1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
131
132
133
134
135
136
137
138
139
140
141
142
143
144
145
146
147
148
149
150
151
152
153
154
155
156
157
158
159
160
161
162
163
164
165
166
167
168
169
170
171
172
173
174
175
176
177
178
179
180
181
182
183
184
185
186
187
188
189
190
191
192
193
194
195
196
197
198
199
200
201
202
203
204
205
206
207
208
209
210
211
212
213
214
215
216
217
218
219
220
221
222
223
224
225
226
227
228
229
230
231
232
233
234
235
236
237
238
239
240
241
242
243
244
245
246
247
248
249
250
251
252
253
254
255
256
257
258
259
260
261
262
263
264
265
266
267
268
269
270
271
272
273
274
275
276
277
278
279
280
281
282
283
284
285
286
287
288
289
290
291
292
293
294
295
296
297
298
299
300
301
302
303
304
305
306
307
308
309
310
311
312
313
314
315
316
317
318
319
320
321
322
323
324
325
326
327
328
329
330
331
332
333
334
335
336
337
338
339
340
341
342
343
344
345
346
347
348
349
350
351
352
353
354
355
356
357
358
359
360
361
362
363
364
365
366
367
368
369
370
371
372
373
374
375
376
377
378
379
380
381
382
383
384
385
386
387
388
389
390
391
392
393
394
395
396
397
398
399
400
401
402
403
404
405
406
407
408
409
410
411
412
413
414
415
416
417
418
419
420
421
422
423
424
425
426
427
428
429
430
431
432
433
434
435
436
437
438
439
440
441
442
443
444
445
446
447
448
449
450
451
452
453
454
455
456
457
458
459
460
461
462
463
464
465
466
467
468
469
470
471
472
473
474
475
476
477
478
479
480
481
482
483
484
485
486
487
488
489
490
491
492
493
494
495
496
497
498
499
500
501
502
503
504
505
506
507
508
509
510
511
512
513
514
515
516
517
518
519
520
521
522
523
524
525
526
527
528
529
530
531
532
533
534
535
536
537
538
539
540
541
542
543
544
545
546
547
548
549
550
551
552
553
554
555
556
557
558
559
560
561
562
563
564
565
566
567
568
569
570
571
572
573
574
575
576
577
578
579
580
581
582
583
584
585
586
587
588
589
590
591
592
593
594
595
596
597
598
599
600
601
602
603
604
605
606
607
608
609
610
611
612
613
614
615
616
617
618
619
620
621
622
623
624
625
626
627
628
629
630
631
632
633
634
635
636
637
638
639
640
641
642
643
644
645
646
647
648
649
650
651
652
653
654
655
656
657
658
659
660
661
662
663
664
665
666
667
668
669
670
671
672
673
674
675
676
677
678
679
680
681
682
683
684
685
686
687
688
689
690
691
692
693
694
695
696
697
698
699
700
701
702
703
704
705
706
707
708
709
710
711
712
713
714
715
716
717
718
719
720
721
722
723
724
725
726
727
728
729
730
731
732
733
734
735
736
737
738
739
740
741
742
743
744
745
746
747
748
749
750
751
752
753
754
755
756
757
758
759
760
761
762
763
764
765
766
767
768
769
770
771
772
773
774
775
776
777
778
779
780
781
782
783
784
785
786
787
788
789
790
791
792
793
794
795
796
797
798
799
800
801
802
803
804
805
806
807
808
809
810
811
812
813
814
815
816
817
818
819
820
821
822
823
824
825
826
827
828
829
830
831
832
833
834
835
836
837
838
839
840
841
842
843
844
845
846
847
848
849
850
851
852
853
854
855
856
857
858
859
860
861
862
863
864
865
866
867
868
869
870
871
872
873
874
875
876
877
878
879
880
881
882
883
884
885
886
887
888
889
890
891
892
893
894
895
896
897
898
899
900
901
902
903
904
905
906
907
908
909
910
911
912
913
914
915
916
917
918
919
920
921
922
923
924
925
926
927
928
929
930
931
932
933
934
935
936
937
938
939
940
941
942
943
944
945
946
947
948
949
950
951
952
953
954
955
956
957
958
959
960
961
962
963
964
965
966
967
968
969
970
971
972
973
974
975
976
977
978
979
980
981
982
983
984
985
986
987
988
989
990
991
992
993
994
995
996
997
998
999
1000
1001
1002
1003
1004
1005
1006
1007
1008
1009
1010
1011
1012
1013
1014
1015
1016
1017
1018
1019
1020
1021
1022
1023
1024
1025
1026
1027
1028
1029
1030
1031
1032
1033
1034
1035
1036
1037
1038
1039
1040
1041
1042
1043
1044
1045
1046
1047
1048
1049
1050
1051
1052
1053
1054
1055
1056
1057
1058
1059
1060
1061
1062
1063
1064
1065
1066
1067
1068
1069
1070
1071
1072
1073
1074
1075
1076
1077
1078
1079
1080
1081
1082
1083
1084
1085
1086
1087
1088
1089
1090
1091
1092
1093
1094
1095
1096
1097
1098
1099
1100
1101
1102
1103
1104
1105
1106
1107
1108
1109
1110
1111
1112
1113
1114
1115
1116
1117
1118
1119
1120
1121
1122
1123
1124
1125
1126
1127
1128
1129
1130
1131
1132
1133
1134
1135
1136
1137
1138
1139
1140
1141
1142
1143
1144
1145
1146
1147
1148
1149
1150
1151
1152
1153
1154
1155
1156
1157
1158
1159
1160
1161
1162
1163
1164
1165
1166
1167
1168
1169
1170
1171
1172
1173
1174
1175
1176
1177
1178
1179
1180
1181
1182
1183
1184
1185
1186
1187
1188
1189
1190
1191
1192
1193
1194
1195
1196
1197
1198
1199
1200
1201
1202
1203
1204
1205
1206
1207
1208
1209
1210
1211
1212
1213
1214
1215
1216
1217
1218
1219
1220
1221
1222
1223
1224
1225
1226
1227
1228
1229
1230
1231
1232
1233
1234
1235
1236
1237
1238
1239
1240
1241
1242
1243
1244
1245
1246
1247
1248
1249
1250
1251
1252
1253
1254
1255
1256
1257
1258
1259
1260
1261
1262
1263
1264
1265
1266
1267
1268
1269
1270
1271
1272
1273
1274
1275
1276
1277
1278
1279
1280
1281
1282
1283
1284
1285
1286
1287
1288
1289
1290
1291
1292
1293
1294
1295
1296
1297
1298
1299
1300
1301
1302
1303
1304
1305
1306
1307
1308
1309
1310
1311
1312
1313
1314
1315
1316
1317
1318
1319
1320
1321
1322
1323
1324
1325
1326
1327
1328
1329
1330
1331
1332
1333
1334
1335
1336
1337
1338
1339
1340
1341
1342
1343
1344
1345
1346
1347
1348
1349
1350
1351
1352
1353
1354
1355
1356
1357
1358
1359
1360
1361
1362
1363
1364
1365
1366
1367
1368
1369
1370
1371
1372
1373
1374
1375
1376
1377
1378
1379
1380
1381
1382
1383
1384
1385
1386
1387
1388
1389
1390
1391
1392
1393
1394
1395
1396
1397
1398
1399
1400
1401
1402
1403
1404
1405
1406
1407
1408
1409
1410
1411
1412
1413
1414
1415
1416
1417
1418
1419
1420
1421
1422
1423
1424
1425
1426
1427
1428
1429
1430
1431
1432
1433
1434
1435
1436
1437
1438
1439
1440
1441
1442
1443
1444
1445
1446
1447
1448
1449
1450
1451
1452
1453
1454
1455
1456
1457
1458
1459
1460
1461
1462
1463
1464
1465
1466
1467
1468
1469
1470
1471
1472
1473
1474
1475
1476
1477
1478
1479
1480
1481
1482
1483
1484
1485
1486
1487
1488
1489
1490
1491
1492
1493
1494
1495
1496
1497
1498
1499
1500
1501
1502
1503
1504
1505
1506
1507
1508
1509
1510
1511
1512
1513
1514
1515
1516
1517
1518
1519
1520
1521
1522
1523
1524
1525
1526
1527
1528
1529
1530
1531
1532
1533
1534
1535
1536
1537
1538
1539
1540
1541
1542
1543
1544
1545
1546
1547
1548
1549
1550
1551
1552
1553
1554
1555
1556
1557
1558
1559
1560
1561
1562
1563
1564
1565
1566
1567
1568
1569
1570
|
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
<meta charset="UTF-8">
<title>The Penny Magazine, Monthly Supplement for June, 1832 | Project Gutenberg</title>
<link rel="icon" href="images/cover.jpg" type="image/x-cover">
<style>
body { margin-left: 8%; margin-right: 10%; }
h1 { text-align: center; font-weight: normal; font-size: 1.4em; }
h2 { text-align: center; font-weight: normal; font-size: 1.2em; }
.pageno { right: 1%; font-size: x-small; background-color: inherit; color: silver;
text-indent: 0em; text-align: right; position: absolute;
border: thin solid silver; padding: .1em .2em; font-style: normal;
font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; }
p { text-indent: 0; margin-top: 0.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; text-align: justify; }
sup { vertical-align: top; font-size: 0.6em; }
.sc { font-variant: small-caps; }
.large { font-size: large; }
.xlarge { font-size: x-large; }
.small { font-size: small; }
.lg-container-b { text-align: center; }
.x-ebookmaker .lg-container-b { clear: both; }
.lg-container-l { text-align: left; }
.x-ebookmaker .lg-container-l { clear: both; }
.linegroup { display: inline-block; text-align: left; }
.x-ebookmaker .linegroup { display: block; margin-left: 1.5em; }
.linegroup .group { margin: 1em auto; }
.linegroup .line { text-indent: -3em; padding-left: 3em; }
div.linegroup > :first-child { margin-top: 0; }
.linegroup .in2 { padding-left: 4.0em; }
ul.ul_1 {padding-left: 0; margin-left: 2.78%; margin-top: .5em;
margin-bottom: .5em; list-style-type: disc; }
div.footnote > :first-child { margin-top: 1em; }
div.footnote p { text-indent: 1em; margin-top: 0.25em; margin-bottom: 0.25em; }
div.pbb { page-break-before: always; }
hr.pb { border: none; border-bottom: thin solid; margin-bottom: 1em; }
