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+*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 76922 ***
+
+  TRANSCRIBER’S NOTE
+
+  Italic text is denoted by _underscores_.
+
+  Bold text is denoted by =equal signs=.
+
+  Some minor changes to the text are noted at the end of the book.
+
+
+
+
+                    U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.
+
+                       FARMERS’ BULLETIN No. 188.
+
+                         WEEDS USED IN MEDICINE.
+
+                                   BY
+
+                              ALICE HENKEL,
+
+          _Assistant in Drug and Medicinal Plant Investigations,
+               Botanical Investigations and Experiments,
+                       Bureau of Plant Industry_.
+
+                       [Illustration: USDA Seal]
+
+                               WASHINGTON:
+                       GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE.
+                                  1904.
+
+
+
+
+                         LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL
+
+
+                      U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE,
+                                   BUREAU OF PLANT INDUSTRY,
+                                              OFFICE OF THE CHIEF,
+                                 _Washington, D. C., December 10, 1903_.
+
+SIR: I have the honor to transmit herewith a paper on Weeds Used in
+Medicine, and recommend that it be published as a Farmers’ Bulletin.
+This paper was prepared by Miss Alice Henkel, Assistant in Drug and
+Medicinal Plant Investigations, and was submitted by the Botanist with
+a view to publication.
+
+     Respectfully,                                B. T. GALLOWAY,
+                                                      _Chief of Bureau_.
+  Hon. JAMES WILSON,
+       _Secretary of Agriculture_.
+
+
+
+
+                               CONTENTS.
+
+
+                                                                   Page.
+
+  Introduction                                                         7
+
+  Collection and curing of drugs                                       7
+
+  Roots                                                                8
+
+  Barks                                                                9
+
+  Leaves and herbs                                                     9
+
+  Flowers                                                             10
+
+  Seeds                                                               10
+
+  Disposal of the drugs                                               10
+
+  Descriptions of plants                                              10
+
+  Burdock                                                             11
+
+  Dandelion                                                           13
+
+  Docks                                                               15
+
+  Yellow dock                                                         15
+
+  Broad-leaved dock                                                   16
+
+  Yellow-rooted water dock                                            18
+
+  Dock roots                                                          18
+
+  Couch grass                                                         19
+
+  Pokeweed                                                            20
+
+  Foxglove                                                            22
+
+  Mullein                                                             24
+
+  Lobelia                                                             26
+
+  Tansy                                                               27
+
+  Gum plant                                                           28
+
+  Scaly grindelia                                                     29
+
+  Boneset                                                             30
+
+  Catnip                                                              31
+
+  Hoarhound                                                           32
+
+  Blessed thistle                                                     34
+
+  Yarrow                                                              35
+
+  Canada fleabane                                                     36
+
+  Jimson weed                                                         37
+
+  Purple thorn-apple                                                  39
+
+  Poison hemlock                                                      39
+
+  American wormseed                                                   41
+
+  Black mustard                                                       42
+
+  White mustard                                                       44
+
+
+
+
+                             ILLUSTRATIONS.
+
+
+                                                                   Page.
+
+  Fig.  1. Burdock, flowering plant                                   11
+
+        2. Burdock, first year’s growth                               12
+
+        3. Dandelion                                                  13
+
+        4. Dandelion root                                             14
+
+        5. Yellow dock, first year’s growth                           15
+
+        6. Broad-leaved dock, first year’s growth                     16
+
+        7. Leaf, fruiting spike, and root of broad-leaved dock        17
+
+        8. Yellow dock root                                           18
+
+        9. Couch grass                                                19
+
+       10. Pokeweed                                                   21
+
+       11. Pokeweed, flowering and fruiting branch                    22
+
+       12. Pokeroot                                                   22
+
+       13. Foxglove                                                   23
+
+       14. Mullein                                                    25
+
+       15. Lobelia                                                    26
+
+       16. Tansy                                                      28
+
+       17. Gum plant                                                  28
+
+       18. Scaly grindelia                                            29
+
+       19. Boneset                                                    30
+
+       20. Catnip                                                     32
+
+       21. Hoarhound                                                  33
+
+       22. Hoarhound, flowering top                                   34
+
+       23. Blessed thistle                                            35
+
+       24. Yarrow                                                     36
+
+       25. Canada fleabane                                            37
+
+       26. Jimson weed                                                38
+
+       27. Leaves, flower, and capsules of jimson weed                39
+
+       28. Poison hemlock                                             40
+
+       29. American wormseed                                          41
+
+       30. Black mustard                                              43
+
+       31. White mustard                                              44
+
+
+
+
+  B. P. I.—89.                                            B. I. E.—55.
+
+                        WEEDS USED IN MEDICINE.
+
+
+
+
+                             INTRODUCTION.
+
+
+It is a matter of interest, primarily to the farmer, that certain of
+the well-known weeds now either generally or locally infesting the
+country are the sources of crude drugs at the present time obtained
+wholly or in part by importation from abroad. Roots, leaves, and
+flowers of several of the species most detrimental in the United States
+are gathered, prepared, and cured in Europe, and not only form useful
+commodities there but supply to a considerable extent the demands of
+foreign lands. Hence it appears probable that while weeds can hardly
+be made desirable, still in his fight to exterminate them the farmer
+may be able to turn some of them to account. Some of the plants
+coming within this class are in many States at present subject to
+antiweed laws and farmers are required to take measures toward their
+extermination. It seems, therefore, desirable to make these pests
+sources of profit where possible. In many cases, when weeds have been
+dug, the work of handling and curing them is not excessive and can
+readily be done by women and children.
+
+The prices paid for crude drugs from these sources are not great and
+would rarely tempt anyone to pursue this line of work as a business.
+Yet, if in ridding the farm of weeds and thus raising the value of the
+land the farmer can at the same time make these pests the source of a
+small income instead of a dead loss, something is gained.
+
+In order to help the farmer to obtain the best possible prices for such
+products, instructions for collecting and preparing crude drugs derived
+from weeds are here briefly given. The collector should observe them
+carefully.
+
+
+
+
+                    COLLECTION AND CURING OF DRUGS.
+
+
+Too much emphasis can not be placed upon the importance of carefully
+and thoroughly drying all crude drugs, whether roots, herbs, leaves,
+barks, flowers, or seeds. If insufficiently dried, they will heat
+and become moldy in shipping, and the collector will find his goods
+rejected by the drug dealer and have all his trouble for nothing.
+
+Another important matter to be considered in collecting drugs for
+market is freedom from foreign substances. All drugs should be clean
+and wholesome looking and contain no admixture of fragments of other
+plants, stones, dirt, or other impurities. A bright natural color is
+extremely desirable in leaves, herbs, and flowers, and adds much to
+the salability of the product. This can be readily brought about by
+giving careful attention to proper drying in the shade (not in direct
+sunlight), and by protection from dew or rain by placing the drugs
+under cover at nightfall or whenever necessary. Roots may be cleaned by
+washing, but leaves, herbs, and flowers should never be washed.
+
+It is important also to collect drugs in proper season only. Neglect in
+this respect will bring nothing but disappointment to the gatherer, as
+drugs collected out of season not only are not acceptable to the dealer
+on account of inferior medicinal qualities, but there will also be, in
+the case of roots, a greater amount of shrinkage in a root dug during
+the growing season than will take place when it is collected after
+growth has ceased.
+
+The collector should be sure that the plant he is collecting is the
+right one. There are many plants that closely resemble one another,
+yet one may possess medicinal properties and the other be absolutely
+useless. Again, a plant may contain very poisonous principles, and if
+represented to be something else, it might of course do untold injury.
+It would therefore be best, where any doubt exists, to send a specimen
+of the entire plant, including leaves, flowers, and fruits, to a drug
+dealer or to the nearest State experiment station for identification.
+
+
+                                 ROOTS.
+
+Roots should never be collected during the growing season, as at that
+time they are deficient in medicinal properties, and they also shrink
+more in drying and weigh less than when gathered at full maturity.
+
+The roots of annual plants should be dug just before the flowering
+period, and those of biennial or perennial plants after the tops have
+dried, the former in the autumn of the first year and the latter in the
+fall of the second or third year.
+
+After the roots have been dug the adherent soil should be well
+shaken from them, and all foreign particles, such as stones, dirt,
+roots and parts of other plants, should be removed. If the roots
+can not be sufficiently cleared of soil by shaking, they should be
+thoroughly washed in clean water. It does not pay to be careless in
+this matter. The presence of soil increases the weight of the roots,
+but the intending purchaser is not willing to pay for the weight of
+the dirt, and grades the uncleaned drug accordingly. It is the clean,
+bright-looking root that will bring a good price.
+
+After washing, the roots should be carefully dried. This can best be
+accomplished by exposing them to light and air (not direct sunlight) on
+racks or shelves, or on clean, well-ventilated barn floors or lofts.
+They should be spread out thinly and turned occasionally from day to
+day until completely cured. When this point is reached, in perhaps
+three to six weeks, the roots will snap readily when bent. During the
+curing process the roots, if dried out of doors, should be placed under
+shelter at night and upon the approach of rainy weather.
+
+With some roots additional preparation is required, such as slicing and
+the removal of fibrous rootlets. Wherever this is necessary mention
+will be made of it under the descriptions of the different plants. In
+general, it may be said that large roots should always be split or
+sliced when green in order to facilitate drying.
+
+
+                                 BARKS.
