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diff --git a/76618-0.txt b/76618-0.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..048ef93 --- /dev/null +++ b/76618-0.txt @@ -0,0 +1,9491 @@ + +*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 76618 *** + + + + + +Transcriber’s Notes: + + Underscores “_” before and after a word or phrase indicate _italics_ + in the original text. + Equal signs “=” before and after a word or phrase indicate =bold= + in the original text. + Small capitals have been converted to SOLID capitals. + Illustrations have been moved so they do not break up paragraphs. + Typographical and punctuation errors have been silently corrected. + The scale factor for the illustrations has been included in file, + however this will be meaningless in an ebook since we have no + control over how big the displayed image will be. + + + + +[Illustration: Mimulus Lewisii Pursh. (⅔ Nat.) Red Monkey-Flower.] + + + + + Alpine Flora + of the + Canadian Rocky Mountains + + By + Stewardson Brown + + Curator of Herbarium Academy of Natural Sciences + Philadelphia + + Illustrated with Water-Colour Drawings and Photographs + By + Mrs. Charles Schäffer + + G. P. Putnam’s Sons + New York and London + The Knickerbocker Press + 1907 + + COPYRIGHT, 1907 + BY + G. P. PUTNAM’S SONS + + OFFERED TO THE LOVERS OF ALPINE + FLORÆ IN THE MEMORY OF DR. CHARLES + SCHÄFFER OF PHILADELPHIA, WHO WAS + AMONG THE PIONEER BOTANISTS OF THE + CANADIAN ROCKIES, AND WHO EARLY + RECOGNISED THIS REGION AS A NEW + AND INTERESTING FIELD FOR STUDY + + + + +PREFACE + + +The present volume, though prepared in manual form, is meant only as +a guide to the rich and interesting flora of the Canadian Rockies and +Selkirks or those portions traversed by the Canadian Pacific Railway +between Banff and Glacier. While many of the plants herein described +are found throughout the entire region, yet the species characteristic +of the two mountain ranges are vastly different. For the most part +those of the Rockies might be characterised as plants adapted to +the withstanding of severe conditions of drouth and cold, being +mostly low and tufted, with small surfaces of leaf exposure, either +thick and leathery or in many instances with an ample covering of +protecting hairs; while those of the Selkirks, owing to the more humid +atmospheric conditions, are essentially moisture-loving forms, with a +luxuriant growth of stems and leaves; it is only where the conditions +are similar in the two regions that we find the same or similar forms +existing. Few of the more characteristic Rocky Mountain species extend +west of the divide, while of those of the Selkirks, few extend east +of it, except where there is a luxuriant forest growth, with the +consequent retention of moisture, and then only at altitudes of from +2000 to 3000 feet greater. + +Contrasting the plants of this region with those of the European Alps +it is interesting to note, that while the species are for the most +part vastly different, yet there is a certain close resemblance in the +families and genera which are represented; the Anemones are here, but +not in the scarlets and crimsons, running more to whites and purples, +and so are the Buttercups, dwarf many of them, but with large, showy +flowers; the Saxifrages and Drabas are innumerable as are the Vetches +and also the Heaths, but the latter with fewer and very different +species. Some plants, however, like the White Mountain Avens (_Dryas +octopetala_), the Butterwort (_Pinguicula vulgaris_), the Moss Campion +(_Silene acaulis_), the Mountain Cranberry (_Vitis-idæa_) and the +Low Cranberry (_Oxycoccus_), the One-flowered Wintergreen (_Moneses +uniflora_), the Forget-me-not (_Myosotis alpestris_) and others are +found on both sides of the Atlantic, yet we have no such array of +Primroses or Gentians as our European brothers, though both genera are +represented with us, while on the other hand they can boast of nothing +comparable to our Indian Paint-Brush, found throughout the region on +the river shores and bars during late June and early July and later +through the summer in its innumerable forms and colours in the moist +alpine meadows and slopes. + +The ferns and their allies with the more striking of the trees and +shrubs have been included in the present work, together with the +majority of the herbaceous flowering plants, though some of the largely +represented but less striking groups such as the Grasses, Sedges, +and Willows have been entirely omitted, not seeming of sufficient +general interest to warrant the space required for their intelligent +treatment. The species are arranged in accordance with their scientific +relationships, with keys to the genera and a general key to the +families. Among the illustrations herein contained, many of the plants +of the Northwest are figured for the first time. + +Acknowledgment is here made to Messrs. David McNicoll, Robert Kerr, and +other officials and employees of the Canadian Pacific Railway Company +through whose courtesy was made possible the gathering of the data for +the basis of this work. + + S. B. + + ACADEMY OF NATURAL SCIENCES, + PHILADELPHIA, October 28, 1907. + + + + +CONTENTS + + + PAGE + PREFACE v + GLOSSARY xxv + GENERAL KEY TO THE FAMILIES xxxiii + ADDER’S-TONGUE FAMILY 1 + FERN FAMILY 3 + HORSETAIL FAMILY 14 + CLUB-MOSS FAMILY 18 + SELAGINELLA FAMILY 22 + PINE FAMILY 23 + YEW FAMILY 34 + ARUM FAMILY 35 + BUNCH-FLOWER FAMILY 36 + LILY FAMILY 41 + LILY-OF-THE-VALLEY FAMILY 45 + IRIS FAMILY 52 + ORCHID FAMILY 53 + WILLOW FAMILY 68 + BIRCH FAMILY 70 + MISTLETOE FAMILY 72 + SANDALWOOD FAMILY 73 + BUCKWHEAT FAMILY 75 + PURSLANE FAMILY 80 + PINK FAMILY 81 + CROWFOOT FAMILY 90 + BARBERRY FAMILY 109 + POPPY FAMILY 110 + MUSTARD FAMILY 111 + STONE-CROP FAMILY 125 + GRASS-OF-PARNASSUS FAMILY 126 + SAXIFRAGE FAMILY 128 + GOOSEBERRY FAMILY 146 + ROSE FAMILY 150 + APPLE FAMILY 165 + PLUM FAMILY 167 + PEA FAMILY 168 + FLAX FAMILY 182 + CROWBERRY FAMILY 183 + STAFF-TREE FAMILY 184 + MAPLE FAMILY 185 + ST. JOHN’S-WORT FAMILY 186 + VIOLET FAMILY 187 + OLEASTER FAMILY 191 + EVENING PRIMROSE FAMILY 193 + GINSENG FAMILY 199 + CELERY FAMILY 201 + DOGWOOD FAMILY 205 + WINTERGREEN FAMILY 207 + HEATH FAMILY 211 + HUCKLEBERRY FAMILY 220 + PRIMROSE FAMILY 226 + GENTIAN FAMILY 231 + BUCKBEAN FAMILY 236 + DOGBANE FAMILY 237 + WATER-LEAF FAMILY 238 + BORAGE FAMILY 240 + MINT FAMILY 244 + FIGWORT FAMILY 248 + BUTTERWORT FAMILY 262 + MADDER FAMILY 263 + HONEYSUCKLE FAMILY 264 + VALERIAN FAMILY 271 + BELLFLOWER FAMILY 273 + CHICORY FAMILY 275 + THISTLE FAMILY 283 + INDEX 323 + + + + +ILLUSTRATIONS + + + PLATE FACING PAGE + + Mimulus Lewisii Pursh. _Red Monkey-Flower_ _Frontispiece_ + + 1 Pinus albicaulis Engelm. _White Pine_ 24 + 1 Pinus Murrayana Oreg. Com. _Jack Pine_ 24 + + 2 Larix Lyallii Parl. _Lyall’s Larch_ 26 + 2 Thuja plicata Don. _Giant Cedar_ 26 + + 3 Abies lasiocarpa (Hook) Nutt. _Balsam Fir_ 28 + 3 Pseudotsuga mucronata (Raf.) Sudw. _Douglas Fir_ 28 + + 4 Tsuga Mertensiana (Bong.) Carr. _Mountain Hemlock_ 30 + 4 Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg. _Hemlock_ 30 + + 5 Picea albertiana. S. Brown. _Alberta Spruce_ 32 + 5 Picea albertiana. S. Brown. _Alberta Spruce_ 32 + + 6 Zygadenus elegans Pursh. _Tall Zygadenus_ 38 + 6 Zygadenus gramineus Rydb. _Zygadenus_ 38 + + 7 Stenanthella occidentalis (A. Gray). Rydb. _Stenanthium_ 40 + 7 Clintonia uniflora Kunth. _Clintonia_ 40 + + 8 Tofieldia intermedia Rydb. _False Asphodel_ 42 + 8 Vagnera stellata (L) Morong. _Star-Flowered Solomon’s Seal_ 42 + + 9 Erythronium grandiflorum. Pursh. _Snow Lily_ 44 + + 10 Lilium montanum A. Nels. _Red Mountain-Lily_ 46 + 10 Kruhsea streptopoides (Ledeb) Kearney. _Kruhsea_ 46 + + 11 Cypripedium passerinum Rich. _Small White Lady’s Slipper_ 54 + 11 Cypripedium parviflorum Salisb. _Small Yellow Lady’s Slipper_ 54 + + 12 Corallorhiza Corallorhiza (L). Karst. _Coral-Root_ 56 + 12 Lyschiton kamtschatcense (L.) Schott. _Western Skunk-Cabbage_ 56 + + 13 Cytherea bulbosa (L.) House. _Calypso_ 58 + 13 Orchis rotundifolia Pursh. _Small Round-Leaved Orchid_ 58 + + 14 Limnorchis dilatatiformis Rydb. _Purplish-Green Bog-Orchid_ 62 + 14 Peramium Menziesii (Lindl.) Morong. _Menzies’ Rattlesnake + Plantain_ 62 + + 15 Ophrys borealis (Morong). _Northern Twayblade_ 64 + 15 Ophrys nephrophylla Rydb. _Heart-Shaped Twayblade_ 64 + 15 Cœloglossum bracteatum (Willd) Parl. _Long-Bracted Orchid_ 64 + 15 Limnorchis fragrans Rydb. _Fragrant White Bog-Orchid_ 64 + 15 Lysiella obtusata (Pursh) Rydb. _Small Northern Bog-Orchid_ 64 + + 16 Comandra pallida DC. _White Comandra_ 74 + 16 Eriogonum subalpinum Greene. _Tall White Eriogonum_ 74 + + 17 Claytonia lanceolata Pursh. _Spring Beauty_ 80 + 17 Claytonia parvifolia Moc. _Small-Leaved Spring Beauty_ 80 + + 18 Silene acaulis L. _Moss Campion_ 82 + 18 Lychnis apetala L. _Nodding Lychnis_ 82 + + 19 Alsine borealis (Bigel.) Britton. _Northern Stitchwort_ 86 + 19 Mœhringia lateriflora (L.) _Blunt-Leaved Sandwort_ 86 + 19 Arenaria capillaris nardifolia (Ledeb.) Regel. + _Rock Sandwort_ 86 + + 20 Caltha leptosepala Hook. _Caltha leptosepala_ 104 + 20 Trollius albiflorus (A. Gray) Rydb. _Western Globe-Flower_ 104 + + 21 Aquilegia brevistyla Hook. _Small Blue Columbine_ 102 + + 22 Aquilegia flavescens S. Wats. _Yellow Columbine_ 106 + 22 Aquilegia formosa Fisch. _Western Columbine_ 106 + + 23 Delphinium Brownii Rydb. _Mountain Larkspur_ 108 + 23 Anemone globosa Nutt. _Wind-Flower_ 108 + + 24 Anemone Drummondii S. Wats. _Alpine Anemone_ 92 + 24 Anemone parviflora Michx. _Northern Anemone_ 92 + + 25 Pulsatilla hirsutissima (Pursh) Britton _Pasque-Flower_ 94 + 25 Pulsatilla occidentalis (S. Wats.) Freyn. _Western Anemone_ 94 + + 26 Atragene columbiana Nutt. _Purple Virgin’s-Bower_ 90 + + 27 Ranunculus saxicola Rydb. _Ranunculus saxicola_ 100 + 27 Ranunculus alpeophilus. A Nels. _Ranunculus alpeophilus_ 100 + 27 Ranunculus Eschscholtzii Schl. _Snow Buttercup_ 100 + + 28 Ranunculus eremogenes Greene. _Ditch Crowfoot_ 98 + 28 Ranunculus Purshii Richards. _Pursh’s Buttercup_ 98 + 28 Ranunculus inamœnus Greene _Ranunculus inamœnus_ 98 + + 29 Thalictrum megacarpum Torr. _Thalictrum megacarpum_ 96 + 29 Thalictrum occidentale A. Gray. _Western Meadow Rue_ 96 + + 30 Delphinium Menziesii DC. _Blue Larkspur_ 110 + 30 Lithophragma parviflora (Hook.) Nutt. _Lithophragma_ 110 + + 31 Physaria didymocarpa (Hook.) A. Gray. _Bladder-Pod_ 116 + 31 Smelowskia calycina (Desv.) C. A. Meyer. _Smelowskia_ 116 + + 32 Draba oligosperma Hook. _Whitlow-Grass_ 112 + 32 Draba andina (Nutt.) A. Nels. _Mountain Whitlow-Grass_ 112 + + 33 Draba glacialis Adams _Whitlow-Grass_ 114 + 33 Draba aurea Vahl. _Golden Whitlow-Grass_ 114 + + 34 Parnassia montanensis Rydb. & Fern. + _Marsh Grass-of-Parnassus_ 126 + 34 Ribes lacustre (Pers.) Poir. _Swamp Gooseberry_ 126 + + 35 Mitella nuda L. _Naked Bishop’s-Cap_ 132 + 35 Pectiantia pentandra (Hook.) Rydb. _Mitrewort_ 132 + + 36 Saxifraga cernua L. _Nodding Saxifrage_ 136 + 36 Saxifraga rivularis L. _Alpine Brook Saxifrage_ 136 + + 37 Micranthes Nelsoniana (D. Don.) Small. _Nelson’s Saxifrage_ 140 + 37 Micranthes Lyallii (Engler) Small. _Lyall’s Saxifrage_ 140 + + 38 Muscaria cæspitosa (L.) Haw. _Tufted Saxifrage_ 138 + 38 Micranthes rhomboidea (Greene) Small. _Mountain Saxifrage_ 138 + + 39 Spatularia Brunoniana (Bong.) Small. _Tall Saxifrage_ 142 + 39 Leptasea austromontana (Wiegand), Small. _Common Saxifrage_ 142 + + 40 Tiarella unifoliata Hook. _Western Foam-Flower_ 150 + 40 Lutkea pectinata (Pursh) Kuntze. _Cut-Leaved Lutkea_ 150 + + 41 Rubus pedatus Smith. _Creeping Raspberry_ 152 + + 42 Rubus parviflorus. Nutt. _Salmon-Berry_ 156 + + 43 Fragaria glauca (S. Wats.) Rydb. _Wild Strawberry_ 158 + 43 Amelanchier florida Lindl. _Service-Berry_ 158 + + 44 Dryas octopetala L. _White Mountain Avens_ 164 + 44 Dryas Drummondii Rich. _Drummond’s Mountain Avens_ 164 + + 45 Geum strictum Ait. _Yellow Avens_ 162 + 45 Sieversia ciliata (Pursh) Don. _Long-Plumed Purple Avens_ 162 + + 46 Phaca americana (Hook.) Rydb. _Arctic Vetch_ 172 + 46 Homalobus aboriginorum (Rich) Rydb. _Indian Vetch_ 172 + + 47 Aragallus deflexus. (Pall.) Heller. _Drooping Vetch_ 176 + 47 Aragallus viscidulus Rydb. _Sticky Oxytrope_ 176 + + 48 Aragallus Lamberti (Pursh) Greene. _Loco Weed_ 180 + 48 Lathyrus ochroleucus Hook. _White Vetch_ 180 + + 49 Empetrum nigrum L. _Black Crowberry_ 182 + 49 Linum Lewisii Pursh. _Wild Blue-Flax_ 182 + + 50 Pachystima myrsinites (Pursh) Raf. _Mountain Lover_ 184 + 50 Viola adunca longipes (Nutt.) Rydb. _Dog Violet_ 184 + + 51 Elæagnus argentea Pursh. _Silver-Berry_ 190 + 51 Lepargyræa canadensis (L.) Greene _Buffalo-Berry_ 190 + + 52 Epilobium luteum Pursh. _Yellow Willow-Herb_ 194 + 52 Chamænerion latifolium (L.) Sweet. _Broad-Leaved Willow-Herb_194 + + 53 Chamænerion angustifolium (L.) Scop. _Fire-Weed_ 196 + 53 Berberis aquifolium Pursh. _Trailing Mahonia_ 196 + + 54 Echinopanax horridum. (Smith) Dec. & Planch. _Devil’s Club_ 200 + + 55 Cornus canadensis intermedia Farr. _Bunch-Berry_ 204 + + 56 Pyrola asarifolia Michx. _Liver-Leaf Wintergreen_ 208 + 56 Pyrola uliginosa Torr. _Bog Wintergreen_ 208 + 56 Moneses uniflora (L.) A. Gray. _One-Flowered Wintergreen_ 208 + + 57 Chimaphila umbellata (L.) Nutt. _Prince’s Pine_ 210 + 57 Arctostaphylos uva-ursi (L.) Spreng. _Bear-Berry_ 210 + + 58 Oxycoccus oxycoccus (L.) MacM. _Small Cranberry_ 212 + 58 Gaultheria ovatifolia A. Gray. _Ovate-Leaved Wintergreen_ 212 + 58 Vitis-idæa Vitis-idæa (L.) Britton. _Mountain Cranberry_ 212 + + 59 Cassiope Mertensiana (Bong.) Don. _White Heath_ 216 + 59 Phyllodoce empetriformis (Smith) Don. _Red False-Heather_ 216 + 59 Phyllodoce glanduliflora (Hook.) Rydb. _White False-Heather_ 216 + + 60 Ledum grœnlandicum Œder. _Labrador Tea_ 218 + 60 Azaleastrum albiflorum (Hook.) Rydb. + _White Mountain Rhododendron_ 218 + + 61 Menziesia ferruginea Smith. _Smooth Menziesea_ 220 + 61 Kalmia microphylla (Hook.) Heller. _Dwarf Swamp-Laurel_ 220 + + 62 Vaccinium erythrococcum Rydb. _Alpine Bilberry_ 222 + 62 Vaccinium globulare Rydb. _Thin-Leaved Bilberry_ 222 + 62 Vaccinium ovalifolium Smith. _Blueberry_ 222 + + 63 Primula Maccalliana Wiegand. _Maccalla’s Primrose_ 228 + 63 Androsace carinata Torr. _Sweet Androsace_ 228 + + 64 Trientalis arctica Fisch. _Arctic Star-Flower_ 230 + 64 Dodecatheon conjugens Greene. _Shooting-Star_ 230 + + 65 Gentiana affinis Griseb. _Large Gentian_ 234 + 65 Romanzoffia sitchensis Bong. _Romanzoffia_ 234 + + 66 Phacelia sericea (Graham) A. Gray. _Mountain Phacelia_ 238 + 66 Phacelia heterophylla Pursh _Phacelia heterophylla_ 238 + + 67 Lappula floribunda (Lehm.) Greene. _False Forget-me-not_ 242 + 67 Lithospermum linearifolium Goldie. _Narrow-Leaved Puccoon_ 242 + + 68 Collinsia parviflora Dougl. _Small-Flowered Collinsia_ 248 + 68 Elephantella grœnlandica (Retz.) Rydb. + _Long-Beaked Elephantella_ 248 + + 69 Pentstemon confertus Dougl. _Yellow Beard-Tongue_ 250 + 69 Pentstemon pseudohumilis Rydb. _Pentstemon pseudohumilis_ 250 + + 70 Pentstemon fruticosus (Pursh) Greene. + _Large Purple Beard-Tongue_ 262 + 70 Pinguicula vulgaris L. _Butterwort_ 262 + + 71 Linnæa americana Forbes. _American Twin-Flower_ 266 + 71 Lonicera ebractulata Rydb. _Fly Honeysuckle_ 266 + + 72 Lonicera involucrata (Rich.) Banks. + _Involucred Fly Honeysuckle_ 270 + + 73 Valeriana sitchensis Bong. _Wild Heliotrope_ 272 + 73 Lobelia Kalmii strictiflora Rydb. _Brook Lobelia_ 272 + + 74 Hieracium umbellatum L. _Narrow-Leaved Hawk-weed_ 276 + 74 Agoseris aurantiaca (Hook.) Greene. _Agoseris aurantiaca_ 276 + + 75 Erigeron acris L. _Blue Fleabane_ 288 + 75 Erigeron salsuginosus (Rich.) A. Gray. + _Large Purple Fleabane_ 288 + 75 Saussurea densa Hook. _Saussurea_ 288 + + 76 Erigeron discoideus Rydb. _Cut-Leaved Fleabane_ 292 + 76 Erigeron melanocephalus A. Nelson. _Black-Headed Fleabane_ 292 + 76 Erigeron multifidus Rydb. _Cut-Leaved Fleabane_ 292 + + 77 Aster Lindleyanus T. & G. _Aster Lindleyanus 298 + + 78 Erigeron aureus Greene. _Golden Fleabane_ 302 + 78 Gaillardia aristata Pursh. _Great-Flowered Gaillardia_ 302 + + 79 Arnica cordifolia Hook. _Heart-Leaved Arnica_ 304 + 79 Arnica louiseana Farr. _Pale-Flowered Arnica_ 304 + + + + +GLOSSARY + + + ACAULESCENT: with stem so short that leaves appear to arise + directly from root. + ACHENE: a small, dry, one-seeded indehiscent, seed-like fruit. + ACUMINATE: tapering gradually to a point. + ACUTE: with an abrupt point. + ADNATE: growing together as the stamens with the petals, or the + anthers with the filament. + ALTERNATE: (leaves) not opposite but arising at different points + on the stem. Stamens are alternate with petals when they are + situated in the intervals. + ANTHER: the part of the stamen which contains the pollen. + APICAL: pertaining to the top or apex. + AURICULATE: with ear-like appendages at base. + AXIAL: pertaining to an axis. + + BILABIATE: two-lipped. + BLADE: the expanded portion of a leaf. + BRACT: a modified and usually small leaf at the base of a flower + or flower-cluster. In the latter case it is usually + associated with others. + BRACTEOLATE: furnished with small bracts. + + CÆSPITOSE: growing in tufts. + CALYX: the outer whorl of floral leaves forming usually a green cup. + CAMPANULATE: bell-shaped. + CANESCENT: greyish-white, due usually to fine hairs. + CAPILLARY: hair-like. + CAPITATE: arranged in a head; knob-like. + CAPSULE: a dry, dehiscent seed-vessel. + CARPEL: a pistil-leaf. The pistil is regarded as being composed of + one or more such carpels. + CATKIN: the scaly, cylindrical flower-cluster of Willow, Birch, etc. + CAUDATE: with a tail-like appendage. + CAUDEX: the perennial rootstock of an otherwise annual plant. + CHARTACEOUS: papery or parchment-like. + CILIATE: fringed with marginal hairs. + CINEREOUS: ashen or greyish. + CLEISTOGAMIC: (flowers) never opening as the late flowers of + violets, etc. + CONNATE: united. + CORDATE: heart-shaped. + CORIACEOUS: leathery. + CORM: a solid bulb. + CORYMBOSE: with a flat-topped or convex flower-cluster, the + flower-stalks of which arise at different points on the axis, + and of which the outermost flowers are the oldest. + CRENATE: with rounded teeth. + CRENULATE: with small rounded teeth. + CUNEATE: wedge-shaped. + CUSPIDATE: ending in a sharp, hard point. + CYME: a flat-topped or convex flower-cluster, the flower-stalks of + which arise at different points on the axis, and of which the + innermost flowers are the oldest. + + DECIDUOUS: subject to fall, as leaves of most trees and calyx and + corolla of most flowers before the fruit forms. + DECUMBENT: (stems) reclining on the ground with summit tending + to rise. + DECURRENT: (leaves) with base prolonged below insertion and forming + a sort of wing. + DELTOID: broadly triangular. + DENTATE: toothed, usually with teeth projecting outwards. + DENTICULATE: with little, outwardly projecting teeth. + DIŒCIOUS: having staminate and pistillate flowers on separate + plants. + DISC: the central part of a head as opposed to the ray, + _e. g._, in the sun-flower. Also a fleshy expansion + of the receptacle of the flower. + DRUPE: a stone-fruit. + DRUPELET: a small stone-fruit. + + ELLIPTIC: with the outline of an ellipse. + ENTIRE: with the margin even and not toothed, lobed, or divided. + EROSE: irregularly margined. + + FIMBRIATE: fringed. + FLOCCOSE: with loose tufts of wool-like hairs. + FOLIACEOUS: leaf-like. + FOLLICLE: a fruit of one carpel (pistil-leaf) which splits only + by one suture. + FUSIFORM: spindle-shaped. + + GALEA: a helmet-shaped body. + GLANDULAR: with small prominences which appear to have a secreting + function. + GLAUCOUS: covered with a bluish or white bloom. + GLOBOSE: spherical. + + INCISED: sharply and irregularly cut into. + INDUSIUM: the membrane covering the fruit-dots of ferns. + INFERIOR: (side of flower) the one away from the axis of the + flower-cluster; (ovary) united with the calyx tube, the + other floral parts apparently growing from its summit. + INFLORESCENCE: the mode of arrangement of flowers on the stem; + the flower-cluster. + INTERNODE: the portion of the stem between the places where the + leaves arise. + INVOLUCRE: a whorl of small leaves at the base of a flower + or flower-cluster. + + KEEL: the lower petals of the peculiar corolla of the pea, etc., + which are united in the form of the keel of a boat. + + LACINIATE: with deep, triangular, narrow lobes. + LANATE: woolly. + LANCEOLATE: narrow and tapering at each end. + LATERAL: pertaining to the side. + LEAFLET: one of the divisions of the blade of a compound leaf. + LINEAR: narrow and flat with the margins parallel. + LYRATE: lyre-shaped. + + MONŒCIOUS: having the separate staminate and pistillate flowers + on the same plant. + MUCRONATE: with a short, abrupt point. + + NODE: the point of the stem from which one or more leaves arise. + + OBLANCEOLATE: lance-shaped with the base tapering downwards. + OBTUSE: blunt. + ORBICULAR: circular. + OVATE: egg-shaped (applied to flat bodies). + OVOID: egg-shaped (applied to solids). + + PALMATE: (compound leaf) with the divisions so arranged that they + radiate from the petiole-like the fingers of the hand. + PANICLE: a branched, flower-cluster with the older flowers + outermost. + PANICULATE: with much branched open flower clusters. + PAPILLÆ: minute, blunt projections. + PAPPUS: the bristles, awns, or hairs which crown the fruit of + the Composites. + PARIETAL: (placentæ) attached to the wall of the ovary. + PEDUNCLE: a flower-stalk. + PERENNIAL: lasting from year to year. + PERFOLIATE: (leaves) having the basal part so extended and united + as to make it appear as though the stem grew through them. + PERIANTH: the calyx and corolla collectively. + PETAL: a corolla-leaf. + PETALOID: petal-like. + PETIOLE: the leaf-stalk. + PINNÆ: the primary divisions of a compound leaf. + PINNATE: compound with leaflets arranged along a common axis. + PINNATIFID: pinnately cleft. + PINNULES: secondary pinnæ. + PLACENTÆ: the parts of the ovary to which the seeds are attached. + PLUMOSE: feathery. + POLLEN: the fertilising powder of the anther. + POLYGAMOUS: having both perfect and imperfect flowers. + PROSTRATE: lying flat on the ground. + PUBERULENT: covered with tiny almost imperceptible hairs. + PULVINI: cushions or pads. + + RACEME: a flower-cluster in which the stalked flowers are arranged + along an elongated axis. + RACEMOSE: raceme-like. + RACHIS: the axis. + RADICAL: arising from the root, or portion of the stem resembling + the root. + RECEPTACLE: the usually somewhat enlarged portion of the stem on + which parts of a flower or of a flower-cluster are borne. + RENIFORM: kidney-shaped. + REPAND: wavy-margined. + RETICULATE: arranged like a network. + REVOLUTE: rolled backward. + RHIZOME: an underground stem; a rootstock. + RHOMBIC: having the shape of a four-sided figure with parallel and + equal sides which may be either perpendicular or oblique to + each other. + RHOMBOID: of a somewhat rhombic shape. + ROTATE: wheel-shaped. + RUNCINATE: coarsely cut into with the segments turned backward. + + SAGITTATE: shaped like an arrow-head with the lobes turned downward. + SAMARA: a simple, indehiscent, winged fruit. + SAPROPHYTE: a plant which grows on dead organic matter. + SCALE: a minute, rudimentary leaf. + SCAPE: a leafless or nearly leafless flower-stalk arising from near + the ground. + SCARIOUS: dry, thin, membranous. + SCURF: minute scales on the epidermis (skin). + SEPALS: the divisions of the calyx. + SERRATE: with teeth pointing forwards. + SERRULATE: with minute forward pointing teeth. + SESSILE: (leaf) without any stalk. + SHEATH: a tubular structure such as is formed by the lower part of + the leaves of grasses, etc. + SILICLE: a short and broad silique. + SILIQUE: the elongated two-valved and usually dehiscent fruit of the + Cress family. It is divided by a partition and the placentæ are + parietal. + SINUATE: with a strongly wavy margin. + SINUS: the recess between the lobes of a leaf. + SORI: the fruit-dots of ferns. + SPADIX: a fleshy spike as in the Araceæ. + SPATHE: a large bract or pair of bracts enclosing a flower or an + inflorescence. + SPATULATE: spoon-shaped. + SPIKE: a flower-cluster in which the flowers are stalkless on an + elongated axis. + SPORANGES: the sacs containing the spores. + SPORE: the reproductive body of ferns. + SPOROPHYLL: leaf-like organ or receptacle containing spores. + STAMEN: the organ of the flower which produces the pollen. + STAMINODIA: sterile stamens or structures which are developed + in the place of stamens. + STELLATE: star-shaped. + STIPE: the leaf-stalk of a fern. + STIPULE: an appendage such as is found at the base of many + leaf-stalks. + STOLON: a trailing and rooting shoot. + STRIATE: marked with slender, longitudinal stripes. + STRICT: straight and upright. + STYLE: (of pistil) the elongated portion at top of ovary. + SUBULATE: awl-shaped. + SUPERIOR: (side of flower) the one next the axis of a + flower-cluster; (ovary) free from calyx tube. + + TERETE: cylindrical, circular in cross-section. + TERNATE: in threes. + TOMENTOSE: clothed with matted wool-like hairs. + TORULOSE: knobby; swollen at intervals. + TRUNCATE: as if cut off at the top. + TUBERCLE: a small knob-like outgrowth. + TURBINATE: top-shaped. + + UMBEL: an umbrella-like flower-cluster. + UNDULATE: wavy. + + VALVATE: (leaves in bud) meeting by the margins, not overlapping. + VERTICILLATE: whorled. + VEXILLUM: the standard of the peculiar flower of pea, etc. + VILLOUS: with long soft hairs. + + + + +GENERAL KEY TO THE FAMILIES + + + PLANTS WITHOUT FLOWERS + + FERNS AND THEIR ALLIES + + Leaves large, fern-like. + Sporanges in a spike or panicle above the sterile leaf. + =Ophioglossaceæ.= + Sporanges borne in sori, on the backs or margins of the leaves. + =Polypodiaceæ.= + Leaves small, reduced to scales. + Stems erect, hollow, jointed, rush-like; leaves reduced to + sheaths at the joints; sporanges in the terminal, cone-like + spike. =Equisetaceæ.= + Stems not hollow, creeping; leaves numerous, scale-like; + sporanges of one kind, solitary in the axils of the leaves. + =Lycopodiaceæ.= + Stems creeping, moss-like; leaves numerous; sporanges of two + kinds in the axils of the upper leaves, which are formed into + a quadrangular spike. =Selaginellaceæ.= + + PLANTS WITH FLOWERS + + WOODY STEMMED PLANTS; TREES, SHRUBS, AND VINES + + TREES OR SHRUBS WITH RESINOUS JUICE; LEAVES USUALLY EVERGREEN. + Fruit a cone, either dry or berry-like. =Pinaceæ.= + Fruit a fleshy crimson berry. =Taxaceæ.= + + TREES, SHRUBS, OR VINES WITH WATERY JUICE. + Leaves deciduous. + _Flowers in catkins._ + Staminate and pistillate catkins on different + plants; seed with white, silky hairs. =Salicaceæ.= + Staminate and pistillate catkins on the same + plant; fruit cone-like. =Betulaceæ.= + _Flowers not in catkins._ + (A) Trees. + Leaves simple, not lobed; flowers white. =Drupaceæ.= + Leaves lobed; flowers greenish-yellow. =Aceraceæ.= + Leaves pinnate; flowers white. =Pomaceæ.= + (B) Shrubs or vines. + *Stems spiny erect or trailing. + (_a_) Leaves simple or lobed. + Flowers small in dense terminal racemes. + =Araliaceæ.= + Flowers few in axillary clusters or racemes. + =Grossulariaceæ.= + (_b_) Leaves pinnate or palmate. =Rosaceæ.= + **Stems not spiny but with minute scales; + fruit silver, scarlet or orange berries. + =Elæagnaceæ.= + ***Stems erect, smooth. + (_a_) Petals distinct. + †Leaves simple. + Flowers small, in flat heads or clusters. + Petals 4; stamens 4. =Cornaceæ.= + Petals 5; stamens numerous. =Rosaceæ.= + + Flowers in axillary clusters or racemes; + petals 5; stamens numerous. + Fruit a berry. =Drupaceæ.= + Fruit a pome. =Pomaceæ.= + ††Leaves pinnate; flowers yellow. =Rosaceæ.= + (_b_) Petals united. + Flowers small, short-campanulate in + axillary or terminal heads. + =Caprifoliaceæ.= + Flowers large, funnel-form, in terminal + or axillary clusters. (_Azaleastrum_) + =Ericaceæ.= + Flowers bell or urn-shaped, few, axillary. + =Vacciniaceæ.= + ****Stems creeping or twining, smooth or hairy. + Flowers with distinct petals, blue or + purple. (_Atragene_). =Ranunculaceæ.= + Flowers with united petals. + Corolla tubular. =Caprifoliaceæ.= + Corolla bell-shaped. =Ericaceæ.= + Leaves evergreen; shrubs or vines. + Leaves pinnate; flowers yellow. =Berberidaceæ.= + Leaves simple. + Flowers inconspicuous; fruit a black berry. =Empetraceæ.= + Flowers showy, open, campanulate or urn-shaped, + white or pink. =Ericaceæ.= + + HERBACEOUS PLANTS + + Plants without leaves. + Parasitic on branches or stems of evergreens. =Loranthaceæ.= + Not parasitic on trees; roots coral-like. (_Corallorhiza_) + =Orchidaceæ.= + Plants with leaves. + _Leaves parallel-veined._ + (A) Flowers small, collected on a spadix. =Araceæ.= + (B) Flowers not collected on a spadix. + *Flowers regular; corolla lobes 6; stamens 6. + (_a_) Leaves grass-like, mostly at the base. + Flowers white or greenish. =Melanthaceæ.= + Flowers pink. (_Allium_). =Liliaceæ.= + Flowers blue. (_Sisyrinchium_). =Iridaceæ.= + (_b_) Leaves not grass-like, mostly on the stem. + Flowers white or pink. =Convallariaceæ.= + Flowers green. =Melanthaceæ.= + Flowers yellow or orange. =Liliaceæ.= + Flowers red or wine-color. (_Kruhsea_.) + =Convallariaceæ.= + **Flowers irregular, frequently with broad or + inflated lip and spur. =Orchidaceæ.= + _Leaves not parallel-veined._ + (A) Flowers small, in close heads surrounded by an involucre. + Flowers all alike, florets ligulate. =Cichoriaceæ.= + Flowers not alike, central ones tubular, marginal + usually with rays. =Carduaceæ.= + (B) Flowers in umbels at the ends of the stems or branches. + Umbels broad, flat or nearly so, flowers white, yellow, + or purple. =Apiaceæ.= + Umbels round. + Flowers greenish; leaves compound. =Araliaceæ.= + Flowers white or pink; leaves simple. + (_Eriogonum_.) =Polygonaceæ.= + (C) Flowers not in umbels. + *Flowers regular. + (_a_) Flowers with 2 sepals and 5 petals; + corolla pink. =Portulacaceæ.= + (_b_) Flowers with 3 sepals and 3 petals; + seeds triangular. =Polygonaceæ.= + + (_c_) Flowers with 4 sepals and 4 petals. + Stem angular; leaves in whorls. =Rubiaceæ.= + Stem round; leaves not in whorls. + Stamens 6, erect. =Brassicaceæ.= + Stamens 8, spreading. =Onagraceæ.= + (_d_) Flowers with 5 sepals or petals, distinct. + †Stamens as many or twice as many as the + corolla lobes. + Stems swollen at the nodes. =Caryophyllaceæ.= + Stems not swollen at the nodes. + Stem leaves numerous, entire, thin; + flowers in terminal or axillary + clusters, white or greenish. =Santalaceæ.= + Leaves basal, entire; flowers solitary + on a 1-leaved scape. =Parnassiaceæ.= + Leaves mostly basal, lobed or cut; + flowers in a close spike or head. =Saxifragaceæ.= + Leaves and stems fleshy. + Follicles 2. =Saxifragaceæ.= + Follicles 4. =Crassulaceæ.= + Leaves numerous, stiff, awl-shaped; + stems low, tufted. =Saxifragaceæ.= + ††Stamens more than twice as many as the corolla lobes. + §Leaves basal or mostly so. + Leaves evergreen, simple or lobed, flowers yellow + or white, solitary on naked scapes. + (_Dryas._) =Rosaceæ.= + Leaves not evergreen, simple, lobed, or much divided. + Smooth. + Stems erect or floating. =Ranunculaceæ.= + Stems creeping. + Flowers white or pink. =Rosaceæ.= + Flowers yellow. =Ranunculaceæ.= + Rough-hairy. + Flowers yellow or pink. =Rosaceæ.= + Flowers white, blue or purple. + =Ranunculaceæ.= + §§Leaves mostly on the stem. + Leaves finely cut; stems creeping; flowers + white. =Rosaceæ.= + Leaves entire. + Leaves bright green, black-dotted; + flowers yellow. =Hypericaceæ.= + Leaves glaucous, without black dots; + flowers blue. =Linaceæ.= + (_e_) Flowers with 5 sepals and 5 united petals + or lobes. + †Stamens 3; flowers small, in terminal + clusters. =Valerianaceæ.= + ††Stamens 5. + Opposite to the corolla lobes. + =Primulaceæ.= + Alternate with the corolla lobes. + Stems smooth, leafy; corolla + campanulate. + Stem leaves broad; flowers pink. + =Apocynaceæ.= + + Stem leaves narrow; flowers blue. + =Campanulaceæ.= + Stems rough-hairy. + Corolla salver-form; stamens included. + =Boraginaceæ.= + Corolla tubular; stamens exserted. + =Hydrophyllacæ.= + + †††Stamens 10; flowers mostly in terminal + heads or singly. =Pyrolaceæ.= + **Flowers irregular. + (_a_) Leaves all entire and basal, forming rosettes; + flowers blue. =Lentibulariaceæ.= + (_b_) Leaves all heart-shaped; flowers blue, white + or yellow. =Violaceæ.= + (_c_) Leaves not heart-shaped, simple or much cut, + not pinnate. + Stems square; flowers in close verticels in + the axils of the leaves or in terminal + heads. =Menthaceæ.= + Stems round; flowers numerous in elongated + terminal leafy heads or few on slender + stems in the axils of the upper leaves. + =Scrophulariaceæ.= + (_d_) Leaves palmate; flowers blue in elongated spikes. + =Ranunculaceæ.= + (_e_) Leaves pinnately divided; flowers pea-like. + =Papilionaceæ.= + (_f_) Leaves compoundly lobed, not pinnate. + Stems low, spreading, flowers small in + dense terminal or axillary spikes. + =Papaveraceæ.= + Stems erect; flowers drooping in open + terminal heads, either showy and spurred + or not showy and without spurs; leaves + maiden-hair fern-like. =Ranunculaceæ.= + + + + +Alpine Flora of the Canadian Rocky Mountains + + + + +OPHIOGLOSSACEÆ + +_Adder’s-Tongue Family_ + + +More or less succulent fern-like plants, consisting of a stem and +leaf growing from a fleshy root. Sporophyll in the form of a spike or +panicle. + +[Sidenote: =Botrychium lunaria= (L.) Sw. _Moon-wort._] + +Very fleshy, 2—12 inches high. Leaf usually sessile, borne at or +above the middle of the stem, pinnate with 2—8 pairs of moon-like or +fan-shaped lobes which vary from crenate to entire and either close +and folded together or distant; spore-bearing portion 2—3 pinnate, +often dense, 1—2 inches long, about as high as the leaf. + +In open or exposed situations, frequently on the tops of the highest +mountains, rather rare; occurring in midsummer. + +[Sidenote: =Botrychium simplex= E. Hitchcock. _Small Moon-wort._] + +Plant 2—6 inches high, slender and very variable. Leaf ovate, obovate +or oblong, entire, lobed or pinnately parted, borne near the base of +the stem; spore-bearing portion a simple or slightly compound spike, +sometimes reduced to only a few sporanges; apex of the leaf and +spore-bearing portion erect in fruit. + +In alpine meadows or grassy slopes, frequently through the Rockies but +very inconspicuous; during summer. + +[Sidenote: =Botrychium virginianum= (L.) Sw. _Virginia Grape Fern._] + +Stem slender, 4 inches to 2 feet high. Leaf thin, ternately divided +and spreading 3—12 inches across, pinnately much divided into +oblong-toothed segments; spore-bearing portion long-stalked, much +above the leaf 2—3 pinnate, cinnamon brown, when ripe. + +In rich moist woods, sparingly throughout the region during the summer. + + + + +POLYPODIACEÆ + +_Fern Family_ + + +Ferns of various habits, the rootstocks horizontal, often elongated or +short and erect; the leaves simple, pinnate, pinnatifid or decompound, +coiled at the ends when young. Sporanges borne in clusters (_sori_) +on the lower side or margins of the leaves or their segments, with or +without a membranous covering (_indusium_). + + Represented in the region by the following 10 genera. + + Sori without indusia, leaves 2—3 pinnate or ternate. =Phegopteris.= + Sori with marginal indusia formed by the more or less altered edge + of the leaf. + Sporanges at the ends of the veins, borne on a reflexed + portion of the leaf. =Adiantum.= + Sporanges on a continuous vein-like receptacle + which connects the apices of the veins. =Pteridium.= + + Sporanges at or near the ends of the unconnected veins. + Leaves of two kinds, the spore-bearing ones contracted + and more or less pod-like. =Cryptogramma.= + Leaves uniform; sori minute, indusium usually interrupted. + =Cheilanthes.= + Sori not marginal, provided with spinal indusia. + Sori oblong on oblique veins; leaves pinnate. =Asplenium.= + Sori round. + Indusium conspicuous. + Leaves firm; indusium peltate. =Polystichum.= + Leaves membranous; indusium reniform. =Dryopteris.= + Indusium inconspicuous. + Indusium under the sorus, stellately divided. =Woodsia.= + Indusium hooded, fixed by a broad base. =Filix.= + +[Sidenote: =Phegopteris alpestris= (Hoppe) Mett. _Western Beech Fern._] + +Rootstock short, thick, erect or oblique; stems 4—10 inches long with +a few brown spreading scales near the base; leaves 1—2 feet long, +oblong-lanceolate, thrice pinnate, the pinnæ deltoid-lanceolate, the +lower ones distant and smaller, pinnules oblong-lanceolate, finely +cut-toothed; sori small, rounded and nearly marginal. + +On moist banks in the Selkirks, frequent especially in the vicinity of +Glacier, where it forms clumps of considerable diameter, up to 7000 +feet elevation. + +[Sidenote: =Phegopteris Phegopteris= (L.) Underw. _Long Beech Fern._] + +Rootstock slender and creeping; stems 6—9 inches long; leaves +triangular, thin, usually longer than broad, 6—9 inches long, +4—6 inches broad, hairy on the veins, especially beneath; pinnæ +linear-lanceolate, the lowest pair deflexed and standing forward, +segments oblong, obtuse, entire, the basal ones joined to the main +rachis; sori small, near the margin. + +In moist woods in the Selkirks at the lower elevations, not common. + +[Sidenote: =Phegopteris Dryopteris= (L.) Fée. _Oak Fern._] + +Rootstock slender, extensively creeping; leaves or short black stipes, +broadly triangular 4—8 inches wide, the three primary divisions 1—2 +pinnate, segments oblong, obtuse, entire or toothed; sori near the +margin. + +In moist woods and thickets throughout the region at the lower +altitudes, frequently forming beds of considerable size. + +[Sidenote: =Adiantum pedatum= L. _Maidenhair Fern._] + +Rootstock slender, creeping; stems 9—18 inches long, dark chestnut +brown or nearly black, shining, forked into nearly equal branches +at the summit; leaves obliquely orbicular in outline, 8—18 inches +broad, thin, the pinnæ arising from the branches of the stem, somewhat +radiately arranged, the larger ones 6—10 inches long, 1—2 inches +broad, pinnules triangular-oblong, or the terminal one fan-shaped, the +lower margin entire and slightly curved, the upper cut, bearing the +linear-oblong sori. + +Sparingly throughout the region in woods or moist shaded situations, +among rocks. + +[Sidenote: =Pteridium aquilinum pubescens= Underw. _Bracken._] + +Rootstock stout, widely creeping, subterranean; stems hairy, 1—2 feet +high, erect, straw-colored or brownish, leaves soft-hairy, especially +on the under surface, 2—4 feet long, 1—3 feet wide, ternate, the three +branches each bipinnate, the upper pinnules undivided, the lower more +or less pinnatifid. + +In dry woods, thickets, and open hillsides, throughout the region. + +[Sidenote: =Cryptogramma acrostichoides= R. Br. _American Rock-brake._] + +Rootstock stout, short, and chaffy; stems densely tufted, +straw-colored, 2—6 inches long, very slender, chaffy below; leaves +ovate or ovate-lanceolate in outline, thin, smooth, 2—3 pinnate, the +sterile shorter than the fertile, their segments and pinnules crowded, +ovate-oblong or obovate, crenate or slightly sharply cut; fertile +leaves with linear or linear-oblong segments half an inch long, the +margins at first rolled back to the midrib, at maturity expanded and +exposing the light brown sporanges. + +Forming tufts among rocks throughout the region but most frequent in +the Selkirks. + +[Sidenote: =Cryptogramma Stelleri= (S. G. Gmel.) Prantl. _Slender +Cliff-brake_.] + +Rootstock slender, creeping, thread-like; stems slender, scattered 2—3 +inches long, dark brown; leaves thin, ovate in outline 2—5 inches long, +1—2 inches wide, 2—3 pinnate or pinnatifid above, the fertile taller, +with narrower pinnules and segments, pinnæ lanceolate-deltoid, cut to +the rachis, in few lobed or entire segments; indusium broad; veins +conspicuous. + +In crevices of damp or dripping rocks, preferably limestone, in the +Rockies up to 7000 feet elevation; not common. + +[Sidenote: =Cheilanthes Féei= Moore. _Hairy Lip Fern._] + +Rootstock creeping, covered with pale rusty-brown scales; stems tufted, +wiry, chestnut brown, 2—4 inches long, hairy; leaves oblong-lanceolate +in outline 4—9 inches long, gradually attenuate to the apex, twice +pinnate; pinnules somewhat distant, lanceolate-deltoid, acute, deeply +pinnatifid or incised, more or less covered with stiff hairs and +usually somewhat glandular; sori numerous, covered by the infolded ends +of the rounded oblong lobes. + +On rocks and among broken stones at the lower altitudes of the eastern +Rockies; growing in matted masses. + +[Sidenote: =Asplenium viride= Huds. _Green Spleenwort._] + +Rootstock stout, creeping, chaffy with brown scales; stems numerous, +densely tufted, brownish below, green above; leaves linear-lanceolate, +2—8 inches long, once pinnate, pale green, with 12—20 pairs of ovate +or rhomboid, crenate; obtuse, unequal-sided pinnules; sori oblong, +numerous, or scattered. + +On dry rocks and slides, frequent through the Rockies. + +[Sidenote: =Asplenium Filix-fœmina= (L.) Bernh. _Lady Fern._] + +Rootstock creeping, rather slender for the size of the plant; stems +tufted, 6—10 inches long; straw-colored, brownish or reddish, with +scattered brown scales which are large and numerous at the broadened +base; leaves broadly oblong-lanceolate, pinnæ lanceolate, acuminate, +4—8 inches long; pinnules lanceolate, incised or serrate, sori short, +the indusia straight or variously curved. + +In moist woods and thickets throughout the region but especially in the +Selkirks, being a common fern in the woods in the vicinity of Glacier. + +[Sidenote: =Polystichum Lonchitis= (L.) Roth. _Holly Fern._] + +Rootstock short, stout, and densely chaffy; stems 1—5 inches long, +bearing large dark brown scales, with some smaller ones; leaves rigid, +leathery, and evergreen, narrowly lanceolate in outline, once pinnate; +pinnæ broadly lanceolate, scythe-shaped, 1—2 inches long, acute or +acuminate at the apex, with an ear-like projection on the upper side +at the base, and with a nearly straight edge on the lower, densely +spiny-toothed; sori large, nearer the margin than the midrib. + +In large tufts among rocks throughout the region. + +[Sidenote: =Dryopteris Filix-mas= (L.) Schott. _Male Fern._] + +Rootstock stout, ascending, or erect, chaffy; stems 4—6 inches long, +very chaffy below; leaves broadly lanceolate, acute or acuminate at +the apex, slightly narrowed at the base, 1—3 feet long, rather firm, +half evergreen, pinnate or partly 2-pinnate; pinnæ lanceolate, broadest +at the base, gradually acuminate, 3—6 inches long, pinnatifid almost +to the rachis, or pinnately divided into oblong, smooth lobes; sori +large, borne near the margin, more numerous on the lower halves of the +segments. + +In rocky woods in the Selkirks on the lower slopes of Mt. Macdonald. + +[Sidenote: =Dryopteris spinulosa dilatata= (Hoffm.) Underw. _Spinulose +Shield Fern._] + +Rootstock stout, chaffy; stems 6—18 inches long, bearing large brown +scales with dark centres; leaves broadly ovate or triangular-ovate, +commonly 3-pinnate; pinnules lanceolate oblong, the lowest often much +elongated; sori medium size; indusium smooth. + +In moist woods through the Selkirks, probably the most abundant fern in +the vicinity of Glacier. + +[Sidenote: =Dryopteris oreopteris= (Sw.) Maxon.] + +Rootstock short, erect or decumbent, scaly; stems light straw-colored, +2—6 inches long, tufted, copiously scaly throughout, with light brown +scales; leaves 1½—2 feet long, rather firm, broadly lanceolate, +gradually tapering from near the middle to both ends; pinnæ 2—3 inches +long, deeply pinnatifid, gradually shorter to the lowest which are more +distant, broadly triangular, and less than an inch long; segments flat, +oblong, and nearly entire; rachis straw-colored, densely scaly with +light brown scales, nearly to the apex. + +In the Selkirks on the moist mountain slopes and rocky ravines at +Glacier. + +[Sidenote: =Woodsia scopulina= D. C. Eaton. _Rocky Mountain Woodsia._] + +Rootstock short, creeping, and densely chaffy; stems brown, darker +at the base, 2—4 inches long, glandular-hairy; leaves mostly +glandular-hairy throughout, lanceolate, 6—12 inches long, tapering from +about the middle to both ends; pinnæ numerous, oblong-ovate, pinnatifid +into oblong-toothed segments; sori nearly marginal. + +In crevices in the rocks and among broken stones on slides, throughout +the Rockies, up to an elevation of 7000 feet; frequent. + +[Sidenote: =Woodsia oregana= D. C. Eaton. _Oregon Woodsia._] + +Rootstock short; stems smooth, brownish below. Leaves smooth, 2—10 +inches long, lanceolate; pinnæ triangular, oblong, obtuse, pinnatifid, +lower ones rounded and somewhat remote from the others; rachis +straw-colored; pinnules oblong-ovate, dentate or crenate, the teeth +often turned back and covering the submarginal sori. + +Among broken stones on the slides near the base of Mt. Stephen in the +Rockies. + +[Sidenote: =Filix fragilis= (L.) Underw. _Brittle Fern._] + +Rootstock short; stems 4—8 inches long, leaves thin, smooth throughout, +oblong-lanceolate, only slightly tapering below, 4—10 inches long; +pinnate or 2—3 pinnatifid; pinnæ lanceolate-ovate, irregularly +pinnatifid with a broad central space, and bluntly or sharply toothed +segments, decurrent along the margined or winged rachis; sori small, +half way between the margin and the midrib; indusium narrow, soon +withering. + +In crevices in rocks and among broken stones throughout the Rockies. + +[Sidenote: =Filix montana= (Lam.) Underw.] + +Rootstock slender, widely creeping; stipes 6—9 inches long, slender; +leaves deltoid-ovate, 3—4 pinnate, 3—6 inches broad, the lowest pinnæ +triangular-lanceolate and much larger, their inferior pinnules 1—1½ +inches long, deeply divided into oblong lobes, deeply toothed; sori +numerous; indusium acute, soon withering. + +On damp mossy banks and rocks throughout the Rockies; not