.x-ebookmaker hr.pb { display: none; }
.figcenter { clear: both; max-width: 100%; margin: 2em auto; text-align: center; }
div.figcenter p { text-align: center; text-indent: 0; }
.figcenter img { max-width: 100%; height: auto; }
.id001 { width:100%; }
.x-ebookmaker .id001 { margin-left:0%; width:100%; }
.ic002 { width:100%; }
.ig001 { width:100%; }
.table0 { margin: auto; margin-left: 30%; margin-right: 30%; width: 40%; }
.colwidth16 { width:16% ; }
.colwidth75 { width:75% ; }
.colwidth8 { width:8% ; }
.nf-center { text-align: center; }
.nf-center-c0 { text-align: left; margin: 0.5em 0; }
.nf-center-c1 { text-align: left; margin: 1em 0; }
.c000 { margin-top: 4em; }
.c001 { page-break-before: auto; margin-top: 1em; }
.c002 { margin-top: 1em; }
.c003 { page-break-before:auto; margin-top: 2em; }
.c004 { margin-top: 2em; text-indent: 1em; margin-bottom: 0.25em; }
.c005 { text-indent: 1em; margin-top: 0.25em; margin-bottom: 0.25em; }
.c006 { margin-top: 2em; }
.c007 { margin-left: 5.56%; text-indent: -2.78%; margin-top: 2em;
margin-bottom: 0.25em; }
.c008 { text-decoration: none; }
.c009 { border: none; border-bottom: thin solid; width: 10%; margin-left: 0;
margin-top: 2em; text-align: left; }
.c010 { border: none; border-bottom: thin solid; width: 10%; margin-left: 0;
margin-top: 1em; text-align: left; }
.c011 { vertical-align: top; text-align: left; padding-right: 1em; }
.c012 { vertical-align: top; text-align: right; padding-right: 1em; }
.c013 { vertical-align: top; text-align: right; }
.c014 { border: none; border-bottom: thin solid; margin: 1em auto; }
.c015 { margin-top: 4em; margin-bottom: 0.25em; }
.c016 { margin-top: 2em; margin-bottom: 0.25em; }
.transcribers-notes { width: 80%; margin: auto; padding: 0 1em;
color:black; background-color: #E3E4FA; border: 1px solid silver;
page-break-before:always;margin-top:4em; }
hr.divider {width:30%;margin-left:35%;margin-right:35%; }
hr.full {width:100%; }
.masthead {text-align:center; display:inline-block; width:100%; }
.masthead-left {float:left;text-align:left; }
.masthead-right {float:right;text-align:right; }
.masthead-left, .masthead-right {width:24%; }
.masthead-centre {margin:auto;width:50% }
.colophon {font-size:75%; }
.colophon-left {float:left; }
.colophon-right {float:right; }
.colophon-left, .colophon-right {width:48%;text-align:left; }
.clear {clear:both; }
.illo-wide {width:100%; }
div.linegroup > :last-child { margin-bottom: 0; }
.shrink {font-size:90%; }
td.sumline {border-top:2px solid black; }
</style>
</head>
<body>
<div style='text-align:center'>*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 76875 ***</div>
<div class='nf-center-c1'>
<div class='nf-center c000'>
<div><span class='pageno' id='Page_129'>129</span>Monthly Supplement of</div>
</div>
</div>
<div>
<h1 class='c001' title='The Penny Magazine, May 31 to June 30 , 1832'>THE PENNY MAGAZINE</h1>
</div>
<div class='nf-center-c1'>
<div class='nf-center c002'>
<div><span class='small'>OF THE</span></div>
</div>
</div>
<div class='nf-center-c1'>
<div class='nf-center c002'>
<div><span class='large'>Society for the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge.</span></div>
</div>
</div>
<hr class="full">
<div class="masthead">
<div class="masthead-right"></div>
<div class="masthead-left">16.]</div>
<div class="masthead-centre"><span class='sc'>May 31 to June 30</span>, 1832</div>
<hr class="full">
</div>
<div>
<h2 class='c003'>THE ABBEY OF ST. ALBAN’S.</h2>
</div>
<div class='illo-wide'>
<div class='figcenter id001'>
<a href='images/the-abbey-of-st-albans-1-full.jpg'><img src='images/the-abbey-of-st-albans-1-inline.png' alt='A large, cruciform ecclesiastical building with a steeple at the center.' class='ig001'></a>
</div>
</div>
<p class='c004'>On the 3d of February last, a part of the wall of the
upper battlement on the south-west side of the Abbey
of St. Alban’s fell upon the roof below, in two masses,
at an interval of five minutes between the fall of each
fragment. The concussion was so great, that the inhabitants
of the neighbouring houses describe it as
resembling the loudest thunder; and the detached
masses of the wall came down with such force that a
large portion of the roof, consisting of lead and heavy
timber, was driven into the aisle below. The abbey,
generally, has been a good deal out of repair for several
years; and it is now estimated that 15,000<i>l.</i> will be
required to repair the damage, and to save this venerable
fabric from further injury.</p>
<p class='c005'>A public subscription has been opened for this
laudable object; and when we consider the interest
which the people of this country so properly attach to
the monuments of our early civilization, we cannot
doubt that the Abbey of St. Alban’s will be rescued, for
several more generations, from the devouring grasp of
time.</p>
<p class='c005'>St. Alban’s is, in many respects, one of the towns of
England most dignified by historical associations. It
was one of the principal places of the ancient Britons
before the Roman conquest; and, within twenty-one
years after the invasion of the island, was raised, by the
Romans, to the rank of a city, under the name of
Verulam. Many considerable fragments of the Roman
Verulam still exist, at a short distance from the present
town, particularly a large piece of a wall, constructed of
Roman tile, now called Gorhambury Block. Dr.
Stukely, a celebrated antiquarian writer, has calculated
that about a hundred acres were included within the
Roman wall. The greater part of the city, first built
by the Romans, was demolished by the Britons, under
Queen Boadicea, in the 61st year after the birth of
Christ; but it was soon rebuilt, and the inhabitants
continued under the protection of the Romans for a
long period. In the persecution of the Christians,
under the Roman emperor Dioclesian, in the year
304, Alban, a native of Verulam, who had been a
soldier at Rome, suffered martyrdom for his faith; and
being the first Briton who had been put to death for his
religious opinions, he is called England’s proto-martyr,
or first martyr, as St. Stephen is called the proto-martyr
of Christianity. In 795, Offa, King of the Mercians,
founded an abbey at Holmhurst, close by the ancient
Verulam, in honour of St. Alban, and the place was
thenceforward called St. Alban’s. The abbey flourished
for more than seven centuries. Its buildings, erected
from time to time, resembled a town more than a
religious house. It had magnificent apartments, in
which the kings of the twelfth and thirteenth centuries
were frequently entertained. The annual revenues,
during its greatest prosperity, were valued at 2500<i>l.</i>—an
enormous sum in those days.</p>
<p class='c005'>Of this immense establishment, nothing is left but the
present conventual church, a gate-house, and a few
scattered walls. The church, which was principally
erected in the reign of William Rufus, is in magnitude
equal to our largest cathedrals. It measures 550 feet
from east to west; if we include a chapel at one end,
606 feet. The extreme breadth, at the intersection of
the transepts, is 217 feet. The exterior of this great pile
is not very beautiful; but the spectator is struck with
its vastness, its simplicity, and its appearance of extreme
age. A large part of the original edifice is composed of
materials taken from the ruins of the ancient Verulam,
consisting chiefly of Roman tile. These portions of the
interior are very rude, and form a striking contrast to
other parts which were finished after the elegant Norman
style was adopted in this country. In this manner it
occurs that we see at St. Alban’s a mixture of the round
and the pointed arch, in two sides of the same building,
directly opposite each other. It is singular that as one
side of the building fell into decay, the later style of
architecture, that of the pointed arch, should have been
used; while the more ancient round arch was suffered to
remain on the opposite side. This want of uniformity
greatly diminishes the beauty of the interior; but still
many of its effects are remarkably striking, particularly
that of the vast length of the church from east to west.