+
+The plants considered in this bulletin do not furnish medicinal barks,
+but inasmuch as there are certain sections of the country where trees
+furnishing such barks are rather abundant, directions for their
+collection may not be out of place here.
+
+Barks of trees should be gathered in spring, when the sap begins to
+flow, but may also be peeled in winter. In the case of the coarser
+barks (as elm, hemlock, poplar, oak, pine, and wild cherry) the outer
+layer is shaved off before the bark is removed from the tree, which
+process is known as “rossing.” Only the inner bark of these trees is
+used medicinally. Barks may also be cured by exposure to sunlight.
+Moisture must be avoided.
+
+
+                           LEAVES AND HERBS.
+
+Leaves and herbs should be collected when the plants are in full
+flower. It is very desirable that they retain their bright green color
+after curing, and this can be done by careful drying in the shade. In
+the collection of leaves the whole plant may be cut and the leaves
+may be stripped from it, rejecting the stems as much as possible. In
+the case of herbs the coarse and large stems should be rejected and
+only the flowering tops and more tender stems and leaves included. All
+grasses, bits of other plants, and other foreign substances should be
+carefully removed, as well as dead, shriveled, diseased, and discolored
+specimens.
+
+Both leaves and herbs should be spread out in thin layers on clean
+floors, racks or shelves, in the shade but where there is free
+circulation of air, and turned frequently until thoroughly dry.
+Moisture will darken them. The same precautions that are necessary in
+curing roots apply here also, so far as placing them under cover to
+avoid dew or rain is concerned.
+
+
+                                FLOWERS.
+
+Flowers are collected when they first open or immediately after—not
+when they are beginning to fade. To preserve the bright natural color
+as nearly as possible they should be carefully dried in the shade, in
+the same manner as directed for leaves and herbs.
+
+
+                                 SEEDS.
+
+Seeds should be gathered just as they are ripening, before the seed
+pods open, and should be winnowed in order to remove fragments of
+stems, leaves, and shriveled specimens.
+
+
+
+
+                         DISPOSAL OF THE DRUGS.
+
+
+Samples representative of the lot of drugs to be sold should be sent
+to the nearest commission merchant, general store, or drug store,
+for inspection and for quotation on the amount of drug that can be
+furnished, or for information as to where to send the article. The
+size of the sample depends, of course, upon the kind of drug; from
+3 to 4 ounces—or, say, at least a good handful—should be submitted.
+The package containing the sample should be plainly marked as regards
+contents, and the name and address of the sender given. In writing to
+the different dealers for information and prices, it should be stated
+how large a quantity of a particular drug can be furnished and how
+soon this can be supplied, and postage should always be inclosed for
+reply. In no case should the entire lot of collected drugs be sent to
+dealers without preliminary correspondence. The collector should bear
+in mind that freight is an important item, and it is best, therefore,
+to address such dealers as are nearest to the place of production. When
+ready for shipment, crude drugs may be tightly packed in burlap or
+gunny sacks, or in dry, clean barrels.
+
+
+
+
+                        DESCRIPTIONS OF PLANTS.
+
+
+The plants included in this bulletin are burdock, dandelion, the docks,
+couch grass, and pokeweed (principally root drugs); foxglove, mullein,
+lobelia, tansy, gum plant, scaly grindelia, boneset, catnip, hoarhound,
+yarrow, fleabane, blessed thistle, jimson weed, and poison hemlock (of
+which either the leaves, flowers, herb, or seeds are used in medicine);
+and also wormseed, and black and white mustards, of which the seeds
+only are used.
+
+Descriptions of these plants follow, together with the common names
+by which they are known in different localities, the habitat (or, in
+other words, the kinds of places or soils in which they are likely to
+be found), their geographical range, information as to the parts to be
+collected, their uses, the extent to which they are imported and the
+prices usually paid by dealers.
+
+The principal uses for which these plants are employed in medicine are
+briefly indicated, but none of the drugs mentioned should be taken
+without the advice of a physician.
+
+With the exception of the figures for dandelion and mustard, which were
+obtained from the Bureau of Statistics of the Department of Commerce
+and Labor, the imports are based on estimates furnished by dealers,
+and the prices per pound, while serving to give an idea as to what
+may be expected for the drugs, will vary from year to year, depending
+principally upon supply and demand.
+
+There are of course a large number of plants used in medicine that are
+not included in this bulletin, which is intended to cover only such
+medicinal plants as may be classed as weeds.
+
+
+                                BURDOCK.
+                           _Arctium lappa_ L.
+
+=Other common names.=—Cockle button, cuckold dock, beggars’ buttons,
+hurr-bur, stick button, hardock, and bardane. (Fig. 1.)
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 1.—Burdock (_Arctium lappa_ L.). Flowering plant.]
+
+=Habitat and range.=—Burdock is one of the most common weeds. It was
+introduced from the Old World, and is common and often very abundant in
+the Eastern and Central States and in some scattered localities in the
+West, growing along roadsides, in fields, pastures, and waste places.
+
+=Description.=—This is a coarse, unsightly biennial weed of the aster
+family (Asteraceæ), which produces during the first year of its growth
+only a rosette of large, thin leaves (fig. 2) and a long, tapering
+root having a diameter of from one-half to 1 inch. When full grown it
+measures from 3 to 7 feet high. The round, fleshy stem is branched,
+grooved, and hairy, with very large leaves, even in the early stages
+of the growth of the plant, the lower leaves often measuring 18 inches
+in length. The leaves are alternate, on long, solid, deeply furrowed
+leafstalks; thin, roundish or oval, but usually heart-shaped; with
+even, wavy, or toothed margins; smooth above, and pale and woolly on
+the under surface. The flowers are purple, in small, clustered heads,
+appearing in the second year, from July to frost. These flower heads
+are armed with hooked tips, and the burs thus formed are a great pest,
+attaching themselves to clothing and to the wool and hair of animals.
+The seed of burdock is produced in great abundance, one plant bearing
+as many as 400,000 seeds.
+
+=Parts used.=—The root alone is recognized in the United States
+Pharmacopœia, but there is a limited demand for burdock seed, and the
+leaves also are employed. Burdock roots and seeds are used in blood
+and skin diseases, and the leaves externally as a cooling poultice for
+swellings and ulcers, the latter being employed only in the fresh state.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 2.—Burdock. First year’s growth.]
+
+Burdock has a large taproot, about 12 inches long, fleshy, the outside
+blackish-brown or grayish-brown, the inside light in color and spongy
+in the center. It is to be collected in the fall of the first year. The
+roots must be washed, split lengthwise, and carefully dried. Drying
+causes the root to lose about four-fifths of its weight, and to become
+scaly, and wrinkled lengthwise. Sometimes the bases of the leafstalks
+remain at the top of the root in the form of a small, white, silky
+tuft. The odor of the root is weak and unpleasant.
+
+The seeds are oblong, curved, flattened, and angular, dark brown
+and sometimes spotted with black, and have no odor. These should be
+collected when ripe or nearly so.
+
+=Imports and prices.=—About 50,000 pounds of lappa or burdock root are
+imported annually, and the best root is said to come from Belgium,
+where great care is exercised in its collection.
+
+The price of the root ranges from 3 to 8 cents per pound, and that of
+the seed from 5 to 10 cents.
+
+
+                               DANDELION.
+   _Taraxacum taraxacum_ (L.) Karst. (_Taraxacum officinale_ Weber.)
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 3.—Dandelion (_Taraxacum taraxacum_ (L.) Karst).
+(An unusually fibrous root.)]
+
+=Other common names.=—Blow-ball, cankerwort, doon-head-clock,
+fortune-teller, horse gowan, Irish daisy, yellow gowan, one o’clock.
+(Fig. 3.)
+
+=Range and habitat.=—Dandelion is distributed as a weed in all
+civilized parts of the world, and in this country is naturalized from
+Europe. With the exception of the South, it is very abundant throughout
+the United States in fields and waste places, and it is especially
+troublesome in lawns and meadows.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 4.—Dandelion root, 16 inches long.]
+
+=Description.=—The dandelion is so well known a weed, especially in
+lawns, that it scarcely requires a description, almost everyone being
+familiar with its rosette of coarsely toothed leaves, golden-yellow
+flowers, and round fluffy seed heads. It is a perennial plant of the
+chicory family (Cichoriaceæ), and it may be said to be in flower
+throughout almost the entire year. In spring the young leaves are
+collected and used for greens or salad, but the part employed in
+medicine is the root. The flowering stem of the dandelion is usually
+longer than the smooth, shining green, coarsely toothed leaves,
+reaching a height of from 5 to 10 inches. It is erect, smooth, naked,
+and hollow, bearing at the summit a solitary yellow flower head,
+which opens in the morning and only in fair weather. The entire plant
+contains a white, milky juice.
+
+=Part used.=—As already stated, the root of dandelion is used
+medicinally. It is a large taproot, sometimes 20 inches long, thick
+and fleshy, dull-yellow or brownish on the outside, white inside,
+practically without odor, and bitter. (Fig. 4.) Dandelion is often used
+as a tonic in diseases of the liver and in dyspepsia.
+
+The best time for digging dandelion root is from July to September,
+during which time the milky juice becomes thicker and the bitterness
+increases. It should be carefully washed and thoroughly dried.
+Dandelion roots decrease considerably in size by drying, weighing less
+than half as much as the fresh roots and becoming wrinkled lengthwise.
+The dried root should not be kept too long, as drying diminishes its
+medicinal virtues.