common. + + + + +EQUISETACEÆ + +_Horsetail Family_ + + +Green, rush-like plants with usually hollow, jointed, simple or often +much branched stems, rising from subterranean rootstocks; the branches +verticillate. + +Leaves reduced to toothed sheaths; sporanges clustered beneath the +scales of terminal, cone-like spikes. + +[Sidenote: =Equisetum arvense= L. _Field Horsetail._] + +Stems annual, the fertile appearing in early spring before the sterile; +fertile stems 4—10 inches high, soon withering, light brown, their +loose sheaths mostly distant, whitish, ending in about 12 brown +acuminate teeth; sterile stems green, much branched and slender, 2 +inches to 2 feet high with numerous, mostly simple, 4-angled solid +branches with 4-toothed sheaths. + +In moist sandy soil throughout the region, frequent in wet woods and +swampy places. + +[Sidenote: =Equisetum sylvaticum= L. _Wood Horsetail._] + +Stems annual, the fertile appearing in early spring before the sterile, +at first simple, at length much branched, resembling the sterile +except in the withered apex; stems 8—20 inches high, producing +verticillate compound branches which are curved downward; sheaths loose +and cylindric, those of the stem whitish, with 8—14 rather blunt brown +teeth. + +In moist sandy woods and thickets in the Selkirks, not common. + +[Sidenote: =Equisetum fluviatile= L. _Swamp Horsetail._] + +Stems annual, all alike, 2—4 feet high, bluish-green, smooth, usually +producing upright branches after the spores are formed; sheaths +appressed with about 18 dark brown or nearly black, short acute teeth. + +In sloughs and shallow ponds throughout the region, frequent. + +[Sidenote: =Equisetum hyemale= L. _Common Scouring rush._] + +Stems stiff, evergreen, 2—4 feet high, rough, 8—34-furrowed, the ridges +with two distinct lines of tubercles; sheaths rather long, cylindric, +marked with one or two black girdles, teeth dark brown or nearly black +and membranous, soon deciduous; spikes tipped with a rigid point. + +In wet places and on banks and slides in the valley of the Kicking +Horse River. + +[Sidenote: =Equisetum variegatum= Schl. _Variegated Equisetum._] + +Stems perennial, slender, evergreen, 6—18 inches long, rough, usually +simple from a branched base, commonly tufted, 5—10 furrowed; sheaths +companulate, distinctly 4-keeled, green variegated with black above; +the teeth 5—10, each tipped with a deciduous bristle. + +In moist, sandy soil throughout the region up to an elevation of 7000 +feet, sometimes forming large patches. + +[Sidenote: =Equisetum scirpoides= Michx.] + +Stems perennial, evergreen, very slender, 3—6 inches long, rough, +flexuous and curving, growing in tufts closely matted to the ground, +mostly 6-furrowed with acute ridges, simple or branching from near +the base; sheaths black, with three membranous rather persistent +bristle-tipped teeth. + +On moist sandy shaded banks throughout the Rockies. + + + + +LYCOPODIACEÆ + +_Club-moss Family_ + + +Branching, moss-like plants with small lanceolate or subulate, +sometimes oblong or roundish simple leaves, arranged in two or many +ranks on trailing or sometimes erect, usually branched stems. + +Sporanges solitary in the axils of the leaves or on their upper +surfaces. + +[Sidenote: =Lycopodium Selago= L. _Fir Club-moss._] + +Stems usually yellowish throughout, 3—6 inches high, thick, rigid, +erect, 2—5 times forked, the branches forming a level topped cluster; +leaves crowded, uniform, ascending, elongated, lanceolate with a spiny +tip, the upper mostly 8-ranked and sterile, those below bearing small +sporanges in their axils, leaves of the lower half of the stems again +sterile; plant propagated also by enlarged bud-like organs. + +Throughout the region in alpine meadows and slopes above 6000 feet +elevation. + +[Sidenote: =Lycopodium annotinum= L. _Stiff Club-moss._] + +Stems much branched, slender, prostrate and creeping, rather stiff, 1—4 +feet long, the branches similar, ascending 5—8 inches high, sparingly +forked; leaves uniform, spreading, 5-ranked, rigid, linear-lanceolate, +minutely serrulate, nerved below, spikes solitary or several at the +ends of the branches, oblong, cylindric 1—1½ inches long, composed of +ovate or ovate-cordate, short-acuminate and denticulate bracts, each +with a sporange in its axil. + +In woods throughout the region, frequent. + +[Sidenote: =Lycopodium clavatum= L. _Running Pine._] + +Stems extensively creeping, 1—4 feet long with similar short, irregular +ascending or decumbent, densely leafy branches; leaves much crowded, +many-ranked, incurved, linear-subulate, bristle-tipped, the lower +denticulate, the upper nearly entire or slightly decurrent on either +side; spikes 1—4 on long peduncles; bracts membranous, roundish, and +irregularly denticulate below. + +In dry woods and open grounds, rather rare in the region, observed only +in the Selkirks around Glacier and Roger’s Pass. + +[Sidenote: =Lycopodium sitchensis= Rupr. _Arctic Club-moss._] + +Stems prostrate, 8—12 inches long, on or a little beneath the +surface; sending up frequent branched stems which form compact masses +of vertical, compressed branches 2—3 inches high, with occasional +stronger, spike-bearing branches; leaves lanceolate with a broad base, +spreading and curving upwards, thick, entire, acute, in five rows on +the branchlets; the spikes nearly sessile. + +On grassy alpine slopes 6000 feet and upwards in the Selkirks, +especially in the region about Glacier. + +[Sidenote: =Lycopodium complanatum= L. _Trailing Christmas-green._] + +Stems extensively creeping, with erect or ascending reinform or +fan-shaped branches, several times forked above with crowded flattened +branchlets; leaves minute, overlapping, flattened, 4-ranked, the +lateral row with somewhat spreading tips; peduncle slender, 2—6 inches +high, forked, bearing 2—4 linear-cylindric spikes, bracts broadly +ovate, acuminate, with pale irregularly cut margins. + +In mossy woods at the lower altitudes, more or less frequent throughout +the region, especially in the Rockies. + +[Sidenote: =Lycopodium alpinum= L. _Alpine Club-moss._] + +Stems prostrate, 8—20 inches long on or near the surface of the ground, +forming numerous, several times branched clusters 2—3 inches high with +glaucous leaves, and occasional stouter, compressed spike-bearing +stems, extending above the others; leaves 4-ranked, erect, flattened, +those of the lateral rows two to three times larger than those +intermediate; spikes sessile, few, ½—¾ of an inch long. + +In alpine meadows, on slopes, and in open woods throughout the region +from 6000 feet upwards. + + + + +SELAGINELLACEÆ + +_Selaginella Family_ + + +Moss-like plants with branching stems and scale-like leaves which are +many ranked and uniform, or 4-ranked and of two types spreading in two +planes. Sporanges solitary in the axils of the leaves which are so +arranged as to form more or less quadrangular spikes. + +[Sidenote: =Selaginella selaginoides= (L.) Link. _Low Selaginella._] + +Sterile stems, prostrate and creeping, small and slender; fertile +stems thicker, ascending, simple 1—3 inches high; leaves lanceolate, +acute, spreading, sparsely spinulose-ciliate; spikes solitary at the +ends of the fertile branches, bracts lax, ascending lanceolate or +ovate-lanceolate, strongly fringed. + +A light green moss-like plant growing in wet sandy grounds in the +Rockies; not infrequent. + +[Sidenote: =Selaginella densa= Rydb.] + +Densely tufted sterile branches very short and crowded; leaves, densely +crowded, many-ranked linear or needle-shaped in age, slightly flattened +and grooved on the upper side, the margin fringed, tipped with a white +bristle; fertile branches erect, the spikes quadrangular ½—¾ of an +inch long, bracts folded together, thick, triangular-ovate, fringed on +the margin and tipped with a white bristle half as long as that of the +leaves. + +In sterile dry ground and on exposed rocks throughout the region from +the bases to the tops of the highest mountains, forming grayish-green +mats on the ground. + + + + +PINACEÆ. + +_Pine Family_ + + +Resinous trees and shrubs mostly with evergreen, narrow, entire or +scale-like leaves; the pollen sacks and ovules borne in separate +spikes; fruit a cone with numerous, several or few, woody, papery or +fleshy scales, sometimes berry-like; seed wingless or winged. + + Scales of the fruit numerous, alternate; leaf-buds scaly. + + Leaves in clusters. + Clusters ensheathed at the base, containing 2, 3, or 5 leaves. + =Pinus.= + Clusters not ensheathed at the base containing many leaves. =Larix.= + Leaves solitary. + Cones erect; scales deciduous. =Abies.= + Cones pendent; scales persistent. + Branchlets smooth; bracts 3-toothed. =Pseudotsuga.= + Branchlets roughened by the persistent leaf bases. + Leaves petioled, not pungent. =Tsuga.= + Leaves sessile, pungent. =Picea.= + + Scales of the fruit few, opposite; leaf-buds naked. + Fruit fleshy and berry-like. =Juniperus.= + Fruit a dry cone. =Thuja.= + +[Sidenote: =Pinus albicaulis= Engelm. _White-bark Pine._] + +A tree 20 or 30 feet high generally with a short trunk 2—4 feet in +diameter, stout, very flexible branches, often standing nearly erect +and forming an open irregular broad head; often a low shrub and nearly +prostrate at high altitudes; bark thin with creamy-white plate-like +scales; leaves stout, rigid, slightly incurved, clustered at the ends +of the branches 1½—2½ inches long; cones oval or subglobose horizontal, +sessile, dark purple, 1½—3 inches long with thickened acute scales. + +[Illustration: Pinus albicaulis Engelm. (¼ Nat.) White Pine.] + +[Illustration: Pinus Murrayana Oreg. Com. (¼ Nat.) Jack Pine.] + +On alpine slopes and exposed ridges from 5000 feet elevation upward, +occurring occasionally in the Rockies, but frequent throughout the +Selkirks at or near the timber line. + +[Sidenote: =Pinus Murrayana= Oreg. Com. _Black Pine, Jack Pine._] + +A tree 40—80 feet high with a trunk 1—3 feet in diameter, slender, +strict; branches frequently persistent nearly to the base of the stem, +somewhat pendulous below, ascending near the top of the tree, forming a +pyramidal spire-topped head; bark thin, close, light orange-brown with +appressed scales; leaves 2 in a bundle, yellowish-green, 1—3 inches +long, stout; cones yellowish-brown and shining oval to sub-cylindric +oblique at the base, often clustered ¾—2 inches long, with slightly +concave scales with slender deciduous prickles. + +The most abundant tree at the lower altitudes throughout the Rockies, +frequently covering vast tracts, and rising on the mountain sides to +6000 feet or occasionally higher. + +[Sidenote: =Larix Lyallii= Parl. _Lyall’s Larch._] + +A tree usually 40—50 feet high with a diameter of 18—20 inches and +remote, elongated, tough, persistent, nearly black branches, with +prominent winter buds with conspicuous long white matted hairs fringing +the margins of their scales and often nearly concealing the buds; +bark on the old trunks ½ to ¾ of an inch thick, pale gray, divided +into shallow irregular plates; leaves many in a cluster, 4-angled, +slender, blue-green 1—1½ inches long; young cones showy with dark red +or yellow-green scales and dark purple bracts; when mature, ovate 1½—2 +inches long with reddish-purple scales and long tipped dark purple +bracts. + +[Illustration: Larix Lyallii Parl. (⅓ Nat.) Lyall’s Larch.] + +[Illustration: Thuja plicata Don. (⅓ Nat.) Giant Cedar.] + +An alpine tree occurring with more or less frequency throughout the +Rockies from Banff to Field, from 6000 to 8000 feet elevation, at or +near the tree limit, often much stunted and almost shrub-like; very +abundant on the mountains in the region about Lake Louise. + +[Sidenote: =Abies lasiocarpa= (Hook) Nutt. _Sub-alpine Fir, Balsam +Fir._] + +A tree usually 40—100 feet high with a trunk 1—5 feet in diameter, +short crowded tough branches, usually slightly pendulous near the +base and forming dense spire-like slender heads; bark rough on the +older trees, with thick, appressed, cinnamon-red scales; leaves pale +blue-green flat, 1—1¾ inches long on the lower branches, rounded or +notched at the apex; on the upper branches thickened, not more than ½ +an inch long, flattened and closely appressed with long rigid points; +cones, oblong-cylindric, rounded, truncate or depressed at the narrowed +apex, dark purple and soft-hairy, 1½—4 inches long with scales +gradually narrowed from the broad rounded apex to the base, about 3 +times as long as the bracts. + +This tree the Balsam of the region is found throughout on the higher +mountain slopes and summits, frequently forming the timber line in +which case it is shrub-like and stunted. + +[Sidenote: =Pseudotsuga mucronata= (Raf.) Sudw. _Douglas Spruce, Red +Fir._] + +A magnificent tree 80—100 feet high, with a trunk 2—3 feet in diameter, +or frequently larger, with slender crowded branches and long pendulous +lateral ones forming, while the tree is young, an open pyramid, soon +deciduous from the trees crowded in the forest and leaving the bare +trunk naked for ⅔ of its height and surmounted by a comparatively +small, narrow head; bark on the young trees, smooth, dark gray-brown +and lustrous, on the old trunks several inches thick, divided into +oblong plates broken into irregularly connected ridges; leaves crowded, +yellowish-green, straight or slightly curved, narrow, ¾—1¼ inches long, +obtuse or acute at the apex; cones pendent on long stout stems, 2—4¼ +inches long, with thin slightly concave scales; bracts often extending +half an inch beyond the scales. + +[Illustration: Abies lasiocarpa (Hook.) Nutt. (⅓ Nat.) Balsam Fir.] + +[Illustration: Pseudotsuga mucronata (Raf.) Sudw. (¼ Nat.) Douglas +Fir.] + +Throughout the Rockies in the lower wooded valleys, the handsomest tree +of this section especially when young, now rather rare in the mature +state along the line of the railway, but may be so seen to perfection +in the Yoho and some of the other outlying valleys. + +[Sidenote: =Tsuga heterophylla= (Raf.) Sarg. _Western Hemlock._] + +A tree frequently 200 feet high, with a trunk 6—10 feet in diameter, +with short slender usually pendulous branches forming a narrow +pyramidal head; bark orange-brown, thin when young, an inch or more +thick on mature trees and divided into broad flat ridges; leaves flat, +dark green and lustrous on the upper surface, marked below by broad +white bands; cones sessile, oblong or oval, ¾—1 inch long with few +yellowish-brown oblong scales abruptly contracted at the middle and +purplish toward the base. + +Abundant throughout the Selkirks. + +[Sidenote: =Tsuga Mertensiana= (Bong.) Carr. _Mountain Hemlock._] + +Tree usually 70—100 feet high with a tapering trunk 2—5 feet in +diameter and gracefully pendent slender branches and drooping lateral +ones; bark grayish and scaly, on mature trees 1—1½ inches thick divided +into rounded ridges with closely appressed cinnamon scales; leaves more +or less in clusters, standing out all over the sides of the branches, +rounded, light bluish-green or in some pale blue ½—1 inch long; +cones sessile, cylindric, oblong, narrowed toward the blunt apex and +somewhat toward the base, pendulous, 1—3 inches long, with thin scales +usually as broad as long, with slightly thickened or erose margins, +purplish-brown, 4 times as long as the sharp, purple bract. + +On the slopes and exposed ridges through the Selkirks, a most +attractive tree. + +[Illustration: Tsuga Mertensiana (Bong.) Carr. (⅔ Nat.) Mountain +Hemlock.] + +[Illustration: Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg. (⅙ Nat.) Hemlock.] + +[Sidenote: =Picea Albertiana= S. Brown. _Alberta Spruce._] + +A tree 30—60 feet high, slender, strict; twigs smooth and shining or +occasionally glandular, hairy, but never glaucous, yellowish-brown when +young becoming darker with age, leaf bases long and standing out at +right angles from the stem; leaves pale blue or blue-green, ½—1 inch +long, nearly straight or curved, acute or with a rigid tip, 4-sided; +cones ovate or oblong, bright crimson when young, at maturity 1—1½ +inches long and nearly as broad when expanded, scales stiff and rigid, +broadly rounded at the apex, entire, broader than long, cinnamon brown +with a chestnut edging; bract very small with a sharply angular tip. + +The common spruce in the lower valleys and river bottoms throughout the +Rockies. + +[Sidenote: =Picea Engelmanni= (Parry) Engelm. _Engelmann’s Spruce._] + +A tree often 150 feet high but usually much lower, with a trunk +reaching 4—5 feet in diameter; spreading branches, produced in regular +whorls and forming a narrow compact pyramidal head, and gracefully +hanging short lateral branches; bark when mature reddish-brown and +broken into thin scales; leaves soft and flexible, slender or slightly +incurved, stouter on the fertile branches, ½—1⅛ inches long, glaucous +when young, becoming dark blue-green; cones oblong-cylindric, 1—2 +inches long, lustrous, light chestnut brown with thin flexible +wedge-shaped scales, with erosedentate margins. + +On the higher mountain slopes in the Rockies, but much lower in the +valleys of the Selkirks, where it grows to a great size. + +[Sidenote: =Juniperus Siberica= Burgs. _Alpine Juniper._] + +A depressed rigid shrub, with many slender, decumbent stems, curving +upward and forming a circular mass frequently 10 feet in diameter and +18 inches high; bark reddish-brown; leaves numerous ⅓—½ an inch long, +awl-shaped, rigid, spreading nearly at right angles to the branches, +linear-lanceolate, acute, and tipped with sharp, slender points; +channelled and whitened above, lustrous green beneath; berry-like +cones, blue and glaucous, subglobose or oblong about ¼ of an inch in +diameter. + +On dry hills and stony slopes throughout the region. + +[Illustration: Picea albertiana S. Brown. (½ Nat.) Alberta Spruce.] + +[Illustration: Picea albertiana S. Brown. (½ Nat.) Alberta Spruce.] + +[Sidenote: =Juniperus prostrata= Pers. _Shrubby Red Cedar._] + +A depressed, creeping shrub seldom more than a foot high, with +spreading branches; bark grayish-brown; leaves scale-like, appressed, +4-ranked, acute, with a short spiny point; berry-like cones, light blue +and glaucous, a third of an inch in diameter. + +On dry stony ground and slopes throughout the Rockies. + +[Sidenote: =Thuja plicata= Don. _Giant Cedar._] + +A tree frequently 200 feet high with a broad, gradually tapering +buttressed base sometimes 15 feet in diameter; branches short, +horizontal, usually pendulous at the ends, bright yellow-green +during the first year, becoming reddish-brown and lustrous; bark +thin, cinnamon-red, divided into broad rounded ridges by shallow +fissures; leaves ovate, long pointed, ¼ of an inch long or less; +cones purplish-brown, much reflexed, clustered at the ends of the +branches, ½ inch long with 6 oblong thin leathery scales with thickened +spine-bearing tips. + +Occasionally met with in the lower valleys on the western slope of the +Rockies; becoming an immense forest tree in the moist valleys of the +Selkirks where it forms a striking feature of the landscape. + + + + +TAXACEÆ + +_Yew Family_ + + +Trees or shrubs with narrow flat evergreen or deciduous leaves and a +drupe-like fruit. + +[Sidenote: =Taxus brevifolia= Nutt. _Western Yew._] + +A small straggling tree or shrub seldom over 20 feet high and up +to 12 inches in diameter; bark thin, covered with greenish-purple +scales; leaves about ½ an inch long, linear-lanceolate, flat, dark +yellowish-green above, paler below with stout midribs and rigid points; +fruit a fleshy crimson disc ⅓ of an inch long and as broad, surrounding +the hard, nearly black, depressed seed. + +Occurs locally in the Selkirks, forming much of the underwood on Beaver +Creek. + + + + +ARACEÆ + +_Arum Family_ + + +Smooth perennial herbs with tuberous or corn-like rootstocks and mostly +basal, large showy leaves; flowers small and numerously crowded on a +spadix which is generally surrounded or subtended by a simple showy +leaf-like organ called a spathe. + +A very numerous family found mostly in the tropics and represented in +our region by but a single species. + +[Sidenote: =Lysichiton kamtschatcense= (L.) Schott. _Western Skunk +Cabbage._] + +A stemless marsh plant with large leaves 1—4 feet long, 3—18 inches +wide, oblong or oblong-lanceolate, acute, narrowed below into a short +petiole. Flowers appearing before the leaves; spathe yellow with a +broad acute blade 2—6 inches long, narrowed below to a sheathing +petiole 3—10 inches long; spadix 2—4 inches long, densely flowered, on +a stout peduncle 8 inches or more long. + +In wet and marshy spots through the Selkirks. Very abundant near Bear +Creek Station on the railway, flowering in early spring. + + + + +MELANTHACEÆ + +_Bunch-Flower Family_ + + +Lily-like plants with leafy stems, usually with tufts of grass-like +leaves at the base and rootstocks or occasionally bulbs. + +The flowers small and distinctly 6-parted, with the same number of +stamens and three styles; the flowers grow in close heads at the top of +the stems. + + Anthers, 1-celled. + Leaves broad, petioles sheathing. =Veratrum.= + Leaves grass-like. + Flowers erect with a gland at the base of each petal. + =Zygadenus.= + Flowers nodding, petals without glands. =Stenanthella.= + Anthers, 2-celled. =Tofieldia.= + +[Sidenote: =Veratrum viride= Ait. _American White Hellebore._] + +Stem 2—8 feet high, very leafy, softly hairy especially above. Leaves +dark green above, paler and hairy beneath, prominently veiny and +sheathing at the base, oval or elliptic, acute, 6—12 inches long, +3—6 inches broad, the upper becoming successively narrower. Flowers +yellowish-green, numerous in a spreading head often 2 feet long, with +drooping branches; perianth segments oblong or oblanceolate, acute, ¼—½ +an inch long, twice as long as the stamens. + +In swamps and on moist slopes and stream borders throughout the region, +frequently growing in great masses. In the Rockies it seldom grows +below 6000 feet elevation, but is found much lower in the moist valley +of the Selkirks. + +[Sidenote: =Zygadenus elegans= Pursh. _Tall Zygadenus._] + +Very glaucous throughout, with a cluster of narrow, grass-like leaves +5—10 inches long and ¼ inch broad, from a chaffy bulbous root; stem +whitish-green or purplish, 1—2 feet high, with scattered, purple, +leaf-like bracts and an open head of flowers 4—12 inches long; flowers +greenish-white, open, ½ an inch or more across the six petals and +sepals with a large, bright green gland at the base; stamens 6, erect, +forming a central column, anthers scarlet on the opening of the bud, +changing to yellow; styles 3. + +Throughout the Rockies up to 6000 or 7000 feet elevation, in all kinds +of situations and soils, a most attractive plant worthy, of a place in +the flower-garden, blossoming during midsummer. + +[Illustration: Zygadenus elegans Pursh. (½ Nat.) Tall Zygadenus.] + +[Illustration: Zygadenus gramineus Rydb. (½ Nat.) Zygadenus.] + +[Sidenote: =Zygadenus gramineus= Rydb. _Grass-like Zygadenus._] + +A slender, yellowish-green plant 8—12 inches high, from an elongated +ovoid bulb. Leaves narrow and grass-like, rough on the margins and +midribs, all with sheaths around the stem. Flowers light yellow, ¼ of +an inch broad in a compact head 2—3 inches long; stamens exserted, +anthers yellow. + +On open grassy hillsides in the Rockies from Banff to Castle Mountain, +flowering in June. + +[Sidenote: =Stenanthella occidentalis= (A. Gray) Rydb. _Stenthium._] + +Smooth 12—18 inches high from a bulbous base. Leaves 2—3 from the same +root, 8—10 inches long, ½ an inch broad, spreading. Flowers 6—20, +greenish-purple, ½ an inch long, open, drooping, in a simple slender +head; sepals and petals 3 each, with recurved tips; stamens 6, included. + +In moist woods throughout the Rockies, growing in moss; the dark green, +widely spreading leaves and wand-like stem of drooping bell-like +flowers, making a graceful and attractive plant during early summer. + +[Sidenote: =Tofieldia palustris= Huds. _Scottish Asphodel._] + +Low with numerous tufted grass-like leaves 1—2 inches long. Flowers +6-parted, minute, greenish-white in a compact oblong head ¼ of an inch +long, elongated in fruiting; stamens 6; anthers yellow not exceeding +the perianth; head of flowers borne on a slender, smooth stem 3—7 +inches high. + +Abundant throughout the Rockies in damp sandy or gravelly ground, on +the flood-plains and banks of rivers and streams and on the gravelly +shores of lakes and ponds; flowering in June. + +[Sidenote: =Tofieldia intermedia= Rydb. _False Asphodel._] + +Plant with a cluster of grass-like leaves, 3—8 inches long and about +¼ of an inch broad, yellowish-green, from an oblique and chaffy +rootstock. Flowers few, less than ¼ of an inch long, pale yellow, +6-parted, on very short pedicels; stamens 6, slightly exserted, with +purple anthers; the whole in a compact head about ½ an inch long, on a +stem 8—10 inches high, with sticky hairs near the top. + +[Illustration: _a_ Stenanthella occidentalis (A. Gray) Rydb. + +Stenanthium. + +_b_ Clintonia uniflora Kunth. Clintonia. (⅔ Nat.)] + +Frequent throughout the region at an altitude of 4000 to 5000 feet, in +wet open situations with shallow soil; flowering in June. + +[Sidenote: =Tofieldia occidentalis= S. Wats. _Western False Asphodel._] + +Similar to the preceding but readily distinguished by its taller stem +and more open head of flowers, with longer sepals and pedicels, which +are twice as long in each case. + +In the Selkirks only, but frequent there in the bogs around Roger’s +Pass. + + + + +LILIACEÆ + +_Lily Family_ + + +Plants with bulbs or corms but never rootstocks; leaves either at the +base or in whorls or pairs on the stem; the flowers brightly coloured, +frequently large, borne singly or in clusters at the summit of the +frequently naked stem, the six parts though usually distinct, sometimes +more or less united into a tube; stamens 6; stigma 3-lobed. + + Bracts of the inflorescence thin and translucent. =Allium.= + Bracts of the inflorescence leaf-like or none. + Bulbs scaly. =Lilium.= + Bulbs corm-like. =Erythronium.= + +[Sidenote: =Allium recurvatum= Rydb. _Wild Onion, Garlic._] + +Plant 12—15 inches high with an oblique base from an oblong-ovoid bulb. +Leaves narrow and grass-like, 6—8 inches long, thick and half rounded +on the back, the old ones persistent and forming a mat at the surface +of the ground. Flowers numerous, on slender pedicels, in a nodding +terminal head; sepals and petals ¼ of an inch long, elliptic-ovate and +obtuse, rosy pink with a darker mid-vein; stamens and styles exserted, +anthers pale yellow. + +Frequent throughout the Rockies on dry grassy or stony slopes and +slides; flowering in June. + +[Illustration: Tofieldia intermedia Rydb. (⅔ Nat.) False Asphodel.] + +[Illustration: Vagnera stellata (L.) Morong. (¼ Nat.) + +Star-Flowered Solomon’s Seal.] + +[Sidenote: =Allium sibericum= L. _Northern Garlic._] + +Stem 1—2 feet high from a narrowly ovoid bulb, with a single, +elongated, round, hollow, basal leaf and 1 or 2 similar leaves on the +stem. Flowers numerous in a compact round head; the sepals and petals +about ½ an inch long, slender, with a tapering tip, bright rose-purple +with a darker mid-vein; stamens much shorter than the perianth segments. + +Not infrequent in moist open places throughout the Rockies; flowering +in July. + +[Sidenote: =Lilium montanum.= A. Nelson. _Mountain-Lily._] + +Stem 12—18 inches high, rather stout, from a depressed globose bulb an +inch in diameter. Leaves alternate except the uppermost which are in a +whorl of 5—7, dark green above, paler beneath, minutely roughened on +the edges, lanceolate, tapering but slightly toward the sessile base. +Flowers erect usually one, but sometimes several, on a stem; sepals and +petals 2½ inches long, somewhat spreading, elliptic-oblong, tapering +gradually toward both ends, the base contracted into a claw, which is +less than ⅓ the length of the blade; blade reddish-orange on the inner +face, paler near the base, which is dotted with numerous purplish-black +spots; outer face less brilliant, largely suffused with green; stamens +and stigma purplish. + +Frequent throughout the Rockies on the edges of woods and in the lower +river valleys; very abundant in early July in the valley of the Lower +Kicking Horse and Columbia rivers from Golden to Donald. + +[Sidenote: =Erythronium grandiflorum= Pursh. _Snow Lily._] + +A foot or more high from a deep-rooted, slender, membranous-coated +corm. Leaves 2 or occasionally 3, opposite or in a whorl, broadly +lanceolate, obtuse, 6—8 inches long, 2—3 inches wide, unequal, dull and +glaucous green. Flowers 1—6, nodding, bright yellow, sepals and petals +lanceolate 2 inches long, tapering to a slender, strongly reflexed tip; +stamens exserted, anthers yellow or purplish-brown. + +[Illustration: Erythronium grandiflorum Pursh. (½ Nat.) Snow Lily.] + +This beautiful lily is frequent on the slides and mountain slopes +throughout the region at an elevation of 5000 feet or higher, appearing +immediately after the snows have melted, and lasting but a short time. +It may be found flowering according to the elevation and condition of +the snow, from May throughout the summer. The plant has derived its +common name no doubt from its habit of blooming so close to the melting +snows. Where the plant occurs it is usually found in great numbers +during the brief flowering period. + + + + +CONVALLARIACEÆ + +_Lily-of-the-Valley Family_ + + +Resembling the lilies, sometimes with naked but usually leafy stems, +and simple or branched, frequently creeping rootstocks, flowers usually +small and variously disposed on the stem, either scattered in the +axils of the leaves or in terminal clusters, or occasionally solitary +on a naked stem; either 4- or 6-parted, regular, perfect; stamens 6. + + Plant producing but one flower. =Clintonia.= + Plant producing several flowers. + Flowers in a raceme or panicle. =Vagnera.= + Flowers in an umbel or solitary. + Flowers terminal on the branches. =Disporum.= + Flowers axillary. + Perianth narrowly campanulate. =Streptopus.= + Perianth rotate. =Kruhsea.= + +[Sidenote: =Clintonia uniflora= (Schult.) Kunth. _Clintonia._] + +More or less hairy throughout, with 1 to 3 or 4 dark green leaves, +4—8 inches long and 1—2 inches wide, oblong-lanceolate with an abrupt +tip, and tapering at the base to sheathing petioles, from a creeping +underground stem 2—3 inches long. Flower-stem shorter than the leaves +with one or rarely two blossoms which are pure white, very open, +6-parted; sepals and petals ¾—1 inch long, oblanceolate, obtuse; +stamens 6, shorter than the petals, anthers yellow. + +In rich, moist woods throughout the region. + +[Illustration: Lilium montanum A. Nelson. (½ Nat.) Red Mountain-Lily.] + +[Illustration: Kruhsea streptopoides (Ledeb.) Kearney. (½ Nat.) +Kruhsea.] + +[Sidenote: =Vagnera stellata= (L.) Morong. _Star-flowered Solomon’s +Seal._] + +Glaucous throughout, 8—20 inches high, smooth or with a few short +hairs, leafy from a stout fleshy root; leaves alternate, 2—5 inches +long, lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, with a clasping base, +smooth and bright green above, glaucous and minutely hairy beneath. +Flowers white, several forming a rather open terminal head. 1—2 inches +long; petals and sepals narrow, ¼ to ⅜ of an inch long; stamens 6, +about half their length, anthers nearly white. + +Common throughout the region in moist words and thickets; flowering +through June and July. + +[Sidenote: =Vagnera amplexicaulis= (Nutt.) Greene. _False Solomon’s +Seal._] + +Tall, stout, and leafy, 18—30 inches high, from a fleshy rootstock; +stem striate and slightly hairy especially near the top; leaves +alternate, sessile or short-petioled, ovate or oblong, 3—7 inches +long, 1½—3 inches broad, short, acuminate, often with a twisted tip. +Flowers small, yellowish-white in a close terminal head 1½—3½ inches +long; petals and sepals minute, about ¹/₁₆ of an inch long; stamens 6, +the filaments petaloid and about ⅛ of an inch long, anthers yellowish +white. + +Common throughout the region in the moist rich woods; flowering during +June. + +[Sidenote: =Streptopus amplexifolius= (L.) DC. _Tall Twisted-stalk._] + +Plant 1—3 feet high, from a short, stout rootstock, covered with +numerous fibrous roots; stem glaucous, usually branching below the +middle, smooth above and covered with stiff hairs below. Leaves +alternate, ovate-lanceolate, 2—5 inches long, 1—2 inches wide, +acuminate, smooth, bright green above, glaucous beneath, heart-shaped +and clasping at the base. Flowers numerous, 1 or 2 on a stem at the +back of each of the upper leaves, stem bent or twisted about the +middle; sepals and petals greenish-white or yellowish, narrowly +lanceolate about ½ an inch long, spreading and turned back at the tips; +berry ½—¾ of an inch in diameter, globose, yellow or bright scarlet. + +A rather striking plant throughout the region in the moist rich woods +among rocks; flowering in June. + +[Sidenote: =Streptopus curvipes= A. M. Vail. _Smaller Twisted-stalk._] + +Plant 6—24 inches high, smooth except the flower-stalks and +margins of the leaves, simple or slightly branched from a slender +creeping rhizome, with a few fibrous rootlets at the nodes. Leaves +yellowish-green, sessile, oval or oblong-lanceolate, 1—3 inches long, +acuminate at the tip and rounded or more or less clasping at the +base, the margins more or less scatteringly glandular-hairy. Flowers +few at the backs of the upper leaves, solitary on glandular-hairy, +curved stalks ¼—¾ of an inch long; sepals and petals pale purple or +rose colour, darker spotted on the inner surface, slender, slightly +more than ¼ of an inch long; anthers beaked, the beaks slender; berry +globose, about ⅜ of an inch in diameter, bright red. + +In the damp woods in the Selkirks, frequent, growing in colonies and +spreading largely by the creeping rhizomes. + +[Sidenote: =Kruhsea streptopoides= (Ledeb.) Kearney. _Kruhsea._] + +Smooth and simple, 3—6 inches high, from an extensively creeping +rhizome, with a few fibrous roots at each node. Leaves 4—8, bright +green and shining on both surfaces, ovate-lanceolate, acute, 1—2 +inches long, the upper merely sessile, the lower clasping at the base. +Flowers few, about ¼ of an inch in width, stellate and solitary on very +slender, curved stalks about ⅜ of an inch long in the axils, at the +backs of the upper leaves; sepals and petals deep wine-colour at the +base, with yellowish-green reflexed tips; stamens 6, anthers ovoid, +2-lobed, yellow and prominent, slightly below the centre of the sepals +and petals; ovary broadly urn-shaped; style none; berry nearly globose +at maturity and bright red. + +Known only in the Selkirks where it occurs in colonies of considerable +size in the rich woods at Glacier; flowering in the middle of June. + +[Sidenote: =Disporum Oreganum= (S. Wats.) B. and H. _Disporum._] + +Stem 1—3 feet high, much branched and finely hairy above. Leaves +yellowish-green when young, becoming darker with age, ovate or oblong, +acuminate, distinctly heart-shaped at the base, 2—4 inches long, +hairy, especially beneath. Flowers appearing as the leaves unfold +greenish-yellow or nearly white, drooping 1 or 2 together at the ends +of the branches; sepals and petals spreading half an inch or more in +length, lanceolate and narrowed at the base into a broad claw; stamens +exserted, anthers yellow; style simple, larger than the stamens; berry +ovate, half an inch in diameter, smooth or nearly so when ripe, bright +red and few-seeded. + +In moist rich woods throughout the region, most abundant on the +western slope of the Rockies and in the Selkirks; flowering in June. + +[Sidenote: =Disporum majus= (Hook). Britton. _Large Flowered Disporum._] + +Plant 1—2 feet high with few branches, hairy when young. Leaves ovate +or oblong-lanceolate, acute or short, acuminate, rounded at the base. +Flowers greenish-yellow or nearly white, 1—3 together at the ends of +the branches; sepals and petals not spreading, half an inch or less in +length, narrowly oblong or oblanceolate, stamens about equalling the +sepals and petals; style slightly longer than the stamens, 3-cleft; +berry a little less than half an inch in diameter, depressed, globose, +and roughened with short papillæ. + +In rich woods, most abundant on the eastern slopes of the Rockies; +flowering early in June. + + + + +IRIDACEÆ + +_Iris Family_ + + +Perennial herbs with narrow 2-ranked, grass-like leaves and mostly +clustered, perfect flowers, subtended by bracts; perianth of 6 +segments, rolled together in the bud, stamens 3, inserted on the +perianth opposite its outer series of lobes; filaments slender, distant +or united; anthers facing upward. + +[Sidenote: =Sisyrinchium septentrionale= Bicknell. _Blue-eyed Grass._] + +Growing in small tufts, 4—10 inches high, pale, glaucous. Leaves stiff +and very slender about half the length of the taller scapes, equalling +the shorter ones. Spathe small purplish or green, often partly double +and enclosing 3 or 4 small bright violet-blue flowers, less than half +an inch broad, on erect pedicels. + +Throughout the Rockies in open moist ground at the lower elevations; +flowering in June. + + + + +ORCHIDACEÆ + +_Orchid Family_ + + +Perennial herbs, with corms, bulbs, or tuberous roots, sheathing entire +leaves, sometimes reduced to scales, the flowers perfect, irregular, +bracted, solitary, spiked or racemed. Perianth superior of 6 segments, +the 3 outer (sepals) similar or nearly so, 2 of the inner ones (petals) +lateral, alike; the third inner one (lip) dissimilar, often markedly +so, usually larger and often spurred; stamens and style variously +arranged. An extensive family with great diversity of flower form, +and habit of growth. Most abundant in the tropics, represented in the +region as follows: + + Perfect anthers 2; lip large, sac-like. =Cypripedium.= + Perfect anther 1. + Plants saprophytic, without green herbage. =Corallorhiza.= + Plants with ordinary green herbage. + Flower and leaf solitary; root bulbous. =Cytherea.= + Flowers several to many in racemes. + Leaf only 1. + Flowers white with purple spots. =Orchis.= + Flowers greenish. =Lysiella.= + Leaves only 2, cauline. =Ophrys.= + Leaves more than 2. + Stem leaves reduced to bracts. + Basal leaves white veined. =Peramium.= + Stem leaves not reduced to bracts. + Flowers not spirally arranged. + Glands surrounded by a thin membrane. + =Cœloglossum.= + Glands naked. =Limnorchis.= + Flowers spirally arranged. =Ibidium.= + +[Illustration: _a_ Cypripedium passerinum Rich. Small White Lady’s +Slipper.] + +[Illustration: _b_ Cypripedium parviflorum Salisb. Small Yellow Lady’s +Slipper. + +(⅔Nat.)] + +[Sidenote: =Cypripedium passerinum= Rich. _Small White Lady’s Slipper._] + +Stem 8—10 inches high from a decumbent base, leafy, hairy throughout. +Leaves 4 or 5, lanceolate, acuminate, veiny, 3—4 inches long, +yellowish-green, and clasping at the base. Flowers solitary, small; +lip obovate, inflated half an inch long, white, spotted with purple +inside, particularly near the base; sepals greenish, shorter than +the lip, the upper forming a sort of hood; the lateral petals white, +oblong-lanceolate, obtuse, half an inch long, spreading. + +In damp shaded situations, frequent in the Rockies; flowers in July. + +[Sidenote: =Cypripedium parviflorum= Salisb. _Small Yellow Lady’s +Slipper._] + +Stem 1—2 feet high, slender, and leafy. Leaves elliptic or lanceolate, +2—6 inches long, 1—2¼ inches wide, yellowish-green, veiny, +scatteringly hairy. Flowers usually solitary, bright yellow; lip +inflated, curved, an inch or more long, spotted and blotched inside +with purple; sepals and petals longer than the lip, laterals twisted, +1½—2 inches long, lanceolate with an attenuate tip, yellowish-green or +sometimes purplish. + +Not uncommon in the Rockies in moist ground, very abundant on the +torrent fan among loose stones at the head of Emerald Lake; flowering +in June. + +[Sidenote: =Corallorhiza Corallorhiza= (L.) Karst. _Early Coral-root._] + +Stem smooth, greenish-yellow or purplish; 4—12 inches high from a mass +of coral-like roots. Leaves absent but represented by 2—5 closely +sheathing scales. Flowers 3—12 in a head 1—3 inches long; sepals and +petals slender, ¼ of an inch long, yellowish or dull purplish; lip not +quite as long as the petals, white or whitish, oblong, nearly entire or +slightly notched at the apex, 2-toothed at the base, occasionally with +purple spots. + +[Illustration: Corallorhiza Corallorhiza (L.) Karst. (½ Nat.) +Coral-Root.] + +[Illustration: Lyschiton kamtschatcense (L.) Schott. (¼ Nat.) Western +Skunk-Cabbage.] + +Frequent in woods in the Rockies especially those of the “Jack Pine,” +flowering in May and early June. + +[Sidenote: =Corallorhiza multiflora= Nutt. _Large Coral-root._] + +Stems 8—20 inches high, purplish, with several appressed scales. +Flowers 10—30 in a head 2—8 inches long, brownish-purple ½—¾ of an inch +long; sepals and petals linear-lanceolate, about ⅓ of an inch long; lip +white, spotted and lined with purple, oval in outline, deeply 3-lobed, +the middle lobe broadest; spur manifest and yellowish. + +Not infrequent in the rich woods in the Selkirks; flowering in late +summer. + +[Sidenote: =Cytherea bulbosa= (L.) House. _Calypso._] + +Stem 3—6 inches high, purplish, from a bulb nearly half an inch in +diameter. Leaf solitary, dark, lustrous green, 1—1½ inches long, round, +ovate, obtusely pointed at the apex, rounded or somewhat heart-shaped +at the base, deeply veined. Flower solitary, nodding, an inch long, +rosy purple variegated with pink and yellow; petals and sepals linear, +erect or spreading, half an inch or more long with longitudinal purple +lines; lip ¾ of an inch long, sac-like and spreading, divided into +two below, with a prominent patch of yellow hairs near the point of +division. + +This charming little orchid, by far the most dainty of any found in the +region, is frequent, growing in deep moss on the shaded slopes of the +Rockies; very fragrant, flowering in early June. + +[Sidenote: =Orchis rotundifolia= Pursh. _Round-leaved Orchid._] + +Plant slender, 8—10 inches high with one leaf near the base, varying +from nearly orbicular to oval, 1½—3 inches long, 1—2 inches wide, +sheathing at the base. Spike 2—8 flowered; flowers half an inch or more +long; lateral sepals spreading, somewhat longer than the petals, petals +and sepals oval, rose-colour; lip white, purple-spotted, longer than +the petals, three-lobed, the middle longest, dilated and two-lobed or +notched at the tip; spur slender, shorter than the lip. + +This beautiful little orchid is abundant throughout the Rockies in cool +mossy spots and rich woods; flowering in June. + +[Illustration: _a_ Cytherea bulbosa (L.) House. (¾ Nat.) + +Calypso. + +_b_ Orchis rotundifolia Pursh. Small Round-Leaved Orchid.] + +[Sidenote: =Lysiella obtusata= (Pursh.) Rydb. _Small Northern +Bog-orchid._] + +Plant 6—8 inches high from a short thick rootstock; stem naked with +a single obovate or oblong leaf at the base 1½—2½ inches long, ½—1½ +inches wide, obtuse. Flowers few in a slender spike, yellowish-green; +upper sepal round, ovate, erect, surrounding the broad column; lateral +sepals reflexed and spreading; petals lanceolate, smaller; lip entire, +linear-lanceolate, and deflexed; spur slightly curved especially at the +tip, shorter than the ovary. + +Frequent throughout the Rockies in the lower valleys, in cool shaded +spots growing in moss, on the borders of streams, ponds, or lakes; +flowering in June. + +[Sidenote: =Ophrys nephrophylla= Rydb. _Heart-shaped Twayblade._] + +Stem slender and smooth, 3—8 inches high. Leaves sessile, cordate or +broadly ovate, ½—1 inch long; head of flowers rather loose, ½—2 inches +long, 4—20-flowered; flowers very minute, purplish or greenish; sepals +ovate; petals oblong, about ¹/₁₆ of an inch long; lip two-cleft, twice +as long as the petals, the segments linear or hair-like. + +This diminutive orchid is one of the commonest species throughout the +region in early summer, growing abundantly in mossy places in the moist +woods, frequently not rising more than an inch or two above the surface +of the ground; the flowers varying greatly in color from yellowish +green to purple. + +[Sidenote: =Ophrys convallarioides= (Sw.) Wight. _Broad-lipped +Twayblade._] + +Stem rather stout, 4—10 inches high, glandular-hairy above the leaves. +Leaves smooth, round, oval or ovate, obtuse, 3—9 nerved, 1—2½ inches +long, ½—1½ inches wide. Flowers 3—12 in a loose head, yellowish-green, +½ an inch long; bracts nearly ¼ of an inch long; sepals and petals +narrow and strongly reflexed in flower, much shorter than the lip; +lip nearly half an inch long, broadly wedge-shaped with two obtuse +lobes at the apex and with a tooth at each side of the narrow base; +column elongated but shorter than the lip, and incurved with two short +projecting wings above the anther. + +In hemlock woods throughout the Selkirks; flowering in July. + +[Sidenote: =Ophrys borealis= (Morong). _Northern Twayblade._] + +Stems 3—5 inches high, smooth below, glandular and with long silky +scattered hairs among the flowers. Leaves oval, slightly sheathing, +obtuse, an inch or more long, half as broad, generally smooth. Flowers +few in a raceme; sepals and petals nearly equal, linear, obtuse, about +¼ of an inch long; lip half an inch long, obtuse at the apex with very +obtuse lobes. Yellowish-green with a purplish middle and purple nerves +radiating into the apical lobes, column slightly incurved, ⅛ of an inch +long. + +Generally distributed throughout the Rockies but never abundant, seldom +more than 3 or 4 plants being found together; flowering in July. + +[Sidenote: =Peramium Menziesi= (Lindl.) Morong. _Rattlesnake Plantain._] + +Plant 8—15 inches high from a hairy, creeping