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+ left: 92%; + font-size: small; + text-align: right; + font-style: normal; + font-weight: normal; + font-variant: normal; + text-indent: 0; + color: #A9A9A9 + } /* page numbers */ + + /* Transcriber's notes */ + .transnote { + border: 1px solid; + color: black; + font-size:small; + padding:0.5em; + margin-bottom:5em; + font-family:sans-serif, serif; + } + + + /* Illustration classes */ + .illowp25 {width: 25%; max-width:14em;} + .illowp30 {width: 30%; max-width:18em;} + .illowp45 {width: 45%; max-width:22em;} + .illowp50 {width: 50%; max-width:24em;} + .illowp55 {width: 55%; max-width:26em;} + .illowp60 {width: 60%; max-width:28em;} + .illowp70 {width: 70%; max-width:32em;} + .illowp80 {width: 80%; max-width:35em;} + .illowp90 {width: 90%; max-width:38em;} + .illowp100 {width: 100%; max-width:40em;} + + .subh {font-weight: normal; font-size:80%} + + </style> +</head> +<body> +<div style='text-align:center'>*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 76922 ***</div> + +<div class="transnote"> +<strong>TRANSCRIBER’S NOTE</strong> + +<p class="noindent">The new original cover art included with this eBook is granted to the public domain.</p> +<p class="noindent">Some minor changes to the text are noted at the <a href="#ENDNOTE">end of the book</a>.</p> +</div> + +<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop"> + +<div class="chapter"> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_1"></a></span></p> +<p class="center pb4 fs110 lspp5"> +U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.</p> + +<hr class="r15"> +<p class="center lspp5 wsp"> +FARMERS’ BULLETIN No. 188.<br> +</p> +<hr class="r15"> +<h1> +WEEDS USED IN MEDICINE. +</h1> +<p class="center"> + +<span class="fs70">BY</span></p> +<p class="center p4 pb2"> +<span class="lsp2">ALICE HENKEL,</span><br> +<br> +<span class=fs80><i>Assistant in Drug and Medicinal Plant Investigations, Botanical Investigations<br> +and Experiments, Bureau of Plant Industry</i>.</span><br> +</p> +<figure class="figcenter illowp25" id="usda_seal"> + <img class="w100" src="images/usda_seal.jpg" alt="USDA Seal"> +</figure> +<p class="center p2 "> +<span class=lsp1>WASHINGTON:<br> +<span class=fs70>GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE.</span><br></span> +<span class=fs70>1904.</span> +</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_2"></a><a id="Page_3"></a>[Pg 3]</span></p> +</div> + +<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop"> +<div class="chapter"> + <h2 class="nobreak" id="LETTER_OF_TRANSMITTAL"> + LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL + </h2> +</div> + <hr class="r15"> + +<p class="right"> + <span class="pad4r"><span class="smcap">U. S. Department of Agriculture,</span></span><br> + <span class="pad3r"><span class="smcap">Bureau of Plant Industry,</span></span><br> + <span class="pad2r"><span class="smcap">Office of the Chief</span>,</span><br> + <span class=fs90><i>Washington, D. C., December 10, 1903</i></span>. +</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Sir</span>: I have the honor to transmit herewith a paper on Weeds Used +in Medicine, and recommend that it be published as a Farmers’ Bulletin. +This paper was prepared by Miss Alice Henkel, Assistant in +Drug and Medicinal Plant Investigations, and was submitted by the +Botanist with a view to publication.</p> + +<p> + Respectfully, +</p> +<p class="rt"> +<span class="smcap pad2r">B. T. Galloway,</span><br> + <i>Chief of Bureau</i>. +</p> + +<p> + Hon. <span class="smcap">James Wilson</span>,<br> + <span class=pad2><i>Secretary of Agriculture</i>.</span> +</p> + +<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop"> +<div class="chapter"> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_4"></a><a id="Page_5"></a>[5]</span></p> + + <h2 class="nobreak" id="CONTENTS"> + CONTENTS. + </h2> +</div> + +<hr class="r15"> + +<table class="autotable wd80"> +<tr> +<td class="tdr fs70" colspan="4">Page.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl" colspan="3">Introduction</td> +<td class="tdr"><a href="#INTRODUCTION">7</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl" colspan="3">Collection and curing of drugs</td> +<td class="tdr"><a href="#COLLECTION_AND_CURING_OF_DRUGS">7</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"></td> +<td class="tdl" colspan="2">Roots</td> +<td class="tdr"><a href="#ROOTS">8</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"></td> +<td class="tdl" colspan="2">Barks</td> +<td class="tdr"><a href="#BARKS">9</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"></td> +<td class="tdl" colspan="2">Leaves and herbs</td> +<td class="tdr"><a href="#LEAVES_HERBS">9</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"></td> +<td class="tdl" colspan="2">Flowers</td> +<td class="tdr"><a href="#FLOWERS">10</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"></td> +<td class="tdl" colspan="2">Seeds</td> +<td class="tdr"><a href="#SEEDS">10</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl" colspan="3">Disposal of the drugs</td> +<td class="tdr"><a href="#DISPOSAL_OF_THE_DRUGS">10</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl" colspan="3">Descriptions of plants</td> +<td class="tdr"><a href="#DESCRIPTIONS_OF_PLANTS">10</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl" ></td> +<td class="tdl" colspan="2">Burdock</td> +<td class="tdr"><a href="#BURDOCK">11</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"></td> +<td class="tdl" colspan="2">Dandelion</td> +<td class="tdr"><a href="#DANDELION">13</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"></td> +<td class="tdl" colspan="2">Docks</td> +<td class="tdr"><a href="#DOCKS">15</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl wd1e"></td> +<td class="tdl wd1e"></td> +<td class="tdl">Yellow dock</td> +<td class="tdr wd2e"><a href="#Yell_Dock">15</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl" colspan="2"></td> +<td class="tdl">Broad-leaved dock</td> +<td class="tdr"><a href="#BL_Dock">16</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl" colspan="2"></td> +<td class="tdl">Yellow-rooted water dock</td> +<td class="tdr"><a href="#Yell_Rt_Dock">18</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl" colspan="2"></td> +<td class="tdl">Dock roots</td> +<td class="tdr"><a href="#Dock_Roots">18</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"></td> +<td class="tdl" colspan="2">Couch grass</td> +<td class="tdr"><a href="#COUCH_GRASS">19</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"></td> +<td class="tdl" colspan="2">Pokeweed</td> +<td class="tdr"><a href="#POKEWEED">20</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"></td> +<td class="tdl" colspan="2">Foxglove</td> +<td class="tdr"><a href="#FOXGLOVE">22</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"></td> +<td class="tdl" colspan="2">Mullein</td> +<td class="tdr"><a href="#MULLEIN">24</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"></td> +<td class="tdl" colspan="2">Lobelia</td> +<td class="tdr"><a href="#LOBELIA">26</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"></td> +<td class="tdl" colspan="2">Tansy</td> +<td class="tdr"><a href="#TANSY">27</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"></td> +<td class="tdl" colspan="2">Gum plant</td> +<td class="tdr"><a href="#GUM_PLANT">28</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"></td> +<td class="tdl" colspan="2">Scaly grindelia</td> +<td class="tdr"><a href="#SCALY_G">29</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"></td> +<td class="tdl" colspan="2">Boneset</td> +<td class="tdr"><a href="#BONESET">30</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"></td> +<td class="tdl" colspan="2">Catnip</td> +<td class="tdr"><a href="#CATNIP">31</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"></td> +<td class="tdl" colspan="2">Hoarhound</td> +<td class="tdr"><a href="#HOARHOUND">32</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"></td> +<td class="tdl" colspan="2">Blessed thistle</td> +<td class="tdr"><a href="#BLESSED">34</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"></td> +<td class="tdl" colspan="2">Yarrow</td> +<td class="tdr"><a href="#YARROW">35</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"></td> +<td class="tdl" colspan="2">Canada fleabane</td> +<td class="tdr"><a href="#FLEABANE">36</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"></td> +<td class="tdl" colspan="2">Jimson weed</td> +<td class="tdr"><a href="#JIMSON">37</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl" colspan="2"></td> +<td class="tdl">Purple thorn-apple</td> +<td class="tdr"><a href="#PURPLE">39</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"></td> +<td class="tdl" colspan="2">Poison hemlock</td> +<td class="tdr"><a href="#HEMLOCK">39</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"></td> +<td class="tdl" colspan="2">American wormseed</td> +<td class="tdr"><a href="#WORMSEED">41</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"></td> +<td class="tdl" colspan="2">Black mustard</td> +<td class="tdr"><a href="#BLACKM">42</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"></td> +<td class="tdl" colspan="2">White mustard</td> +<td class="tdr"><a href="#WHITEM">44</a></td> +</tr> +</table> + + +<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop"> +<div class="chapter"> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_6">[6]</span></p> + + <h2 class="nobreak" id="ILLUSTRATIONS"> + ILLUSTRATIONS. + </h2> +</div> + + +<table class="autotable wd80"> +<tr> +<td class="tdr" colspan="2"></td> +<td class="tdr fs80">Page.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdrt">Fig. 1.</td> +<td class="tdl">Burdock, flowering plant</td> +<td class="tdrb"><a href="#fig01">11</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdrt">2.</td> +<td class="tdl">Burdock, first year’s growth</td> +<td class="tdrb"><a href="#fig02">12</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdrt">3.</td> +<td class="tdl">Dandelion</td> +<td class="tdrb"><a href="#fig03">13</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdrt">4.</td> +<td class="tdl">Dandelion root</td> +<td class="tdrb"><a href="#fig04">14</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdrt">5.</td> +<td class="tdl">Yellow dock, first year’s growth</td> +<td class="tdrb"><a href="#fig05">15</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdrt">6.</td> +<td class="tdl">Broad-leaved dock, first year’s growth</td> +<td class="tdrb"><a href="#fig06">16</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdrt">7.</td> +<td class="tdl">Leaf, fruiting spike, and root of broad-leaved dock</td> +<td class="tdrb"><a href="#fig07">17</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdrt">8.</td> +<td class="tdl">Yellow dock root</td> +<td class="tdrb"><a href="#fig08">18</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdrt">9.</td> +<td class="tdl">Couch grass</td> +<td class="tdrb"><a href="#fig09">19</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdrt">10.</td> +<td class="tdl">Pokeweed</td> +<td class="tdrb"><a href="#fig10">21</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdrt">11.</td> +<td class="tdl">Pokeweed, flowering and fruiting branch</td> +<td class="tdrb"><a href="#fig11">22</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdrt">12.</td> +<td class="tdl">Pokeroot</td> +<td class="tdrb"><a href="#fig12">22</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdrt">13.</td> +<td class="tdl">Foxglove</td> +<td class="tdrb"><a href="#fig13">23</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdrt">14.</td> +<td class="tdl">Mullein</td> +<td class="tdrb"><a href="#fig14">25</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdrt">15.</td> +<td class="tdl">Lobelia</td> +<td class="tdrb"><a href="#fig15">26</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdrt">16.</td> +<td class="tdl">Tansy</td> +<td class="tdrb"><a href="#fig16-17">28</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdrt">17.</td> +<td class="tdl">Gum plant</td> +<td class="tdrb"><a href="#fig16-17">28</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdrt">18.</td> +<td class="tdl">Scaly grindelia</td> +<td class="tdrb"><a href="#fig18">29</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdrt">19.</td> +<td class="tdl">Boneset</td> +<td class="tdrb"><a href="#fig19">30</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdrt">20.</td> +<td class="tdl">Catnip</td> +<td class="tdrb"><a href="#fig20">32</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdrt">21.</td> +<td class="tdl">Hoarhound</td> +<td class="tdrb"><a href="#fig21">33</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdrt">22.</td> +<td class="tdl">Hoarhound, flowering top</td> +<td class="tdrb"><a href="#fig22">34</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdrt">23.</td> +<td class="tdl">Blessed thistle</td> +<td class="tdrb"><a href="#fig23">35</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdrt">24.</td> +<td class="tdl">Yarrow</td> +<td class="tdrb"><a href="#fig24">36</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdrt">25.</td> +<td class="tdl">Canada fleabane</td> +<td class="tdrb"><a href="#fig25">37</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdrt">26.</td> +<td class="tdl">Jimson weed</td> +<td class="tdrb"><a href="#fig26">38</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdrt">27.</td> +<td class="tdl">Leaves, flower, and capsules of jimson weed</td> +<td class="tdrb"><a href="#fig27">39</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdrt">28.</td> +<td class="tdl">Poison hemlock</td> +<td class="tdrb"><a href="#fig28">40</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdrt">29.</td> +<td class="tdl">American wormseed</td> +<td class="tdrb"><a href="#fig29">41</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdrt">30.</td> +<td class="tdl">Black mustard</td> +<td class="tdrb"><a href="#fig30">43</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdrt">31.