+
+=Imports and prices.=—During the fiscal year ended June 30, 1903, the
+imports of taraxacum or dandelion root into the United States amounted
+to 115,522 pounds. The price per pound ranges from 4 to 6 cents.
+
+
+                                 DOCKS.
+                            _Rumex_ species.
+
+Several species of docks possess medicinal properties. Among these
+are the yellow dock (_Rumex crispus_ L.), the broad-leaved dock (_R.
+obtusifolius_ L.), and the yellow-rooted water dock (_R. britannica_
+L.), all more or less abundant throughout the United States. Other
+species are also recognized as possessing value in medicine, but those
+above mentioned are the kinds generally collected.
+
+
+                              Yellow Dock.
+                           _Rumex crispus_ L.
+
+=Other common names.=—Curled dock, narrow dock, sour dock. (Fig. 5.)
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 5.—Yellow dock (_Rumex crispus_ L.). First year’s
+growth.]
+
+=Range and habitat.=—The species most commonly employed in medicine
+is the yellow dock, a perennial introduced from Europe and now found
+throughout the United States as a troublesome and very persistent weed
+in cultivated as well as waste ground, among rubbish heaps, and along
+roadsides.
+
+=Description.=—The deep, spindle-shaped root sends up an erect,
+angular, and furrowed stem about 2 to 4 feet high, leafy, branching
+near the top, and bearing numerous elongated clusters of inconspicuous
+flowers. The leaves are lance-shaped, acute, with the margins strongly
+waved and crisped. The lower leaves are obtuse or heart shaped at the
+base, from 6 to 8 inches in length, and are borne on long stalks, while
+those nearer the top are narrower and shorter, being only 3 to 6 inches
+long, on short stems or stemless.
+
+From June to August the yellow dock puts forth, interspersed with
+leaves, its many long dense clusters of green, drooping groups of
+inconspicuous flowers placed in circles around the stem.
+
+
+                           Broad-leaved Dock.
+                        _Rumex obtusifolius_ L.
+
+=Other common names.=—Bitter dock, common dock, blunt-leaved dock,
+butter dock. (Fig. 6.)
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 6.—Broad-leaved dock (_Rumex obtusifolius_ L.).
+First year’s growth.]
+
+=Range and habitat.=—The range of this very common weed extends from
+the New England States to Oregon and south to Florida and Texas; it
+occurs in waste places.
+
+=Description.=—Broad-leaved dock differs from the yellow dock
+principally in its more robust habit of growth. It grows to about the
+same height, but its stem is stouter, and the leaves, which are wavy
+along the margin as in the yellow dock, are much broader and longer.
+The lower leaves have long stalks, and are from 6 to 14 inches in
+length, with heart-shaped or roundish bases, while the upper ones are
+from 2 to 6 inches long and are on short stalks.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 7.—Leaf, fruiting spike, and root of broad-leaved
+dock.]
+
+The green flowers appear from June to August, and are in rather long,
+open clusters, the groups rather loose and far apart. In all of the
+docks here mentioned, the three inner divisions of the calyx (outer
+covering of flower) in fruiting form a kind of triangular nut, like the
+grain of buckwheat (to which family, Polygonaceæ, the docks belong),
+and one or more of these divisions bear on the back a small granule.
+The difference between flower and fruit is barely distinguishable when
+seen from a little distance so long as the fruit is immature, both
+being green, but later in the season, as the fruit ripens, the spikes
+take on a rusty-brown color. (Fig. 7.)
+
+
+                       Yellow-rooted Water Dock.
+                         _Rumex britannica_ L.
+
+=Habitat and range.=—As the common name indicates, this plant frequents
+swampy and wet places and banks of streams. It is found from Canada to
+New Jersey and Pennsylvania, and westward to Minnesota, Illinois, and
+Iowa.
+
+=Description.=—The yellow-rooted water dock is a taller plant than
+either of the docks previously mentioned, its stout stem sometimes
+reaching a height of 6 feet. The leaves at the base of the plant are
+borne on long stalks, and are from 1 to 2 feet in length, but, as with
+the other two species, the leaves toward the top of the plant are
+shorter, as are also the stalks supporting them. The densely flowered
+clusters are not as leafy as in the preceding species mentioned. The
+plant flowers from July to August.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 8.—Yellow dock root.]
+
+
+                              Dock Roots.
+
+The root, which is the part to be collected for medicinal purposes, is
+very similar in all of these species of dock (figs. 7 and 8), usually
+from 8 to 12 inches long, fleshy, often somewhat branched, the outside
+dark reddish-brown with a rather thick bark, internally yellowish. It
+possesses but a very faint odor and a bitter, astringent taste. The
+roots should be collected in late summer or autumn after the fruiting
+tops have ripened, then washed, split lengthwise into halves or
+quarters, and carefully dried.
+
+The docks are largely employed for purifying the blood and as a remedy
+in skin diseases.
+
+=Imports and prices.=—Rumex or dock roots are imported into this
+country to the extent of about 125,000 pounds annually. The price
+ranges from 2 to 8 cents per pound.
+
+
+                              COUCH GRASS.
+         _Agropyron repens_ (L.) Beauv. (_Triticum repens_ L.)
+
+=Other common names.=—Dog-grass, quick-grass, quack-grass,
+quitch-grass, scutch-grass, twitch-grass, witch-grass, wheat-grass,
+Chandler’s grass, creeping wheat-grass, devil’s-grass, durfa-grass,
+Durfee-grass, Dutch-grass, Fin’s grass, quake-grass. (Fig. 9.)
+
+=Range and habitat.=—Couch grass, like so many other pernicious
+weeds, was introduced into this country from Europe, and is now a
+most troublesome pest in cultivated ground, causing the farmer a
+loss of thousands of dollars annually by taking possession of fields
+and crowding out valuable crops. It is most abundant from Maine to
+Maryland, and westward to Minnesota and Missouri, but is rather
+sparingly distributed in the South. It is gaining ground on farms on
+the Pacific slope.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 9.—Couch grass (_Agropyron repens_ (L.) Beauv.).]
+
+=Description.=—This rather coarse grass produces several stems, 1
+to 3 feet high, from a long, creeping, jointed rootstock, and bears
+densely flowered spike-like heads resembling those of rye or beardless
+wheat. The stems are round, smooth, thickened at the joints, and
+hollow, bearing from five to seven leaves. These have a long cleft
+sheath, and are rough on the upper surface. The heads or spikes are
+terminal, solitary, compressed, with two rows of spikelets on a wavy
+and flattened axis.
+
+Couch grass is one of the most difficult weeds to eradicate, on
+account of the long jointed rootstock, each joint of which is capable
+of producing a new plant. Every bit of the rootstock must therefore be
+removed from the soil or killed in order to eradicate it.
+
+=Part used.=—The most important part of this grass, not only
+agriculturally but also pharmaceutically, is its long, tough rhizome or
+rootstock, creeping along underneath the ground and pushing in every
+direction. It is pale yellow, smooth, about one-eighth of an inch in
+diameter, with joints at intervals of about an inch from which slender
+branching rootlets are produced.
+
+One of the best methods of destroying this weed is to plow up the roots
+and burn them. They need not be burned, however, but may be saved and
+prepared for the drug market. After the rootstocks have been collected
+and washed the rootlets should be removed and the rhizome or rootstock
+(not the rootlets) cut into short pieces about two-fifths of an inch
+long. An ordinary feed-cutting machine may be used for this purpose.
+These should then be dried as suggested in the general instructions.
+
+In the drug trade this plant is generally known as dog grass or
+triticum. As found in the stores, it is in the form of small, angular
+pieces, about one-eighth to one-fourth of an inch long, straw colored,
+shining, and hollow. These pieces are odorless but have a somewhat
+sweetish taste.
+
+The fluid extract prepared from dog grass is used in kidney and bladder
+troubles.
+
+=Imports and prices.=—Couch grass is almost wholly an imported article,
+some 250,000 pounds coming into this country annually from Europe. The
+price is about 3 to 7 cents per pound.
+
+
+                               POKEWEED.
+          _Phytolacca americana_ L. (_Phytolacca decandra_ L.)
+
+=Other common names.=—Poke, pigeon-berry, garget, scoke, pocan, coakum,
+Virginian poke, ink-berry, red-ink-berry, American nightshade, cancer
+jalap, redweed. (Fig. 10.)
+
+=Range and habitat.=—Pokeweed is common in rich, moist soil along fence
+rows, margins of fields, and in uncultivated land from the New England
+States to Minnesota and south to Florida and Texas. It is native in
+this country and naturalized in Europe, where it is regarded as an
+ornamental garden plant.
+
+=Description.=—The reddish purple stems, rich green foliage, and
+clusters of white flowers and dark-purple berries give to this plant a
+rather handsome appearance. Pokeweed attains a height of from 3 to 9
+feet from a very large perennial root. It is erect, branched, the stems
+stout, smooth, green at first, then reddish. On examining a piece of
+the stem, the pith will be seen to be divided into disk-shaped pieces,
+with hollow spaces between them. The leaves are ovate or ovate-oblong,
+acute at the apex, smooth, about 5 inches long and 2 to 3 inches wide,
+on short stems. The margins are without indentation. About July to
+September the long clusters of whitish flowers are produced, followed
+by the green berries, which upon ripening become a rich dark-purple
+color. The flower clusters are from 3 to 4 inches in length and on long
+stalks, the flowers numerous and borne on reddish stems. The berries
+are globular, flattened both at top and bottom, smooth and shining, and
+contain ten black seeds imbedded in a rich crimson juice. (Fig. 11.)
