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+<div style='text-align:center'>*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 76875 ***</div>
+
+<div class='nf-center-c1'>
+<div class='nf-center c000'>
+    <div><span class='pageno' id='Page_129'>129</span>Monthly Supplement of</div>
+  </div>
+</div>
+
+<div>
+  <h1 class='c001' title='The Penny Magazine, May 31 to June 30 , 1832'>THE PENNY MAGAZINE</h1>
+</div>
+
+<div class='nf-center-c1'>
+<div class='nf-center c002'>
+    <div><span class='small'>OF THE</span></div>
+  </div>
+</div>
+
+<div class='nf-center-c1'>
+<div class='nf-center c002'>
+    <div><span class='large'>Society for the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge.</span></div>
+  </div>
+</div>
+
+<hr class="full">
+<div class="masthead">
+<div class="masthead-right"></div>
+<div class="masthead-left">16.]</div>
+<div class="masthead-centre"><span class='sc'>May 31 to June 30</span>, 1832</div>
+<hr class="full">
+</div>
+
+<div>
+  <h2 class='c003'>THE ABBEY OF ST. ALBAN’S.</h2>
+</div>
+
+<div class='illo-wide'>
+
+<div  class='figcenter id001'>
+<a href='images/the-abbey-of-st-albans-1-full.jpg'><img src='images/the-abbey-of-st-albans-1-inline.png' alt='A large, cruciform ecclesiastical building with a steeple at the center.' class='ig001'></a>
+</div>
+
+</div>
+
+<p class='c004'>On the 3d of February last, a part of the wall of the
+upper battlement on the south-west side of the Abbey
+of St. Alban’s fell upon the roof below, in two masses,
+at an interval of five minutes between the fall of each
+fragment. The concussion was so great, that the inhabitants
+of the neighbouring houses describe it as
+resembling the loudest thunder; and the detached
+masses of the wall came down with such force that a
+large portion of the roof, consisting of lead and heavy
+timber, was driven into the aisle below. The abbey,
+generally, has been a good deal out of repair for several
+years; and it is now estimated that 15,000<i>l.</i> will be
+required to repair the damage, and to save this venerable
+fabric from further injury.</p>
+
+<p class='c005'>A public subscription has been opened for this
+laudable object; and when we consider the interest
+which the people of this country so properly attach to
+the monuments of our early civilization, we cannot
+doubt that the Abbey of St. Alban’s will be rescued, for
+several more generations, from the devouring grasp of
+time.</p>
+
+<p class='c005'>St. Alban’s is, in many respects, one of the towns of
+England most dignified by historical associations. It
+was one of the principal places of the ancient Britons
+before the Roman conquest; and, within twenty-one
+years after the invasion of the island, was raised, by the
+Romans, to the rank of a city, under the name of
+Verulam. Many considerable fragments of the Roman
+Verulam still exist, at a short distance from the present
+town, particularly a large piece of a wall, constructed of
+Roman tile, now called Gorhambury Block. Dr.
+Stukely, a celebrated antiquarian writer, has calculated
+that about a hundred acres were included within the
+Roman wall. The greater part of the city, first built
+by the Romans, was demolished by the Britons, under
+Queen Boadicea, in the 61st year after the birth of
+Christ; but it was soon rebuilt, and the inhabitants
+continued under the protection of the Romans for a
+long period. In the persecution of the Christians,
+under the Roman emperor Dioclesian, in the year
+304, Alban, a native of Verulam, who had been a
+soldier at Rome, suffered martyrdom for his faith; and
+being the first Briton who had been put to death for his
+religious opinions, he is called England’s proto-martyr,
+or first martyr, as St. Stephen is called the proto-martyr
+of Christianity. In 795, Offa, King of the Mercians,
+founded an abbey at Holmhurst, close by the ancient
+Verulam, in honour of St. Alban, and the place was
+thenceforward called St. Alban’s. The abbey flourished
+for more than seven centuries. Its buildings, erected
+from time to time, resembled a town more than a
+religious house. It had magnificent apartments, in
+which the kings of the twelfth and thirteenth centuries
+were frequently entertained. The annual revenues,
+during its greatest prosperity, were valued at 2500<i>l.</i>—an
+enormous sum in those days.</p>
+
+<p class='c005'>Of this immense establishment, nothing is left but the
+present conventual church, a gate-house, and a few
+scattered walls. The church, which was principally
+erected in the reign of William Rufus, is in magnitude
+equal to our largest cathedrals. It measures 550 feet
+from east to west; if we include a chapel at one end,
+606 feet. The extreme breadth, at the intersection of
+the transepts, is 217 feet. The exterior of this great pile
+is not very beautiful; but the spectator is struck with
+its vastness, its simplicity, and its appearance of extreme
+age. A large part of the original edifice is composed of
+materials taken from the ruins of the ancient Verulam,
+consisting chiefly of Roman tile. These portions of the
+interior are very rude, and form a striking contrast to
+other parts which were finished after the elegant Norman
+style was adopted in this country. In this manner it
+occurs that we see at St. Alban’s a mixture of the round
+and the pointed arch, in two sides of the same building,
+directly opposite each other. It is singular that as one
+side of the building fell into decay, the later style of
+architecture, that of the pointed arch, should have been
+used; while the more ancient round arch was suffered to
+remain on the opposite side. This want of uniformity
+greatly diminishes the beauty of the interior; but still
+many of its effects are remarkably striking, particularly
+that of the vast length of the church from east to west.
+Some parts of the edifice furnish, also, beautiful and
+perfect specimens of the most delicate workmanship.</p>
+
+<p class='c005'>The Abbey-Church of St. Alban’s contains the monuments
+of several illustrious men, particularly that of Duke
+Humphrey of Gloucester, the brother of Henry V. But
+St. Alban’s possesses the much higher distinction of
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_130'>130</span>being the burial-place, as it was the abode, of the great
+Lord Bacon. The old Church of St. Michael, in this
+town, contains the remains of the immortal founder of
+the inductive philosophy, which delivered the human
+mind from the tyranny of opinions established by prescription
+and authority, and led the way for every man
+to think for himself, and to rely upon the truths of established
+facts alone as the materials for his conclusions.
+The following is a representation of Lord Bacon’s
+monument.</p>
+
+<div class='illo-wide'>
+
+<div  class='figcenter id001'>
+<a href='images/the-abbey-of-st-albans-2-full.jpg'><img src='images/the-abbey-of-st-albans-2-inline.png' alt='A statue of a man seated on a chair, his head resting on one hand, with the legend: FRANCISCVS BACON.' class='ig001'></a>
+</div>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class='c006'></div>
+<hr class="divider">
+<div>
+  <h2 class='c003'>MACHINERY AND MANUFACTURES.</h2>
+</div>
+
+<div class='shrink'>
+
+<p class='c007'>[‘The Economy of Machinery and Manufactures. By Charles
+Babbage, Esq., A.M., Lucasian Professor of Mathematics in the
+University of Cambridge.’ 8vo. London, C. Knight, 1832.]</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<p class='c005'>Here is a work of no common interest. Its object, as
+stated by the author in his introductory paragraph, is
+“to point out the effects and the advantages which arise
+from the use of tools and machines;—to endeavour to
+classify their modes of action;—and to trace both the
+causes and the consequences of applying machinery to
+supersede the skill and power of the human arm.” It
+professes to embrace, therefore, both a very important
+branch of the science of political economy, and the whole
+domain of the mechanical arts.</p>
+
+<p class='c005'>The word <em>manufacture</em>, which means fabrication by
+the <em>hand</em>, has become singularly inapplicable to the
+thing which it is used to denote. The human hand now
+performs but a comparatively small part in most of those
+processes to which the name of manufactures is given;
+and in some of the most stupendous and wonderful of
+them its aid is hardly at all employed. Where the steam-engine
+plies its mighty energies, man has in many cases
+little more to do than to look on. If the expression, a
+manufacturing country, were to be taken in its literal
+sense, as meaning a country where articles were generally
+made by the hand, it would be much more
+truly applicable to Spain, or Russia, or Poland, or Hindostan,
+or indeed to any other country of the earth, than
+to ours. We are, of all others, the people who do least
+by the hand.</p>
+
+<p class='c005'>When we say, therefore, that England is a manufacturing
+country and that Poland is not, we mean
+merely that great numbers of articles of use and
+of luxury are fabricated in the former country, without
+any necessary reference to the mode in which they are
+fabricated. But it so happens that such articles cannot
+be fabricated in great abundance except by means of
+machinery; and therefore we often use the term manufacturing
+as nearly synonymous with mechanical, or at
+least as implying the extensive agency of machinery.