rootstock. Leaves basal, +1½—2½ inches long and a third as broad, tapering to both ends, dark +green and veiny, sometimes blotched with white. Flowers ¼ to nearly ½ +an inch long, yellowish- or greenish-white, in a slender spike; sepals +and petals lanceolate, erect or nearly so about half the length of the +lip, lip swollen at the base and with a long narrow recurved tip. + +Frequent in rich woods throughout the region, growing in moss, the +evergreen leaves forming a rosette at the base of the stalk of flowers, +which blossom in August. + +[Illustration: Limnorchis dilatatiformis Rydb. (⅙ Nat.) + +Purplish-Green Bog-Orchid.] + +[Illustration: Peramium Menziesii (Lindl.) Morong. (⅔ Nat.) + +Menzies’ Rattlesnake Plantain.] + +[Sidenote: =Peramium repens= (L.) Salisb. _Northern Rattlesnake +Plantain._] + +Plant 6—10 inches high, glandular-hairy in the upper part of the stem. +Leaves oblong-lanceolate, an inch or more long and a third as wide, +tapering to both ends, green and usually blotched with white along the +veins. Flowers small in a one-sided spike, greenish-white, about ¼ of +an inch long, densely glandular-hairy on the outer surface; sepals and +petals erect, ovate; lip sac-like with a narrow recurved tip. + +Frequent in the woods throughout the Rockies, flowering in July. + +[Sidenote: =Cœloglossum bracteatum= (Willd.) Parl. _Long-bracted +Orchid._] + +Stem stout and leafy, 6—18 inches high, from a root of numerous +fusiform tubers. Leaves lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, 2—4 inches +long. Flowers in a loose spike 2—3 inches long with bracts an inch +long; flowers yellowish-green, sepals ovate-lanceolate, dilated at the +base, ¼ of an inch long; petals very narrow or sometimes thread-like; +lip nearly half an inch long, oblong-spatulate, 2—3-toothed or lobed at +the tip, more than twice as long as the white sac-like spur. + +Frequent in open grassy woods and meadows throughout the Rockies; +flowering in June. + +[Sidenote: =Limnorchis dilatatiformis= Rydb. _Purplish-Green +Bog-orchid._] + +Stem 1, 2, or 3 feet tall, from a root of 2 or 3 fusiform, hairy +tubers; leafy. Lowest leaves oblanceolate, obtuse, 2—5 inches long, +upper ones lanceolate, acute, much longer. Spike of flowers 4—12 inches +long, loosely flowered, the bracts linear-lanceolate, the lowest much +longer than the flowers, 1—1½ inches long. Flowers about ½ an inch +long; sepals yellowish-green and thin, the upper one ovate, erect, +about ⅛ of an inch long, the lateral ones obtuse and spreading, ¼ of +an inch long, petals lanceolate, acute, greenish-purple or green; lip +purple or greenish, linear, obtuse, thick, over ¼ of an inch long; spur +about ½ as long as the lip, sack-like. + +Frequent through the region in open swamps, wet meadows and sloughs, +varying greatly in size; flowering during June and early July. + +[Illustration: _a_ Ophrys borealis (Morong). Northern Twayblade. + +_b_ Cœloglossum bracteatum (Willo) Parl. Long-Bracted Orchid. + +_c_ Limnorchis fragrans Rydb. Fragrant White Bog-Orchid. + +_d_ Lysiella obtusata (Pursh) Rydb. Small Northern Bog-Orchid. + +_e_ Ophrys nephrophylla Rydb. Heart-Shaped Twayblade. + +(⅔ Nat.)] + +[Sidenote: =Limnorchis viridiflora= (Cham.) Rydb. _Small Green +Bog-orchid._] + +Stem 8—18 inches high, strict and leafy. Lower leaves oblanceolate, +obtuse, 2—4 inches long, upper lanceolate and acute; spike of flowers +short and dense, the bracts linear-lanceolate, the lower slightly +exceeding the flowers. Flowers ½ an inch long or less, yellowish-green; +upper sepals broadly ovate, erect; lateral ones ¼ of an inch long, +acute, spreading; petals erect, lanceolate, acute; lip lanceolate, +obtuse, less than ¼ of an inch long; spur club-shaped, curved, about +as long as the lip. Differs from the last species in the bright green +colour, slightly smaller flowers with broader based lip and the longer, +club-shaped curved spur. + +In bogs throughout the region; flowering in June. + +[Sidenote: =Limnorchis borealis= (Cham.) Rydb. _Small White +Bog-orchid._] + +Stem 18 inches to 2 feet high, slender and leafy. Leaves, the lower +oblanceolate and obtuse, the upper lanceolate, acute. Spike of flowers +often rather dense, 4—8 inches long; bracts lanceolate, the lower often +much exceeding the flowers; flowers ½ an inch or more long, white or +sometimes yellowish or greenish-white; upper sepals ovate, obtuse, ¼ +of an inch long, lateral ones oblong-lanceolate, spreading; petals +lanceolate, slightly shorter than the sepals; lip rhombic-lanceolate, +obtuse, about ¼ of an inch long; spur club-shaped about the length of +or shorter than the lip. + +Throughout the region in open boggy places and wet meadows; flowering +in June. + +[Sidenote: =Limnorchis fragrans= Rydb. _Fragrant Orchid._] + +Stem slender, 8—12 inches high, from a narrow fusiform tuberous +root. Leaves linear, acute, 2—4 inches long, about ½ an inch wide. +Spike of flowers slender, lax; bracts, lanceolate, acuminate, the +lower slightly longer than the flowers; flowers pure white with a +spicy fragrance; upper sepal ovate-lanceolate, obtuse, the lateral +ones linear-lanceolate, acute, and strongly veined; petals narrowly +linear-lanceolate equalling the sepals; lip lanceolate with an ovate +rhomboid base about ¼ of an inch long; spur slender and curved, +slightly exceeding the lip. + +In more or less shaded bogs through the Rockies, flowering during July. + +[Sidenote: =Ibidium romanzoffianum= (Cham.) House. _Lady’s Tresses._] + +Stem smooth, 6—18 inches high, leafy below, bracted above; the lower +leaves 3—8 inches long, linear or linear-oblanceolate. Head of flowers +more or less glandular, hairy, 2—4 inches long, half an inch or more +thick, bracts shorter than the flowers; flowers waxy white or greenish, +nearly half an inch long with an open mouth, spreading horizontally and +very fragrant; upper sepals broad and obtuse; lip oblong, broad at the +base, and contracted below to the crisped apex, thin, transparent, and +veined, callosities merely thickenings of the basal margins of the lip. + +Throughout the region in springy places and wet alpine meadows; +flowering toward the end of July. + + + + +SALICACEÆ + +_Willow Family_ + + +Trees or shrubs with light wood, brittle twigs, and simple alternate +leaves; flowers borne in catkins; the staminate and pistillate on +separate plants, the seed provided with a covering of long, white, +silky, hairs. + +[Sidenote: =Populus balsamifera= L. _Balsam Poplar._] + +A large tree with nearly smooth gray bark, reaching a maximum height +of 80 feet; branches stout, ascending, the larger buds very resinous. +Leaves smooth, broadly ovate or ovate-lanceolate, entire, dark green +and shining above, pale beneath, acute or acuminate at the apex, +rounded or acute at the base, petioles round. Flowers in slender +catkins, the staminate and pistillate on separate trees. + +Throughout the region in the river valleys and on the surrounding +slopes, usually a tree not over 20—30 feet high but sometimes attaining +an immense size. + +[Sidenote: =Populus tremuloides= Michx. _American Aspen._] + +A slender tree with smooth, light green bark, seldom more than 40—50 +feet high, and less than half that in our region. Leaves smooth when +young except on the margins, ovate, short-acuminate at the apex, +rounded at the base, finely crenulate all around; petioles flattened +laterally, very slender, causing the leaves to quiver with the +slightest breeze. Flowers in rather stout catkins. + +Frequent in the low valleys and slopes through the Rockies, forming +groves, or singly. + +The willows which are very largely represented throughout the region, +in the low or moist ground and banks of streams, as shrubs or small +trees; or on the drier slopes, and in alpine meadows and summits, +frequently as very diminutive shrubs with stems less than an inch +high, have been omitted entirely, owing to the extreme difficulty of +distinguishing between them in a work of this kind. + + + + +BETULACEÆ + +_Birch Family_ + + +Trees or shrubs with alternate simple leaves; staminate and pistillate +flowers borne in separate catkins on the same plant; the staminate +usually long, slender, and drooping; the pistillate short and erect; +fruit cone-like. + +[Sidenote: =Betula papyrifera= Marsh. _Paper Birch, Canoe Birch._] + +Becoming a large forest tree; bark chalky white, peeling in +thin layers. Leaves ovate, acute, or acuminate, dentate and +denticulate, smooth above, glandular and hairy on the veins beneath, +slender-petioled 1½—4 inches long. Staminate catkins 2—4 inches long; +pistillate catkins ¾ of an inch or more long. + +Sparingly on the slopes in the vicinity of Field, British Columbia; not +a common tree. + +[Sidenote: =Betula occidentalis= Hook. _Western Red Birch._] + +A tree sometimes 100 feet high but much smaller in our region; the bark +smooth dark bronze; twigs gray-brown, warty. Leaves broadly ovate or +nearly orbicular, sharply serrate, short-petioled, smooth on both sides +or sparingly hairy beneath ¾—2 inches long. + +On river shores throughout the region, sparingly from Field west. + +[Sidenote: =Betula glandulosa= Michx. _Glandular Birch, Scrub Birch._] + +A shrub 1—8 feet with brown, glandular, warty twigs. Leaves orbicular, +oval or ovate, smooth, rounded at the apex, crenate-dentate, bright +green above, pale and sticky, glandular-dotted beneath, short +petioled, ¼—1 inch long. Staminate catkins, commonly solitary, about ½ +an inch long; cones when ripe ½—1 inch long. + +In moist ground and thickets in the lower valleys through the Rockies, +frequent. + +[Sidenote: =Alnus tenuifolia= Nutt. _Slender-leaved Alder._] + +A shrub 4—20 feet high with brown bark. Leaves more or less broadly +ovate, 2—3 inches long, acute, rounded or slightly heart-shaped at the +base, acutely doubly toothed, light green and smooth on both sides or +slightly hairy. Staminate catkins slender, drooping, 1—2 inches long; +fruiting cones erect, ½ an inch or less long. + +In moist places and thickets and stream banks at the higher elevations +throughout the region, very abundant in the Selkirks. + + + + +LORANTHACEÆ + +_Mistletoe Family_ + + +Parasitic herbs growing on woody plants and absorbing their food from +the host plant through specialised roots; leaves opposite, frequently +reduced to scales; flowers diœcious or monœcious, regular; in terminal +or axillary clusters. + +[Sidenote: =Razoumofskya americana= (Nutt.) Kuntze. _Dwarf Mistletoe._] + +Greenish-yellow or brownish, smooth, fleshy; stems rather slender, +numerous, and tufted, forked or branched into 4-angled jointed +branches. Leaves reduced to opposite scales at the joints. Flowers +very small, the staminate and pistillate on separate plants; staminate +plants 2—4 inches long, with the flowers on terminal peduncle-like +joints; pistillate plants much smaller and darker coloured; berries +ovate, purplish-brown, ⅙ of an inch long. + +Throughout the Rockies, parasitic on Pinus Murrayana; locally abundant, +appearing in midsummer. + + + + +SANTALACEÆ + +_Sandalwood Family_ + + +Low herbs parasitic on the roots of other plants, with entire leaves +and perfect, greenish flowers, either terminal or axillary; calyx +3—6-lobed; petals wanting; stamens as many as the calyx lobes and +inserted near their bases or opposite them upon the disc; fruit in +the only genus represented in the region, drupe-like, crowned by the +persistent style. + +[Sidenote: =Comandra pallida= DC. _Pale Comandra._] + +Stem slender and leafy, 6—12 inches tall, pale and glaucous. Leaves +linear or linear-lanceolate, acute or the lowest of those of the stem, +oblong-elliptic. Flowers small, less than ¼ of an inch high with short +pedicels, clustered at the summit of the stems, calyx purplish or +sometimes nearly white; fruit ovoid-oblong, nearly half an inch high +and crowned by the very short upper portion of the calyx tube. + +On dry hillsides throughout the Rockies; flowering during June. + +[Illustration: Comandra pallida DC. (⅔ Nat.) White Comandra.] + +[Illustration: Eriogonum subalpinum Greene. (½ Nat.) Tall Eriogonum.] + +[Sidenote: =Comandra livida= Rich. _Northern Comandra._] + +Stem slender, usually quite simple, 4—12 inches high. Leaves +thin, oval, obtuse or rounded at the apex, narrowed at the base, +short-petioled ½—1½ inches long, nearly half as broad, yellowish or +purplish-green when young, becoming bright green or often variegated +with age. Flowers small, less than ¼ of an inch broad; purplish-green, +in axillary clusters of 1—5 flowers; drupe globose-oblong, ¼ of an inch +in diameter, bright red when ripe. + +Throughout the Rockies in moist ground and shaded mossy places and +borders of woods, flowering in June. While inconspicuous early in the +season, in midsummer it is apt to be quite showy on account of the +striking, golden yellow veining of the otherwise green leaves; this +condition is due to a fungoid or other disease of the plant. + + + + +POLYGONACEÆ + +_Buckwheat Family_ + + +Herbs and twining vines with alternate or sometimes opposite or +whorled leaves, jointed stems and usually sheathing united stipules; +flowers small, regular, perfect, monœcious, diœcious or polygamous; +petals none, calyx 2—6-parted, the segments more or less folded over +each other, sometimes petal-like; stamens 2—9 dilated at the base and +distinct or united into a ring; ovary superior, one-celled with a +solitary ovule. + + Flowers not involucrate; stipules sheathing. + Leaves reniform, sepals 4. =Oxyria.= + Leaves not reniform; sepals 6. + Sepals unequal; stigmas tufted. =Rumex.= + Sepals equal; stigmas capitate. =Polygonum.= + Flowers involucrate, many; stipules wanting. =Eriogonum.= + +[Sidenote: =Oxyria digyna= (L.) Hill. _Mountain Sorrel._] + +Stems 2 inches to a foot high, scape-like and leafless, from a large +chaffy rootstock. Leaves basal on long petioles, reniform or orbicular +½—2 inches wide with a wavy margin, sometimes notched at the apex. +Racemes 2—3 inches or more long, of many small flowers on slender +pedicels; crimson or pinkish and showy in fruit. + +Frequent at the higher altitudes throughout the region in moist grounds +and beside streams, flowering in June. + +[Sidenote: =Rumex acetosa= _Sour._] + +Stems a foot or more high, smooth. Leaves oblong, hastate or +ovate-sagittate, 1—4 inches long, acute, the basal few and long +petioled, stem leaves sessile, the acute auricles entire. Flowers, +diœcious, minute, crowded in a slender head 3—6 inches long, +yellowish-green tinged with red. + +In moist open ground at the higher elevations, more or less frequent +throughout the Rockies, flowering in midsummer. + +[Sidenote: =Rumex salicifiolus= Weinm. _Pale-leaved Dock._] + +Smooth, pale green, erect, and spreading, 1—3 feet high. Leaves +lanceolate, acute or acuminate at both ends, petioled. Flowers +small greenish-white in erect or reflexed racemes, dense in fruit, +interrupted below; wings of the fruit triangular-ovate, with a large +ovoid tubercle. + +Frequent throughout the Rockies at the lower altitudes; flowering in +summer. + +[Sidenote: =Polygonum viviparum= L. _Alpine Bistort._] + +Smooth, with a corm-like rootstock; stems solitary or clustered, 2—10 +inches high. Basal leaves lanceolate or oblong. 1—8 inches long, rather +acute, cordate at the base on long petioles; stem leaves narrowly +lanceolate or linear, upper sessile with revolute margins. Flowers +in a dense terminal raceme several inches long; rose-coloured or +white; stamens exserted; small bulblets frequently developed among the +flowers, which later produce leaves and young plants. + +Frequent in moist sandy soil and river banks throughout the Rockies, +flowering in June and July. + +Several small weedy species of the genus are also found through the +region but are not sufficiently striking to be here described. + +[Sidenote: =Eriogonum subalpinum= Greene. _Tall White Eriogonum._] + +Stems depressed, much branched, prostrate and matted at the base. +Leaves oblong to ovate-spatulate, 1—2 inches long, on slender +petioles, smooth and green above, white-woolly beneath. Scape-like +peduncles, erect, 8—14 inches high, with a simple, large umbel of +8—12 rays subtended by a whorl of leaves. Flowers ⅛—¼ of an inch +high, cream-coloured or nearly pure white, and tinged with rosy pink +especially in age. + +A striking plant growing in stony places and on rocky slopes, +throughout the Rockies, flowering in June and July. + +[Sidenote: =Eriogonum ochroleucum= Small. _Yellowish-white Eriogonum._] + +Tufted from a large rootstock. Leaves white and woolly throughout, +densely crowded on the very short stems, elliptic to obovate-spatulate, +half an inch or more long, narrowed at the base into slender, +frequently spirally-twisted petioles; scapes slender, several, six +inches or more high bearing a globular head of pale yellowish-white +flowers ³/₁₆ of an inch high. + +On a moist rocky slope at an elevation of 4500 feet near Glacier, +abundant, the plant may occur elsewhere in the region but has not been +observed; flowers in June. + + + + +PORTULACACEÆ + +_Purslane Family_ + + +Fleshy herbaceous plants, with regular perfect, unsymmetrical flowers; +sepals commonly 2; petals 4 or 5, folded together, stamens equal in +number to the petals or fewer. + +[Sidenote: =Claytonia lanceolata= Pursh. _Spring Beauty._] + +Stem 3—8 inches high from a round corm. Leaves oblong or lanceolate, +½—1½ inches long. Flowers nearly half an inch broad, few to several in +a loose head, on slender pedicels; petals notched at the end or almost +obcordate, white with pink veins. + +One of the first plants to appear in spring on the edges of the snow +banks, throughout the region, from the lower altitudes up to the alpine +summits, flowering throughout the summer according to elevation and +condition of the snow. + +[Illustration: Claytonia lanceolata Pursh. (½ Nat.) Spring Beauty.] + +[Illustration: Claytonia parvifolia Moc. (½ Nat.) Small-Leaved Spring +Beauty.] + +[Sidenote: =Claytonia parvifolia= Moc. _Small-leaved Spring Beauty._] + +Stems 6—12 inches high, diffuse, ascending or somewhat reclined or +creeping, sometimes reduced to slender naked runners. Leaves fleshy, +rhombic-ovate, acute, about half an inch long, contracted at the base, +the upper a quarter of an inch long or less. Flowers few and racemose; +petals somewhat obcordate ¼ of an inch long, much surpassing the +rounded sepals, rose-colour varying to white; propagating freely by +bulblet-like offshoots in the axils of the stem leaves, as well as by +the usual method. + +In wet stony places and in the gravelly beds of Alpine brooks, frequent +in the Selkirks, flowering in July. + + + + +CARYOPHYLLACEÆ + +_Pink Family_ + + +Herbaceous plants, often swollen at the nodes, with opposite entire +leaves and perfect or rarely diœcious regular flowers; sepals 4 or 5 +persistent, separated or united into a calyx tube; petals equal in +number to the sepals or none; stamens twice as many as the sepals or +fewer. + + Sepals united; petals long clawed. + Calyx 10-many nerved. + Styles 3; capsule with 3 or 6 teeth. =Silene.= + Styles 5; capsule with 5 or 10 teeth. =Lychnis.= + Sepals free to the base or nearly so. + Petals two-cleft or rarely none. + Capsule cylindric, usually curved. =Cerastium.= + Capsule ovate or oblong, not curved. =Alsine.= + Petals entire or notched, rarely none. + Styles as many as the sepals and alternate with them. =Sagina.= + Styles fewer than the sepals. + Seeds appendaged. =Mœhringia.= + Seeds not appendaged. =Arenaria.= + +[Illustration: Silene acaulis L. (⅔ Nat.) Moss Campion.] + +[Illustration: Lychnis apetala L. (⅔ Nat.) Nodding Lychnis.] + +[Sidenote: =Silene acaulis= L. _Moss Campion._] + +Closely tufted, an inch or two high, forming cushion-like beds, often 2 +feet or more across. Leaves sessile, crowded, linear, ½ an inch or less +long, the margins ciliate. Flowers ¼ of an inch or more across, nearly +sessile or raised on naked curved peduncles, often ½ an inch long; +calyx narrowly campanulate, ¼ of an inch long, smooth, the teeth short, +rounded; petals rose-purple or rarely white, entire or notched. + +In alpine meadows, in stony ground, on the moraines and tops of the +mountains throughout the region, flowering in June and July. + +[Sidenote: =Silene Lyallii= S. Wats. _Lyall’s Catchfly._] + +Stems slender, decumbent at the base, 12—18 inches high, minutely hairy +throughout, glandular above. Leaves, the basal spatulate, obtuse 1—2 +inches long on long petioles, those of the stem linear 1—2 inches long, +sessile. Flowers on short peduncles in rather loose terminal heads; +calyx oblong, inflated, about ½ an inch long, narrow, glandular, teeth +purple-tipped; petals white, nearly half an inch long, spreading, +two-lobed. + +On grassy alpine slopes throughout the region, flowering in June and +July. + +[Sidenote: =Lychnis apetala= L. _Nodding Lychnis._] + +More or less glandular-hairy, 2—6 inches high. Leaves linear or +oblanceolate, ½-2½ inches long. Flower solitary, ½—¾ of an inch +long, nodding; calyx inflated, strongly purple veined, its teeth +triangular-ovate, acute; petals purple, as long as or shorter than the +calyx, narrow, 2-cleft. + +Among loose boulders on the moraines and alpine summits throughout the +region, flowering in July. + +[Sidenote: =Cerastium arvense strictum= (L.) Rydb. _Field Chickweed._] + +Stems tufted, ascending from a decumbent base, 3—6 inches high, hairy +throughout, roughly so at the base; glandular at the summit. Leaves +numerous, ½—¾ of an inch long, narrowly lanceolate, acute, with a broad +sessile base. Flowers several in a more or less close head, nearly half +an inch broad, white; petals deeply notched. + +In dry stony ground in the lower valleys of the Rockies, flowering in +June. + +[Sidenote: =Cerastium behringianum= Cham. and Schl. _Alpine Chickweed._] + +Thick, silky-hairy below, with sticky hairs above; stems matted 1—3 +inches high. Leaves small, oblong, ¼ of an inch long or less, rather +thick, obtuse. Flowers ¼ of an inch or more broad; petals white, +notched at the apex, sometimes little longer than the lanceolate sepals. + +In stony ground, alpine slopes and summits throughout the Rockies, +flowering during summer. + +[Sidenote: =Alsine longipes= (Goldie) Coville. _Long-stalked +Stitchwort._] + +Erect or ascending, tufted, simple or rarely sparingly branched, 3—12 +inches high, smooth and shining. Leaves light green, lanceolate or +linear-lanceolate, ½—1½ inches long, broad at the base. Flowers few, +¼—⅓ of an inch broad, terminal, on long, slender, erect pedicels; +sepals ovate or lanceolate, acute; petals 2-cleft, exceeding the calyx. + +In moist open places throughout the Rockies, flowering in June. + +[Sidenote: =Alsine læta= (Richards.) Rydb. _Glaucous Stitchwort._] + +Low, smooth, or somewhat hairy, 1—4 inches high, very glaucous +throughout, densely leafy at the base. Leaves keeled, lanceolate, +awl-shaped to linear, rather stiff, ¼—½ an inch long. Flowers ¼ of +an inch or more across; sepals lanceolate, acute, ⅛ of an inch long; +petals notched, longer than the sepals; stamens showy, with scarlet +anthers. + +In alpine meadows and moist grounds at high altitudes, throughout the +region; flowering in July. + +[Sidenote: =Alsine borealis= (Bigel.) Britton. _Northern Stitchwort._] + +Erect or ascending, weak, much branched, smooth, or hairy above, 6—18 +inches long. Leaves thin, lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, ½—1½ inches +long, acute, sessile, thin, margins slightly hairy or naked. Flowers +small and inconspicuous in a leafy terminal compound head, ascending or +spreading on slender pedicels; sepals ovate-lanceolate, acute; petals +shorter than the sepals or none. + +In wet places at the lower altitudes throughout the Rockies; flowering +throughout the summer from early June. + +[Illustration: _a_ Alsine borealis (Bigel.) Britton. Northern +Stitchwort. + +_b_ Mœhringia lateriflora (L.) Fenzl. Blunt-Leaved Sandwort. (½ Nat.)] + +[Illustration: Arenaria capillaris nardifolia (Ledeb.) Regel. (⅔ Nat.) +Rock Sandwort.] + +[Sidenote: =Sagina saginoides= (L.) Britton. _Arctic Pearl-wort._] + +Smooth, stems very slender and tufted, 1—4 inches high. Leaves 1⅛ to +nearly ½ an inch long with a spiny tip. Flowers small, solitary or few +together, at the end of the slender stem, about ⅛ of an inch broad; +petals white minute, hardly exceeding the calyx. + +On rocks and moist sandy ground throughout the region; flowering in +June. + +[Sidenote: =Mœhringia lateriflora= (L.) Fenzl. _Blunt-leaved Sandwort._] + +Stems erect or ascending, simple or at length, sparingly branched, +finely hairy throughout, 4—12 inches high. Leaves thin, oval, or +oblong, ½—1 inch long, obtuse, spreading, the margins and nerves +fringed with hairs. Flowers few in lateral and terminal clusters or +sometimes solitary; ¼ of an inch or more broad, their parts in 4’s or +5’s; sepals oblong, obtuse or acute, half as long as the nearly entire +white petals. + +In moist places growing among grass, throughout the Rockies; flowering +in June. + +[Sidenote: =Arenaria capillaris nardifolia= (Ledeb.) Regel. _Rock +Sandwort._] + +Smooth throughout except the tops of the stems and sepals, which are +glandular; stems slender, 4—8 inches high, numerous from a tufted, +leafy base. Leaves mostly in bundles ½—1½ inches long, smooth, very +slender and curved, with a spiny tip, those of the stem few and much +reduced. Flowers white, ½ an inch broad in a loose branching head. + +A rather striking plant on grassy slopes throughout the region; +flowering in June. + +[Sidenote: =Arenaria verna equicaulis= A. Nelson. _Vernal Sandwort._] + +Very slender, much branched and finely, sticky-hairy throughout; +stems thread-like, numerous, nearly of a uniform length in the same +plant, 2—3 inches long. Leaves crowded at the base, few and much +reduced above, linear, awl-shaped, thick, semi-cylindric, nearly +smooth. Flowers small, little more than ⅛ of an inch across; sepals +ovate-oblong, acute, strongly 3-nerved; petals white, acute, not +exceeding the sepals. + +A small tufted plant with wiry stems and minute white star-like +flowers, in moist or dry, sandy places throughout the region from the +low valleys to the alpine summits; flowering in May and June. + +[Sidenote: =Arenaria sajanensis= Willd. _Alpine Sandwort._] + +Closely tufted, stems densely glandular-hairy, decumbent, very leafy +below, ½—2½ inches long with 2 or 3 pairs of short, rather distant +leaves and terminating in 1—3 flowers. Lower leaves, linear-obtuse, +stiff, ⅛ of an inch or more long, smooth or slightly hairy; calyx lobes +linear-oblong, 1—3 ribbed, glandular, hairy, ⅛ of an inch long; petals +white, broad, equalling or exceeding the sepals. + +On high alpine slopes and summits, throughout the Rockies; flowering in +June and July. + + + + +RANUNCULACEÆ + +_Crowfoot Family_ + + +Herbs or rarely climbing shrubs with acrid sap; leaves usually +alternate without stipules; flowers usually showy, blue, white, yellow, +or scarlet; sepals 3—15, generally soon falling away, often petal-like; +petals about the same number or occasionally wanting; stamens many; +carpels many or rarely solitary. + +[Illustration: Atragene columbiana Nutt. (⅔ Nat.) Purple +Virgin’s-Bower.] + + Carpels with solitary ovules; fruit an achene. + Sepals valvate in the bud; leaves opposite. =Atragene.= + Sepals folded on each other in the bud; leaves not opposite. + Stem leaves three in a whorl. + Styles short, smooth or hairy. =Anemone.= + Styles long, plumose. =Pulsatilla.= + Stem leaves alternate or basal. + Petals none, flowers small; leaves compound. =Thalictrum.= + Petals present. + Flowers white. =Batrachium.= + Flowers yellow. + Achenes papillose or spiny. =Ranunculus.= + Achenes longitudinally nerved. =Halerpestes.= + Carpels with several ovules; fruit, follicles or berries. + Flowers regular. + Leaves simple. + Petals none; leaves cordate-orbicular. =Caltha.= + Petals linear-spatulate; leaves palmately parted. + =Trollius.= + Leaves compound. + Sepals spurred; carpels becoming follicles. =Aquilegia.= + Sepals not spurred; carpels becoming berries. =Actæa.= + Flowers irregular; upper sepals spurred. =Delphinium.= + +[Sidenote: =Atragene columbiana= Nutt. _Purple Virgin’s-bower._] + +A climbing or trailing vine with somewhat woody stems. Leaves +trifoliate, the leaflets thin, on slender petioles, ovate, attenuate, +acute, and entire, 2—3 inches long. Flowers purple, 1½—2 inches +broad, on long peduncles, solitary in the axils of the leaves; sepals +4—6, oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, more than twice the length of the +stamens; styles persistent, forming a plumose head of fruit. + +In rocky woods and on shaded mountain sides up to 6000 feet elevation, +throughout the Rockies, trailing over the ground, or festooning the +shrubs or lower branches of the trees; flowering in early June. + +[Sidenote: =Anemone parviflora= Michx. _Northern Anemone._] + +Stem simple, sparingly hairy, 4—8 inches high. Basal leaves +long-petioled, 3-parted, the broadly wedge-shaped divisions +obtusely-lobed or crenate, those of the involucre nearly sessile, +similarly lobed. Flower an inch or less in diameter, sepals, oblong, +very obtuse, white, blue on the outside near the base; stamens +numerous; head of fruit globose. + +Common throughout the Rockies in moist ground and rich woods; flowering +early in June. + +[Illustration: _a_ Anemone Drummondii S. Wats. Alpine Anemone. + +_b_ Anemone parviflora Michx. Northern Anemone. (⅔ Nat.)] + +[Sidenote: =Anemone Drummondii= S. Wats. _Alpine Anemone._] + +Sparingly pubescent, with long whitish hairs, especially at the +involucre, 4—6 inches high. Root leaves, slender-petioled, 3-parted, +the divisions cut into linear, oblong obtuse lobes; leaves of the +involucre similar on short petioles, their lobes slightly broader. +Flowers usually solitary, half an inch or more broad on long peduncles; +sepals 5, ovate or oval, obtuse, white, finely appressed-hairy and blue +outside. + +Throughout the region in alpine meadows and slopes near the snow, +flowering in June and July as the snows disappear. + +[Sidenote: =Anemone globosa= Nutt. _Wind-flower._] + +Stems 3—15 inches high, close, silky-hairy. Root leaves long-petioled, +nearly semicircular in outline, 3-parted, the sessile divisions deeply +lobed, with cleft, linear segments, involucral leaves similar, short +petioled. Sepals 5—8, red, bluish or nearly pure white, half an inch +or less long, soft, hairy outside, receptacle oblong, in fruit densely +woolly. + +The most abundant anemone through the Rockies in the low open valleys, +and, occasionally on the slopes, presenting the greatest variety of +colouring from deep rosy pink to pure white and occasionally blue; +flowering in early June. + +[Sidenote: =Pulsatilla hirsutissima= (Pursh.) Britton. _Pasque-Flower._] + +Villous, 6—18 inches high. Leaves much divided into narrow, linear, +acute lobes, the basal on slender petioles, those of the involucre +sessile and erect or ascending. Flowers bluish-purple, sometimes nearly +white inside; sepals 5—7 ovate-oblong 1—1½ inches long, forming a cup; +fruit a head of long silky achenes 2 inches or more in diameter. + +This is one of the earliest and most beautiful of all the spring +flowers, in the open meadows and mountain sides, blossoming through May +and June according to the situation. Probably its most common local +name, in the Rockies where it is very abundant, is that of crocus, to +which flower it does bear a superficial resemblance, in size, shape, +and colour, and in the habit of the flower appearing as soon as the +snow has left the ground, and before the leaves. + +[Illustration: _a_ Pulsatilla hirsutissima (Pursh Britton). Pasque +Flower. + +_b_ Pulsatilla occidentalis (S. Wats.) Freyn. (⅔ Nat.) Western +Anemone.] + +[Sidenote: =Pulsatilla occidentalis= (S. Wats.) Freyn. _Western +Anemone._] + +Stem rather stout, silky-hairy, 6—18 inches high, simple. Leaves +biternate, the lower on long petioles, the divisions deeply pinnatifid +into deeply cut linear, acute lobes; those of the involucre similar but +short-petioled. Flowers 1½—2 inches broad, peduncled, the peduncles +much elongated in fruit; sepals spreading, 6—7, oval-obtuse, white, the +outside usually blue at the base; fruit of long plumose tailed achenes +in a globular fluffy head. + +Frequent throughout the Rockies at an elevation of 6000 to 10,000 feet, +blossoming on the edges of the snow banks as they recede, a conspicuous +feature of many an alpine meadow during early June. + +[Sidenote: =Thalictrum megacarpum= Torr. _Veiny Meadow Rue._] + +Smooth, pale green, and glaucous; stem purplish, erect, 6—18 inches +tall. Leaves 3—4, ternate, long-petioled, leaflets firm, obovate, +rounded at the apex, wedge-shaped or subcordate at the base, ¼—½ an +inch long, 3—5-lobed, the lower surface prominently veined. Flowers +diœcious, with 4 or 5 small, purplish-green sepals and large, linear, +wedge-shaped anthers or slender styles; the achenes wedge-shaped and +tapering into a short beak. + +A frequent plant in the dry open valleys in the Rockies at the lower +altitudes; flowering in June. + +[Sidenote: =Thalictrum occidentale= A. Gray. _Western Meadow Rue._] + +Stems slender, 1—3 feet high. Leaves 2—4, ternate, the lowest petioled; +leaflets thin, ¼ to nearly an inch long, 3—9 lobed at the summit, +sparingly glandular-hairy beneath. Flowers diœcious, nodding on very +slender pedicels in an ample open panicle; calyx of 4—8 sepals which +soon fall, filaments purplish and slender; anthers linear and pointed; +achenes lanceolate or somewhat sickle-shaped, nearly half an inch long. + +Frequent in rich woods and moist shady places at the lower altitudes +throughout the Rockies; flowering in June, like the previous species +striking for its leaves, resembling a robust maiden-hair fern, and the +large loose heads of delicate tasselled flowers. + +[Illustration: Thalictrum megacarpum Torr. (⅓ Nat.)] + +[Illustration: Thalictrum occidentale A. Gray. (⅓ Nat.) Western Meadow +Rue.] + +[Sidenote: =Batrachium trichophyllum= (Chaix.) Bossch. _White Water +Crowfoot._] + +Aquatic herb with submerged stems, a foot long or more. Leaves +petioled, 1—2 inches long, finely dissected. Flowers white with yellow +centre, ½—¾ of an inch broad, blooming on the surface of the water on +stout pedicels 1—2 inches or more long. + +Frequent throughout the Rockies at the lower altitudes in shallow ponds +and ditches; flowering in June and July. + +[Sidenote: =Ranunculus Purshii= Richards. _Pursh’s Buttercup._] + +Aquatic or creeping, hairy, at least on the younger parts. Leaves +slender-petioled, ¼—1 inch, wide, palmately divided nearly to the base, +into obtuse lobes. Flowers less than ½ an inch broad, bright yellow; +petals 5; head of fruit globose, a little less than ¼ of an inch broad. + +Frequent in shallow pools throughout the Rockies; flowering throughout +the summer. + +[Sidenote: =Ranunculus reptans= L. _Creeping Spearwort._] + +Stems creeping, rooting at the joints; flowering stems and peduncles +ascending. Leaves linear-lanceolate or spatulate ½—2 inches long, +entire, gradually narrowed into the petiole. Flowers nearly half an +inch broad, solitary, on peduncles ¾—2 inches long; petals 4—7, much +exceeding the calyx; stamens numerous; achenes flat. + +On muddy shores of ponds and streams throughout the Rockies, flowering +in midsummer, the creeping stems frequently interlaced and forming +dense mats. + +[Illustration: _a_ Ranunculus eremogenes Greene. Ditch Crowfoot. + +_b_ Ranunculus Purshii Richards. (⅓ Nat.) Pursh’s Buttercup.] + +[Illustration: Ranunculus inamœnus Greene. (⅓ Nat.)] + +[Sidenote: =Ranunculus pedatifidus= J. E. Smith. _Northern Buttercup._] + +Erect 4—12 inches high, branching. Basal leaves petioled, broadly ovate +or nearly orbicular, about ¾ of an inch broad, crenate or often lobed, +those of the stem deeply and narrowly lobed, nearly sessile. Flowers +about ⅓ of an inch in diameter, petals little surpassing the spreading +sepals. + +In moist shaded situations near Banff; flowering in June. + +[Sidenote: =Ranunculus eremogenes= Greene. _Ditch Crowfoot._] + +Stem branching, more or less hairy, 6—18 inches high, sparingly leafy. +Leaves rounded in outline, mostly 5-parted, the segments cut into about +3-toothed lobes. Flowers of ¼ an inch or more broad, the light yellow +petals surpassing the sepals; fruit in an obtusely ovoid head. + +In wet springy places, ditches and the margins of pools, frequent +through the Rockies at the lower altitudes; flowering in June and July. + +[Sidenote: =Ranunculus Eschscholtzii= Schl. _Snow Buttercup._] + +Smooth, 3—12 inches high, 1—3-flowered. Leaves round in outline, +those at the root all 3—5-parted and deeply cut; their obovate or +wedge-shaped divisions mostly lobed or narrowly cut, stem-leaves +similar with oblong to spatulate or lanceolate, often entire divisions. +Flowers bright yellow; petals 5, a third of an inch or more long. + +Frequent at the higher altitudes, blooming close to the melting snow, +throughout the region; flowering in June and July. + +[Sidenote: =Ranunculus alpeophilus= A. Nelson.] + +Similar in habit to the previous species though usually larger, bright +green and nearly smooth throughout. Leaves sparingly hairy on the +margins, the basal broader and less divided. Flowers pale yellow, ¼ of +an inch or more broad; petals little longer than the calyx. + +Along streams and in moist grounds, an alpine species frequent +throughout the Rockies; flowering in June and July. + +[Illustration: _a_ Ranunculus saxicola Rydb. + +_b_ Ranunculus alpeophilus A. Nelson. (½ Nat.)] + +[Illustration: Ranunculus Eschscholtzii Schl. (⅔ Nat.) Snow Buttercup.] + +[Sidenote: =Ranunculus saxicola.= Rydb.] + +Stems about 4 inches long, decumbent or ascending, smooth. Basal leaves +on petioles 2 inches long, rounded, somewhat hairy when young, 3-lobed, +lobes spreading and toothed, stem-leaves 1—3, nearly sessile, cleft +into 3—7 linear lobes. Flowers about ½ an inch broad, sepals tinged +with brown, half the length of the petals, broad, obovate, obtuse, +slightly hairy; petals broadly obovate, bright yellow; achenes more or +less hairy, with a straight style. + +Throughout the Rockies in stony ground at the higher altitudes; +flowering in July. + +[Sidenote: =Ranunculus inamœnus.= Greene.] + +Stems rather stout, 6—12 inches high, slightly hairy. Root leaves +on short petioles, rounded, crenate-toothed or 3-lobed, stem leaves +sessile and cut into 3—6 oblong-lanceolate segments. Flowers ¼ of +an inch or more broad, usually several together on short slender +peduncles; petals obovate-oblong, light yellow; achenes small, hairy. + +In open ground sparingly throughout the Rockies at the lower +elevations; flowering in June. + +[Sidenote: =Ranunculus Suksdorfii= A. Gray.] + +Stem 3—6 inches high, smooth, slender, 1—3-flowered. Leaves ½ an inch +or more long, sub-reniform or broadly fan-shaped with wedge-shaped +base, deeply 3—5-cleft or parted, the radical into cuneate 3—5-cleft +or incised divisions, those of the stem linear. Flowers bright yellow; +petals round-obovate, ⅓—½ an inch long. + +In moist ground on slopes, throughout the Rockies; flowering in June. + +[Sidenote: =Ranunculus eximius= Greene. _Low Buttercup._] + +Stems hairy, 6—10 inches high, branching. Leaves few, basal, rounded +in outline, ternately lobed, sometimes deeply so, on slender petioles; +stem leaves sessile or nearly so, cut into narrowly linear or +linear-lanceolate lobes. Flowers ¾ of an inch or more broad, petals +spreading, bright yellow and shining on the upper surface; sepals not +reflexed. + +A showy low buttercup in the dry open valleys in the Rockies; flowering +in June. + +[Illustration: Aquilegia brevistyla Hook. (¾ Nat.) Small Blue +Columbine.] + +[Sidenote: =Ranunculus montanensis= Rydb. _Meadow Buttercup._] + +Stem stout, 1—2 feet high, branching with long rough hairs. Basal +leaves long, hairy all over, 3-parted, the divisions again divided or +cut into linear or lanceolate segments; petioles 3 or 4 inches long; +stem-leaves similar but short petioled. Flowers few, large; sepals +broadly ovate with silky hairs; petals broadly ovate, nearly half +an inch long, bright yellow; head of achenes, globose; style long, +slender, and much curved. + +Frequent in the Rockies at the lower altitudes in more or less shaded +grassy situations; flowering in June and July. + +[Sidenote: =Halerpestes Cymbalaria= (Pursh.) Green. _Creeping +Crowfoot._] + +Stems creeping and rooting at the joints, 1—7-flowered. Leaves broadly +ovate, coarsely crenate, clustered at the base and joints of the long +slender runners. Flowers ¼ of an inch across; petals light yellow, +longer than the sepals; fruit in oblong heads. + +A common species throughout the Rockies in damp ground, frequently +forming mats several feet across; flowering continuously throughout the +summer. + +[Sidenote: =Caltha leptosepala= Hook. _White Marsh Marigold._] + +Stems erect, 2—12 inches high, 1—2-flowered. Leaves roundish or +oblong-cordate, longer than broad, irregularly crenate-toothed; sepals +6—8, lanceolate, ¾ of an inch long, white, strongly suffused with blue +on the outside; stamens numerous; pistils 5—15. + +In springy ground and wet alpine meadows throughout the region, often +growing in such abundance as to make the meadows brilliant with the +blue and white flowers, which appear soon after the snow has left the +ground in June and July. + +[Sidenote: =Trollius albiflorus= (A. Gray.) Rydb. _Western +Globe-flower._] + +Stem erect, 6—12 inches high, more or less branching. Leaves palmately +divided, the segments many cleft. Flowers solitary, 1—1½ inches broad, +subtended by a whorl of leaves; sepals broadly obovate 5—6, pure white +tinged on the back with greenish rose; petals 15—20, less than ¼ of an +inch long, narrowly truncate, bright yellow, nearly concealed by the +numerous stamens. + +One of the most abundant and conspicuous of the spring flowers of +the alpine meadows, and marshy borders of alpine streams and lakes, +commencing to flower when but a few inches high on the edges of the +melting snow in May and June. + +[Illustration: _a_ Caltha leptosepala Hook. + +_b_ Trollius albiflorus (A. Gray) Rydb. Western Globe-Flower. (⅔ +Nat.)] + +[Sidenote: =Aquilegia brevistyla= Hook. _Small Blue Columbine._] + +One to two feet high, slender, sparingly branched. Leaves, the basal +long-petioled, biternate, lobed and crenate, the stem leaves few, +nearly sessile and lobed. Flowers ½ an inch or more long, nodding, +sepals blue, petals creamy-white with a short blue spur not more than ¼ +of an inch long; styles and stamens hardly exceeding the petals. + +In open rocky situations, rather local, common in the region around +Banff, flowering in May and June. + +[Sidenote: =Aquilegia flavescens= S. Wats. _Yellow Columbine._] + +Stems smooth, 1—3 feet high, branched. Leaves ternate, leaflets +round-cordate, 3-parted, the segments coarsely toothed, 2—3-cleft. +Flowers yellow, an inch or more long, nodding; sepals reflexed, +oblong-ovate, acute, longer than the spurs; petals spreading with a +spur half an inch long; styles and stamens nearly equal, much exserted. + +The commonest columbine throughout the region, growing in woods and on +slopes up to 8000 feet, varying greatly in colour; flowering in June +and July according to the elevation. + +[Sidenote: =Aquilegia formosa= Fisch. _Western Columbine._] + +Stem 2—4 feet high, branching, sparingly pubescent with spreading +hairs. Leaves, the lower triternately parted on long petioles, the +upper sessile and ternate or reduced to simple bracts, leaflets broadly +wedge-shaped, 3-cleft. Flowers scarlet, drooping, more than an inch +long; sepals scarlet varying to orange, spreading or reflexed, an inch +long, lanceolate, acute; petals yellow, more or less spreading, with +a scarlet spur about the length of the sepals; styles and stamens +exserted. + +Throughout the Selkirks, in moist ground, on slopes and borders of +rocky alpine streams, flowering during July and late June. + +[Illustration: _a_ Aquilegia flavescens S. Wats. Yellow Columbine. + +_b_ Aquilegia formosa Fisch. Western Columbine. (⅔ Nat.)] + +[Sidenote: =Delphinium Brownii= Rydb. _Western Larkspur._] + +Stem tall, 2—5 feet high, leafy. Leaves mostly orbicular in outline, +5—7-parted, the upper into narrow-cleft, laciniate divisions, petioled. +Flowers nodding, less than an inch long, dull purple, bluish or +occasionally white, numerous in an elongated spike; sepals 5, blue, ⅓ +of an inch long, not spreading, the upper one prolonged into a spur, +half an inch long; petals white, nearly as long as the sepals. + +Frequent in the region around Banff in open woods at the lower +altitudes, flowering in July. + +[Sidenote: =Delphinium Menziesii= DC. _Blue Larkspur._] + +Sparingly leafy, 10—18 inches tall, from a tuberous rootstock. Leaves, +the lowest round reniform, cut into irregular, oblong, obtuse lobes, +the upper with linear, acute lobes. Flowers few in a simple panicle, +sepals lanceolate, obtuse, ¾ of an inch or more long, spreading, +brilliant blue, about as long as the short curved spur; petals +exserted, white with purple veins. + +Throughout the region in open ground and on grassy slopes; flowering in +early June or later according to the altitude. + +[Sidenote: =Actæa arguta= Nutt. _Western Red Baneberry._] + +Stems erect, 2—3 feet high, smooth except the inflorescence. Leaves +large, ternately compound, the basal leaf long-petioled, the divisions +long petioled and pinnate, leaflets ovate, 1½—5 inches long, cut with +sharp teeth. Raceme ovoid, 1—2 inches long; flowers small, white, with +petal-like sepals; petals, 4—10 spatulate and minute; stamens numerous; +berries in a spreading raceme, small, spherical, and purplish red. + +Frequent in the rich woods throughout the region, at the lower +altitudes; flowering in late May and early June. + +[Illustration: Delphinium Brownii Rydb. (½ Nat.) Mountain Larkspur.] + +[Illustration: Anemone globosa Nutt. (⅓ Nat.) Wind-Flower.] + +[Sidenote: =Actæa eburnea= Rydb. _Western White Baneberry._] + +Similar to the preceding species and often growing with it and +difficult to distinguish from it when in flower: in fruit, however, +they are quite distinct. In A. eburnea the berries are fully twice as +large, nearly half an inch long and a quarter of an inch in diameter +and pure waxy white. + +In rich moist woods throughout the Rockies; flowering with the other +species in May and early June; fruiting in late July. + + + + +BERBERIDACEÆ + +_Barberry Family_ + + +Shrubs or herbs with alternate or basal leaves, with or without +stipules, and solitary or racemed, mostly terminal flowers; sepals and +petals generally overlapping in several series; stamens as many as the +petals and opposite them; flowers perfect. + +[Sidenote: =Berberis aquifolium= Pursh. _Trailing Mahonia._] + +A smooth, trailing shrub. Leaves petioled, pinnate, leaflets 3—7, +ovate or oval, oblique, obtuse, truncate or slightly cordate at the +base, sessile thick, persistent, finely veiny, 1—2 inches long, with +spine-bearing teeth. Flowers yellow, in several erect, dense, terminal +racemes; berry globose, blue or purple. + +A straggling shrub with spiny glossy dark green leaves, which change to +beautiful tints of scarlets and yellows during midsummer and autumn. +Frequent in the Rockies in woods; flowering in June. + + + + +PAPAVERACEÆ + +_Poppy Family_ + + +Herbs with milky or coloured sap and alternate leaves or the upper +rarely opposite, flowers perfect, regular or irregular; sepals 2, +rarely 3 or 4, soon falling off; petals 4—6 or rarely more, folded +together, often wrinkled; stamens numerous. + +[Illustration: _a_ Delphinium Menziesii DC. Blue Larkspur. + +_b_ Lithophragma parviflora (Hook.) Nutt. Lithophragma. + +(¾ Nat.)] + +[Sidenote: =Capnodes aureum= (Willd.) Kuntze. _Golden Corydalis._] + +Smooth, 4—12 inches long, diffusely branching. Leaves all but the +uppermost petioled, finely cut into oblong-obovate or wedge-shaped +segments. Flowers numerous in an oblong head, bright golden yellow, +nearly half an inch long; spur ½ the length of the body of the corolla, +outer petals keeled, not crested; pods spreading or pendulose, +torulose; seeds obtuse, margined, shining, obscurely ridged. + +Frequent throughout the Rockies in open ground at the lower altitudes +where it has been recently burned or cleared; flowering during most of +the summer. + + + + +BRASSICACEÆ + +_Mustard Family_ + + +Herbs, rarely somewhat woody, with watery acrid juice, alternate +leaves and racemose or corymbose white, yellow, or pink flowers; +sepals and petals 4; stamens 6, rarely fewer; pistil 1, consisting of 2 +united carpels. + + Pods short; silicles. + Pod compressed parallel to the partition. =Draba.