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 10.—Pokeweed (_Phytolacca americana_ L.).]
+
+=Parts used.=—For medicinal purposes the berries and roots are
+employed. Both of these should be collected when the berries are fully
+mature, which usually occurs about two months after flowering. The
+clusters of berries should be carefully dried in the shade. They are
+poisonous, have no odor, a sweetish taste at first, then acrid.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 11.—Pokeweed, flowering and fruiting branch.]
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 12.—Pokeroot.]
+
+Pokeweed has a very large, fleshy, and poisonous root, conical in shape
+and branched. (Fig. 12.) It should be gathered in the latter part of
+the fall, thoroughly cleaned, cut into transverse slices, and carefully
+dried. When dry it has a grayish, wrinkled appearance, breaks with a
+fibrous fracture, and the slices show many concentric rings. There is a
+slight odor and the taste is sweetish and acrid.
+
+Both the berries and roots are alterative, act upon the bowels and
+cause vomiting, and preparations made from them are used in treating
+various diseases of the skin and blood, and in certain cases in
+relieving pain and allaying inflammation.
+
+=Price.=—Phytolacca or pokeroot brings from 2 to 5 cents per pound, and
+the dry berries about 5 cents per pound.
+
+
+                               FOXGLOVE.
+                        _Digitalis purpurea_ L.
+
+=Other common names.=—Purple foxglove, thimbles, fairy cap, fairy
+fingers, fairy thimbles, fairy bells, dog’s finger, finger flower,
+lady’s glove, ladyfingers, lady’s thimble, popdock, flapdock, flopdock,
+lion’s mouth, rabbit’s flower, cottagers, throatwort, Scotch mercury.
+(Fig. 13.)
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 13.—Foxglove (_Digitalis purpurea_ L.).]
+
+=Range and habitat.=—Foxglove was originally introduced into this
+country from Europe as an ornamental garden plant, but has now escaped
+from cultivation in a few localities and is assuming the character
+of a weed. This is the case in parts of Oregon, Washington, and West
+Virginia, where the plant is found in great abundance in dry, sandy
+soil, along roads and fence rows, on the borders of timber land, and in
+small cleared places.
+
+=Description.=—This is a very handsome plant of the figwort family
+(Scrophulariaceæ), biennial, and the first year forms only a rosette
+of dense leaves, but in the second year of its growth the simple erect
+flowering stalk is produced, attaining a height of from 3 to 4 feet.
+This is round, indistinctly angled toward the top, leafy and downy. The
+leaves are oblong-ovate, narrowed at the base into long winged stalks;
+the upper surface of the leaves is dull-green and wrinkled, while the
+under side is grayish, with short, soft hairs and a thick network of
+prominent veins. The root leaves are rather large and are borne on long
+stalks, but as the leaves approach the top of the plant they become
+smaller and the leafstalks shorter.
+
+The plant is in flower about June, and the long clusters of numerous
+tubular bell-shaped flowers are very showy. The clusters are terminal,
+and about 14 inches in length. The flowers are large, about 2 inches
+long, the color ranging from white through lavender to purple, the
+inside of the lower lobe bearing long, soft, white hairs and crimson
+spots on a white ground.
+
+=Part used.=—Leaves of the second year’s growth only are employed, and
+these should be collected when about two-thirds of the flowers have
+expanded. They should be very carefully dried in the shade and then
+kept in closed boxes or barrels so as to keep out all moisture. The
+greatest care is necessary in curing, as the leaves soon lose their
+medicinal properties if not properly dried.
+
+Preparations made from foxglove are of great value in heart troubles,
+but they are poisonous and should never be used except on the advice of
+a physician.
+
+=Imports and prices.=—From 40,000 to 60,000 pounds of digitalis or
+foxglove are annually imported into this country from Europe, where the
+plant is cultivated. The American-grown product has so far never been
+used, but leaves from the wild American plant have been assayed and
+found to be equally as good as the European article.
+
+The price per pound ranges from about 6 to 8 cents.
+
+
+                                MULLEIN.
+                         _Verbascum thapsus_ L.
+
+=Other common names.=—Great mullein, velvet or mullein dock, Aaron’s
+rod, Adam’s flannel, blanket leaf, bullock’s lungwort, cow’s or clown’s
+lungwort, candlewick, feltwort, flannel leaf, old-man’s flannel, hare’s
+beard, hedge taper, ice leaf, Jacob’s staff, Jupiter’s staff, lady’s
+foxglove, Peter’s staff, shepherd’s club, torches, torchwort, velvet
+plant. (Fig. 14.)
+
+=Range and habitat.=—Mullein is a native of Europe, and occurs in this
+country as a troublesome weed in fields and pastures, waste places,
+and along roadsides from Maine to Minnesota and southward, and it is
+also spreading in the far Western States. It produces great quantities
+of seed, and, if allowed to persist, will soon stock the ground with
+seeds which may retain their vitality and germinate at intervals for a
+number of years.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 14.—Mullein (_Verbascum thapsus_ L.).]
+
+=Description.=—Mullein can be easily recognized by its tall, erect
+habit of growth, the white-woolly or felty appearance of the entire
+plant, and its spike of golden-yellow flowers. It is a biennial
+belonging to the figwort family (Scrophulariaceæ).
+
+This plant has a stout, straight stem, which sometimes grows as tall
+as 7 feet. The stem and also the leaves are densely hairy, the latter
+alternate, sessile (stemless), their margins extending in wings along
+down the stem. The rather thick, rough leaves are from 4 to 12 inches
+in length, oblong, acute, and densely hairy above and below.
+
+In the first year of its growth only a rosette of downy leaves is
+produced, but during the second year the flower stalk with its densely
+flowered spike appears. The golden-yellow flowers are produced from
+June to August.
+
+=Parts used.=—As the leaves and flowers are to be collected at the
+time when the plant is in bloom, the propagation of the plant by the
+dissemination of its seed is prevented. The leaves are cured in the
+usual manner. They are practically inodorous, and have a somewhat
+bitter, mucilaginous taste.
+
+It is very desirable to have the flowers retain their bright yellow
+color: they must therefore be thoroughly dried, and then kept free from
+moisture in well-stoppered bottles. They readily absorb moisture and
+if allowed to become damp will turn black. The corolla (petals), with
+the adhering stamens only, is dried, the calyx being rejected. Mullein
+flowers have a sweetish, pleasant odor.
+
+Mullein is used in coughs and catarrh, to quiet nervous irritation,
+and to relieve pain and inflammation. According to some authors the
+dried leaves are often smoked like tobacco to relieve nasal catarrh and
+throat affections.
+
+=Imports and prices.=—About 5,000 pounds of verbascum or mullein
+flowers are annually imported, chiefly from Germany, in which country
+this plant is cultivated. The leaves are also imported to a small
+extent.
+
+The price paid for the leaves ranges from 2½ to 5 cents per pound, and
+that for the flowers may range from 25 to 75 cents per pound.
+
+
+                                LOBELIA.
+                          _Lobelia inflata_ L.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 15.—Lobelia (_Lobelia inflata_ L.).]
+
+=Other common names.=—Indian tobacco, wild tobacco, bladder pod, asthma
+weed, gagroot, pukeweed, vomitwort, low belia, eyebright. (Fig. 15.)
+
+=Range and habitat.=—This poisonous weed occurs nearly everywhere
+throughout the United States, being most plentiful east of the
+Mississippi River, and thriving in dry, clayey, or siliceous soil in
+sunny situations along roadsides, and in old fields and pastures.
+
+=Description.=—The erect leafy stem of this annual herbaceous plant
+is from 1 to 3 feet high, from a fibrous root. It is simple and
+rough-hairy below, smooth above, and bears a few short branches.
+The entire plant contains an acrid milky juice. It belongs to the
+bellflower family (Campanulaceæ).
+
+The pale-green leaves are alternate, from 1 to 2½ inches long,
+gradually diminishing in size as they reach the summit of the plant,
+the lower leaves being borne on stalks, while the upper ones are
+stemless. They are thin, oblong or oval, blunt, irregularly toothed,
+and almost wavy, with short hairs on both surfaces.
+
+From July until frost the rather inconspicuous, very small pale-blue
+flowers appear. These are very numerous, each one borne in the axils
+of the upper leaves on very short stems, all together forming a long,
+spike-like head. The lower lip of the flower has three lobes, the upper
+one two segments, and from the center of the latter the tube of the
+flower is cleft to the base. The seed pods are in the form of inflated
+capsules, nearly globular, striated (grooved or marked with parallel
+lines), and contain very numerous minute dark-brown seeds.
+
+=Parts used.=—The leaves and flowering tops are used in medicine, and
+there is also a good demand for the seed. The leaves and tops should be
+gathered after some of the pods have become inflated, should be dried
+in the shade, and when dry kept in covered vessels. The dried leaves
+and tops have a rather disagreeable, somewhat sickening odor, and the
+taste, though mild at first, soon becomes strongly acrid and nauseous.
+The seeds are extremely minute, and each capsule is said to contain
+from 450 to 500 seeds.
+
+Lobelia is an expectorant, acts upon the nervous system and bowels,
+causes vomiting, and is poisonous.
+
+=Price.=—The price paid for the dried leaves and tops ranges from 3 to
+8 cents per pound, and that for the seed from 15 to 20 cents per pound.
+
+
+                                 TANSY.
+                         _Tanacetum vulgare_ L.
+
+=Other common names.=—Bitter buttons, ginger plant, parsley fern,
+scented fern. (Fig. 16.)