+It should be borne in mind, however, that agriculture is
+also a manufacture; and that whether a country produces
+iron or corn, each branch of industry involves
+mechanical aid, however we may choose to distinguish
+between a manufacturing and an agricultural country.</p>
+
+<p class='c005'>The book upon the subject of manufactures which
+Mr. Babbage has now given to the world, consists chiefly
+of a very large and multifarious collection of the mechanical
+expedients employed in the different branches of
+our national industry, arranged according to the general
+principle, of which each is an exemplification. The
+author has in this way furnished a work which is not
+less interesting to the mere general reader than it is
+likely to prove valuable to the student of mechanics.
+Surrounded as we are in this country by the wonders of
+mechanical invention, he among us must be singularly
+destitute of enlightened curiosity who feels no desire to
+understand the operation of those beautiful and most
+effective contrivances which he everywhere sees or hears
+in motion; or to trace through the various stages of their
+fabrication those numberless articles of use and of ornament
+of which every one of our shops, and it may
+almost be said of our houses, is full. The history of
+some of the most apparently trivial or insignificant of
+these productions, of a pin or a needle for instance, is
+often a rich succession of the most exquisite efforts of
+ingenuity—of the most important results obtained by
+the simplest means, and of a velocity and at the same
+time perfection of operation which to the unaccustomed
+observer would seem little short of miraculous. The
+wonders of our manufactures are not less deserving of
+our examination, because they are performed in the very
+midst of us, and may be made perfectly intelligible to all
+who care to understand them.</p>
+
+<p class='c005'>But it is to those who are actually engaged in mechanical
+invention that this volume is doubtless fitted to
+render the most important service. Let the particular
+department upon which a person so employed is exercising
+his thoughts be what it may, his success is likely
+to depend in no small degree upon his general familiarity
+with mechanical contrivances. It has not unfrequently
+happened that for want of this diversified knowledge
+the inventors and improvers of machines or of
+processes have devoted their solitary efforts for a long time
+in vain, in attempting merely to accomplish what had already
+been completely achieved in some other department
+of mechanical skill with which they happened to have no
+acquaintance. In other cases, a contrivance applicable
+to many different branches, although introduced in one
+of the number, has remained unknown to the cultivators
+of all the others for many years. Thus, for example,
+the valuable contrivance of the fly-shuttle, although introduced
+into the woollen manufactory about the year
+1738, was not employed in the weaving of cottons,
+where it was equally applicable, till more than twenty
+years afterwards. So also, as Mr. Babbage notices,
+the expedient of placing the workman employed in
+beating out the blades of scythes in a seat suspended
+by ropes from the ceiling, to give him sufficient freedom
+and rapidity of motion to bring the different parts of
+the iron upon the anvil in quick succession, although
+introduced in the manufacture of scythes long ago, has
+only been recently applied to that of anchors; “an art
+in which,” as he remarks, “the contrivance is of still
+greater importance.” Now such a work as the one
+before us is admirably calculated to prevent all this
+waste of inventive labour, and to ensure the communication
+of any new or valuable contrivance to all descriptions
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_131'>131</span>of manufactures in which it is fitted to be
+available. An inventor, who has made himself completely
+master of this work, will have obtained a knowledge
+both of all the principal expedients which have
+hitherto been employed in mechanics, and of the scientific
+principles upon which all mechanical devices must
+depend; and a man so instructed, it may be fairly inferred,
+will be likely not only to waste but little time in
+re-discovering what has been already found out, but also
+to find his efforts in original invention crowned with far
+more rapid and more satisfying success than would have
+otherwise attended them.</p>
+
+<p class='c005'>From the multiplicity of most interesting subjects of
+which Mr. Babbage has treated, the mere enumeration
+of which would far exceed our limits, we select only two
+specimens of the entertainment to be found in the work.
+The following account of a foreign manufacture would
+appear incredible, if we did not know to what singular
+uses the instincts of animals may be directed:—</p>
+
+<div class='shrink'>
+
+<p class='c004'>“<i>Lace made by Caterpillars.</i>—A most extraordinary species
+of manufacture, which is in a slight degree connected
+with copying, has been contrived by an officer of engineers
+residing at Munich. It consists of lace and veils, with open
+patterns in them, made entirely by caterpillars. The following
+is the mode of proceeding adopted:—Having made a
+paste of the leaves of the plant, on which the species of caterpillar
+he employs feeds, he spreads it thinly over a stone,
+or other flat substance, of the required size. He then, with
+a camel-hair pencil dipped in olive oil, draws the pattern he
+wishes the insects to leave open. This stone is then placed
+in an inclined position, and a considerable number of the
+caterpillars are placed at the bottom. A peculiar species is
+chosen, which spins a strong web; and the animals commence
+at the bottom, eating and spinning their way up to
+the top, carefully avoiding every part touched by the oil,
+but devouring every other part of the paste. The extreme
+lightness of these veils, combined with some strength, is
+truly surprising. One of them, measuring twenty-six and
+a half inches by seventeen inches, weighed only 1.51 grains,
+a degree of lightness which will appear more strongly by
+contrast with other fabrics. One square yard of the substance
+of which these veils are made weighs four grains and
+one-third, whilst one square yard of silk gauze weighs one
+hundred and thirty-seven grains, and one square yard of the
+finest patent net weighs two hundred and sixty-two grains
+and a half.”</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<p class='c004'>One of the most important manufactures of our own
+country is that connected with the Press, in all its various
+and complicated operations. The following account of
+the mode in which a great London newspaper is prepared,
+will be read with interest in all parts of the kingdom:—</p>
+
+<div class='shrink'>
+
+<p class='c004'>“Another instance of the just application of machinery,
+even at an increased expense, arises where the shortness of
+time in which the article can be produced, has an important
+influence on its value. In the publication of our daily newspapers,
+it frequently happens that the debates in the Houses
+of Parliament are carried on to three and four o’clock in the
+morning, that is, to within a very few hours of the time for
+the publication of the newspaper. The speeches must be
+taken down by reporters, conveyed by them to the establishment
+of the newspaper, perhaps at the distance of one or two
+miles, transcribed by them in the office, set up by the compositor,
+the press corrected, and the papers printed off and
+distributed before the public can read them. Some of these
+journals have a circulation of from five to ten thousand
+daily. Supposing four thousand to be wanted, and that
+they could be printed only at the rate of five hundred per
+hour upon one side of the paper (which was the greatest
+number two journeymen and a boy could take off by the
+old hand-presses), sixteen hours would be required for printing
+the complete edition; and the news conveyed to the
+purchasers of the latest portion of the impression, would be
+out of date before they could receive it. To obviate this
+difficulty, it was often necessary to set up the paper in duplicate,
+and sometimes, when late, in triplicate: but the improvements
+in the printing-machines have been so great,
+that four thousand copies are now printed on one side in an
+hour.</p>
+
+<p class='c005'>“The establishment of ‘The Times’ newspaper is an example,
+on a large scale, of a manufactory in which the division
+of labour, both mental and bodily, is admirably illustrated,
+and in which also the effect of the domestic economy
+is well exemplified. It is scarcely imagined, by the thousands
+who read that paper in various quarters of the globe,
+what a scene of organized activity the factory presents
+during the whole night, or what a quantity of talent and
+mechanical skill is put in action for their amusement and
+information<a id='r1'></a><a href='#f1' class='c008'><sup>[1]</sup></a>. Nearly a hundred persons are employed in
+this establishment; and, during the session of parliament, at
+least twelve reporters are constantly attending the Houses
+of Commons and Lords; each in his turn, after about an
+hour’s work, retiring to translate into ordinary writing, the
+speech he has just heard and noted in short-hand. In the
+mean time fifty compositors are constantly at work, some
+of whom have already set up the beginning, whilst others
+are committing to type the yet undried manuscript of the
+continuation of a speech, whose middle portion is travelling
+to the office in the pocket of the hasty reporter, and whose
+eloquent conclusion is, perhaps, at that very moment, making
+the walls of St. Stephen’s vibrate with the applause of its
+hearers. These congregated types, as fast as they are composed,
+are passed in portions to other hands; till at last the
+scattered fragments of the debate, forming, when united
+with the ordinary matter, eight-and-forty columns, re-appear
+in regular order on the platform of the printing-press. The
+hand of man is now too slow for the demands of his curiosity,
+but the power of steam comes to his assistance. Ink is
+rapidly supplied to the moving types by the most perfect
+mechanism;—four attendants incessantly introduce the
+edges of large sheets of white paper to the junction of two
+great rollers, which seem to devour them with unsated appetite;—other
+rollers convey them to the type already inked,
+and having brought them into rapid and successive contact,
+re-deliver them to four other assistants, completely printed
+by the almost momentary touch. Thus, in one hour, four
+thousand sheets of paper are printed on one side; and an
+impression of twelve thousand copies, from above three hundred
+thousand moveable pieces of metal, is produced for the
+public in six hours.”</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<hr class='c009'>
+<div class='footnote' id='f1'>
+<p class='c005'><a href='#r1'>1</a>. “The Author of these pages, with one of his friends, was recently
+induced to visit this most interesting establishment, after midnight,
+during the progress of a very important debate. The place was illuminated
+with gas, and was light as the day:—there was neither
+noise nor bustle;—and the visitors were received with such calm and
+polite attention, that they did not, until afterwards, become sensible
+of the inconvenience which such intruders, at a moment of the
+greatest pressure, must occasion, nor reflect that the tranquillity which
+they admired, was the result of intense and regulated occupation.