Some parts of the edifice furnish, also, beautiful and
perfect specimens of the most delicate workmanship.</p>
<p class='c005'>The Abbey-Church of St. Alban’s contains the monuments
of several illustrious men, particularly that of Duke
Humphrey of Gloucester, the brother of Henry V. But
St. Alban’s possesses the much higher distinction of
<span class='pageno' id='Page_130'>130</span>being the burial-place, as it was the abode, of the great
Lord Bacon. The old Church of St. Michael, in this
town, contains the remains of the immortal founder of
the inductive philosophy, which delivered the human
mind from the tyranny of opinions established by prescription
and authority, and led the way for every man
to think for himself, and to rely upon the truths of established
facts alone as the materials for his conclusions.
The following is a representation of Lord Bacon’s
monument.</p>
<div class='illo-wide'>
<div class='figcenter id001'>
<a href='images/the-abbey-of-st-albans-2-full.jpg'><img src='images/the-abbey-of-st-albans-2-inline.png' alt='A statue of a man seated on a chair, his head resting on one hand, with the legend: FRANCISCVS BACON.' class='ig001'></a>
</div>
</div>
<div class='c006'></div>
<hr class="divider">
<div>
<h2 class='c003'>MACHINERY AND MANUFACTURES.</h2>
</div>
<div class='shrink'>
<p class='c007'>[‘The Economy of Machinery and Manufactures. By Charles
Babbage, Esq., A.M., Lucasian Professor of Mathematics in the
University of Cambridge.’ 8vo. London, C. Knight, 1832.]</p>
</div>
<p class='c005'>Here is a work of no common interest. Its object, as
stated by the author in his introductory paragraph, is
“to point out the effects and the advantages which arise
from the use of tools and machines;—to endeavour to
classify their modes of action;—and to trace both the
causes and the consequences of applying machinery to
supersede the skill and power of the human arm.” It
professes to embrace, therefore, both a very important
branch of the science of political economy, and the whole
domain of the mechanical arts.</p>
<p class='c005'>The word <em>manufacture</em>, which means fabrication by
the <em>hand</em>, has become singularly inapplicable to the
thing which it is used to denote. The human hand now
performs but a comparatively small part in most of those
processes to which the name of manufactures is given;
and in some of the most stupendous and wonderful of
them its aid is hardly at all employed. Where the steam-engine
plies its mighty energies, man has in many cases
little more to do than to look on. If the expression, a
manufacturing country, were to be taken in its literal
sense, as meaning a country where articles were generally
made by the hand, it would be much more
truly applicable to Spain, or Russia, or Poland, or Hindostan,
or indeed to any other country of the earth, than
to ours. We are, of all others, the people who do least
by the hand.</p>
<p class='c005'>When we say, therefore, that England is a manufacturing
country and that Poland is not, we mean
merely that great numbers of articles of use and
of luxury are fabricated in the former country, without
any necessary reference to the mode in which they are
fabricated. But it so happens that such articles cannot
be fabricated in great abundance except by means of
machinery; and therefore we often use the term manufacturing
as nearly synonymous with mechanical, or at
least as implying the extensive agency of machinery.
It should be borne in mind, however, that agriculture is
also a manufacture; and that whether a country produces
iron or corn, each branch of industry involves
mechanical aid, however we may choose to distinguish
between a manufacturing and an agricultural country.</p>
<p class='c005'>The book upon the subject of manufactures which
Mr. Babbage has now given to the world, consists chiefly
of a very large and multifarious collection of the mechanical
expedients employed in the different branches of
our national industry, arranged according to the general
principle, of which each is an exemplification. The
author has in this way furnished a work which is not
less interesting to the mere general reader than it is
likely to prove valuable to the student of mechanics.
Surrounded as we are in this country by the wonders of
mechanical invention, he among us must be singularly
destitute of enlightened curiosity who feels no desire to
understand the operation of those beautiful and most
effective contrivances which he everywhere sees or hears
in motion; or to trace through the various stages of their
fabrication those numberless articles of use and of ornament
of which every one of our shops, and it may
almost be said of our houses, is full. The history of
some of the most apparently trivial or insignificant of
these productions, of a pin or a needle for instance, is
often a rich succession of the most exquisite efforts of
ingenuity—of the most important results obtained by
the simplest means, and of a velocity and at the same
time perfection of operation which to the unaccustomed
observer would seem little short of miraculous. The
wonders of our manufactures are not less deserving of
our examination, because they are performed in the very
midst of us, and may be made perfectly intelligible to all
who care to understand them.</p>
<p class='c005'>But it is to those who are actually engaged in mechanical
invention that this volume is doubtless fitted to
render the most important service. Let the particular
department upon which a person so employed is exercising
his thoughts be what it may, his success is likely
to depend in no small degree upon his general familiarity
with mechanical contrivances. It has not unfrequently
happened that for want of this diversified knowledge
the inventors and improvers of machines or of
processes have devoted their solitary efforts for a long time
in vain, in attempting merely to accomplish what had already
been completely achieved in some other department
of mechanical skill with which they happened to have no
acquaintance. In other cases, a contrivance applicable
to many different branches, although introduced in one
of the number, has remained unknown to the cultivators
of all the others for many years. Thus, for example,
the valuable contrivance of the fly-shuttle, although introduced
into the woollen manufactory about the year
1738, was not employed in the weaving of cottons,
where it was equally applicable, till more than twenty
years afterwards. So also, as Mr. Babbage notices,
the expedient of placing the workman employed in
beating out the blades of scythes in a seat suspended
by ropes from the ceiling, to give him sufficient freedom
and rapidity of motion to bring the different parts of
the iron upon the anvil in quick succession, although
introduced in the manufacture of scythes long ago, has
only been recently applied to that of anchors; “an art
in which,” as he remarks, “the contrivance is of still
greater importance.” Now such a work as the one
before us is admirably calculated to prevent all this
waste of inventive labour, and to ensure the communication
of any new or valuable contrivance to all descriptions
<span class='pageno' id='Page_131'>131</span>of manufactures in which it is fitted to be
available. An inventor, who has made himself completely
master of this work, will have obtained a knowledge
both of all the principal expedients which have
hitherto been employed in mechanics, and of the scientific
principles upon which all mechanical devices must
depend; and a man so instructed, it may be fairly inferred,
will be likely not only to waste but little time in
re-discovering what has been already found out, but also
to find his efforts in original invention crowned with far
more rapid and more satisfying success than would have
otherwise attended them.</p>
<p class='c005'>From the multiplicity of most interesting subjects of
which Mr. Babbage has treated, the mere enumeration
of which would far exceed our limits, we select only two
specimens of the entertainment to be found in the work.