</td> +<td class="tdl">White mustard</td> +<td class="tdrb"><a href="#fig31">44</a></td> +</tr> +</table> + + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_7">[7]</span></p> + +<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop"> + +<div class="chapter"> +<p class="center"> + B. P. I.—89. <span class=pad50p>B. I. E.—55.</span> +</p> + +<p class="center wsp fs150 lspp5 p2">WEEDS USED IN MEDICINE.</p> + +<hr class="r15"> + <h2 class="nobreak" id="INTRODUCTION"> + INTRODUCTION. + </h2> +</div> + +<p>It is a matter of interest, primarily to the farmer, that certain of +the well-known weeds now either generally or locally infesting the +country are the sources of crude drugs at the present time obtained +wholly or in part by importation from abroad. Roots, leaves, and +flowers of several of the species most detrimental in the United States +are gathered, prepared, and cured in Europe, and not only form useful +commodities there but supply to a considerable extent the demands of +foreign lands. Hence it appears probable that while weeds can +hardly be made desirable, still in his fight to exterminate them the +farmer may be able to turn some of them to account. Some of the +plants coming within this class are in many States at present subject +to antiweed laws and farmers are required to take measures toward +their extermination. It seems, therefore, desirable to make these +pests sources of profit where possible. In many cases, when weeds +have been dug, the work of handling and curing them is not excessive +and can readily be done by women and children.</p> + +<p>The prices paid for crude drugs from these sources are not great +and would rarely tempt anyone to pursue this line of work as a business. +Yet, if in ridding the farm of weeds and thus raising the value +of the land the farmer can at the same time make these pests the +source of a small income instead of a dead loss, something is gained.</p> + +<p>In order to help the farmer to obtain the best possible prices for such +products, instructions for collecting and preparing crude drugs derived +from weeds are here briefly given. The collector should observe +them carefully.</p> + +<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop"> +<div class="chapter"> + <h2 class="nobreak" id="COLLECTION_AND_CURING_OF_DRUGS"> + COLLECTION AND CURING OF DRUGS. + </h2> +</div> + +<p>Too much emphasis can not be placed upon the importance of carefully +and thoroughly drying all crude drugs, whether roots, herbs, +leaves, barks, flowers, or seeds. If insufficiently dried, they will heat +and become moldy in shipping, and the collector will find his goods +rejected by the drug dealer and have all his trouble for nothing.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_8">[8]</span></p> + +<p>Another important matter to be considered in collecting drugs for +market is freedom from foreign substances. All drugs should be clean +and wholesome looking and contain no admixture of fragments of +other plants, stones, dirt, or other impurities. A bright natural color +is extremely desirable in leaves, herbs, and flowers, and adds much to +the salability of the product. This can be readily brought about by +giving careful attention to proper drying in the shade (not in direct +sunlight), and by protection from dew or rain by placing the drugs +under cover at nightfall or whenever necessary. Roots may be +cleaned by washing, but leaves, herbs, and flowers should never be +washed.</p> + +<p>It is important also to collect drugs in proper season only. Neglect +in this respect will bring nothing but disappointment to the gatherer, +as drugs collected out of season not only are not acceptable to the +dealer on account of inferior medicinal qualities, but there will also be, +in the case of roots, a greater amount of shrinkage in a root dug during +the growing season than will take place when it is collected after +growth has ceased.</p> + +<p>The collector should be sure that the plant he is collecting is the +right one. There are many plants that closely resemble one another, +yet one may possess medicinal properties and the other be absolutely +useless. Again, a plant may contain very poisonous principles, and if +represented to be something else, it might of course do untold injury. +It would therefore be best, where any doubt exists, to send a specimen +of the entire plant, including leaves, flowers, and fruits, to a drug +dealer or to the nearest State experiment station for identification.</p> + +<h3 id="ROOTS">ROOTS.</h3> + +<p>Roots should never be collected during the growing season, as at +that time they are deficient in medicinal properties, and they also +shrink more in drying and weigh less than when gathered at full +maturity.</p> + +<p>The roots of annual plants should be dug just before the flowering +period, and those of biennial or perennial plants after the tops have +dried, the former in the autumn of the first year and the latter in the +fall of the second or third year.</p> + +<p>After the roots have been dug the adherent soil should be well +shaken from them, and all foreign particles, such as stones, dirt, roots +and parts of other plants, should be removed. If the roots can not be +sufficiently cleared of soil by shaking, they should be thoroughly +washed in clean water. It does not pay to be careless in this matter. +The presence of soil increases the weight of the roots, but the intending +purchaser is not willing to pay for the weight of the dirt, and +grades the uncleaned drug accordingly. It is the clean, bright-looking +root that will bring a good price.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_9">[9]</span></p> + +<p>After washing, the roots should be carefully dried. This can best +be accomplished by exposing them to light and air (not direct sunlight) +on racks or shelves, or on clean, well-ventilated barn floors or lofts. +They should be spread out thinly and turned occasionally from day to +day until completely cured. When this point is reached, in perhaps +three to six weeks, the roots will snap readily when bent. During the +curing process the roots, if dried out of doors, should be placed under +shelter at night and upon the approach of rainy weather.</p> + +<p>With some roots additional preparation is required, such as slicing +and the removal of fibrous rootlets. Wherever this is necessary mention +will be made of it under the descriptions of the different plants. +In general, it may be said that large roots should always be split or +sliced when green in order to facilitate drying.</p> + +<h3 id="BARKS">BARKS.</h3> + +<p>The plants considered in this bulletin do not furnish medicinal barks, +but inasmuch as there are certain sections of the country where trees +furnishing such barks are rather abundant, directions for their collection +may not be out of place here.</p> + +<p>Barks of trees should be gathered in spring, when the sap begins to +flow, but may also be peeled in winter. In the case of the coarser +barks (as elm, hemlock, poplar, oak, pine, and wild cherry) the outer +layer is shaved off before the bark is removed from the tree, which +process is known as “rossing.” Only the inner bark of these trees is +used medicinally. Barks may also be cured by exposure to sunlight. +Moisture must be avoided.</p> + +<h3 id="LEAVES_HERBS">LEAVES AND HERBS.</h3> + +<p>Leaves and herbs should be collected when the plants are in full +flower. It is very desirable that they retain their bright green color +after curing, and this can be done by careful drying in the shade. In +the collection of leaves the whole plant may be cut and the leaves may +be stripped from it, rejecting the stems as much as possible. In the +case of herbs the coarse and large stems should be rejected and only +the flowering tops and more tender stems and leaves included. All +grasses, bits of other plants, and other foreign substances should be +carefully removed, as well as dead, shriveled, diseased, and discolored +specimens.</p> + +<p>Both leaves and herbs should be spread out in thin layers on clean +floors, racks or shelves, in the shade but where there is free circulation +of air, and turned frequently until thoroughly dry. Moisture +will darken them. The same precautions that are necessary in curing +roots apply here also, so far as placing them under cover to avoid +dew or rain is concerned.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_10">[10]</span></p> + +<h3 id="FLOWERS">FLOWERS.</h3> + +<p>Flowers are collected when they first open or immediately after—not +when they are beginning to fade. To preserve the bright natural +color as nearly as possible they should be carefully dried in the shade, +in the same manner as directed for leaves and herbs.</p> + +<h3 id="SEEDS">SEEDS.</h3> + +<p>Seeds should be gathered just as they are ripening, before the seed +pods open, and should be winnowed in order to remove fragments of +stems, leaves, and shriveled specimens.</p> + +<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop"> +<div class="chapter"> + <h2 class="nobreak" id="DISPOSAL_OF_THE_DRUGS"> + DISPOSAL OF THE DRUGS. + </h2> +</div> + +<p>Samples representative of the lot of drugs to be sold should be sent +to the nearest commission merchant, general store, or drug store, for +inspection and for quotation on the amount of drug that can be furnished, +or for information as to where to send the article. The size of +the sample depends, of course, upon the kind of drug; from 3 to 4 +ounces—or, say, at least a good handful—should be submitted. The +package containing the sample should be plainly marked as regards +contents, and the name and address of the sender given. In writing +to the different dealers for information and prices, it should be stated +how large a quantity of a particular drug can be furnished and how +soon this can be supplied, and postage should always be inclosed for +reply. In no case should the entire lot of collected drugs be sent to +dealers without preliminary correspondence. The collector should +bear in mind that freight is an important item, and it is best, therefore, +to address such dealers as are nearest to the place of production. +When ready for shipment, crude drugs may be tightly packed in +burlap or gunny sacks, or in dry, clean barrels.</p> + +<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop"> +<div class="chapter"> + <h2 class="nobreak" id="DESCRIPTIONS_OF_PLANTS"> + DESCRIPTIONS OF PLANTS. + </h2> +</div> + +<p>The plants included in this bulletin are burdock, dandelion, the +docks, couch grass, and pokeweed (principally root drugs); foxglove, +mullein, lobelia, tansy, gum plant, scaly grindelia, boneset, catnip, +hoarhound, yarrow, fleabane, blessed thistle, jimson weed, and poison +hemlock (of which either the leaves, flowers, herb, or seeds are used in +medicine); and also wormseed, and black and white mustards, of which +the seeds only are used.</p> + +<p>Descriptions of these plants follow, together with the common names +by which they are known in different localities, the habitat (or, in other +words, the kinds of places or soils in which they are likely to be found), +their geographical range, information as to the parts to be collected, +their uses, the extent to which they are imported and the prices usually +paid by dealers.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_11">[11]</span></p> + +<p>The principal uses for which these plants are employed in medicine +are briefly indicated, but none of the drugs mentioned should be taken +without the advice of a physician.</p> + +<p>With the exception of the figures for dandelion and mustard, which +were obtained from the Bureau of Statistics of the Department of +Commerce and Labor, the imports are based on estimates furnished +by dealers, and the prices per pound, while serving to give an idea as to +what may be expected for +the drugs, will vary from +year to year, depending principally +upon supply and demand.</p> + +<p>There are of course a large +number of plants used in +medicine that are not included +in this bulletin, which +is intended to cover only +such medicinal plants as may +be classed as weeds.</p> + +<h3 id="BURDOCK">BURDOCK.<br> + +<span class=subh><i>Arctium lappa</i> L.</span></h3> + +<p><b>Other common names.</b>—Cockle button, cuckold dock, beggars’ +buttons, hurr-bur, stick button, hardock, and bardane. (<a href="#fig01">Fig. 1.</a>)</p> + +<figure class="figright illowp60" id="fig01"> + <img class="w100" src="images/fig01.jpg" alt=""> + <figcaption> + <p><span class="smcap">Fig. 1.</span>—Burdock (<i>Arctium lappa</i> L.). Flowering plant.</p> + </figcaption> +</figure> + +<p><b>Habitat and range.</b>—Burdock +is one of the most common +weeds. It was introduced +from the Old World, +and is common and often very abundant in the Eastern and Central +States and in some scattered localities in the West, growing along +roadsides, in fields, pastures, and waste places.</p> + +<p><b>Description.</b>—This is a coarse, unsightly biennial weed of the +aster family (Asteraceæ), which produces during the first year of its +growth only a rosette of large, thin leaves (<a href="#fig02">fig. 2</a>) and a long, tapering +root having a diameter of from one-half to 1 inch. When full +grown it measures from 3 to 7 feet high. The round, fleshy stem is +branched, grooved, and hairy, with very large leaves, even in the +early stages of the growth of the plant, the lower leaves often measuring +18 inches in length. The leaves are alternate, on long, solid, +deeply furrowed leafstalks; thin, roundish or oval, but usually heart-shaped; +with even, wavy, or toothed margins; smooth above, and +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_12">[12]</span>pale and woolly on the under surface. The flowers are purple, in +small, clustered heads, appearing in the second year, from July to +frost. These flower heads are armed with hooked tips, and the burs +thus formed are a great pest, attaching themselves to clothing and to +the wool and hair of animals. The seed of burdock is produced in +great abundance, one plant bearing as many as 400,000 seeds.