+But the effect of such checks in the current of business will appear
+on recollecting that, as four thousand newspapers are printed off on
+one side within the hour, every <em>minute</em> is attended with a loss of sixty-six
+impressions. The quarter of an hour, therefore, which the stranger
+may think it not unreasonable to claim for the gratification of his
+curiosity (and to him this time is but a moment), may cause a failure
+in the delivery of one thousand copies, and disappoint a proportionate
+number of expectant readers, in some of our distant towns, to which
+the morning papers are despatched by the earliest and most rapid
+conveyances of each day.</p>
+
+<p class='c005'>“This note is inserted with the further and more general purpose
+of calling the attention of those, especially foreigners, who are desirous
+of inspecting our larger manufactories to the chief cause of
+the difficulty which frequently attends their introduction. When the
+establishment is very extensive, and its departments skilfully arranged,
+the exclusion of visitors arises, not from any illiberal jealousy,
+nor, generally, from any desire of concealment, which would, in most
+cases, be absurd; but from the substantial inconvenience and loss
+of time, throughout an entire series of well-combined operations,
+<a id='tn-interruption'></a>which must be occasioned even by short and casual interruptions.”</p>
+</div>
+
+<div class='c006'></div>
+<hr class="divider">
+<div>
+  <h2 class='c003'>ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY.</h2>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c004'>The last Monthly Report of the proceedings of the Committee
+of Science of the Zoological Society, contains
+several facts of general interest.</p>
+
+<p class='c005'>The female <i>Puma</i>, in the Society’s Gardens, brought
+forth two young ones on the 2d of April. The ground-colour
+of these is of a paler fawn than that of either
+of the parents, and they are deeply spotted. The
+eyelids of one of them were partially unclosed on
+April 9. The mother, whose temper was always mild,
+has since become remarkably gentle, purring when
+the keeper goes into her den, and allowing her young
+ones to be handled and carried about without appearing
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_132'>132</span>to be annoyed by such treatment. The young, on the contrary,
+were, when first born, extremely fierce, hissing and
+scratching with all their might; they have, however, since
+become better tempered, though they are still spiteful.
+The manners of both the mother and the young are similar
+to those of the <em>domestic cat</em> and her kittens, the former
+carrying the latter about from place to place in her
+mouth. For a day or two previously to her littering she
+pulled the straw in her inner den into pieces and thus
+formed a nest.</p>
+
+<p class='c005'>Some curious experiments have been made as to the
+mode of feeding quadrupeds of prey, which is best
+adapted to bringing them into good condition, and which
+may therefore be considered the most suited to their
+natural habits. On January 11 two <i>leopards</i> were
+weighed. No. 1. weighed 91 lbs.: it was fed in the
+usual manner with 4 lbs. of beef daily in one meal
+given in the evening. No. 2. weighed 100½ lbs.: it
+was supplied with 2 lbs. of beef at eight o’clock in the
+morning, and with a like quantity at the same hour in
+the evening daily. On Feb. 16 (after an interval of
+five weeks) they were again weighed. No. 1. had gained
+in weight 1 lb.: No. 2. had diminished in weight ½ lb.
+No alteration was observed in the latter animal as regarded
+his daily exercise; but he became more ferocious
+than he had previously been, and was particularly violent.</p>
+
+<div class='illo-wide'>
+
+<div  class='figcenter id001'>
+<a href='images/zoological-society-full.jpg'><img src='images/zoological-society-inline.png' alt='' class='ig001'></a>
+<div class='ic002'>
+<p>[The Puma.]</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+</div>
+
+<p class='c005'>On December 23 two <i>hyænas</i> were weighed. No. 1.
+weighed 86 lbs.: it was fed as usual with 3 lbs. of beef
+daily at one meal in the evening. No. 2. weighed 93 lbs.:
+it was supplied with the same quantity of beef daily,
+divided into two equal portions, one of which was given
+in the morning and the other in the evening. On
+February 16 (after an interval of eight weeks) they were
+again weighed; and No. 1. was found to have increased
+in weight 1 lb., while No. 2. had diminished in weight 1 lb.