= + Pod compressed contrary to the partition, ovate; + flowers white. =Thlaspi.= + Pod inflated, obcordate; flowers yellow. =Physaria.= + Pods elongated; siliques. + Pod compressed parallel to the partition. + Valves nerveless; flowers white. =Cardamine.= + Valves 1-nerved; flowers white or pink. =Arabis.= + Pods terete, not at all compressed. + Pods 1½ inches long or more. + Flowers yellow, stigma 2-lobed. =Erysimum.= + Pods less than 1½ inches long. + Leaves grey with fine hairs; flowers white. =Smelowskia.= + Leaves not grey-hairy; flowers yellow or white. + Pubescence of simple hairs. =Sisymbrium.= + Pubescence of forked hairs. + Leaves pinnate or pinnatifid; flowers yellow. + =Sophia.= + Leaves entire or nearly so; flowers white. + =Braya.= + Smooth throughout. + Leaves pinnate or pinnatifid; flowers white. + =Roripa.= + +[Illustration: Draba oligosperma Hook. (Nat.) Whitlow-Grass.] + +[Illustration: Draba andina (Nutt.) A. Nelson. (⅔ Nat.) Mountain +Whitlow-Grass.] + +[Sidenote: =Draba glacialis= Adams.] + +Caudex much branched, branches short and slender. Leaves strongly +keeled, ¼—¾ of an inch long, more or less loosely stellate-pubescent, +sometimes ciliate at the base. Scapes slender, ¼—6 inches high, hairy +or nearly smooth; racemes few-flowered; sepals with a few long hairs +or smooth petals ⅛ of an inch long, pale yellow, darker at the base; +pod ¼ of an inch or more long, narrowly oblong, acute at both ends, on +pedicels ¼ of an inch or more long; style distinct. + +In dry, exposed stony places throughout the Rockies, flowering in early +spring. + +[Sidenote: =Draba oligosperma= Hook.] + +Stems much branched from the root, densely tufted at the base. Leaves +erect, linear, obtuse, tapering to the base, stiff, ciliate, with +stellate hairs on both sides, especially toward the apex. Scapes +naked; flowers racemose; calyx smooth or with scattered hairs, petals +white or pale yellow, obovate, ⅛ of an inch or more long, pods short, +nearly orbicular, acute at the apex, more or less rounded at the base, +sparingly short-hairy, ⅛ of an inch long; style ⅓ its length. Alpine +summits and dry ridges throughout the Rockies; flowering in May and +June. + +[Sidenote: =Draba andina= (Nutt.) A. Nelson.] + +Densely cæspitose. Leaves linear-oblong, obtuse, ⅛ of an inch long +or less, stiff and rigid, densely imbricated, forming numerous small +rosettes: stellate-pubescent on both sides. Scapes slender, 1—2 inches +high, few-flowered, petals pale yellow or white, ⅛ of an inch long; +twice as long as the hairy calyx; pods ⅛ of an inch or less long with +short stiff hairs. + +On exposed rocks and alpine summits throughout the Rockies, frequent in +the vicinity of Banff, flowering in May and June. + +[Sidenote: =Draba nivalis= Liljb. _Arctic Whitlow-grass._] + +Caudex with numerous slender matted branches. Leaves in dense +tufts, oblanceolate, acutish with a rather stout mid-nerve, entire, +white-hairy, with dense stellate pubescence, not at all ciliate or +slightly so near the base, ¼ of an inch long or less. Scapes slender, +hairy, 1—3 inches high, calyx hairy; flowers ⅛ of an inch high, the +white petals slightly exceeding the calyx; pods few, usually smooth, +oblong, acute at each end, ½ of an inch or less long on short pedicels +and with a short stout style and 2-lobed stigma. + +On alpine summits and exposed ledges throughout the Rockies; flowering +in June. + +[Illustration: Draba glacialis Adams. (⅔ Nat.) Whitlow-Grass.] + +[Illustration: Draba aurea Vahl. (½ Nat.) Golden Whitlow-Grass.] + +[Sidenote: =Draba lonchocarpa= Rydb.] + +Similar to the preceding species but with the leaves obtuse; pods ⅓—⅔ +of an inch long, smooth, very narrow and usually more or less twisted, +on slender pedicels ¼—½ an inch long. + +In moist or shaded ground, on alpine summits or on ledges, throughout +the Rockies; flowering in June. + +[Sidenote: =Draba aurea= Vahl. _Golden Whitlow-grass._] + +Pubescent throughout with short stellate hairs; stems rather stout, +erect, frequently several from the same root; leafy, 2—15 inches high. +Leaves entire or few-toothed, oblanceolate or lanceolate, stem leaves +usually narrowed and frequently ciliate at the base, ½—2 inches long. +Flowers bright yellow in an elongated leafy raceme; calyx smooth or +somewhat hairy; petals elliptic, less than ⅛ of an inch long; pods +lanceolate to linear, acute, hairy, often twisted, ¼—½ an inch long on +peduncles half their length. + +Frequent in dry open ground at the lower altitudes throughout the +Rockies; flowering in June. + +[Sidenote: =Draba incana= L. _Hoary Whitlow-grass._] + +Erect, simple, or somewhat branched, leafy, stellate-pubescent +throughout, 6—12 inches high. Leaves lanceolate, oblanceolate or ovate, +¼—1 inch long, acute or obtuse, dentate or nearly entire; flowers +white, ⅛ of an inch or less broad; petals notched, twice as long as +the sepals; pod oblong or lanceolate, acute ⅓—½ an inch long on nearly +erect pedicels about ½ their length. + +Throughout the region in moist ravines; flowering during June. + +Other species of Draba occur in the region but being neither common nor +striking it is deemed out of place to describe them here. + +[Illustration: Physaria didymocarpa (Hook.) A. Gray. (⅔ Nat.) +Bladder-Pod.] + +[Illustration: Smelowskia calycina (Desv.) C. A. Meyer. (⅔ Nat.) +Smelowskia.] + +[Sidenote: =Thlaspi arvense= L. _Penny-cress._] + +Decumbent or erect, 6—12 inches high, simple or much branched above. +Leaves spatulate or oblong, obtuse, obtusely- or runcinately-toothed or +angled. Flowers small, white, in a compact head; pods large, ½ an inch +broad, orbicular or nearly so, strongly winged and compressed. + +In moist low ground and waste places throughout the Rockies, flowering +in June. + +[Sidenote: =Physaria didymocarpa= (Hook.) A. Gray. _Double +Bladder-pod._] + +Densely stellate, canescent, pale green, root long and deep. Stems +decumbent or ascending, slender, simple, 3—12 inches long. Leaves +spatulate, the basal ones obtuse, entire or few lobed, narrowed into +margined petioles: stem leaves nearly sessile, acute, much smaller. +Flowers about ½ an inch broad, light yellow in a close raceme, 2—5 +inches long in fruit; pods much inflated and variable, often ½ an inch +thick. + +In dry clayey and stony soil and on slopes throughout the Rockies; +flowering in June. + +[Sidenote: =Cardamine pennsylvanica= Muhl. _Pennsylvania Bitter-cress._] + +Smooth or rarely with a few scattered hairs; stems erect, stout or +slender, 8 inches to 3 feet high, usually much branched, somewhat +succulent, leafy up to the racemes. Basal leaves 2—6 inches long, the +terminal leaflet obovate, ovate or obcordate, usually narrowed at +the base, ¼—¾ of an inch wide, the lateral 4—8 pairs oblong, oval or +obovate, all toothed or some of them entire. Flowers about ⅛ of an inch +broad, white; pods very narrowly linear, ½—1¼ inches long, erect when +mature on ascending pedicels. + +In wet shaded places, sparingly throughout the region; flowering during +June and July. + +[Sidenote: =Arabis hirsuta= (L.) Scop. _Hairy Rock-cress._] + +Stem erect, nearly simple, 1—2 feet high, roughly hairy or nearly +smooth. Basal leaves on margined petioles forming a rosette, obovate or +spatulate, obtuse, denticulate, 1—2 inches long; stem leaves sessile, +clasping by an auriculate base, lanceolate or oblong. Flowers ¼ of an +inch or less long, white, in a strict, elongated raceme; pods narrowly +linear, erect or appressed, 1—2 inches long. + +In open grounds throughout the Rockies at the lower altitudes; +flowering in June. + +[Sidenote: =Arabis Holboldii= Hornem. _Stony Rock-cress._] + +Finely stellately pubescent throughout; stems frequently +several, simple or branched, erect ½—2½ feet high. Root leaves +narrowly oblanceolate, entire, an inch or less long; stem leaves +linear-lanceolate to narrowly oblong, acute, sagittate. Flowers rosy +pink or rarely white, becoming more or less reflexed, ¼ of an inch +long; pods more or less abruptly reflexed, straight or somewhat curved +1½—2½ inches long, very narrowly linear. + +On banks and stony slopes throughout the Rockies; flowering in June. + +[Sidenote: =Arabis Drummondii= A. Gray. _Drummond’s Rock-cress._] + +Slightly glaucous, stems erect; 1—2 feet high. Root leaves narrowly +oblanceolate more or less hairy; the stem leaves oblong or +linear-lanceolate, 1—2 inches long. Flowers white or pinkish, ¼ of +an inch long in a close panicle, elongated in fruit; pods erect when +mature, slender, 1½—3 inches long, obtuse. + +In open ground and on slopes throughout the Rockies, flowering in June. + +[Sidenote: =Arabis Lyallii= S. Wats. _Lyall’s Rock-cress._] + +Low, smooth, throughout, or sometimes more or less stellate-pubescent +below; stem simple, several, or many from the same root. Lower leaves +spatulate or linear-oblanceolate, usually ½—1 inch long, sometimes +longer; stem leaves narrowly lanceolate or oblong, sometimes scarcely +auricled. Flowers rose-colour, ¼ of an inch long; pods erect or +ascending, very slender, straight or nearly so, 1—2 inches long. + +Alpine meadows and slopes at the higher elevations throughout the +Rockies, flowering in June and July. + +[Sidenote: =Erysimum inconspicuum= (S. Wats.) MacM. _Treacle Mustard._] + +Erect, 10—18 inches high, cinereous and rough with 2-parted hairs. +Leaves narrowly linear-lanceolate or oblong-linear, mostly entire, +the root leaves crowded and sometimes repand dentate. Flowers sulphur +yellow in a compact head, elongated in fruit, calyx campanulate, ¼ inch +high, petals ⅓ longer, the blades spreading; pods slender, erect or +nearly so at maturity, 1—2 inches long. + +In gravelly places, common on the eastern slopes of the Rockies at the +lower elevations, flowering in June. + +[Sidenote: =Smelowskia calycina= (Desv.) C. A. Meyer. _Smelowskia._] + +Very variable in foliage, finely stellate-pubescent and usually +cinereous-villous with larger single hairs; caudex stout, branched. +Leaves soft in texture, usually deeply pinnatifid with 2-several pairs +of linear to obovate, obtuse segments. Stems several, 1—6 inches high, +racemes at first dense and corymbose, becoming elongated in fruit. +Flowers white with exserted broad rounded petals ⅛ of an inch or more +long; pods usually lanceolate, tapering to each end. + +On alpine summits through the Rockies; not common; flowering in June +and July. + +[Sidenote: =Sisymbrium altissimum= L. Tall _Hedge Mustard._] + +Erect, 2—4 feet high, freely branching, smooth or nearly so. Lower +leaves runcinate-pinnatifid, petioled, the lobes lanceolate, often +auriculate; upper leaves smaller, short petioled, or usually sessile, +very deeply pinnatifid, the lobes linear or lanceolate, dentate or +entire, the uppermost often reduced to linear, entire bracts. Flowers +pale yellow, ¼ of an inch broad on slender spreading pedicels, pods +very narrowly linear, divergent, 2—4 inches long. + +At the lower elevations throughout the region as a weed, especially on +the line of the railway, flowering in July. + +[Sidenote: =Sophia intermedia= Rydb. _Western Tansy-Mustard._] + +Stems 1—2 feet high, sparingly greyish-puberulent, especially below, +or sometimes nearly smooth, often glandular above; hairs more or less +stellate. Leaves twice or thrice-pinnatifid, the primary divisions +oblanceolate or obovate, divided to near the midrib into linear or +linear-oblong segments, sparingly puberulent. Raceme rather long, +flowers small, less than ⅛ of an inch high; petals yellow; peduncles +diverging sometimes nearly at right angles; pod club-shaped. + +Common throughout the Rockies in open places at the lower altitudes, +flowering in June and July. + +[Sidenote: =Braya humilis= (Meyer) Robinson. _Northern Rock-cress._] + +Erect 4—10 inches high, branching below, sparingly hairy. Leaves +spatulate or oblanceolate, the lower obtuse, 1—2 inches long, narrowed +into a petiole, sharply dentate or rarely entire, the upper smaller, +narrower, often acute. Flowers white or pink ⅛ of an inch or more +broad, pedicels erect, ¼ of an inch long in fruit; pods nearly terete, +narrowly linear, ½—¾ of an inch long, valves finely nerved. + +In moist gravelly or stony ground throughout the Rockies at the lower +altitudes, flowering in June. + +[Sidenote: =Roripa Nasturtium= (L.) Rusby. _Water-cress._] + +Aquatic, smooth, branched, floating or creeping, rooting from the +joints. Leaves odd-pinnate of 3—9 segments, the terminal one larger +than the lateral, all obtuse, ovate or oval or the terminal one nearly +orbicular. Racemes elongated in fruit; flowers white, ⅛ of an inch +or more broad; pod ½—1¼ inches long, spreading and slightly curved +upwards, on pedicels of about their length. + +In ditches and shallow pools through the Rockies, especially abundant +at Banff in the warm water at the outlet from the Basin; flowering +through June and July. + + + + +CRASSULACEÆ + +_Stone-Crop Family_ + + +Fleshy smooth herbs with alternate leaves, and perfect flowers in +terminal, oftentimes 1-sided cymes. Calyx 4—5-lobed; petals 4—5, +distinct, stamens twice as many as the petals; carpels 4—5, styles +short. + +[Sidenote: =Sedum stenopetalum= Pursh. _Narrow Petaled Stone-crop._] + +Perennial, tufted, smooth, flowering branches 3—7 inches long. Leaves +alternate, crowded, sessile, linear ¼—½ an inch long, entire. Flowers +bright yellow, nearly half an inch broad in a 5—7-forked, compact cyme, +petals narrowly lanceolate, very acute. + +Common throughout the Rockies in moist, gravelly or sandy soil, on +river shores, and on rocky slopes, flowering in June and July. + + + + +PARNASSIACEÆ + +_Grass-of-Parnassus Family_ + + +Smooth bog-herbs with a rosette of basal leaves and generally one or +a few alternate stem leaves and solitary, terminal flowers. Flowers +perfect; calyx generally 5-lobed to near the base; petals 5; perfect +stamens 5; staminodia (imperfect stamens) in clusters at the base of +each petal; stigmas 4. + +[Sidenote: =Parnassia fimbriata= Banks. _Fringed Grass-of-Parnassus._] + +Leaves tufted at the base on petioles 2—6 inches long; blades reniform +or broadly cordate, ¾—½ an inch wide, thin, smooth, with about 7 +principal veins. Flowers ¾ of an inch or more broad on a scape 8—12 +inches high with a small cordate clasping bract about the middle; +sepals ¼ of an inch long, elliptic, obtuse; petals obovate, pure white, +fringed at the base, staminodia united into 5 fleshy obovate scales. + +Common throughout the region in springy places and damp mossy banks at +the lower altitudes, flowering during July. + +[Illustration: Parnassia montanensis Rydb. & Fernald. (½ Nat.) Marsh +Grass of Parnassus.] + +[Illustration: Ribes lacustre (Pers.) Poir. (¼ Nat.) Swamp +Gooseberry.] + +[Sidenote: =Parnassia montanensis= Rydb. and Fernald. _Marsh +Grass-of-Parnassus._] + +Leaves tufted at the base on short petioles, blades ovate with a +cordate or rounded base ¾ of an inch long. Flowers solitary, on scapes +8 inches or more high with a large ovate bract below the middle; sepals +lanceolate, acute, ¼ of an inch or more long, petals oval to elliptic +only slightly larger than the sepals; staminodial scales with 7—9 +gland-tipped filaments. + +Throughout the Rockies in marshy ground and shaded river shores; +flowering in June and early July. + +[Sidenote: =Parnassia parviflora= DC. _Small-flowered +Grass-of-Parnassus._] + +Scapes slender, 4—12 inches high, usually bearing a clasping oval +leaf at the middle. Basal leaves on slender petioles, oval or ovate, +narrowed at the base, not cordate, ½—1 inch long. Flowers about ⅓ of +an inch broad, sepals equalling or somewhat shorter than the elliptic +sessile petals; staminodia 5—7 at the base of each petal. + +In wet gravelly places at the lower altitudes throughout the Rockies; +flowering in July. + +[Sidenote: =Parnassia Kotzebuei= Cham. and Schl. _Alpine +Grass-of-Parnassus._] + +Much smaller than the preceding species. Basal leaves few on petioles +less than an inch long; blades broadly ovate, ½ an inch long. Flowers +on slender scapes 2—4 inches high, without any bract; sepals oblong, +about ¼ of an inch long, equalling or exceeding the elliptic or oval +3-veined petals; staminodia short with 3—5 slender filaments. + +Throughout the Rockies at high altitudes on the gravelly borders of +alpine ponds or brooks, a very diminutive species, flowering in July. + + + + +SAXIFRAGACEÆ + +_Saxifrage Family_ + + +Stemmed or stemless herbs with alternate or sometimes opposite or +more frequently basal leaves; flowers perfect, racemose, cymose or +paniculate; calyx 5-lobed or parted; petals 4 or 5, white, yellow or +greenish or sometimes rose-coloured; stamens equal or twice the number +of the petals; carpels 1—several, distinct or united. + + Placentæ parietal. + Flowers solitary and axillary; sepals 4; stamens 4—8. + =Chrysosplenium.= + Flowers in more or less elongated racemes. + Flowers with 2 or 3 equal carpels. + Flower-stalk axial from a bulbiferous rootstock. + =Lithophragma.= + Flower-stalk a lateral shoot from a stout scaly rootstock. + Inflorescence racemose. + Petals pinnately cut or pinnatifid. + Base of the calyx campanulate deeper than the + length of the sepals. =Tellima.= + + Base of the calyx saucer-shaped, shallower + than the length of the sepals. + Ovary more than half superior; + disc inconspicuous. =Mitella.= + Ovary wholly inferior, covered with + the prominent disc. =Pectiantia.= + + Inflorescence paniculate. =Heuchera.= + + Flowers with 2 very unequal carpels. =Tiarella.= + + Placentæ axial. + Base of the calyx well developed, at maturity longer than + the sepals. + Stamens 5, plant with short bulblet bearing rootstock. =Hemieva.= + Stamens 10. + Plants without caudices; only producing annual flowering + stems. =Saxifraga.= + Plants with perennial leafy caudices, often with offsets. + =Muscaria.= + Base of the calyx only slightly developed, unchanged at maturity. + Leaves alternate, sometimes all basal. + Plants stemless. + Corolla regular, petals about equal in shape and length. + =Micranthes.= + Corolla irregular petals of different shape and length. + =Spatularia.= + Plants with stems. + Carpels distinct; leaf-blades toothed. =Leptarrhena.= + Carpels partially united; leaf-blades entire. =Leptasea.= + Leaves opposite except sometimes on the flower-stalks. + =Antiphylla.= + +[Sidenote: =Chrysosplenium tetrandrum= Th. Fries. _Golden Saxifrage._] + +Perennial with a slender creeping rootstock; stems 1½—6 inches high, +branched above. Leaves alternate, the lower ones on petioles 1—2 inches +long; blades thick, reniform, ½ an inch or less wide, crenate with 3—5 +broad teeth, shining above, paler beneath, upper ones larger and more +or less wedge-shaped. Flowers in small clusters in the axils of the +upper leaves; sepals 4; stamens 4 opposite the sepals. + +In shaded damp ground in the wooded areas through the Rockies at an +elevation of 5000 to 6000 feet, where it often forms dense green +carpets, the inconspicuous little flowers coming into blossom in June. + +[Sidenote: =Lithophragma parviflora= (Hook.) Nutt. _Lithophragma._] + +Stems 4—12 inches high, slightly glandular-hairy, from a slender +creeping rootstock with rosy bulblets. Leaves palmately divided to the +base into 3—5 divisions, ½—1 inch long, twice ternately cleft into +oblong or linear divisions; lower ones on petioles 1—2 inches long; +stem leaves 1 or 2 similar, sessile. Flowers 3—8 in a slender raceme, +base of the calyx and sepals ⅛ of an inch long; petals pure white, +deeply 3—5 cut into narrowly oblong divisions. + +On grassy slopes and gravelly places throughout the Rockies; flowering +in June. + +[Sidenote: =Tellima grandiflora= (Pursh.) Dougl. _Tellima._] + +Flowering branches 1—2 feet high, with long rough hairs, glandular +above. Leaves reniform or cordate, sparingly rough-hairy, round +lobed, and toothed with broadly ovate teeth; 1½—4 inches broad on +hairy petioles 4—8 inches long; stem leaves short-petioled with +well developed stipules. Flowers numerous in an elongated raceme; +sepals ovate ¼ of an inch long; petals white, purplish or pink with a +pinnately cut blade; claws broadly wedge-shaped, ⅛ of an inch long, +erect, blade spreading or reflexed with a rounded ovate body and +tapering thread-like lobes. + +Moist woods and crevices in the rocks, abundant in the Selkirks; +flowering in June. + +[Sidenote: =Mitella nuda= L. _Naked Bishop’s-Cap._] + +Perennial, from a slender branched rootstock, producing long runners +in late summer; flowering branches scape-like, naked, or rarely with +a small leaf, 2—8 inches high, sparingly hairy. Leaves reniform ¾—2 +inches in diameter, rounded, crenate or lobed, on petioles 1—3 inches +long. Flowers few, in a loose raceme, saucer-shaped; calyx about ¼ of +an inch broad, greenish-yellow; petals spreading about twice as long +as the sepals, greenish-yellow, pinnately divided into thread-like +divisions, resembling snow crystals in form. + +Common in the cool woods and shaded mossy bogs throughout the Rockies; +flowering in June. + +[Illustration: Mitella nuda L. (⅔ Nat.) Naked Bishop’s-Cap.] + +[Illustration: Pectiantia pentandra (Hook.) Rydb. (¼ Nat.) Mitrewort.] + +[Sidenote: =Pectiantia pentandra= (Hook.) Rydb. _Mitrewort._] + +Flowering branches scape-like, 4—12 inches high, naked. Leaves broadly +crenate with 9—11 more or less distinct round lobes, thin, 1—2½ inches +broad on petioles, 2—4 inches long. Flowers ⅛ of an inch broad in a +slender loose raceme, green or often purplish inside; sepals broadly +triangular-ovate, obtuse, and recurved; petals yellowish, deeply cut +into slender thread-like divisions, twice as long as the calyx; stamens +5, opposite the petals. + +Throughout the region in cool woods and shaded springy spots; flowering +in early June at the higher altitudes. + +[Sidenote: =Pectiantia Breweri= (A. Gray.) Rydb. _Mitrewort._] + +Flowering branches 4—8 inches high, leafless. Leaves thin, broadly +reniform with many shallow rounded lobes; petioles 2—4 inches long. +Flowers in a loose raceme, green, occasionally in pairs; calyx ⅛ of +an inch wide; sepals obtuse and reflexed; petals deeply cut into +thread-like divisions about twice as long as the sepals; stamens 5, +opposite the sepals. + +In damp woods throughout the region, growing with the previous species; +flowering in early June. + +[Sidenote: =Heuchera glabra= Willd. _Smooth Alum-root._] + +Flowering stems slender, 4—20 inches high, smooth, 1—3-leaved. Basal +leaves on petioles, 2—8 inches long, cordate, deeply 5—7-lobed, thin, +shining, 1—4 inches broad and as long or slightly longer, lobes +triangular-ovate, acute, doubly and sharply serrate. Flowers in a +loose panicle 2—6 inches long; calyx with the turbinate base about ⅛ +of an inch long, sparingly fringed with hairs; petals white, broadly +spatulate, acute, about twice as long as the sepals; stamens much +exserted, with scarlet and orange anthers. + +On damp shaded rocks, especially abundant in the Selkirks in the +vicinity of Glacier. + +[Sidenote: =Heuchera ovalifolia= Nutt. _Round-leaved Alum-root._] + +Flowering branches naked, densely glandular-hairy, 1—2 feet high. +Leaves round-oval, ½—1½ inches broad, ¾—2 inches long, rounded, +slightly heart-shaped at the base, round-lobed and crenate with +bristle-tipped teeth. Flowers in a short dense raceme less than 4 +inches long, the deeply campanulate, yellowish, densely hairy base of +the calyx, with the broadly oblong sepals ¼ of an inch long, petals +usually wanting. + +On dry rocky banks and hillsides throughout the region, flowering in +midsummer. + +[Sidenote: =Tiarella unifoliata= Hook. _Foam-Flower._] + +Flowering branches 6—15 inches high, 1—4-leaved. Leaves broadly +cordate, coarsely 3—5-lobed with broadly ovate-acute lobes, doubly +crenate with mucronate teeth; stem leaves short-petioled, basal, on +petioles 2—6 inches long. Flowers in a narrow panicle; sepals whitish +ovate-oblong, ¹/₁₆ of an inch long, the linear-subulate, white petals +and stamens fully three times as long; carpels oblong acute, nearly +half an inch long in fruit. + +Abundant in damp rich woods throughout the region oftentimes carpeting +the ground; flowering in June. + +[Sidenote: =Hemieva ranunculifolia= (Hook.) Raf. _Hemieva._] + +Light yellowish-green; stems 8—10 inches high from a rosy-bulbous +rootstock. Leaves ternately divided to the base, the middle division +broadly wedge-shaped, ½—1 inch long, rounded, 3-lobed, the lateral ones +oblique and 4-lobed; basal, on petioles 2—4 inches long, stem leaves +on short petioles dilated at the base, the uppermost sessile, merely +3-lobed at the apex. Flowers showy in a short dense corymb; the base of +the calyx and sepals yellowish-green about ⅛ of an inch long; petals +white or yellowish, broadly spatulate, ¼ of an inch long; stamens 5, +opposite the sepals, filaments and carpels more or less rosy in colour. + +On wet rocky slopes in the Selkirks at Glacier, not common; flowering +in June. + +[Illustration: Saxifraga cernua L. (⅔ Nat.) Nodding Saxifrage.] + +[Illustration: Saxifraga rivularis L. (⅔ Nat.) Alpine Brook Saxifrage.] + +[Sidenote: =Saxifraga rivularis= L. _Alpine Brook Saxifrage._] + +Stems 1—3½ inches tall, tufted, smooth or finely glandular-hairy. +Leaves reniform in outline, ⅛—½ an inch broad, thick, mainly 3-lobed, +those of the stem sometimes entire, short petioled or sessile; basal +leaves on slender petioles an inch or more long. Flowers small, base +of the calyx and sepals ⅛ of an inch long; petals oblong, or broadly +wedge-shaped, white, slightly larger than the sepals. + +An inconspicuous little plant growing on wet rocks and beside alpine +brooks at high altitudes throughout the region; flowering during +midsummer. + +[Sidenote: =Saxifraga cernua= L. _Nodding Bulbous Saxifrage._] + +Stems 3—8 inches tall, leafy, somewhat glandular-hairy, growing in +groups. Leaves reniform in outline ⅓—1 inch wide; the basal and lower +stem-leaves long-petioled prominently, 3—7 lobed, the lobes linear +to triangular-lanceolate; the upper stem leaves, 3—5-lobed. Flowers +represented by clusters of rosy bulblets, except a single terminal +one with the base of the calyx and sepals ¼ of an inch long, and +wedge-shaped, the clawless white petals nearly half an inch long. + +A rather striking alpine plant growing on wet rocks at Lake Louise and +Moraine Lake; flowering in midsummer. + +[Sidenote: =Muscaria adscendens= (L.) Small. _Muscaria._] + +Somewhat glandular-hairy, 1—4 inches tall. Leaves ⅛—¼ of an inch long, +mainly wedge-shaped or spatulate, 3-toothed or those of the stem +entire. Flower-stalks sparingly branched above or throughout; sepals +ovate or oblong-ovate ¹/₁₆—⅛ of an inch long, acute or obtuse; petals +white, wedge-shaped to oblong wedge-shaped, a third longer than the +sepals, the claws slender or stout. + +An alpine species with rosettes of basal leaves, not infrequent +throughout the Rockies, along streams, and on shaded rocks; flowering +in midsummer. + +[Illustration: Muscaria cæspitosa (L.) Haw. (½ Nat.) Tufted Saxifrage.] + +[Illustration: Micranthes rhomboidea (Greene) Small. (⅓ Nat.) Mountain +Saxifrage.] + +[Sidenote: =Muscaria cæspitosa= (L.) Haw. _Tufted Saxifrage._] + +Glandular-hairy, 2—6 inches tall. Leaves crowded at the base, sometimes +densely so; blades ¼—¾ of an inch long, 3-lobed at the apex, the lobes +lanceolate or linear. Flower-stalks stout, 3-few-flowered, each bearing +2—3 leaves, base of the calyx ⅛ to ³/₁₆ of an inch high, turbinate at +the base, sepals ovate to ovate-lanceolate, ¹/₁₆—⅛ of an inch long; +petals white, narrowly obovate or oblong-ovate, ¼ of an inch or more +long, rounded at the apex. + +An alpine species growing on moist, shaded rocks throughout the +Rockies, frequent, often forming tufts of considerable size; flowering +in June. + +[Sidenote: =Micranthes rhomboidea= (Greene) Small. _Alpine Saxifrage._] + +Leaves forming a rosette, spreading or ascending ¾—2 inches long, ovoid +or rhombic-ovoid, obtuse, crenulate or dentate-serrate, nearly smooth +except the ciliate margins, mainly green, sometimes purplish beneath, +abruptly or gradually narrowed into petiole-like bases, which are +occasionally larger than the blades. Flowers in a compact terminal head +on a copiously glandular, naked scape 3—10 inches high; sepals ovate to +triangular ¹/₁₆—⅛ of an inch long barely if at all ciliate, 3-veined; +petals white, obovate or oblong-ovate, twice as long as the sepals, +notched at the apex, seed pods green or purplish, the points spreading. + +A frequent alpine plant in the more or less moist, shaded situations +throughout the Rockies; flowering in July. + +[Illustration: Micranthes Nelsoniana (D. Don.) Small. (½ Nat.) Nelson’s +Saxifrage.] + +[Illustration: Micranthes Lyallii (Engler) Small. (⅔ Nat.) Lyall’s +Saxifrage.] + +[Sidenote: =Micranthes Lyallii= (Engler) Small. _Lyall’s Saxifrage._] + +Leaves erect or ascending ½—2½ inches long, fan-shaped varying to +suborbicular, typically wedge-shaped at the base, coarsely few-toothed +above with the teeth mainly directed forward, smooth or nearly so, the +petiole-like bases often longer than the blades. Flowering stems 3—24 +inches tall, smooth or nearly so, sparingly branched above, commonly +purple, few-flowered; petals white with 2 yellow blotches below the +middle, broadly oblong or suborbicular, often slightly notched at +the apex, twice as long as the sepals, often tinged and streaked +with red on the outside; seed pods nearly ½ an inch high, purple or +purple-tinged, usually 3 or 4 together, with pointed beaks. + +An alpine form frequent throughout the region in damp, shady, or open +places and along the borders of mountain streams; a rather striking +plant, flowering in July. + +[Sidenote: =Micranthes Nelsoniana= (D. Don.) Small. _Nelson’s +Saxifrage._] + +Leaves erect or ascending, 1—5 inches long, suborbicular or reniform, +¾—1¾ inches in diameter, deeply cordate at the base, usually sparingly +hairy on both sides, coarsely few-toothed with crenate, gland-tipped +teeth. Flower-stem erect, 1½—7 inches tall, glandular-villous, +especially above, terminating in a compact head usually with purple +or purplish bracts; sepals ovate or oblong-ovate ⅙—⅛ of an inch long, +ciliate; petals white, broadly oblong to ovate, twice as long as the +sepals. + +A rather rare though very beautiful alpine flower found throughout the +region in moist places and along alpine brooks; flowering in June. + +[Illustration: Spatularia Brunoniana (Bong.) Small. (¼ Nat.) Tall +Saxifrage.] + +[Illustration: Leptasea austromontana (Wiegand) Small. (⅓ Nat.) Common +Saxifrage.] + +[Sidenote: =Spatularia Brunoniana= Bong. _Tall Saxifrage._] + +Copiously glandular-hairy, 4—15 inches tall. Leaves crowded on the +short rootstock, spatulate to oblanceolate-spatulate, 1—3 inches +long, sharply and sometimes broadly toothed, mostly above the middle. +Flower-stems solitary or several together, widely branching, bracts +much smaller than the leaves; flowers terminating the stem, branches, +and branchlets, but on many of the ultimate branchlets represented by +clusters of green bulblets; sepals oblong-ovate to triangular-ovate, ⅙ +of an inch or less long, purple, reflexed; petals white, ¼ of an inch +long or less, the three upper with lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate +blades; two lower with elliptic or spatulate-elliptic blades; seed +pods ¼ of an inch long with diverging tips. The commonest form in the +Selkirks, everywhere along streams and banks. + +[Sidenote: =Leptarrhena pyrolifolia= (D. Don.) R. Br. _Leptarrhena._] + +Caudex horizontal or ascending, clothed with folded leaf bases. Leaves +leathery, oblong, or sometimes slightly broadest above or below +the middle, 1½—3½ inches long, obtuse, serrate or crenate-serrate, +deep green and lustrous above, paler beneath, narrowed into winged +petiole-like bases. Flower-stalks 4—18 inches high, bearing 1 or 2 +clasping leaves; flowers small and inconspicuous, at first congested in +a compact head, becoming separated; sepals ovate, about as long as the +base of the calyx, each with a terminal gland and usually some lateral +glands; petals narrowly spatulate, white, ⅛ of an inch long; seed pods +¼ of an inch long with slightly spreading tips; purplish. + +Along alpine streams and in damp shaded places, rather abundant +throughout the region at the higher altitudes; flowering in June. + +[Sidenote: =Leptasea Van-Bruntiæ= Small. _Fleshy Saxifrage._] + +Stems decumbent. Leaves ⅛—½ of an inch long, the blades very thick, +flattish, smooth, ciliate on the margins, spine-tipped. Flowers +1—several on stalks, 1½—3 inches tall, finely glandular-hairy, leafy, +bearing larger leaves than the decumbent stems; sepals ovate to +oblong-ovate, ⅛ of an inch long, smooth, more or less eroded at the +apex; petals deep yellow, oblong, much longer than the calyx; seed pods +¼ of an inch or more long. + +A common species throughout the Rockies, forming mats on the wet gravel +and sand of the shores and flood-plains of the rivers and torrent fans +at the bases of the moraines; flowering throughout June and July. + +[Sidenote: =Leptasea austromontana= (Wiegand) Small. _Common +Saxifrage._] + +Leaves of the caudices ½ an inch or less long, stiff and crowded, but +more or less spreading, the blades narrowly lanceolate to subulate, +ciliate, slender, spine-tipped. Flower-stalks 1½—6 inches tall, nearly +smooth or finely glandular-hairy, bearing several leaves which are +smaller than those of the caudices; sepals ovate, sometimes rather +narrowly so, ⅛ of an inch long, smooth or sparingly ciliate, obtuse; +petals white, usually yellow-spotted, oblong to oblong-lanceolate, ¼ of +an inch or more long, filaments slender; seed pods often nearly ½ an +inch long. + +Common everywhere throughout the Rockies at the lower altitudes on bare +rocks and stony slopes, frequently forming mats a foot or more across; +flowering in June. + +[Sidenote: =Antiphylla oppositifolia= (L.) Fourr. _Purple Saxifrage._] + +Plants in dense mats, leaves densely folded together except on the +flower-stalks and sometimes on the elongated stems, 4-ranked, the +blades obovate to spatulate, ¼ of an inch long, ciliate, keeled. +Flower-stalks ½—1 inch long or sometimes shorter when young, leafy; +sepals oblong to ovate, ⅛ of an inch long, ciliate all around; petals +lilac or purple, elliptic or oval, showy, ⅓ of an inch long, each +narrowed into a stout claw. + +Usually a high alpine species and not infrequently forming mats of +considerable size; throughout the region, flowering in July. + + + + +GROSSULARIACEÆ + +_Gooseberry Family_ + + +Shrubs, usually with lobed, petioled leaves and racemose or +subsolitary axillary or lateral flowers, the pedicels bracteolate; +calyx tube attached to the ovary, the limb 4—5-lobed, often coloured; +petals, 4—5, inserted on the throat of the calyx, small, scale-like, +often included; stamens 4—5, inserted with the petals; berry globose or +ovoid, pulpy, the calyx persistent on its summit. + +[Sidenote: =Ribes lacustre= (Pers.) Poir. _Swamp Gooseberry._] + +Stems prostrate or ascending, 3—4 feet long, very prickly when young, +spines slender and weak, generally clustered. Leaves nearly orbicular, +thin, smooth or hairy along the veins beneath, deeply 5—7 lobed, 1—2 +inches broad, the lobes acutish, incised-dentate. Flowers in racemes of +5—9; calyx rotate, ⅙ of an inch broad, spreading, green or purplish; +petals exceeding the calyx; ovary glandular-hispid; berry black. + +A very abundant gooseberry throughout the region in cool damp woods and +bogs at the lower elevations; flowering in June. + +[Sidenote: =Ribes setosum= Lindl. _Bristly Gooseberry._] + +Stems erect, 3—4 feet high, with numerous stout bristles, especially +on the young wood; axillary spines 1—3 together, rather stout and +spreading. Leaves slender-petioled, more or less finely hairy, at least +when young, ½—1 inch wide, broadly ovate or orbicular, 3—5-lobed, the +lobes incised or coarsely toothed. Flowers 2—3, ¼—½ an inch long on +very short pedicels; calyx tube cylindric, greenish-white or pinkish; +petals white; berries small, purple or blue and very sour. + +Frequent throughout the Rockies on lake shores and in thickets at the +lower altitudes; flowering in June. + +[Sidenote: =Ribes oxyacanthoides= L. _Northern Gooseberry._] + +Spines generally solitary, light-coloured, ¼—½ of an inch long; +prickles commonly wanting. Leaves petioled, roundish, subcordate and +5-lobed, hairy or nearly smooth, the lobes deeply toothed or crenate. +Flowers greenish-purple or white, little more than ¼ of an inch long; +berry half an inch in diameter, smooth, reddish-purple and sweet when +ripe. + +Throughout the Rockies at the lower elevations, in open ground and on +stony hillsides; flowering in June; fruit ripening in July. + +[Sidenote: =Ribes Howellii= Greene. _Howell’s Currant._] + +Stems ascending, crowded, 2—5 feet high, without spines. Leaves +triangular, 2—3 inches in diameter, cordate at the base, deeply +5-lobed, the acute lobes doubly serrate, smooth above, often +resinous-dotted beneath, petiole as long as or longer than the +blade. Flowers ⅓ of an inch broad in a loose raceme, bracts linear, +about ¹/₁₆ of an inch long, much shorter than the slender, glandular +pedicels; calyx rotate with broad spatulate lobes; petals red, narrowly +spatulate, shorter than the calyx lobes; berries red. + +A rather showy plant with a pungent, skunk-like odour when bruised, +growing on wet, shaded rocks and in springy places throughout the +region, at the lower altitudes; flowering in June. + + + + +ROSACEÆ + +_Rose Family._ + + +Herbs, shrubs, or trees with alternate leaves and perfect flowers; +calyx free or adnate to the ovary, 5—9-lobed; petals equal in number +to the calyx lobes, distinct or none; stamens usually numerous and +distinct; fruit mostly follicles or achenes. + + Carpels few; in fruit becoming 2-several sided. + Stamens united at the base; flowers racemose. =Lutkea.= + Stamens not united at the base; flowers in panicles or corymbs. + Shrubs with simple leaves, flowers perfect. =Spiræa.= + Herbs with compound leaves; flowers diœcious. =Aruncus.= + Carpels few or many; in fruit becoming achenes or drupelets. + Fruit consisting of drupelets, usually united. =Rubus.= + Fruit consisting of achenes. + Achenes enclosed in a fleshy fruit; prickly shrubs. =Rosa.= + Achenes on a plane or concave receptacle; herbs. + Styles deciduous, naked. + Styles terminal. =Potentilla.= + Styles lateral. + Carpels hairy; shrubs. =Dasyphora.= + Carpels smooth; herbs. + Stamens 5; carpels 10—15. =Sibbaldia.= + Stamens 20; carpels numerous. + Leaves trifoliate; receptacle fleshy. =Fragaria.= + Leaves pinnate; receptacle not fleshy. + Flowers dark purple. =Comarum.= + Flowers yellow. + Plant with stolons; flowers solitary. + =Argentina.= + Styles persistent, mostly plumose. + Calyx lobes and petals 8 or 9. =Dryas.= + Calyx lobes and petals 5. + Style jointed, upper part deciduous. =Geum.= + Style not jointed, upper part plumose. =Sieversia.