+
+=Range and habitat.=—Tansy was originally introduced into this country
+as a garden plant from Europe, where it is native. It has now escaped
+from cultivation and is found as a weed along waysides and fences
+in many places from New England to Minnesota and southward to North
+Carolina and Missouri.
+
+=Description.=—This strong-scented perennial herb belongs to the aster
+family (Asteraceæ). The stout, erect stem is from 1½ to 3 feet high,
+branching near the top, somewhat reddish, and usually smooth. The
+general outline of the leaf is oval, and it is divided nearly to the
+midrib into about seven pairs of segments, which, like the terminal
+one, are again divided for about two-thirds of the distance to the
+midvein into smaller lobes having saw-toothed margins. The entire leaf
+is about 6 inches in length.
+
+Tansy is in flower from July to September, and the roundish but
+flat-topped yellow flower heads are produced in dense terminal clusters.
+
+=Parts used.=—At the time of flowering the leaves and tops are
+collected for medicinal purposes and are dried in the usual manner. The
+odor of tansy is strongly aromatic and the taste bitter. In drying,
+tansy loses about four-fifths of its weight.
+
+Tansy is employed in derangements of women, and has stimulant and tonic
+properties. It is also used for expelling worms. This drug is poisonous
+and has been known to produce fatal results.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 16.—Tansy (_Tanacetum vulgare_ L.).]
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 17.—Gum plant (_Grindelia robusta_ Nutt.).]
+
+=Imports and prices.=—About 30,000 pounds of tanacetum or tansy are
+imported annually. The price paid per pound ranges from 3 to 6 cents.
+
+
+                               GUM PLANT.
+                       _Grindelia robusta_ Nutt.
+
+=Range.=—The gum plant (fig. 17) occurs in the States west of the Rocky
+Mountains.
+
+=Description.=—The entire plant is covered with a resinous substance,
+which gives it a gummy, varnished appearance, whence its common name,
+gum plant, is derived.
+
+This perennial of the aster family of plants has an erect habit of
+growth, and sends up a round, smooth stem about a foot and a half
+high, narrowly grooved and freely branching near the top, each branch
+terminating in a large yellow flower. The branches near the flower
+heads have a slightly reddish appearance.
+
+The pale-green leaves are about an inch long, of a leathery texture,
+rather rigid, coated with resin, and show numerous translucent dots.
+The leaves are oblong-spatulate (having a gradually narrowed base below
+the broader rounded summit) and are more or less clasping at the base,
+the lower ones somewhat saw-toothed.
+
+The yellow flowers are borne singly at the ends of the branches and
+measure about three-quarters of an inch across. The involucre (set
+of small leaves immediately beneath the flower) is very resinous and
+consists of numerous thick, overlapping scales, the tips of which are
+rolled forward.
+
+=Parts used and prices.=—The flowering tops and leaves of this and of
+the scaly grindelia are collected indiscriminately, and bring from 5 to
+12 cents per pound.
+
+They are used in asthma and similar affections, and externally in cases
+of poisoning by poison ivy.
+
+
+                            SCALY GRINDELIA.
+                  _Grindelia squarrosa_ (Pursh) Dunal.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 18.—Scaly grindelia (_Grindelia squarrosa_ (Pursh)
+Dunal).]
+
+=Range.=—Scaly grindelia (fig. 18) has a wider distribution than the
+gum plant, being quite common on the plains and prairies from the
+Saskatchewan to Minnesota, south to Texas and Mexico, and westward to
+California.
+
+=Description.=—This species is very similar to the gum plant, with the
+exception that it is smaller and does not have the gummy appearance
+of the former. The slender, erect stems are from 1 to 2 feet high and
+somewhat sparingly branched near the top. The branches near the flower
+heads appear to be somewhat more reddish than in the species previously
+mentioned. In this species, also, the leaves are not borne on stalks,
+but are somewhat clasping at the base, and they are longer (about
+2 inches long), not rigid, thinner, and more prominently toothed.
+The flowers are also very similar to those of the gum plant, but are
+smaller, the scales narrower, and the recurved tips longer and more
+slender.
+
+=Parts used.=—The leaves and flowering tops are collected with those of
+the gum plant, _Grindelia robusta_.
+
+
+                                BONESET.
+                      _Eupatorium perfoliatum_ L.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 19.—Boneset (_Eupatorium perfoliatum_ L.).]
+
+=Other common names.=—Thoroughwort, crosswort, wood boneset, teasel,
+ague-weed, feverwort, thorough-stem or thorough-wax, vegetable
+antimony, sweating plant, Indian sage, wild sage, tearal, wild Isaac.
+(Fig. 19.)
+
+=Range and habitat.=—Boneset delights in moist situations, and is
+common as a weed in clayey or sandy soil, in low, wet ground, and along
+streams, on the edges of swamps and in thickets from the New England
+States west to Nebraska and south to Texas and Florida.
+
+=Description.=—One of the features which will aid in recognizing this
+plant is the peculiar arrangement of the leaves. These are opposite
+each other and joined together at the base around the stem, and
+therefore have the appearance of a single leaf with the stem passing
+through the center of it.
+
+Boneset is a perennial herb of the aster family of plants (Asteraceæ),
+with stout, rough, hairy stems 1 to 5 feet high, from a horizontal,
+crooked root. The leaves are opposite, united at the base, lance
+shaped, tapering to a point, bluntly toothed, rough with prominent
+veins, wrinkled, dark green on the upper surface, downy and paler green
+on the lower surface. Both leaves together measure from 8 to 14 inches
+from point to point and 1 to 1½ inches wide. The flowers are white,
+tubular, ten to twenty or more united in dense heads, and the heads are
+borne in rather crowded flat-topped clusters, appearing from July to
+September.
+
+=Parts used.=—The leaves and flowering tops are the parts used in
+medicine, and these should be collected when the plants are in
+flower, stripped from the stalk, and carefully dried. They lose about
+three-fourths of their weight in drying. The odor is faintly aromatic,
+the taste bitter and astringent.
+
+As indicated by the common names “ague-weed” and “feverwort,” this is a
+popular remedy in fever and ague. It is used also in colds, dyspepsia,
+jaundice, and for toning up the system. In large doses it is an emetic
+and cathartic.
+
+=Prices.=—Eupatorium or boneset leaves and tops bring from 2 to 8 cents
+per pound.
+
+
+                                CATNIP.
+                          _Nepeta cataria_ L.
+
+=Other common names.=—Catmint, catrup, cat’s wort, field mint. (Fig.
+20.)
+
+=Range and habitat.=—This very common weed is naturalized from Europe,
+and is found in rather dry soil in waste places and cultivated land,
+about old buildings and along fences, from Canada to Minnesota and
+southward to Virginia and Arkansas.
+
+=Description.=—The erect, square stems of this perennial herb of the
+mint family (Menthaceæ) grow to a height of 2 to 3 feet, are branched,
+and somewhat whitish in appearance from the covering of fine white
+hairs.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 20.—Catnip (_Nepeta cataria_ L.)]
+
+The leaves are opposite and borne on stems, heart shaped or oblong,
+with an acute apex, 1 to 2½ inches long, evenly and finely scalloped,
+green above, beneath grayish-green with fine white hairs. The
+many-flowered clusters appear from June to September, and are borne in
+thick spikes 1 to 5 inches long at the top of the stems and branches.
+The flowers are white or somewhat purple, two-lipped, the upper lip
+two-cleft, the lower one three-lobed and sometimes spotted with red,
+the middle lobe broadest and round-toothed.
+
+=Parts used.=—The flowering tops and leaves are to be collected
+when the plant is in flower and carefully dried. They have a strong
+mint-like odor and a bitter taste. The coarser stems and branches
+should be rejected.
+
+Catnip is used in derangements of women, as a mild stimulant and tonic,
+and has a quieting effect on the nervous system.
+
+=Imports and prices.=—Cataria or catnip is imported in but small
+quantities. The price paid for the flowering tops and leaves is from 2
+to 8 cents per pound.
+
+
+                               HOARHOUND.
+                         _Marrubium vulgare_ L.
+
+=Other common names.=—Houndsbene, marvel, marrube. (Fig. 21.)
+
+=Range and habitat.=—Hoarhound has been naturalized from Europe, and
+has escaped from gardens in this country, being found now rather
+abundantly in dry sandy or stony soil in waste places, pastures,
+fields, along roadsides, and near dwellings, from Maine to South
+Carolina, Texas, and westward to California and Oregon. It is very
+abundant in pastures in California, Oregon, and in limited areas in
+Indiana, Missouri, Ohio, and Michigan. In southern California this
+plant has proved a most troublesome weed, occurring almost everywhere
+and growing in such dense masses as to crowd out all other vegetation.
+It has spread rapidly over thousands of acres, taking complete
+possession of the land and destroying pastures.
+
+=Description.=—The entire plant has a whitish, woolly appearance,
+caused by the dense covering of hairs. It is a perennial plant, and as
+will be seen from the characteristic lip-shaped flowers, is a member
+of the mint family (Menthaceæ). The whole plant has a rather pleasant,
+balsamic odor.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 21.—Hoarhound (_Marrubium vulgare_ L.).]