+The latter animal was observed to take less exercise than
+he had previously been accustomed to, and slept more
+than usual: his temper was not affected, and he did not
+exhibit unusual signs of hunger.</p>
+
+<p class='c005'>During the continuance of the experiment all the animals
+were fasted one day in each week in common with
+the other carnivorous species kept in the menagerie.</p>
+
+<p class='c005'>From these experiments it appears that carnivorous
+<span lang="la"><i>mammalia</i></span> fed with two meals daily, do not continue
+in equally good condition with those which have the
+same quantity of flesh daily in one meal only. It further
+appears that in one instance (that of the <i>leopard</i>)
+the temper changed for the worse, and thus animals of
+the genus <span lang="la"><i>felis</i></span> might become more dangerous in a
+menagerie from the ferocity they would acquire under
+such treatment; and that in another instance the habits
+were altered as regarded exercise, a diminution of which,
+in confined animals, must be injurious to health. The
+inference deduced is consequently in favour of the continuance
+of the accustomed mode of feeding the purely
+carnivorous animals with one meal daily.</p>
+
+<p class='c005'>The same results were produced by the same experiments
+upon two of a species less completely carnivorous—the
+<span lang="la"><i>Paradoxure gennet</i></span>. It may be inferred from the
+circumstance, that quadrupeds of prey thrive best with
+long intervals between their meals, and that the difficulty
+which such animals experience in obtaining food is counterbalanced
+by their requiring it not so frequently as
+animals who feed on vegetables.</p>
+
+<div class='c006'></div>
+<hr class="divider">
+<div>
+  <h2 class='c003'>STATUE OF WILLIAM PITT.</h2>
+</div>
+
+<div class='illo-wide'>
+
+<div  class='figcenter id001'>
+<a href='images/statue-of-william-pitt-full.jpg'><img src='images/statue-of-william-pitt-inline.png' alt='A statue of a man standing in flowing robes, holding a tablet.' class='ig001'></a>
+</div>
+
+</div>
+
+<p class='c004'>A Colossal statue of bronze, of which the above is a
+representation, was erected in Hanover-square, at the end
+of last year, to the memory of William Pitt. The orator
+is represented in the act of speaking. This statue, which
+in many respects is the finest in London, is the work
+of Mr. Chantrey.</p>
+
+<div class='c006'></div>
+<hr class="divider">
+<div>
+  <h2 class='c003'>GLEANINGS IN NATURAL HISTORY.</h2>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c004'>We have occasionally selected a paragraph from a very
+pretty volume, by Mr. Jesse, published under the above
+title. The author lives in the neighbourhood of Kew;
+and, like Mr. White of Selborne, who made a small village
+in Hampshire one of the most interesting spots to
+the lover of nature, by his ample descriptions of the
+natural objects which he saw around him, Mr. Jesse has
+rendered his walks a vehicle for much instruction and
+amusement to himself and to others. He principally
+confines his attention to zoology—the most generally
+attractive of the departments of natural history; and he
+looks upon the animal world with so much practical
+wisdom, being disposed to be happy himself and to see
+every creature around him happy, that there are few
+persons who will not read his slight sketches with improvement
+to their hearts and understandings.</p>
+
+<p class='c005'><span class='pageno' id='Page_133'>133</span>We copy a passage descriptive of the manner of
+taking deer for hunting in the king’s parks:—</p>
+
+<div class='shrink'>
+
+<p class='c004'>“In addition to the herd of fallow-deer, amounting to about
+one thousand six hundred, which are kept in Richmond
+Park, there is generally a stock of from forty to fifty red
+deer. Some stags from the latter are selected every year,
+and sent to Swinley, in order to be hunted by the king’s
+stag hounds. When a stag, which has been hunted for
+three or four seasons, is returned to the park, to end his
+days there, he is generally more fierce and dangerous than
+any of the others at a particular season of the year. At that
+time it is sometimes not safe to approach him; and the
+keepers informed me, that they have been obliged to fire at
+them with buck shot, when they have been attacked by
+them. They account for this ferocity, by the circumstance
+of the deer having been much handled, and consequently
+rendered more familiar with, and less afraid of, those whom
+they would naturally shun.</p>
+
+<p class='c005'>“Does are longer lived than bucks. One doe in Richmond
+Park lived to be twenty years old; and there are
+other instances of their having attained the same age.</p>
+
+<p class='c005'>“A curious circumstance lately occurred, respecting the
+red deer in the park in question. In the year 1825, not a
+single calf was dropped by any of the hinds, though they
+had bred freely the preceding, and did the same in the subsequent
+year. I find an event recorded in the ‘Journal of a
+Naturalist,’ as having happened in the same year in regard
+to cows. It is there stated that, for many miles round the
+residence of the author, scarcely any female calves were
+born. This diminution of the usual breed of deer, and the
+increase of sex in another animal, is not a little remarkable.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class='illo-wide'>
+
+<div  class='figcenter id001'>
+<a href='images/gleanings-in-natural-history-full.jpg'><img src='images/gleanings-in-natural-history-inline.png' alt='' class='ig001'></a>
+<div class='ic002'>
+<p>[Red Deer.]</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class='shrink'>
+
+<p class='c004'>“There is a fine breed of buck-hounds in Richmond Park,
+and their sagacity is very extraordinary. In taking the
+deer, according to annual custom, either for the royal hunt
+or for the fattening paddocks, a stag or a buck, which has
+been previously fixed upon, is ridden out of the herd by two
+or three of the keepers in succession, each of whom is
+closely followed by a hound, the young dogs only being
+kept in slips. As soon as the deer has been separated from
+his companions, the dogs have the requisite signal given to
+them, and they immediately follow in pursuit. The scene
+is then highly interesting. A strong deer will afford a very
+long chase, but when he comes to bay, the dogs generally
+seize him by the throat or ears; the keepers come up, take
+him by the horns, and after having strapped his hind and
+fore legs together, put him into a cart which follows for the
+purpose, and he is then disposed of as he may be wanted.
+I have seen an active young keeper throw himself from
+his horse upon a deer at bay, which he had come up to at
+full gallop, and hold his horns till assistance arrived. Some
+danger, however, attends this sport; as, when a deer has
+been hard pressed, I have seen him, in more than one instance,
+suddenly turn upon the horsemen and injure the
+horses, and in one case wound the leg of the horseman.
+The dogs are so well trained, and are so soon made aware
+which buck is intended to be caught, that they seldom make
+a mistake, even if the deer regains the herd after having
+been driven from it, but press him through it, till they have
+again separated him from it. It is well known that when a
+hard-pressed deer tries to rejoin his companions, they endeavour
+to avoid and get away from him as much as possible,
+or try to drive him away with their horns. So severe is
+the chase in Richmond Park in taking deer, especially when
+the ground is wet, that three or four good horses may be
+tired by a single horseman in one day’s deer-taking, if each
+deer is ridden out of the herd, and followed till he is taken.
+When dogs are in slips, the man who holds them merely
+rides as near as he can to the person who is endeavouring
+to single out the deer, and awaits his signal for slipping the
+dog. These dogs, who are a large, rough sort of greyhound
+and very powerful and sagacious, are soon taught not to
+injure the deer when they come to them. The cry of ‘hold
+them,’ made use of by the keepers in urging them forward,
+seems to be perfectly understood by the dogs.”</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class='c006'></div>
+<hr class="divider">
+<div>
+  <h2 class='c003'>THE UNITED STATES.</h2>
+</div>
+
+<div class='shrink'>
+
+<p class='c007'>[Remarks on the Statistics and Political Institutions of the United
+States. By William Gore Ouseley, Esq., Attaché to his Majesty’s
+Legation at Washington. 8vo. London, Rodwell, 1832.]</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<p class='c005'>The book before us is rather a rambling one; and
+we cannot say that it appears to us to contain much
+that is new, or that it has been prepared with all the
+care, even in regard to its merely literary qualities,
+which ought to have been bestowed on it. But the work
+is written in a moderate, fair, and manly spirit, and is
+calculated to beget a very favourable opinion of the
+general liberality and philanthropy of the author’s views.
+Although it contains some sensible remarks upon Mrs.
+Trollope’s volumes, which we lately noticed, and also
+upon a variety of other minor points, the greater portion
+of it is devoted to an examination of the financial
+results of the American system of government, and a
+comparison of the burthens which it imposes upon the
+people with those which are borne by the inhabitants of
+England and of France. The settlement of this question
+appears to be the principal aim of the writer; and
+he has brought together the tables and estimates of
+various authorities by whom it has been investigated.</p>
+
+<p class='c005'>In looking at these statements, however, it must be
+borne in mind, that the two countries are differently
+situated in many other respects, as well as in regard to
+their political institutions; and the difference between
+the amount of taxes paid in the one and that paid in the
+other, may arise, wholly or in part, from circumstances
+with which the form of the government has really
+nothing whatever to do.</p>
+
+<p class='c005'>It is our duty to mention this circumstance to point
+out that any belief that the two countries can be brought
+to the same point of taxation is somewhat irrational.
+On the other hand we can have no hesitation in expressing
+an opinion, that the nearer they are assimilated,
+the greater will be the amount of public happiness
+in the more highly-taxed country. A wise government
+will always strive to reduce taxes to the lowest
+point that is compatible with security against foreign
+violence, the maintenance of the laws, and the preservation
+of national credit.</p>
+
+<p class='c005'>A great part of Mr. Gore Ouseley’s book is made up
+of extracts from the American Almanac, and other
+recent publications. The following passage, relating to
+the gold mines which have been lately opened in some
+of the Southern States of the Union, contains some
+curious and interesting information, which is also copied
+from other works, but which is not generally known:—</p>
+
+<div class='shrink'>
+
+<p class='c004'>“These mines have not been worked to any considerable
+extent for more than about five or six years, or probably
+much less. And yet many of them are worked upon an
+extensive scale, and mills for grinding the ore, propelled by
+water or by steam, are erected in vast numbers. The company
+of Messrs. Bissels, which is one of the most considerable,
+employs about 600 hands. The whole number of men
+now employed at the mines in these southern states is at least
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_134'>134</span>20,000. The weekly value of these mines is estimated at
+100,000 dollars, or more than one million sterling annually.