The following account of a foreign manufacture would
appear incredible, if we did not know to what singular
uses the instincts of animals may be directed:—</p>
<div class='shrink'>
<p class='c004'>“<i>Lace made by Caterpillars.</i>—A most extraordinary species
of manufacture, which is in a slight degree connected
with copying, has been contrived by an officer of engineers
residing at Munich. It consists of lace and veils, with open
patterns in them, made entirely by caterpillars. The following
is the mode of proceeding adopted:—Having made a
paste of the leaves of the plant, on which the species of caterpillar
he employs feeds, he spreads it thinly over a stone,
or other flat substance, of the required size. He then, with
a camel-hair pencil dipped in olive oil, draws the pattern he
wishes the insects to leave open. This stone is then placed
in an inclined position, and a considerable number of the
caterpillars are placed at the bottom. A peculiar species is
chosen, which spins a strong web; and the animals commence
at the bottom, eating and spinning their way up to
the top, carefully avoiding every part touched by the oil,
but devouring every other part of the paste. The extreme
lightness of these veils, combined with some strength, is
truly surprising. One of them, measuring twenty-six and
a half inches by seventeen inches, weighed only 1.51 grains,
a degree of lightness which will appear more strongly by
contrast with other fabrics. One square yard of the substance
of which these veils are made weighs four grains and
one-third, whilst one square yard of silk gauze weighs one
hundred and thirty-seven grains, and one square yard of the
finest patent net weighs two hundred and sixty-two grains
and a half.”</p>
</div>
<p class='c004'>One of the most important manufactures of our own
country is that connected with the Press, in all its various
and complicated operations. The following account of
the mode in which a great London newspaper is prepared,
will be read with interest in all parts of the kingdom:—</p>
<div class='shrink'>
<p class='c004'>“Another instance of the just application of machinery,
even at an increased expense, arises where the shortness of
time in which the article can be produced, has an important
influence on its value. In the publication of our daily newspapers,
it frequently happens that the debates in the Houses
of Parliament are carried on to three and four o’clock in the
morning, that is, to within a very few hours of the time for
the publication of the newspaper. The speeches must be
taken down by reporters, conveyed by them to the establishment
of the newspaper, perhaps at the distance of one or two
miles, transcribed by them in the office, set up by the compositor,
the press corrected, and the papers printed off and
distributed before the public can read them. Some of these
journals have a circulation of from five to ten thousand
daily. Supposing four thousand to be wanted, and that
they could be printed only at the rate of five hundred per
hour upon one side of the paper (which was the greatest
number two journeymen and a boy could take off by the
old hand-presses), sixteen hours would be required for printing
the complete edition; and the news conveyed to the
purchasers of the latest portion of the impression, would be
out of date before they could receive it. To obviate this
difficulty, it was often necessary to set up the paper in duplicate,
and sometimes, when late, in triplicate: but the improvements
in the printing-machines have been so great,
that four thousand copies are now printed on one side in an
hour.</p>
<p class='c005'>“The establishment of ‘The Times’ newspaper is an example,
on a large scale, of a manufactory in which the division
of labour, both mental and bodily, is admirably illustrated,
and in which also the effect of the domestic economy
is well exemplified. It is scarcely imagined, by the thousands
who read that paper in various quarters of the globe,
what a scene of organized activity the factory presents
during the whole night, or what a quantity of talent and
mechanical skill is put in action for their amusement and
information<a id='r1'></a><a href='#f1' class='c008'><sup>[1]</sup></a>. Nearly a hundred persons are employed in
this establishment; and, during the session of parliament, at
least twelve reporters are constantly attending the Houses
of Commons and Lords; each in his turn, after about an
hour’s work, retiring to translate into ordinary writing, the
speech he has just heard and noted in short-hand. In the
mean time fifty compositors are constantly at work, some
of whom have already set up the beginning, whilst others
are committing to type the yet undried manuscript of the
continuation of a speech, whose middle portion is travelling
to the office in the pocket of the hasty reporter, and whose
eloquent conclusion is, perhaps, at that very moment, making
the walls of St. Stephen’s vibrate with the applause of its
hearers. These congregated types, as fast as they are composed,
are passed in portions to other hands; till at last the
scattered fragments of the debate, forming, when united
with the ordinary matter, eight-and-forty columns, re-appear
in regular order on the platform of the printing-press. The
hand of man is now too slow for the demands of his curiosity,
but the power of steam comes to his assistance. Ink is
rapidly supplied to the moving types by the most perfect
mechanism;—four attendants incessantly introduce the
edges of large sheets of white paper to the junction of two
great rollers, which seem to devour them with unsated appetite;—other
rollers convey them to the type already inked,
and having brought them into rapid and successive contact,
re-deliver them to four other assistants, completely printed
by the almost momentary touch. Thus, in one hour, four
thousand sheets of paper are printed on one side; and an
impression of twelve thousand copies, from above three hundred
thousand moveable pieces of metal, is produced for the
public in six hours.”</p>
</div>
<hr class='c009'>
<div class='footnote' id='f1'>
<p class='c005'><a href='#r1'>1</a>. “The Author of these pages, with one of his friends, was recently
induced to visit this most interesting establishment, after midnight,
during the progress of a very important debate. The place was illuminated
with gas, and was light as the day:—there was neither
noise nor bustle;—and the visitors were received with such calm and
polite attention, that they did not, until afterwards, become sensible
of the inconvenience which such intruders, at a moment of the
greatest pressure, must occasion, nor reflect that the tranquillity which
they admired, was the result of intense and regulated occupation.
But the effect of such checks in the current of business will appear
on recollecting that, as four thousand newspapers are printed off on
one side within the hour, every <em>minute</em> is attended with a loss of sixty-six
impressions. The quarter of an hour, therefore, which the stranger
may think it not unreasonable to claim for the gratification of his
curiosity (and to him this time is but a moment), may cause a failure
in the delivery of one thousand copies, and disappoint a proportionate
number of expectant readers, in some of our distant towns, to which
the morning papers are despatched by the earliest and most rapid
conveyances of each day.</p>
<p class='c005'>“This note is inserted with the further and more general purpose
of calling the attention of those, especially foreigners, who are desirous
of inspecting our larger manufactories to the chief cause of
the difficulty which frequently attends their introduction. When the
establishment is very extensive, and its departments skilfully arranged,
the exclusion of visitors arises, not from any illiberal jealousy,
nor, generally, from any desire of concealment, which would, in most
cases, be absurd; but from the substantial inconvenience and loss
of time, throughout an entire series of well-combined operations,
<a id='tn-interruption'></a>which must be occasioned even by short and casual interruptions.”</p>
</div>
<div class='c006'></div>
<hr class="divider">
<div>
<h2 class='c003'>ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY.</h2>
</div>
<p class='c004'>The last Monthly Report of the proceedings of the Committee
of Science of the Zoological Society, contains
several facts of general interest.</p>
<p class='c005'>The female <i>Puma</i>, in the Society’s Gardens, brought
forth two young ones on the 2d of April. The ground-colour
of these is of a paler fawn than that of either
of the parents, and they are deeply spotted. The
eyelids of one of them were partially unclosed on
April 9. The mother, whose temper was always mild,
has since become remarkably gentle, purring when
the keeper goes into her den, and allowing her young
ones to be handled and carried about without appearing
<span class='pageno' id='Page_132'>132</span>to be annoyed by such treatment. The young, on the contrary,
were, when first born, extremely fierce, hissing and
scratching with all their might; they have, however, since
become better tempered, though they are still spiteful.
The manners of both the mother and the young are similar
to those of the <em>domestic cat</em> and her kittens, the former
carrying the latter about from place to place in her
mouth. For a day or two previously to her littering she
pulled the straw in her inner den into pieces and thus
formed a nest.</p>
<p class='c005'>Some curious experiments have been made as to the
mode of feeding quadrupeds of prey, which is best
adapted to bringing them into good condition, and which
may therefore be considered the most suited to their
natural habits. On January 11 two <i>leopards</i> were
weighed. No. 1. weighed 91 lbs.: it was fed in the
usual manner with 4 lbs. of beef daily in one meal
given in the evening. No. 2. weighed 100½ lbs.: it
was supplied with 2 lbs. of beef at eight o’clock in the
morning, and with a like quantity at the same hour in
the evening daily. On Feb. 16 (after an interval of
five weeks) they were again weighed. No. 1. had gained
in weight 1 lb.: No. 2. had diminished in weight ½ lb.
No alteration was observed in the latter animal as regarded
his daily exercise; but he became more ferocious
than he had previously been, and was particularly violent.</p>
<div class='illo-wide'>
<div class='figcenter id001'>
<a href='images/zoological-society-full.jpg'><img src='images/zoological-society-inline.png' alt='' class='ig001'></a>
<div class='ic002'>
<p>[The Puma.]</p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<p class='c005'>On December 23 two <i>hyænas</i> were weighed. No. 1.
weighed 86 lbs.: it was fed as usual with 3 lbs. of beef
daily at one meal in the evening. No. 2. weighed 93 lbs.:
it was supplied with the same quantity of beef daily,
divided into two equal portions, one of which was given
in the morning and the other in the evening. On
February 16 (after an interval of eight weeks) they were
again weighed; and No. 1. was found to have increased
in weight 1 lb., while No. 2. had diminished in weight 1 lb.