</p> + +<p><b>Parts used.</b>—The root alone is recognized in the United States Pharmacopœia, +but there is a limited demand for burdock seed, and the +leaves also are employed. Burdock roots and seeds are used in blood +and skin diseases, and the leaves externally as a cooling poultice for +swellings and ulcers, the latter being employed only in the fresh state.</p> + +<figure class="figcenter illowp100" id="fig02"> + <img class="w100" src="images/fig02.jpg" alt=""> + <figcaption> + <p><span class="smcap">Fig. 2.</span>—Burdock. First year’s growth.</p> + </figcaption> +</figure> + +<p>Burdock has a large taproot, about 12 inches long, fleshy, the outside +blackish-brown or grayish-brown, the inside light in color and +spongy in the center. It is to be collected in the fall of the first year. +The roots must be washed, split lengthwise, and carefully dried. Drying +causes the root to lose about four-fifths of its weight, and to become +scaly, and wrinkled lengthwise. Sometimes the bases of the leafstalks +remain at the top of the root in the form of a small, white, silky tuft. +The odor of the root is weak and unpleasant.</p> + +<p>The seeds are oblong, curved, flattened, and angular, dark brown +and sometimes spotted with black, and have no odor. These should +be collected when ripe or nearly so.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_13">[13]</span></p> + +<p><b>Imports and prices.</b>—About 50,000 pounds of lappa or burdock root +are imported annually, and the best root is said to come from Belgium, +where great care is exercised in its collection.</p> + +<p>The price of the root ranges from 3 to 8 cents per pound, and that +of the seed from 5 to 10 cents.</p> + +<div class="chapter"> </div> <h3 id="DANDELION">DANDELION.<br> + +<span class=subh><i>Taraxacum taraxacum</i> (L.) Karst. (<i>Taraxacum officinale</i> Weber.)</span></h3> + +<figure class="figcenter illowp80" id="fig03"> + <img class="w100" src="images/fig03.jpg" alt=""> + <figcaption> + <p><span class="smcap">Fig. 3.</span>—Dandelion (<i>Taraxacum taraxacum</i> (L.) Karst). (An unusually fibrous root.)</p> + </figcaption> +</figure> + +<p><b>Other common names.</b>—Blow-ball, cankerwort, doon-head-clock, +fortune-teller, horse gowan, Irish daisy, yellow gowan, one o’clock. +(<a href="#fig03">Fig. 3.</a>)</p> + +<p><b>Range and habitat.</b>—Dandelion is distributed as a weed in all civilized +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_14">[14]</span>parts of the world, and in this country is naturalized from +Europe. With the exception of the South, it is very abundant +throughout the United States in fields and waste places, and it is especially +troublesome in lawns and meadows.</p> + +<figure class="figleft illowp30" id="fig04"> + <img class="w100" src="images/fig04.jpg" alt=""> + <figcaption> + <p><span class="smcap">Fig. 4.</span>—Dandelion root, 16 inches long.</p> + </figcaption> +</figure> + +<p><b>Description.</b>—The dandelion is so well +known a weed, especially in lawns, that +it scarcely requires a description, almost +everyone being familiar with its rosette +of coarsely toothed leaves, golden-yellow +flowers, and round fluffy seed heads. +It is a perennial plant of the chicory +family (Cichoriaceæ), and it may be +said to be in flower throughout almost +the entire year. In spring the young +leaves are collected and used for greens +or salad, but the part employed in medicine +is the root. The flowering stem +of the dandelion is usually longer than +the smooth, shining green, coarsely +toothed leaves, reaching a height of +from 5 to 10 inches. It is erect, +smooth, naked, and hollow, bearing at +the summit a solitary yellow flower +head, which opens in the morning and +only in fair weather. The entire plant +contains a white, milky juice.</p> + +<p><b>Part used.</b>—As already stated, the +root of dandelion is used medicinally. +It is a large taproot, sometimes 20 +inches long, thick and fleshy, dull-yellow +or brownish on the outside, white +inside, practically without odor, and +bitter. (<a href="#fig04">Fig. 4</a>.) Dandelion is often +used as a tonic in diseases of the liver +and in dyspepsia.</p> + +<p>The best time for digging dandelion +root is from July to September, during +which time the milky juice becomes +thicker and the bitterness increases. +It should be carefully washed and thoroughly +dried. Dandelion roots decrease considerably in size by drying, +weighing less than half as much as the fresh roots and becoming +wrinkled lengthwise. The dried root should not be kept too long, +as drying diminishes its medicinal virtues.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_15">[15]</span></p> + +<p><b>Imports and prices.</b>—During the fiscal year ended June 30, 1903, +the imports of taraxacum or dandelion root into the United States +amounted to 115,522 pounds. The price per pound ranges from 4 to 6 +cents.</p> + +<div class="chapter"> </div> <h3 id="DOCKS">DOCKS.<br> + +<span class=subh><i>Rumex</i> species.</span></h3> + +<p>Several species of docks possess medicinal properties. Among +these are the yellow dock (<i>Rumex crispus</i> L.), the broad-leaved dock +(<i>R. obtusifolius</i> L.), and the yellow-rooted water dock (<i>R. britannica</i> +L.), all more or less abundant throughout the United States. Other +species are also recognized as possessing value in medicine, but those +above mentioned are the kinds generally collected.</p> + +<div class="chapter"> </div> <h4 id="Yell_Dock">Yellow Dock.<br> + +<span class=subh><i>Rumex crispus</i> L.</span></h4> + +<p><b>Other common names.</b>—Curled dock, narrow dock, sour dock. (<a href="#fig05">Fig. 5.</a>)</p> + +<figure class="figcenter illowp100" id="fig05"> + <img class="w100" src="images/fig05.jpg" alt=""> + <figcaption> + <p><span class="smcap">Fig. 5.</span>—Yellow dock (<i>Rumex crispus</i> L.). First year’s growth.</p> + </figcaption> +</figure> + +<p><b>Range and habitat.</b>—The species most commonly employed in +medicine is the yellow dock, a perennial introduced from Europe and +now found throughout the United States as a troublesome and very +persistent weed in cultivated as well as waste ground, among rubbish +heaps, and along roadsides.</p> + +<p><b>Description.</b>—The deep, spindle-shaped root sends up an erect, +angular, and furrowed stem about 2 to 4 feet high, leafy, branching +near the top, and bearing numerous elongated clusters of inconspicuous +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_16">[16]</span>flowers. The leaves are lance-shaped, acute, with the margins strongly +waved and crisped. The lower leaves are obtuse or heart shaped at +the base, from 6 to 8 inches in length, and are borne on long stalks, +while those nearer the top are narrower and shorter, being only 3 to 6 +inches long, on short stems or stemless.</p> + +<p>From June to August the yellow dock puts forth, interspersed with +leaves, its many long dense clusters of green, drooping groups of +inconspicuous flowers placed in circles around the stem.</p> + +<div class="chapter"> </div> <h4 id="BL_Dock">Broad-leaved Dock.<br> + +<span class=subh><i>Rumex obtusifolius</i> L.</span></h4> + +<p><b>Other common names.</b>—Bitter dock, common dock, blunt-leaved dock, +butter dock. (<a href="#fig06">Fig. 6.</a>)</p> + +<figure class="figcenter illowp100" id="fig06"> + <img class="w100" src="images/fig06.jpg" alt=""> + <figcaption> + <p><span class="smcap">Fig. 6.</span>—Broad-leaved dock (<i>Rumex obtusifolius</i> L.). First year’s growth.</p> + </figcaption> +</figure> + +<p><b>Range and habitat.</b>—The range of this very common weed extends +from the New England States to Oregon and south to Florida and +Texas; it occurs in waste places.</p> + +<p><b>Description.</b>— Broad-leaved dock differs from the yellow dock principally +in its more robust habit of growth. It grows to about the +same height, but its stem is stouter, and the leaves, which are wavy +along the margin as in the yellow dock, are much broader and longer. +The lower leaves have long stalks, and are from 6 to 14 inches in +length, with heart-shaped or roundish bases, while the upper ones are +from 2 to 6 inches long and are on short stalks.</p> + +<figure class="figcenter illowp80" id="fig07"> + <img class="w100" src="images/fig07.jpg" alt=""> + <figcaption> + <p><span class="smcap">Fig. 7.</span>—Leaf, fruiting spike, and root of broad-leaved dock.</p> + </figcaption> +</figure> + +<p>The green flowers appear from June to August, and are in rather +long, open clusters, the groups rather loose and far apart. In all of +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_17">[17]</span>the docks here mentioned, the three inner divisions of the calyx (outer +covering of flower) in fruiting form a kind of triangular nut, like the +grain of buckwheat (to which family, Polygonaceæ, the docks belong), +and one or more of these divisions bear on the back a small granule. +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_18">[18]</span>The difference between flower and fruit is barely distinguishable when +seen from a little distance so long as the fruit is immature, both being +green, but later in the season, as the fruit ripens, the spikes take on a +rusty-brown color. (<a href="#fig07">Fig. 7</a>.)</p> + +<div class="chapter"> </div> <h4 id="Yell_Rt_Dock">Yellow-rooted Water Dock.<br> + +<span class=subh><i>Rumex britannica</i> L.</span></h4> + +<figure class="figleft illowp50" id="fig08"> + <img class="w100" src="images/fig08.jpg" alt=""> + <figcaption> + <p><span class="smcap">Fig. 8.</span>—Yellow dock root.</p> + </figcaption> +</figure> + +<p><b>Habitat and range.</b>—As the common name indicates, this plant frequents +swampy and wet places and banks of streams. It is found from +Canada to New Jersey and +Pennsylvania, and westward +to Minnesota, Illinois, +and Iowa.</p> + +<p><b>Description.</b>—The yellow-rooted +water dock is a +taller plant than either of +the docks previously mentioned, +its stout stem sometimes +reaching a height of +6 feet. The leaves at the +base of the plant are borne +on long stalks, and are +from 1 to 2 feet in length, +but, as with the other two +species, the leaves toward +the top of the plant are +shorter, as are also the +stalks supporting them. +The densely flowered clusters +are not as leafy as in +the preceding species mentioned. +The plant flowers +from July to August.</p> + +<div class="chapter"> </div> <h4 id="Dock_Roots">Dock Roots.</h4> + +<p>The root, which is the part to be collected for medicinal purposes, +is very similar in all of these species of dock (figs. <a href="#fig07">7</a> and <a href="#fig08">8</a>), usually +from 8 to 12 inches long, fleshy, often somewhat branched, the outside +dark reddish-brown with a rather thick bark, internally yellowish. +It possesses but a very faint odor and a bitter, astringent taste. The +roots should be collected in late summer or autumn after the fruiting +tops have ripened, then washed, split lengthwise into halves or quarters, +and carefully dried.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_19">[19]</span></p> + +<p>The docks are largely employed for purifying the blood and as a +remedy in skin diseases.</p> + +<p><b>Imports and prices.</b>—Rumex or dock roots are imported into this +country to the extent of about 125,000 pounds annually. The price +ranges from 2 to 8 cents per pound.</p> + +<div class="chapter"> </div> <h3 id="COUCH_GRASS">COUCH GRASS.<br> + +<span class=subh><i>Agropyron repens</i> (L.) Beauv. +(<i>Triticum repens</i> L.)</span></h3> + +<p><b>Other common names.</b>—Dog-grass, quick-grass, quack-grass, quitch-grass, +scutch-grass, twitch-grass, witch-grass, wheat-grass, Chandler’s +grass, creeping wheat-grass, +devil’s-grass, durfa-grass, Durfee-grass, +Dutch-grass, Fin’s +grass, quake-grass. (<a href="#fig09">Fig. 9</a>.)</p> + +<p><b>Range and habitat.</b>—Couch +grass, like so many other pernicious +weeds, was introduced into +this country from Europe, and is +now a most troublesome pest in +cultivated ground, causing the +farmer a loss of thousands of +dollars annually by taking possession +of fields and crowding out +valuable crops. It is most abundant +from Maine to Maryland, +and westward to Minnesota and +Missouri, but is rather sparingly +distributed in the South. It is +gaining ground on farms on the +Pacific slope.</p> + +<figure class="figright illowp50" id="fig09"> + <img class="w100" src="images/fig09.jpg" alt=""> + <figcaption> + <p><span class="smcap">Fig. 9.</span>—Couch grass (<i>Agropyron repens</i> (L.) Beauv.).</p> + </figcaption> +</figure> + +<p><b>Description.</b>—This rather coarse +grass produces several stems, 1 to +3 feet high, from a long, creeping, +jointed rootstock, and bears +densely flowered spike-like heads +resembling those of rye or beardless +wheat. The stems are round, +smooth, thickened at the joints, +and hollow, bearing from five to seven leaves. These have a long +cleft sheath, and are rough on the upper surface. The heads or spikes +are terminal, solitary, compressed, with two rows of spikelets on a +wavy and flattened axis.</p> + +<p>Couch grass is one of the most difficult weeds to eradicate, on +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_20">[20]</span>account of the long jointed rootstock, each joint of which is capable of +producing a new plant. Every bit of the rootstock must therefore be +removed from the soil or killed in order to eradicate it.</p> + +<p><b>Part used.</b>—The most important part of this grass, not only agriculturally +but also pharmaceutically, is its long, tough rhizome or rootstock, +creeping along underneath the ground and pushing in every +direction. It is pale yellow, smooth, about one-eighth of an inch in +diameter, with joints at intervals of about an inch from which slender +branching rootlets are produced.