+But a small part of the gold is sent to the United States
+Mint. By far the larger part is sent to Europe, particularly
+to Paris.</p>
+
+<p class='c005'>“Of the working miners the greater number are foreigners—Germans,
+Swiss, Swedes, Spaniards, English, Welsh,
+Scotch, &#38;c. There are no less than <em>thirteen</em> different languages
+spoken at the mines in this State<a id='r2'></a><a href='#f2' class='c008'><sup>[2]</sup></a>! And men
+are flocking to the mines from all parts, and find ready
+employment. Hundreds of landowners and renters work
+the mines on their grounds on a small scale, not being able
+to encounter the expense of much machinery. The state of
+morals among the miners or labourers is represented to be
+deplorably bad. This may be attributed to the absence of
+any general organization as yet for the police and regulation
+of the mines, combined with the usual effects of gold upon the
+uneducated and needy classes of men (often not the most
+favourable specimens of their various nations) who generally
+seek employment in the gold districts. The village of
+Charlotte, in Mecklenburg County, is in the immediate
+vicinity of several of the largest mines. It is increasing
+rapidly.</p>
+
+<p class='c005'>“One interesting fact deserves mention:—When speaking
+of the gold mines, there are indubitable evidences that these
+mines were known and <em>worked</em> by the aboriginal inhabitants,
+or some other people, at a remote period. Many
+pieces of machinery which were used for this purpose have
+been found. Among them are several <i>crucibles</i> of earthenware,
+and far better than those now in use. Messrs. Bissels
+had tried three of them, and found that they lasted
+twice or three times as long as even the Hessian crucibles,
+which are the best now made. It is to be regretted that
+some antiquary has not had an opportunity of at least
+examining these curious relics; and it is hoped that they
+will be preserved in future, notwithstanding the temptation
+offered by their superior qualities.</p>
+
+<p class='c005'>“These gold mines prove that the whole region in which
+they abound was once under the powerful action of fire.
+And it is a fact, not generally known, that the miners who
+have come from the mines in South America and in Europe
+pronounce this region to be more abundant in gold than any
+other that has been found on the globe. There is no telling
+the extent of these mines; but sufficient is known to prove
+they are of vast extent.”—pp. 151-153.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<hr class='c009'>
+<div class='footnote' id='f2'>
+<p class='c005'><a href='#r2'>2</a>. North Carolina. The gold mines commence in Virginia, and
+extend south-west through North Carolina, part of South Carolina,
+Georgia, and Alabama, and end in Tennessee. The chief mines at
+present are those of North Carolina and Georgia.</p>
+</div>
+
+<div class='c006'></div>
+<hr class="divider">
+<div>
+  <h2 class='c003'>THE CALABRIAS.</h2>
+</div>
+
+<div class='shrink'>
+
+<p class='c007'>[Calabria; during a Military Residence of Three Years, &#38;c.
+In a Series of Letters, by a General Officer of the French Army,
+from the original MS. London, Effingham Wilson, 1832.]</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<p class='c005'>The Calabrias, which are divided into two provinces,
+citra and ultra, occupy the extremity of the South of
+Italy, forming a peninsula one hundred and seventy
+miles in length, and varying in breadth from seventy
+to thirty-five miles. The beautiful Mediterranean sea
+flows round this peninsula, and a chain of the Apennines
+intersects it. The summit of these mountains is a vast
+platform called La Syla, which is admirable for pasture,
+and well provided with farm-houses and villages. The
+plains washed by the sea would be everywhere most
+fertile, but they have been neglected, and permitted to
+become swamped and pestilentially unhealthy in many
+places.</p>
+
+<p class='c005'>A little work has just been published, which contains
+some instructive and amusing information with regard
+to this part of Italy. This work is the translation of a
+French volume, entitled ‘Lettres sur les Calabres, par
+un Officier Français,’ which was published at Paris
+some twelve or thirteen years since. What the Author
+may have become we know not, but when he wrote his
+Letters he was nothing more than a subaltern;—a clever
+man, as his little book proves, yet still only a lieutenant
+of the line. But the translator, or publisher, appears to
+consider that the high-sounding additions of, “A General
+Officer of the French Army” and “from the original
+MS.” are necessary to the success of the book in its
+English dress. It is to be regretted that a volume
+which contains much to inform and amuse should be
+introduced to the English reader with the aid of such
+useless quackery; for the work is really valuable in
+itself, and requires no such arts to recommend it.</p>
+
+<p class='c005'>During his three years’ residence, the Author of these
+Letters, which were written on the spot, when the
+scenery and the romantic adventures he was engaged in
+were fresh and full in his mind, traversed the Calabrias
+several times in their whole extent, and in pursuit of partisans
+and brigands climbed mountains and penetrated
+into wild glens which for ages had probably never been
+visited except by the native robber or huntsman. He
+saw and described all the great towns, and the sites
+of the ancient cities of Magna Græcia; and his account
+of the productions and curiosities, manners and customs
+of these provinces, is full and most amusing. We subjoin
+two or three passages, describing the physical character
+of the country and the manners of its people:—</p>
+
+<div class='shrink'>
+
+<p class='c004'>“The climate of Calabria varies according to the character
+and elevation of the soil, and is consequently favourable
+to all sorts of produce. In the plains, sheltered against the
+north wind, there are found sugar-canes, aloes, and date-trees;
+while the pine and birch cover the tops of the mountains.
+The great variety and richness of the productions of
+Calabria furnish an abundance of all the necessaries of life.
+It has grain of every description; wines which might be rendered
+as good as those of Spain and Languedoc, if the inhabitants
+had more intelligence and industry; and olive oil in
+such profusion, that it is kept in vast cisterns dug in the earth,
+or in the rock. Great quantities of silkworms (and silkworms
+of the very best quality) are bred here, which, together
+with the growth of cotton, form a considerable article of commerce.
+The liquorice root grows without cultivation; and
+in the forests is found a sort of manna, which is in great
+request. Immense droves of horned cattle pass alternately
+from the rich grazing grounds of the Syla to the aromatic
+pasture of the plains, where they remain during the winter.
+Their flocks are as vast as their herds. Their breed of
+horses is hardy, active, extremely swift, full of fire, and
+very numerous. And besides these the Calabrians have the
+excellent mule, so necessary for a mountainous country, and
+vast droves of the formidable buffalo, which they tame and
+employ in labour like an ox. In all parts of Calabria there
+is a great quantity of game of every description. The seacoasts
+abound with fish: the sword-fish alone supplies food
+to a part of the inhabitants during several months of the
+year, and the tunny forms a lucrative branch of commerce.…
+All this ought to produce comfort and opulence,
+but hardly any thing is met with but abject misery! Nature
+has done every thing for the country, but for many
+ages the vices of the government have marred its prosperity.
+The condition of the peasantry is most wretched:
+there is a total want of emulation. The climate and the
+soil do all the work. Productions of every kind are the
+spontaneous gifts of nature without any aid from art and
+industry. With the exception of a few cities, and some
+towns that are regularly built, all the other inhabited places
+present the most miserable and disgusting appearance: the
+whole interior of their houses is a mass of revolting filth:
+the pigs live familiarly with the inmates.… These
+people have no true principle of religion or morals. Like
+all ignorant masses, they are superstitious to excess. The
+most atrocious brigand carries in his bosom relics and
+images of saints, which he invokes at the very moment he is
+committing the greatest enormities.… The Calabrians
+are capable of being made excellent soldiers from their
+robust constitutions, their sobriety, activity, and quickness.