= + +[Illustration: Tiarella unifoliata Hook. (¼ Nat.) Western Foam-Flower.] + +[Illustration: Lutkea pectinata (Pursh) Kuntze. (⅔ Nat.) Cut-Leaved +Lutkea.] + +[Sidenote: =Lutkea pectinata= (Pursh.) Kuntze. _Cut-leaved Lutkea._] + +Smooth, stems cæspitose, very leafy. Leaves trifoliate, persistent, +leaflets deeply 2—4-lobed, the lateral ones decumbent, forming a broad +petiole. Flowering stems 2—6 inches high with a dense terminal raceme +of many white flowers, about ¼ of an inch broad; calyx lobes ovate, +acute; petals 5, obovate, exceeding the calyx; stamens numerous, +shorter than the petals. + +Frequent throughout the Selkirks, on alpine slopes and beside streams +at the higher elevations; flowering in June. + +[Sidenote: =Spiræa densiflora= Nutt. _Pink Spiræa._] + +Stem 2—4 feet high, reddish. Leaves ovate or elliptical, serrulate at +the apex, entire below, narrowed at the base to a very short petiole or +the lowest sessile, dark green on both sides, ½—1 inch long. Flowers +small, deep rose-colour in dense, round, leafy, bracted corymbs, +terminating the numerous branches. + +In moist, exposed, rocky places and on slopes at the lower altitudes, +frequent in the Selkirks; flowering in June. + +[Sidenote: =Spiræa lucida= Dougl. _Birch-leaved Spiræa._] + +Stems erect, mostly simple, 1—2 feet high, from horizontal running +rootstocks. Leaves, the lower ones small, obovate; upper, oval to +oblong, 1—2 inches long, often obscurely lobed and doubly serrate above +the middle, smooth throughout, dark green above, paler beneath. Flowers +white or tinged with pink in a large flat branching terminal corymb. + +Abundant throughout the region on hillsides and dry banks; flowering +during July. + +[Illustration: Rubus pedatus Smith. (⅔ Nat.) Creeping Raspberry.] + +[Sidenote: =Aruncus Aruncus= (L.) Karst. _Goat’s-Beard._] + +Smooth throughout, stem erect, somewhat branched, 2—4 feet high. +Leaves long-petioled, 2—3 pinnate, leaflets 1—3 inches long, ovate or +lanceolate, thin, acuminate or acute at the apex, rounded or slightly +heart-shaped at the base, doubly serrate or incised. Flowers small, +white, in an elongated spike. + +Frequent along streams throughout the Selkirks; flowering during June +and July. + +[Sidenote: =Rubus pedatus= Smith. _Creeping Raspberry._] + +Stems slender, trailing, 1—3 feet long, unarmed, rooting at the +nodes, pubescent. Leaves trifoliate, leaflets obovate, cuneate at the +base, ¾—1 inch long incised, lateral leaflets often parted to the +base, smooth or sparingly hairy. Flowers usually solitary, on long +slender pedicels, white or rosy, ⅛ of an inch or more broad; sepals +ovate-lanceolate, entire or incised, exceeding the petals; berry of 1—6 +large red, juicy drupelets. + +Frequent throughout the region in cold damp woods, forming masses of +considerable size; flowering during June. + +[Sidenote: =Rubus arcticus= L. _Arctic Raspberry._] + +Stem low, herbaceous, unarmed, finely hairy, 3—10 inches high, +sometimes leafless below. Leaves 3-foliate, leaflets sessile or +short-stalked, rhombic-ovate or obovate, coarsely and unequally serrate +or slightly lobed, ¾—1 inch long. Flowers solitary or occasionally 2, +slender peduncled; petals obovate, pink, ½—1 inch long; sepals acute, +equalling or shorter than the petals, reflexed; berry light red, +fragrant and edible. + +In cold mossy thickets and swamps throughout the region, the first +flowers appearing in May and early June when the stems are but a +few inches high, with the leaves hardly unfolded; in midsummer it +frequently flowers again from branched stems 8—10 inches high and +appearing like a different plant. + +[Sidenote: =Rubus Americanus= (Pers.) Britton. _Dwarf Raspberry._] + +Stems herbaceous, trailing or ascending, unarmed, 6—18 inches or more +long, somewhat hairy. Leaves petioled, 3-foliate or rarely 5-foliate +leaflets rhombic-ovate, smooth or nearly so, acute, the lateral ones +mostly rounded, terminal, wedge-shaped at the base, all sharply +serrate. Flowers 1—3 on a slender glandular-hairy peduncle, ½ an inch +or less broad; petals 5—7, white, spatulate-oblong, erect, rather +longer than the acuminate calyx lobes; fruit red-purple, half an inch +long. + +In cold moist woods and swampy places throughout the region; flowering +in May and June. + +[Sidenote: =Rubus parviflorus= Nutt. _Salmon-berry._] + +Stems shrubby, 3—8 feet high, smooth or more or less glandular-hairy. +Leaves round-cordate in outline, palmately 3—5-lobed, the lobes acute +or acutish, rarely acuminate, coarsely and unequally serrate. Flowers +few, 1—2 inches broad, white, in corymbose, terminal heads, calyx lobes +tipped with a long slender appendage. + +Borders of woods, and in thickets among rocks, throughout the region, +but most abundant in the Selkirks; flowering in June and July. + +[Illustration: Rubus parviflorus Nutt. (⅔ Nat.) Salmon-Berry.] + +[Sidenote: =Rubus strigosus= Michx. _Wild Red Raspberry._] + +Stems shrubby, biennial, 18 inches to 4 feet high, usually densely +clothed with weak glandular bristles or the older stems with small +hooked prickles. Leaves pinnately 3—5-foliate, leaflets ovate or +ovate-oblong, acuminate, sharply and irregularly serrate or slightly +lobed, rounded at the base, 1—3 inches long. Flowers ½ an inch broad +in a loose raceme on slender pedicels, curved in fruit; petals white, +ascending, about equalling the spreading acuminate sepals; fruit dark +red, sweet and very juicy. + +The common red raspberry throughout the region in dry and rocky places; +flowering in June. + +[Sidenote: =Dasyphora fruticosa= (L.) Rydb. _Shrubby Cinquefoil._] + +Shrubby, much branched; stems erect or ascending, very leafy, 6 inches +to 3 feet high, the bark shreddy. Leaves pinnate with 5—7 oblong, +entire, acute leaflets, with long silky hairs and revolute margins. +Flowers bright yellow, ¾—1½ inches broad, usually solitary at the ends +of the branches. + +A very abundant plant throughout the region, in swampy grounds, +gravelly river shores, on dry slopes and alpine meadows, flowering +throughout the summer. + +[Sidenote: =Sibbaldia procumbens= L. _Sibbaldia._] + +Stems densely tufted, decumbent or creeping, 1—4 inches long. +Leaves 3-foliate, leaflets wedge-shaped, 3—5-toothed at the apex +with scattered hairs on both sides. Flowers ¼ of an inch broad, +greenish-yellow; petals very small, not exceeding the calyx. + +Frequent throughout the region on rocks, usually in dry, exposed +situations at elevations varying from 4000 to 10,000 feet; flowering +during June and July. + +[Sidenote: =Fragaria glauca= (S. Wats.) Rydb. _Wild Strawberry._] + +Plant spreading, 3—6 inches tall, hairy, forming new plants by the +running stems after flowering. Leaves tufted from the root, very +hairy, palmately 3-foliate; leaflets obtuse, strongly serrate, the +teeth gland-tipped; lateral leaflets ovate, oblique on the inside, +shorter than the terminal one; terminal leaflet broadly ovate with a +wedge-shaped base. Flowers white, ¾ of an inch broad; petals slightly +longer than the sepals, borne on a scape about ⅓ longer than the +leaves. Fruit ovoid, rather small. + +On grassy banks and roadsides throughout the Rockies; flowering in late +May and early June. + +[Illustration: Fragaria glauca (S. Wats.) Rydb. (½ Nat.) Wild +Strawberry.] + +[Illustration: Amelanchier florida Lindl. (⅓ Nat.) Service-Berry.] + +[Sidenote: =Comarum palustre= (L.) _Marsh Cinquefoil._] + +Smooth, decumbent at the base, 6 inches to 2 feet long. Leaves pinnate, +the lower long-petioled with 5—7 oblong or oblanceolate, sharply +serrate leaflets, which are lighter-coloured and more or less hairy +beneath; upper leaflets similar, 3—5. Flowers few, in an open cyme; +calyx lobes purple within, acuminate, nearly ½ an inch long, enlarging +in fruit; petals much shorter than the sepals. + +A marsh plant frequent throughout the region in very wet situations, at +the lower altitudes; flowering in July. + +[Sidenote: =Argentina Anserina= (L.) Rydb. _Silver-weed._] + +Herbaceous, spreading by runners. Leaves all at the root, interruptedly +pinnate with 7—21 leaflets and smaller ones interposed; oblong, sharply +serrate, dark green above, soft, white-hairy beneath. Flowers bright +yellow, ½—1 inch broad, solitary on long pedicels, petals exceeding the +ovate, acute, calyx lobes. + +In open and waste ground and meadows throughout the Rockies at the +lower altitudes; flowering during June and July. + +[Sidenote: =Potentilla nivea= L. _Snowy Cinquefoil._] + +Stem 4—8 inches high, woody at the base, with long silky hairs. Leaves +3-foliate, the lower petioled; leaflets oblong or obovate, usually +deeply cut, densely, white-hairy beneath, green and loosely soft-hairy +above, ¾—1 inch long. Flowers 1—5, bright yellow, ½—¾ of an inch broad; +sepals silky, lanceolate, shorter than the broadly ovate, notched +petals. + +Frequent throughout the Rockies in open, rocky situations; flowering +during June and July. + +[Sidenote: =Potentilla dissecta= Pursh. _Cut-leaved Cinquefoil._] + +Stem decumbent or ascending 4—8 inches high from a woody base, more or +less silky-villous or nearly smooth. Leaves pinnate or tripinnate with +5—7 lanceolate, deeply cut leaflets, usually glaucous and with ciliate +edges. Flowers few, bright yellow, ½ an inch or more broad with notched +petals, in an open cyme. + +In open alpine meadows and slopes throughout the region at the higher +altitudes; flowering during June and July. + +[Sidenote: =Potentilla multisecta= (Wats.) Rydb.] + +Much like the preceding species but much more hairy throughout and with +more divided leaves. Flowers in a loose cyme on scapes 4—6 inches high, +not quite so large as in the preceding nor as brilliantly coloured. + +Dry rocky summits and ledges throughout the Rockies; flowering in June. + +[Sidenote: =Potentilla uniflora= (Ledeb.) _Alpine Cinquefoil._] + +Densely cæspitose from a woody base. Leaves closely tufted, small, +palmately divided, leaflets deeply cut, densely white-woolly on both +surfaces. Flowers solitary on short peduncles, bright yellow, half an +inch or more broad; petals broadly obovate, notched at the apex, much +longer than the densely soft-hairy lanceolate sepals. + +A high alpine species in dry stony ground throughout the Rockies, not +common; flowering in July. + +[Sidenote: =Geum macrophyllum= Willd. _Large-leaved Avens._] + +Stout, erect, stiff-hairy, 1—3 feet high. Leaves lyrate-pinnate with +broad foliaceous stipules, basal leaves petioled, the terminal segment +much the largest, reniform, dentate, 3—7-lobed; lateral leaflets 3—6 +oval or obovate with smaller ones interspersed. Flowers several, short +peduncled, borne in a terminal head; bright yellow, nearly ½ an inch +broad; petals longer than the acuminate sepals; receptacle nearly +smooth. + +In damp places and low grounds throughout the region, most abundant in +the Selkirks; flowering in June. + +[Sidenote: =Geum strictum= Ait. _Yellow Avens._] + +Hairy, branched above, 2—4 feet high. Stipules broad, foliaceous; basal +leaves lyrate-pinnate; leaflets 5—7, obovate, cuneate, dentate or +lobed, the terminal one largest, broadly ovate or cuneate, stem leaves +sessile or short-petioled with 3—5 ovate or oblong, acute segments. +Flowers yellow, ½ an inch broad; receptacle downy. + +In swamps or low grounds throughout the region; flowering in June. + +[Illustration: _a_ Geum strictum Ait. Yellow Avens. + +_b_ Sieversia ciliata (Pursh) Don. Long-Plumed Purple Avens. + +(⅔ Nat.)] + +[Sidenote: =Sieversia ciliata= (Pursh.) Don. _Long-Plumed Purple +Avens._] + +Soft-hairy, scapose; scape 4—18 inches high, simple, 3—8-flowered at +the summit. Basal leaves petioled, interruptedly pinnate with many +small leaflets, among the numerous obovate, deeply cut larger ones. +Flowers ½ an inch broad of 5 pale purplish-pink petals hardly exceeding +the calyx and spreading linear red bractlets; styles plumose in fruit, +1—2 inches long. + +In dry open grounds extending into the Rockies from the plains, where +it is especially abundant, to the lower slopes and valleys throughout +the region; flowering in June. + +[Sidenote: =Dryas octopetala= L. _White Mountain Avens._] + +Stems prostrate, branched, 3—6 inches long. Leaves oblong or ovate, +½—1 inch long, obtuse at each end, closely crenate, dark green and +shining above, densely white-woolly beneath. Flowers solitary on +slender pedicels, white, an inch or more broad; petals longer than the +6—8 spreading linear sepals; stamens numerous, anthers bright yellow; +styles conspicuously plumose in fruit. + +Frequent in dry stony ground throughout the Rockies at elevations +ranging from 4000 to 10,000 feet, forming dense mats of considerable +size on the surface of the ground; flowering in June. + +[Sidenote: =Dryas Drummondii= Richards. _Drummond’s Mountain Avens._] + +Similar in manner of growth and general appearance to the preceding +species. Leaves generally narrower at the base, the lobes +dentate-crenate. Flowers ½ an inch long, campanulate, drooping on a +densely woolly pedicel; sepals ovate, acute, black glandular-hairy; +petals lanceolate, obtuse, bright yellow, about twice the length of the +sepals; stamens included; styles numerous, conspicuously plumose in +fruit. + +In gravel and loose stony soil throughout the Rockies, especially +abundant on river shores and flood-plains, like the previous species +frequently forming mats of considerable size; flowering in June. + +[Illustration: _a_ Dryas octopetala L. White Mountain Avens. + +_b_ Dryas Drummondii Rich. Drummond’s Mountain Avens. + +(⅞ Nat.)] + +[Sidenote: =Rosa Macounii= Greene. _Macoun’s Rose._] + +Stems branched, 2—3 feet high, prickly. Leaves pinnate, leaflets large, +¾—1½ inches long, oval, coarsely toothed. Flowers solitary, on slender +pedicels, bright pink, petals broadly obovate, an inch or more long, +sepals entire with a long acuminate obtuse tip, persistent and erect in +fruit, fruit globose, bright scarlet. + +The wild rose of the region, in open ground, on slopes, borders of +woods, stream and river banks throughout the Rockies; flowering in late +June and early July. + + + + +POMACEÆ + +_Apple Family_ + + +Trees and shrubs with alternate leaves, and regular, perfect flowers; +calyx superior, 5-toothed; petals 5; stamens numerous; fruit a more or +less fleshy pome. + + Leaves pinnate. =Sorbus.= + Leaves simple, entire-toothed or lobed. =Amelanchier.= + +[Sidenote: =Sorbus sambucifolia= (Cham. and Schl.) Roem _Western +Mountain-ash._] + +A small tree with smooth bark. Leaves pinnate, leaflets 5—15, +ovate-lanceolate or oval, obtuse or short-pointed, serrate, smooth +and dark green above, pale and usually more or less hairy beneath, +especially along the veins, seldom over 2½ inches long. Flowers white, +nearly ½ an inch across in a compound flat cyme, 2—4 inches broad; +petals spreading, short-clawed, obovate; stamens numerous; fruit bright +scarlet, more than ¼ of an inch in diameter. + +In moist stony ground throughout the region; flowering in June. + +[Sidenote: =Amelanchier alnifolia= Nutt. _North-western June-berry._] + +A shrub, soft-hairy when young, at length nearly smooth. Leaves thick, +broadly elliptic or almost orbicular, very obtuse and often truncate +at the apex, round or subcordate at the base; coarsely dentate above +the middle. 1—2 inches long. Flowers in rather short, dense racemes, +pedicels short; petals oblanceolate, ¼—¾ of an inch long, 2—4 times the +length of the calyx; fruit purple when ripe and very sweet. + +On slopes at the lower altitudes throughout the region, flowering in +June. + + + + +DRUPACEÆ + +_Plum Family_ + + +Trees or shrubs, the bark exuding gum. Leaves alternate, petioled, +serrate, the teeth and petiole often glandular; flowers regular, +perfect; calyx 5-lobed inferior, deciduous; petals 5, inserted on the +calyx; stamens numerous, inserted on the petals; fruit a 1-seeded drupe. + +[Sidenote: =Prunus demissa= (Nutt.) Walp. _Western Wild Cherry._] + +A shrub or small tree. Leaves thick ovate or broadly oval, acute or +slightly obtuse, serrulate with short teeth. Flowers ¼ of an inch or +more broad, in drooping racemes at the ends of the leafy branches; +drupe dark purple or black, globose, over ¼ of an inch in diameter. + +In thickets in the Rockies, frequent in the vicinity of Banff; +flowering in May and early June. + + + + +PAPILIONACEÆ + +_Pea Family_ + + +Herbs or vines with alternate, compound leaves and irregular, perfect, +yellow, purple, blue, or white flowers, mainly in racemes; calyx +4—5-toothed; petals more or less united or separate, consisting of a +broad upper one (standard), two lateral ones (wings), and two front +ones more or less united (keel). + + Herbs; leaves unequally pinnate, not tendril-bearing. + Pods not jointed. + Keel of the corolla blunt. + Pod not much swollen, fleshy, leathery or papery; + flowers blue or purple. =Astragalus.= + Pods much inflated, membranous; flowers white. =Phaca.= + Pods flat, both sutures prominent externally. =Homalobus.= + Keel of the corolla acute. =Aragallus.= + Pods jointed, flowers purple or white. =Hedysarum.= + Herbaceous veins; leaves evenly pinnate, with tendrils. + Style slender with a tuft of hairs at the summit. =Vicia.= + Style flattened, bearded along the inner side. =Lathyrus.= + +[Sidenote: =Astragalus adsurgens= Pall. _Ascending Milk-vetch._] + +Stems whitish with close hairs or nearly smooth, ascending or +decumbent, 4—18 inches long, simple or branched at the base. Leaflets +15—25 oval or linear-oblong, sometimes notched at the apex, narrowed +at the base, ½—1 inch long; peduncles exceeding the leaves. Flowers +purplish, ½—¾ of an inch long in dense short spikes; calyx villous with +long partly black hairs, ½ the length of the corolla, with slender +teeth, half the length of the campanulate tube. + +In open ground at low altitudes, probably the most frequent of the +vetches on the eastern slopes of the Rockies, often forming great +patches of blue during June. + +[Sidenote: =Astragalus hypoglottis= L. _Purple Milk-vetch._] + +Hairy or nearly smooth, stems decumbent or ascending, slender, branched +at the base, usually low, but ranging from 6—24 inches long. Leaves +2—5 inches long with 17—25 leaflets which are oblong or elliptic, +obtusish and usually notched at the apex, rounded at the base ¼—½ an +inch long. Flowers violet-purple, ½ to nearly an inch long in dense +heads, calyx nearly ⅓ the length with long black and white hairs. + +Frequent at the lower altitudes, in dry ground and roadsides on the +eastern slopes of the Rockies, particularly in the region around Banff; +flowering in early June. + +[Sidenote: =Astragalus alpinus= L. _Alpine Milk-vetch._] + +Ascending or decumbent, branching from the base, 6—15 inches high, +slightly hairy or smooth. Leaves 2—5 inches long, with 13—25 oval or +elliptic, obtuse or retuse leaflets, narrowed or rounded at the base, +¼—½ an inch long. Flowers ½ an inch or more long, pale violet, the keel +commonly darker, in short rather open racemes; calyx about ⅓ the length +of the corolla, with short black hairs. + +The most dainty of any of the vetches, frequent in rocky soil in +slightly shaded situations throughout the Rockies at the lower +altitudes; flowering during June and July. + +[Sidenote: =Astragalus convallarius= Greene. _Slender Milk-vetch._] + +Stems slender, ascending and rigid, 10—18 inches high, branching from +the base; hairy throughout. Leaves 3—6 inches long with 9—17 narrowly +linear, silky leaflets ½—1 inch long, remote. Flowers pale violet or +mauve, half an inch or more long, scattered in a slender raceme 3—5 +inches long; peduncles much longer than the leaves; calyx about ⅓ the +length of the corolla with scattered white or brownish hairs. + +On the eastern slopes of the Rockies in dry stony ground at the lower +altitudes; flowering in early June. + +[Sidenote: =Astragalus Macouni= Rydb. _Macoun’s Vetch._] + +Stems 18—24 inches high, stout and leafy, slightly striate and +nearly smooth. Leaves 2—4 inches long, thin, odd-pinnate with 4—8 +pairs of obtuse, oblong, or oval leaflets, ½—1 inch long. Flower +scream-coloured, tinged with blue, in heads 1½—3 inches long, on +peduncles 4—10 inches long, from the axils of the upper leaves; calyx ⅛ +of an inch long, black-hairy, lobes very slender and short; corolla ¼ +of an inch or more long. + +Frequent in more or less moist open ground throughout the Rockies at +varying altitudes; flowering during June and early July. + +[Sidenote: =Phaca Americana= (Hook) Rydb. _Arctic Milk-vetch._] + +Erect, nearly simple and smooth, 1—2 feet high. Leaves 3—6 inches +long with 7—17 oval or ovate-lanceolate obtuse leaflets, ¾—1½ inches +long. Flowers white, ¾ of an inch long in loose racemes on peduncles +equalling or exceeding the leaves; pedicels slender, ½ an inch long in +fruit; pod membranous, inflated, an inch long. + +In moist or wet rocky shaded places throughout the Rockies; flowering +during June and early July. + +[Illustration: Phaca americana (Hook.) Rydb. (½ Nat.) Arctic Vetch.] + +[Illustration: Homalobus aboriginorum (Richards) Rydb. (⅓ Nat.) Indian +Vetch.] + +[Sidenote: =Homalobus aboriginorum= (Richards) Rydb. _Indian Vetch._] + +Stems erect and branching, 6—18 inches high, hairy throughout, from +an enlarged root. Leaves pinnate with 7—11 linear leaflets; stipules +ovate, acute, foliaceous. Flowers white, tinged with mauve, in a +loose raceme 1—2 inches long; peduncles longer than the leaves, calyx +black-hairy, about ⅛ of an inch long, with slender teeth nearly half as +much longer; corolla more than twice the length of the calyx. + +An abundant species at the lower altitudes in open dry ground on the +eastern slopes of the Rockies; flowering in early June. + +[Sidenote: =Aragallus monticola= (A. Gray) Greene. _Mountain Oxytrope._] + +Silvery-pubescent throughout, with appressed or slightly spreading +hairs; tufted. Leaves basal, 3—6 inches long with 9—19 linear-oblong +or lanceolate, acute or obtusish leaflets ¾—1 inch long. Flowers pale +yellow or creamy-white ¾ of an inch or more long in dense heads, on +peduncles longer than the leaves; calyx nearly half as long as the +corolla, with long white and short black hairs. + +Frequent throughout the Rockies in dry stony and alpine meadows and +slopes, at varying elevations; flowering from June to early July. + +[Sidenote: =Aragallus Lamberti= (Pursh) Greene. _Loco Weed._] + +Tufted, the branches of the caudex short; scapes few or several, erect, +rather slender, 4—20 inches high. Leaves several, mostly erect, shorter +than the scapes; leaflets 10—15 pairs, mostly oblong-lanceolate, from +sparsely soft-pubescent to lightly canescent, acute, ½—1 inch long. +Flowers pale yellow, ½ an inch long and twice as long as the calyx, in +a loose head, 2—4 inches long. + +Abundant in the open ground on the eastern slopes of the Rockies; a +strikingly handsome vetch frequently found in masses of considerable +extent, especially in the region around Banff; flowering in June and +early July. + +[Sidenote: =Aragallus splendens= (Dougl.) Greene. _Showy Oxytrope._] + +Densely silky, silvery-villous, acaulescent, and tufted. Leaves 4—9 +inches long, erect; leaflets very numerous, in verticels of 3—6, oblong +or oblong-lanceolate, acute or acutish at the apex, rounded at the +base, ½ to nearly an inch long. Flowers deep purple, about ½ an inch +long in dense spikes on peduncles exceeding the leaves. + +A very showy plant frequently flowering in considerable masses in +the open grounds on the eastern slopes of the Rockies and dry alpine +meadows; flowering in June. + +[Sidenote: =Aragallus viscidulus= Rydb. _Sticky Oxytrope._] + +Tufted, with parts of the old leaves remaining. Leaves all basal, 4—6 +inches long with 8—15 pairs of leaflets, loosely villous-pubescent, +oblong, obtuse or acutish, ¼ to nearly ½ an inch long, glandular on +the margins. Flowers nearly ½ an inch long varying from pink to dark +purple, in loose spikes on glandular sticky scapes, much longer than +the leaves; calyx more than half as long as the corolla with white +and shorter black hairs; calyx teeth and bracts of the inflorescence +densely glandular. + +In dry open ground and alpine meadows through the Rockies at the lower +altitudes, flowering in early June and forming dense tufted masses of +brilliant pink, blue, or purple flowers; probably the most striking +species in the vicinity of Banff. + +[Sidenote: =Aragallus deflexus= (Pall.) Heller. _Drooping-fruited +Oxytrope._] + +Loosely soft-pubescent or silky, decumbent or ascending 10—18 inches +high. Leaves 4—6 inches long with 12—16 pairs of lanceolate to oblong, +acute leaflets, ¼—½ an inch long. Flowers small, pale purple, little +more than ¼ of an inch long in slender spikes 2—4 inches long on +peduncles much surpassing the leaves. Calyx nearly as long as the +corolla, with short black and longer white hairs; fruit strongly +reflexed. + +In moist open ground throughout the eastern Rockies at the lower +altitudes; flowering in July. + +[Illustration: Aragallus viscidulus Rydb. (⅓ Nat.) Sticky Oxytrope.] + +[Illustration: Aragallus deflexus (Pall.) Heller. (½ Nat.) Drooping +Vetch.] + +[Sidenote: =Aragallus inflatus= (Hook) A. Nelson. _Inflated Oxytrope._] + +Acaulescent or more or less so, 1—4 inches high, soft-hairy. Leaves +pinnate with 5—11 pairs of short linear-lanceolate or oblong leaflets. +Flowers violet-purple, 1 or 2 on the peduncles which scarcely exceed +the leaves; calyx densely dark-hairy; pods much inflated. + +On high alpine slopes and summits through the Rockies, not a common +plant but probably more general than is now known; flowering in July. + +[Sidenote: =Hedysarum americanum= (Michx.) Britton. _Purple Hedysarum._] + +Stem erect or somewhat decumbent, smooth or nearly so, 6 inches to 2½ +feet high, generally simple. Leaves 2—8 inches long with 11—21 oblong +or oblanceolate-obtuse leaflets, ½ to nearly 1 inch long. Flowers +violet-purple or nearly white, deflexed, ½—¾ of an inch long in rather +loose elongated racemes; calyx teeth ovate-acute, shorter than the tube. + +One of the taller of the vetches growing in open stony places and +slides throughout the Rockies at the lower altitudes, flowering in July. + +[Sidenote: =Hedysarum sulphurescens= Rydb. _Yellow Hedysarum._] + +Erect, 12—15 inches high, minutely hairy. Leaves with 5—6 pairs of +oblong-elliptic, obtuse-cuspidate leaflets, ½—¾ of an inch long, finely +hairy beneath. Flowers bright yellow, over ½ an inch long; 15—30 in a +rather dense raceme; wings exceeding the vexillum but shorter than the +keel. + +Throughout the Rockies in open woods and meadows up to 8000 feet +elevation; flowering in June and July. + +[Sidenote: =Hedysarum Mackenzii= Richards. _Mackenzie’s Hedysarum._] + +Stems erect or decumbent, 12—18 inches high, usually minutely hairy. +Leaves 3—6 inches long with 11—19 oblong-elliptic leaflets about ½ an +inch long. Flowers ¾ of an inch long, reddish-purple, 20—30 in loose +racemes on peduncles longer than the leaves; calyx teeth very slender, +longer than the tube. + +On slides and in loose stony soil throughout the Rockies at varying +altitudes; flowering during June and July. + +[Sidenote: =Vicia Cracca= L. _Cow Vetch._] + +Finely hairy or sometimes nearly smooth; stems tufted, slender, and +weak, climbing or trailing 2—4 feet long. Leaves tendril-bearing 2—3 +inches long of 18—24 thin, linear or linear-oblong, obtuse or acutish, +mucronate leaflets, ⅓—¾ of an inch long. Flowers deep bluish-purple, +½ an inch long or less in dense spike-like racemes 1—4 inches long on +peduncles equalling or exceeding the leaves. + +In dry or moist soil throughout the Rockies at the lower elevations, +flowering during June and July. + +[Sidenote: =Vicia americana= Muhl. _American Vetch._] + +Smooth or some with appressed hairs, trailing or climbing 2—3 feet +long. Leaves nearly sessile, 2—3 inches long, tendril-bearing, with +8—14 elliptic, ovate or oblong leaflets, ½—1½ inches long, obtuse or +sometimes notched or mucronulate at the tip. Flowers bluish-purple +about ¾ of an inch long, 3—9 in loose racemes, on peduncles usually +shorter than the leaves. + +In moist ground at the lower altitudes throughout the Rockies, climbing +over the surrounding shrubs and herbaceous plants; flowering in July. + +[Sidenote: =Vicia linearis= (Nutt.) Greene. _Narrow-leaved American +Vetch._] + +Smooth or nearly so; stems weak, often zigzag, 1—2 feet long. Leaves +tendril-bearing, with 4—7 pairs of narrowly linear or linear-oblong +leaflets, 1—3 inches long, entire, acute and mucronate at the tip. +Flowers purple or purplish, about ¾ of an inch long, 2—6 in loose +racemes, on peduncles shorter than or about equalling the leaves. + +In dry soil at low altitudes throughout the Rockies especially near the +line of the railway; flowering during July. + +[Illustration: Aragallus Lamberti (Pursh) Greene. (½ Nat.) Loco Weed.] + +[Illustration: Lathyrus ochroleucus Hook (½ Nat.) White Vetch.] + +[Sidenote: =Lathyrus palustris= L. _Marsh Vetchling._] + +Smooth or sparingly hairy, stems angled and winged, slender, 1—3 feet +long; stipules half sagittate, lanceolate-linear or ovate-lanceolate, +½ to nearly an inch long. Leaves with branched tendrils and 2—4 pairs +of lanceolate oblong or linear, acute, mucronate leaflets; 1½—4 inches +long. Flowers purple, half an inch or more long, 2—6 in loose-headed +racemes on peduncles about equaling the leaves. + +In wet ground and swamps at the lower altitudes throughout the region; +flowering during July. + +[Sidenote: =Lathyrus ochroleucus= Hook. _Cream-coloured Vetchling._] + +Stems slender, somewhat angled, trailing or climbing, smooth and +slightly glaucous, 2—2½ feet long, stipules broad foliaceous, half +ovate and half cordate, ⅓—1 inch long. Leaves with branched tendrils +and 3—5 pairs of thin, ovate or broadly oval, obtuse leaflets, 1—2 +inches long, green above, whitish beneath. Flowers yellowish or +creamy-white ½—¾ of an inch long, 5—10 on peduncles shorter than the +leaves. + +On shaded river banks and hillsides at the lower altitudes throughout +the Rockies; flowering during June. + + + + +LINACEÆ + +_Flax Family_ + + +Herbs with perfect regular nearly symmetrical flowers; sepals 5, +persistent; petals 5 and alternate with the sepals; stamens 5 opposite +the sepals. + +[Sidenote: =Linum Lewisii= Pursh. _Lewis’s Wild Flax._] + +Perennial from a woody root, 1—2 feet high, densely tufted, smooth, +glaucous. Leaves crowded, oblong or linear, ¼—1½ inches long, acute or +acutish, 3—5 nerved. Flowers bright blue, 1—1½ inches broad; petals 5, +soon falling; sepals 5, oval, mainly obtuse, ⅓ or ¼ the length of the +petals; stigmas shorter than the styles; stamens 5, longer than the +styles. + +In open, dry, stony ground and slopes throughout the Rockies; flowering +in June and July. + +[Illustration: Empetrum nigrum L. (Nat.) Black Crowberry.] + +[Illustration: Linum Lewisii Pursh. (¼ Nat.) Wild Blue-Flax.] + + + + +EMPETRACEÆ + +_Crowberry Family_ + + +Low evergreen shrubs with narrow nearly sessile leaves jointed to short +pulvini, channelled on the lower side by the revolute margins and small +monœcious, diœcious or rarely polygamous flowers; sepals, petals, and +stamens each 3, fruit a black, berry-like drupe. + +[Sidenote: =Empetrum nigrum= L. _Black Crowberry._] + +Smooth or the young shoots hairy, usually much branched, the branches +diffusely spreading, 2—10 inches long. Leaves crowded, dark green, +linear-oblong, thick and obtuse, about ¼ of an inch long with strongly +revolute, roughish margins. Flowers very small, purplish; stamens +exserted; berry nearly ¼ of an inch in diameter, black. + +Frequent throughout the Rockies in damp woods, especially those of the +“Jack Pine” where it frequently forms a considerable part of the forest +floor, in dense, close mats. + + + + +CELASTRACEÆ + +_Staff-Tree Family_ + + +Shrubs with simple evergreen leaves, and regular perfect flowers, +sepals, petals, and stamens each 4 in our species. + +[Sidenote: =Pachystima myrsinites= (Pursh) Raf. _Mountain Lover._] + +Low evergreen shrub, densely branched or nearly simple, 1—3 feet high. +Leaves opposite, smooth, ovate to oblong or lanceolate, cuneate at +the base, the upper half serrate or serrulate ½—1 inch long on very +short petioles. Flowers small in axillary cymes; petals 4, stamens 4, +inserted at the edge of the broad disc. + +In gravelly and stony situations extending from the Valley of the +Columbia River at Beavermouth, westward throughout the Selkirks, the +minute blossoms appearing in the latter part of May; a pretty but very +variable shrub in habit and leaf form. + +[Illustration: Pachystima myrsinites (Pursh) Raf. (½ Nat.) Mountain +Lover.] + +[Illustration: Viola adunca longipes (Nutt.) Rydb. (⅔ Nat.) Dog +Violet.] + + + + +ACERACEÆ + +_Maple Family_ + + +Trees or shrubs with watery often saccharine sap, opposite, simple and +palmately lobed leaves and axillary or terminal, cymose or racemose, +regular, polygamous or diœcious flowers; fruit of 2 long-winged +samaras, joined at the base. + +[Sidenote: =Acer glabrum= Torr. _Smooth Maple._] + +A shrub or small tree 6—30 feet high, 2—8 inches in diameter, smooth +throughout except the scales which are densely soft, hairy inside. +Leaves round-cordate with shallow sinus, 2—4 inches broad and nearly +as long, more or less deeply 3-lobed or parted, the ovate-acuminate +lobes doubly serrate with slender teeth; conspicuously veined. Flowers +greenish-yellow, somewhat corymbose on short 2-leaved branchlets +appearing after the leaves. Fruit smooth with slightly spreading wings +about an inch long. + +One of the few deciduous trees of the region, growing on slopes with +the other forest trees and in the moist valleys. + + + + +HYPERICACEÆ + +_St. John’s-Wort Family_ + + +Herbs in our species with opposite, black-dotted leaves, and cymose +yellow flowers; sepals and petals 5, twisted in the bud; stamens many. + +[Sidenote: =Hypericum Scouleri= Hook. _Scouler’s St. John’s-wort._] + +Simple or sparingly branched above often with numerous small branchlets +from running rootstocks, 1—2 feet high. Leaves thin, shorter than the +internodes, about an inch long, mostly obtuse, more or less clasping +and usually black-dotted along the margin. Flowers bright orange, ½—1 +inch in diameter in more or less panicled cymes, sepals oval or oblong, +much shorter than the petals, stamens numerous in three fascicles. + +In moist gravelly soil in the Selkirks at Glacier; flowering in July. + + + + +VIOLACEÆ + +_Violet Family_ + + +Herbs in our species with basal or alternate simple leaves and solitary +or clustered perfect irregular flowers; sepals 5, petals 5, the lower +one larger or with a posterior spur. + +[Sidenote: =Viola cognata= Greene. _Early Blue Violet._] + +Acaulescent; rootstock short and thick. Leaves long-petioled, smooth or +more or less hairy, slightly fleshy, cordate with a broad sinus, acute +or acuminate, crenately toothed. Flowers large, blue or violet, scapes +2—10 inches long, equalling or surpassing the leaves; petals narrow, +½—¾ of an inch long, all villous at the base, the 3 lower strongly so. + +In moist shaded ground, on stream banks and in marshes, frequent +throughout the Rockies; flowering in May and early June. + +[Sidenote: =Viola palustris= L. _Marsh Violet._] + +Acaulescent, smooth, petioles and scapes arising from a very slender, +creeping or horizontal rootstock, the scapes mostly exceeding the +leaves. Leaves thin, cordate, broadly ovate, orbicular or reniform, +1—2½ inches wide, crenulate. Flowers pale lilac or nearly white with +darker veins; petals broad, ⅓—½ an inch long, spur short. + +In marshy places among moss in the Selkirks near Glacier; flowering in +June; not a common species in the region. + +[Sidenote: =Viola sempervirens= Greene. _Low Yellow Violet._] + +Sparingly hairy, stems weak and decumbent, multiplying by long slender +rootstocks. Leaves mostly basal, rounded, cordate, reniform or +sometimes ovate ½—1½ inches broad, finely crenate; peduncles mostly +exceeding the leaves. Flowers yellow; petals oblong, ⅓ of an inch or +more long, sparingly veined with brown toward the base; spur short and +sac-like. + +In open woods throughout the region at elevations ranging from 5000 +to 7000 feet, blossoming very early in May or June shortly after the +melting of the snow. + +[Sidenote: =Viola glabella= Nutt. _Tall Yellow Violet._] + +Minutely hairy or smooth, stems fleshy from a short fleshy horizontal +rhizome, naked or sparingly leafy below, 5—12 inches high. Basal leaves +on long petioles, the upper short-petioled reniform-cordate to cordate, +acute, crenate-toothed, 1—4 inches broad. Flowers bright yellow on +peduncles mainly shorter than the leaves; petals broadly oblong, ⅓—½ an +inch or more long, the lateral and lower with brown lines at the base. + +A striking plant on shaded banks and borders of streams and rills at +the higher altitudes, very abundant in the Selkirks; flowering in June. + +[Sidenote: =Viola canadensis= L. _Canada Violet._] + +Smooth or nearly so; stems 3—14 inches high, tufted, leafy throughout. +Leaves broadly ovate or nearly orbicular, cordate, acuminate or acute, +1—2½ inches long, serrate, the veins on the lower surface often hairy. +Flowers on peduncles mainly shorter than the leaves, pale violet or +nearly white, veined with purple, and often tinged with purple on the +outside, ½—¾ of an inch broad; petals nearly in the same plane. + +In rich moist woods throughout the Rockies and occasionally in the open +alpine meadows, continuing in flower from June until September. + +[Sidenote: =Viola adunca longipes= (Nutt.) Rydb. _Dog Violet._] + +Slightly hairy or nearly smooth, branching from the base, usually 3—11 +inches high, at length sending out runners that bear cleistogamic +flowers. Leaves ovate, more or less cordate at the base, ½—1½ inches +long, obscurely crenate. Flowers on peduncles usually longer than the +leaves, violet-purple to white; petals ½ an inch or more long; spur ¼ +of an inch long, rather slender and curved. + +A low-stemmed violet usually with brilliant blue flowers, growing in +dry, sandy, shaded or open ground at varying elevations throughout the +Rockies: flowering in June and July. + +[Illustration: Elæagnus argentea Pursh. (⅔ Nat.) Silver-Berry.] + +[Illustration: Lepargyræa canadensis (L.) Greene. (½ Nat.) +Buffalo-Berry.] + + + + +ELÆAGNACEÆ + +_Oleaster Family_ + + +Shrubs or trees mostly silvery-scaly or stellate-pubescent with entire +leaves and flowers clustered in the axils or at the nodes of twigs of +the preceding season; fruit drupe-like. + + Stamens as many as the perianth parts; flowers perfect + or polygamous: leaves alternate. =Elæagnus.= + Stamens twice as many as the perianth parts; flowers + diœcious; leaves opposite. =Lepargyræa.= + +[Sidenote: =Elæagnus argentea= Pursh. _Silver-Berry._] + +A stoloniferous much branched shrub sometimes 12 feet high, the young +twigs covered with brown scurf, becoming silvery. Leaves oblong-ovate +or ovate-lanceolate, densely silvery-scurfy on both sides, acute or +obtuse short petioled, 1—4 inches long. Flowers usually numerous in +the axils of the leaves, fragrant, silvery, ½ an inch or more long; +perianth silvery without, yellowish within, the lobes ovate and short. + +On the eastern slope of the Rockies, on the banks of the rivers and +streams, very abundant at Banff on the Bow and Spray rivers; flowering +in June. + +[Sidenote: =Lepargyræa canadensis= (L.) Greene. _Canadian +Buffalo-Berry._] + +A shrub 4—8 feet high, with brown-scurfy young shoots. Leaves with +short petioles, ovate or oval, obtuse at the apex, rounded or some +of them narrowed at the base, 1—1½ inches long, green and sparingly +scurfy, stellate above, densely silvery, stellate, scurfy beneath, some +of the scurf usually brown. Flowers small, yellowish, in short spikes +at the nodes of the twigs, expanding with or before the leaves; fruit +showy ¼ of an inch in diameter, translucent, varying in colour on +different plants from orange to brilliant crimson. + +Thickets and wooded banks throughout the Rockies; flowering in May or +early June. + + + + +ONAGRACEÆ + +_Evening Primrose Family_ + + +Herbs, with alternate or opposite leaves and perfect flowers; calyx +tube adnate to the ovary, 2—6 lobed; petals white, yellow, pink, or +purple, folded on each other in the bud; stamens usually as many or +twice as many as the petals. + + Parts of the flower in 4’s; seeds with tufts of hair on the ends. + Calyx tube not prolonged beyond the ovary; flowers large. + =Chamænerion.= + Calyx tube prolonged beyond the ovary; flowers usually small. + =Epilobium.= + Parts of the flowers in 2’s; fruit with hooked hairs. =Circæa.= + +[Sidenote: =Chamænerion angustifolium= (L.) Scop. _Great Willow-herb, +Fire-weed._] + +Erect, stout, simple or branched, usually smooth, 2—8 feet high. +Leaves numerous, alternate, very short petioled, lanceolate, entire or +denticulate, 2—6 inches long, ¼—1 inch wide, pale beneath, thin, acute +at the apex, the lateral veins confluent in marginal loops. Flowers +¾—1½ inches broad, reddish-purple, in elongated terminal spike-like +racemes, 1—2 feet or more long. + +An abundant plant throughout the entire region on open mountain sides +and banks, especially where visited by fire, flowering throughout the +summer, the air being filled with the white cottony seeds a few weeks +after flowering commences. + +[Sidenote: =Chamænerion latifolium= (L.) _Sweet Broad-leaved +Willow-herb._] + +Erect, usually branching, very smooth below, 6—18 inches high. Leaves +mostly sessile, 1—2 inches long, ¼—½ an inch wide, denticulate or +entire, lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, acutish at both ends, thick, +those of the branches opposite, the veins inconspicuous. Flowers +reddish-purple, 1—2 inches broad, mainly in short leafy-bracted +racemes; petals entire; stigma 4-lobed. + +On gravelly river bars and moist clayey banks throughout the entire +region; flowering during July. + +[Illustration: _a_ Epilobium luteum Pursh. Yellow Willow-herb. (⅗ Nat.) + +_b_ Chamænerion latifolium (L.) Sweet. Broad-Leaved Willow-herb.] + +[Sidenote: =Epilobium luteum= Pursh. _Yellow Willow-herb._] + +Stems rather stout, 1—2 feet high, usually simple, nearly smooth. +Leaves 1—3 inches long, ovate or elliptical to broadly lanceolate, +acute or acuminate, sinuate-toothed, sessile, or when large, obliquely +tapering to a winged petiole, slightly fleshy. Inflorescence with more +or less glandular pubescence; flowers about ¾ of an inch long, not +opening widely, pale yellow, rather few, at first nodding in the axils +of the upper leaves; style usually exserted and deeply 4-parted. + +A rather rare plant in springy places and along alpine brooks, confined +to the Selkirks: flowering during July. + +[Sidenote: =Epilobium alpinum= L. _Alpine Willow-herb._] + +Slender, smooth or nearly so, 3—12 inches high. Leaves pale, petioled, +opposite or the upper alternate, obtuse or obtusish at the apex, ½—¾ of +an inch long. Flowers, few, white, nearly erect, ¼ of an inch or more +broad; stigma nearly entire; capsules slender stalked, 1—2 inches long, +seeds beaked. + +In damp and springy places at the higher altitudes throughout the +region; flowering in July. + +[Sidenote: =Epilobium anagallidifolium= Lam. _Nodding Willow-herb._] + +Low, usually tufted, 2—6 inches high, slender, smooth or nearly so; +stems commonly hairy in lines and nodding at the apex. Leaves oblong +or narrowly ovate, entire or nearly so, obtuse at the apex, narrowed +at the base into a short petiole ½—1 inch long. Flowers few, axillary, +clustered at the apex, pink-purple, nodding, about ¼ of an inch broad; +stigma entire. + +On damp stones and along alpine brooks at high elevations throughout +the region; flowering during midsummer. + +[Illustration: Berberis aquifolium Pursh. (¼ Nat.) Trailing Mahonia.] + +[Illustration: Chamænerion angustifolium (L.) Scop. (½ Nat.) +Fire-Weed.] + +[Sidenote: =Epilobium Hornemanni= Reichb. _Hornemann’s Willow-herb._] + +Erect, 6—12 inches high, simple or nearly so, slightly hairy above, +otherwise smooth. Leaves short-petioled, ovate or elliptic, mostly, +broadly obtuse at the apex, narrow or rounded at the base, entire or +rather remotely denticulate, thin, ½—1¼ inches long. Flowers few in the +upper axils, pink-purple or violet, ¼ of an inch or more broad; stigma +entire. + +A frequent and very variable species throughout the region at the +higher elevations, along alpine brooks or in damp, partly shaded or +springy spots; flowering during June and July. + +[Sidenote: =Circæa alpina= L. _Smaller Enchanter’s Nightshade._] + +Mostly smooth or slightly hairy above, 3—8 inches high. Leaves acute +or acuminate at the apex, more or less cordate at the base, coarsely +dentate, 1—2 inches long. Flowers about ⅛ of an inch broad, white, on +pedicels nearly ¼ of an inch long, subtended by minute, slender bracts, +in a slender raceme; fruit nearly obovoid, about ⅛ of an inch long, +covered with weak hooked hairs. + +In moist shaded situations and beside alpine brooks, through the +Selkirks; flowering in July. + +[Sidenote: =Circæa pacifica=. Achers and Magnus. _Western Enchanter’s +Nightshade._] + +Mostly smooth, stems usually simple, 6—12 inches high, from a small +tuber. Leaves ovate, rounded or cordate at the base, acute or +acuminate, repandly dentate, 1—3 inches long, the slender petiole about +the same length. Flowers white, very small in slender racemes, without +bracts; fruit about ⅛ of an inch long loosely covered with soft curved +hairs. + +Growing oftentimes with the other species in moist shaded situations +through the Selkirks; flowering in July. + + + + +ARALIACEÆ + +_Ginseng Family_ + + +Herbs, shrubs or trees with alternate or verticillate leaves, and +flowers in umbels, heads or panicles; calyx tube adnate to the ovary; +petals usually 5, sometimes cohering together; stamens as many as the +petals and alternate with them; seeds flattened, somewhat 3-angled with +a coloured, fleshy covering. + + Herbs; leaves compound. =Aralia.= + Shrubs; leaves simple. =Echinopanax.= + +[Sidenote: =Aralia nudicaulis= L. _Wild Sarsaparilla._] + +Acaulescent or nearly so, rootstock long. Leaf usually solitary, +arising with the peduncle from a very short stem; petiole erect, 6—12 +inches long, primary divisions of the leaf slender, stalked, pinnately +3—5 foliate; leaflets sessile or short-stalked, oval or ovate, +acuminate, rounded at the base, finely serrate, 2—5 inches long, often +hairy on the veins beneath. Flowers on a peduncle usually shorter than +the leaves; umbels usually three, nearly round, composed of numerous +small greenish flowers. + +In rich woods throughout the region, flowering in July. + +[Sidenote: =Echinopanax horridum= (Smith) Dec. and Planch. _Devil’s +Club._] + +Very prickly throughout; stems erect from a decumbent base 4—12 feet +high, leafy at the top. Leaves roundish, cordate, prickly on both +sides, palmately lobed, more or less hairy beneath, 6—24 inches long. +Flowers greenish-white in a dense terminal paniculate umbel; petals +5; stamens 5, alternate with the petals; fruit berry-like, laterally +compressed, bright scarlet when ripe. + +An ornamental though very prickly shrub, in moist rich woods throughout +the region, sparingly in the Rockies, west of the divide, but very +abundant in the Selkirks where it frequently forms dense impenetrable +thickets, flowering in early summer. + +[Illustration: Echinopanax horridum (Smith) Dec. & Planch. (½ Nat.) +Devil’s Club.] + + + + +APIACEÆ + +_Celery Family_ + + +Herbs with alternate, compound or simple leaves; flowers small, white, +yellow or purple in compound flat heads; fruit dry, usually of two +flattened carpels. + + Stems 1—2 feet high. + Leaves pinnately or ternately compound, cut into fine divisions. + Flowers yellow or white; not purple. =Lomatium.= + Flowers purple. =Leptotænia.= + Leaves simple or 3-lobed; flowers yellow. =Zizia.= + Stems 2—3 feet high; leaves ternate. =Ligusticum.= + Stems 4—8 feet high, soft-hairy. + Leaves ternately divided; flowers white. =Heracleum.