+
+Hoarhound is a bushy, branching herb, with fibrous roots sending
+up numerous woolly stems about 1 to 3 feet high, rounded below and
+four-angled above. The leaves are opposite each other, 1 to 2 inches
+long, oval or nearly round, wrinkled, somewhat blunt at the apex,
+narrowed or somewhat heart shaped at the base, with rounded teeth,
+somewhat hairy and wrinkled on the upper surface, and prominently
+veined and very hoary on the lower surface. The flowers are whitish,
+two-lipped, the upper lip two-lobed, the lower three-lobed, and are
+borne in dense, woolly clusters in the axils of the leaves. (Fig. 22.)
+The plant flowers from June to September, and the characteristic hooked
+calyx teeth of the mature flower clusters cling to the wool of sheep
+like a bur, resulting in the scattering of the seeds.
+
+=Parts used.=—The leaves and tops are used in medicine. These should
+be gathered just before the herb is in flower, rejecting the coarse
+stalks, and should be dried in the shade in the usual manner. The
+balsamic odor diminishes in drying. The herb has a bitter, persistent
+taste.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 22.—Hoarhound, flowering top.]
+
+Hoarhound is well known as a remedy for colds, and is also used in
+dyspepsia and for expelling worms.
+
+=Imports and prices.=—A considerable quantity of marrubium or hoarhound
+is imported, about 125,000 pounds coming into this country annually.
+Three to 8 cents is the price paid per pound.
+
+
+                            BLESSED THISTLE.
+                         _Cnicus benedictus_ L.
+
+=Other common names.=—Holy thistle, bitter thistle, Our Lady’s thistle,
+St. Benedict’s thistle, cursed thistle, spotted thistle. (Fig. 23.)
+
+=Range and habitat.=—This weed has been introduced from Europe and
+occurs in stony, uncultivated localities and waste places in the
+Southern States and in California and Utah.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 23.—Blessed thistle (_Cnicus benedictus_ L.).]
+
+=Description.=—Blessed thistle is an annual plant belonging to the
+aster family (Asteraceæ). The round stems are erect, about 1 to 2 feet
+high, branched, and rather woolly. The leaves are more or less hairy,
+the lower ones borne on petioles (leaf stems), the upper ones sessile
+(stemless) and clasping the stem. They are oblong-lanceolate and
+wavy-lobed. The terminal yellow flower heads are surrounded by scales
+of a leathery texture, which are prolonged into long, hard, branching
+spines.
+
+=Parts used.=—The leaves and tops should be collected when the plant
+is in flower, about June, thoroughly and quickly dried, and kept in a
+vessel from which moisture, light, and air should be excluded. They
+have a somewhat disagreeable odor and the taste is very bitter.
+
+Blessed thistle is employed in fevers, dyspepsia, and as a tonic to
+restore the appetite.
+
+=Imports and prices.=—This plant is cultivated in Germany, from which
+country it is imported to a limited extent. The price per pound ranges
+from 8 to 10 cents.
+
+
+                                YARROW.
+                       _Achillea millefolium_ L.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 24.—Yarrow (_Achillea millefolium_ L.).]
+
+=Other common names.=—Milfoil, thousand leaf, thousand-leaved clover,
+green arrow, gordoloba, nosebleed, bloodwort, carpenter’s grass,
+sanguinary, soldiers’ woundwort, old man’s pepper. (Fig. 24.)
+
+=Range and habitat.=—This herb is a common weed from the New England
+States to Missouri and in scattered localities in other parts of the
+country, occurring along roadsides, in old fields, pastures, and
+meadows.
+
+=Description.=—Yarrow is a perennial belonging to the aster family
+(Asteraceæ). It is about 10 to 20 inches in height, its numerous
+dark-green feathery leaves divided into very fine crowded parts.
+The flowers are produced in abundance from June to September. These
+are small, white (sometimes rose-colored), and are crowded in dense
+flat-topped heads.
+
+The odor of yarrow is strong and aromatic, very similar to that of
+chamomile, and the taste is sharp and bitter. When this plant is eaten
+by cows its bitter taste and strong odor are imparted to dairy products.
+
+=Parts used.=—The entire plant is collected when in flower, and is
+carefully dried. The coarser stems should be rejected. The plant loses
+nearly four-fifths of its weight in drying.
+
+Yarrow is a stimulant tonic, acts upon the bladder, and checks
+excessive discharges.
+
+=Imports and prices.=—This is an imported article, though not brought
+into the United States in large quantities. The price of achillea or
+yarrow ranges from 2 to 5 cents per pound.
+
+
+                            CANADA FLEABANE.
+     _Leptilon canadense_ (L.) Britton. (_Erigeron canadensis_ L.)
+
+=Other common names.=—Horseweed, colt’s tail, scabious, prideweed,
+butter weed, fireweed, blood-stanch, cow’s tail, bitter weed. (Fig. 25.)
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 25.—Canada fleabane (_Leptilon canadense_ (L.)
+Britton).]
+
+=Range and habitat.=—This weed is common in damp, sandy soils in fields
+and waste places and along roadsides in many parts of the United
+States, especially throughout the northern Mississippi Valley.
+
+=Description.=—Canada fleabane is an annual weed belonging to the aster
+family (Asteraceæ). The stem, which is bristly-hairy, or sometimes
+smooth, varies greatly in height, according to the soil, being
+sometimes only 3 inches high, and in favorable soil often reaching a
+height of 10 feet. The larger plants are branched near the top. The
+leaves are usually somewhat hairy, those scattered along the stem being
+rather narrow, with unbroken margins, and the lower ones slightly
+toothed. From June to November numerous heads of small inconspicuous
+white flowers are produced, followed by an abundance of seed.
+
+=Parts used.=—The entire herb is medicinal, and should be gathered
+during the flowering period and carefully dried. It has a faint,
+agreeable odor and a somewhat astringent and bitter taste. The fresh
+herb on distillation yields a volatile oil which is sold as oil of
+fleabane.
+
+The common name “blood stanch” indicates the use of this plant for
+arresting hemorrhages from various sources and the bleeding of wounds.
+It is useful also in diarrhea and dropsy.
+
+=Price.=—The price paid for erigeron or flea bane ranges from 6 to 8
+cents per pound.
+
+
+                              JIMSON WEED.
+                         _Datura stramonium_ L.
+
+=Other common names.=—Jamestown weed (from which “jimson” weed is
+derived), thorn-apple, stinkweed, stinkwort, devil’s apple, mad-apple,
+devil’s trumpet, fireweed, Jamestown lily, dewtry, apple of Peru. (Fig.
+26).
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 26.—Jimson weed (_Datura stramonium_ L.).]
+
+=Range and habitat.=—Jimson weed is exceedingly common in fields and
+waste places throughout the entire country with the exception of the
+North and West. It is native in the Tropics and widely scattered in
+nearly all warm countries.
+
+=Description.=—This well-known rank and ill-scented poisonous weed
+is an annual about 2 to 5 feet in height, and belongs to the potato
+family (Solanaceæ). Its yellowish-green stems are stout, leafy, and
+much forked. The leaves are large, 3 to 8 inches long, thin, smooth,
+pointed at the apex and usually narrowed at the base, irregularly
+waved and toothed, veiny, dark green on the upper surface and paler
+green beneath. The rather large, showy flowers are produced from May
+to September. They are white, funnel shaped, about 3 inches long, and
+have a heavy odor. The seed pod is a dry, oval, prickly capsule, which,
+when quite ripe, bursts open and discloses four valves, containing
+numerous black, kidney-shaped seeds. (Fig. 27.) The seeds are
+ill-smelling when fresh, as is the entire plant. They are dull black,
+about one-sixth of an inch long, flattened, wrinkled, and marked with
+small depressions.
+
+=Parts used.=—Both the leaves and seeds are medicinal. The leaves
+are collected at the time of flowering, the entire plant being cut
+or pulled up and the leaves stripped and dried in the shade. The
+unpleasant narcotic odor diminishes upon drying. The leaves are
+poisonous, cause dilation of the pupil of the eye, and are used
+principally in asthma.
+
+For the collection of the seeds the capsules should be taken from
+the plants when they are quite ripe, but still of a green color. The
+capsules should then be dried for a few days, when they will burst open
+and the seeds can be readily shaken out. These should now be carefully
+dried. The seeds like the leaves are poisonous and possess the same
+properties.
+
+Occasional cases of poisoning of children occur from eating the seeds
+of jimson weed and taking the flowers in their mouths.
+
+=Imports and prices.=—From 100,000 to 150,000 pounds of stramonium
+leaves (the name by which they are designated in the drug trade) are
+imported into this country annually, and about 10,000 pounds of seeds
+are imported.
+
+The leaves will bring from 2½ to 8 cents per pound, and stramonium
+seeds from 3 to 7 cents per pound.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 27.—Leaves, flower, and capsules of jimson weed.]
+
+
+                          Purple thorn-apple.
+
+The purple thorn-apple, technically known as _Datura tatula_, is very
+similar to the jimson weed, possesses the same properties, and is
+distinguished from it merely by its reddish stems and purplish flowers.
+The leaves and seeds may be gathered with those of the jimson weed.
+
+
+                            POISON HEMLOCK.
+                         _Conium maculatum_ L.
+
+=Other common names.=—Spotted parsley, St. Bennet’s herb, bad-man’s
+oatmeal, heck-how, wode whistle, cashes, bunk, poison parsley, spotted
+cowbane. (Fig. 28.)
+
+=Range and habitat.=—Poison hemlock is rather common in waste places
+and along roadsides, principally in the Eastern and Middle States. It
+has been naturalized in this country from Europe.