+If these people, isolated as they are from the rest of Europe,
+and entrenched behind impassable mountains, were actuated
+by a pure spirit of patriotism, political and religious,
+they would become invincible; and the country they inhabit
+might be rendered a sure and safe asylum against
+tyranny.”</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class='c006'></div>
+<hr class="divider">
+<div>
+  <h2 class='c003'>POEMS. <span class='sc'>By William Cullen Bryant</span>. London. Andrews, 1832.</h2>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c004'>Our reasons for noticing and recommending this
+volume to our readers are manifold. It is beautiful in
+itself; it is written by an American; it is one of the
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_135'>135</span>best specimens we have seen of the poetical genius of
+our transatlantic brethren; it is edited by Washington
+Irving, the most accomplished prose writer of America;
+and is by him dedicated or rather addressed to Samuel
+Rogers, the author of the ‘Pleasures of Memory,’ and
+who, at an advanced period of life, preserves all the
+generous glow of youth for letters and for arts, and for
+every thing connected with the intellectual improvement
+of mankind.</p>
+
+<p class='c005'>The exhibition of actual specimens of American taste
+and literature will tend to counteract the mischievous
+effects of those caricatures of American life and manners
+with which some authors have of late amused the spleen
+and prejudice of the British public. It is important to
+remove the illusion produced by writers of talent, who,
+professing to delineate national peculiarities truly, exaggerate
+and misrepresent them; regardless, and perhaps
+unconscious, that by using ridicule and sarcasm on
+such subjects they are renewing antipathies which never
+had a rational existence, and which years of friendly
+intercourse had almost annihilated; and are detaching
+from us the sympathies of those who by descent, community
+of free institutions (though differently modified),
+and identity of language, must naturally be well disposed
+towards us.</p>
+
+<p class='c005'>“During an intimacy of some years’ standing,” says
+Washington Irving to Samuel Rogers, “I have
+uniformly remarked a liberal interest on your part in
+the rising character and fortunes of my country, and a
+kind disposition to promote the success of American
+talent, whether engaged in literature or the arts. I am
+induced, therefore, as a tribute of gratitude, as well as a
+general testimonial of respect and friendship, to lay
+before you the present volume, in which, for the first
+time, are collected together the fugitive productions of
+one of our living poets, whose writings are deservedly
+popular throughout the United States.”</p>
+
+<p class='c005'>This is all as it should be, in relation both to Mr.
+Rogers and his friend. And we confess we augur most
+favourably of the taste of a country, <em>throughout</em> which,
+poetry so refined in sentiment, and so pure in execution
+and ornament, as that contained in the volume before
+us, enjoys popularity.</p>
+
+<p class='c005'>We began by recommending Mr. Bryant’s Poems.
+A perusal of the following specimen, as well as of one
+or two that we have lately printed separately, will justify
+our so doing, and there are many pieces in the volume
+of equal originality and beauty. A warm admiration of
+the works of nature, strong religious feeling towards
+the great Author of these works, a singular happiness
+of description, and a power of clothing his descriptions
+“with moral associations that make them speak to the
+heart,” “an independent spirit, and the buoyant aspirations
+incident to a youthful, a free, and a rising country<a id='r3'></a><a href='#f3' class='c008'><sup>[3]</sup></a>,”
+are among the charming characteristics of this American
+poet. We will only add, that the whole, while written
+in a style elegant enough to please the most fastidious, is
+simple and intelligible enough for the commonest reader.</p>
+
+<div class='nf-center-c0'>
+<div class='nf-center c006'>
+    <div>TO A WATERFOWL.</div>
+  </div>
+</div>
+
+<div class='lg-container-b'>
+  <div class='linegroup'>
+    <div class='group'>
+      <div class='line'>Whither, midst falling dew,</div>
+      <div class='line in2'>While glow the heavens with the last steps of day,</div>
+      <div class='line'>Far, through their rosy depths, dost thou pursue</div>
+      <div class='line in2'>Thy solitary way?</div>
+    </div>
+    <div class='group'>
+      <div class='line'>Vainly the fowler’s eye</div>
+      <div class='line in2'>Might mark thy distant flight to do thee wrong,</div>
+      <div class='line'>As, darkly painted on the crimson sky,</div>
+      <div class='line in2'>Thy figure floats along.</div>
+    </div>
+    <div class='group'>
+      <div class='line'>Seek’st thou thy plashy brink</div>
+      <div class='line in2'>Of weedy lake, or marge of river wide,</div>
+      <div class='line'>Or where the rocking billows rise and sink</div>
+      <div class='line in2'>On the chafed ocean-side?</div>
+    </div>
+    <div class='group'>
+      <div class='line'>There is a Power whose care</div>
+      <div class='line in2'>Teaches thy way along that pathless coast—</div>
+      <div class='line'>The desert and illimitable air—</div>
+      <div class='line in2'>Lone wandering, but not lost.</div>
+    </div>
+    <div class='group'>
+      <div class='line'>All day thy wings have fanned,</div>
+      <div class='line in2'>At that far height, the cold, thin atmosphere,</div>
+      <div class='line'>Yet stoop not, weary, to the welcome land,</div>
+      <div class='line in2'>Though the dark night is near.</div>
+    </div>
+    <div class='group'>
+      <div class='line'>And soon that toil shall end,</div>
+      <div class='line in2'>Soon shalt thou find a summer home, and rest</div>
+      <div class='line'>And scream among thy fellows; reeds shall bend</div>
+      <div class='line in2'>Soon o’er thy sheltered nest.</div>
+    </div>
+    <div class='group'>
+      <div class='line'>Thou’rt gone—the abyss of heaven</div>
+      <div class='line in2'>Hath swallowed up thy form; yet on my heart</div>
+      <div class='line'>Deeply hath sunk the lesson thou hast given,</div>
+      <div class='line in2'>And shall not soon depart.</div>
+    </div>
+    <div class='group'>
+      <div class='line'>He, who, from zone to zone,</div>
+      <div class='line in2'>Guides through the boundless sky thy certain flight,</div>
+      <div class='line'>In the long way that I must tread alone,</div>
+      <div class='line in2'>Will lead my steps aright.</div>
+    </div>
+  </div>
+</div>
+
+<hr class='c010'>
+<div class='footnote' id='f3'>
+<p class='c005'><a href='#r3'>3</a>. Washington Irving’s dedicatory Letter to Rogers.</p>
+</div>
+
+<div class='c006'></div>
+<hr class="divider">
+<div>
+  <h2 class='c003'>INDIA.</h2>
+</div>
+
+<div class='shrink'>
+
+<p class='c007'>[Pen and Pencil Sketches. Being the Journal of a Tour in India.
+By Captain Mundy, late Aide-de-Camp to Lord Combermere.
+2 vols. 8vo.]</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<p class='c005'>We recommend these two octavo volumes to those of
+our readers who may be able to obtain the perusal of
+them. We think that not only great amusement may be
+derived from Captain Mundy’s work, but that it supplies
+more information concerning the parts of our dominions
+in India that he visited, than may be collected from
+many ponderous volumes. In his lively chapters,
+indeed, amusement and <i>fun</i> (to use a homely word)
+go hand in hand with instruction. At the sketch of
+a human character, European or Indian, Hindoo or
+Mussulman, or at the sketch of a scene, the Captain is
+equally at home and happy; and in the first class of
+his essays he shows so generous and philanthropic a
+feeling, and in the second so fine a perception and appreciation
+of the beauties of nature, that he captivates both
+our affection and our taste. What we admire, too, as
+much as his talent—and this is perhaps generally the
+inseparable companion of intellect of a superior order—is
+his fine cheerfulness of spirit. In his daily life he is
+always disposed to make the best of things. He is as
+joyous in his tent, or the equally comfortless bungalow,
+as in the palace; palanqueens or the back of an elephant,
+Arabians or ragged coolies<a id='r4'></a><a href='#f4' class='c008'><sup>[4]</sup></a>, are all the same to him!
