128–9, 166, 169, 336,
+    338, 342
+
+ Weir, Capt. D. L., 212
+
+ Welchman, Lieut. J., 131, 213
+
+ Welsh (Royal) Fusiliers, 51
+
+ West Kent Regiment, 66, 68
+
+ West Riding Regiment, 78, 260
+
+ West Riding Regiment, 49th, 241
+
+ Westmacott, General, 167
+
+ Wheeler, Lieut. E. O., 112
+
+ White, Lieut.-Col. W. W., afterwards Brevet Col., 97, 380
+
+ Whitton, Sergeant, 156
+
+ Wickham, Capt. J. C., D.S.O., 353
+
+ Wicks, Capt. H., 107, 169, 214
+
+ Wicres, 306
+
+ Widdicombe, Lieut.-Col. G. T., C.B., 169, 223, 376
+
+ Wieltje, 245, 247, 248
+
+ Willans, Major T. J., D.S.O., 37, 38, 46, 251, 365
+
+ Willcocks, Lieut. J. L., 54, 55, 177, 235
+
+ Williams, Major A. F. C., D.S.O., Russian Order of St. Stanislas, 3rd
+    Class, with Swords, 352
+
+ Wilson, Sergeant, 129
+
+ Wilson, Capt. G. E., 125, 127
+
+ Wilson, Capt. R. S., 92
+
+ Wiltshire Regiment, 66, 67
+
+ Winchester Road, 337
+   Street, 328
+
+ Wood, Lieut., 332
+
+ Wood, Capt. C. A., M.B., M.C., 378
+
+ Wright, Capt. H., 76
+
+ Wulverghem, 33
+
+ Wylie, Captain M., 174
+
+ Wytschaete, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38
+
+
+ Xenophon, 264
+
+
+ Yates, Capt. R. C., 162
+
+ Yeusafzais, 238
+
+ York and Lancaster Regiment, 260
+
+ Young, Major A., 169
+
+ Young, Major D., 229
+
+ Yousafzai, 22
+
+ Ypres, 24, 35, 44, 46, 48, 53, 61, 67, 73, 119, 161, 177, 178, 202,
+    232, 244, 246, 247, 248, 249, 250, 252, 254, 261, 265, 266, 268,
+    298, 300, 307
+
+
+ Zakka Khel Expedition, 9
+
+ Zaman, Subadar Khan, I.O.M., 370
+
+ Zaman, No. 44 Naik Khan, I.D.S.M., 234, 355
+
+ Zelobes, 208
+
+
+   _Printed in Great Britain by_ R. & R. CLARK, LIMITED, _Edinburgh_.
+
+-----
+
+Footnote 1:
+
+  General name for Sikhs = chosen people.
+
+Footnote 2:
+
+  Black; a term applied to the sea.
+
+Footnote 3:
+
+  Mahabharut or “Great War”; the great epic poem of India.
+
+Footnote 4:
+
+  The Sikh war-cry.
+
+Footnote 5:
+
+  Mother India.
+
+Footnote 6:
+
+  War-cries of Hindus, Sikhs, Mahomedans, and Gurkhas.
+
+Footnote 7:
+
+  God.
+
+Footnote 8:
+
+  I was rejoiced to see in the _London Gazette_ of 4th September 1919
+  that this very gallant officer had been given the Victoria Cross.
+
+Footnote 9:
+
+  Indian battalions were in these days formed in eight companies.
+
+Footnote 10:
+
+  In indexing the many Indian names the indexer has followed the method
+  used in the India Office _English_ catalogues.
+
+------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+
+
+
+                  THE WAR IN MESOPOTAMIA AND PALESTINE
+
+
+                       THE LIFE OF LIEUT.-GENERAL
+
+                           SIR STANLEY MAUDE
+
+                         K.C.B., C.M.G., D.S.O.
+
+      By Major-General Sir C. E. CALLWELL, K.C.B., Author of “The
+          Dardanelles,” etc. Illustrations and Maps. Demy 8vo.