The latter animal was observed to take less exercise than
he had previously been accustomed to, and slept more
than usual: his temper was not affected, and he did not
exhibit unusual signs of hunger.</p>
<p class='c005'>During the continuance of the experiment all the animals
were fasted one day in each week in common with
the other carnivorous species kept in the menagerie.</p>
<p class='c005'>From these experiments it appears that carnivorous
<span lang="la"><i>mammalia</i></span> fed with two meals daily, do not continue
in equally good condition with those which have the
same quantity of flesh daily in one meal only. It further
appears that in one instance (that of the <i>leopard</i>)
the temper changed for the worse, and thus animals of
the genus <span lang="la"><i>felis</i></span> might become more dangerous in a
menagerie from the ferocity they would acquire under
such treatment; and that in another instance the habits
were altered as regarded exercise, a diminution of which,
in confined animals, must be injurious to health. The
inference deduced is consequently in favour of the continuance
of the accustomed mode of feeding the purely
carnivorous animals with one meal daily.</p>
<p class='c005'>The same results were produced by the same experiments
upon two of a species less completely carnivorous—the
<span lang="la"><i>Paradoxure gennet</i></span>. It may be inferred from the
circumstance, that quadrupeds of prey thrive best with
long intervals between their meals, and that the difficulty
which such animals experience in obtaining food is counterbalanced
by their requiring it not so frequently as
animals who feed on vegetables.</p>
<div class='c006'></div>
<hr class="divider">
<div>
<h2 class='c003'>STATUE OF WILLIAM PITT.</h2>
</div>
<div class='illo-wide'>
<div class='figcenter id001'>
<a href='images/statue-of-william-pitt-full.jpg'><img src='images/statue-of-william-pitt-inline.png' alt='A statue of a man standing in flowing robes, holding a tablet.' class='ig001'></a>
</div>
</div>
<p class='c004'>A Colossal statue of bronze, of which the above is a
representation, was erected in Hanover-square, at the end
of last year, to the memory of William Pitt. The orator
is represented in the act of speaking. This statue, which
in many respects is the finest in London, is the work
of Mr. Chantrey.</p>
<div class='c006'></div>
<hr class="divider">
<div>
<h2 class='c003'>GLEANINGS IN NATURAL HISTORY.</h2>
</div>
<p class='c004'>We have occasionally selected a paragraph from a very
pretty volume, by Mr. Jesse, published under the above
title. The author lives in the neighbourhood of Kew;
and, like Mr. White of Selborne, who made a small village
in Hampshire one of the most interesting spots to
the lover of nature, by his ample descriptions of the
natural objects which he saw around him, Mr. Jesse has
rendered his walks a vehicle for much instruction and
amusement to himself and to others. He principally
confines his attention to zoology—the most generally
attractive of the departments of natural history; and he
looks upon the animal world with so much practical
wisdom, being disposed to be happy himself and to see
every creature around him happy, that there are few
persons who will not read his slight sketches with improvement
to their hearts and understandings.</p>
<p class='c005'><span class='pageno' id='Page_133'>133</span>We copy a passage descriptive of the manner of
taking deer for hunting in the king’s parks:—</p>
<div class='shrink'>
<p class='c004'>“In addition to the herd of fallow-deer, amounting to about
one thousand six hundred, which are kept in Richmond
Park, there is generally a stock of from forty to fifty red
deer. Some stags from the latter are selected every year,
and sent to Swinley, in order to be hunted by the king’s
stag hounds. When a stag, which has been hunted for
three or four seasons, is returned to the park, to end his
days there, he is generally more fierce and dangerous than
any of the others at a particular season of the year. At that
time it is sometimes not safe to approach him; and the
keepers informed me, that they have been obliged to fire at
them with buck shot, when they have been attacked by
them. They account for this ferocity, by the circumstance
of the deer having been much handled, and consequently
rendered more familiar with, and less afraid of, those whom
they would naturally shun.</p>
<p class='c005'>“Does are longer lived than bucks. One doe in Richmond
Park lived to be twenty years old; and there are
other instances of their having attained the same age.</p>
<p class='c005'>“A curious circumstance lately occurred, respecting the
red deer in the park in question. In the year 1825, not a
single calf was dropped by any of the hinds, though they
had bred freely the preceding, and did the same in the subsequent
year. I find an event recorded in the ‘Journal of a
Naturalist,’ as having happened in the same year in regard
to cows. It is there stated that, for many miles round the
residence of the author, scarcely any female calves were
born. This diminution of the usual breed of deer, and the
increase of sex in another animal, is not a little remarkable.</p>
</div>
<div class='illo-wide'>
<div class='figcenter id001'>
<a href='images/gleanings-in-natural-history-full.jpg'><img src='images/gleanings-in-natural-history-inline.png' alt='' class='ig001'></a>
<div class='ic002'>
<p>[Red Deer.]</p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class='shrink'>
<p class='c004'>“There is a fine breed of buck-hounds in Richmond Park,
and their sagacity is very extraordinary. In taking the
deer, according to annual custom, either for the royal hunt
or for the fattening paddocks, a stag or a buck, which has
been previously fixed upon, is ridden out of the herd by two
or three of the keepers in succession, each of whom is
closely followed by a hound, the young dogs only being
kept in slips. As soon as the deer has been separated from
his companions, the dogs have the requisite signal given to
them, and they immediately follow in pursuit. The scene
is then highly interesting. A strong deer will afford a very
long chase, but when he comes to bay, the dogs generally
seize him by the throat or ears; the keepers come up, take
him by the horns, and after having strapped his hind and
fore legs together, put him into a cart which follows for the
purpose, and he is then disposed of as he may be wanted.
I have seen an active young keeper throw himself from
his horse upon a deer at bay, which he had come up to at
full gallop, and hold his horns till assistance arrived. Some
danger, however, attends this sport; as, when a deer has
been hard pressed, I have seen him, in more than one instance,
suddenly turn upon the horsemen and injure the
horses, and in one case wound the leg of the horseman.
The dogs are so well trained, and are so soon made aware
which buck is intended to be caught, that they seldom make
a mistake, even if the deer regains the herd after having
been driven from it, but press him through it, till they have
again separated him from it. It is well known that when a
hard-pressed deer tries to rejoin his companions, they endeavour
to avoid and get away from him as much as possible,
or try to drive him away with their horns. So severe is
the chase in Richmond Park in taking deer, especially when
the ground is wet, that three or four good horses may be
tired by a single horseman in one day’s deer-taking, if each
deer is ridden out of the herd, and followed till he is taken.
When dogs are in slips, the man who holds them merely
rides as near as he can to the person who is endeavouring
to single out the deer, and awaits his signal for slipping the
dog. These dogs, who are a large, rough sort of greyhound
and very powerful and sagacious, are soon taught not to
injure the deer when they come to them. The cry of ‘hold
them,’ made use of by the keepers in urging them forward,
seems to be perfectly understood by the dogs.”</p>
</div>
<div class='c006'></div>
<hr class="divider">
<div>
<h2 class='c003'>THE UNITED STATES.</h2>
</div>
<div class='shrink'>
<p class='c007'>[Remarks on the Statistics and Political Institutions of the United
States. By William Gore Ouseley, Esq., Attaché to his Majesty’s
Legation at Washington. 8vo. London, Rodwell, 1832.]</p>
</div>
<p class='c005'>The book before us is rather a rambling one; and
we cannot say that it appears to us to contain much
that is new, or that it has been prepared with all the
care, even in regard to its merely literary qualities,
which ought to have been bestowed on it. But the work
is written in a moderate, fair, and manly spirit, and is
calculated to beget a very favourable opinion of the
general liberality and philanthropy of the author’s views.
Although it contains some sensible remarks upon Mrs.
Trollope’s volumes, which we lately noticed, and also
upon a variety of other minor points, the greater portion
of it is devoted to an examination of the financial
results of the American system of government, and a
comparison of the burthens which it imposes upon the
people with those which are borne by the inhabitants of
England and of France. The settlement of this question
appears to be the principal aim of the writer; and
he has brought together the tables and estimates of
various authorities by whom it has been investigated.</p>
<p class='c005'>In looking at these statements, however, it must be
borne in mind, that the two countries are differently
situated in many other respects, as well as in regard to
their political institutions; and the difference between
the amount of taxes paid in the one and that paid in the
other, may arise, wholly or in part, from circumstances
with which the form of the government has really
nothing whatever to do.</p>
<p class='c005'>It is our duty to mention this circumstance to point
out that any belief that the two countries can be brought
to the same point of taxation is somewhat irrational.
On the other hand we can have no hesitation in expressing
an opinion, that the nearer they are assimilated,
the greater will be the amount of public happiness
in the more highly-taxed country. A wise government
will always strive to reduce taxes to the lowest
point that is compatible with security against foreign
violence, the maintenance of the laws, and the preservation
of national credit.</p>
<p class='c005'>A great part of Mr. Gore Ouseley’s book is made up
of extracts from the American Almanac, and other
recent publications. The following passage, relating to
the gold mines which have been lately opened in some
of the Southern States of the Union, contains some
curious and interesting information, which is also copied
from other works, but which is not generally known:—</p>
<div class='shrink'>
<p class='c004'>“These mines have not been worked to any considerable
extent for more than about five or six years, or probably
much less. And yet many of them are worked upon an
extensive scale, and mills for grinding the ore, propelled by
water or by steam, are erected in vast numbers. The company
of Messrs. Bissels, which is one of the most considerable,
employs about 600 hands. The whole number of men
now employed at the mines in these southern states is at least
<span class='pageno' id='Page_134'>134</span>20,000. The weekly value of these mines is estimated at
100,000 dollars, or more than one million sterling annually.
But a small part of the gold is sent to the United States
Mint. By far the larger part is sent to Europe, particularly
to Paris.</p>
<p class='c005'>“Of the working miners the greater number are foreigners—Germans,
Swiss, Swedes, Spaniards, English, Welsh,
Scotch, &c. There are no less than <em>thirteen</em> different languages
spoken at the mines in this State<a id='r2'></a><a href='#f2' class='c008'><sup>[2]</sup></a>! And men
are flocking to the mines from all parts, and find ready
employment. Hundreds of landowners and renters work
the mines on their grounds on a small scale, not being able
to encounter the expense of much machinery. The state of
morals among the miners or labourers is represented to be
deplorably bad. This may be attributed to the absence of
any general organization as yet for the police and regulation
of the mines, combined with the usual effects of gold upon the
uneducated and needy classes of men (often not the most
favourable specimens of their various nations) who generally
seek employment in the gold districts. The village of
Charlotte, in Mecklenburg County, is in the immediate
vicinity of several of the largest mines. It is increasing
rapidly.</p>
<p class='c005'>“One interesting fact deserves mention:—When speaking
of the gold mines, there are indubitable evidences that these
mines were known and <em>worked</em> by the aboriginal inhabitants,
or some other people, at a remote period. Many
pieces of machinery which were used for this purpose have
been found. Among them are several <i>crucibles</i> of earthenware,
and far better than those now in use. Messrs. Bissels
had tried three of them, and found that they lasted
twice or three times as long as even the Hessian crucibles,
which are the best now made. It is to be regretted that
some antiquary has not had an opportunity of at least
examining these curious relics; and it is hoped that they
will be preserved in future, notwithstanding the temptation
offered by their superior qualities.</p>
<p class='c005'>“These gold mines prove that the whole region in which
they abound was once under the powerful action of fire.
And it is a fact, not generally known, that the miners who
have come from the mines in South America and in Europe
pronounce this region to be more abundant in gold than any
other that has been found on the globe. There is no telling
the extent of these mines; but sufficient is known to prove
they are of vast extent.”—pp. 151-153.</p>
</div>
<hr class='c009'>
<div class='footnote' id='f2'>
<p class='c005'><a href='#r2'>2</a>. North Carolina. The gold mines commence in Virginia, and
extend south-west through North Carolina, part of South Carolina,
Georgia, and Alabama, and end in Tennessee. The chief mines at
present are those of North Carolina and Georgia.</p>
</div>
<div class='c006'></div>
<hr class="divider">
<div>
<h2 class='c003'>THE CALABRIAS.</h2>
</div>
<div class='shrink'>
<p class='c007'>[Calabria; during a Military Residence of Three Years, &c.