+
+=Description.=—From the close resemblance of the leaves of this plant
+to parsley, it is sometimes mistaken for the latter and fatal cases
+of poisoning have occurred. All parts of the plant are exceedingly
+poisonous.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 28.—Poison hemlock (_Conium maculatum_ L.).]
+
+Poison hemlock belongs to the same family as the parsley, namely, the
+Apiaceæ. It is a biennial, about 2 to 6 feet in height, with a smooth,
+hollow stem dotted with purple, and large leaves very much like those
+of parsley. The numerous small white flowers are borne in rather showy
+umbels (flat-topped clusters, with stems from one point) and appear
+in June and July. The fruit ripens in August and September. The fruit
+is grayish-green, ribbed, about one-eighth of an inch long, ovate,
+laterally flattened, and smooth.
+
+The entire plant possesses a disagreeable mousy odor, which is
+especially noticeable when bruised.
+
+=Parts used.=—The fruit and leaves are the parts used. The fruit should
+be collected while still green but full grown, which in most localities
+is some time in August. It should be dried in dark but well ventilated
+places, and then stored in tight cans or boxes where it will not be
+exposed to the action of light and air.
+
+The poison hemlock leaves should be collected when the plant is in
+flower, which will be in the second year of its growth. The stems
+should be rejected. Contrary to the usual method of drying leaves and
+herbs, the poison hemlock leaves may be quickly dried in the sun and
+then kept in tightly closed vessels. The leaves will retain their green
+color if properly cured. The odor is still very disagreeable, but not
+so pronounced as in the fresh plant.
+
+This very poisonous drug is used in rheumatism, neuralgia, asthma, and
+in cases where the nervous system is in an excited condition.
+
+=Imports and prices.=—The imports of conium or poison hemlock seed
+amount to about 20,000 pounds annually, and from 10,000 to 20,000
+pounds of the leaves are imported. The price paid for the seed is about
+3 cents per pound, and for the leaves about 4 cents.
+
+
+                           AMERICAN WORMSEED.
+                     _Chenopodium ambrosioides_ L.
+
+=Other common names.=—Mexican tea, Spanish tea, Jerusalem tea, Jesuit
+tea, ambrosia. (Fig. 29.)
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 29.—American wormseed (_Chenopodium ambrosioides_
+L.).]
+
+=Range and habitat.=—This strong-scented herb, naturalized in this
+country from tropical America, frequents waste places around dwellings
+and is found in streets, meadows, pastures, and grain fields from New
+England to Florida, and westward to California.
+
+=Description.=—American wormseed is an annual plant of the goosefoot
+family (Chenopodiaceæ), attaining a height of from 2 to 3 feet. The
+stem is grooved, usually much branched and leafy, the leaves oblong or
+oblong lance-shaped, somewhat acute at the apex, the lower ones 1 to 3
+inches long and wavy-toothed, the numerous upper leaves much smaller
+and usually entire. From July to September the flowers are produced,
+followed throughout the autumn by the fruits, both of which are green
+and borne in crowded leafy spikes. The whole plant has a powerful,
+disagreeable odor, due to the essential oil which it contains.
+
+=Part used.=—The entire leafy part of the plant is sometimes employed
+for the distillation of the oil, although the fruit alone is listed in
+the Pharmacopœia of the United States. The fruit is distilled for the
+oil, which it contains in large quantities.
+
+The fruits are in the form of small grains, about the size of a pin
+head, globular but slightly flattened, greenish, and inclosing the
+small shining black seeds. They have the same powerful odor as the
+plant, which does not diminish when the fruit is dried, and the taste
+is bitter and pungent. American wormseed is an anthelmintic, that is,
+it has the property of expelling worms.
+
+The fruits of _Chenopodium anthelminticum_, another species of
+wormseed, are collected with those of the species just described. This
+plant is very similar to the American wormseed, the fruits being alike,
+and the only differences being that in _Chenopodium anthelminticum_
+the stem is slightly taller, from 2½ to 3½ feet high, the leaves are
+more coarsely toothed, the flowers are borne in more elongated, usually
+leafless spikes, the odor is more pronounced and disagreeable, and the
+range and distribution of the plant are more limited.
+
+Wormseed is cultivated to a considerable extent in parts of Maryland,
+where the distillation of the plant for the oil is carried on.
+
+=Price.=—In ordinary seasons the price paid for chenopodium or wormseed
+ranges from 6 to 8 cents per pound. The oil distilled from wormseed is
+at present selling at $1.50 per pound.
+
+
+                             BLACK MUSTARD.
+            _Brassica nigra_ (L.) Koch. (_Sinapis nigra_ L.)
+
+=Other common names.=—Brown mustard, red mustard. (Fig. 30.)
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 30.—Black mustard (_Brassica nigra_ (L.) Koch).]
+
+=Range and habitat.=—Black mustard, introduced from Europe, is a
+troublesome weed in many parts of the United States. It is common in
+almost every State in the Union along roadsides, in cultivated ground,
+and in waste places, being especially troublesome in grain fields and
+pastures. Both black and white mustards are cultivated in California.
+
+This plant is a great pest in southern California, covering thousands
+of acres and forming dense, impenetrable thickets over 6 feet in
+height, in which birds have their nesting places, and, by eating and
+excreting the seeds, help to spread this pernicious weed.
+
+=Description.=—The rather stiff, dark-green, branching stem of black
+mustard is from 4 to 6 feet in height. The lower part of the stems and
+branches is more or less bristly hairy, but the upper part is usually
+smooth.
+
+The leaves are dark green, somewhat rough, with bristly hairs, and
+are all borne on stalks. The lower leaves are lobed, the terminal
+lobe being the largest and the two or more lateral ones smaller. The
+leaves toward the top of the plant become lance shaped and are slightly
+toothed.
+
+The flowers of black mustard appear from June to September, and are
+of a bright yellow color. They are rather small, scarcely a quarter
+of an inch in diameter, the four petals spreading and each consisting
+of a rounded blade with a narrow claw. The petals alternate with the
+pale-green sepals or calyx lobes. The flowers appear in clusters at the
+ends of the elongating stems, followed from July to November by the
+numerous erect pods crowded against the stem in dense narrow clusters.
+The pods are about 1 inch in length, quadrangular, smooth, and tipped
+at the apex by the short, persistent style. The seeds contained in the
+pods are very numerous, small, about one twenty-fifth of an inch in
+diameter, globular, blackish brown, and finely pitted.
+
+The plant is an annual, and if care is taken to prevent the
+distribution of the seeds it is not difficult to exterminate. The seeds
+possess great vitality, and may remain in the ground for years before
+germinating.
+
+=Collection of seeds.=—The tops may be pulled when most of the pods are
+nearly mature, but before they are ready to spring open. They should
+then be placed on a clean, dry floor or shelf, allowing the pods to
+ripen and dry out, when they will burst open and the seeds can be
+readily shaken out.
+
+Mustard seed has no odor whatever when collected, not even when it is
+powdered in its dry state, but as soon as water is added in grinding
+it, the powerful, penetrating mustard odor is developed. The taste is
+sharp and pungent.
+
+
+                             WHITE MUSTARD.
+                           _Sinapis alba_ L.
+
+=Another common name.=—Yellow mustard. (Fig. 31.)
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 31.—White mustard (_Sinapis alba_ L.).]
+
+=Range and habitat.=—White mustard is a weed found in cultivated land
+along waysides and fence rows, but is not so abundant nor so widely
+distributed as the black mustard. It is naturalized in this country
+from Europe.
+
+=Description.=—This plant is very similar to black mustard, but is
+smaller (growing only about 1 to 2 feet tall), bright green, but the
+flowers and seeds are much larger, and the rough-hairy pods with their
+long, sickle-shaped beaks are spreading instead of being pressed
+against the stem. The flowers are paler yellow than those of the
+fore-going species. The divisions of the leaves reach to the midrib,
+the leaves are rough-hairy, and the pods bristly. The seeds are pale
+yellow and smooth.
+
+=Collection and uses of seeds.=—The seeds are to be collected in the
+same manner as those of black mustard. White mustard seed has no odor
+in its entire state, and when water is added in grinding it the odor
+does not become so pronounced as in the case of black mustard, neither
+is the taste so pungent.
+
+In medicine mustard seeds are used principally in the preparation of
+plasters and poultices. They are used also in dyspepsia, and in large
+doses act as an emetic.
+
+=Imports and prices.=—The imports into the United States of black and
+white mustard together during the fiscal year ended June 30, 1903,
+amounted to 5,302,876 pounds. The price ranges from 3 to 6 cents per
+pound for both the black and white mustard seeds.
+
+
+
+
+                          FARMERS’ BULLETINS.
+
+
+The following is a list of the Farmers’ Bulletins available for
+distribution, showing the number, title, and size in pages of each.
+Copies will be sent to any address on application to any Senator,
+Representative, or Delegate in Congress, or to the Secretary of
+Agriculture, Washington, D. C. The missing numbers have been
+discontinued, being superseded by later bulletins.
+
+  16. Leguminous Plants. Pp. 24.
+  21. Barnyard Manure. Pp. 32.
+  22. Feeding of Farm Animals. Pp. 32.
+  24. Hog Cholera and Swine Plague. Pp. 16.
+  25. Peanuts: Culture and Uses. Pp. 24.
+  27. Flax for Seed and Fiber. Pp. 16.
+  28. Weeds: And How to Kill Them. Pp. 32.
+  29. Souring and Other Changes in Milk. Pp. 23.
+  30. Grape Diseases on the Pacific Coast. Pp. 15.
+  31. Alfalfa, or Lucern. Pp. 24.