</p> + +<p>One of the best methods of destroying this weed is to plow up the +roots and burn them. They need not be burned, however, but may +be saved and prepared for the drug market. After the rootstocks +have been collected and washed the rootlets should be removed and +the rhizome or rootstock (not the rootlets) cut into short pieces about +two-fifths of an inch long. An ordinary feed-cutting machine may be +used for this purpose. These should then be dried as suggested in +the general instructions.</p> + +<p>In the drug trade this plant is generally known as dog grass or +triticum. As found in the stores, it is in the form of small, angular +pieces, about one-eighth to one-fourth of an inch long, straw colored, +shining, and hollow. These pieces are odorless but have a somewhat +sweetish taste.</p> + +<p>The fluid extract prepared from dog grass is used in kidney and +bladder troubles.</p> + +<p><b>Imports and prices.</b>—Couch grass is almost wholly an imported article, +some 250,000 pounds coming into this country annually from +Europe. The price is about 3 to 7 cents per pound.</p> + +<div class="chapter"> </div> <h3 id="POKEWEED">POKEWEED.<br> + +<span class=subh><i>Phytolacca americana</i> L. + (<i>Phytolacca decandra</i> L.)</span></h3> + +<p><b>Other common names.</b>—Poke, pigeon-berry, garget, scoke, pocan, +coakum, Virginian poke, ink-berry, red-ink-berry, American nightshade, +cancer jalap, redweed. (<a href="#fig10">Fig. 10</a>.)</p> + +<p><b>Range and habitat.</b>—Pokeweed is common in rich, moist soil along +fence rows, margins of fields, and in uncultivated land from the New +England States to Minnesota and south to Florida and Texas. It is +native in this country and naturalized in Europe, where it is regarded +as an ornamental garden plant.</p> + +<p><b>Description.</b>—The reddish purple stems, rich green foliage, and clusters +of white flowers and dark-purple berries give to this plant a rather +handsome appearance. Pokeweed attains a height of from 3 to 9 feet +from a very large perennial root. It is erect, branched, the stems +stout, smooth, green at first, then reddish. On examining a piece of +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_21">[21]</span>the stem, the pith will be seen to be divided into disk-shaped pieces, +with hollow spaces between them. The leaves are ovate or ovate-oblong, +acute at the apex, smooth, about 5 inches long and 2 to 3 inches +wide, on short stems. The margins are without indentation. About +July to September the long clusters of whitish flowers are produced, +followed by the green berries, which upon ripening become a rich dark-purple +color. The flower clusters are from 3 to 4 inches in length and +on long stalks, the flowers numerous and borne on reddish stems. The +berries are globular, flattened both at top and bottom, smooth and +shining, and contain ten black seeds imbedded in a rich crimson juice. +(<a href="#fig11">Fig. 11</a>.)</p> + +<figure class="figcenter illowp80" id="fig10"> + <img class="w100" src="images/fig10.jpg" alt=""> + <figcaption> + <p><span class="smcap">Fig. 10.</span>—Pokeweed (<i>Phytolacca americana</i> L.).</p> + </figcaption> +</figure> + +<p><b>Parts used.</b>—For medicinal purposes the berries and roots are +employed. Both of these should be collected when the berries are +fully mature, which usually occurs about two months after flowering. +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_22">[22]</span>The clusters of berries should be carefully dried in the shade. They +are poisonous, have no odor, a sweetish taste at first, then acrid.</p> + +<figure class="figcenter illowp90" id="fig11"> + <img class="w100" src="images/fig11.jpg" alt=""> + <figcaption> + <p><span class="smcap">Fig. 11.</span>—Pokeweed, flowering and fruiting branch.</p> + </figcaption> +</figure> + +<figure class="figleft illowp25" id="fig12"> + <img class="w100" src="images/fig12.jpg" alt=""> + <figcaption> + <p><span class="smcap">Fig. 12.</span>—Pokeroot.</p> + </figcaption> +</figure> + +<p>Pokeweed has a very large, fleshy, and poisonous root, conical in +shape and branched. (<a href="#fig12">Fig. 12.</a>) It should be +gathered in the latter part of the fall, thoroughly +cleaned, cut into transverse slices, and carefully +dried. When dry it has a grayish, wrinkled appearance, +breaks with a fibrous fracture, and the +slices show many concentric rings. There is a +slight odor and the taste is sweetish and acrid.</p> + +<p>Both the berries and roots are alterative, act +upon the bowels and cause vomiting, and preparations +made from them are used in treating +various diseases of the skin and blood, and in +certain cases in relieving pain and allaying inflammation.</p> + +<p><b>Price.</b>—Phytolacca or pokeroot brings from +2 to 5 cents per pound, and the dry berries +about 5 cents per pound.</p> + +<div class="chapter"> </div> <h3 id="FOXGLOVE">FOXGLOVE.<br> + +<span class=subh><i>Digitalis purpurea</i> L.</span></h3> + +<p><b>Other common names.</b>—Purple foxglove, thimbles, fairy cap, fairy +fingers, fairy thimbles, fairy bells, dog’s finger, finger flower, lady’s +glove, ladyfingers, lady’s thimble, popdock, flapdock, flopdock, +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_23">[23]</span>lion’s mouth, rabbit’s flower, cottagers, throatwort, Scotch mercury. +(<a href="#fig13">Fig. 13.</a>)</p> + +<figure class="figcenter illowp90" id="fig13"> + <img class="w100" src="images/fig13.jpg" alt=""> + <figcaption> + <p><span class="smcap">Fig. 13.</span>—Foxglove (<i>Digitalis purpurea</i> L.).</p> + </figcaption> +</figure> + +<p><b>Range and habitat.</b>—Foxglove was originally introduced into this +country from Europe as an ornamental garden plant, but has now +escaped from cultivation in a few localities and is assuming the character +of a weed. This is the case in parts of Oregon, Washington, +and West Virginia, where the plant is found in great abundance in +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_24">[24]</span>dry, sandy soil, along roads and fence rows, on the borders of timber +land, and in small cleared places.</p> + +<p><b>Description.</b>—This is a very handsome plant of the figwort family +(Scrophulariaceæ), biennial, and the first year forms only a rosette of +dense leaves, but in the second year of its growth the simple erect +flowering stalk is produced, attaining a height of from 3 to 4 feet. This +is round, indistinctly angled toward the top, leafy and downy. The +leaves are oblong-ovate, narrowed at the base into long winged stalks; +the upper surface of the leaves is dull-green and wrinkled, while the +under side is grayish, with short, soft hairs and a thick network of +prominent veins. The root leaves are rather large and are borne on +long stalks, but as the leaves approach the top of the plant they become +smaller and the leafstalks shorter.</p> + +<p>The plant is in flower about June, and the long clusters of numerous +tubular bell-shaped flowers are very showy. The clusters are terminal, +and about 14 inches in length. The flowers are large, about 2 +inches long, the color ranging from white through lavender to purple, +the inside of the lower lobe bearing long, soft, white hairs and crimson +spots on a white ground.</p> + +<p><b>Part used.</b>—Leaves of the second year’s growth only are employed, +and these should be collected when about two-thirds of the flowers have +expanded. They should be very carefully dried in the shade and then +kept in closed boxes or barrels so as to keep out all moisture. The +greatest care is necessary in curing, as the leaves soon lose their +medicinal properties if not properly dried.</p> + +<p>Preparations made from foxglove are of great value in heart troubles, +but they are poisonous and should never be used except on the advice +of a physician.</p> + +<p><b>Imports and prices.</b>—From 40,000 to 60,000 pounds of digitalis or +foxglove are annually imported into this country from Europe, where +the plant is cultivated. The American-grown product has so far never +been used, but leaves from the wild American plant have been assayed +and found to be equally as good as the European article.</p> + +<p>The price per pound ranges from about 6 to 8 cents.</p> + +<div class="chapter"> </div> <h3 id="MULLEIN">MULLEIN.<br> + +<span class=subh><i>Verbascum thapsus</i> L.</span></h3> + +<p><b>Other common names.</b>—Great mullein, velvet or mullein dock, Aaron’s +rod, Adam’s flannel, blanket leaf, bullock’s lungwort, cow’s or clown’s +lungwort, candlewick, feltwort, flannel leaf, old-man’s flannel, hare’s +beard, hedge taper, ice leaf, Jacob’s staff, Jupiter’s staff, lady’s foxglove, +Peter’s staff, shepherd’s club, torches, torchwort, velvet plant. +(<a href="#fig14">Fig. 14</a>.)</p> + +<p><b>Range and habitat.</b>—Mullein is a native of Europe, and occurs in this +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_25">[25]</span>country as a troublesome weed in fields and pastures, waste places, +and along roadsides from Maine to Minnesota and southward, and it is +also spreading in the far Western States. It produces great quantities +of seed, and, if allowed to persist, will soon stock the ground with +seeds which may retain their +vitality and germinate at intervals +for a number of years.</p> + +<figure class="figright illowp50" id="fig14"> + <img class="w100" src="images/fig14.jpg" alt=""> + <figcaption> + <p><span class="smcap">Fig. 14.</span>—Mullein (<i>Verbascum thapsus</i> L.).</p> + </figcaption> +</figure> + +<p><b>Description.</b>—Mullein can be +easily recognized by its tall, +erect habit of growth, the white-woolly +or felty appearance of the +entire plant, and its spike of golden-yellow +flowers. It is a biennial +belonging to the figwort +family (Scrophulariaceæ).</p> + +<p>This plant has a stout, straight +stem, which sometimes grows as +tall as 7 feet. The stem and also +the leaves are densely hairy, the +latter alternate, sessile (stemless), +their margins extending in +wings along down the stem. +The rather thick, rough leaves +are from 4 to 12 inches in length, +oblong, acute, and densely hairy +above and below.</p> + +<p>In the first year of its growth +only a rosette of downy leaves is +produced, but during the second +year the flower stalk with its +densely flowered spike appears. +The golden-yellow flowers are +produced from June to August.</p> + +<p><b>Parts used.</b>—As the leaves and +flowers are to be collected at the +time when the plant is in bloom, +the propagation of the plant by +the dissemination of its seed is +prevented. The leaves are cured +in the usual manner. They are +practically inodorous, and have a somewhat bitter, mucilaginous taste.</p> + +<p>It is very desirable to have the flowers retain their bright yellow +color: they must therefore be thoroughly dried, and then kept free from +moisture in well-stoppered bottles. They readily absorb moisture and +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_26">[26]</span>if allowed to become damp will turn black. The corolla (petals), with +the adhering stamens only, is dried, the calyx being rejected. Mullein +flowers have a sweetish, pleasant odor.</p> + +<p>Mullein is used in coughs and catarrh, +to quiet nervous irritation, and +to relieve pain and inflammation. +According to some authors the dried +leaves are often smoked like tobacco +to relieve nasal catarrh and throat +affections.</p> + +<p><b>Imports and prices.</b>—About 5,000 +pounds of verbascum or mullein flowers +are annually imported, chiefly +from Germany, in which country this +plant is cultivated. The leaves are +also imported to a small extent.</p> + +<p>The price paid for the leaves ranges +from 2½ to 5 cents per pound, and +that for the flowers may range from +25 to 75 cents per pound.</p> + +<div class="chapter"> </div> <h3 id="LOBELIA">LOBELIA.<br> + +<span class=subh><i>Lobelia inflata</i> L.</span></h3> + +<figure class="figleft illowp45" id="fig15"> + <img class="w100" src="images/fig15.jpg" alt=""> + <figcaption> + <p><span class="smcap">Fig. 15.</span>—Lobelia (<i>Lobelia inflata</i> L.).</p> + </figcaption> +</figure> + +<p><b>Other common names.</b>—Indian tobacco, +wild tobacco, bladder pod, asthma +weed, gagroot, pukeweed, vomitwort, +low belia, eyebright. (<a href="#fig15">Fig. 15.</a>)</p> + +<p><b>Range and habitat.</b>—This poisonous +weed occurs nearly everywhere +throughout the United States, being +most plentiful east of the Mississippi +River, and thriving in dry, clayey, +or siliceous soil in sunny situations +along roadsides, and in old fields and +pastures.</p> + +<p><b>Description.</b>—The erect leafy stem +of this annual herbaceous plant is +from 1 to 3 feet high, from a fibrous +root. It is simple and rough-hairy +below, smooth above, and bears a few +short branches. The entire plant contains +an acrid milky juice. It belongs +to the bellflower family (Campanulaceæ).</p> + +<p>The pale-green leaves are alternate, from 1 to 2½ inches long, gradually +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_27">[27]</span>diminishing in size as they reach the summit of the plant, the +lower leaves being borne on stalks, while the upper ones are stemless. +They are thin, oblong or oval, blunt, irregularly toothed, and almost +wavy, with short hairs on both surfaces.</p> + +<p>From July until frost the rather inconspicuous, very small pale-blue +flowers appear. These are very numerous, each one borne in the +axils of the upper leaves on very short stems, all together forming a +long, spike-like head. The lower lip of the flower has three lobes, the +upper one two segments, and from the center of the latter the tube of +the flower is cleft to the base. The seed pods are in the form of inflated +capsules, nearly globular, striated (grooved or marked with +parallel lines), and contain very numerous minute dark-brown seeds.</p> + +<p><b>Parts used.