In a Series of Letters, by a General Officer of the French Army,
from the original MS. London, Effingham Wilson, 1832.]</p>
</div>
<p class='c005'>The Calabrias, which are divided into two provinces,
citra and ultra, occupy the extremity of the South of
Italy, forming a peninsula one hundred and seventy
miles in length, and varying in breadth from seventy
to thirty-five miles. The beautiful Mediterranean sea
flows round this peninsula, and a chain of the Apennines
intersects it. The summit of these mountains is a vast
platform called La Syla, which is admirable for pasture,
and well provided with farm-houses and villages. The
plains washed by the sea would be everywhere most
fertile, but they have been neglected, and permitted to
become swamped and pestilentially unhealthy in many
places.</p>
<p class='c005'>A little work has just been published, which contains
some instructive and amusing information with regard
to this part of Italy. This work is the translation of a
French volume, entitled ‘Lettres sur les Calabres, par
un Officier Français,’ which was published at Paris
some twelve or thirteen years since. What the Author
may have become we know not, but when he wrote his
Letters he was nothing more than a subaltern;—a clever
man, as his little book proves, yet still only a lieutenant
of the line. But the translator, or publisher, appears to
consider that the high-sounding additions of, “A General
Officer of the French Army” and “from the original
MS.” are necessary to the success of the book in its
English dress. It is to be regretted that a volume
which contains much to inform and amuse should be
introduced to the English reader with the aid of such
useless quackery; for the work is really valuable in
itself, and requires no such arts to recommend it.</p>
<p class='c005'>During his three years’ residence, the Author of these
Letters, which were written on the spot, when the
scenery and the romantic adventures he was engaged in
were fresh and full in his mind, traversed the Calabrias
several times in their whole extent, and in pursuit of partisans
and brigands climbed mountains and penetrated
into wild glens which for ages had probably never been
visited except by the native robber or huntsman. He
saw and described all the great towns, and the sites
of the ancient cities of Magna Græcia; and his account
of the productions and curiosities, manners and customs
of these provinces, is full and most amusing. We subjoin
two or three passages, describing the physical character
of the country and the manners of its people:—</p>
<div class='shrink'>
<p class='c004'>“The climate of Calabria varies according to the character
and elevation of the soil, and is consequently favourable
to all sorts of produce. In the plains, sheltered against the
north wind, there are found sugar-canes, aloes, and date-trees;
while the pine and birch cover the tops of the mountains.
The great variety and richness of the productions of
Calabria furnish an abundance of all the necessaries of life.
It has grain of every description; wines which might be rendered
as good as those of Spain and Languedoc, if the inhabitants
had more intelligence and industry; and olive oil in
such profusion, that it is kept in vast cisterns dug in the earth,
or in the rock. Great quantities of silkworms (and silkworms
of the very best quality) are bred here, which, together
with the growth of cotton, form a considerable article of commerce.
The liquorice root grows without cultivation; and
in the forests is found a sort of manna, which is in great
request. Immense droves of horned cattle pass alternately
from the rich grazing grounds of the Syla to the aromatic
pasture of the plains, where they remain during the winter.
Their flocks are as vast as their herds. Their breed of
horses is hardy, active, extremely swift, full of fire, and
very numerous. And besides these the Calabrians have the
excellent mule, so necessary for a mountainous country, and
vast droves of the formidable buffalo, which they tame and
employ in labour like an ox. In all parts of Calabria there
is a great quantity of game of every description. The seacoasts
abound with fish: the sword-fish alone supplies food
to a part of the inhabitants during several months of the
year, and the tunny forms a lucrative branch of commerce.…
All this ought to produce comfort and opulence,
but hardly any thing is met with but abject misery! Nature
has done every thing for the country, but for many
ages the vices of the government have marred its prosperity.
The condition of the peasantry is most wretched:
there is a total want of emulation. The climate and the
soil do all the work. Productions of every kind are the
spontaneous gifts of nature without any aid from art and
industry. With the exception of a few cities, and some
towns that are regularly built, all the other inhabited places
present the most miserable and disgusting appearance: the
whole interior of their houses is a mass of revolting filth:
the pigs live familiarly with the inmates.… These
people have no true principle of religion or morals. Like
all ignorant masses, they are superstitious to excess. The
most atrocious brigand carries in his bosom relics and
images of saints, which he invokes at the very moment he is
committing the greatest enormities.… The Calabrians
are capable of being made excellent soldiers from their
robust constitutions, their sobriety, activity, and quickness.
If these people, isolated as they are from the rest of Europe,
and entrenched behind impassable mountains, were actuated
by a pure spirit of patriotism, political and religious,
they would become invincible; and the country they inhabit
might be rendered a sure and safe asylum against
tyranny.”</p>
</div>
<div class='c006'></div>
<hr class="divider">
<div>
<h2 class='c003'>POEMS. <span class='sc'>By William Cullen Bryant</span>. London. Andrews, 1832.</h2>
</div>
<p class='c004'>Our reasons for noticing and recommending this
volume to our readers are manifold. It is beautiful in
itself; it is written by an American; it is one of the
<span class='pageno' id='Page_135'>135</span>best specimens we have seen of the poetical genius of
our transatlantic brethren; it is edited by Washington
Irving, the most accomplished prose writer of America;
and is by him dedicated or rather addressed to Samuel
Rogers, the author of the ‘Pleasures of Memory,’ and
who, at an advanced period of life, preserves all the
generous glow of youth for letters and for arts, and for
every thing connected with the intellectual improvement
of mankind.</p>
<p class='c005'>The exhibition of actual specimens of American taste
and literature will tend to counteract the mischievous
effects of those caricatures of American life and manners
with which some authors have of late amused the spleen
and prejudice of the British public. It is important to
remove the illusion produced by writers of talent, who,
professing to delineate national peculiarities truly, exaggerate
and misrepresent them; regardless, and perhaps
unconscious, that by using ridicule and sarcasm on
such subjects they are renewing antipathies which never
had a rational existence, and which years of friendly
intercourse had almost annihilated; and are detaching
from us the sympathies of those who by descent, community
of free institutions (though differently modified),
and identity of language, must naturally be well disposed
towards us.</p>
<p class='c005'>“During an intimacy of some years’ standing,” says
Washington Irving to Samuel Rogers, “I have
uniformly remarked a liberal interest on your part in
the rising character and fortunes of my country, and a
kind disposition to promote the success of American
talent, whether engaged in literature or the arts. I am
induced, therefore, as a tribute of gratitude, as well as a
general testimonial of respect and friendship, to lay
before you the present volume, in which, for the first
time, are collected together the fugitive productions of
one of our living poets, whose writings are deservedly
popular throughout the United States.”</p>
<p class='c005'>This is all as it should be, in relation both to Mr.
Rogers and his friend. And we confess we augur most
favourably of the taste of a country, <em>throughout</em> which,
poetry so refined in sentiment, and so pure in execution
and ornament, as that contained in the volume before
us, enjoys popularity.</p>
<p class='c005'>We began by recommending Mr. Bryant’s Poems.
A perusal of the following specimen, as well as of one
or two that we have lately printed separately, will justify
our so doing, and there are many pieces in the volume
of equal originality and beauty. A warm admiration of
the works of nature, strong religious feeling towards
the great Author of these works, a singular happiness
of description, and a power of clothing his descriptions
“with moral associations that make them speak to the
heart,” “an independent spirit, and the buoyant aspirations
incident to a youthful, a free, and a rising country<a id='r3'></a><a href='#f3' class='c008'><sup>[3]</sup></a>,”
are among the charming characteristics of this American
poet. We will only add, that the whole, while written
in a style elegant enough to please the most fastidious, is
simple and intelligible enough for the commonest reader.</p>
<div class='nf-center-c0'>
<div class='nf-center c006'>
<div>TO A WATERFOWL.</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class='lg-container-b'>
<div class='linegroup'>
<div class='group'>
<div class='line'>Whither, midst falling dew,</div>
<div class='line in2'>While glow the heavens with the last steps of day,</div>
<div class='line'>Far, through their rosy depths, dost thou pursue</div>
<div class='line in2'>Thy solitary way?</div>
</div>
<div class='group'>
<div class='line'>Vainly the fowler’s eye</div>
<div class='line in2'>Might mark thy distant flight to do thee wrong,</div>
<div class='line'>As, darkly painted on the crimson sky,</div>
<div class='line in2'>Thy figure floats along.</div>
</div>
<div class='group'>
<div class='line'>Seek’st thou thy plashy brink</div>
<div class='line in2'>Of weedy lake, or marge of river wide,</div>
<div class='line'>Or where the rocking billows rise and sink</div>
<div class='line in2'>On the chafed ocean-side?</div>
</div>
<div class='group'>
<div class='line'>There is a Power whose care</div>
<div class='line in2'>Teaches thy way along that pathless coast—</div>
<div class='line'>The desert and illimitable air—</div>
<div class='line in2'>Lone wandering, but not lost.</div>
</div>
<div class='group'>
<div class='line'>All day thy wings have fanned,</div>
<div class='line in2'>At that far height, the cold, thin atmosphere,</div>
<div class='line'>Yet stoop not, weary, to the welcome land,</div>
<div class='line in2'>Though the dark night is near.</div>
</div>
<div class='group'>
<div class='line'>And soon that toil shall end,</div>
<div class='line in2'>Soon shalt thou find a summer home, and rest</div>
<div class='line'>And scream among thy fellows; reeds shall bend</div>
<div class='line in2'>Soon o’er thy sheltered nest.</div>
</div>
<div class='group'>
<div class='line'>Thou’rt gone—the abyss of heaven</div>
<div class='line in2'>Hath swallowed up thy form; yet on my heart</div>
<div class='line'>Deeply hath sunk the lesson thou hast given,</div>
<div class='line in2'>And shall not soon depart.</div>
</div>
<div class='group'>
<div class='line'>He, who, from zone to zone,</div>
<div class='line in2'>Guides through the boundless sky thy certain flight,</div>
<div class='line'>In the long way that I must tread alone,</div>
<div class='line in2'>Will lead my steps aright.</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<hr class='c010'>
<div class='footnote' id='f3'>
<p class='c005'><a href='#r3'>3</a>. Washington Irving’s dedicatory Letter to Rogers.</p>
</div>
<div class='c006'></div>
<hr class="divider">
<div>
<h2 class='c003'>INDIA.</h2>
</div>
<div class='shrink'>
<p class='c007'>[Pen and Pencil Sketches. Being the Journal of a Tour in India.