= + +[Sidenote: =Lomatium macrocarpum= (Nutt.) C. and R. _Large-seeded +Parsley._] + +Nearly stemless, 4—24 inches high, more or less hairy, much branched +at the base from an elongated thick root. Leaves pinnately compound, +segments pinnately-incised, on rather short petioles, purplish at the +base; flowers white or pinkish in a somewhat equally 3—10-rayed umbel; +rays 1—4 inches long. + +In dry stony ground throughout the Rockies, very abundant on the lower +ridges in the vicinity of Banff; flowering in early June. + +[Sidenote: =Lomatum triternatum= (Pursh). C. and R. _Narrow-leaved +Parsley._] + +Purplish at the base, with or without stems, 1—2 feet high, slightly +hairy. Leaves twice or thrice ternate, the leaflets narrowly linear, +2—4 inches long. Flowers small, deep yellow in an unequal umbel of 5—18 +rays, with slender bracts. + +Through the Rockies on dry ridges and grassy slopes; flowering in early +June. + +[Sidenote: =Leptotænia multifida= Nutt. _Cut-leaved Parsley._] + +Stems 1—3 feet high, very leafy at the base, from a large fleshy +rootstock. Leaves ternate or thrice pinnate, segments very finely cut. +Flowers small, brownish-purple in nearly equal 8—20 rayed, rounded +umbels, 3—4 inches in diameter, usually without an involucre. + +A most striking plant from its beautifully dissected leaves and rather +large heads of rich brownish-purple flowers blossoming in June; on +grassy slopes of Stony Squaw, Banff. + +[Sidenote: =Zizia cordata= (Walt.) Koch. _Heart-leaved Alexanders._] + +Stout, erect, branched, and smooth or somewhat hairy, 1—2 feet high. +Basal and lower leaves long-petioled, broadly ovate or orbicular, +undivided, deeply cordate at the base, 1—3 inches long, crenate; stem +leaves short-petioled, ternate, the segments ovate or oval, crenate or +lobed. Flowers small, bright yellow, in nearly flat 7—16 rayed umbels, +1—2 inches in diameter. + +Common on the eastern slopes and foothills of the Rockies; flowering in +May and early June. + +[Sidenote: =Ligusticum apiifolium= (Nutt.) A. Gray. _Wild Parsley._] + +Smooth throughout except the slightly hairy inflorescence and rough +leaf margins; stems 2—3 feet high with 1—3 rather small leaves with +inflated petioles. Leaves ternately divided, the segments usually +distinct, ovate, deeply cleft into linear acute, sharply serrate or +entire lobes. Flowers white in nearly flat, many rayed umbels, 2—3 +inches in diameter. + +Abundant in wet places and along streams through the Selkirks, +especially so in the Asulkan Valley at Glacier; flowering in June and +July. + +[Sidenote: =Heracleum lanatum= Michx. _Cow-parsnip._] + +Very stout, soft-hairy, 4—8 feet high, the stems rigid, often 2 inches +thick at the base. Leaves petioled, ternately divided, very hairy +beneath, the segments broadly ovate or orbicular, cordate, stalked, +lobed or sharply serrate, rather thin, 3—6 inches broad; petioles much +inflated. Flowers white in 8—30 rayed umbels, 6—12 inches broad, the +rays stout, 2—4 inches long. + +Common throughout the region in wet places along streams and river +banks, frequently growing in great masses; flowering in June and July. + +[Illustration: Cornus canadensis intermedia Farr. (½ Nat.) +Bunch-Berry.] + + + + +CORNACEÆ + +_Dogwood Family_ + + +Shrubs or trees with simple, opposite, verticillate or alternate +leaves, usually entire; flowers in cymes, heads, or rarely solitary; +sepals and petals 4 or 5, stamens as many as the petals or more +numerous and inserted with them; fruit a drupe. + +[Sidenote: =Cornus canadensis intermedia= Farr. _Dwarf Cornel. +Bunch-berry._] + +Smooth, herbaceous from a nearly horizontal rootstock, woody only +at the base; flowering stems, erect, scaly, 5—7 inches high. Leaves +verticillate at the summit of the stem or sometimes 1 or 2 pairs +of opposite ones below, sessile, oval, ovate or obovate, smooth or +minutely appressed, pubescent, acute at each end or sometimes rounded +at the base, entire, 1—3 inches long. Flowers small, capitate, purple, +surrounded by a white involucre of 4—6 petaloid-ovate bracts, ⅓—¾ of +an inch long; stamens alternate with the petals; styles exserted, deep +purple; fruit globose, ⅓ of an inch in diameter in a close head; bright +red. + +Common throughout the region in moist woods flowering in early summer. + +[Sidenote: =Cornus stolonifera= Michx. _Red-stemmed Dogwood._] + +Shrub 3—16 feet high, usually stoloniferous, the twigs smooth +and bright reddish-purple or the youngest finely hairy. Leaves +slender-petioled, ovate, ovate-lanceolate or oval, acute or short +acuminate, rounded or narrowed at the base, finely close-hairy above, +white or whitish and sparingly hairy beneath or sometimes smooth on +both surfaces, 1—5 inches long. Flowers in flat-topped cymes, 1—2 +inches broad, petals white, less than ¼ of an inch long; berries white +or whitish. + +In moist places and along streams and river banks throughout the +region; an attractive shrub, sometimes forming thickets of considerable +size, the red stems contrasting beautifully with the dark green leaves; +flowering in June. + + + + +PYROLACEÆ + +_Wintergreen Family_ + + +Low, mostly evergreen perennials with branched rootstocks and petioled +leaves; flowers nearly regular, white or pink; calyx 4—5-lobed; +corolla deeply 4—5-parted or of 5 petals; stamens twice as many as the +divisions of the corolla, anthers opening by pores or short slits; +stigma 5-lobed. + + Flowers racemose; leaves basal. =Pyrola.= + Flowers solitary or corymbose; leaves opposite or whorled. + Stem leafy at base; flower solitary; style long. =Moneses.= + Stem horizontal; branches erect, leafy; style short. =Chimaphila.= + +[Sidenote: =Pyrola chlorantha= Sw. _Greenish-flowered Wintergreen._] + +Stems 4—10 inches high, 3—10 flowered. Leaves all basal, small, +orbicular or broadly oval, mostly obtuse at both ends, sometimes +narrowed at the base, thick, leathery, dull, obscurely crenulate or +entire, ½—1 inch long, shorter than or equalling the petioles. Flowers +greenish-white, nodding, slightly odorous, about half an inch broad; +stamens and style declined, ascending; anther sacs short-beaked. + +On dry wooded slopes throughout the Rockies; flowering during June. + +[Sidenote: =Pyrola uliginosa= Torr. _Bog Wintergreen._] + +Scape 6—12 inches high, 7—15-flowered. Leaves broadly oval or +orbicular, dull, rather thick, obscurely crenulate, obtuse at both +ends. Flowers frequently over half an inch broad; calyx lobes oblong +or ovate-lanceolate, ¼—⅓ the length of the petals; style and stamens +declined; anther sacs beaked. + +In bogs throughout the Rockies, a very pretty species with bright rosy +flowers and rounded leaves; flowering in July. + +[Sidenote: =Pyrola asarifolia= Michx. _Liver-leaf Wintergreen._] + +Stem 6—15 inches high, 7—15-flowered. Leaves reniform, usually wider +than long, thick, shining above, obtuse at the apex, cordate at the +base, crenulate, 1—1½ inches long, usually shorter than the narrowly +margined petioles. Flowers ½—¾ of an inch broad, pink, nodding in a +slender raceme 2—4 inches long; stamens and style declined, ascending; +style exserted. + +In damp ground, in woods and swamps throughout the Rockies; flowering +in July. + +[Illustration: _a_ Pyrola asarifolia Michx. Liver-Leaf Wintergreen. + +_b_ Pyrola uliginosa Torr. + +_c_ Moneses uniflora (L.) A. Gray. One-Flowered Wintergreen. (⅔ Nat.)] + + +[Sidenote: =Pyrola minor= L. _Lesser Wintergreen._] + +Leaf blades thin, broadly oval or nearly orbicular, dark green, +crenulate, obtuse but sometimes with a spine-tipped apex, rounded, +slightly narrowed or subcordate at the base ½—1 inch long. Flowers +pinkish, ¼ inch broad, nodding, in a close raceme; style straight +included, stamens not inclined. + +In damp mossy places throughout the region at the higher altitudes; +flowering in July. + +[Sidenote: =Pyrola secunda= L. _One-sided Wintergreen._] + +Stems generally several together, from the much branched rootstock, +slender, 4—10 inches high. Leaves ovate or often oval, thin, acute +or rarely obtuse at the apex, rounded or narrowed at the base, +crenulate-serrate, ¾—2 inches long, longer than the petioles. Flowers +greenish-white, ¼ of an inch or more broad, many, at first erect but +soon drooping, in a dense one-sided raceme; style straight, exserted; +stamens not declined. + +Common in woods throughout the region at the lower altitudes; flowering +during early July. + +[Sidenote: =Moneses uniflora= (L.) A. Gray. _One-flowered Wintergreen._] + +Stem bearing 1—3 pairs or whorls of leaves at the base, continued above +into a bracted or naked scape 2—6 inches high. Leaves orbicular or +ovate, obtuse at the apex, narrowed, rounded or sometimes subcordate +at the base, rather thin, ¼—1 inch long, longer than or equalling the +petioles. Flowers white, ½—¾ of an inch broad, nodding at the summit +of the stem; petals spreading; capsule ¼ of an inch in diameter, about +as long as the persistent style and lobed stigma; the stamens in pairs +opposite each petal. + +In mossy spots in the woods throughout the region; flowering in early +July. + +[Illustration: Chimaphila umbellata (L.) Nutt. (⅔ Nat.) Prince’s Pine.] + +[Illustration: Arctostaphylos uva-ursi (L.) Spreng. (½ Nat.) +Bear-Berry.] + +[Sidenote: =Chimaphila umbellata= (L.) Nutt. _Pipsissewa, Prince’s +Pine._] + +Stems extensively creeping, sending up both sterile and flowering +branches 3—12 inches high. Leaves numerous, crowded near the summit of +the stem, spatulate or cuneate-oblanceolate, obtuse or acutish at the +apex, sharply serrate, bright green and shining, 1—2½ inches long, ¼—1 +inch wide above the middle. Flowers several in an umbellate head, waxy +white or pink, the form of the region being usually bright, rosy pink, +½ an inch or more broad, petals spreading with the rosy pink anthers +opposite them in pairs; capsule about ¼ of an inch broad surmounted by +the short style. + +Locally abundant throughout the region; flowering during July. + + + + +ERICACEÆ + +_Heath Family_ + + +In our species, shrubs with simple leaves and perfect flowers; calyx +free from the ovary 4—5-parted, mostly persistent; corolla regular, +4—5-toothed, -lobed or -parted; stamens usually as many or twice as +many as the corolla lobes; anthers 2-celled, attached to the filaments +by the back or base, the sacs, often prolonged upwardly into tubes; +ovary 2—5-celled; fruit a capsule, berry or drupe. + + Fruit a berry or drupe. + Calyx becoming large and fleshy. =Gaultheria.= + Calyx small. + Leaves thick and leathery; drupe reddish-brown. + =Arctostaphylos.= + Leaves membranous, veiny; drupe scarlet. =Mairania.= + Fruit a dry capsule. + Anther cells each with a recurved tip. =Cassiope.= + Anther cells not appendaged. + Corolla with united petals. + Bracts firm, persistent; no scaly leaf-buds. + Leaves heath-like; corolla without pouches. + =Phyllodoce.= + Leaves lanceolate; corolla with pouches. =Kalmia.= + Bracts thin, deciduous; leaf-buds scaly. + Corolla funnel-form, 5-lobed. =Azaleastrum.= + Corolla globose, 4-toothed. =Menziesia.= + Corolla with distinct petals. + Flowers white, umbelled; leaves evergreen. =Ledum.= + +[Illustration: _a_ Oxycoccus oxycoccus (L.) MacM. Small Cranberry. + +_b_ Gaultheria ovatifolia A. Gray. Ovate-Leaved Wintergreen. + +_c_ Vitis-idæa vitis-idæa (L.) Britton. Mountain Cranberry. (¾ Nat.)] + +[Sidenote: =Gaultheria ovatifolia= A. Gray. _Ovate-leaved Wintergreen._] + +Depressed, trailing, with ascending branches with rusty hairs. Leaves +broadly ovate, ½—1 inch long, serrulate, dark green and shining above, +lighter beneath. Flowers pink or nearly white, campanulate, less than ¼ +of an inch long, on short solitary pedicels in the axils of the leaves; +fruit bright scarlet, ⅓ of an inch in diameter. + +A rather rare plant in the region but abundant in places on the slopes +of Avalanche Mountain at Glacier. + +[Sidenote: =Gaultheria humifusa= (Graham) Rydb. _Low Wintergreen._] + +Tufted, creeping or depressed, smooth, the flowering branches 1—5 +inches long. Leaves oval or rounded, mostly only ½ an inch long; +pedicels solitary in the axils, very short, 3—5 bracteolate. Flowers +depressed-campanulate, white or pinkish, little surpassing the calyx; +fruit scarlet, ⅓ of an inch in diameter. + +Common in alpine meadows throughout the Rockies and Selkirks; flowering +in July. + +[Sidenote: =Arctostaphylos Uva-Ursi= (L.) _Spreng. Bear-berry._] + +Trailing or spreading on the ground; branches 6—24 inches long, the +twigs soft-hairy. Leaves leathery, evergreen, spatulate, obtuse, +entire, smooth or minutely hairy toward the base, ½—1 inch long, ⅓ +as wide, short-petioled. Flowers ¼ of an inch or less long, ovoid, +constricted at the throat, rosy pink or white, few, in short racemes at +the ends of the branches. + +In dry sandy or stony soil throughout the Rockies at the lower +elevations; flowering in early June. + +[Sidenote: =Mairania alpina= (L.) Desv. _Alpine Bear-berry._] + +Tufted or depressed-prostrate, branches 2—5 inches high, the twigs +smooth or nearly so. Leaves thin, obovate, crenulate, conspicuously +reticulate-veined, ½—1 inch long, ⅓ as wide. Flowers few, appearing +before or with the leaves from scaly buds; corolla ¼ of an inch long, +white, ovoid, constricted at the throat; berry bright scarlet. + +Growing in moss on the wooded slopes throughout the Rockies, flowering +in May and early June. + +[Sidenote: =Cassiope Mertensiana= (Bong.) Don. _White Heath._] + +Rather stout with rigid, ascending, woody, much branched stems, a foot +or less high. Leaves ½ an inch long, smooth, not furrowed on the back, +closely crowded in 4-ranks. Flowers pure white, nodding, campanulate, +¼ of an inch long with 5 deeply cut obtuse spreading lobes, on smooth +peduncles half an inch or less long, near the tips of the apparently +4-sided stems; calyx smooth, usually red, making the bell-like flowers +appear red and white. + +Throughout the region at the higher elevations, frequently carpeting +the ground; flowering in late June and early July. + +[Sidenote: =Phyllodoce glanduliflora= (Hook.) Coville. _White +False-heather._] + +Stems rather rigid, much branched, 3—12 inches high. Leaves numerous +and crowded but spreading, linear, oblong, obtuse, ¼—½ an inch long, +thick, leathery with a white line through the centre below and deeply +furrowed above, the margins thick and rough. Flowers ovoid, glandular +throughout, less than ¼ of an inch long, much contracted at the throat, +short-lobed, on glandular pedicels ½—1 inch long at the ends of the +branches. + +In alpine meadows and woods at the higher elevations throughout the +region; flowering during June and early July, often in clumps of +considerable size. + +[Sidenote: =Phyllodoce intermedia= (Hook.) Rydb. _Pink False-heather._] + +Much branched, from a more or less decumbent base, 6—12 inches high. +Leaves linear, ¼—½ an inch long, obtuse, leathery, with thickened +revolute, slightly glandular-toothed margins. Flowers pale pink, ¼ of +an inch long, urn-shaped, slightly contracted at the throat, with 5 +spreading lobes; at the ends of the branches on glandular pedicels ½—1 +inch long; calyx slightly glandular; corolla smooth; slightly fragrant. + +Throughout the region growing in the same situations as the other +heathers, and often associated with them, perhaps a hybrid; flowering +in late June and through July. + +[Illustration: _a_ Phyllodoce empetriformis (Smith) Don. Red +False-Heather. + +_b_ Phyllodoce glanduliflora (Hook.) Rydb. White False-Heather. + +_c_ Cassiope Mertensiana (Bong.) Don. + +(¾ Nat.)] + +[Sidenote: =Phyllodoce empetriformis= (Smith) D. Don. _Red +False-heather._] + +Much branched from the base, 6—12 inches high. Leaves linear, obtuse, +¼—½ an inch long, with strongly revolute, thick rough margins. Flowers +¼ of an inch long, bright rose-colour, campanulate, with broad, +spreading obtuse lobes, very fragrant, on slender, slightly glandular +pedicels ½—1 inch long at the ends of the stems; calyx and corolla +smooth. + +Abundant throughout the region at the higher elevations, in the same +situations as the two previous species and flowering with them during +late June and early July. + +[Sidenote: =Kalmia microphylla= (Hook.) Heller. _Small-leaved Swamp +Laurel._] + +A smooth shrub, 2—6 inches high with erect or ascending branches, +the twigs 2-edged. Leaves opposite, short petioled, less than ½ an +inch long, oblong or ovate, obtuse, narrowed at the base, the margins +revolute. Flowers on slender pedicels 1—1½ inches long, few in simple +umbels terminating the branches; corolla saucer-shaped, bright rosy +pink about ½ an inch in diameter. + +Frequent in mossy alpine bogs and meadows throughout the region at the +higher altitudes; flowering during June and early July. + +[Sidenote: =Azaleastrum albiflorum= (Hook.) Rydb. _White Rhododendron._] + +A shrub with stems 2—6 feet high, with slender hairy branches more or +less glandular when young, nearly smooth with age. Leaves, thin, light +green and shining above, paler beneath, oblong, 1—2 inches long, with +slightly wavy margins. Flowers white, nearly an inch broad, open, with +5-spreading lobes; on short nodding stems in numerous clusters of 1—3 +near the ends of the branches, on wood of the previous year; sepals +nearly ½ an inch long and leaf-like, filaments bearded at the base; +stigma peltate, 5-lobed. + +On the wooded hillsides at the higher elevations through the Rockies, +but much lower in the Selkirks; flowering in June and July. + +[Illustration: Ledum grœnlandicum Œder. (⅔ Nat.) Labrador Tea.] + +[Illustration: Azaleastrum albiflorum (Hook.) Rydb. (½ Nat.) White +Rhododendron.] + +[Sidenote: =Menziesia ferruginea= Smith. _Smooth Menziesia._] + +A shrub 2—6 feet high, twigs more or less chaffy. Leaves obovate, +obtuse and glandular-tipped at the apex, pale, glaucous and smooth or +very nearly so beneath, sparingly hairy above, ¾—1½ inches long, the +margins ciliolate. Flowers 1—5 on glandular pedicels ½—1 inch long in +spreading umbels, becoming erect, corolla ¼ of an inch long, cream +and pink or salmon, urn-shaped, with 4 spreading teeth; stamens 8, +included, with hairy filaments. + +Throughout the region in moist woods and slopes; flowering during June. + +[Sidenote: =Ledum Grœnlandicum Œder.= _Labrador Tea._] + +A shrub 1—4 feet high, with twigs densely rusty woolly. Leaves oblong, +obtuse, 1—2 inches long, ¼—½ an inch wide, green and deeply veined +above, densely brown woolly beneath, the margins strongly revolute. +Flowers numerous, white, nearly ½ an inch broad in close umbels or +corymbs; petals 5, narrow, spreading. + +Abundant throughout the region at the lower altitudes in bogs and +swamps; flowering during June. + + + + +VACCINIACEÆ + +_Huckleberry Family_ + + +Shrubs or small trees with alternate leaves and small perfect flowers; +calyx tube adnate to the ovary, 4—5-lobed or cleft; corolla 4—5-lobed, +rarely divided into single petals, deciduous; stamens twice as many +as the corolla lobes, inserted at the base; filaments mostly short; +anthers attached on the back 2-celled; fruit a globose berry or drupe. + +Swamp-Laurel.] + + Erect deciduous shrubs; corolla cylindric or urn-shaped, + white, pink or greenish. =Vaccinium.= + Low evergreen shrub; corolla open-campanulate, pink; + berry red. =Vitis-Idæa.= + Trailing or creeping evergreen shrubs. + Corolla short-campanulate, white; berry white. =Chiogenes.= + Corolla with spreading curved petals, pink; berry red. + =Oxycoccus.= + +[Illustration: Menziesia ferruginea Smith. (½ Nat.) Menziesia.] + +[Illustration: Kalmia microphylla (Hook.) Heller. (⅔ Nat.) Dwarf + +[Sidenote: =Vaccinium cæspitosum= Michx. _Dwarf Bilberry._] + +A shrub 3—7 inches high, much branched and nearly smooth throughout. +Leaves obovate or oblong, cuneate, obtuse or acute, green and shining +on both sides, nearly sessile, serrulate, with close bluntish teeth. +Flowers white or pink, small bell-shaped, ⅛ of an inch long, mostly +solitary in the axils and longer than their drooping pedicels; berry ¼ +of an inch or more in diameter, blue with a bloom. + +On slopes and in alpine meadows throughout the Rockies at the higher +altitudes; flowers appearing with the leaves in early June. + +[Sidenote: =Vaccinium erythrococcum= Rydb. _Alpine Bilberry._] + +Stems erect with numerous slender, strict, green branches and +branchlets, 3—18 inches high. Leaves ovate or oval, ½ an inch long or +less, bright green. Flowers ovate, ⅛ of an inch long, white or pink, +5-lobed, solitary in the axils of the leaves; berries small, bright red. + +On slopes and in alpine meadows throughout the Rockies at the higher +altitudes; flowering during June. + +[Sidenote: =Vaccinium ovalifolium= Smith. _Blueberry._] + +A straggling branched shrub, 3—12 feet high, the branches slender, +twigs smooth, joints sharply angled. Leaves oval, short-petioled, +smooth on both sides, green above, pale and glaucous beneath, rounded +at both ends or somewhat narrowed at the base, thin, sometimes spine +tipped, entire or nearly so, 1—2 inches long. Flowers commonly solitary +in the axils on rather recurved pedicels; corolla pink or white, ovoid, +¼ of an inch or more long; berries blue with a bloom ½ an inch in +diameter. + +In the beds of snow slides, occasionally in the Rockies, and abundant +through the Selkirks, where it is also found in the woods; flowering in +May. + +[Illustration: Vaccinium erythrococcum Rydb. (⅔ Nat.) Alpine Bilberry.] + +[Illustration: Vaccinium ovalifolium Smith. Blueberry. (½ Nat.) + +Vaccinium globulare Rydb. Thin-Leaved Bilberry.] + +[Sidenote: =Vaccinium globulare= Rydb. _Thin-leaved Bilberry._] + +A branching shrub 1—3 feet high, nearly smooth throughout, stems +round, only the youngest twigs slightly angled, bark grey and somewhat +shreddy. Leaves broadly oval or obovate, obtuse to acute, somewhat pale +beneath, veiny, sharply and finely serrate, ½—1½ inches long. Flowers +on pedicels ½ an inch long; calyx teeth almost obsolete; corolla +depressed globose, frequently more than ¼ of an inch in diameter, +greenish-white; berry dark purple, ¼ of an inch in diameter. + +In beds of snow slides and in woods in the valleys of the Selkirks; +flowering during June. + +[Sidenote: =Vitis-idæa Vitis-idæa= (L.) Britton. _Mountain Cranberry._] + +A low evergreen shrub with creeping stems, the branches erect, 3—8 +inches high, nearly smooth. Leaves thick and leathery, crowded, green +and shining above, paler and black-dotted beneath, ovate or oval, +short-petioled and entire or sparingly serrulate ¼—¾ of an inch long, +the margins revolute. Flowers in short terminal 1-sided racemes or +clusters, nodding, longer than their pedicels; corolla white or pink +nearly ⅛ of an inch long, open-campanulate, 4-lobed; berries dark red, +acid, nearly ½ an inch in diameter. + +In bogs and moist mossy places throughout the Rockies; flowering during +June. + +[Sidenote: =Chiogenes hispidula= (L.) T and G. _Creeping Snowberry._] + +Creeping, branches rough-hairy, slender, 3—12 inches long. Leaves +leathery, persistent, oval, ovate or slightly obovate, acute at the +apex, rounded or narrowed at the base, dark green and smooth above, +sprinkled with stiff, brown hairs beneath and on the revolute, entire +margins; ¼ to nearly ½ an inch long. Flowers white, ovoid, about ⅛ of +an inch long, few, solitary in the axils, nodding, on the lower side +of the creeping stems; berry about ¼ of an inch in diameter, white, +bristly, aromatic. + +Throughout the Rockies at the lower elevations, growing in moss and on +damp, decaying logs; flowering in May. + +[Sidenote: =Oxycoccus Oxycoccus= (L.) MacM. _Small Cranberry._] + +Stems slender, creeping and rooting at the nodes, 6—18 inches long; +branches ascending or erect 1—6 inches high. Leaves thick, evergreen, +ovate, entire, acutish at the apex, rounded or cordate at the base, +dark green above, white beneath, ⅛ of an inch or less long, ½ as wide, +the margins revolute. Flowers 1—6, from terminal scaly buds, nodding on +slender erect pedicels; corolla pink, ⅓ of an inch broad, the petals +curled backwards; stamens and style protruding; berry globose, ¼ of an +inch or more in diameter, acid, often spotted when young. + +In sphagnum bogs throughout the Rockies, though not common; flowering +during July. + + + + +PRIMULACEÆ + +_Primrose Family_ + + +Herbs with perfect regular flowers; calyx free from the ovary, usually +5-parted; corolla 5-cleft; stamens as many as the corolla lobes and +opposite to them; flowers purple, yellow or white. + + Lobes of the corolla erect or spreading. + Leaves in a rosette at the base of the scape. + Corolla tube longer than the calyx; flowers pink. =Primula.= + Corolla tube shorter than the calyx; flowers white or yellow. + =Androsace.= + Leaves whorled at the top of the stem; flowers white. + =Trientalis.= + Lobes of the corolla reflexed. =Dodecatheon.= + +[Sidenote: =Primula americana= Rydb. _Bird’s-eye Primrose._] + +Leaves spatulate or oblong, obtuse at the apex, narrowed or somewhat +wedge-shaped at the base, tapering into petioles, green, usually +white-mealy beneath, at least when young; 1—4 inches long, the margins +crenulate-dentate. Flowers umbellate 3—20, on scapes 4—18 inches high; +corolla pink or lilac, usually with a yellowish eye, the tube slightly +longer than the calyx, the lobes wedge-shaped, notched at the apex, ¼ +of an inch or more long. + +In swamps and wet meadows in the lower valleys of the eastern slopes of +the Rockies not penetrating far into the mountains; flowering in June. + +[Sidenote: =Primula Maccalliana= Wiegand. _Maccalla’s Primrose._] + +Similar to the preceding species but much smaller. Leaves spatulate +or obovate, mostly quite broad; pale green above, more or less mealy +beneath, denticulate or repand, obtuse at the apex, narrowed or +cuneate at the base, petioled or sessile, ½—1½ inches long, forming a +rosette at the base of the scape. Flowers ⅜ of an inch broad or less, +umbellate, on a peduncle 1—6 inches high; pale pink or bluish with +a conspicuous orange eye; the lobes obcordate; corolla tube yellow, +slightly longer than the calyx. + +The commonest primrose of the region on wet banks and moist, sandy +or gravelly places at the lower altitudes throughout the Rockies; +flowering in June, also occurs sparingly in the Selkirks. + +[Sidenote: =Androsace carinata= Torr. _Sweet Flowered Androsace._] + +Proliferously branched at the base and cæspitose. Leaves folded over +each other, forming rosettes at the bases of the many-flowered scapes; +from lanceolate to oblong-spatulate or ovate, keeled, 1-nerved, ¼—½ an +inch long, acute, fringed with hairs on the margins. Flowers ¼ of an +inch or more broad, cream-coloured with a brilliant yellow eye; 4—10 +in a close umbel, on slender hairy scapes 1—3 inches high; flowers +delicately fragrant. + +Throughout the Rockies in open situations either dry or moist, and at +low or high altitudes; flowering from early June to midsummer according +to the altitude. + +[Illustration: Primula Maccalliana Wiegand. (⅔ Nat.) MacCalla’s +Primrose.] + +[Illustration: Androsace carinata Torr. (⅔ Nat.) Sweet Androsace.] + +[Sidenote: =Androsace septentrionalis= L. _Alpine Androsace._] + +Almost smooth, leaves lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, narrowed at the +base, from irregularly denticulate to laciniate-toothed. Flowers small, +little more than ⅛ of an inch broad, white with yellow centre, in +spreading umbels; peduncles 2—10 inches high. + +In open places and on grassy banks at the lower altitudes throughout +the Rockies; flowering in May and early June. + +[Sidenote: =Androsace diffusa= Small. _Spreading Androsace._] + +More or less hairy. Leaves rosulate, oblanceolate to spatulate or +nearly linear, ½—1½ inches long, obtuse or acute, sharply serrate above +the middle or sparingly toothed. Scapes erect and spreading, often +diffusely branched at the base, 2—4 inches long; pedicels thread-like +from ½—3 inches long in the same umbel. Flowers white or pink, the +corolla included or sometimes equalling the tips of the calyx segments. + +On grassy banks and slopes in the Rockies flowering in June. + +[Sidenote: =Trientalis arctica= Fisch. _Arctic Star-flower._] + +Stems slender, 1—4 inches high, with small scattered obovate leaves +below; upper leaves obovate-lanceolate to lanceolate, obtuse, 1—1½ +inches long. Flowers white on slender pedicels as long as the leaves; +calyx reddish with 7 narrowly linear acute sepals; petals 7 white, +lanceolate, acute, about twice the length of the sepals; stamens 7. + +In moist woods throughout the region, rare in the Rockies but common +throughout the Selkirks; flowering in June. + +[Sidenote: =Dodecatheon pauciflorum= (Durand) Greene. _Slender Shooting +Star._] + +Smooth. Leaves dark green, lanceolate, acute, entire, 2—3 inches long. +Flowers few in an umbel; scape 6—8 inches tall; segments of the corolla +rich lilac purple, the undivided part yellow with a narrow scalloped +ring, midway between the base of the segments and the stamen tube; +stamen tube often nearly as long as the anthers, yellow; anthers purple. + +In damp, open ground and grassy slopes throughout the eastern Rockies; +flowering in June. + +[Illustration: Trientalis arctica Fisch. (⅔ Nat.) Arctic Star-Flower.] + +[Illustration: Dodecatheon conjugens Greene. (½ Nat.) Shooting-Star.] + +[Sidenote: =Dodecatheon conjugens= Greene. _Shooting-star._] + +Plant smooth. Leaves obovoid and elliptic, 2—5 inches long, including +the distinct petiole, obtuse, entire. Flowers large, in a few-flowered +umbel, scape 3—8 inches high; corolla deep purple varying to rose-red; +anthers, distinct, obtuse, the connective lanceolate, acuminate to a +linear point. + +In the open ground and plains in the lower Valleys of the Rockies; +flowering in June. + + + + +GENTIANACEÆ + +_Gentian Family_ + + +Smooth herbs with opposite entire leaves, and regular perfect flowers +in clusters or solitary at the ends of the stems or branches. Calyx +4—12-lobed; corolla 4—12-parted; stamens as many as the lobes of the +corolla and alternate with them. + + Corolla funnel-form or campanulate; without glands, + spurs or scales. =Gentiana.= + Corolla campanulate; spurred at the base. =Tetragonanthus.= + +[Sidenote: =Gentiana acuta= Michx. _Northern Gentian._] + +Stem leafy, slightly angled, simple or branched, 6—20 inches high. +Basal and lower leaves spatulate or obovate, obtuse, the upper +lanceolate, acuminate, rounded or subcordate at the base, sessile or +somewhat clasping, ½—2 inches long. Flowers numerous in clusters in +the axils of the upper leaves; pedicels ½—1 inch long, leafy bracted +at the base; calyx deeply 5-parted, lobes lanceolate; corolla tubular +campanulate, ½ an inch long, 5-parted, pale blue or greenish; lobes +lanceolate, acute each with a fimbriate crown at the base. + +Along stream banks and grassy slopes throughout the Rockies, common; +flowering in July. + +[Sidenote: =Gentiana propinqua= Richards. _Four-parted Gentian._] + +Stems slender, usually much branched from the base and sometimes also +above, slightly wing-angled, 2—7 inches long. Basal leaves spatulate +obtuse, the upper distant, oblong or lanceolate, ½—1 inch long, acute +or obtusish at the apex, rounded at the slightly clasping base, +obscurely 3-nerved. Flowers sometimes numerous, solitary on slender +peduncles, mostly 4-parted, ½—¾ of an inch high, seldom opening; +calyx 4-cleft, two of the lobes oblong, the others linear-lanceolate; +corolla blue or bluish, glandular within at the base, the lobes +ovate-lanceolate, entire or denticulate. + +Frequent throughout the Rockies on slopes and open ground beside the +trails; flowering through July. + +[Sidenote: =Gentiana prostrata= Haenke. _Dwarf Gentian._] + +Stems slender, 1—5 inches long, when prostrate the lateral ones often +creeping. Leaves ovate, rather spreading, bright green with slightly +whitened edges. Flowers solitary, 4-parted, azure blue, ½ an inch high, +the lobes rather spreading. + +A very small and rather rare plant found throughout the Rockies at the +higher altitudes, on the alpine slopes and summits; flowering in July. + +[Sidenote: =Gentiana glauca= _Pale-glaucous Gentian._] + +Perennial; stems 2—4 inches high. Leaves oval, glaucous, ¼—½ an inch +long, obtuse, the basal forming a rosette. Flowers few or several +at the top of the stem, short-peduncled or nearly sessile, usually +subtended by a pair of bracts; calyx campanulate, the teeth shorter +than the tube; corolla blue or blue-green, ½ an inch or more long, the +tube cylindrical with short ovate obtuse lobes. + +In wet alpine meadows and slopes throughout the region, a rather rare +but very striking little gentian, flowering in July. + +[Sidenote: =Gentiana affinis= Griseb. _Large Gentian._] + +Stems clustered, 6—12 inches high, mostly ascending. Leaves from oblong +or lanceolate to linear. Flowers from numerous and racemose to few and +almost solitary; calyx lobes linear or linear-awl-shaped, unequal, the +largest rarely equalling the tube; corolla an inch or less long, bright +blue or bluish; funnel-form, spotted inside with white, the lobes +ovate, acute, and spreading. + +A showy species in damp open meadows in the lower valleys throughout +the Rockies, especially abundant at Banff; flowering during August. + +[Illustration: Gentiana affinis Griseb. (⅔ Nat.) Large Gentian.] + +[Illustration: Romanzoffia sitchensis Bong. (⅔ Nat.) Romanzoffia.] + +[Sidenote: =Tetragonanthus deflexus= (J. E. Smith) Kuntze. _Spurred +Gentian._] + +Annual, stems simple or branched, slender, erect, 6—20 inches high. +Basal leaves obovate or spatulate, obtuse, narrowed into petioles; stem +leaves ovate or lanceolate, acute, sessile, 3—5-nerved, 1—2 inches +long, the uppermost smaller. Flowers ¼ of an inch or more long, few, +on peduncles about their own length, in the axils of the upper leaves; +corolla purplish-green or white, 4—5-parted, the lobes ovate, acute, +each with a hollow deflexed or descending spur about half the length of +the corolla. + +In moist places and shaded slopes throughout the Rockies; a rather +frequent but inconspicuous plant owing to its green colour; flowering +in July. + + + + +MENYANTHACEÆ + +_Buckbean Family_ + + +In our species a smooth marsh herb, with creeping rootstock, +long-petioled, 3-foliate leaves and white or purplish flowers, in +racemes on long lateral scapes. + +[Sidenote: =Menyanthes trifoliata= L. _Buckbean._] + +Creeping rootstocks sometimes a foot long marked by the scars of +bases of former petioles. Leaves 3-foliate, petioles sheathing at the +base, 2—10 inches long; leaflets oblong or obovate, entire, obtuse +at the apex, narrowed to the sessile base, 1½—3 inches long. Flowers +half an inch long, pure white or purplish in 10—20-flowered racemes +on scape-like naked peduncles; calyx shorter than the corolla which +is bearded with white hairs within, giving the flower a feathery +appearance. + +In open marshes throughout the region, local in distribution; flowering +in May and early June. + + + + +APOCYNACEÆ + +_Dogbane Family_ + + +In our species, perennial herbs with opposite, entire leaves and small, +5-parted, campanulate, pink flowers in corymbed cymes, and slender +elongated terete seed pods. + +[Sidenote: =Apocynum androsæmifolium= L. _Spreading Dogbane, +Honeybloom._] + +Stems 1—3 feet high, branches broadly spreading, mostly smooth. Leaves +ovate or oval, spine-tipped, smooth above, pale and usually more or +less hairy beneath. 2—4 inches long. Flowers pink, open-campanulate, ⅜ +of an inch broad, with 5 spreading lobes, numerous, in loose, terminal +and axillary cymes; seed pods round, slender, curved, 4—6 inches long, +narrowed at the apex, usually in pairs; plant with a milky juice. + +Frequent on the line of the railway from Field westward through the +valley of the Kicking Horse River. + + + + +HYDROPHYLLACÆ + +_Water-Leaf Family_ + + +Herbs, mostly rough-hairy, with alternate or basal leaves, and perfect +regular 5-parted flowers in cymes, spikes or racemes, curled when in +bud and uncoiling as they flower; stamens 5, inserted on the corolla +and alternate with its lobes; filaments thread-like; flowers yellow, +purple or white. + + Plant rough-hairy; leaves lanceolate and simple or + pinnate; flowers blue or violet-purple. =Phacelia.= + Plant smooth; leaves round reniform or cordate; + flowers white. =Romanzoffia.= + +[Illustration: Phacelia sericea (Graham) A. Gray. (⅓ Nat.) Mountain +Phacelia.] + +[Illustration: Phacelia heterophylla Pursh. (⅓ Nat.)] + +[Sidenote: =Phacelia heterophylla= Pursh.] + +Rough-hairy; stem stout, 6—24 inches high. Leaves white-hairy, +lanceolate to ovate, acute, pinnately and obliquely, striately veined, +the lower tapering into petioles, commonly with 1—2 pairs of small +lateral leaflets. Flowers in a dense spike; corolla bluish, longer than +the oblong-lanceolate or linear calyx lobes; filaments much exserted, +sparingly bearded. + +In the Cougar Valley in the Selkirks; flowering in July. + +[Sidenote: =Phacelia sericea= (Graham) A. Gray. _Mountain Phacelia._] + +Silky-hairy or canescent throughout, 6—18 inches high, leafy to the +top. Leaves pinnately parted into linear or narrow oblong, numerous, +often pinnatifid divisions, the lower petioled, the upper nearly +sessile. Flowers crowded in an elongated spike, corolla violet, blue or +white, open-campanulate, cleft to the middle; stamens much exserted. + +In dry ground and open slopes throughout the region; flowering in June +and July. + +[Sidenote: =Romanzoffia sitchensis= Bong. _Romanzoffia._] + +Stems slender, weak, 3—6 inches long. Leaves mainly at the root, with +slender petioles, alternate, round-cordate, or reniform, with 7—11 +crenate, glandular-tipped lobes. Flowers more or less racemose on +slender, weak scapes with spreading pedicels longer than the flowers; +calyx lobes smooth, much shorter than the delicately veiny pale pink or +usually white funnel-form corolla with yellow throat and broad rounded +lobes. + +On constantly dripping ledges of wet rocks, rare in the region +generally but rather frequent about Lake Louise and Lake O’Hara; +flowering during July. + + + + +BORAGINACEÆ + +_Borage Family_ + + +Herbs with alternate or rarely opposite, entire, leaves and usually +rough hairy stems. Flowers perfect, regular, mostly blue, in 1-sided +curled spikes; corolla 5-lobed, stamens as many as the corolla lobes +and alternate with them; fruit mostly of 4 1-seeded nutlets. + + Nutlets armed with barbed prickles. =Lappula.= + Nutlets not armed with barbed prickles. + Racemes without bracts; corolla flat, round. =Myosotis.= + Racemes with bracts; corolla funnel-form. =Lithospermum.= + +[Sidenote: =Lappula floribunda= (Lehm.) Greene. _False Forget-me-not._] + +Rough hairy, stem stout, paniculately branched, 2—5 feet high, +the branches nearly erect. Leaves oblong, oblong-lanceolate or +linear-lanceolate, 2—4 inches long, sessile, obtuse or acute at the +apex, the lower narrowed into long petioles. Flowers 5-lobed, bright +blue with a yellow centre ⅛ to nearly ⅓ of an inch broad in numerous +erect, dense racemes, nutlets ⅙ of an inch long, keeled tuberculate on +the back, the margins armed with a single row of flat barbed prickles, +on pedicels less than their own length. + +In moist, open ground, frequent throughout the Rockies; a striking +plant with heads of bright blue flowers, resembling large +forget-me-nots flowering in June. + +[Sidenote: =Lappula diffusa= (Lehm.) Greene. _False Forget-me-not._] + +Similar to the preceding species, but not so tall and with broader +acute leaves. Flowers larger, ½ an inch broad, not so numerous; and +larger, more densely prickled nutlets, ¼ of an inch long, on pedicels +more than their own length. + +Throughout the Rockies, probably more common than the previous species, +in moist, more or less shaded or open ground; flowering in June. + +[Sidenote: =Lappula Lappula= (L.) Karst. _Stickseed._] + +Pale, leafy, rough, 1—2 feet high, the branches erect. Leaves linear +and linear-oblong, sessile or the lowest spatulate and narrowed into +petioles ½—1½ inches long, obtuse. Flowers very small, about the +length of the calyx, blue, in one-sided leafy-bracted racemes; nutlets +papillose on the back, armed with 2 rows of slender barbed prickles. + +In open or waste ground throughout the region, especially on or near +the railway; flowering throughout the summer. + +[Illustration: _a_ Lappula floribunda (Lehm.) Greene. False +Forget-me-not. + +_b_ Lithospermum linearifolium Goldie. (⅔ Nat.) Narrow-Leaved +Puccoon.] + +[Sidenote: =Myosotis alpestris= Schmidt. _Forget-me-not._] + +Stems tufted, erect, 3—9 inches high. Leaves oblong, linear, or +lanceolate, hairy, 1—2 inches long. Flowers in rather dense heads; +corolla flat, bright blue with a yellow centre ¼ of an inch or more +broad, 5-lobed. + +Frequent throughout the Rockies in alpine meadows and on grassy slopes; +flowering during June and early July. + +[Sidenote: =Lithospermum linearifolium= Goldie. _Narrow-leaved +Puccoon._] + +Erect or diffusely branched from the base, 6—12 inches high, minutely +rough-hairy. Leaves all linear, sessile, acute, 1—2 inches long. +Flowers of two kinds, leafy-bracted, at the ends of the branches, the +earlier bright yellow, ½ an inch broad with a tube an inch or more +long, the rounded lobes crenately erose; the later flowers small, +inconspicuous and pale. + +Dry sandy soil in the valley of the Bow River at Banff, the showy +flowers in May and early June. + + + + +MENTHACEÆ + +_Mint Family_ + + +Aromatic herbs mostly with 4-sided stems and simple opposite leaves; +flowers irregular, perfect, clustered, the inflorescence typically +cymose; calyx persistent, 5-toothed or lobed; corolla with a short +or long tube, the limb 4—5-lobed, mostly 2-lipped, but some regular; +stamens borne on the corolla tube, typically 4. + + Calyx with a protuberance on the upper side. + Corolla 2-lipped, the upper arched, tube long, blue. + =Scutellaria.= + Calyx without a protuberance on the upper side. + Corolla tube longer than the calyx; flower 2-lipped purple. + =Prunella.= + Corolla tube not longer than the calyx; flower 2-lipped, pink. + =Stachys.= + Corolla tube shorter than the calyx; nearly regular, 4-lobed. + =Mentha.= + +[Sidenote: =Scutellaria galericulata= L. _Marsh Skullcap._] + +Perennial by slender stolons, leafy; stem erect, usually branched, +1—2 feet high. Leaves oblong-lanceolate to ovate-oblong, thin, short +petioled or the upper sessile, acute at the apex, dentate with low +teeth or the upper entire, subcordate or rounded at the base, 1—2½ +inches long, the uppermost usually much smaller. Flowers an inch long, +bright blue with a slender tube and slightly enlarged throat, solitary +in the axils of the leaves, on peduncles shorter than the calyx. + +In swamps and wet places, frequent along the railway from Field west to +Beavermouth. + +[Sidenote: =Prunella vulgaris= L. _Heal-all, Self-heal._] + +Hairy or nearly smooth; stems slender, creeping or ascending, or erect, +usually simple but sometimes considerably branched, 2 inches to 2 feet +high. Leaves ovate, oblong or oblong-lanceolate, obtuse or subacute at +the apex, usually narrowed at the base, thin, entire or crenate, 1—4 +inches long. Flowers in dense terminal spikes ½—1 inch long, becoming +2—4 inches in fruit; corolla violet-purple, or sometimes pink or white, +¼—½ an inch long, twice as long as the purplish-green calyx. + +Common throughout the region in moist, open or shaded places at the +lower altitudes, frequently forming clumps of considerable size; +flowering throughout the summer. + +[Sidenote: =Stachys palustris= L. _Marsh Woundwort._] + +Erect, usually slender, simple or somewhat branched, hairy throughout; +1—4 feet high. Leaves lanceolate, sessile or very short petioled, +acuminate or acute at the apex, wedge-shaped or cordate at the +base, 2—5 inches long, ½—1 inch wide, crenulate or dentate, flowers +clustered, forming an elongated, interrupted spike, or sometimes in the +axils of the upper leaves, 6—10 in a whorl; calyx hairy, its slender +teeth more than ½ the length of the tube; corolla deep pink spotted +with purple, ½—¾ of an inch long, the upper lip erect, hairy, the lower +spreading 3-cleft. + +In swamps and wet places throughout the region from Field west to +Beavermouth along the railway; flowering during July. + +[Sidenote: =Mentha canadensis= L. _American Wild Mint._] + +Perennial by runners; stem more or less hairy with spreading hairs, +simple or branched, 6 inches to 2½ feet high. Leaves oblong, +ovate-oblong or oblong-lanceolate, slender-stemmed, acute at the apex, +sharply serrate, smooth or sparingly hairy, the larger 2—3 inches long, +½—1 inch wide. Flowers numerous, small, ⅛ of an inch long, white, pink +or pale purple, all in whorls in the axils of the leaves, the calyx +about ⅓ the length of the corolla. + +In moist soil and marshy places, frequent along the line of the railway +from Field west to Beavermouth; flowering during July. + + + + +SCROPHULARIACEÆ + +_Figwort Family_ + + +Herbs with alternate or opposite leaves without stipules and mostly +perfect, complete and irregular flowers; calyx 4—5-toothed, -cleft, or +-divided; corolla 2-lipped or nearly regular and stamens 2, 4, or 5, +nearly equal. + + Stamens 5, the fifth sterile or rudimentary. + Sterile stamen represented by a gland on the upper + side of the corolla tube. =Collinsia.= + Sterile stamen nearly as long as the rest. =Pentstemon.= + Stamens 2, leaves opposite or whorled. =Veronica.= + Stamens 4. + Stamens not enclosed in the upper lip. =Mimulus.= + Stamens enclosed in the upper lip. + Anther cells unequal. + Upper lip of the corolla much longer than the lower. + =Castilleja.= + Upper lip of the corolla scarcely longer and + much narrower than the inflated lower one. + =Orthocarpus.= + Anther cells equal and parallel. + Galea not prolonged into a beak; throat without teeth. + =Pedicularis.= + Galea prolonged into a very slender, recurved beak; + throat with a tooth on each side. =Elephantella.