</b>—The leaves and flowering tops are used in medicine, and +there is also a good demand for the seed. The leaves and tops should +be gathered after some of the pods have become inflated, should be +dried in the shade, and when dry kept in covered vessels. The dried +leaves and tops have a rather disagreeable, somewhat sickening odor, +and the taste, though mild at first, soon becomes strongly acrid and +nauseous. The seeds are extremely minute, and each capsule is said +to contain from 450 to 500 seeds.</p> + +<p>Lobelia is an expectorant, acts upon the nervous system and bowels, +causes vomiting, and is poisonous.</p> + +<p><b>Price.</b>—The price paid for the dried leaves and tops ranges from 3 +to 8 cents per pound, and that for the seed from 15 to 20 cents per +pound.</p> + +<div class="chapter"> </div> <h3 id="TANSY">TANSY.<br> + +<span class=subh><i>Tanacetum vulgare</i> L.</span></h3> + +<p><b>Other common names.</b>—Bitter buttons, ginger plant, parsley fern, +scented fern. (<a href="#fig16-17">Fig. 16</a>.)</p> + +<p><b>Range and habitat.</b>—Tansy was originally introduced into this +country as a garden plant from Europe, where it is native. It has now +escaped from cultivation and is found as a weed along waysides and +fences in many places from New England to Minnesota and southward +to North Carolina and Missouri.</p> + +<p><b>Description.</b>—This strong-scented perennial herb belongs to the aster +family (Asteraceæ). The stout, erect stem is from 1½ to 3 feet high, +branching near the top, somewhat reddish, and usually smooth. +The general outline of the leaf is oval, and it is divided nearly to the +midrib into about seven pairs of segments, which, like the terminal +one, are again divided for about two-thirds of the distance to the midvein +into smaller lobes having saw-toothed margins. The entire leaf +is about 6 inches in length.</p> + +<p>Tansy is in flower from July to September, and the roundish but +flat-topped yellow flower heads are produced in dense terminal clusters.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_28">[28]</span></p> + +<p><b>Parts used.</b>—At the time of flowering the leaves and tops are collected +for medicinal purposes and are dried in the usual manner. The odor +of tansy is strongly aromatic and the taste bitter. In drying, tansy +loses about four-fifths of its weight.</p> + +<p>Tansy is employed in derangements of women, and has stimulant +and tonic properties. It is also used for expelling worms. This drug +is poisonous and has been known to produce fatal results.</p> + +<figure class="figcenter illowp100" id="fig16-17"> + <img class="w100" src="images/fig16-17.jpg" alt=""> + <figcaption> +<table class="autotable wd100"> +<tr> +<td class="tdc"><span class="smcap">Fig. 16.</span>—Tansy <br>(<i>Tanacetum vulgare</i> L.).</td> +<td class="tdc"><span class="smcap">Fig. 17.</span>—Gum plant <br>(<i>Grindelia robusta</i> Nutt.).</td> +</tr> +</table> + </figcaption> +</figure> + +<p><b>Imports and prices.</b>—About 30,000 pounds of tanacetum or tansy are +imported annually. The price paid per pound ranges from 3 to 6 cents.</p> + +<div class="chapter"> </div> <h3 id="GUM_PLANT">GUM PLANT.<br> + +<span class=subh><i>Grindelia robusta</i> Nutt.</span></h3> + +<p><b>Range.</b>—The gum plant (<a href="#fig16-17">fig. 17</a>) occurs in the States west of the +Rocky Mountains.</p> + +<p><b>Description.</b>—The entire plant is covered with a resinous substance, +which gives it a gummy, varnished appearance, whence its common +name, gum plant, is derived.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_29">[29]</span></p> + +<p>This perennial of the aster family of plants has an erect habit of +growth, and sends up a round, smooth stem about a foot and a half +high, narrowly grooved and freely branching near the top, each +branch terminating in a large yellow flower. The branches near the +flower heads have a slightly reddish appearance.</p> + +<p>The pale-green leaves are about an inch long, of a leathery texture, +rather rigid, coated with resin, and show numerous translucent dots. +The leaves are oblong-spatulate (having a gradually narrowed base +below the broader rounded summit) and are more or less clasping at +the base, the lower ones somewhat saw-toothed.</p> + +<p>The yellow flowers are borne singly at the ends of the branches and +measure about three-quarters of an inch across. The involucre (set of +small leaves immediately beneath +the flower) is very resinous and +consists of numerous thick, overlapping +scales, the tips of which +are rolled forward.</p> + +<p><b>Parts used and prices.</b>—The +flowering tops and leaves of this +and of the scaly grindelia are collected +indiscriminately, and bring +from 5 to 12 cents per pound.</p> + +<p>They are used in asthma and +similar affections, and externally +in cases of poisoning by poison +ivy.</p> + +<div class="chapter"> </div> <h3 id="SCALY_G">SCALY GRINDELIA.<br> + +<span class=subh><i>Grindelia squarrosa</i> (Pursh) Dunal.</span></h3> + +<figure class="figright illowp50" id="fig18"> + <img class="w100" src="images/fig18.jpg" alt=""> + <figcaption> + <p><span class="smcap">Fig. 18.</span>—Scaly grindelia (<i>Grindelia squarrosa</i> + (Pursh) Dunal).</p> + </figcaption> +</figure> + +<p><b>Range.</b>—Scaly grindelia (<a href="#fig18">fig. 18</a>) has a wider distribution +than the gum plant, being quite common on the plains and prairies from +the Saskatchewan to Minnesota, south to Texas and Mexico, and westward +to California.</p> + +<p><b>Description.</b>—This species is +very similar to the gum plant, +with the exception that it is +smaller and does not have the gummy appearance of the former. The +slender, erect stems are from 1 to 2 feet high and somewhat sparingly +branched near the top. The branches near the flower heads appear to +be somewhat more reddish than in the species previously mentioned. +In this species, also, the leaves are not borne on stalks, but are somewhat +clasping at the base, and they are longer (about 2 inches long), +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_30">[30]</span>not rigid, thinner, and more prominently toothed. The flowers are +also very similar to those of the gum plant, but are smaller, the scales +narrower, and the recurved tips longer and more slender.</p> + +<p><b>Parts used.</b>—The leaves and flowering tops are collected with those +of the gum plant, <i>Grindelia robusta</i>.</p> + +<div class="chapter"> </div> <h3 id="BONESET">BONESET.<br> + +<span class=subh><i>Eupatorium perfoliatum</i> L.</span></h3> + +<figure class="figcenter illowp70" id="fig19"> + <img class="w100" src="images/fig19.jpg" alt=""> + <figcaption> + <p><span class="smcap">Fig. 19.</span>—Boneset (<i>Eupatorium perfoliatum</i> L.).</p> + </figcaption> +</figure> + +<p><b>Other common names.</b>—Thoroughwort, crosswort, wood boneset, +teasel, ague-weed, feverwort, thorough-stem or thorough-wax, vegetable +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_31">[31]</span>antimony, sweating plant, Indian sage, wild sage, tearal, wild +Isaac. (<a href="#fig19">Fig. 19.</a>)</p> + +<p><b>Range and habitat.</b>—Boneset delights in moist situations, and is common +as a weed in clayey or sandy soil, in low, wet ground, and along +streams, on the edges of swamps and in thickets from the New England +States west to Nebraska and south to Texas and Florida.</p> + +<p><b>Description.</b>—One of the features which will aid in recognizing this +plant is the peculiar arrangement of the leaves. These are opposite +each other and joined together at the base around the stem, and therefore +have the appearance of a single leaf with the stem passing through +the center of it.</p> + +<p>Boneset is a perennial herb of the aster family of plants (Asteraceæ), +with stout, rough, hairy stems 1 to 5 feet high, from a horizontal, +crooked root. The leaves are opposite, united at the base, lance +shaped, tapering to a point, bluntly toothed, rough with prominent +veins, wrinkled, dark green on the upper surface, downy and paler +green on the lower surface. Both leaves together measure from 8 to +14 inches from point to point and 1 to 1½ inches wide. The flowers +are white, tubular, ten to twenty or more united in dense heads, and +the heads are borne in rather crowded flat-topped clusters, appearing +from July to September.</p> + +<p><b>Parts used.</b>—The leaves and flowering tops are the parts used in +medicine, and these should be collected when the plants are in flower, +stripped from the stalk, and carefully dried. They lose about three-fourths +of their weight in drying. The odor is faintly aromatic, the +taste bitter and astringent.</p> + +<p>As indicated by the common names “ague-weed” and “feverwort,” +this is a popular remedy in fever and ague. It is used also in colds, +dyspepsia, jaundice, and for toning up the system. In large doses it +is an emetic and cathartic.</p> + +<p><b>Prices.</b>—Eupatorium or boneset leaves and tops bring from 2 to 8 +cents per pound.</p> + +<div class="chapter"> </div> <h3 id="CATNIP">CATNIP.<br> + +<span class=subh><i>Nepeta cataria</i> L.</span></h3> + +<p><b>Other common names.</b>—Catmint, catrup, cat’s wort, field mint. ( +<a href="#fig20">Fig. 20</a>.)</p> + +<p><b>Range and habitat.</b>—This very common weed is naturalized from +Europe, and is found in rather dry soil in waste places and cultivated +land, about old buildings and along fences, from Canada to Minnesota +and southward to Virginia and Arkansas.</p> + +<p><b>Description.</b>—The erect, square stems of this perennial herb of the +mint family (Menthaceæ) grow to a height of 2 to 3 feet, are branched, +and somewhat whitish in appearance from the covering of fine white +hairs.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_32">[32]</span></p> + +<figure class="figleft illowp60" id="fig20"> + <img class="w100" src="images/fig20.jpg" alt=""> + <figcaption> + <p><span class="smcap">Fig. 20.</span>—Catnip (<i>Nepeta cataria</i> L.)</p> + </figcaption> +</figure> + +<p>The leaves are opposite and borne on stems, heart shaped or oblong, +with an acute apex, 1 to 2½ inches long, evenly and finely scalloped, +green above, beneath grayish-green with fine white hairs. The many-flowered +clusters appear from June to September, and are borne in +thick spikes 1 to 5 inches long at the top of the stems and branches. +The flowers are white or somewhat purple, two-lipped, the upper lip +two-cleft, the lower one +three-lobed and sometimes +spotted with red, the middle +lobe broadest and +round-toothed.</p> + +<p><b>Parts used.</b>—The flowering +tops and leaves are to +be collected when the plant +is in flower and carefully +dried. They have a strong +mint-like odor and a bitter +taste. The coarser stems +and branches should be +rejected.</p> + +<p>Catnip is used in derangements +of women, as +a mild stimulant and tonic, +and has a quieting effect on +the nervous system.</p> + +<p><b>Imports and prices.</b>—Cataria +or catnip is imported +in but small quantities. +The price paid for the +flowering tops and leaves +is from 2 to 8 cents per +pound.</p> + +<div class="chapter"> </div> <h3 id="HOARHOUND">HOARHOUND.<br> + +<span class=subh><i>Marrubium vulgare</i> L.</span></h3> + +<p><b>Other common names.</b>—Houndsbene, +marvel, marrube. +(<a href="#fig21">Fig. 21</a>.)</p> + +<p><b>Range and habitat.</b>—Hoarhound +has been naturalized from Europe, and has escaped +from gardens in this country, being found now rather abundantly +in dry sandy or stony soil in waste places, pastures, fields, along +roadsides, and near dwellings, from Maine to South Carolina, Texas, +and westward to California and Oregon. It is very abundant in pastures +in California, Oregon, and in limited areas in Indiana, Missouri, +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_33">[33]</span>Ohio, and Michigan. In southern California this plant has +proved a most troublesome weed, occurring almost everywhere and +growing in such dense masses as to crowd out all other vegetation. +It has spread rapidly over thousands of acres, taking complete possession +of the land and destroying pastures.</p> + +<p><b>Description.</b>—The entire plant has a whitish, woolly appearance, +caused by the dense covering of hairs. It is a perennial plant, and as +will be seen from the characteristic lip-shaped flowers, is a member of +the mint family (Menthaceæ). The whole plant has a rather pleasant, +balsamic odor.</p> + +<figure class="figcenter illowp100" id="fig21"> + <img class="w100" src="images/fig21.jpg" alt=""> + <figcaption> + <p><span class="smcap">Fig. 21.</span>—Hoarhound (<i>Marrubium vulgare</i> L.).</p> + </figcaption> +</figure> + +<p>Hoarhound is a bushy, branching herb, with fibrous roots sending +up numerous woolly stems about 1 to 3 feet high, rounded below and +four-angled above. The leaves are opposite each other, 1 to 2 inches +long, oval or nearly round, wrinkled, somewhat blunt at the apex, +narrowed or somewhat heart shaped at the base, with rounded teeth, +somewhat hairy and wrinkled on the upper surface, and prominently +veined and very hoary on the lower surface. The flowers are whitish, +two-lipped, the upper lip two-lobed, the lower three-lobed, and are +borne in dense, woolly clusters in the axils of the leaves. (<a href="#fig22">Fig. 22.</a>) +The plant flowers from June to September, and the characteristic +hooked calyx teeth of the mature flower clusters cling to the wool of +sheep like a bur, resulting in the scattering of the seeds.</p> +<figure class="figleft illowp50" id="fig22"> + <img class="w100" src="images/fig22.jpg" alt=""> + <figcaption> + <p><span class="smcap">Fig. 22.</span>—Hoarhound, flowering top.</p> + </figcaption> +</figure> +<p><b>Parts used.</b>—The leaves and tops are used in medicine. These +should be gathered just before the herb is in flower, rejecting the +coarse stalks, and should be dried in the shade in the usual manner. +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_34">[34]</span>The balsamic odor diminishes in drying. The herb has a bitter, persistent +taste.