By Captain Mundy, late Aide-de-Camp to Lord Combermere.
2 vols. 8vo.]</p>
</div>
<p class='c005'>We recommend these two octavo volumes to those of
our readers who may be able to obtain the perusal of
them. We think that not only great amusement may be
derived from Captain Mundy’s work, but that it supplies
more information concerning the parts of our dominions
in India that he visited, than may be collected from
many ponderous volumes. In his lively chapters,
indeed, amusement and <i>fun</i> (to use a homely word)
go hand in hand with instruction. At the sketch of
a human character, European or Indian, Hindoo or
Mussulman, or at the sketch of a scene, the Captain is
equally at home and happy; and in the first class of
his essays he shows so generous and philanthropic a
feeling, and in the second so fine a perception and appreciation
of the beauties of nature, that he captivates both
our affection and our taste. What we admire, too, as
much as his talent—and this is perhaps generally the
inseparable companion of intellect of a superior order—is
his fine cheerfulness of spirit. In his daily life he is
always disposed to make the best of things. He is as
joyous in his tent, or the equally comfortless bungalow,
as in the palace; palanqueens or the back of an elephant,
Arabians or ragged coolies<a id='r4'></a><a href='#f4' class='c008'><sup>[4]</sup></a>, are all the same to him!
Forward he goes on his journey, only telling you now
and then that the thermometer is nearly at 100°, or
that it is raining deluges; and he looks for, and finds
amusement or interest of some kind or other wherever
he moves! At one time we find him hunting the antelope
with leopards, at another bringing down partridges
with a “Manton;”—here seeing a tiger fighting with a
rhinoceros, there <em>himself</em> in deadly conflict with a jungle
tiger;—now Mac-adamizing or making roads at Simla,
on the Steppes of the Himalaya mountains, now smoking
his hookah at Calcutta. At his professional duties he
is as cheerful as at his sports, and one cannot help perceiving
he is in possession of that valuable but very attainable
secret of making “a pleasure of business.”</p>
<p class='c005'>The following piece of practical philosophy, or how
to make the best of a bad lodging, is a lesson for all
classes:—</p>
<div class='shrink'>
<p class='c004'>“The elevation of Simla above the sea is seven thousand
eight hundred feet; and, during the month of May, I find
the thermometer was never higher than 73°, or lower than
55°, in my <i>garret</i>. This apartment, occupied by me during
our stay in the hills, was pervious both to heat and cold,
being, in fact, of that elevated character, which in England
is usually devoted to cheeses, or apples and onions, and
forming the interval between the ceiling of the dining-room
and the wooden pent-roof of the house, which descending
in a slope quite to the floor, only admitted of my standing
upright in the centre. Though this canopy of planks was
lined with white-washed canvas, it by no means excluded
the rains so peremptorily as I, not being an amphibious
animal, could have wished; and, during some of the grand
storms, the hailstones rattled with such stunning effect
upon the drum-like roof, that the echo sung in my ears for
<span class='pageno' id='Page_136'>136</span>a week after. This my exalted dormitory was rendered accessible
by a wooden ladder; but, spite of its sundry désagrémens,
I thanked my stars—in whose near neighbourhood
I was—for my luck in getting any shelter at all, without the
trouble of building, in the present crowded state of Simla.
I enjoyed a splendid view from my windows (I beg pardon,
window), and the luxury of privacy, except at night, when
the rats sustained an eternal carnival, keeping me in much
the same state as Whittington during his first week in London.
I soon grew tired of bumping my head against the roof
in pursuit of these four-footed Pindarrees<a id='r5'></a><a href='#f5' class='c008'><sup>[5]</sup></a>, and at length
became callous to their nocturnal orgies—and kept a cat<a id='r6'></a><a href='#f6' class='c008'><sup>[6]</sup></a>.”</p>
</div>
<p class='c004'>Even an hair-breadth escape from a midnight robber
in no way interrupts the Captain’s joyous mood:—</p>
<div class='shrink'>
<p class='c004'>“I retired to my tent this evening pretty well knocked up;
and during the night had an adventure, which might have
terminated with more loss to myself, had I slept sounder.
My bed, a low canopy, or ‘four feet,’ was in one corner of
the tent, close to a door, and I woke several times from a
feverish doze, fancying I heard something moving in my
tent; but could not discover anything, though a cherang, or
little Indian lamp, was burning on the table. I therefore
again wooed the balmy power, and slept. At length, just
as ‘the iron tongue of midnight had told twelve’ (for I had
looked at my watch five minutes before, and replaced it
under my pillow), I was awakened by a rustling sound under
my head; and, half opening my eyes, without changing my
position, I saw a hideous black face within a foot of mine,
and the owner of this index of a cut-throat, or, at least, cut-purse
disposition, kneeling on the carpet, with one hand
under my pillow, and the other grasping—not a dagger!—but
the door-post. Still without moving my body, and with
half-closed eyes, I gently stole my right hand to a boar-spear,
which at night was always placed between my bed
and the wall; and as soon as I had clutched it, made a rapid
and violent movement, in order to wrench it from its place,
and try the virtue of its point upon the intruder’s body—but
I wrenched in vain. Fortunately for the robber, my bearer,
in placing the weapon in its usual recess, had forced the
point into the top of the tent and the butt into the ground so
firmly, that I failed to extract it at the first effort; and my
visitor, alarmed by the movement, started upon his feet and
rushed through the door. I had time to see that he was
perfectly naked, with the exception of a black blanket twisted
round his loins, and that he had already stowed away in his
cloth my candlesticks and my dressing-case, which latter
contained letters, keys, money, and other valuables. I had
also leisure, in that brief space, to judge, from the size of
the arm extended to my bed, that the bearer was more
formed for activity than strength; and, by his grizzled
beard, that he was rather old than young. I, <em>therefore</em>,
sprung from my bed, and darting through the purdar of the
inner door, seized him by the cummerbund just as he was
passing the outer entrance<a id='r7'></a><a href='#f7' class='c008'><sup>[7]</sup></a>. The cloth, however, being
loose, gave way, and ere I could confirm my grasp, he
snatched it from my hand, tearing away my thumb-nail
down to the quick. In his anxiety to escape, he stumbled
through the outer purdar, and the much-esteemed dressing-case
fell out of his loosened zone. I was so close at his
heels, that he could not recover it; and jumping over the
tent-ropes—which, doubtless, the rogue calculated would
trip me up—he ran towards the road. I was in such a fury,
that, forgetting my bare feet, I gave chase, vociferating lustily,
‘Choor! choor!’ (thief! thief!) but was soon brought
up by some sharp stones, just in time to see my rascal, by
the faint light of the room through the thick foliage overhead,
jump upon a horse standing unheld near the road,
and dash down the path at full speed, his black blanket flying
in the wind. What would I have given for my double-barrelled
Joe at that moment! As he and his steed went
clattering along the rocky forest road, I thought of the
black huntsman of the Hartz, or the erl-king! Returning
to my tent, I solaced myself by abusing my servants, who
were just rubbing their eyes and stirring themselves, and by
threatening the terrified sepoy sentry with a court-martial.