= + +[Illustration: Collinsia parviflora Dougl. (⅔ Nat.) Small-Flowered +Collinsia.] + +[Illustration: Elephantella grœnlandica (Retz.) Rydb. (⅓ Nat.) +Long-Beaked Elephantella.] + +[Sidenote: =Collinsia parviflora= Dougl. _Small-flowered Collinsia._] + +Stems slightly hairy at length, diffusely branched, very slender, 3—15 +inches long. Leaves oblong or lanceolate, mostly obtuse at the apex, +narrowed at the base, ½—1 inch long, entire or sparingly toothed, the +lower opposite, petioled; the floral sessile, opposite or verticillate. +Flowers few, in whorls in the axils of the leaves, on long slender +pedicels; corolla blue or whitish, the throat longer than the limb; the +upper lip erect, 2-cleft, the lower lip 3-lobed, spreading. + +An inconspicuous little plant on rocks and in damp places throughout +the region; flowering during June and July. + +[Sidenote: =Pentstemon fruticosus= (Pursh.) Greene. _Large Purple +Beard-tongue._] + +Decumbent, diffusely spreading, 6—12 inches high, woody at the base. +Leaves ovate, obovate or oblong, ½ an inch or more long, serrulate +or entire, smooth or hairy when young. Flowers in glandular-hairy +terminal racemes; corolla violet, blue or pinkish purple, an inch or +more long, tubular funnel-form, 2-lipped, the upper deeply 2-, the +lower 3-cleft. + +Throughout the region in exposed stony places and on slides up to an +elevation of 10,000 feet, frequently growing in patches of considerable +size; flowering in June and early July. + +[Sidenote: =Pentstemon confertus= Dougl. _Yellow Beard-tongue._] + +Smooth throughout or the inflorescence and calyx sometimes with viscid +hairs; stem a foot or two high. Leaves from oblong or oblong-lanceolate +to somewhat linear, usually quite entire. Flowers in a terminal head of +2—5 dense, many-flowered clusters; corolla with a narrow tube about ½ +an inch long, pale yellow; the lower lip conspicuously bearded within. + +In moist or dry open ground throughout the Rockies, especially abundant +in the valleys of the Bow and Pipestone in the region about Laggan; +flowering during late June and early July. + +[Illustration: Pentstemon confertus Dougl. (⅓ Nat.) Yellow +Beard-Tongue.] + +[Illustration: Pentstemon pseudohumilis Rydb. (½ Nat.)] + +[Sidenote: =Pentstemon procerus= Dougl. _Blue Beard-tongue._] + +Smooth throughout, stems slender, 2—12 inches high. Leaves lanceolate, +1—2 inches long, those of the middle of the stem largest, usually +entire. Flowers in dense verticillate clusters, in a more or less +elongated head; corolla bright blue with a slender funnel-form tube ½ +an inch or more long; the lower lip bearded within. + +In open dry or moist ground throughout the Rockies, not common; most +abundant in the valley of the Kicking Horse River at Field; flowering +in June. + +[Sidenote: =Pentstemon pseudohumilis= Rydb.] + +Smooth; stem 8—12 inches high, simple. Basal leaves broadly spatulate +or elliptic, thin, firm, obtuse, or acute, contracted into a slightly +winged petiole, with entire margins; stem leaves oblanceolate, oblong +or lanceolate, mostly all opposite. Flowers blue or bluish-purple in +a loose panicle, with more or less glandular-hairy branches; calyx +glandular-hairy, ¼ of an inch long, deeply cleft into lanceolate lobes; +corolla slightly hairy, about ¾ of an inch long, funnel-form, slightly +oblique. + +In open ground and slopes in the Selkirks; flowering in July. + +[Sidenote: =Veronica americana= Schwein. _American Brooklime._] + +Smooth throughout; stems decumbent, rooting at the lower nodes, 6 +inches to 2 feet long. Leaves oblong, ovate, or oblong-lanceolate, all +distinctly petioled, sharply serrate with a wedge-shaped or rounded +base, obtuse or acute at the apex, 1—3 inches long, ¼—1 inch broad. +Flowers in racemes on slender peduncles in the axils of the leaves; +corolla blue or nearly white, striped with purple, nearly ¼ of an inch +broad, rotate, with 4 unequal lobes. + +In brooks and swampy places in the Selkirks, especially around Glacier; +flowering throughout the summer. + +[Sidenote: =Veronica Wormskjoldii= R. and S. _Alpine Speedwell._] + +Hairy throughout with brown glandular hairs; stems ascending or erect, +slender, usually simple, 2—12 inches high. Leaves oblong, ovate or +elliptic, sessile, mostly rounded at both ends, crenulate or entire, +½—1 inch long. Flowers light blue, in a short, narrow raceme; corolla, +⅛ of an inch broad, rotate, lobes nearly equal and rounded. + +Throughout the region in open woods, and in alpine meadows and slopes +up to 7000 feet elevation; flowering during June and July. + +[Sidenote: =Veronica serphyllifolia= L. _Thyme-leaved Speedwell._] + +Slightly hairy or smooth; stems slender, decumbent, the branches +ascending or erect, 2—10 inches high. Leaves all opposite and petioled +or the uppermost sessile, oblong, oval or ovate, ¼—½ an inch long, +crenulate, entire. Flowers in short spicate racemes at the ends of the +stems and branches; corolla pale blue or sometimes white, with darker +stripes, nearly ¼ of an inch broad. + +In open grassy ground at the lower altitudes throughout the Selkirks, +very abundant and striking in the lawn at Glacier House; flowering +during June. + +[Sidenote: =Mimulus Lewisii= Pursh. _Red Monkey-flower._] + +Stems viscid-hairy, 2—4 feet high. Leaves from oblong-ovate to +lanceolate, acuminate, denticulate, opposite, 2—4 inches long and ½ as +broad. Flowers on peduncles longer than the leaves; calyx campanulate, +¾ of an inch long, with triangular acute teeth; corolla rose-red +or paler, the tube twice as long as the calyx, throat open, limb +two-lipped; lobes of the upper lip erect or turned backward, obcordate, +the lower lip spreading, the lobes obovate. + +In wet ground and along streams through the Selkirks, frequently +growing in such abundance as to practically exclude all other +vegetation; the large showy, rose-purple flowers, each with two bright +yellow patches in the throat. + +[Sidenote: =Mimulus cæspitosus= Greene. _Yellow Monkey-flower._] + +Smooth, stems flattened, decumbent and rooting at the nodes, the +branches rising 3—6 inches high. Leaves orbicular or ovate, ½—1 inch +long, dentate or denticulate, usually sublyrate, purple beneath. +Flowers axillary on long peduncles; calyx campanulate, ⅓ of an inch +long, mottled with dark purple; corolla bright yellow, ¾—1 inch long, +throat spotted with dark red, lobes of the upper lip erect, ⅓—½ an inch +long, the middle lobe of the lower lip broadly cordate, pendulous. + +In wet, gravelly soil around springs and in the beds and banks of +alpine brooks, through the Selkirks, often forming large patches; +flowering in July. + +[Sidenote: =Mimulus moschatus= Dougl. _Musk Plant._] + +Hairy with soft and glandular hairs, musk scented; stems creeping +or ascending, branched, slender, 6—12 inches long. Leaves ovate or +oblong, short petioled, acute or obtuse at the apex, denticulate, +rounded or subcordate at the base, 1—2 inches long, half as broad. +Flowers ¾ of an inch long on axillary peduncles, shorter than the +leaves; corolla funnel-shaped with a spreading limb nearly ½ an inch +broad, bright yellow. + +In wet shaded ground at the lower altitudes, throughout the Selkirks; +flowering during June and July. + +[Sidenote: =Castilleja purpurascens= Greenm. _Painter’s Brush._] + +Perennial more or less purplish throughout, stems erect or nearly +so, 4—12 inches high, usually, several from the same root, smooth or +somewhat hairy below, soft-hairy above. Leaves sessile, clasping, +linear or narrowly lanceolate, ¾—2 inches long, usually attenuate and +acute, entire and undivided or occasionally 3-cleft near the apex, +smooth or the uppermost soft-hairy, 3-nerved. Inflorescence in a close +terminal raceme, later elongated, about 3 inches long, close-hairy; +bracts ovate-lanceolate or oblong-ovate, 1—1¼ inches long, usually +entire or occasionally cleft, from deep purple-red to scarlet and +rarely yellow to tinged with red or pink; calyx ¾—1 inch long, ranging +in color with the bracts; corolla 1—1½ inches long, galea green or +greenish-yellow with scarlet margins and exserted beyond the calyx and +floral bracts. + +Frequent in the lower altitudes through the Rockies; very abundant +and striking on the flood-plain of the Kicking Horse River at Field; +flowering during June. + +[Sidenote: =Castilleja pallida= Kunth. _White Indian Paint-brush._] + +Commonly hairy with weak cobwebby hairs, a foot or less high. Leaves +linear to lanceolate or the upper ovate-lanceolate. Flowers in +dense leafy-bracted spikes; bracts oval or obovate, partly white or +yellowish, cobwebby-hairy, equalling the corolla; calyx 2-cleft, the +lobes oblong or lanceolate, corolla ½—1 inch long; galea not exceeding +the calyx. + +In moist open grounds at the higher altitudes throughout the Rockies; +flowering in July. + +[Sidenote: =Castilleja miniata= Dougl. _Bright Painted Cup._] + +A foot or two high, mostly simple and strict, smooth or nearly so. +Leaves lanceolate or linear or the upper ovate-lanceolate acute, entire +or rarely 3-cleft. Flowers in a dense, short, hairy spike; bracts from +lanceolate to oval, mostly bright red or crimson, occasionally pinkish, +rarely whitish, seldom lobed; calyx lobes lanceolate, acutely 2-cleft; +corolla over an inch long; galea exserted, linear, longer than the tube. + +In moist alpine meadows throughout the Rockies; flowering in July. + +[Sidenote: =Castilleja lanceifolia= Rydb. _Scarlet Painted Cup._] + +Perennial with a long creeping rootstock, not growing in clumps, 1—2 +feet high, sparingly close-hairy or nearly smooth, very leafy. Leaves +lanceolate; often acuminate, 1½—2½ inches long, rather firm, 3-veined, +the upper seldom if ever cleft. Flowers in a compact terminal head; +bracts bright scarlet, oblong, obtuse; calyx 1 inch long, crimson or +scarlet with a green base about equally cleft; corolla yellowish-green, +½ an inch longer than the calyx. + +In moist open woods throughout the Rockies at the lower altitudes on +the eastern slope; flowering in June and July. + +[Sidenote: =Orthocarpus luteus= Nutt. _Yellow Orthocarpus._] + +Annual, rough-hairy; stems stout, erect, branched above or simple, +6—18 inches high, densely leafy. Leaves erect or ascending, linear or +lanceolate, entire or sometimes 3-cleft, 1—1½ inches long, sessile, +long acuminate; bracts of the dense spike lanceolate, broader and +shorter than the leaves, entire or 3-cleft, green, mostly longer than +the flowers. Flowers bright yellow, an inch long or less, the upper lip +ovate, obtuse, about as long as the sac-like 3-toothed lower one. + +In open ground in the lower valleys throughout the region as far +west as the valley of the Columbia River at Beavermouth; flowering +throughout the summer. + +[Sidenote: =Elephantella grœnlandica= (Retz.) Rydb. _Long-beaked +Elephantella._] + +Whole plant usually purple, smooth; stem simple, erect, 1—1½ feet +high. Leaves alternate, lanceolate in outline, pinnately parted or the +lower pinnately divided into lanceolate, acute, crenulate, or incised +segments, the upper sessile, the lower slender-petioled 2—6 inches +long. Flowers in a very dense spike 1—6 inches long; calyx short, +acutish; corolla red or purple, the galea produced into a slender +beak ½—¾ of an inch long, which is decurved against the lower lip and +upwardly recurved beyond it; body of the corolla about ¼ of an inch +long. + +In open bogs and wet alpine meadows at the higher altitudes throughout +the Rockies; flowering in July. + +[Sidenote: =Pedicularis racemosa= Dougl. _White Lousewort._] + +Smooth throughout, simple or sometimes branching, 6—18 inches high. +Leaves lanceolate, undivided, minutely and doubly crenulate, 2—4 +inches long. Flowers short-pedicelled in a short leafy raceme or +spike, or the lower remote in the axils of the leaves; corolla white, +showy, the galea which is half an inch long produced into a slender, +elongated, incurved beak nearly reaching the apex of the broad lower +lip. + +At the higher altitudes in the Rockies in moist open ground and alpine +meadows, flowering in July. + +[Sidenote: =Pedicularis bracteosa= Benth. _Wood Betony._] + +Smooth, 1—3 feet high; leaves 3—10 inches long, all pinnately parted, +the lower divided, ample; divisions of the leaves ½—2 inches long, +linear-lanceolate. Flowers crowded in a cylindrical, leafy-bracted +spike, 2—6 inches long; corolla less than an inch long, pale yellow or +reddish, the galea much longer than the lip with a hooded summit. + +Frequent throughout the Rockies in moist open woods and alpine meadows +at the higher elevations; flowering during July. + + + + +LENTIBULARIACEÆ + +_Butterwort Family_ + + +In our species, stemless herbs with fibrous roots and 1-flowered +scapes; basal, tufted, entire leaves, the upper surface covered with a +viscid secretion, to which insects adhere and are caught by the curling +of the sensitive leaf margins; calyx 4—5-parted or 2-lipped; corolla +sac-like and contracted into a spur. + +[Sidenote: =Pinguicula vulgaris= L. _Butterwort._] + +Leaves pale yellowish-green, 3—7 in a rosette at the base of the +scape, greasy to the touch on the upper surface, ovate-lanceolate, +obtuse, 1—2 inches long, ¼ as wide. Flowers solitary on a slender +scape, violet-purple, nearly ½ an inch broad when expanded, 2-lipped; +the upper lip 2-lobed; the lower 3-lobed, larger; the tube gradually +contracted into an obtuse or acute nearly straight spur, ⅓ of an inch +long. + +In wet mossy places, on rocks, or edges of gravelly stream beds +throughout the Rockies, at the lower altitudes; the bright little +flowers suggesting violets; flowering during June. + +[Illustration: _a_ Pinguicula vulgaris L. Butterwort. + +_b_ Pentstemon fruticosus (Pursh) Greene. (¾ Nat.) Large Purple +Beard-Tongue.] + + + + +RUBIACEÆ + +_Madder Family_ + + +In our species, herbs with 4-angled stems and branches, with +verticillate leaves and small 4-parted flowers, regular and perfect and +fruit separating into 2-carpels. + +[Sidenote: =Galium boreale= L. _Northern Bed-straw._] + +Smooth, erect, simple or branched, leafy, 1—2½ feet high. Leaves in +4’s, lanceolate or linear 3-nerved, obtuse or acute, 1—2½ inches long, +the margins sometimes fringed with hairs. Flowers white, numerous in +a terminal panicle; corolla 4-parted, ⅛ of an inch across, the lobes +lanceolate, acute. + +In open ground and in open woods or thickets at the lower altitudes, +throughout the Rockies; flowering in July. + + + + +CAPRIFOLIACEÆ + +_Honeysuckle Family_ + + +Shrubs, trees, vines or perennial herbs with opposite leaves and mostly +cymose flowers; calyx 3—5-toothed, the corolla 5-lobed or sometimes +2-lipped; stamens 5-inserted on the tube of the corolla and alternate +with the lobes; fruit a berry, drupe or capsule. + + Corolla rotate or urn-shaped; flowers in compound cymes. + Leaves pinnate. =Sambucus.= + Leaves simple. =Viburnum.= + Corolla tubular or campanulate, often 2-lipped. + Creeping, somewhat woody herb; flowers in pairs, pink. + =Linnæa.= + Shrubs, erect or climbing. + Corolla short-campanulate, regular or nearly so. + =Symphoricarpos.= + Corolla tubular and irregular. =Lonicera.= + +[Sidenote: =Sambucus pubens= Michx. _Red-berried Elder._] + +A shrub 2—12 feet high, the twigs and leaves commonly hairy; stems +woody, the younger with reddish-brown pith. Leaves pinnate with 3—7 +ovate-lanceolate or oval, acuminate leaflets 2—5 inches long, sharply +serrate. Flowers numerous, less than ¼ of an inch broad, white, in a +close oblong head 3—4 inches high, longer than broad; berries in a +compact head, bright scarlet, ¼ of an inch in diameter. + +Rocky places and thickets throughout the region though most abundant in +the Selkirks; flowering in June, the bright red berries ripe in late +summer. + +[Sidenote: =Sambucus melanocarpa= A. Gray. _Black-berried Elder._] + +A shrub 2—12 feet high, smooth or the young leaves slightly hairy. +Leaves pinnate with 3—7 or rarely 9 ovate-oblong or ovate-lanceolate, +acuminate leaflets, 2—5 inches long, sharply serrate. Flowers small +white in a close compound cyme 3—4 inches high and as broad; berries ¼ +of an inch broad, black and shining in a close head. + +Rocky places and thickets in the Selkirks; growing with the other +species and difficult to distinguish from it except by the colour of +the berries. + +[Sidenote: =Viburnum pauciflorum= Pylaie. _Few-flowered Cranberry +Tree._] + +A straggling bush 2—6 feet high with twigs and petioles smooth or +nearly so. Leaves broadly oval, obovate or broader than long; 5-ribbed, +mostly with 3 rather shallow lobes above the middle, coarsely and +unequally dentate, smooth above, more or less hairy on the veins +beneath, 1½—3 inches broad. Flowers small, pure white or pinkish, ¼ +of an inch broad in compact axillary heads an inch or so broad; drupe +globose, bright red, acid, about half an inch long. + +A most attractive shrub in thickets and woods at the lower altitudes +throughout the Rockies; flowering in May and early June; the acid fruit +is frequently used for preserving. + +[Sidenote: =Linnæa americana= Forbes. _Twin-flower._] + +Branches slender, woody, slightly hairy, trailing, 6—24 inches long. +Leaves evergreen, opposite, obovate or orbicular, obscurely crenate, +thick, ¼—¾ of an inch wide, sometimes wider than long. Flowers nodding +in pairs, rarely in 4’s, on slender pedicels ¼—¾ of an inch long, very +fragrant; corolla tubular-campanulate with 5 equal lobes, pink or +nearly white, deep pink within. + +In moist cool woods, frequent throughout the region, especially in the +Rockies; flowering in late June and early July. + +[Illustration: Linnæa americana Forbes. (¼ Nat.) American Twin-Flower.] + +[Illustration: Lonicera ebractulata Rydb. (½ Nat.) Fly Honeysuckle.] + +[Sidenote: =Symphoricarpos racemosus= Michx. _Snowberry._] + +An erect shrub, 1—4 feet high, smooth or nearly so with slender +branches. Leaves oval, obtuse at each end, 1—2 inches long, entire, +undulate or sometimes dentate. Flowers pale pink or white, few, in +axillary clusters; corolla campanulate, ¼ of an inch long, equally +5-lobed, slightly inflated at the base and bearded within; berries +snow-white, nearly ½ an inch in diameter. + +On rocky banks and along streams at the lower altitudes throughout the +Rockies; flowering during July. + +[Sidenote: =Symphoricarpos pauciflorus= (Robbins) Britton. _Low +Snowberry._] + +A low, spreading, diffusely branched shrub 6—9 inches high. Leaves +broadly oval or orbicular, entire, softly hairy, especially along the +veins beneath. Flowers about ¼ of an inch long, solitary in the upper +axils, and 2 or 3 in the terminal spike; corolla campanulate, 5-lobed, +bearded within; berry globose, white, ¼ of an inch in diameter. + +In rocky places and on wooded slopes throughout the Rockies; flowering +in July. + +[Sidenote: =Lonicera glaucescens= Rydb. _Douglas’s Honeysuckle._] + +Smooth, more or less shrubby or twining. Leaves smooth above, glaucous +and hairy at least on the veins beneath, 1½—2 inches long, papery on +the margins, usually only the upper pair connate-perfoliate. Flowers +in a short terminal interrupted spike, corolla 1 inch long or less, +yellow changing to reddish, slightly hairy without, long-hairy within, +the tube rather strongly inflated at the base, the 2-lipped limb +shorter than the tube, stamens and style exserted. + +In rocky places and along river banks throughout the Rockies; flowering +during July. + +[Sidenote: =Lonicera ebractulata= Rydb. _Fly Honeysuckle._] + +Shrubby, 3—6 feet high with grey bark. Leaves light green, glaucous +and hairy beneath, fringed with hairs on the margins, elliptic-ovate +or broadly ovate, obtuse, rounded or cordate at the base, rounded at +the apex, 1—2½ inches long, ½—1½ inches wide. Flowers in pairs from +the axils of the leaves; peduncles about ½ an inch long; corolla light +yellow, about ¾ of an inch long, funnel-form, and spurred at the base +on the inner side; berry bright red, ¼ of an inch in diameter. + +In moist woods throughout the region at the lower altitudes; flowering +in May and early June. + +[Sidenote: =Lonicera involucrata= (Richards) Banks. _Involucred Fly +Honeysuckle._] + +A nearly smooth shrub 3—10 feet high. Leaves short-petioled, ovate, +oval or obovate, 2—6 inches long, acute or acuminate at the apex, +narrowed or rounded at the base, more or less hairy at least when +young. Flowers greenish-yellow, 2 or 3 on axillary peduncles, 1—2 +inches long, bracts foliaceous, ovate or oval, often cordate, bractlets +larger, greenish-yellow, at length turning rich maroon and surrounding +the fruit; corolla hairy, funnel-form; the limb nearly equally 5-lobed; +stamens and styles slightly exserted; berries separate, globose or +oval, nearly black, about ⅓ of an inch in diameter. + +In rich moist woods and thickets at the lower altitudes throughout the +region, inconspicuous when in flower in late June and early July, but +especially showy when in fruit, the blue-black berries subtended by the +showy maroon bracts, making it a most striking shrub during summer and +early autumn. + +[Illustration: Lonicera involucrata (Richards.) Banks. (⅔ Nat.) +Involucred Fly Honeysuckle.] + + + + +VALERIANACEÆ + +_Valerian Family_ + + +Perennial strongly smelling herbs, with opposite leaves and paniculate +heads of small pink or white, funnel-form, more or less gibbous +flowers, commonly with 3 exserted stamens. + +[Sidenote: =Valeriana septentrionalis= Rydb. _Northern Valerian._] + +Erect, perfectly smooth throughout or the inflorescence minutely hairy, +8—16 inches high. Basal, leaves petioled, spatulate or oval, 1—5 +inches long, entire; stem leaves usually 3 pairs, the lower petioled, +the upper sessile, segments, 5—7 oval or linear-lanceolate, entire or +merely undulate on the margins. Flowers cymose-paniculate, usually +congested; corolla white, about ¼ of an inch long; fruit smooth, ⅛ of +an inch or slightly longer. + +In moist shaded places and on slopes in the lower valleys of the +Rockies; flowering in July. + +[Sidenote: =Valeriana Scouleri= Rydb. _Scouler’s Valerian._] + +Smooth throughout; stem rather stout, 1—3 feet high. Leaves, the basal +on long petioles, oblong, 1—2 inches long, 3-lobed, the centre one much +the largest, oblong, tapering to both ends, the lateral lanceolate; +stem leaves, 2—4 pairs pinnately parted in 5—7 lanceolate, acute, +entire, or undulate segments, 1—2 inches long. Flowers pink in a flat, +cymose panicle, 2—2½ inches broad; corolla nearly ¼ of an inch long, +funnel-form; stamens and style exserted. + +In moist open ground throughout the Rockies at the higher elevations; +flowering during June and early July. + +[Sidenote: =Valeriana sitchensis= Bong. _Wild Heliotrope._] + +Smooth; stems rather stout, 1—5 feet high, often branching. Leaves in +2—4 pairs, pinnately 3—5-lobed, leaflets ovate to oblong or lanceolate, +acuminate, coarsely dentate, 1—2 inches long, densely white-hairy +at the base of the petioles; basal leaves lacking at the time of +flowering. Flowers very fragrant, pink, in a compact cymose panicle, +corolla broad, funnel-form, ¼ of an inch long with spreading rounded +lobes; stamens and style much exserted. + +Common along the streams and in damp places in the Selkirks, at times +forming vast masses of pink when in flower in June and early July. + +[Illustration: Valeriana sitchensis Bong. (⅓ Nat.) Wild Heliotrope.] + +[Illustration: Lobelia Kalmii strictiflora Rydb. (Nat.) Brook +Lobelia.] + + + + +CAMPANULACEÆ + +_Bellflower Family_ + + +Herbs with alternate simple leaves, usually milky juice, and perfect +flowers; calyx mostly 5-lobed; corolla regular or irregular, the tube +entire or deeply cleft on one side, its limb 5-lobed, regular or more +or less 2-lipped; stamens 5, alternate with the corolla lobes. + +[Sidenote: =Campanula uniflora= L. _Arctic Harebell._] + +Smooth or nearly so, simple, 1—6 inches high. Leaves linear or +linear-oblong, acute, sessile, thickish entire or sparingly dentate, +¾—1½ inches long or the lower and basal ones spatulate, obtuse and +narrowed into petioles. Flowers erect, calyx tube top-shaped, smooth +or hairy, shorter than or equalling the lobes; corolla narrowly +campanulate, ⅓—½ an inch long, bright blue, with 5 slightly spreading +lanceolate lobes. + +Alpine summits in the Rockies not common; flowering in July. + +[Sidenote: =Campanula rotundifolia= L. _Harebell, Bluebell._] + +Smooth or nearly so, stems erect or spreading, often several from +the same root, simple or branched, 6 inches to 2 feet high. Basal +leaves nearly orbicular or broadly ovate, usually heart-shaped and +slender petioled, ¼—1 inch wide, dentate or entire, often wanting at +flowering time; stem leaves linear or linear-oblong acute, mostly +entire and sessile or the lower narrowed into short petioles and +somewhat spatulate. Flowers several or numerous in racemes, drooping or +spreading, slender pedicelled; calyx lobes hair-like, spreading, longer +than the tube, corolla bright blue, campanulate, ½—1 inch long. + +On moist rocks or stony places, on slides or gravelly stream banks, +frequent throughout the region; flowering during most of the summer. + +[Sidenote: =Lobelia Kalmii strictiflora= Rydb. _Brook Lobelia._] + +Smooth throughout or slightly hairy below; stem simple or slightly +branched, erect, leafy, 4—8 inches high. Leaves basal, small, ¼—½ an +inch long, obovate, hairy; stem leaves linear. Flowers light blue or +white, ⅓ or nearly ½ an inch long on erect pedicels slightly more than +their own length; petals 5, the two upper erect, ⅛ of an inch long, +very slender, the 3 lower broader, ¼ of an inch long and spreading, in +loose racemes, lower bracts linear-lanceolate, the upper hair-like. + +On wet banks or wet gravelly or sandy ground at the lower altitudes +throughout the Rockies, abundant locally; flowering in July. + + + + +CICHORIACEÆ + +_Chicory Family_ + + +Herbs almost always with milky juice, alternate or basal leaves and +yellow or rarely pink, blue, purple, or white flowers in involucrate +heads; bracts of the involucre in 1 to several series; flowers all +alike and perfect; corolla with a short or long tube and a strap-shaped +(ligulate) usually 5-toothed limb (ray). + + Heads solitary; leaves all basal. + Achenes smooth at the apex. =Agoseris.= + Achenes spinulose at the apex. =Taraxacum.= + Heads several; leaves not all basal. + Achenes flattened. + Flowers yellow. =Sonchus.= + Flowers blue. =Lactuca.= + Achenes rounded. + Pappus white. =Crepis.= + Pappus tawny. =Hieracium.= + +[Sidenote: =Agoseris glauca= (Pursh.) Greene. _Large-flowered +Agoseris._] + +Pale and smooth throughout or a little woolly below. Leaves +linear-lanceolate or oblong, entire, dentate or pinnatifid, 2—10 +inches long, acuminate. Scapes stout, smooth or slightly hairy, longer +than the leaves, 6—18 inches high, head 1—2 inches broad, rays bright +yellow, involucre oblong, campanulate, usually smooth. + +Open grounds and on grassy alpine slopes and in meadows; flowering +during June and July. + +[Illustration: _a_ Hieracium umbellatum L. Narrow-Leaved Hawk-weed. + +_b_ Agoseris aurantiaca (Hook.) Greene. (⅔ Nat.)] + +[Sidenote: =Agoseris aurantiaca= (Hook.) Greene. _Orange-flowered +Agoseris._] + +Nearly smooth, not glaucous. Leaves oblanceolate, obtuse, entire or +with lanceolate lobes toward the base, narrowed into slender petioles, +4—8 inches long. Scapes longer than the leaves, smooth below, woolly at +the top; involucre ½—¾ of an inch high, bracts lanceolate, more or less +woolly, flowers orange or copper-coloured. + +In open ground and alpine meadows throughout the region; flowering in +midsummer. + +[Sidenote: =Agoseris graciliens= (A. Gray) Greene. _Slender Agoseris._] + +Smooth, leaves lanceolate or linear-lanceolate entire, 6—8 inches +long, acute. Scapes slender, 10—18 inches high, woolly at the summit; +involucre ½—¾ of an inch long, bracts narrow, smooth with hairy-fringed +margins; flowers deep orange. + +In grassy alpine meadows throughout the Rockies at the higher +altitudes; flowering during July. + +[Sidenote: =Taraxacum Taraxacum= (L.) Karst. _Dandelion._] + +Root thick and deep. Leaves oblong to spatulate in outline, usually +rough-hairy at least when young, acute or obtuse, pinnatifid, +sinuate-dentate or rarely nearly entire, rather succulent, 3—10 +inches long, ½—2½ inches wide, narrowed into petioles. Scapes erect, +2—18 inches high, head 1—2 inches broad, containing very numerous +golden yellow flowers, inner bracts of the involucre, linear or +linear-lanceolate, the outer similar, shorter, not glaucous, reflexed, +acute; achenes greenish brown. + +In waste places and open ground throughout the region, along roadsides +and near the railway; established as a weed; flowering in early summer. + +[Sidenote: =Taraxacum montanum= Nutt. _Mountain Dandelion._] + +Smooth; scapes and leaves from the crown of a thick, vertical root. +Leaves spatulate, oblong, nearly entire or runcinately-toothed, obtuse, +the teeth shallow and simple, 3—4 inches long, ½—¾ of an inch wide. +Flowers bright orange or yellow on smooth scapes, 4—8 inches high; +involucral bracts all appressed, in 2-series, the outer ovate to +lanceolate, frequently reddish; inner ones narrowly lanceolate. + +Throughout the Rockies in the lower valleys and slopes; flowering in +early June. + +[Sidenote: =Sonchus arvensis= L. _Milk Thistle._] + +Stems smooth, leafy below, branched and nearly naked above, 2—4 feet +high. Lower and basal leaves runcinate-pinnatifid, often 12 inches +long, spinulose dentate, narrowed into short petioles, the upper +pinnatifid or entire, clasping. Flowers bright yellow, numerous in +showy heads, 1—2 inches broad; involucre nearly an inch high. + +An introduced weed, occurring more or less frequently along the line of +the railway throughout the region; a showy plant when in flower, during +the early part of the day. + +[Sidenote: =Lactuca pulchella= (Pursh) DC. _Large-flowered Blue +Lettuce._] + +Smooth throughout and somewhat glaucous; stem rather slender and leafy, +1—3 feet high. Leaves linear-lanceolate, lanceolate or oblong, acute, +entire, dentate, lobed or pinnatifid, 2—8 inches long. Flowers bright +blue or violet in numerous heads ½ an inch or more broad, in an open +panicle. + +Frequent along the railway in moist open places throughout the region; +flowering in midsummer. + +[Sidenote: =Crepis nana= Richards. _Alpine Hawk’s-beard._] + +Smooth, forming depressed tufts on slender, creeping rootstocks. Leaves +chiefly at the root, 1—2 inches long including the petioles, obovate +to spatulate, entire, repand dentate or lyrate, commonly equalling the +clustered stems. Heads few-flowered, nearly ½ an inch high, narrowly +cylindric, ⅛ of an inch in diameter; flowers bright yellow, spreading ¼ +of an inch across. + +A small alpine plant growing among loose stones and on the moraines and +on slides and summits throughout the Rockies; flowering in midsummer. + +[Sidenote: =Crepis elegans= Hook. _Many-flowered Hawk’s-beard._] + +Smooth, many-stemmed from a perennial tap-root, 6—12 inches high, +diffusely branched. Leaves entire or nearly so; root leaves spatulate; +stem-leaves from lanceolate to linear. Heads numerous, narrowly +cylindric, ¼—⅓ of an inch high, the pale yellow flowers little more +than ⅓ of an inch across. + +In gravel beds along the rivers and larger streams throughout the +Rockies; flowering during July. + +[Sidenote: =Hieracium umbellatum= L. _Narrow-leaved Hawk-weed._] + +Stem rather slender, smooth or puberulent, sometimes rough hairy +below, leafy, simple, 1—2½ feet high. Leaves lanceolate or the lowest +spatulate, entire, denticulate or sometimes laciniate-dentate, acute or +acuminate, 1—3 inches long, smooth above, usually hairy beneath with +the margins fringed with hairs. Heads of flowers nearly an inch broad, +umbellate, bright yellow. + +On banks and near rivers in the Rockies; flowering in July. + +[Sidenote: =Hieracium Scouleri= Hook. _Hairy Hawk-weed._] + +Hairy throughout with long, soft hairs; 1—2 feet high. Leaves +lanceolate or spatulate-lanceolate, 3—6 inches long. Flowers in an +irregular branching panicle. Head ½ an inch high; involucre with +copious long bristly hairs; flowers bright yellow, ½ an inch or more +broad. + +On banks and stony open ground throughout the region flowering during +July. + +[Sidenote: =Hieracium gracile= Hook. _Slender Hawk-weed._] + +Growing in tufts, pale green. Leaves nearly all in clusters at the +root, obovate to oblong-spatulate, 1—3 inches long, attenuate into +petioles, entire or repand denticulate. Stems 8—18 inches high, +brownish-hairy above, bearing few or several heads of flowers near the +top; involucres about ⅓ of an inch high, usually blackish-hairy at the +base; flowers bright yellow in heads ¼ of an inch or less broad. + +In dry open or shaded places at the higher elevations throughout the +region, growing in sand; flowering in July. + +[Sidenote: =Hieracium albiflorum= Hook. _White-flowered Hawk-weed._] + +Loosely branching and hairy with long hairs; 1—3 feet high. Leaves +oblong, thin, 2—6 inches long. Involucres narrow-campanulate, ⅓ to +nearly ½ an inch high; flowers white, ¼ of an inch across or more; +several in a compound cyme. + +On sandy banks and open mountain sides, frequent throughout the region +at the lower elevations; flowering during June and July. + + + + +CARDUACEÆ + +_Thistle Family_ + + +Herbs with watery or resinous sap and alternate, opposite or basal +leaves; flowers perfect, pistillate or neutral; borne on a common +receptacle forming heads, surrounded by an involucre of few to many +bracts in one or more series; calyx tube attached to the top of the +ovary, the limb (pappus) of bristles, awns, teeth, scales, crown-like +or wanting; corolla tubular, usually 5-lobed or -cleft, the marginal +flowers frequently expanded into a ligule (ray); when the ray flowers +are absent the head is said to be discoid, when present, radiate; the +tubular flowers form the disc. The largest of all the families of +flowering plants comprising about 760 genera and not less than 10,000 +species, represented in the region by the following: + + Anthers not tailed at the base; heads rayed or rayless. + Style branches of the perfect flowers flattened, with + terminal appendages. + Rays yellow or sometimes wanting. + Pappus double, the outer very short. =Chrysopsis.= + Pappus simple; panicle compact. =Solidago.= + Rays white, purple, or blue, rarely wanting. + Involucral bracts in 1—2 series, narrow; rays + usually narrow and numerous. =Erigeron.= + Involucral bracts in 2—5 series; rays broader and + less numerous. + Scales of the involucre dry, papery and appressed. + =Eucephalus.= + Scales of the involucre more or less herbaceous, + and spreading. =Aster.= + Style branches of the perfect flowers straight edged + or with hairy tips. + Involucre not scarious. + Pappus never capillary; receptacle chaffy or bristly. + Receptacle conic, chaffy; pappus none. =Rudbeckia.= + Receptacle flat, chaffy; tall herbs; pappus 2 scales. + =Helianthus.= + Receptacle bristly; pappus a crown of scales. + =Gaillardia.= + Pappus capillary. + Leaves all or mostly opposite. =Arnica.= + Leaves alternate. + Flowers white or pinkish; leaves large. =Petasites.= + Flowers yellow, leaves small. =Senecio.= + Involucre scarious. + Receptacle chaffy; rays short. =Achillea.= + Receptacle naked; rays conspicuous. =Chrysanthemum.= + Receptacle naked; rays none. =Artemisia.= + Anthers with tails at the base; heads without rays. + Receptacle not bristly; corolla not deeply cleft. + Pappus hair-like in pistillate flowers; club shaped + in staminate. =Antennaria.= + Pappus of all the flowers similar. =Anaphalis.= + Receptacle long bristly; corolla deeply cleft. + Leaves and usually the involucral bracts prickly =Carduus.= + Leaves and involucral bracts not prickly. =Saussurea.= + +[Sidenote: =Chrysopsis hispida= (Hook.) Nutt. _Hispid Golden Aster._] + +Stems numerous from a woody rootstock, rough-hairy throughout, +spreading, 6—12 inches long. Leaves spatulate to oblong, entire, +spreading, ¾—1½ inches long, obtuse at the apex, narrowed at the base, +often into petioles half as long as the blade or more. Heads very +numerous, about ½ an inch broad; involucre less than ½ an inch high, +its bracts lanceolate, rough-hairy; ray flowers bright yellow, ¼ of an +inch or more long. + +In dry soil through the lower valleys throughout the Rockies; flowering +in midsummer. + +[Sidenote: =Solidago multiradiata= Ait. _Northern Goldenrod._] + +Stems smooth or somewhat hairy above, slender, 6—15 inches high. +Leaves firm, smooth or nearly so, the basal and lower ones spatulate +or oblanceolate, entire or sparingly serrate, obtuse, finely +reticulate-veined, 3—5 inches long, the upper smaller and narrower, +entire. Heads about ⅓ of an inch high, usually few in a rather compact +terminal cyme; bracts of the involucre thin, linear-lanceolate, acute, +smooth; rays 8—15, large. + +On open hillsides throughout the region; flowering in July. + +[Sidenote: =Solidago decumbens= Greene. _Field Goldenrod._] + +Stems clustered at the summit of a strong, perpendicular root, stout, +decumbent, 6—18 inches high, usually dark red and sparsely hairy. +Leaves spatulate-obovate to oblanceolate, obtuse or acutish, more +or less distinctly serrate toward the summit, upper cauline leaves +similar but few and reduced, all rough on the margins. Heads large in +a thyrsoid panicle; bracts of the involucre glandular-viscid, linear, +obtuse, of firm texture, nerved; rays large. + +[Sidenote: =Solidago missouriensis= Nutt. _Missouri Goldenrod._] + +Smooth, rather slender, 3—5 feet high. Leaves firm or thick, those +of the stem linear-lanceolate and sessile, acuminate at the apex, +narrowed at the base, 2—4 inches long, rough-margined, triple-nerved, +entire or sparingly serrate with low sharp teeth, the basal and lowest +ones longer, spatulate and petioled. Heads ⅛—¼ of an inch high on one +side of the spreading or recurving branches of the short panicle; +bracts of the involucre oblong, greenish-tipped, obtuse; rays 6—13, +short. + +In dry soil on the edges of woodland at the lower altitudes throughout +the Rockies; flowering in August. + +[Sidenote: =Solidago canadensis= L. _Canada Goldenrod._] + +Stout, rough-hairy or slightly so, 2—8 feet high. Leaves lanceolate, +triple-nerved, acute at each end, the lower ones sharply serrate and +petioled, 3—6 inches long, ⅓—1 inch wide, the upper smaller, entire. +Heads small, ⅛ of an inch or less high, very numerous on one side of +the spreading or recurved branches of the usually large and dense +panicle; involucral bracts linear, obtuse or acutish; rays 9—15 small. + +In open usually dry soil at the lower altitudes throughout the Rockies; +flowering during July and August. + +[Illustration: _a_ Erigeron salsuginosus (Rich.) A. Gray. Large Purple +Fleabane. + +_b_ Erigeron acris L. Blue Fleabane. + +_c_ Saussurea densa Hook. Saussurea. (⅗ Nat.)] + +[Sidenote: =Erigeron simplex= Greene. _Arctic Fleabane._] + +Stems 1—6 inches high, several from the same root. Leaves few, the +basal spatulate or oblanceolate, 1—2 inches long; stem leaves linear +and few. Heads ⅓ of an inch in diameter, solitary; involucre usually +rough-hairy as well as woolly, bracts linear acute, rather close, rays +¼—⅓ of an inch long, white, very numerous. + +An alpine plant in dry ground at the higher elevations, among stones +and on the moraines, flowering in July. + +[Sidenote: =Erigeron salsuginosus= (Richards) A. Gray. _Large Purple +Fleabane._] + +Soft hairy above, 12—20 inches high. Leaves smooth, thick, +bright green, spatulate or nearly ovate, acute or conspicuously +bristle-tipped, the uppermost small and bract-like. Heads over 1½ +inches in diameter; rays 50—70, purple or violet, ½—¾ of an inch long; +disc bright yellow; involucral bracts linear, attenuate and spreading, +glandular-hairy. + +A most striking violet or purple daisy on moist banks, slopes, and in +moist, open woodlands; flowering during July. + +[Sidenote: =Erigeron asper= Nutt. _Rough Fleabane._] + +Stem simple or branched above, more or less hairy, sometimes roughly +so, 6—24 inches high. Leaves smooth, hairy or fringed on the margin +with hairs, entire, the basal ones spatulate, obtuse, 2—4 inches long, +narrowed into a margined petiole; stem leaves oblong-lanceolate or +linear-lanceolate, obtuse or acute, the upper smaller. Heads several or +solitary, slender peduncled, ⅓—½ an inch broad; involucre hemispheric, +its bracts linear, acute, or rough-hairy; rays 100—150, very narrow, +violet-purple or nearly white, ⅓ to nearly half an inch long. + +In dry soil in the lower valleys and slopes of the Rockies; flowering +in July. + +[Sidenote: =Erigeron cæspitosus= Nutt. _Tufted Fleabane._] + +Stems tufted, closely white-hairy from a deep root; simple or +branched above, 6—12 inches high. Leaves white-hairy, entire, +narrowly oblanceolate or spatulate, obtuse or acutish, 1—3 inches +long; stem-leaves linear or linear-oblong, acute or obtuse, the +upper gradually shorter. Heads solitary or several, short-peduncled, +⅓—½ an inch broad; involucre hemispheric its bracts lanceolate or +linear-oblong acute, white-hairy; rays 40—60, ¼—⅓ of an inch long, +white or pinkish. + +In dry open places in the Rockies at the lower altitudes, a pretty +tufted plant resembling an Aster; flowering during July. + +[Sidenote: =Erigeron multifidus= Rydb. _Daisy Fleabane._] + +Rough-hairy or somewhat smooth, stems slender, numerous, 3—6 inches +high. Leaves crowded on the crowns of the caudex, usually twice +ternately parted into linear or spatulate hairy lobes; an inch long or +less including the petiole; stem-leaves narrow or scale-like. Flowers +solitary at the top of the nearly leafless hairy stem; involucre ¼ of +an inch high and nearly ½ an inch in diameter, outer bracts shorter and +spreading; rays 40—60, white, purple or violet, from ⅛ to nearly ½ an +inch long. + +On dry rocks throughout the Rockies up to 6000 feet elevation or above, +flowering during June or July. + +_Erigeron multifidus discoideus (A. Gray.) Rydb._, differing from +the species in the entire absence of ray flowers and smaller heads, +and _Erigeron multifidus nudus Rydb._, differing from the species +in being almost entirely smooth except a few hairs on the petioles +and involucral bracts, are found in similar localities throughout +the Rockies, often growing with the species and frequently much more +abundant. + +[Illustration: Erigeron discoideus Rydb. Erigeron multifidus Rydb. (½ +Nat.) Cut-Leaved Fleabane.] + +[Illustration: Erigeron melanocephalus A. Nelson. (¾ Nat.) Black-Headed +Fleabane.] + +[Sidenote: =Erigeron aureus= Greene _Golden Fleabane._] + +Ashy-hairy, 3—6 inches high from a tufted caudex. Leaves ovate, +spatulate or roundish, an inch or more long, contracted into a petiole; +stem leaves ¼ of an inch long, few, and very narrow. Flowers solitary, +about ⅓ of an inch high and broad; involucre usually reddish or +purplish, covered with woolly hairs; bracts nearly equal, lanceolate, +rather loose; rays numerous, ¼—⅓ of an inch long, deep golden yellow. + +In open ground on alpine meadows and among rocks, at the higher +altitudes, throughout the region; a striking little plant, flowering in +July. + +[Sidenote: =Erigeron melanocephalus= A. Nelson. _Black-woolly +Fleabane._] + +Stems few or several, slender, erect, 2—6 inches high, with +purplish-black hairs. Leaves numerous, elliptic or narrowly oblong, +¾—1½ inches long, nearly smooth; stem leaves broadly linear, acuminate, +¾—1 inch long, hairiness similar to that of the stem. Head solitary, ⅓ +of an inch broad; involucral scales nearly equal, with attenuate tips, +densely covered with purplish-black wool; rays 50—60, white or pinkish, +⅛ of an inch long. + +In open stony or more or less grassy ground at the high altitudes; +flowering during July. + +[Sidenote: =Erigeron acris= L. _Blue Fleabane._] + +More or less hairy, varying to smooth, 3—18 inches high, simple or +branching. Leaves spatulate or lanceolate, obtuse, 1—3 inches long, +hairy and entire. Heads ¼ of an inch or more broad, single or several, +more or less paniculately disposed; involucre hemispheric, its bracts +linear and hairy; rays numerous, very narrow, only slightly exceeding +the yellow disc, blue or purple. + +In dry stony ground and slopes throughout the region, very variable as +to size; flowering during July. + +[Sidenote: =Erigeron drobrachiensis= O. Muell.] + +Nearly or quite smooth, 1—2 feet high, usually paniculately branched. +Leaves spatulate to lanceolate, acute, rather numerous. Heads on +peduncle-like branches, an inch or more long, involucre, ⅓ of an inch +or more broad, scales narrowly lanceolate, attenuate and glandular, +green; rays numerous and thread-like, pink, but slightly exceeding the +disc. + +On banks and more or less shaded places at the lower altitudes +throughout the Rockies; flowering during July. + +[Sidenote: =Erigeron philadelphicus= L. _Philadelphia Fleabane._] + +Soft-hairy or sometimes nearly smooth, stems slender, mostly branched +above, 1—3 feet high. Leaves spatulate or obovate, obtuse or acute, +dentate or entire, 1—3 inches long. Heads several or numerous, +corymbose-paniculate, ¼—⅓ of an inch broad; involucre depressed +hemispheric, its bracts linear with roughened margins; rays 100—150, +¼—⅓ of an inch long, bright rose-colour. + +In open grassy and wet places at the lower altitudes, throughout the +Rockies; flowering in June and July. This species, the most widely +distributed of any member of the genus, is found throughout North +America; though locally rare, where found it is usually in great +abundance. + +[Sidenote: =Aster Richardsonii= Spreng. _Richardson’s Aster._] + +Hairy, often much branched from the base, 3—12 inches high. Leaves +oblong, spatulate to broadly lanceolate, more or less sharply serrate, +an inch or more long. Heads solitary, terminating the stem or branches; +involucre broadly campanulate, ¼ of an inch high, shorter than the +disc; the bracts narrowly lanceolate, with mostly acute and loose +herbaceous tips; rays nearly half an inch long, violet-purple. + +In gravelly ground and river bottoms frequent in the region; flowering +during July. + +[Sidenote: =Aster conspicuus= Lindl. _Large Purple Aster._] + +Rough, stout, and rigid, 2 feet high. Leaves firm, ovate, oblong, or +the lower obovate, acute, 4—6 inches long, 1½—4 inches broad, acutely +serrate, reticulate-veiny. Flowers numerous in a broad head, involucre, +broadly campanulate, equalling the disc, half an inch high; bracts in +several series, minutely glandular, lanceolate, acute, the greenish +tips a little spreading; rays ½ an inch long or more, violet. + +The most showy of all the Asters, frequent in the Rockies at the lower +altitudes, on slides and on gravelly river banks, forming great masses +of colour when flowering in late July and early August. + +[Sidenote: =Aster major= (Hook) Porter. _Great Northern Aster._] + +Stem stout, leafy to the summit, densely long-hairy, or rarely smooth, +branched above, 2—6 feet high. Leaves rather thin, lanceolate, partly +clasping by a narrowed base, acuminate at the apex, sharply serrate +with low distant teeth, dark green and lightly hairy above, densely +soft-hairy on the veins beneath, 3—5 inches long, ½ to nearly an inch +wide. Heads mostly solitary, at the ends of short branches, 1½ inches +broad; involucre hemispheric, its bracts little imbricated, green, +linear-subulate, densely glandular; rays 35—45 purple, about ½ an inch +long. + +In moist soil in the valleys of the Selkirks; flowering during August. + +[Sidenote: =Aster Lindleyanus= T. & G. _Lindley’s Aster._] + +Stem usually