</p> + + + +<p>Hoarhound is well known as a remedy for colds, and is also used in +dyspepsia and for expelling worms.</p> + +<p><b>Imports and prices.</b>—A considerable quantity of marrubium or +hoarhound is imported, about +125,000 pounds coming into +this country annually. Three +to 8 cents is the price paid per +pound.</p> + +<div class="chapter"> </div> <h3 id="BLESSED">BLESSED THISTLE.<br> + +<span class=subh><i>Cnicus benedictus</i> L.</span></h3> + +<p><b>Other common names.</b>—Holy thistle, bitter thistle, Our Lady’s +thistle, St. Benedict’s thistle, cursed thistle, spotted thistle. (<a href="#fig23">Fig. +23.</a>)</p> +<figure class="figright illowp55" id="fig23"> + <img class="w100" src="images/fig23.jpg" alt=""> + <figcaption> + <p><span class="smcap">Fig. 23.</span>—Blessed thistle (<i>Cnicus benedictus</i> L.).</p> + </figcaption> +</figure> +<p><b>Range and habitat.</b>—This +weed has been introduced +from Europe and occurs in +stony, uncultivated localities +and waste places in the Southern +States and in California +and Utah.</p> + + + +<p><b>Description.</b>—Blessed thistle +is an annual plant belonging to +the aster family (Asteraceæ). +The round stems are erect, +about 1 to 2 feet high, branched, +and rather woolly. The leaves +are more or less hairy, the +lower ones borne on petioles (leaf stems), the upper ones sessile +(stemless) and clasping the stem. They are oblong-lanceolate and +wavy-lobed. The terminal yellow flower heads are surrounded by +scales of a leathery texture, which are prolonged into long, hard, +branching spines.</p> + +<p><b>Parts used.</b>—The leaves and tops should be collected when the +plant is in flower, about June, thoroughly and quickly dried, and +kept in a vessel from which moisture, light, and air should be +excluded. They have a somewhat disagreeable odor and the taste is +very bitter.</p> + +<p>Blessed thistle is employed in fevers, dyspepsia, and as a tonic to +restore the appetite.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_35">[35]</span></p> + +<p><b>Imports and prices.</b>—This plant is cultivated in Germany, from which +country it is imported to a limited extent. The price per pound +ranges from 8 to 10 cents.</p> + +<div class="chapter"> </div> <h3 id="YARROW">YARROW.<br> + +<span class=subh><i>Achillea millefolium</i> L.</span></h3> + +<figure class="figcenter illowp60" id="fig24"> + <img class="w100" src="images/fig24.jpg" alt=""> + <figcaption> + <p><span class="smcap">Fig. 24.</span>—Yarrow (<i>Achillea millefolium</i> L.).</p> + </figcaption> +</figure> + +<p><b>Other common names.</b>—Milfoil, +thousand leaf, thousand-leaved +clover, green +arrow, gordoloba, nosebleed, +bloodwort, carpenter’s +grass, sanguinary, soldiers’ +woundwort, old man’s +pepper. (<a href="#fig24">Fig. 24.</a>)</p> + +<p><b>Range and habitat.</b>—This +herb is a common weed from +the New England States to +Missouri and in scattered +localities in other parts +of the country, occurring +along roadsides, in old fields, +pastures, and meadows.</p> + +<p><b>Description.</b>—Yarrow is a +perennial belonging to the +aster family (Asteraceæ). +It is about 10 to 20 inches +in height, its numerous +dark-green feathery leaves +divided into very fine +crowded parts. The flowers +are produced in abundance +from June to September. +These are small, white +(sometimes rose-colored), +and are crowded in dense +flat-topped heads.</p> + +<p>The odor of yarrow is strong and aromatic, very similar to that of +chamomile, and the taste is sharp and bitter. When this plant is eaten +by cows its bitter taste and strong odor are imparted to dairy products.</p> + +<p><b>Parts used.</b>—The entire plant is collected when in flower, and is +carefully dried. The coarser stems should be rejected. The plant +loses nearly four-fifths of its weight in drying.</p> + +<p>Yarrow is a stimulant tonic, acts upon the bladder, and checks +excessive discharges.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_36">[36]</span></p> + +<p><b>Imports and prices.</b>—This is an imported article, though not brought +into the United States in large quantities. The price of achillea or +yarrow ranges from 2 to 5 cents per pound.</p> + +<div class="chapter"> </div> <h3 id="FLEABANE">CANADA FLEABANE.<br> + +<span class=subh><i>Leptilon canadense</i> + (L.) Britton. (<i>Erigeron canadensis</i> L.)</span></h3> + +<p><b>Other common names.</b>—Horseweed, colt’s tail, scabious, prideweed, +butter weed, fireweed, blood-stanch, cow’s tail, bitter weed. (<a href="#fig25">Fig. 25.</a>)</p> + +<figure class="figright illowp30" id="fig25"> + <img class="w100" src="images/fig25.jpg" alt=""> + <figcaption> + <p><span class="smcap">Fig. 25.</span>—Canada fleabane (<i>Leptilon + canadense</i> (L.) Britton).</p> + </figcaption> +</figure> + +<p><b>Range and habitat.</b>—This weed is common in damp, sandy soils in +fields and waste places and along roadsides in many parts of the United +States, especially throughout the northern Mississippi Valley.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_37">[37]</span></p> + +<p><b>Description.</b>—Canada fleabane is an annual weed belonging to the +aster family (Asteraceæ). The stem, which is bristly-hairy, or sometimes +smooth, varies greatly in height, according to the soil, being +sometimes only 3 inches high, and in favorable soil often reaching a +height of 10 feet. The larger plants are branched near the top. The +leaves are usually somewhat hairy, those scattered along the stem being +rather narrow, with unbroken margins, and the lower ones slightly +toothed. From June to November numerous heads of small inconspicuous +white flowers are produced, followed by an abundance of seed.</p> + +<p><b>Parts used.</b>—The entire herb is medicinal, and +should be gathered during the flowering period +and carefully dried. It has a faint, agreeable +odor and a somewhat astringent and bitter +taste. The fresh herb on distillation yields +a volatile oil which is sold as oil of fleabane.</p> + +<p>The common name “blood stanch” indicates +the use of this plant for arresting hemorrhages +from various sources and the bleeding +of wounds. It is useful also in diarrhea +and dropsy.</p> + +<p><b>Price.</b>—The price paid for erigeron or flea +bane ranges from 6 to 8 cents per pound.</p> + +<div class="chapter"> </div> <h3 id="JIMSON">JIMSON WEED.<br> + +<span class=subh><i>Datura stramonium</i> L.</span></h3> + +<p><b>Other common names.</b>—Jamestown weed +(from which “jimson” weed is derived), thorn-apple, +stinkweed, stinkwort, devil’s apple, +mad-apple, devil’s trumpet, fireweed, Jamestown +lily, dewtry, apple of Peru. (<a href="#fig26">Fig. 26.</a>)</p> + +<figure class="figcenter illowp80" id="fig26"> + <img class="w100" src="images/fig26.jpg" alt=""> + <figcaption> + <p><span class="smcap">Fig. 26.</span>—Jimson weed (<i>Datura stramonium</i> L.).</p> + </figcaption> +</figure> + +<p><b>Range and habitat.</b>—Jimson weed is exceedingly +common in fields and waste places +throughout the entire country with the exception +of the North and West. It is native in +the Tropics and widely scattered in nearly +all warm countries.</p> + +<p><b>Description.</b>—This well-known rank and ill-scented poisonous weed +is an annual about 2 to 5 feet in height, and belongs to the potato +family (Solanaceæ). Its yellowish-green stems are stout, leafy, +and much forked. The leaves are large, 3 to 8 inches long, thin, +smooth, pointed at the apex and usually narrowed at the base, irregularly +waved and toothed, veiny, dark green on the upper surface +and paler green beneath. The rather large, showy flowers are produced +from May to September. They are white, funnel shaped, +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_38">[38]</span>about 3 inches long, and have a heavy odor. The seed pod is a dry, +oval, prickly capsule, which, when quite ripe, bursts open and discloses +four valves, containing numerous black, kidney-shaped seeds. +(<a href="#fig27">Fig. 27</a>.) The seeds are ill-smelling when fresh, as is the entire plant. +They are dull black, about one-sixth of an inch long, flattened, +wrinkled, and marked with small depressions.</p> + +<p><b>Parts used.</b>—Both the leaves and seeds are medicinal. The leaves +are collected at the time of flowering, the entire plant being cut or +pulled up and the leaves stripped and dried in the shade. The +unpleasant narcotic odor diminishes upon drying. The leaves are +poisonous, cause dilation of the pupil of the eye, and are used principally +in asthma.</p> + +<p>For the collection of the seeds the capsules should be taken from +the plants when they are quite ripe, but still of a green color. The +capsules should then be dried for a few days, when they will burst +open and the seeds can be readily shaken out. These should now be +carefully dried. The seeds like the leaves are poisonous and possess +the same properties.</p> + +<p>Occasional cases of poisoning of children occur from eating the seeds +of jimson weed and taking the flowers in their mouths.</p> + +<p><b>Imports and prices.</b>—From 100,000 to 150,000 pounds of stramonium +leaves (the name by which they are designated in the drug trade) are +imported into this country annually, and about 10,000 pounds of seeds +are imported.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_39">[39]</span></p> + +<p>The leaves will bring from 2½ to 8 cents per pound, and stramonium +seeds from 3 to 7 cents per pound.</p> + +<figure class="figcenter illowp100" id="fig27"> + <img class="w100" src="images/fig27.jpg" alt=""> + <figcaption> + <p><span class="smcap">Fig. 27.</span>—Leaves, flower, and capsules of jimson weed.</p> + </figcaption> +</figure> + + <h4 id="PURPLE">Purple thorn-apple.</h4> + +<p>The purple thorn-apple, technically known as <i>Datura tatula</i>, is very +similar to the jimson weed, possesses the same properties, and is distinguished +from it merely by its reddish stems and purplish flowers. +The leaves and seeds may be gathered with those of the jimson weed.</p> + +<div class="chapter"> </div> <h3 id="HEMLOCK">POISON HEMLOCK.<br> + +<span class=subh><i>Conium maculatum</i> L.</span></h3> + +<p><b>Other common names.</b>—Spotted parsley, St. Bennet’s herb, bad-man’s +oatmeal, heck-how, wode whistle, cashes, bunk, poison parsley, spotted +cowbane. (<a href="#fig28">Fig. 28</a>.)</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_40">[40]</span></p> + +<p><b>Range and habitat.</b>—Poison hemlock is rather common in waste places +and along roadsides, principally in the Eastern and Middle States. It +has been naturalized in this country from Europe.</p> + +<p><b>Description.</b>—From the close resemblance of the leaves of this plant +to parsley, it is sometimes mistaken for the latter and fatal cases of +poisoning have occurred. All parts of the plant are exceedingly +poisonous.</p> + +<figure class="figleft illowp55" id="fig28"> + <img class="w100" src="images/fig28.jpg" alt=""> + <figcaption> + <p><span class="smcap">Fig. 28.</span>—Poison hemlock (<i>Conium maculatum</i> L.).</p> + </figcaption> +</figure> + +<p>Poison hemlock belongs to the same family as the parsley, namely, +the Apiaceæ. It is a biennial, about 2 to 6 feet in height, with a +smooth, hollow stem dotted with purple, and large leaves very much +like those of parsley. The numerous +small white flowers are +borne in rather showy umbels +(flat-topped clusters, with stems +from one point) and appear in +June and July. The fruit ripens +in August and September. The +fruit is grayish-green, ribbed, +about one-eighth of an inch long, +ovate, laterally flattened, and +smooth.</p> + +<p>The entire plant possesses a +disagreeable mousy odor, which +is especially noticeable when +bruised.</p> + +<p><b>Parts used.</b>—The fruit and +leaves are the parts used. The +fruit should be collected while +still green but full grown, which +in most localities is some time in +August. It should be dried in +dark but well ventilated places, +and then stored in tight cans or +boxes where it will not be exposed +to the action of light and air.</p> + +<p>The poison hemlock leaves should be collected when the plant is in +flower, which will be in the second year of its growth. The stems +should be rejected. Contrary to the usual method of drying leaves and +herbs, the poison hemlock leaves may be quickly dried in the sun and +then kept in tightly closed vessels. The leaves will retain their green +color if properly cured. The odor is still very disagreeable, but not +so pronounced as in the fresh plant.</p> + +<p>This very poisonous drug is used in rheumatism, neuralgia, asthma, +and in cases where the nervous system is in an excited condition.</p> + +<p><b>Imports and prices.</b>—The imports of conium or poison hemlock seed +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_41">[41]</span>amount to about 20,000 pounds annually, and from 10,000 to 20,000 +pounds of the leaves are imported. The price paid for the seed is +about 3 cents per pound, and for the leaves about 4 cents.</p> + +<div class="chapter"> </div> <h3 id="WORMSEED">AMERICAN WORMSEED.<br> + +<span class=subh><i>Chenopodium ambrosioides</i> L.</span></h3> + +<p><b>Other common names.</b>—Mexican tea, Spanish tea, Jerusalem tea, +Jesuit tea, ambrosia. (<a href="#fig29">Fig. 29.</a>)</p> + +<figure class="figcenter illowp90" id="fig29"> + <img class="w100" src="images/fig29.jpg" alt=""> + <figcaption> + <p><span class="smcap">Fig. 29.</span>—American wormseed (<i>Chenopodium ambrosioides</i> L.).</p> + </figcaption> +</figure> + +<p><b>Range and habitat.</b>—This strong-scented herb, naturalized in this +country from tropical America, frequents waste places around dwellings +and is found in streets, meadows, pastures, and grain fields from +New England to Florida, and westward to California.</p> + +<p><b>Description.