+Forward he goes on his journey, only telling you now
+and then that the thermometer is nearly at 100°, or
+that it is raining deluges; and he looks for, and finds
+amusement or interest of some kind or other wherever
+he moves! At one time we find him hunting the antelope
+with leopards, at another bringing down partridges
+with a “Manton;”—here seeing a tiger fighting with a
+rhinoceros, there <em>himself</em> in deadly conflict with a jungle
+tiger;—now Mac-adamizing or making roads at Simla,
+on the Steppes of the Himalaya mountains, now smoking
+his hookah at Calcutta. At his professional duties he
+is as cheerful as at his sports, and one cannot help perceiving
+he is in possession of that valuable but very attainable
+secret of making “a pleasure of business.”</p>
+
+<p class='c005'>The following piece of practical philosophy, or how
+to make the best of a bad lodging, is a lesson for all
+classes:—</p>
+
+<div class='shrink'>
+
+<p class='c004'>“The elevation of Simla above the sea is seven thousand
+eight hundred feet; and, during the month of May, I find
+the thermometer was never higher than 73°, or lower than
+55°, in my <i>garret</i>. This apartment, occupied by me during
+our stay in the hills, was pervious both to heat and cold,
+being, in fact, of that elevated character, which in England
+is usually devoted to cheeses, or apples and onions, and
+forming the interval between the ceiling of the dining-room
+and the wooden pent-roof of the house, which descending
+in a slope quite to the floor, only admitted of my standing
+upright in the centre. Though this canopy of planks was
+lined with white-washed canvas, it by no means excluded
+the rains so peremptorily as I, not being an amphibious
+animal, could have wished; and, during some of the grand
+storms, the hailstones rattled with such stunning effect
+upon the drum-like roof, that the echo sung in my ears for
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_136'>136</span>a week after. This my exalted dormitory was rendered accessible
+by a wooden ladder; but, spite of its sundry désagrémens,
+I thanked my stars—in whose near neighbourhood
+I was—for my luck in getting any shelter at all, without the
+trouble of building, in the present crowded state of Simla.
+I enjoyed a splendid view from my windows (I beg pardon,
+window), and the luxury of privacy, except at night, when
+the rats sustained an eternal carnival, keeping me in much
+the same state as Whittington during his first week in London.
+I soon grew tired of bumping my head against the roof
+in pursuit of these four-footed Pindarrees<a id='r5'></a><a href='#f5' class='c008'><sup>[5]</sup></a>, and at length
+became callous to their nocturnal orgies—and kept a cat<a id='r6'></a><a href='#f6' class='c008'><sup>[6]</sup></a>.”</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<p class='c004'>Even an hair-breadth escape from a midnight robber
+in no way interrupts the Captain’s joyous mood:—</p>
+
+<div class='shrink'>
+
+<p class='c004'>“I retired to my tent this evening pretty well knocked up;
+and during the night had an adventure, which might have
+terminated with more loss to myself, had I slept sounder.
+My bed, a low canopy, or ‘four feet,’ was in one corner of
+the tent, close to a door, and I woke several times from a
+feverish doze, fancying I heard something moving in my
+tent; but could not discover anything, though a cherang, or
+little Indian lamp, was burning on the table. I therefore
+again wooed the balmy power, and slept. At length, just
+as ‘the iron tongue of midnight had told twelve’ (for I had
+looked at my watch five minutes before, and replaced it
+under my pillow), I was awakened by a rustling sound under
+my head; and, half opening my eyes, without changing my
+position, I saw a hideous black face within a foot of mine,
+and the owner of this index of a cut-throat, or, at least, cut-purse
+disposition, kneeling on the carpet, with one hand
+under my pillow, and the other grasping—not a dagger!—but
+the door-post. Still without moving my body, and with
+half-closed eyes, I gently stole my right hand to a boar-spear,
+which at night was always placed between my bed
+and the wall; and as soon as I had clutched it, made a rapid
+and violent movement, in order to wrench it from its place,
+and try the virtue of its point upon the intruder’s body—but
+I wrenched in vain. Fortunately for the robber, my bearer,
+in placing the weapon in its usual recess, had forced the
+point into the top of the tent and the butt into the ground so
+firmly, that I failed to extract it at the first effort; and my
+visitor, alarmed by the movement, started upon his feet and
+rushed through the door. I had time to see that he was
+perfectly naked, with the exception of a black blanket twisted
+round his loins, and that he had already stowed away in his
+cloth my candlesticks and my dressing-case, which latter
+contained letters, keys, money, and other valuables. I had
+also leisure, in that brief space, to judge, from the size of
+the arm extended to my bed, that the bearer was more
+formed for activity than strength; and, by his grizzled
+beard, that he was rather old than young. I, <em>therefore</em>,
+sprung from my bed, and darting through the purdar of the
+inner door, seized him by the cummerbund just as he was
+passing the outer entrance<a id='r7'></a><a href='#f7' class='c008'><sup>[7]</sup></a>. The cloth, however, being
+loose, gave way, and ere I could confirm my grasp, he
+snatched it from my hand, tearing away my thumb-nail
+down to the quick. In his anxiety to escape, he stumbled
+through the outer purdar, and the much-esteemed dressing-case
+fell out of his loosened zone. I was so close at his
+heels, that he could not recover it; and jumping over the
+tent-ropes—which, doubtless, the rogue calculated would
+trip me up—he ran towards the road. I was in such a fury,
+that, forgetting my bare feet, I gave chase, vociferating lustily,
+‘Choor! choor!’ (thief! thief!) but was soon brought
+up by some sharp stones, just in time to see my rascal, by
+the faint light of the room through the thick foliage overhead,
+jump upon a horse standing unheld near the road,
+and dash down the path at full speed, his black blanket flying
+in the wind. What would I have given for my double-barrelled
+Joe at that moment! As he and his steed went
+clattering along the rocky forest road, I thought of the
+black huntsman of the Hartz, or the erl-king! Returning
+to my tent, I solaced myself by abusing my servants, who
+were just rubbing their eyes and stirring themselves, and by
+threatening the terrified sepoy sentry with a court-martial.
+My trunks at night were always placed outside the tent,
+under the sentry’s eye; the robber, therefore, must have
+made his entry on the opposite side, and he must have been
+an adept in his vocation, as four or five servants were sleeping
+between the khanauts. The poor devil did not get much
+booty for his trouble, having only secured a razor, a pot of
+pomatum (which will serve to lubricate his person for his
+next exploit<a id='r8'></a><a href='#f8' class='c008'><sup>[8]</sup></a>), and the candlesticks, which on closer inspection,
+will prove to him the truth of the axiom, that ‘all is
+not gold that glitters,’ nor even silver.… The next
+morning, on relating my adventure, I was told that I was
+fortunate in having escaped cold steel; and many more comfortable
+instances were recited, of the robbed being stabbed in
+attempting to secure the robber<a id='r9'></a><a href='#f9' class='c008'><sup>[9]</sup></a>.”</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<p class='c004'>But it is in his account of Indian hunting with
+which the volumes abound, and which are truly excellent,
+that Captain Mundy gives full way to his buoyant
+spirit and hilarity: and as the animal pursued is not the
+timid hare or the paltry fox, but generally the cruel,
+destructive, and formidable tiger, and as there is both
+adventure and danger, we can frequently follow him in
+these hunts with great interest. The following account
+of the sagacity of an elephant in a lion-hunt must conclude
+our extracts:—</p>
+
+<div class='shrink'>
+
+<p class='c004'>“A lion had charged my friend’s elephant, and he, having
+wounded the lion, was in the act of leaning forward in order
+to fire another shot, when the front of the howdah (elephant’s
+castle) suddenly gave way, and he was precipitated
+over the head of the elephant into the very jaws of the furious