stout, smooth, or sparingly hairy, 1—3 feet high, branched +above. Leaves rather thick, smooth or slightly hairy, especially on +the veins, the lower and basal ones heart-shaped at the base, sharply +serrate, ovate-acute or acuminate, 2—4 inches long, with slender, naked +petioles; upper leaves ovate-lanceolate or lanceolate, more or less +serrate or entire, sessile or with margined petioles. Heads usually +not numerous, ⅓ of an inch or more high; involucre broadly top-shaped; +bracts linear-lanceolate, acute, rather loosely imbricated, smooth or +nearly so, their tips green, rays 10—20, blue or violet, ¼—½ an inch +long; pappus nearly white. + +In open places and along the rivers throughout the region; flowering +during July and August. + +[Illustration: Aster Lindleyanus T. & G. (⅔ Nat.)] + +[Sidenote: =Aster ciliomarginatus= Rydb.] + +Stems 1—2 feet high, round, slightly striate and tinged with red, +smooth below, more or less hairy in lines above. Basal leaves smooth +except the hairy-fringed margins, thin, distantly serrate or subentire, +tapering into wing-margined petioles, oblanceolate-acute, 4—8 inches +long; the upper oblong or lanceolate sessile. Heads about ½ an inch +high, ½—¾ of an inch in diameter, rather few in an open panicle; +involucral bracts linear, fringed with hairs on the margins, the upper +part foliaceous and the outer somewhat spreading; rays numerous ½ an +inch long, light blue. + +In moist, more or less shaded places, edges of woods and thickets, +throughout the Rockies; flowering in late July and August. + +[Sidenote: =Aster frondeus= (A. Gray) Greene. _Leafy-bracted Aster._] + +Simple, stem smooth, with sparing, erect, flowering branches. Leaves +few, broadly lanceolate to oblong or spatulate, entire or nearly +so, the lower tapering into winged petioles. Heads solitary or few, +on naked peduncles; involucre ⅓ of an inch high, or less; bracts +linear-lanceolate, loose, all equalling the disc; rays violet or +purple, nearly ½ an inch long. + +In wet places and along streams throughout the Rockies; flowering +during July and August. + +[Sidenote: =Eucephalus Engelmanni= (D. C. Eaton) Greene. _Engelmann’s +Aster._] + +Slightly hairy or smooth, simple or somewhat branched, 18 inches +to 2 feet high, bright green. Leaves thin, ovate-oblong to broadly +lanceolate, 2—4 inches long, loosely veined, tapering at the apex into +a slender-spined tip, the larger sometimes with a few small acute +teeth. Heads ½ an inch high, hemispherical, either racemosely disposed +on slender axillary peduncles, or somewhat cymose; involucral bracts +mostly acute or acuminate, some outer ones loose, narrow, and partly +herbaceous, or with loose pointed tips; inner purplish; rays about ½ an +inch long, spreading, violet or pinkish. + +In open woods and on slopes, principally in the Rockies at the higher +elevations; flowering during July. + +[Sidenote: =Rudbeckia hirta= L. _Black-eyed Susan, Yellow Daisy._] + +Rough-hairy throughout, stems simple or sparingly branched, often +tufted, 1—3 feet high. Leaves thick, sparingly serrate with low teeth +or entire, lanceolate or oblong, the lower and basal ones petioled, +mostly obtuse, 3—5-nerved, 2—7 inches long, ½—2 inches wide, the upper +sessile, narrower, acute or acutish. Heads commonly few or solitary, +2—4 inches broad; rays 10—20, deep yellow or orange; bracts of the +involucre very rough-hairy; spreading or reflexed, much shorter than +the rays; disc globose-ovoid, purple-brown. + +Throughout the region, not infrequent along the railway from Field west +to the valley of the Columbia at Beavermouth; flowering in July and +August. + +[Sidenote: =Helianthus scaberrimus= Ell. _Stiff Sunflower._] + +Stems simple or a little branched, rough-hairy or only slightly so, 1—8 +feet high. Leaves thick, leathery, serrate, rough-hairy on both sides, +2—7 inches long, ½—2 inches wide, acute at the apex, narrowed at the +base, the lower ovate or ovate-oblong, petioled, the upper lanceolate +or oblong-lanceolate, sessile or short-petioled, all opposite, or the +uppermost bract-like and alternate. Heads solitary or few, 2—3 inches +broad, involucre hemispheric, its bracts ovate, acute or obtuse, +fringed with hairs; disc brown or purple; rays 15—25, light yellow. + +Frequent along the railway in the valley of the Kicking Horse River and +in the valley of the Columbia at Beavermouth; flowering in August. + +[Sidenote: =Helianthus Nuttallii= Torr and Gray. _Nuttall’s Sunflower._] + +Stem smooth, except the summit which is soft-hairy, slender, mostly +simple, 2—4 feet high. Leaves rough on both surfaces, lanceolate or +the upper linear, 3—6 inches long, ¼—¾ of an inch wide, frequently +opposite, serrulate or entire. Heads ½ an inch high, scattered; bracts +of the involucre linear-lanceolate with a subulate tip, hairy at the +base; rays narrow, acute, deep yellow, 1—1½ inches long. + +In moist grounds and on river banks throughout the Rockies at the lower +altitudes; flowering during July. + +[Illustration: _a_ Erigeron aureus Greene. Golden Fleabane. + +_b_ Gaillardia aristata Pursh. (⅗ Nat.) Great-flowered Gaillardia.] + +[Sidenote: =Gaillardia aristata= Pursh. _Great-flowered Gaillardia._] + +Rough-hairy, stems simple or little branched, 1—3 feet high. Leaves +firm, densely and finely hairy, the lower basal ones petioled, oblong +or spatulate, laciniate-pinnatifid or entire, mostly obtuse, 2—5 inches +long; upper leaves sessile, lanceolate or oblong, entire or dentate, +rarely pinnatifid. Heads 1½-4 inches broad, long peduncled; bracts +of the involucre spreading, lanceolate, acuminate, rough-hairy, rays +10—18, bright yellow, wedge-shaped, deeply 3-lobed; disc reddish-purple. + +One of the most showy of the midsummer plants, in the lower valleys of +the Rockies, in dry ground and on slopes, especially in the Bow Valley +at Banff and in the open country around Golden. + +[Sidenote: =Arnica cordifolia= Hook. _Heart-leaved Arnica._] + +Somewhat hairy, stem simple or sparingly branched, 1—2 feet high. +Leaves hairy, the basal ovate or orbicular, obtuse or acute, deeply +cordate at the base, dentate, 1—3 inches long with slender sometimes +margined petioles; stem leaves in 1—3 pairs, ovate or oblong, sessile +or short-petioled, much smaller. Heads 1—8, 2—3 inches broad, bracts +of the involucre, acute or acuminate, ½—¾ of an inch long; rays 12—16, +deep yellow, an inch or more long, toothed at the apex; pappus white. + +In woods and thickets at the lower altitudes throughout the Rockies; +flowering in June. + +[Sidenote: =Arnica gracilis= Rydb. _Slender Arnica._] + +Smooth, slender and branched, 6—12 inches high. Leaves with short +glandular hairs on both surfaces or smooth, the basal broadly ovate, +petioled, dentate, 3-ribbed; stem-leaves about 2 pairs, similar, the +upper sessile. Heads several on slender glandular peduncles, disc ½ an +inch or less high; involucral bracts, 12—15, lanceolate, acuminate, +glandular-hairy as are also the seeds; pappus white; rays about ¾ of an +inch long, narrow, bright yellow with a single notch at the apex. + +On alpine slopes throughout the Rockies; flowering in July, not common. + +[Illustration: _a_ Arnica cordifolia Hook. Heart-Leaved Arnica. + +_b_ Arnica louiseana Farr. Pale-Flowered Arnica. (⅗ Nat.)] + +[Sidenote: =Arnica latifolia= Bong. _Broad-leaved Arnica._] + +Minutely hairy or nearly smooth, simple or branched. Leaves thin, +nearly smooth, or with long scattered hairs; the lower cordate; stem +leaves in 2—3 pairs, equal, ovate or oval, sharply dentate, closely +sessile by the broad base, or the lowest with contracted bases. Heads +¾ of an inch high on long, slender, hairy peduncles; involucral bracts +½ an inch or more long; oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, with scattered +hairs, rays yellow, ¾ of an inch long, with 2 notches at the apex; +achenes nearly smooth; pappus white. + +Throughout the region in woods and open ground usually at an elevation +of 5000 to 7000 feet; flowering during July. + +[Sidenote: =Arnica Chamissonis= Less. _Chamisso’s Arnica._] + +From lightly hairy to densely so or nearly smooth, 1—2 feet high. +Leaves rather thin, hairy, oblong to oblong-lanceolate, dentate or +denticulate, acute or obtuse, lowest tapering into a margined petiole, +upper broad at the base and somewhat clasping. Heads ½ an inch or more +high, single or several on hairy peduncles; involucral bracts ⅓ of an +inch or more long, oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, glandular-hairy; rays +bright yellow, ½ an inch or more long with a single notch at the apex, +rather broad; achenes with a few scattered hairs; pappus tawny. + +On the borders of streams and wet places at the lower altitudes +throughout the region; flowering in July. + +[Sidenote: =Arnica louiseana= Farr. _Pale-flowered Arnica._] + +Slender, hairy, 3—8 inches high. Leaves in about 3 pairs, the two +lowest at the base of the stem, 1½—2 inches long, elliptical or +obovate, entire or denticulate, glandular-hairy on both surfaces, as +are the margins. Heads of flowers, 1—3, nearly half an inch broad, +on long, slender, nodding, hairy peduncles; rays 8—10, light yellow, +about ½ an inch long; involucre ⅓ of an inch high, campanulate, densely +glandular-hairy at the base, brownish-purple, the bracts lanceolate, +acute, with scattered white hairs; pappus white. + +Among loose stones at the base of Mt. Fairview at Lake Louise; +flowering in July. + +[Sidenote: =Arnica fulgens= Pursh. _Alpine Arnica._] + +Glandular-hairy throughout, 8—12 inches high. Leaves oblong lanceolate +to lanceolate, acute, the lower denticulate and petioled, the upper +sessile and entire. Heads of flowers several on long, slender, +glandular-hairy peduncles; involucres campanulate, ½ an inch high, +bracts lanceolate acute, glandular and with long white hairs; rays +bright yellow ¾—1 inch long, ¼ of an inch wide, twice notched at the +apex; achenes hairy; pappus white. + +On stony alpine slopes at the higher altitudes throughout the Rockies; +flowering in July. + +[Sidenote: =Arnica eradiata= (A. Gray.) Heller. _Rayless Arnica._] + +Densely soft-hairy throughout; simple or branched, 12—18 inches high. +Leaves oblong, ovate-lanceolate or the upper ones lanceolate, obtuse or +acute, entire or sharply denticulate, 1—3 inches long. Heads of flowers +on short, hairy peduncles, without rays; involucre ½ an inch high, +bracts lanceolate, acute; achenes black, smooth or nearly so; pappus +tawny. + +On grassy alpine slopes through the Rockies at the higher elevations; +flowering in July. + +[Sidenote: =Senecio pseudaureus= Rydb. _Western Golden Ragwort._] + +Smooth from a creeping rootstock, 1—2 feet high. Leaves smooth, +basal broadly ovate, somewhat cordate, serrate, 1½—3 inches long, +long-petioled; stem leaves more or less laciniate at the base, the +upper sessile. Heads of flowers ⅓ of an inch high in a flat-topped +corymb, rays bright orange-yellow, ⅓ of an inch long. + +In moist ground and borders of woods and slopes throughout the Rockies +at the lower altitudes; flowering during June and early July. + +[Sidenote: =Senecio discoideus= (Hook.) Britton. _Northern Squaw-root._] + +Smooth except for the small tufts of wool in the axils of the lower +leaves; stem rather stout, 1—2 feet tall. Basal leaves oval or ovate, +thin, sharply dentate, abruptly narrowed into petioles longer than the +blade; stem leaves few, small, more or less irregularly cut. Heads few +or numerous, corymbose; bracts of the involucre narrowly linear, nearly +½ an inch high; rays very short or wanting; achenes smooth. + +Frequent throughout the Rockies on river shores and borders of woods +and thickets; flowering in July. + +[Sidenote: =Senecio flavovirens= Rydb. _Western Balsam Groundsel._] + +Light or yellowish-green, slender, woolly in tufts at the base of +the leaves or smooth in age; stem 12—18 inches high, striate, pale. +Leaves 1—3 inches long, at the base obovate or broadly oval, generally +tapering into the petiole but sometimes truncate at the base, obtuse, +crenate or sinuate, light green; lower stem-leaves lanceolate in +outline and petioled, the upper lanceolate or linear and sessile, +deeply pinnatifid with narrow oblong or linear segments, cymes +contracted, corymbose. Heads ¼ of an inch or more high; bracts linear, +acute, yellowish-green and occasionally with brownish tips; rays pale +yellow, ½ an inch long, 4-nerved or often lacking. + +In the lower valleys of the Rockies, on the borders of woods, thickets, +and marshes; flowering in July. + +[Sidenote: =Senecio canus= Hook. _Silvery Groundsel._] + +Permanently silvery-hairy with felted hairs; stems several, 6—12 inches +high from a woody base. Leaves sometimes all undivided, the radicle +and lower from spatulate to oblong or roundish-oval, ½—1½ inches long, +slender-petioled, sometimes laciniate-toothed, or pinnatifid. Heads of +flowers few and terminal, ⅓ to nearly half an inch high; rays yellow, +nearly ½ an inch long. + +In stony dry ground and slopes throughout the Rockies at the lower +altitudes; flowering in June. + +[Sidenote: =Senecio lugens= Richards. _Black-tipped Groundsel._] + +More or less woolly when young, soon smooth; stem stout, 1—3 feet high. +Basal and lower leaves oblong or oval, obtuse or acute, denticulate +or dentate, 2—5 inches long, ½—1½ inches wide, narrowed into margined +petioles; upper leaves few, sessile, small and bract-like. Heads of +flowers several or numerous, corymbose, often short-peduncled, ½ to +nearly an inch broad; involucre campanulate, ¼—⅓ of an inch high, its +bracts lanceolate to oblong-lanceolate, acute, green with conspicuous +black tips; rays 10—12, bright yellow, ½ an inch long. + +In moist soil at the lower altitudes throughout the Rockies; flowering +in June. + +[Sidenote: =Senecio triangularis= Hook. _Giant Ragwort._] + +Rather stout, simple, 2—5 feet high. Leaves thin, all more or +less petioled and dentate, deltoid-lanceolate or the lower +triangular-hastate or deltoid-cordate, the uppermost lanceolate, with +cuneate base. Heads of flowers about ½ an inch high, numerous in a +flat open cyme; involucre campanulate; rays 8—12, bright yellow, +oblong-linear, ¼—⅓ of an inch long. + +In wet ground and along the borders of streams and wet slopes at 5000 +to 6000 feet elevation throughout the Rockies; at much lower altitudes +in the Selkirks where it is a very abundant plant; flowering in June +and early July. + +[Sidenote: =Petasites palmata= (Ait.) A. Gray. _Palmate-leaved +Coltsfoot._] + +Scape slender and scaly, 6—24 inches high. Leaves nearly orbicular +in outline, 3—12 inches broad, deeply 7—11-cleft to much beyond the +middle, green and smooth above, densely white-woolly beneath, at +least when young; the lobes oblong to obovate-acute, often somewhat +wedge-shaped, sharply dentate or cut. Heads mostly diœcious, numerous, +corymbose, ⅓—½ an inch broad; flowers usually white, fragrant, the +marginal ones of the pistillate heads with narrow pinkish or white rays +about ¼ of an inch long; cottony in fruit. + +In wet places and along streams at the lower altitudes throughout the +Rockies; flowering in May and early June before the leaves appear. + +[Sidenote: =Petasites sagittata= (Pursh.) A. Gray. _Arrow-leaved +Coltsfoot._] + +Scape slender and scaly, 6—12 inches high. Leaves deltoid-ovate or +reniform-ovate, persistently white-tomentose beneath; smooth or nearly +so above, 4—10 inches long, thin, margins sinuate-dentate, not cleft or +lobed. Heads diœcious, loosely corymbose, involucre campanulate, ⅓ of +an inch high; flowers nearly white, the marginal ones of the pistillate +heads with white rays. + +In similar situations to the preceding; in wet places and along streams +at the lower altitudes throughout the Rockies; readily distinguished by +the shape of its leaves; flowering in May and early June. + +[Sidenote: =Petasites frigida= (L.) Fries. _Arctic Coltsfoot._] + +Scape very, scaly, 3—10 inches high. Leaves thin, hastate-reniform to +triangular-ovate, 1—4 inches long, irregularly and angulately lobed and +incised, smooth and green above, persistently white-woolly beneath, +the lobes entire or few-toothed. Heads usually few, ½ an inch or more +high in a capitate corymb; involucre short, campanulate; flowers nearly +white and fragrant, the marginal ones of the pistillate heads with +white or pinkish rays ¼ of an inch or more long. + +In shaded wet places and along alpine brooks at the high altitudes +throughout the region; flowering during June and July with the +expanding leaves. + +[Sidenote: =Achillea lanulosa= Nutt. _Yarrow._] + +Woolly throughout; stems simple, 6 inches to 2 feet high. Leaves +narrowly oblong in outline, bi-pinnately dissected into numerous small +linear divisions. Heads numerous, crowded into a rather contracted +cyme; involucre oblong, nearly ¼ of an inch high; bracts lanceolate, +green with brown translucent borders; rays 4—5, white, broadly obovate, +notched and spreading, about the length of the involucre. + +Open ground, slopes and meadows throughout the region; flowering during +July. + +[Sidenote: =Chrysanthemum leucanthemum= L. _Ox-eye Daisy. White Daisy._] + +Smooth, simple, 1—3 feet high, often tufted, the branches nearly +erect. Leaves smooth, the basal oblong or spatulate, coarsely dentate +or incised, narrowed into long, slender petioles; stem-leaves mostly +sessile or partly clasping, 1—3 inches long, linear, pinnately-incised +or toothed, the uppermost small, nearly entire. Heads few or solitary, +1—2 inches broad on long naked peduncles, rays 20—30, white and +spreading; disc flat, bright yellow, bracts of the involucre lanceolate +or obtuse, smooth with translucent margins. + +In open ground throughout the region; flowering during July. + +[Sidenote: =Artemisia frigida= Willd _Pasture Wormwood._] + +Simple or branching, silky-hairy and silvery throughout; stems numerous +and spreading, about a foot high. Leaves mainly twice ternately divided +into linear crowded lobes. Heads globular, about ⅛ of an inch in +diameter, numerous, in more or less racemose heads; involucre pale, +greenish-yellow, woolly; bracts narrow and herbaceous. + +In open dry ground and on banks throughout the Rockies at the lower +altitudes; flowering in July. + +[Sidenote: =Artemisia discolor= Dougl. _Green Wormwood._] + +Stems slender, 9—12 inches high, spreading from a woody base. Leaves +pinnately parted into narrow, linear or lanceolate, entire or spreading +cut divisions and lobes, white beneath with cottony hairs, green and +nearly smooth above. Heads ⅛ of an inch high, numerous in a wand-like +panicle; involucre hemispherical-campanulate, greenish and smooth or +nearly so, 20—30 flowered. + +On Rocky slopes throughout the region; flowering in June or July. + +[Sidenote: =Antennaria lanata= (Hook.) Greene. _Alpine Everlasting._] + +Densely white-woolly; stem simple, 2—6 inches high. Lower leaves +spatulate-lanceolate, 1—1½ inches long, the upper linear with +conspicuous papery tips. Heads several in a close cluster at the end +of the stem, ½ an inch high; involucre nearly ¼ of an inch high, +conspicuously woolly at the base, the inner bracts with conspicuous +white tips, the outer straw-colour or greenish. + +An alpine plant in meadows and on slopes from 7000 feet up; flowering +during July. + +[Sidenote: =Antennaria pulcherrima= (Hook.) Greene. _Tall Alpine +Everlasting._] + +White-woolly throughout, stem simple, 6—18 inches high. Leaves +spatulate to lanceolate or linear, 1—4 inches long, acute, nerved. +Heads numerous in a close capitate cluster, ½—1 inch high, outer +bracts of the involucre straw-colour or greenish, rounded and often +notched at the apex; inner ones nearly white. + +In moist open ground in the Rockies at the lower elevations; flowering +in July. + +[Sidenote: =Antennaria racemose= Hook. _White Everlasting._] + +Lightly woolly, becoming smooth, stems 6—20 inches high, slender, +sparsely leafy. Leaves thin, the radicle broadly oval, an inch or two +long, obscurely 3-nerved at the base, rather veiny, the lower stem +leaves oblong, the upper smaller and lanceolate. Heads of flowers +about ¼ of an inch high, all on slender peduncles in a loose raceme, +involucral bracts, thin and translucent, greenish-yellow or brownish. + +On shaded slopes throughout the Rockies, at the higher altitudes; +flowering in June. + +[Sidenote: =Antennaria Howellii= Greene. _Howell’s Everlasting._] + +More or less woolly; stem 6—10 inches high. Leaves rather thin, the +lower spatulate, acute, 1—2 inches long, green above, woolly beneath; +stem leaves lanceolate, clasping, 1 inch long, becoming smaller toward +the summit. Heads in a compact capitate cluster, ½ an inch or more in +diameter, woolly at the base; involucral bracts very narrow, acute, +thin, and translucent, straw-colour, the outer ones densely woolly and +occasionally rosy. + +In dry ground and on slopes, frequent in the Rockies at the lower +altitudes. + +[Sidenote: =Antennaria parvifolia= Nutt. _Mountain Everlasting._] + +Plant silvery throughout, freely spreading; stems prostrate and leafy, +forming mats of considerable extent; flowering stems 2—8 inches high. +Leaves from obovate to spatulate, ½ an inch or less long, persistently +white-woolly. Heads in compact terminal clusters about ⅓ of an inch +broad; involucral bracts, lanceolate, obtuse, thin and translucent, +yellowish. + +In dry sterile ground at the lower altitudes throughout the Rockies; +flowering in June, frequently growing with the next species which it +closely resembles in manner of growth. + +[Sidenote: =Antennaria rosea= (D. C. Eaton) Greene. _Pink Everlasting._] + +Silvery throughout, stems prostrate and leafy, forming broad mats; +flowering stems 6—15 inches high. Leaves very thin in texture, densely +hairy, lanceolate to linear, ½—1½ inches long, acute. Heads small, +closely compacted into a rounded terminal cluster, ½ an inch or more in +diameter; involucral bracts in 2 series, lanceolate, the outer greenish +and woolly, the inner from pink to bright rose-colour. + +In dry sterile or moist open ground throughout the Rockies up to an +elevation of 6,000 feet; flowering in June and July. + +[Sidenote: =Anaphalis subalpina= (A. Gray) Rydb. _Pearly Everlasting._] + +A foot or two high in tufts, very leafy, the white tufts of woolly +hairs rarely becoming tawny. Leaves 2—5 inches long, broadly +lanceolate, green above, white-woolly beneath. Heads numerous, ¼ of +an inch high in a contracted corymb; involucral bracts numerous, +ovate-lanceolate, pearly white, spreading in age. + +Abundant throughout the region in dry or moist ground and on slopes up +to an altitude of 7000 feet; flowering in June and July. + +[Sidenote: =Carduus Kelseyi= Rydb. _White Thistle._] + +Stems 18 inches to 4 feet tall, striate, more or less cobwebby-woolly. +Leaves linear, sinuately toothed and fringed, with rather weak +spines, green above, cottony beneath. Heads several in a leafy spike, +1—1½ inches high, subtended by linear, cut and bristly-fringed and +cobwebby-hairy leaves; bracts rather unequal, lanceolate, a few of the +outermost with weak spines, the rest unarmed but with a long slender +tip; corolla cream-colour. + +Open ground and on slopes at the lower altitudes throughout the +Rockies; flowering in July. + +[Sidenote: =Carduus undulatus= Nutt. _Wavy-leaved Thistle._] + +Persistently white-tomentose, 1—3 feet high, branching. Leaves rarely +pinnately parted, moderately prickly. Heads of flowers about 1½ inches +high, usually solitary at the ends of the branches; principal bracts +of the involucre mostly thickened on the back by the broader glandular +sticky ridge, comparatively small and narrow, tipped with a short +spreading prickle; corollas rose-colour or pale purple. + +In open grounds throughout the Rockies at the lower altitudes; +flowering during July and August. + +[Sidenote: =Saussurea densa= Hook. _Saussurea._] + +Nearly smooth, with a decumbent base; 3—12 inches high. Leaves thin, +oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, sinuate-dentate, or entire. Heads of +flowers several in a compact terminal corymb, involucre campanulate, +½ an inch high; bracts lanceolate, acuminate, nearly equal; corolla +purple or violet-blue. + +On stony slopes or on the moraines at the higher altitudes throughout +the Rockies, not common, but frequent in the region around Lake Louise; +flowering during July. + + + + +INDEX + + + A + Abies, 24 + lasiocarpa, 27 + Aceraceæ, 185 + Acer glabrum, 185 + Achillea, 285 + lanulosa, 314 + Actæa, 91 + arguta, 108 + eburnea, 109 + Adder’s-Tongue Family, 1 + Adiantum, 3 + pedatum, 6 + Agoseris, 276 + aurantiaca, 277 + glauca, 276 + graciliens, 277 + Large-flowered, 276 + Orange-flowered, 277 + Slender, 277 + Alder, Slender-leaved, 72 + Alexanders, Heart-leaved, 203 + Allium, 42 + recurvatum, 42 + sibericum, 43 + Alnus tenuifolia, 72 + Alsine, 82 + borealis, 86 + læta, 86 + longipes, 85 + Alum-root, + Smooth, 134 + Round-leaved, 135 + Amelanchier alnifolia, 166 + Anaphalis, 285 + subalpina, 320 + Androsace, 226 + carinata, 228 + diffusa, 229 + septentrionalis, 229 + Alpine, 229 + Spreading, 229 + Sweet-flowered, 228 + Anemone, 91 + Drummondii, 93 + globosa, 93 + parviflora, 92 + Alpine, 93 + Northern, 92 + Western, 95 + Antennaria, 285 + Howellii, 318 + lanata, 317 + parvifolia, 319 + pulcherrima, 317 + racemosa, 318 + rosea, 320 + Antiphylla, 130 + oppositifolia, 146 + APIACEÆ, 201 + APOCYNACEÆ, 237 + Apocynum, androsæmifolium, 237 + Apple Family, 165 + Aquilegia, 91 + brevistyla, 105 + flavescens, 106 + formosa, 106 + Arabis, 112 + Drummondii, 120 + hirsuta, 119 + Holboldii, 119 + Lyallii, 120 + ARACEÆ, 35 + Aragallus, 168 + deflexus, 176 + inflatus, 176 + Lamberti, 174 + monticola, 173 + splendens, 175 + viscidulus, 175 + ARALIACEÆ, 199 + Aralia nudicaulis, 199 + Arctostaphylos, 212 + uva-ursi, 214 + Arenaria, 82 + capillaris nardifolia, 88 + sajanensis, 89 + verna equicaulis, 89 + Argentina, 151 + anserina, 159 + Arnica, 285 + Chamissonis, 306 + cordifolia, 304 + eradiata, 308 + fulgens, 307 + gracilis, 304 + latifolia, 305 + louiseana, 306 + Alpine, 307 + Broad-leaved, 305 + Chamisso’s, 306 + Heart-leaved, 304 + Pale-flowered, 306 + Rayless, 308 + Slender, 304 + Artemisia, 285 + discolor, 316 + frigida, 316 + Arum Family, 35 + Aruncus, 150 + Aruncus, 153 + Aspen, American, 69 + Asphodel, + False, 40 + Scottish, 40 + Western False, 41 + Asplenium, 4 + Filix-fœmina, 9 + viride, 9 + Aster, 285 + ciliomarginatus, 298 + conspicuus, 296 + frondeus, 299 + Lindleyanus, 298 + major, 297 + Richardsonii, 296 + Engelmann’s, 300 + Great Northern, 297 + Hispid Golden, 286 + Large Purple, 296 + Leafy-bracted, 299 + Lindley’s, 298 + Richardson’s, 296 + Astragalus, 168 + adsurgens, 169 + alpinus, 170 + convallarius, 171 + hypoglottis, 169 + Macouni, 171 + Atragene, 90 + columbiana, 91 + Avens, + Drummond’s Mountain, 164 + Large-leaved, 162 + Purple-plumed, 163 + White Mountain, 163 + Yellow, 162 + Azaleastrum, 212 + albiflorum, 218 + + B + Baneberry, + Western Red, 108 + Western White, 109 + Barberry Family, 109 + Batrachium, 91 + trichophyllum, 97 + Bear-berry, 214 + Alpine, 214 + Beard-tongue, + Blue, 251 + Large Purple, 249 + Yellow, 250 + Bed-straw, Northern, 263 + Bellflower Family, 273 + BERBERIDACEÆ, 109 + Berberis aquifolium, 110 + Betony, Wood, 261 + Betula, + glandulosa, 71 + occidentalis, 71 + papyrifera, 70 + BETULACEÆ, 70 + Bilberry, + Alpine, 222 + Dwarf, 221 + Thin-leaved, 223 + Birch, + Canoe, 70 + Family, 70 + Paper, 70 + Scrub, 71 + Western Red, 71 + Bishop’s-Cap, Naked, 132 + Bistort, Alpine, 78 + Black-eyed Susan, 201 + Bladder-pod, Double, 117 + Bladderwort Family, 262 + Bluebell, 274 + Blueberry, 222 + Blue-eyed Grass, 53 + Borage Family, 240 + BORAGINACEÆ, 240 + Botrychium, + lunaria, 1 + simplex, 2 + virginianium, 2 + Bracken, 6 + Brake, + American Rock, 7 + Slender Cliff, 8 + BRASSICACEÆ, 111 + Braya, 112 + humilis, 123 + Brooklime, American, 252 + Buckbean, 236 + Family, 236 + Buckwheat Family, 75 + Buffalo-berry, Canadian, 192 + Bunch-berry, 205 + Bunch-flower Family, 36 + Buttercup, + Low, 102 + Meadow, 103 + Northern, 99 + Pursh’s, 98 + Snow, 100 + Butterwort, 262 + + C + Caltha, 91 + leptosepala, 104 + Calypso, 57 + Campanula, + rotundifolia, 274 + uniflora, 273 + CAMPANULACEÆ, 273 + Campion, Moss, 82 + Capnodes aurea, 111 + CAPRIFOLIACEÆ, 264 + Cardamine, 112 + pennsylvanica, 118 + CARDUACEÆ, 283 + Carduus, 285 + Kelseyi, 321 + undulatus, 321 + CAROPHYLLACEÆ, 81 + Cassiope, 212 + Mertensiana, 215 + Castilleja, 248 + lanceifolia, 258 + miniata, 258 + pallida, 257 + purpurascens, 256 + Catchfly, Lyall’s, 83 + Cedar, + Giant, 33 + Shrubby Red, 33 + CELASTRACEÆ, 184 + Celery Family, 201 + Cerastium, 82 + arvense strictum, 84 + behringianum, 85 + Chamænerion, 193 + angustifolium, 194 + latifolium, 194 + Cheilanthes, 4 + Féei, 8 + Cherry, Western Wild, 167 + Chickweed, + Alpine, 85 + Field, 84 + Chicory Family, 275 + Chimaphila, 207 + umbellata, 211 + Chiogenes, 221 + hispidula, 224 + Christmas-green, Trailing, 20 + Chrysanthemum, 285 + leucanthemum, 315 + Chrysopsis hispida, 286 + Chrysosplenum, 129 + tetrandum, 130 + CICHORIACEÆ, 275 + Cinquefoil, + Alpine, 161 + Cut-leaved, 160 + Marsh, 159 + Shrubby, 157 + Snowy, 160 + Circæa, 193 + alpina, 197 + pacifica, 198 + Claytonia, + lanceolata, 80 + parviflora, 81 + Clintonia, 46 + uniflora, 46 + Club-moss, + Alpine, 21 + Arctic, 20 + Family, 18 + Fir, 18 + Stiff, 19 + Cœloglossum, 55 + bracteatum, 63 + Collinsia, 248 + parviflora, 249 + Small, 249 + Coltsfoot, + Arctic, 314 + Arrow-leaved, 213 + Palmate-leaved, 312 + Columbine, + Small Blue, 105 + Western, 106 + Yellow, 106 + Comandra, + livida, 74 + pallida, 74 + Northern, 74 + Pale, 74 + Comarum, 151 + palustre, 159 + CONVALLARIACEÆ, 45 + Coral-root, + Early, 56 + Large, 57 + Corallorhiza, 54 + Corallorhiza, 56 + multiflora, 57 + CORNACEÆ, 205 + Cornus, + canadensis intermedia, 205 + stolonifera, 206 + Corydalis, Golden, 111 + Cranberry, + Mountain, 224 + Small, 225 + Tree, Few-flowered, 266 + CRASSULACEÆ, 125 + Crepis, 276 + elegans, 281 + nana, 280 + Cress, + Drummond’s Rock, 120 + Hairy Rock, 119 + Lyall’s Rock, 120 + Northern Rock, 123 + Pennsylvania Bitter, 118 + Penny, 117 + Stony Rock, 119 + Water, 124 + Crowberry, + Black, 183 + Family, 183 + Crowfoot, + Creeping, 103 + Ditch, 99 + Family, 90 + White Water, 97 + Cryptogramma, 4 + acrostichoides, 7 + Stelleri, 8 + Currant, Howell’s, 149 + Cypripedium, 54 + parviflorum, 55 + passerinum, 55 + Cytherea, 54 + bulbosa, 57 + + D + Daisy, + Ox-eye, 315 + White, 315 + Yellow, 301 + Dandelion, 278 + Mountain, 278 + Dasyphora, 151 + fruticosa, 157 + Delphinium, 91 + Brownii, 107 + Menziesii, 108 + Devil’s Club, 200 + Disporum, 46, 51 + Large-flowered, 52 + majus, 52 + oreganum, 51 + Dock, + Pale-leaved, 77 + Sour, 77 + Dodecatheon, 226 + conjugens, 231 + pauciflorum, 230 + Dogbane, + Family, 137 + Spreading, 237 + Dogwood, + Family, 205 + Red-stemmed, 206 + Draba, 112 + andina, 114 + aurea, 115 + glacialis, 112 + incana, 116 + lonchocarpa, 115 + nivalis, 114 + oligosperma, 113 + DRUPACEÆ, 167 + Dryas, 151 + Drummondii, 164 + octopetala, 163 + Dryopteris, 4 + Filix-mas, 11 + oreopteris, 12 + spinulosa dilatata, 11 + + E + Echinopanax horridum, 200 + ELÆAGNACEÆ, 191 + Elæagnus, 191 + argentea, 191 + Elder, + Black-berried, 265 + Red-berried, 264 + Elephantella, 248 + grœnlandica, 260 + Long-beaked, 260 + EMPETRACEÆ, 183 + Empetrum nigrum, 183 + Epilobium, 193 + alpinum, 196 + anagallidifolium, 196 + Hornemanni, 197 + luteum, 195 + EQUISETACEÆ, 14 + Equisetum, + arvense, 15 + fluviatile, 16 + hyemale, 16 + scirpoides, 17 + sylvaticum, 15 + variegatum, 17 + Variegated, 17 + ERICACEÆ, 211 + Erigeron, 284 + acris, 294 + asper, 290 + aureus, 292 + cæspitosus, 291 + drobrachiensis, 294 + melanocephalus, 293 + multifidus, 291 + philadelphicus, 295 + salsuginosus, 289 + simplex, 289 + Eriogonum, 76 + ochroleucum, 79 + subalpinum, 78 + Tall White, 78 + Yellowish-White, 79 + Erysimum, 112 + inconspicuum, 121 + Erythronium, + grandiflorum, 44 + Eucephalus, 285 + Engelmanni, 300 + Everlasting, + Alpine, 317 + Howell’s, 318 + Mountain, 319 + Pearly, 320 + Pink, 320 + Tall Alpine, 317 + White, 318 + + F + Fern, + Beech, Long, 5 + Beech, Western, 4 + Brittle, 13 + Family, 3 + Grape, Virginia, 2 + Holly, 10 + Lady, 9 + Lip, Hairy, 8 + Maidenhair, 6 + Male, 11 + Oak, 5 + Shield, Spinulose, 11 + Figwort Family, 248 + Filix, 4 + fragilis, 13 + montana, 14 + Fir, + Balsam, 27 + Red, 28 + Sub-alpine, 27 + Fire-weed, 194 + Flax, + Family, 182 + Lewis’s Wild, 182 + Fleabane, + Arctic, 289 + Black-woolly, 293 + Blue, 294 + Daisy, 291 + Golden, 292 + Large Purple, 289 + Philadelphia, 295 + Rough, 290 + Tufted, 291 + Foam-Flower, 136 + Forget-me-not, 243 + False, 241, 242 + Fragaria, 151 + glauca, 158 + + G + Gaillardia, 285 + aristata, 303 + Great-flowered, 303 + Galium boreale, 263 + Garlic, 42 + Northern, 43 + Gaultheria, 212 + humifusa, 213 + ovatifolia, 213 + Gentian, + Dwarf, 233 + Family, 231 + Four-parted, 233 + Glaucous, 234 + Large, 234 + Northern, 232 + Spurred, 235 + Gentiana, 232 + acuta, 232 + affinis, 234 + glauca, 234 + propinqua, 233 + prostrata, 233 + GENTIANACEÆ, 231 + Geum, 151 + macrophyllum, 162 + strictum, 162 + Ginseng Family, 199 + Globe-flower, Western, 104 + Goat’s-Beard, 153 + Golden Rod, + Canada, 288 + Field, 287 + Missouri, 287 + Northern, 286 + Gooseberry, + Bristly, 148 + Family, 146 + Northern, 148 + Swamp, 147 + Grass, Blue-eyed, 53 + Grass-of-Parnassus, + Alpine, 128 + Family, 126 + Fringed, 126 + Marsh, 127 + Small-flowered, 127 + GROSSULARIACEÆ, 146 + Groundsel, + Black-tipped, 311 + Silvery, 310 + Western Balsam, 309 + + H + Halerpestes, 91 + Cymbalaria, 103 + Harebell, 274 + Arctic, 273 + Hawk’s-beard, + Alpine, 280 + Many-flowered, 281 + Hawk-weed, + Hairy, 282 + Narrow-leaved, 281 + Slender, 282 + White-flowered, 283 + Heal-all, 245 + Heath, + Family, 211 + White, 215 + Heather, + False Pink, 216 + False Red, 217 + False White, 216 + Hedysarum, 168 + americanum, 177 + Mackenzii, 178 + sulphurescens, 178 + Mackenzie’s, 178 + Purple, 177 + Yellow, 178 + Helianthus, 285 + Nuttallii, 302 + scaberrimus, 301 + Heliotrope, Wild, 272 + Hellebore, American White, 37 + Hemieva, 130 + ranunculifolia, 136 + Hemlock, + Mountain, 30 + Western, 29 + Heracleum, 201 + lanatum, 204 + Heuchera, 129 + glabra, 134 + ovalifolia, 135 + Hieracium, 276 + albiflorum, 283 + gracile, 282 + Scouleri, 282 + umbellatum, 281 + Homalobus, 168 + aboriginorum, 173 + Honeybloom, 237 + Honeysuckle, + Douglas, 268 + Family, 264 + Fly, 269 + Involucred, 270 + Horsetail, + Family, 14 + Field, 15 + Swamp, 16 + Wood, 15 + Huckleberry Family, 221 + HYDROPHYLLACEÆ, 238 + HYPERICACEÆ, 168 + Hypericum Scouleri, 186 + + I + Ibidium, 55 + romanzoffianum, 67 + IRIDACEÆ, 52 + Iris Family, 52 + + J + June-berry, North-western, 166 + Juniper, Alpine, 32 + Juniperus, 24 + prostrata, 33 + siberica, 32 + + K + Kalmia, 212 + microphylla, 218 + Kruhsea, 46, 50 + streptopoides, 50 + + L + Labrador Tea, 220 + Lactuca, 276 + pulchella, 280 + Lady’s Slipper, + Small White, 55 + Small Yellow, 55 + Lady’s Tresses, 67 + Lappula, 241 + diffusa, 242 + floribunda, 241 + lappula, 242 + Larch, Lyall’s, 26 + Larix, 24 + Lyallii, 26 + Larkspur, + Blue, 108 + Western, 107 + Lathyrus, 169 + ochroleucus, 181 + palustris, 181 + Laurel, Small-leaved Swamp, 218 + Ledum, 212 + grœnlandicum, 220 + LENTIBULARIACEÆ, 262 + Lepargyræa, 191 + canadensis, 192 + Leptarrhena, 130 + pyrolifolia, 143 + Leptasea, 130 + austromontana, 145 + Van-Bruntiæ, 144 + Leptotænia, 201 + multifida, 202 + Lettuce, Large-flowered Blue, 280 + Ligusticum, 201 + apiifolium, 203 + LILIACEÆ, 41 + Lily Family, 41 + Mountain, 43 + Snow, 44 + Lily-of-the-Valley Family, 45 + Lilium, 42 + montanum, 43 + Limnorchis, 55 + borealis, 66 + dilatatiformis, 64 + fragrans, 66 + viridiflora, 65 + LINACEÆ, 182 + Linnæa, 264 + americana, 266 + Linum Lewisii, 182 + Lithophragma, 129 + parviflora, 131 + Lithospermum, 241 + linearifolium, 243 + Lobelia, + Brook, 275 + Kalmii strictiflora, 275 + Loco Weed, 174 + Lomatium, 201 + macrocarpum, 201 + triternatum, 202 + Lonicera, 264 + ebractulata, 269 + glaucescens, 268 + involucrata, 270 + Lousewort, White, 260 + Lutkea, 150 + pectinata, 151 + Cut-leaved, 151 + Lychnis, + apetala, 84 + Nodding, 84 + LYCOPODIACEÆ, 18 + Lycopodium, + alpinum, 21 + annotinum, 19 + clavatum, 19 + complanatum, 20 + Selago, 18 + sitchensis, 20 + Lysichiton kamtschatcense, 36 + Lysiella, 54 + obtusata, 59 + + M + Madder Family, 263 + Mahonia, Trailing, 110 + Mairania, 212 + alpina, 214 + Maple, + Family, 185 + Smooth, 185 + Marigold, White Marsh, 104 + Meadow Rue, + Veiny, 96 + Western, 96 + MELANTHACEÆ, 36 + Mentha, 245 + canadensis, 247 + MENTHACEÆ, 244 + MENYANTHACEÆ, 236 + Menyanthes trifoliata, 236 + Menziesia, 212 + ferruginea, 219 + Smooth, 219 + Micranthes, 130 + Lyallii, 141 + Nelsoniana, 142 + rhomboidea, 140 + Mimulus, 248 + cæspitosus, 255 + Lewisii, 254 + moschatus, 255 + Mint, + American Wild, 247 + Family, 244 + Mistletoe, + Dwarf, 73 + Mitella, 129 + nuda, 132 + Mitrewort, 133, 134 + Mœhringia, 82 + lateriflora, 87 + Moneses, 207 + uniflora, 210 + Monkey-Flower, + Red, 254 + Yellow, 255 + Moon-wort, 1 + Small, 2 + Mountain-ash, Western, 166 + Mountain Lover, 184 + Muscaria, 130 + adscendens, 138 + cæspitosa, 139 + Musk Plant, 255 + Mustard, + Family, 111 + Hedge, 122 + Tansey, 123 + Treacle, 121 + Myosotis, 241 + alpestris, 243 + + N + Nightshade, + Smaller Enchanter’s, 197 + Western Enchanter’s, 198 + + O + Oleaster Family, 191 + ONAGRACEÆ, 193 + Onion, 42 + OPHIOGLOSSACEÆ, 1 + Ophrys, 54 + borealis, 61 + convallarioides, 60 + nephrophylla, 60 + ORCHIDACEÆ, 53 + Orchid, + Family 53 + Fragrant Bog, 66 + Long-bracted, 63 + Purplish-green Bog, 64 + Round-leaved, 58 + Small Green Bog, 65 + Small Northern Bog, 59 + Small White Bog, 66 + Orchis, 54 + rotundifolia, 58 + Orthocarpus, 248 + luteus, 259 + Yellow, 259 + Oxycoccus, 221 + Oxycoccus, 225 + Oxyria, 76 + digyna, 76 + Oxytrope, + Drooping-fruited, 176 + Inflated, 177 + Mountain, 173 + Showy, 175 + Sticky, 175 + + P + Pachystima myrsinites, 184 + Paint-brush, White Indian, 257 + Painted Cup, + Bright, 258 + Scarlet, 258 + Painter’s Brush, 256 + PAPAVERACEÆ, 110 + PAPILIONACEÆ, 168 + Parnassia, + fimbriata, 126 + Kotzebuei, 128 + montanensis, 127 + parviflora, 127 + PARNASSIACEÆ, 126 + Parsley, + Cut-leaved, 202 + Large-seeded, 201 + Narrow-leaved, 202 + Wild, 203 + Parsnip, Cow, 204 + Pasque-Flower, 94 + Pea Family, 168 + Pearl-wort, Arctic, 87 + Pectiantia, 129 + Breweri, 134 + pentandra, 133 + Pedicularis, 248 + bracteosa, 261 + racemosa, 260 + Pentstemon, 248 + confertus, 250 + fruticosus, 249 + procerus, 251 + pseudohumilis, 251 + Peramium, 54 + Menziesii, 62 + repens, 63 + Petasites, 285 + frigida, 314 + palmata, 312 + sagittata, 313 + Phaca, 168 + americana, 172 + Phacelia, 238 + heterophylla, 239 + sericea, 239 + Mountain, 239 + Phegopteris, 3 + alpestris, 4 + Dryopteris, 5 + Phegopteris, 5 + Phyllodoce, 212 + empetriformis, 217 + glanduliflora, 216 + intermedia, 216 + Physaria, 112 + didymocarpa, 117 + Picea, 24 + albertiana, 31 + Engelmanni, 31 + PINACEÆ, 23 + Pine, + Black, 25 + Family, 23 + Jack, 25 + Prince’s, 211 + Running, 19 + White-bark, 24 + Pinguicula vulgaris, 262 + Pink Family, 81 + Pinus, 24 + albicaulis, 24 + Murrayana, 25 + Pipsissawa, 211 + Plantain, + Rattlesnake, 62 + Northern Rattlesnake, 63 + Plum Family, 167 + POLYGONACEÆ, 75 + Polygonum, 76 + viviparum, 78 + POLYPODIACEÆ, 3 + Polystichum, 4 + Lonchitis, 10 + POMACEÆ, 165 + Poplar, Balsam, 68 + Poppy Family, 110 + Populus + balsamifera, 68 + tremuloides, 69 + PORTULACACEÆ, 80 + Potentilla, 151 + dissecta, 160 + multisecta, 161 + nivea, 160 + uniflora, 161 + Primrose + Bird’s-eye, 226 + Evening, Family, 193 + Family, 226 + Maccalla’s 227 + Primula, 226 + americana, 226 + Maccalliana, 227 + PRIMULACEÆ, 226 + Prince’s Pine, 211 + Prunella, 244 + vulgaris, 245 + Prunus demissa, 167 + Pseudotsuga, 24 + mucronata, 28 + Pteridium, 3 + aquilinum pubescens, 6 + Puccoon, Narrow-leaved, 243 + Pulsatilla, 91 + hirsutissima, 94 + occidentalis, 95 + Purslane Family, 80 + Pyrola, 207 + asarifolia, 208 + chlorantha, 207 + minor, 209 + secunda, 209 + uliginosa, 208 + PYROLACEÆ, 207 + + R + Ragwort + Giant, 311 + Western Golden, 308 + RANUNCULACEÆ, 90 + Ranunculus, 91 + alpeophilus, 100 + eremogenes, 99 + Eschscholtzii, 100 + eximeus, 102 + inamœnus, 101 + montanensis, 103 + pedatifidus, 99 + Purshii, 98 + reptans, 98 + saxicola, 101 + Suksdorfii, 102 + Raspberry + Arctic, 154 + Creeping, 153 + Dwarf, 155 + Wild Red, 156 + Rattlesnake Plantain, 62 + Northern, 63 + Razoumofskya americana, 73 + Rhododendron, White Mountain, 218 + Ribes + Howellii, 149 + lacustre, 147 + oxyacanthoides, 148 + setosum, 148 + Romanzoffia, 238 + sitchensis, 240 + Roripa, 112 + nasturtium, 124 + Rosa, 150 + Macounii, 165 + ROSACEÆ, 150 + Rose + Family, 150 + Macoun’s, 165 + RUBIACEÆ, 263 + Rubus, 150 + americanus, 155 + arcticus, 154 + parviflorus, 156 + pedatus, 153 + strigosus, 156 + Rudbeckia, 285 + hirta, 301 + Rumex, 76 + acetosa, 77 + salicifolius, 77 + Rush, Common Scouring, 16 + + S + Sagina, 82 + saginoides, 87 + St. John’s-wort + Family, 186 + Scouler’s, 186 + SALICACEÆ, 68 + Salmon-berry, 156 + Sambucus, 264 + melanocarpa, 265 + pubens, 264 + Sandalwood Family, 73 + Sandwort + Alpine, 89 + Blunt-leaved, 87 + Rock, 88 + Vernal, 89 + SANTALACEÆ, 73 + Sarsaparilla, Wild, 199 + Saussurea, 285 + densa, 322 + Saxifraga, 130 + cernua, 138 + rivularis, 137 + SAXIFRAGACEÆ, 128 + Saxifrage + Alpine, 140 + Alpine Brook, 137 + Common, 145 + Family, 128 + Fleshy, 144 + Golden, 130 + Lyall’s, 141 + Nelson’s, 142 + Nodding Bulbous, 137 + Purple, 146 + Tall, 142 + Tufted, 139 + Scouring Rush, Common, 16 + SCROPHULARIACEÆ, 248 + Scutellaria, 244 + galericulata, 245 + Sedum stenopetalum, 125 + Selaginella + densa, 23 + selaginoides, 22 + Family, 22 + Low, 22 + SELAGINELLACEÆ, 22 + Self-heal, 245 + Senecio, 285 + canus, 310 + discoideus, 309 + flavovirens, 309 + lugens, 311 + pseudaureus, 308 + triangularis, 311 + Shooting-Star, 231 + Slender, 230 + Sibbaldia, 151 + procumbens, 157 + Sieversia, 151 + ciliata, 163 + Silene, 82 + acaulis, 82 + Lyallii, 83 + Silver-Berry, 191 + Silver-weed, 159 + Sisymbrium, 112 + altissimum, 122 + Sisyrinchium, septentrionalis, 53 + Skullcap, Marsh, 245 + Skunk-Cabbage, Western, 36 + Smelowskia, 112 + calycina, 121 + Snowberry, 267 + Creeping, 224 + Low, 268 + Solidago, 284 + canadensis, 288 + decumbens, 287 + missouriensis, 287 + multiradiata, 286 + Solomon’s Seal, + False, 47 + Star-flowered, 47 + Sonchus, 276 + arvensis, 279 + Sophia, 112 + intermedia, 123 + Sorbus, 165 + sambucifolia, 166 + Sorrel, Mountain, 76 + Spatularia, 130 + brunoniana, 142 + Spearwort, Creeping, 98 + Speedwell + Alpine, 253 + Thyme-leaved, 253 + Spiræa, 150 + densiflora, 152 + lucida, 152 + Beech-leaved, 152 + Pink, 152 + Spleenwort, Green, 9 + Spring Beauty, 80 + Small-leaved, 81 + Spruce + Alberta, 31 + Douglas’s, 28 + Engelmann’s, 31 + Squaw-root, Northern, 309 + Stachys, 245 + palustris, 246 + Staff-tree Family, 184 + Star-flower, Arctic, 230 + Stenanthella, 37 + occidentalis, 39 + Stenanthium, 39 + Stickseed, 242 + Stitchwort + Glaucous, 86 + Long-stalked, 85 + Northern, 86 + Stone-crop + Family, 125 + Narrow petaled, 125 + Strawberry, Wild, 158 + Streptopus, 46 + amplexifolius, 48 + curvipes, 49 + Sunflower + Nuttall’s, 302 + Stiff, 301 + Symphoricarpos, 264 + pauciflorus, 268 + racemosus, 267 + + T + Taraxacum, 276 + montanum, 278 + Taraxacum, 278 + TAXACEÆ, 34 + Taxus brevifolia, 34 + Tellima, 129 + grandiflora, 132 + Tetragonanthus, 232 + deflexus, 235 + Thalictrum, 91 + megacarpum, 96 + occidentalis, 96 + Thistle + Family, 283 + Milk, 279 + Wavy-leaved, 321 + White, 321 + Thlaspi, 112 + arvense, 117 + Thuja, 24 + plicata, 33 + Tiarella, 129 + unifoliata, 136 + Tofieldia, 37 + intermedia, 40 + occidentalis, 41 + palustris, 40 + Trientalis, 226 + arctica, 230 + Trollius, 91 + albiflorus, 105 + Tsuga, 24 + heterophylla, 29 + Mertensiana, 30 + Twayblade + Broad-lipped, 60 + Heart-shaped, 60 + Northern, 61 + Twin-flower, 266 + Twisted stalk + Smaller, 49 + Tall, 48 + + V + Vacciniaceæ, 220 + Vaccinium, 221 + cæspitosum, 221 + erythrococcum, 222 + globulare, 223 + ovalifolium, 222 + Vagnera, 46 + amplexicaulis, 47 + stellata, 48 + Valerian + Family, 271 + Northern, 271 + Scouler’s, 272 + Valeriana + Scouleri, 272 + septentrionalis, 271 + sitchensis, 272 + VALERIANACEÆ, 271 + Veratrum, 37 + viride, 37 + Veronica, 248 + americana, 252 + serphyllifolia, 253 + Wormskjoldii, 253 + Vetch + Alpine Milk, 170 + American, 179 + Arctic Milk, 172 + Ascending Milk, 169 + Cow, 179 + Indian, 173 + Macoun’s 171 + Narrow-leaved American, 180 + Purple Milk, 169 + Slender Milk, 171 + Vetchling, + Cream-coloured, 181 + Marsh, 181 + Viburnum, 264 + pauciflorium, 266 + Vicia, 169 + americana, 179 + cracca, 179 + linearis, 180 + Viola + adunca longipes, 190 + canadensis, 190 + cognata, 187 + glabella, 189 + palustris, 188 + sempervirens, 188 + VIOLACEÆ, 187 + Violet + Canada, 190 + Dog, 190 + Early Blue, 187 + Family, 187 + Low Yellow, 188 + Marsh, 188 + Tall Yellow, 189 + Virgin’s-Bower, Purple, 91 + Vitis-idæa, 221 + Vitis-idæa, 224 + + W + Water-leaf Family, 238 + Whitlow-Grass + Arctic, 114 + Golden, 115 + Hoary, 116 + Willow-Herb + Alpine, 196 + Broad-leaved, 194 + Great, 194 + Hornemann’s, 197 + Nodding, 196 + Yellow, 195 + Willow Family, 68 + Wind-flower, 93 + Wintergreen + Bog, 208 + Family, 207 + Greenish-flowered, 207 + Lesser, 209 + Liver-leaf, 208 + Low, 213 + One-flowered, 210 + One-sided, 209 + Ovate-leaved, 213 + Woodsia, 4 + oregana, 13 + scopulina, 12 + Oregon, 13 + Rocky Mountain, 12 + Wormwood + Green, 316 + Pasture, 316 + Woundwort Marsh, 246 + + Y + Yarrow, 314 + Yew + Family, 34 + Western, 34 + + Z + Zizia, 201 + cordata, 203 + Zygadenus, 37 + elegans, 38 + gramineus, 39 + Grass-like, 39 + Tall, 38 + + + +*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 76618 *** |