</b>—American wormseed is an annual plant of the goosefoot +family (Chenopodiaceæ), attaining a height of from 2 to 3 feet. The +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_42">[42]</span>stem is grooved, usually much branched and leafy, the leaves oblong +or oblong lance-shaped, somewhat acute at the apex, the lower ones +1 to 3 inches long and wavy-toothed, the numerous upper leaves much +smaller and usually entire. From July to September the flowers are +produced, followed throughout the autumn by the fruits, both of +which are green and borne in crowded leafy spikes. The whole plant +has a powerful, disagreeable odor, due to the essential oil which it +contains.</p> + +<p><b>Part used.</b>—The entire leafy part of the plant is sometimes employed +for the distillation of the oil, although the fruit alone is listed in the +Pharmacopœia of the United States. The fruit is distilled for the oil, +which it contains in large quantities.</p> + +<p>The fruits are in the form of small grains, about the size of a pin +head, globular but slightly flattened, greenish, and inclosing the small +shining black seeds. They have the same powerful odor as the plant, +which does not diminish when the fruit is dried, and the taste is bitter +and pungent. American wormseed is an anthelmintic, that is, it has +the property of expelling worms.</p> + +<p>The fruits of <i>Chenopodium anthelminticum</i>, another species of wormseed, +are collected with those of the species just described. This plant +is very similar to the American wormseed, the fruits being alike, and +the only differences being that in <i>Chenopodium anthelminticum</i> the stem +is slightly taller, from 2½ to 3½ feet high, the leaves are more coarsely +toothed, the flowers are borne in more elongated, usually leafless +spikes, the odor is more pronounced and disagreeable, and the range +and distribution of the plant are more limited.</p> + +<p>Wormseed is cultivated to a considerable extent in parts of Maryland, +where the distillation of the plant for the oil is carried on.</p> + +<p><b>Price.</b>—In ordinary seasons the price paid for chenopodium or wormseed +ranges from 6 to 8 cents per pound. The oil distilled from +wormseed is at present selling at $1.50 per pound.</p> + +<div class="chapter"> </div> <h3 id="BLACKM">BLACK MUSTARD.<br> + +<span class=subh><i>Brassica nigra</i> (L.) Koch. + (<i>Sinapis nigra</i> L.)</span></h3> + +<p><b>Other common names.</b>—Brown mustard, red mustard. (<a href="#fig30">Fig. 30.</a>)</p> + +<figure class="figright illowp55" id="fig30"> + <img class="w100" src="images/fig30.jpg" alt=""> + <figcaption> + <p><span class="smcap">Fig. 30.</span>—Black mustard (<i>Brassica nigra</i> (L.) Koch).</p> + </figcaption> +</figure> + +<p><b>Range and habitat.</b>—Black mustard, introduced from Europe, is a +troublesome weed in many parts of the United States. It is common +in almost every State in the Union along roadsides, in cultivated +ground, and in waste places, being especially troublesome in grain +fields and pastures. Both black and white mustards are cultivated in +California.</p> + +<p>This plant is a great pest in southern California, covering thousands +of acres and forming dense, impenetrable thickets over 6 feet in +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_43">[43]</span>height, in which birds have their nesting places, and, by eating and +excreting the seeds, help to spread this pernicious weed.</p> + +<p><b>Description.</b>—The rather stiff, dark-green, branching stem of black +mustard is from 4 to 6 feet in height. The lower part of the stems +and branches is more or less bristly hairy, but the upper part is +usually smooth.</p> + +<p>The leaves are dark green, somewhat rough, with bristly hairs, and +are all borne on stalks. The lower leaves are lobed, the terminal lobe +being the largest and the two +or more lateral ones smaller. +The leaves toward the top of +the plant become lance shaped +and are slightly toothed.</p> + +<p>The flowers of black mustard +appear from June to September, +and are of a bright +yellow color. They are rather +small, scarcely a quarter of an +inch in diameter, the four petals +spreading and each consisting +of a rounded blade with a +narrow claw. The petals alternate +with the pale-green sepals +or calyx lobes. The flowers +appear in clusters at the ends +of the elongating stems, followed +from July to November +by the numerous erect pods +crowded against the stem in +dense narrow clusters. The +pods are about 1 inch in length, +quadrangular, smooth, and +tipped at the apex by the short, +persistent style. The seeds +contained in the pods are very +numerous, small, about one twenty-fifth of an inch in diameter, globular, +blackish brown, and finely pitted.</p> + +<p>The plant is an annual, and if care is taken to prevent the distribution +of the seeds it is not difficult to exterminate. The seeds possess +great vitality, and may remain in the ground for years before +germinating.</p> + +<p><b>Collection of seeds.</b>—The tops may be pulled when most of the pods +are nearly mature, but before they are ready to spring open. They +should then be placed on a clean, dry floor or shelf, allowing the pods +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_44">[44]</span>to ripen and dry out, when they will burst open and the seeds can be +readily shaken out.</p> + +<p>Mustard seed has no odor whatever when collected, not even when +it is powdered in its dry state, but as soon as water is added in grinding +it, the powerful, penetrating mustard odor is developed. The taste is +sharp and pungent.</p> + +<div class="chapter"> </div> <h3 id="WHITEM">WHITE MUSTARD.<br> + +<span class=subh><i>Sinapis alba</i> L.</span></h3> + +<p><b>Another common name.</b>—Yellow mustard. (<a href="#fig31">Fig. 31.</a>)</p> + +<figure class="figcenter illowp70" id="fig31"> + <img class="w100" src="images/fig31.jpg" alt=""> + <figcaption> + <p><span class="smcap">Fig. 31.</span>—White mustard (<i>Sinapis alba</i> L.).</p> + </figcaption> +</figure> + +<p><b>Range and habitat.</b>—White mustard is a weed found in cultivated +land along waysides and fence rows, but is not so abundant nor so +widely distributed as the black mustard. It is naturalized in this +country from Europe.</p> + +<p><b>Description.</b>—This plant is very similar to black mustard, but is +smaller (growing only about 1 to 2 feet tall), bright green, but the +flowers and seeds are much larger, and the rough-hairy pods with their +long, sickle-shaped beaks are spreading instead of being pressed +against the stem. The flowers are paler yellow than those of the fore-going +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_45">[45]</span>species. The divisions of the leaves reach to the midrib, the +leaves are rough-hairy, and the pods bristly. The seeds are pale yellow +and smooth.</p> + +<p><b>Collection and uses of seeds.</b>—The seeds are to be collected in the +same manner as those of black mustard. White mustard seed has no +odor in its entire state, and when water is added in grinding it the +odor does not become so pronounced as in the case of black mustard, +neither is the taste so pungent.</p> + +<p>In medicine mustard seeds are used principally in the preparation +of plasters and poultices. They are used also in dyspepsia, and in +large doses act as an emetic.</p> + +<p><b>Imports and prices.</b>—The imports into the United States of black +and white mustard together during the fiscal year ended June 30, 1903, +amounted to 5,302,876 pounds. The price ranges from 3 to 6 cents +per pound for both the black and white mustard seeds.</p> + +<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop"> +<div class="chapter"> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_46">[46]</span></p> + + <h2 class="nobreak" id="FARMERS_BULLETINS"> + FARMERS’ BULLETINS. + </h2> +</div> + +<p>The following is a list of the Farmers’ Bulletins available for distribution, showing +the number, title, and size in pages of each. Copies will be sent to any address on +application to any Senator, Representative, or Delegate in Congress, or to the Secretary +of Agriculture, Washington, D. C. The missing numbers have been discontinued, +being superseded by later bulletins.</p> + + +<table class="bulls wd90"> +<tr> +<td class="tdrt">16.</td> +<td class="tdl">Leguminous Plants. Pp. 24.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdrt">21.</td> +<td class="tdl">Barnyard Manure. Pp. 32.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdrt">22.</td> +<td class="tdl">Feeding of Farm Animals. Pp. 32.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdrt">24.</td> +<td class="tdl">Hog Cholera and Swine Plague. Pp. 16.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdrt">25.</td> +<td class="tdl">Peanuts: Culture and Uses. Pp. 24.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdrt">27.</td> +<td class="tdl">Flax for Seed and Fiber. Pp. 16.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdrt">28.</td> +<td class="tdl">Weeds: And How to Kill Them. Pp. 32.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdrt">29.</td> +<td class="tdl">Souring and Other Changes in Milk. Pp. 23.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdrt">30.</td> +<td class="tdl">Grape Diseases on the Pacific Coast. Pp. 15.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdrt">31.</td> +<td class="tdl">Alfalfa, or Lucern. Pp. 24.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdrt">32.</td> +<td class="tdl">Silos and Silage. Pp. 32.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdrt">33.</td> +<td class="tdl">Peach Growing for Market. Pp. 24.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdrt">34.</td> +<td class="tdl">Meats: Composition and Cooking. Pp. 29.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdrt">35.</td> +<td class="tdl">Potato Culture. Pp. 24.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdrt">36.</td> +<td class="tdl">Cotton Seed and Its Products. Pp. 16.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdrt">37.</td> +<td class="tdl">Kafir Corn: Culture and Uses. Pp. 12.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdrt">38.</td> +<td class="tdl">Spraying for Fruit Diseases. Pp. 12.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdrt">39.</td> +<td class="tdl">Onion Culture. Pp. 31.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdrt">42.</td> +<td class="tdl">Facts About Milk. Pp. 29.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdrt">43.</td> +<td class="tdl">Sewage Disposal on the Farm. Pp. 20.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdrt">44.</td> +<td class="tdl">Commercial Fertilizers. Pp. 24.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdrt">45.</td> +<td class="tdl">Insects Injurious to Stored Grain. Pp. 24.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdrt">46.</td> +<td class="tdl">Irrigation in the Humid Climates. Pp. 27.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdrt">47.</td> +<td class="tdl">Insects Affecting the Cotton Plant. Pp. 32.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdrt">48.</td> +<td class="tdl">The Manuring of Cotton. Pp. 16.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdrt">49.</td> +<td class="tdl">Sheep Feeding. Pp. 21.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdrt">50.</td> +<td class="tdl">Sorghum as a Forage Crop. Pp. 20.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdrt">51.</td> +<td class="tdl">Standard Varieties of Chickens. Pp. 48.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdrt">52.</td> +<td class="tdl">The Sugar Beet. Pp. 48.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdrt">53.</td> +<td class="tdl">How to Grow Mushrooms. Pp. 20.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdrt">54.</td> +<td class="tdl">Some Common Birds. Pp. 40.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdrt">55.</td> +<td class="tdl">The Dairy Herd. Pp. 24.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdrt">56.</td> +<td class="tdl">Experiment Station Work—I. Pp. 31.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdrt">57.</td> +<td class="tdl">Butter Making on the Farm. Pp. 16.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdrt">58.</td> +<td class="tdl">The Soy Bean as Forage Crop. Pp. 24.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdrt">59.</td> +<td class="tdl">Bee Keeping. Pp. 32.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdrt">60.</td> +<td class="tdl">Methods of Curing Tobacco. Pp. 16.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdrt">61.</td> +<td class="tdl">Asparagus Culture. Pp. 40.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdrt">62.</td> +<td class="tdl">Marketing Farm Produce. Pp. 28.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdrt">63.</td> +<td class="tdl">Care of Milk on the Farm. Pp. 40.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdrt">64.</td> +<td class="tdl">Ducks and Geese. Pp. 48.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdrt">65.</td> +<td class="tdl">Experiment Station Work—II. Pp. 32.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdrt">66.</td> +<td class="tdl">Meadows and Pastures. Pp. 28.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdrt">68.</td> +<td class="tdl">The Black Rot of the Cabbage. Pp. 22.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdrt">69.</td> +<td class="tdl">Experiment Station Work—III. Pp. 32.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdrt">70.</td> +<td class="tdl">Insect Enemies of the Grape. Pp. 23.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdrt">71.</td> +<td class="tdl">Essentials in Beef Production. Pp. 24.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdrt">72.</td> +<td class="tdl">Cattle Ranges of the Southwest. Pp. 32.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdrt">73.</td> +<td class="tdl">Experiment Station Work—IV. Pp. 32.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdrt">74.</td> +<td class="tdl">Milk as Food. Pp. 39.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdrt">75.</td> +<td class="tdl">The Grain Smuts. Pp. 20. +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_47">[47]</span></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdrt">76.