+
+This important book is the authorised memorial biography of the famous
+soldier who in Mesopotamia was in command of the gallant effort to
+relieve Kut, who conquered Baghdad, and died of cholera in November
+1917. Major-General Callwell has had access to every family and official
+record, and his book contains, in their own words, the estimates of
+Maude as a man and a soldier formed by the officers and others most
+closely associated with him during his career.
+
+_Contents_:—Ancestry and Early Years—From 1884 to 1899—The South African
+War—The Time in Canada—From 1905 to 1914—1914: On the Staff of the Third
+Corps in France—In Command of the 14th Infantry Brigade—The
+Dardanelles—The Move from Egypt to Mesopotamia—The Effort to relieve
+Kut—From Divisional to Army Commander—Preparations for an Offensive
+Campaign—The Campaign of Baghdad—Consolidating the Conquest—The Death of
+Maude—An Appreciation—Index.
+
+
+                         HOW JERUSALEM WAS WON
+
+                  By W. T. MASSEY, C.B.E. Illustrated.
+
+
+                        ALLENBY’S FINAL TRIUMPH
+
+                  By W. T. MASSEY, C.B.E. Illustrated.
+
+These two volumes by the Official Correspondent of the London newspapers
+with the E.E.F. from a comprehensive record of Allenby’s victorious
+campaigns in Palestine.
+
+
+                        THE NAVY IN MESOPOTAMIA
+
+                          THE NAVY EVERYWHERE
+
+                By CONRAD CATO. Maps and Illustrations.
+
+Two volumes of brilliant description of naval operations in the more
+remote theatres of war.
+
+CONSTABLE & CO. LTD. 10–12 ORANGE STREET LONDON W.C.2.
+
+
+
+
+                    ❧      THE WAR IN FRANCE      ❧
+
+
+                                  1914
+
+  By Field-Marshal Lord FRENCH of Ypres, K.P., O.M., etc. With a Preface
+      by Marshal FOCH. Second Edition, with a Preface by the Author.
+      Maps. Demy 8vo.
+
+
+                               YPRES 1914
+
+  An official account published by order of the German General Staff.
+      With Introduction and Note by the Historical Section (Military
+      Section) of the Committee of Imperial Defence.
+
+
+                       R.A.M.C. AND THE GREAT WAR
+
+                       MONS: THE MARNE: THE AISNE
+
+          By Lt.-Col. F. E. BRERETON, R.A.M.C. Maps. Demy 8vo.
+
+
+             NOTES OF A CAMP-FOLLOWER ON THE WESTERN FRONT
+
+      A picture of the work of the Y.M.C.A. Huts by E. W. HORNUNG.
+
+
+                THE ROMANCE OF THE BATTLE LINE IN FRANCE
+
+              An Historical Guide to the Invaded Regions.
+
+             By J. E. C. BODLEY, Author of “France.” Maps.
+
+
+                           ENGLAND IN FRANCE
+
+                     Mainly with the 59th Division.
+
+        Illustrations by SYDNEY A. JONES. Text by CHARLES VINCE.
+
+         CONSTABLE & CO. LTD. 10–12 ORANGE STREET LONDON W.C.2.
+
+------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+
+
+
+                          TRANSCRIBER’S NOTES
+
+
+ Page           Changed from                      Changed to
+
+  2nd 154–6, 161–4, 174, 234, 240,     2nd, 154–6, 161–4, 174, 234,
+      253–4, 257, 260, 262, 264, 285,  240, 253–4, 257, 260, 262, 264,
+      291                              285, 291
+
+  6th Brigade, 5th, 232                Brigade, 6th, 232
+
+ ● Typos fixed; non-standard spelling and dialect retained.
+ ● Used numbers for footnotes, placing them all at the end of the last
+     chapter.
+ ● Enclosed italics font in _underscores_.
+ ● Enclosed blackletter font in =equals=.
+ ● The caret (^) serves as a superscript indicator, applicable to
+     individual characters (like 2^d) and even entire phrases (like
+     1^{st}).
+
+
+
+*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 77003 ***