My trunks at night were always placed outside the tent,
under the sentry’s eye; the robber, therefore, must have
made his entry on the opposite side, and he must have been
an adept in his vocation, as four or five servants were sleeping
between the khanauts. The poor devil did not get much
booty for his trouble, having only secured a razor, a pot of
pomatum (which will serve to lubricate his person for his
next exploit<a id='r8'></a><a href='#f8' class='c008'><sup>[8]</sup></a>), and the candlesticks, which on closer inspection,
will prove to him the truth of the axiom, that ‘all is
not gold that glitters,’ nor even silver.… The next
morning, on relating my adventure, I was told that I was
fortunate in having escaped cold steel; and many more comfortable
instances were recited, of the robbed being stabbed in
attempting to secure the robber<a id='r9'></a><a href='#f9' class='c008'><sup>[9]</sup></a>.”</p>
</div>
<p class='c004'>But it is in his account of Indian hunting with
which the volumes abound, and which are truly excellent,
that Captain Mundy gives full way to his buoyant
spirit and hilarity: and as the animal pursued is not the
timid hare or the paltry fox, but generally the cruel,
destructive, and formidable tiger, and as there is both
adventure and danger, we can frequently follow him in
these hunts with great interest. The following account
of the sagacity of an elephant in a lion-hunt must conclude
our extracts:—</p>
<div class='shrink'>
<p class='c004'>“A lion had charged my friend’s elephant, and he, having
wounded the lion, was in the act of leaning forward in order
to fire another shot, when the front of the howdah (elephant’s
castle) suddenly gave way, and he was precipitated
over the head of the elephant into the very jaws of the furious
beast. The lion, though severely hurt, immediately seized
him, and would doubtless shortly have put a fatal termination
to the conflict, had not the elephant, urged by the
mahout (the driver, who sits on the elephant’s neck), stepped
forward, though greatly alarmed, and grasping in her
trunk the top of a young tree, bent it down hard across the
loins of the lion, and thus forced the tortured animal to quit
his hold! My friend’s life was thus preserved, but his arm
was broken in two places, and he was severely clawed on
the breast and shoulders. The lion was afterwards slain
by the other sportsmen who came up.”</p>
</div>
<hr class='c009'>
<div class='footnote' id='f4'>
<p class='c005'><a href='#r4'>4</a>. A coolie is a rough Indian pony.</p>
</div>
<div class='footnote' id='f5'>
<p class='c005'><a href='#r5'>5</a>. An immense association of robbers that a few years ago devastated
India. They have been suppressed by the British.</p>
</div>
<div class='footnote' id='f6'>
<p class='c005'><a href='#r6'>6</a>. Vol. i. p. 235.</p>
</div>
<div class='footnote' id='f7'>
<p class='c005'><a href='#r7'>7</a>. The tents in India have double flies; the outer khanaut, or wall,
forming a verandah, of some four feet wide, round the interior
pavilion.</p>
</div>
<div class='footnote' id='f8'>
<p class='c005'><a href='#r8'>8</a>. Indian thieves oil their naked bodies to render their seizure
difficult.</p>
</div>
<div class='footnote' id='f9'>
<p class='c005'><a href='#r9'>9</a>. Vol. i. p. 165.</p>
</div>
<div class='c006'></div>
<hr class="divider">
<p class='c004'>⁂ For notices to Correspondents, see the Wrapper of the Monthly
Part.</p>
<div class='c006'></div>
<hr class="divider">
<div class='shrink'>
<p class='c007'>⁂ The Penny Magazine will, in most cases, be delivered <em>weekly</em>
in the Towns of the United Kingdom, by Booksellers and Newsvenders,
to whom Subscribers should address their Orders. It cannot
be sent by Post as a Newspaper is, being unstamped. For the convenience
of those, who, residing in country places, cannot obtain the
Publication at regular <em>weekly</em> intervals, the Numbers published
during each Month will be stitched together to form a <i>Monthly
Part</i>. That this Part may be sold at a convenient and uniform
price, a <span class='sc'>Monthly Supplement</span>, consisting chiefly of Notices of such
<em>New Books</em> as we think right to give a place to in ‘the Library,’
will appear with the regular Number on the last Saturday in the
Month. The price of the Part, whether consisting of five or of six
Numbers, will be <span class='sc'>Sixpence</span>; each Part will be neatly and strongly
done up, in a wrapper. Thus, the <em>annual</em> Expense of Twelve Parts
will be Six Shillings, viz.:—</p>
<div style="max-width:40em;margin:auto;">
<table class='table0'>
<colgroup>
<col class='colwidth75'>
<col class='colwidth16'>
<col class='colwidth8'>
</colgroup>
<tr>
<td class='c011'> </td>
<td class='c012'><i>s.</i></td>
<td class='c013'><i>d.</i></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class='c011'>52 Regular Numbers</td>
<td class='c012'>4</td>
<td class='c013'>4</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class='c011'>12 Supplements</td>
<td class='c012'>1</td>
<td class='c013'>0</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class='c011'>12 Wrappers</td>
<td class='c012'>0</td>
<td class='c013'>8</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class='c011'> </td>
<td class='sumline c013' colspan='2'></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class='c011'> </td>
<td class='c012'>6</td>
<td class='c013'>0</td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>
</div>
<hr class='c014'>
<div class='colophon'>
<div class='nf-center-c0'>
<div class='nf-center c000'>
<div>LONDON:—CHARLES KNIGHT, PALL-MALL EAST.</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class='nf-center-c0'>
<div class='nf-center c002'>
<div><i>Shopkeepers and Hawkers may be supplied Wholesale by the following Booksellers:—</i></div>
</div>
</div>
<div class='colophon-left'>
<div class='lg-container-l'>
<div class='linegroup'>
<div class='group'>
<div class='line'><i>London</i>, <span class='sc'>Groombridge</span>, Panyer Alley, Paternoster Row.</div>
<div class='line'><i>Bath</i>, <span class='sc'>Simms</span>.</div>
<div class='line'><i>Birmingham</i>, <span class='sc'>Drake</span>.</div>
<div class='line'><i>Bristol</i>, <span class='sc'>Westley</span> and Co.</div>
<div class='line'><i>Carlisle</i>, <span class='sc'>Thurnam</span>; and <span class='sc'>Scott</span>.</div>
<div class='line'><i>Derby</i>, <span class='sc'>Wilkins</span> and <span class='sc'>Son</span>.</div>
<div class='line'><i>Devonport</i>, <span class='sc'>Byers</span>.</div>
<div class='line'><i>Doncaster</i>, <span class='sc'>Brooke</span> and Co.</div>
<div class='line'><i>Exeter</i>, <span class='sc'>Balle</span>.</div>
<div class='line'><i>Falmouth</i>, <span class='sc'>Philip</span>.</div>
<div class='line'><i>Hull</i>, <span class='sc'>Stephenson</span>.</div>
<div class='line'><i>Kendal</i>, <span class='sc'>Hudson</span> and <span class='sc'>Nicholson</span>.</div>
<div class='line'><i>Leeds</i>, <span class='sc'>Baines</span> and <span class='sc'>Newsome</span>.</div>
<div class='line'><i>Lincoln</i>, <span class='sc'>Brooke</span> and <span class='sc'>Sons</span>.</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class='colophon-right'>
<div class='lg-container-l'>
<div class='linegroup'>
<div class='group'>
<div class='line'><i>Liverpool</i>, <span class='sc'>Willmer</span> and <span class='sc'>Smith</span>.</div>
<div class='line'><i>Manchester</i>, <span class='sc'>Robinson</span>; and <span class='sc'>Webb</span> and <span class='sc'>Simms</span>.</div>
<div class='line'><i>Newcastle-upon-Tyne</i>, <span class='sc'>Charnley</span>.</div>
<div class='line'><i>Norwich</i>, <span class='sc'>Jarrold</span> and <span class='sc'>Son</span>.</div>
<div class='line'><i>Nottingham</i>, <span class='sc'>Wright</span>.</div>
<div class='line'><i>Oxford</i>, <span class='sc'>Slatter</span>.</div>
<div class='line'><i>Plymouth</i>, <span class='sc'>Nettleton</span>.</div>
<div class='line'><i>Portsen</i>, <span class='sc'>Horsey</span>, Jun.</div>
<div class='line'><i>Sheffield</i>, <span class='sc'>Ridge</span>.</div>
<div class='line'><i>Staffordshire, Lane End</i>, <span class='sc'>C. Watts</span>.</div>
<div class='line'><i>Worcester</i>, <span class='sc'>Deighton</span>.</div>
<div class='line'><i>Dublin</i>, <span class='sc'>Wakeman</span>.</div>
<div class='line'><i>Edinburgh</i>, <span class='sc'>Oliver</span> and <span class='sc'>Boyd</span>.</div>
<div class='line'><i>Glasgow</i>, <span class='sc'>Atkinson</span> and Co.</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class='clear'>
<div class='nf-center-c0'>
<div class='nf-center'>
<div>Printed by <span class='sc'>William Clowes</span>, Stamford Street.</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class='pbb'>
<hr class='pb c002'>
</div>
<div>
<p class='c015'></p>
</div>
<div class='transcribers-notes'>
<div class='nf-center-c1'>
<div class='nf-center'>
<div><span class='xlarge'>Transcriber’s Notes</span></div>
</div>
</div>
<p class='c016'>New original cover art included with this eBook is granted to the public domain. Itemized changes from the original text:</p>
<ul class='ul_1'>
<li><a href='#tn-interruption'>p. 131, footnote</a>: Changed single to double closing quote after
phrase “which must be occasioned even by short and casual interruptions.”
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div style='text-align:center'>*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 76875 ***</div>
</body>
<!-- created with ppgen.py 3.57e (with regex) on 2025-09-15 06:01:21 GMT -->
</html>
|