+  32. Silos and Silage. Pp. 32.
+  33. Peach Growing for Market. Pp. 24.
+  34. Meats: Composition and Cooking. Pp. 29.
+  35. Potato Culture. Pp. 24.
+  36. Cotton Seed and Its Products. Pp. 16.
+  37. Kafir Corn: Culture and Uses. Pp. 12.
+  38. Spraying for Fruit Diseases. Pp. 12.
+  39. Onion Culture. Pp. 31.
+  42. Facts About Milk. Pp. 29.
+  43. Sewage Disposal on the Farm. Pp. 20.
+  44. Commercial Fertilizers. Pp. 24.
+  45. Insects Injurious to Stored Grain. Pp. 24.
+  46. Irrigation in the Humid Climates. Pp. 27.
+  47. Insects Affecting the Cotton Plant. Pp. 32.
+  48. The Manuring of Cotton. Pp. 16.
+  49. Sheep Feeding. Pp. 21.
+  50. Sorghum as a Forage Crop. Pp. 20.
+  51. Standard Varieties of Chickens. Pp. 48.
+  52. The Sugar Beet. Pp. 48.
+  53. How to Grow Mushrooms. Pp. 20.
+  54. Some Common Birds. Pp. 40.
+  55. The Dairy Herd. Pp. 24.
+  56. Experiment Station Work—I. Pp. 31.
+  57. Butter Making on the Farm. Pp. 16.
+  58. The Soy Bean as Forage Crop. Pp. 24.
+  59. Bee Keeping. Pp. 32.
+  60. Methods of Curing Tobacco. Pp. 16.
+  61. Asparagus Culture. Pp. 40.
+  62. Marketing Farm Produce. Pp. 28.
+  63. Care of Milk on the Farm. Pp. 40.
+  64. Ducks and Geese. Pp. 48.
+  65. Experiment Station Work—II. Pp. 32.
+  66. Meadows and Pastures. Pp. 28.
+  68. The Black Rot of the Cabbage. Pp. 22.
+  69. Experiment Station Work—III. Pp. 32.
+  70. Insect Enemies of the Grape. Pp. 23.
+  71. Essentials in Beef Production. Pp. 24.
+  72. Cattle Ranges of the Southwest. Pp. 32.
+  73. Experiment Station Work—IV. Pp. 32.
+  74. Milk as Food. Pp. 39.
+  75. The Grain Smuts. Pp. 20.
+  76. Tomato Growing. Pp. 30.
+  77. The Liming of Soils. Pp. 19.
+  78. Experiment Station Work—V. Pp. 32.
+  79. Experiment Station Work—VI. Pp. 28.
+  80. The Peach Twig-borer. Pp. 16.
+  81. Corn Culture in the South. Pp. 24.
+  82. The Culture of Tobacco. Pp. 24.
+  83. Tobacco Soils. Pp. 23.
+  84. Experiment Station Work—VII. Pp. 32.
+  85. Fish as Food. Pp. 30.
+  86. Thirty Poisonous Plants. Pp. 32.
+  87. Experiment Station Work—VIII. Pp. 32.
+  88. Alkali Lands. Pp. 23.
+  89. Cowpeas. Pp. 16.
+  91. Potato Diseases and Treatment. Pp. 12.
+  92. Experiment Station Work—IX. Pp. 30.
+  93. Sugar as Food. Pp. 27.
+  94. The Vegetable Garden. Pp. 24.
+  95. Good Roads for Farmers. Pp. 47.
+  96. Raising Sheep for Mutton. Pp. 48.
+  97. Experiment Station Work—X. Pp. 32.
+  98. Suggestions to Southern Farmers. Pp. 48.
+  99. Insect Enemies of Shade Trees. Pp. 30.
+  100. Hog Raising in the South. Pp. 40.
+  101. Millets. Pp. 28.
+  102. Southern Forage Plants. Pp. 48.
+  103. Experiment Station Work—XI. Pp. 32.
+  104. Notes on Frost. Pp. 24.
+  105. Experiment Station Work—XII. Pp. 32.
+  106. Breeds of Dairy Cattle. Pp. 48.
+  107. Experiment Station Work—XIII. Pp. 32.
+  108. Saltbushes. Pp. 20.
+  109. Farmers’ Reading Courses. Pp. 20.
+  110. Rice Culture in the United States. Pp. 28.
+  111. Farmers’ Interest in Good Seed. Pp. 24.
+  112. Bread and Bread Making. Pp. 39.
+  113. The Apple and How to Grow it. Pp. 32.
+  114. Experiment Station Work—XIV. Pp. 28.
+  115. Hop Culture in California. Pp. 27.
+  116. Irrigation in Fruit Growing. Pp. 48.
+  117. Sheep, Hogs, and Horses in the Northwest. Pp. 28.
+  118. Grape Growing in the South. Pp. 32.
+  119. Experiment Station Work—XV. Pp. 31.
+  120. Insects Affecting Tobacco. Pp. 32.
+  121. Beans, Peas, and other Legumes as Food. Pp. 32.
+  122. Experiment Station Work—XVI. Pp. 32.
+  123. Red Clover Seed; Information for Purchasers. Pp. 11.
+  124. Experiment Station Work—XVII. Pp. 32.
+  125. Protection of Food Products from Injurious Temperatures. Pp. 26.
+  126. Practical Suggestions for Farm Buildings. Pp. 48.
+  127. Important Insecticides. Pp. 42.
+  128. Eggs and Their Uses as Food. Pp. 32.
+  129. Sweet Potatoes. Pp. 40.
+  131. Household Tests for Detection of Oleomargarine and
+       Renovated Butter. Pp. 11.
+  132. Insect Enemies of Growing Wheat. Pp. 40.
+  133. Experiment Station Work—XVIII. Pp. 32.
+  134. Tree Planting in Rural School Grounds. Pp. 38.
+  135. Sorghum Sirip Manufacture. Pp. 40.
+  136. Earth Roads. Pp. 24.
+  137. The Angora Goat. Pp. 48.
+  138. Irrigation in Field and Garden. Pp. 40.
+  139. Emmer: A Grain for the Semiarid Regions. Pp. 16.
+  140. Pineapple Growing. Pp. 48.
+  141. Poultry Raising on the Farm. Pp. 16.
+  142. The Nutritive and Economic Value of Food. Pp. 48.
+  143. The Confirmation of Beef and Dairy Cattle. Pp. 44.
+  144. Experiment Station Work—XIX. Pp. 32.
+  145. Carbon Bisulphid as an Insecticide. Pp. 28.
+  146. Insecticides and Fungicides. Pp. 16.
+  147. Winter Forage Crops for the South. Pp. 36.
+  148. Celery Culture. Pp. 32.
+  149. Experiment Station Work—XX. Pp. 32.
+  150. Clearing New Land. Pp. 24.
+  151. Dairying in the South. Pp. 48.
+  152. Scabies in Cattle. Pp. 24.
+  153. Orchard Enemies in the Pacific Northwest. Pp. 39.
+  154. The Fruit Garden: Preparation and Care. Pp. 20.
+  155. How Insects Affect Health in Rural Districts. Pp. 20.
+  156. The Home Vineyard. Pp. 24.
+  157. The Propagation of Plants. Pp. 24.
+  158. How to Build Small Irrigation Ditches. Pp. 28.
+  159. Scab in Sheep. Pp. 48.
+  161. Practical Suggestions for Fruit Growers. Pp. 28.
+  162. Experiment Station Work—XXI. Pp. 32.
+  164. Rape as a Forage Crop. Pp. 16.
+  165. Culture of the Silkworm. Pp. 32.
+  166. Cheese making on the Farm. Pp. 16.
+  167. Cassava. Pp. 32.
+  168. Pearl Millet. Pp. 16.
+  169. Experiment Station Work—XXII. Pp. 32.
+  170. Principles of Horse Feeding Pp. 44.
+  171. The Control of the Codling Moth. Pp. 24.
+  172. Scale Insects and Mites on Citrus Trees. Pp. 43.
+  173. Primer of Forestry. Pp. 48.
+  174. Broom Corn. Pp. 32.
+  175. Home Manufacture and Use of Unfermented Grape Juice. Pp. 16.
+  176. Cranberry Culture. Pp. 20.
+  177. Squab Raising. Pp. 32.
+  178. Insects Injurious in Cranberry Culture. Pp. 32.
+  179. Horseshoeing. Pp. 31.
+  180. Game Laws for 1903. Pp. 56.
+  181. Pruning. Pp. 39.
+  182. Poultry as Food. Pp. 40.
+  183. Meat on the Farm—Butchering, curing, etc.
+  184. Marketing Live Stock. Pp. 40.
+  185. Beautifying the Home Grounds.
+  186. Experiment Station Work—XXIII. Pp. 32.
+  187. Drainage of Farm Lands.
+
+
+
+
+  TRANSCRIBER’S NOTE
+
+  Illustrations in this eBook have been positioned between paragraphs
+  and adjacent to the related discussion. In versions of this eBook
+  that support hyperlinks, the page references in the List of
+  Illustrations lead to the corresponding illustrations.
+
+  Obvious typographical errors and punctuation errors have been
+  corrected after careful comparison with other occurrences within the
+  text and consultation of external sources.
+
+  Some hyphens in words have been silently removed, some added, when a
+  predominant preference was found in the original book.
+
+  All misspellings in the text, and inconsistent or archaic usage, have
+  been retained.
+
+
+
+*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 76922 ***