</td> +<td class="tdl">Tomato Growing. Pp. 30.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdrt">77.</td> +<td class="tdl">The Liming of Soils. Pp. 19.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdrt">78.</td> +<td class="tdl">Experiment Station Work—V. Pp. 32.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdrt">79.</td> +<td class="tdl">Experiment Station Work—VI. Pp. 28.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdrt">80.</td> +<td class="tdl">The Peach Twig-borer. Pp. 16.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdrt">81.</td> +<td class="tdl">Corn Culture in the South. Pp. 24.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdrt">82.</td> +<td class="tdl">The Culture of Tobacco. Pp. 24.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdrt">83.</td> +<td class="tdl">Tobacco Soils. Pp. 23.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdrt">84.</td> +<td class="tdl">Experiment Station Work—VII. Pp. 32.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdrt">85.</td> +<td class="tdl">Fish as Food. Pp. 30.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdrt">86.</td> +<td class="tdl">Thirty Poisonous Plants. Pp. 32.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdrt">87.</td> +<td class="tdl">Experiment Station Work—VIII. Pp. 32.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdrt">88.</td> +<td class="tdl">Alkali Lands. Pp. 23.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdrt">89.</td> +<td class="tdl">Cowpeas. Pp. 16.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdrt">91.</td> +<td class="tdl">Potato Diseases and Treatment. Pp. 12.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdrt">92.</td> +<td class="tdl">Experiment Station Work—IX. Pp. 30.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdrt">93.</td> +<td class="tdl">Sugar as Food. Pp. 27.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdrt">94.</td> +<td class="tdl">The Vegetable Garden. Pp. 24.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdrt">95.</td> +<td class="tdl">Good Roads for Farmers. Pp. 47.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdrt">96.</td> +<td class="tdl">Raising Sheep for Mutton. Pp. 48.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdrt">97.</td> +<td class="tdl">Experiment Station Work—X. Pp. 32.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdrt">98.</td> +<td class="tdl">Suggestions to Southern Farmers. Pp. 48.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdrt">99.</td> +<td class="tdl">Insect Enemies of Shade Trees. Pp. 30.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdrt">100.</td> +<td class="tdl">Hog Raising in the South. Pp. 40.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdrt">101.</td> +<td class="tdl">Millets. Pp. 28.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdrt">102.</td> +<td class="tdl">Southern Forage Plants. Pp. 48.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdrt">103.</td> +<td class="tdl">Experiment Station Work—XI. Pp. 32.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdrt">104.</td> +<td class="tdl">Notes on Frost. Pp. 24.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdrt">105.</td> +<td class="tdl">Experiment Station Work—XII. Pp. 32.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdrt">106.</td> +<td class="tdl">Breeds of Dairy Cattle. Pp. 48.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdrt">107.</td> +<td class="tdl">Experiment Station Work—XIII. Pp. 32.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdrt">108.</td> +<td class="tdl">Saltbushes. Pp. 20.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdrt">109.</td> +<td class="tdl">Farmers’ Reading Courses. Pp. 20.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdrt">110.</td> +<td class="tdl">Rice Culture in the United States. Pp. 28.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdrt">111.</td> +<td class="tdl">Farmers’ Interest in Good Seed. Pp. 24.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdrt">112.</td> +<td class="tdl">Bread and Bread Making. Pp. 39.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdrt">113.</td> +<td class="tdl">The Apple and How to Grow it. Pp. 32.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdrt">114.</td> +<td class="tdl">Experiment Station Work—XIV. Pp. 28.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdrt">115.</td> +<td class="tdl">Hop Culture in California. Pp. 27.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdrt">116.</td> +<td class="tdl">Irrigation in Fruit Growing. Pp. 48.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdrt">117.</td> +<td class="tdl">Sheep, Hogs, and Horses in the Northwest. Pp. 28.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdrt">118.</td> +<td class="tdl">Grape Growing in the South. Pp. 32.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdrt">119.</td> +<td class="tdl">Experiment Station Work—XV. Pp. 31.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdrt">120.</td> +<td class="tdl">Insects Affecting Tobacco. Pp. 32.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdrt">121.</td> +<td class="tdl">Beans, Peas, and other Legumes as Food. Pp. 32.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdrt">122.</td> +<td class="tdl">Experiment Station Work—XVI. Pp. 32.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdrt">123.</td> +<td class="tdl">Red Clover Seed; Information for Purchasers. Pp. 11.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdrt">124.</td> +<td class="tdl">Experiment Station Work—XVII. Pp. 32. +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_48">[48]</span></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdrt">125.</td> +<td class="tdl">Protection of Food Products from Injurious Temperatures. Pp. 26.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdrt">126.</td> +<td class="tdl">Practical Suggestions for Farm Buildings. Pp. 48.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdrt">127.</td> +<td class="tdl">Important Insecticides. Pp. 42.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdrt">128.</td> +<td class="tdl">Eggs and Their Uses as Food. Pp. 32.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdrt">129.</td> +<td class="tdl">Sweet Potatoes. Pp. 40.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdrt">131.</td> +<td class="tdl">Household Tests for Detection of Oleomargarine and Renovated Butter. Pp. 11.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdrt">132.</td> +<td class="tdl">Insect Enemies of Growing Wheat. Pp. 40.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdrt">133.</td> +<td class="tdl">Experiment Station Work—XVIII. Pp. 32.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdrt">134.</td> +<td class="tdl">Tree Planting in Rural School Grounds. Pp. 38.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdrt">135.</td> +<td class="tdl">Sorghum Sirip Manufacture. Pp. 40.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdrt">136.</td> +<td class="tdl">Earth Roads. Pp. 24.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdrt">137.</td> +<td class="tdl">The Angora Goat. Pp. 48.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdrt">138.</td> +<td class="tdl">Irrigation in Field and Garden. Pp. 40.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdrt">139.</td> +<td class="tdl">Emmer: A Grain for the Semiarid Regions. Pp. 16.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdrt">140.</td> +<td class="tdl">Pineapple Growing. Pp. 48.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdrt">141.</td> +<td class="tdl">Poultry Raising on the Farm. Pp. 16.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdrt">142.</td> +<td class="tdl">The Nutritive and Economic Value of Food. Pp. 48.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdrt">143.</td> +<td class="tdl">The Confirmation of Beef and Dairy Cattle. Pp. 44.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdrt">144.</td> +<td class="tdl">Experiment Station Work—XIX. Pp. 32.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdrt">145.</td> +<td class="tdl">Carbon Bisulphid as an Insecticide. Pp. 28.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdrt">146.</td> +<td class="tdl">Insecticides and Fungicides. Pp. 16.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdrt">147.</td> +<td class="tdl">Winter Forage Crops for the South. Pp. 36.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdrt">148.</td> +<td class="tdl">Celery Culture. Pp. 32.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdrt">149.</td> +<td class="tdl">Experiment Station Work—XX. Pp. 32.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdrt">150.</td> +<td class="tdl">Clearing New Land. Pp. 24.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdrt">151.</td> +<td class="tdl">Dairying in the South. Pp. 48.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdrt">152.</td> +<td class="tdl">Scabies in Cattle. Pp. 24.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdrt">153.</td> +<td class="tdl">Orchard Enemies in the Pacific Northwest. Pp. 39.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdrt">154.</td> +<td class="tdl">The Fruit Garden: Preparation and Care. Pp. 20.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdrt">155.</td> +<td class="tdl">How Insects Affect Health in Rural Districts. Pp. 20. +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_49">[49]</span></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdrt">156.</td> +<td class="tdl">The Home Vineyard. Pp. 24.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdrt">157.</td> +<td class="tdl">The Propagation of Plants. Pp. 24.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdrt">158.</td> +<td class="tdl">How to Build Small Irrigation Ditches. Pp. 28.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdrt">159.</td> +<td class="tdl">Scab in Sheep. Pp. 48.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdrt">161.</td> +<td class="tdl">Practical Suggestions for Fruit Growers. Pp. 28.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdrt">162.</td> +<td class="tdl">Experiment Station Work—XXI. Pp. 32.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdrt">164.</td> +<td class="tdl">Rape as a Forage Crop. Pp. 16.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdrt">165.</td> +<td class="tdl">Culture of the Silkworm. Pp. 32.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdrt">166.</td> +<td class="tdl">Cheese making on the Farm. Pp. 16.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdrt">167.</td> +<td class="tdl">Cassava. Pp. 32.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdrt">168.</td> +<td class="tdl">Pearl Millet. Pp. 16.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdrt">169.</td> +<td class="tdl">Experiment Station Work—XXII. Pp. 32.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdrt">170.</td> +<td class="tdl">Principles of Horse Feeding Pp. 44.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdrt">171.</td> +<td class="tdl">The Control of the Codling Moth. Pp. 24.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdrt">172.</td> +<td class="tdl">Scale Insects and Mites on Citrus Trees. Pp. 43.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdrt">173.</td> +<td class="tdl">Primer of Forestry. Pp. 48.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdrt">174.</td> +<td class="tdl">Broom Corn. Pp. 32.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdrt">175.</td> +<td class="tdl">Home Manufacture and Use of Unfermented Grape Juice. Pp. 16.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdrt">176.</td> +<td class="tdl">Cranberry Culture. Pp. 20.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdrt">177.</td> +<td class="tdl">Squab Raising. Pp. 32.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdrt">178.</td> +<td class="tdl">Insects Injurious in Cranberry Culture. Pp. 32.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdrt">179.</td> +<td class="tdl">Horseshoeing. Pp. 31.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdrt">180.</td> +<td class="tdl">Game Laws for 1903. Pp. 56.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdrt">181.</td> +<td class="tdl">Pruning. Pp. 39.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdrt">182.</td> +<td class="tdl">Poultry as Food. Pp. 40.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdrt">183.</td> +<td class="tdl">Meat on the Farm—Butchering, curing, etc.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdrt">184.</td> +<td class="tdl">Marketing Live Stock. Pp. 40.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdrt">185.</td> +<td class="tdl">Beautifying the Home Grounds.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdrt">186.</td> +<td class="tdl">Experiment Station Work—XXIII. Pp. 32.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdrt">187.</td> +<td class="tdl">Drainage of Farm Lands.</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop"> +<div class="chapter"></div> + +<div class="transnote" id="ENDNOTE"> + +<strong>TRANSCRIBER’S NOTE</strong> + +<p class="noindent">Illustrations in this eBook have been positioned between paragraphs +and adjacent to the related discussion. In versions of this eBook that support +hyperlinks, the page references in the List of Illustrations lead to +the corresponding illustrations.</p> + +<p class="noindent">Obvious typographical errors and punctuation errors have been +corrected after careful comparison with other occurrences within +the text and consultation of external sources.</p> + +<p class="noindent">Some hyphens in words have been silently removed, some added, +when a predominant preference was found in the original book.</p> + +<p class="noindent">All misspellings in the text, +and inconsistent or archaic usage, have been retained.</p> + +</div> +<div style='text-align:center'>*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 76922 ***</div> +</body> +</html> + |