+beast. The lion, though severely hurt, immediately seized
+him, and would doubtless shortly have put a fatal termination
+to the conflict, had not the elephant, urged by the
+mahout (the driver, who sits on the elephant’s neck), stepped
+forward, though greatly alarmed, and grasping in her
+trunk the top of a young tree, bent it down hard across the
+loins of the lion, and thus forced the tortured animal to quit
+his hold! My friend’s life was thus preserved, but his arm
+was broken in two places, and he was severely clawed on
+the breast and shoulders. The lion was afterwards slain
+by the other sportsmen who came up.”</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<hr class='c009'>
+<div class='footnote' id='f4'>
+<p class='c005'><a href='#r4'>4</a>. A coolie is a rough Indian pony.</p>
+</div>
+<div class='footnote' id='f5'>
+<p class='c005'><a href='#r5'>5</a>. An immense association of robbers that a few years ago devastated
+India. They have been suppressed by the British.</p>
+</div>
+<div class='footnote' id='f6'>
+<p class='c005'><a href='#r6'>6</a>. Vol. i. p. 235.</p>
+</div>
+<div class='footnote' id='f7'>
+<p class='c005'><a href='#r7'>7</a>. The tents in India have double flies; the outer khanaut, or wall,
+forming a verandah, of some four feet wide, round the interior
+pavilion.</p>
+</div>
+<div class='footnote' id='f8'>
+<p class='c005'><a href='#r8'>8</a>. Indian thieves oil their naked bodies to render their seizure
+difficult.</p>
+</div>
+<div class='footnote' id='f9'>
+<p class='c005'><a href='#r9'>9</a>. Vol. i. p. 165.</p>
+</div>
+
+<div class='c006'></div>
+<hr class="divider">
+
+<p class='c004'>⁂ For notices to Correspondents, see the Wrapper of the Monthly
+Part.</p>
+
+<div class='c006'></div>
+<hr class="divider">
+
+<div class='shrink'>
+
+<p class='c007'>⁂ The Penny Magazine will, in most cases, be delivered <em>weekly</em>
+in the Towns of the United Kingdom, by Booksellers and Newsvenders,
+to whom Subscribers should address their Orders. It cannot
+be sent by Post as a Newspaper is, being unstamped. For the convenience
+of those, who, residing in country places, cannot obtain the
+Publication at regular <em>weekly</em> intervals, the Numbers published
+during each Month will be stitched together to form a <i>Monthly
+Part</i>. That this Part may be sold at a convenient and uniform
+price, a <span class='sc'>Monthly Supplement</span>, consisting chiefly of Notices of such
+<em>New Books</em> as we think right to give a place to in ‘the Library,’
+will appear with the regular Number on the last Saturday in the
+Month. The price of the Part, whether consisting of five or of six
+Numbers, will be <span class='sc'>Sixpence</span>; each Part will be neatly and strongly
+done up, in a wrapper. Thus, the <em>annual</em> Expense of Twelve Parts
+will be Six Shillings, viz.:—</p>
+
+<div style="max-width:40em;margin:auto;">
+<table class='table0'>
+<colgroup>
+<col class='colwidth75'>
+<col class='colwidth16'>
+<col class='colwidth8'>
+</colgroup>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c011'>&#160;</td>
+    <td class='c012'><i>s.</i></td>
+    <td class='c013'><i>d.</i></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c011'>52 Regular Numbers</td>
+    <td class='c012'>4</td>
+    <td class='c013'>4</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c011'>12 Supplements</td>
+    <td class='c012'>1</td>
+    <td class='c013'>0</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c011'>12 Wrappers</td>
+    <td class='c012'>0</td>
+    <td class='c013'>8</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c011'>&#160;</td>
+    <td class='sumline c013' colspan='2'></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c011'>&#160;</td>
+    <td class='c012'>6</td>
+    <td class='c013'>0</td>
+  </tr>
+</table>
+</div>
+
+</div>
+
+<hr class='c014'>
+<div class='colophon'>
+
+<div class='nf-center-c0'>
+<div class='nf-center c000'>
+    <div>LONDON:—CHARLES KNIGHT, PALL-MALL EAST.</div>
+  </div>
+</div>
+
+<div class='nf-center-c0'>
+<div class='nf-center c002'>
+    <div><i>Shopkeepers and Hawkers may be supplied Wholesale by the following Booksellers:—</i></div>
+  </div>
+</div>
+
+<div class='colophon-left'>
+
+<div class='lg-container-l'>
+  <div class='linegroup'>
+    <div class='group'>
+      <div class='line'><i>London</i>, <span class='sc'>Groombridge</span>, Panyer Alley, Paternoster Row.</div>
+      <div class='line'><i>Bath</i>, <span class='sc'>Simms</span>.</div>
+      <div class='line'><i>Birmingham</i>, <span class='sc'>Drake</span>.</div>
+      <div class='line'><i>Bristol</i>, <span class='sc'>Westley</span> and Co.</div>
+      <div class='line'><i>Carlisle</i>, <span class='sc'>Thurnam</span>; and <span class='sc'>Scott</span>.</div>
+      <div class='line'><i>Derby</i>, <span class='sc'>Wilkins</span> and <span class='sc'>Son</span>.</div>
+      <div class='line'><i>Devonport</i>, <span class='sc'>Byers</span>.</div>
+      <div class='line'><i>Doncaster</i>, <span class='sc'>Brooke</span> and Co.</div>
+      <div class='line'><i>Exeter</i>, <span class='sc'>Balle</span>.</div>
+      <div class='line'><i>Falmouth</i>, <span class='sc'>Philip</span>.</div>
+      <div class='line'><i>Hull</i>, <span class='sc'>Stephenson</span>.</div>
+      <div class='line'><i>Kendal</i>, <span class='sc'>Hudson</span> and <span class='sc'>Nicholson</span>.</div>
+      <div class='line'><i>Leeds</i>, <span class='sc'>Baines</span> and <span class='sc'>Newsome</span>.</div>
+      <div class='line'><i>Lincoln</i>, <span class='sc'>Brooke</span> and <span class='sc'>Sons</span>.</div>
+    </div>
+  </div>
+</div>
+
+</div>
+<div class='colophon-right'>
+
+<div class='lg-container-l'>
+  <div class='linegroup'>
+    <div class='group'>
+      <div class='line'><i>Liverpool</i>, <span class='sc'>Willmer</span> and <span class='sc'>Smith</span>.</div>
+      <div class='line'><i>Manchester</i>, <span class='sc'>Robinson</span>; and <span class='sc'>Webb</span> and <span class='sc'>Simms</span>.</div>
+      <div class='line'><i>Newcastle-upon-Tyne</i>, <span class='sc'>Charnley</span>.</div>
+      <div class='line'><i>Norwich</i>, <span class='sc'>Jarrold</span> and <span class='sc'>Son</span>.</div>
+      <div class='line'><i>Nottingham</i>, <span class='sc'>Wright</span>.</div>
+      <div class='line'><i>Oxford</i>, <span class='sc'>Slatter</span>.</div>
+      <div class='line'><i>Plymouth</i>, <span class='sc'>Nettleton</span>.</div>
+      <div class='line'><i>Portsen</i>, <span class='sc'>Horsey</span>, Jun.</div>
+      <div class='line'><i>Sheffield</i>, <span class='sc'>Ridge</span>.</div>
+      <div class='line'><i>Staffordshire, Lane End</i>, <span class='sc'>C. Watts</span>.</div>
+      <div class='line'><i>Worcester</i>, <span class='sc'>Deighton</span>.</div>
+      <div class='line'><i>Dublin</i>, <span class='sc'>Wakeman</span>.</div>
+      <div class='line'><i>Edinburgh</i>, <span class='sc'>Oliver</span> and <span class='sc'>Boyd</span>.</div>
+      <div class='line'><i>Glasgow</i>, <span class='sc'>Atkinson</span> and Co.</div>
+    </div>
+  </div>
+</div>
+
+</div>
+<div class='clear'>
+
+<div class='nf-center-c0'>
+  <div class='nf-center'>
+    <div>Printed by <span class='sc'>William Clowes</span>, Stamford Street.</div>
+  </div>
+</div>
+
+</div>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class='pbb'>
+ <hr class='pb c002'>
+</div>
+<div>
+
+<p class='c015'></p>
+
+</div>
+<div class='transcribers-notes'>
+
+<div class='nf-center-c1'>
+  <div class='nf-center'>
+    <div><span class='xlarge'>Transcriber’s Notes</span></div>
+  </div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c016'>New original cover art included with this eBook is granted to the public domain. Itemized changes from the original text:</p>
+  <ul  class='ul_1'>
+    <li><a href='#tn-interruption'>p. 131, footnote</a>: Changed single to double closing quote after 
+    phrase “which must be occasioned even by short and casual interruptions.”
+    </li>
+  </ul>
+
+</div>
+
+<div style='text-align:center'>*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 76875 ***</div>
+  </body>
+  <!-- created with ppgen.py 3.57e (with regex) on 2025-09-15 06:01:21 GMT -->
+</html>
+
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author	pgww <pgww@lists.pglaf.org>	2025-09-15 01:22:02 -0700
committer	pgww <pgww@lists.pglaf.org>	2025-09-15 01:22:02 -0700
commit	3ea44ef905a33f6b8dbb56004638818342474548 (patch)
tree	f66874c31d7efbb2fee1e24554f2886a91492b51 /76875-h